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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Flags:, by Andrew Macgeorge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Flags:
+       Some Account of their History and Uses.
+
+Author: Andrew Macgeorge
+
+Release Date: March 21, 2012 [EBook #39221]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLAGS: ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Ernest Schaal, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 FLAGS:
+
+                     SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY
+                                AND USES.
+
+
+
+
+           _Of this large-paper Edition only 100 Copies have
+                        been printed for sale._
+
+                       _This Copy is No. 80_
+
+
+
+
+        [Illustration: PLATE I
+
+        STANDARD PRESENTED BY NAPOLEON I TO HIS GUARDS AT ELBA
+        A SHORT TIME BEFORE HE INVADED FRANCE IN 1815]
+
+
+
+
+                                 Flags:
+
+                     SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY
+                               AND USES.
+
+
+                                   BY
+                             A. MACGEORGE,
+
+                               AUTHOR OF
+           "OLD GLASGOW," "THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF GLASGOW,"
+                                  ETC.
+
+
+                             BLACKIE & SON:
+                    LONDON, GLASGOW, AND EDINBURGH.
+                                  1881.
+
+
+
+
+                            PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+In a nation like ours, with a dominion so extended, and with
+communication by sea and land with all parts of the world, the flags
+under which ships sail and armies and navies fight, cannot be without
+interest. Yet there are few subjects in regard to which the means of
+information are less accessible. The object of the present volume is to
+give, in a popular form, some account of our own flags, and of those of
+other nations, ancient and modern, with some notices regarding the use
+of flags, in naval warfare and otherwise.
+
+I have taken occasion to point out certain heraldic inaccuracies in the
+construction of our national flag, and also in the design on our bronze
+coinage. I shall be glad if what I have written be the means, by
+directing public attention to the subject, of effecting the correction
+of these errors.
+
+                                                               A. M.
+_Glenarn, December, 1880._
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                        Page
+
+  INTRODUCTORY,                                           11
+
+  ANCIENT STANDARDS,                                      13
+
+  DIFFERENT KINDS OF FLAGS--GONFANON, PENNON, PENONCEL,   28
+
+  BANNERS,                                                29
+
+  STANDARDS--THE ROYAL STANDARD,                          36
+
+  STANDARDS BORNE BY NOBLES,                              44
+
+  FLAGS OF THE COVENANTERS,                               51
+
+  NATIONAL FLAGS,                                         54
+
+  THE UNION FLAG,                                         55
+
+  THE UNION JACK,                                         64
+
+  THE ENSIGN,                                             67
+
+  SPECIAL FLAGS,                                          71
+
+  THE PENDANT,                                            72
+
+  SIGNALS AND OTHER FLAGS,                                73
+
+  USE OF FLAGS IN NAVAL WARFARE,                          75
+
+  INTERNATIONAL USAGE AS TO FLAGS,                        88
+
+  FLAGS OF THE BRITISH ARMY,                              96
+
+  USE OF FLAGS BY PRIVATE PERSONS,                       102
+
+  FOREIGN FLAGS--FRANCE,                                 103
+
+  THE AMERICAN FLAG,                                     110
+
+  OTHER FOREIGN FLAGS,                                   113
+
+  CONCLUSION,                                            117
+
+  INDEX,                                                 119
+
+
+
+
+                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                            COLOURED PLATES.
+
+  Plate                                                         Page
+
+    I. Standard presented by Napoleon I. to his Guards at Elba,
+       a short time before he invaded France in 1815, _Frontispiece_
+
+   II. The "Bluidy Banner" carried at Bothwell Brig, A.D. 1670,   54
+
+  III. Union Flags and Pendant,                                   62
+
+   IV. National Flags and Standards,                             108
+
+    V.      Do.            do.                                   112
+
+   VI.      Do.            do.                                   116
+
+
+                               WOODCUTS.
+
+  Fig.
+
+   1. Ancient Egyptian Standards,                                 14
+
+   2. Other forms of Egyptian Standards,                          15
+
+   3.       Do.           do.                                     15
+
+   4. Assyrian Standard,                                          17
+
+   5. Another form of Assyrian Standard,                          17
+
+   6. Assyrian Standards and Standard-bearers,                    18
+
+   7. Other varieties of Assyrian Standards,                      19
+
+   8. Persian Standard,                                           20
+
+   9. Turkish Horse-tail Standard,                                20
+
+  10. Standard of Turkish Pacha,                                  21
+
+  11. Roman Eagle,                                                21
+
+  12. The Roman Wolf on Standard,                                 21
+
+  13. Group of Roman Standards,                                   22
+
+  14. Roman Standard--Various Devices on same Staff,              23
+
+  15. Another form with different Devices,                        23
+
+  16. Other Roman Standards,                                      24
+
+  17. Roman Labarum,                                              24
+
+  18. Standard of Constantine,                                    25
+
+  19. Dragon used as Roman Standard,                              25
+
+  20. Standard of Earl of Warwick, 1437,                          45
+
+  21. Flag of the Earl Marshall,                                  46
+
+  22. Standard of Earl Douglas, 1388,                             48
+
+  23. Later Banner of the Douglas's,                              49
+
+  24. The "Blue Blanket," 1482,                                   51
+
+  25. Flag of the Covenanters, 1679,                              52
+
+  26. The Union Flag as now borne,                                59
+
+  27. The Union on the Bronze Penny,                              64
+
+  28. Regimental Colours of 24th Regiment,                        97
+
+  29. Queen's Colours of 24th Regiment as presented to the Queen, 98
+
+  30. The Oriflamme, circa A.D. 1248,                            104
+
+  31. The French Eagle, during the Empire,                       108
+
+  32. United States Flag, as used in 1777,                       111
+
+
+
+
+                                 FLAGS.
+
+
+On that morning when the news arrived from South Africa of the disaster
+at Isandlana, there was general mourning for the loss of so many brave
+men; but there was mourning also of a different kind,--with some perhaps
+even deeper--for the loss of the colours of the 24th Regiment. And yet,
+after all, it was only a bit of silk which had been lost, having on it
+certain devices and inscriptions--a thing of no intrinsic value, and
+which could be replaced at a cost merely nominal. But it possessed
+extrinsic qualities which could be measured by no money value, and every
+one felt that the loss was one to redeem which, or rather to redeem what
+that loss represented, demanded, if necessary, the putting forth of the
+strength of a great nation. And so, when it was found that the colours
+never had been really lost--that they had been saved by brave men who
+had laid down their lives in defending them--there was throughout the
+nation a feeling of intense relief that national honour had been saved;
+a feeling of rejoicing far beyond what was evoked by the news of the
+capture of the Zulu king and the termination of the war. So at sea. In
+our great wars in which the navy of Great Britain played so prominent a
+part, we became so accustomed to see the flag of the enemy bent on under
+our own ensign, that if an exceptional case occurred where the position
+of the two flags was reversed, it went home to the heart of every loyal
+subject with a pang which the loss of many ships by storm and tempest
+would not have produced.
+
+Yet how few of us know what the national colours are, what the Union is,
+what the Royal Standard is. Not to speak of civilians, are there many
+officers, in either the army or the navy, who, without a copy before
+them, could accurately construct or describe the flag of the nation
+under which they fight, or tell what its component parts represent? I
+doubt it. And, after all, they would not be so much without excuse, for
+even at the Horse Guards and the Admiralty, there is some confusion of
+ideas on the subject. I have before me "The Queen's Regulations and
+Orders for the Army," issued by the Commander-in-chief, in which flags
+which can be flown only on shore are confounded with flags which can be
+flown nowhere but on board ship. Yet the subject is really an
+interesting one, and, connected as it is with national history, it is
+deserving of a little study.
+
+Flags are of many kinds, and they are put to many uses. They are the
+representatives of nations; they distinguish armies and fleets, and to
+insult a flag is to insult the nation whose ensign it is. We see in
+flags, says Carlyle, "the divine idea of duty, of heroic daring--in some
+instances of freedom and right." There are national flags, flags of
+departments, and personal flags; and as signals they are of the greatest
+value as a means of communication at sea.
+
+
+
+
+                           ANCIENT STANDARDS.
+
+
+It is chiefly of our own flags that I intend to speak, but it may be
+interesting to say something of those which were in use among the
+peoples of ancient history.
+
+From the earliest times of which we have authentic records, standards or
+banners were borne by nations, and carried in battle. It was so in Old
+Testament times, as we know from the mention of banners as early as the
+time of Moses. They are repeatedly referred to by David and Solomon. The
+lifting up of ensigns is frequently mentioned in the Psalms and by the
+Prophets, while the expression, "Terrible as an army with banners,"
+shows the importance and the awe with which they were regarded.
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 1.--Egyptian Standards.]
+
+We find representations of standards on the oldest bas-reliefs of Egypt.
+Indeed, the invention of standards is, by ancient writers, attributed to
+the Egyptians. According to Diodorus, the Egyptian standards consisted
+generally of the figures of their sacred animals borne on the end of a
+staff or spear, and in the paintings at Thebes we find on them such
+objects as a king's name and a sacred boat. One prominent and much used
+form was a figure resembling an expanded semicircular fan, and another
+example shows this form reversed and surmounted by the head of the
+goddess Athor, crowned with her symbolic disk and cow's horns. Another
+figure also used as a standard resembles a round-headed table-knife.
+Examples of these, and of the sacred ibis and dog, are shown in Fig.
+1.[1] But on the Egyptian standards--those which were no doubt used in
+Pharaoh's army--there were various other figures, including reptiles
+such as lizards and beetles, with birds crowned with the fan-like
+ornament already referred to. A group of these is given in Fig. 2; but
+they had many other forms. Those represented in Fig. 3, and which show
+some curious symbolic forms, are taken from the works of Champollion,
+Wilkinson, and Rosellini.
+
+    [1] For this, and figures 6, 14, and 15, I am indebted to the
+        courtesy of Messrs. A. and C. Black. They appear in the
+        _Encyclopędia Britannica_, vol. ix. p. 276.
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 2.--Egyptian Standards.]
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 3.--Egyptian Standards.]
+
+That the Hebrews carried standards after the exodus is, as I have
+already said, certain, and the probability is that they derived the
+practice from the Egyptian nation, from whose bondage they had just
+escaped, for they bore as devices figures of birds and animals, and
+also human figures, just as the Egyptians did. One of the earliest of
+the divine commands given to Moses was that "every man of the children
+of Israel shall pitch by his own standard with the ensign of their
+father's house."[2] The _ensign_ probably meant the particular device
+borne upon the standard by each tribe; and tradition has assigned as
+these the symbolic cherubim seen in the visions of Ezekiel and
+John--Judah bearing a lion, Reuben a man, Ephraim an ox, and Dan an
+eagle. This is the opinion of the later Jews. The Targumists believe
+that, besides these representations, the banners were distinguished by
+particular colours--the colour for each tribe being analogous to that of
+the precious stone in the breastplate of the high-priest. They consider
+also that each standard bore the name of the tribe with a particular
+sentence from the Law. The modern opinion, however, is that the Hebrew
+standards were distinguished only by their colours, and by the name of
+the tribe to which each belonged.
+
+    [2] Numbers ii. 2.
+
+Apart from the direct Scripture evidence on the subject, this bearing of
+distinguishing standards is what might be expected in a military
+organization such as that of the Israelites, just as we find them using
+warlike music. It is interesting to note that even the particular
+trumpet signals to be used for the assembling and advance of the troops,
+and in cases of alarm in time of war, are carefully prescribed,[3] while
+the association of their military standards with the trumpet is
+indicated in the exclamation of Jeremiah: "How long shall I see the
+standard and hear the sound of the trumpet?"[4]
+
+    [3] Numbers x. 3.
+
+    [4] Jer. iv. 21.
+
+  [Illustration:
+  Fig. 4.--An Assyrian Standard.   Fig. 5.--Another Assyrian Standard.]
+
+As the standard was among all nations regarded with reverence, so the
+standard-bearer was selected for his strength and courage. So important
+was this considered that Isaiah, in describing the ruin and discomfiture
+that was about to fall on the King of Assyria, could find no stronger
+expression than to say that his overthrow would be "as when a
+standard-bearer fainteth."[5]
+
+    [5] Isa. x. 18.
+
+   [Illustration: Fig. 6.--Assyrian Standards and Standard-bearers.]
+
+The standards of the Assyrians, like those of the Egyptians, consisted
+of figures fastened on the end of spears or staffs; but of these very
+few varieties have been yet discovered. Layard says[6] that "standards
+were carried by the Assyrian charioteers. In the sculptures they have
+only two devices [Figs. 4, 5, 6]: one a figure, probably that of a
+divinity, standing on a bull and drawing a bow; in the other, two bulls
+running in opposite directions. These figures are inclosed in a circle
+and fixed to a long staff ornamented with streamers and tassels. The
+standards appear to have been partly supported by a rest in front of the
+chariot, and a long rope connecting them with the extremity of the pole.
+In a bas-relief of Khorsabad this rod is attached to the top of a
+standard." The interesting illustration given in Fig. 6 is from a
+sculpture in which these standards are represented with the figures of
+the standard-bearers, and in which also the ropes or supports of the
+staff are indicated.
+
+    [6] _Nineveh and its Remains._
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 7.--Assyrian Standards.]
+
+There were, however, varieties in the forms of the Assyrian standards
+other than those mentioned by Layard. In the annexed cut (Fig. 7) the
+one to the left is from a sculpture in the British Museum. The others
+are given on the authority of Botta.
+
+  [Illustration:
+  Fig. 8.--Persian Standard.   Fig. 9.--Turkish Horse-tail Standard.]
+
+The Persians, like the Assyrians, carried their standards, in battle, on
+staffs or spears attached to chariots. Their royal standard was a golden
+eagle with wings expanded carried on the end of a spear. They had also a
+figure of the sun which they used on great occasions when the king was
+present with the army. Quintus Curtius describes one of these figures of
+the sun, inclosed in a crystal, as making a very splendid appearance
+above the royal tent. But the proper royal standard of the Persians for
+many centuries, until the Mahommedan conquest, was a blacksmith's
+leather apron, around which the people had been at one time rallied to a
+successful opposition against an invader (Fig. 8). Many other national
+standards have had their origin in similar causes. Something which was
+at hand was seized in an emergency, and lifted up as a rallying point
+for the people, and afterwards adopted from the attachment which clung
+to it as an object identified with patriotic deeds. In this way
+originated the horse-tails borne as a standard by the modern Turks (Fig.
+9). Under the old system, among that people, the distinction of rank
+between the two classes of pachas was indicated by the number of these
+horse-tails, the standards of the second class having only two tails,
+while those of the higher had three. Hence the term a pacha of two tails
+or three. A further mark of distinction appears to have been the
+elevation of one of the tails above the others, and the surmounting of
+each with the crescent, as shown in Fig. 10.
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 10.--Standard of Pacha.]
+
+The Romans had various forms of standards, some composed entirely of
+fixed figures of different devices, including figures of animals. The
+eagle, according to Pliny, was the first and chief military ensign. In
+the second consulship of Caius Marius (B.C. 104) the eagle (Fig. 11)
+alone was used, but at a subsequent period some of the old emblems were
+resumed. These were the minotaur, the horse, and the wild boar; and on
+the Trajan Column we find as one of their standards the historic wolf
+(Fig. 12).
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 11.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 12.]
+
+               [Illustration: Fig. 13.--Roman Standards.]
+
+One of the most ancient of the Roman standards had an origin similar to
+that of the apron of the Persians and the horse-tails of the Turks. It
+was derived from a popular rising which took place in the time of
+Romulus, and was composed of a wisp of hay attached to the end of a pole
+(as seen in Fig. 13), and carried into battle. From its name,
+_manipulus_, the companies of foot soldiers, of which the _hastati_,
+_principes_, and _triarii_ of each legion were composed, came to be
+called maniples--_manipuli_. Another standard borne by the Romans was a
+spear with a piece of cross wood at the top with the figure of a hand
+above, and having below a small round shield of gold or silver, as shown
+in Fig. 13. On this circle were at first represented the warlike deities
+Mars and Minerva, but after the extinction of the commonwealth it bore
+the effigies of the emperors and their favourites. From these
+coin-shaped devices the standards were called _numina legionum_. The
+eagle was sometimes represented with a thunderbolt in its claws, of
+which an example will be seen in Fig. 13. Under the later emperors it
+was carried with the legion, which was on that account sometimes termed
+_aquila_. The place for this standard was near the general, almost in
+the centre.
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 14.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 15.]
+
+Another common form of the Roman standard consisted in a variety of
+figures and devices exhibited on the same staff, one over the other. On
+the top of one of these will be seen a human hand (Fig. 14). This by
+itself, or inclosed, as here, within a wreath, was, as I have mentioned,
+a frequent device, and was probably of oriental origin. It is also found
+as a symbol in ancient Mexico; and at the present day the flagstaffs of
+the Persians terminate in a silver hand. Among the pieces composing this
+form of standard are also found the eagle, and figures of the emperors
+inclosed in circles, with other devices (Fig. 15). A common form is that
+numbered 5 in Fig. 16. This example is taken from the Arch of Titus. The
+eagle surmounting the thunderbolt with the letters S P Q R (No. 3) was
+also a common form. The letters indicate _Senatus Populusque Romanus_.
+The examples Nos. 1 and 2 in Fig. 16 are from Montfaucon. No. 4 is given
+by Mr. Hope.
+
+The _vexillum_ of the Romans was a standard composed of a square piece
+of cloth fastened to a cross bar at the top of a spear, sometimes with a
+fringe all round as shown in Fig. 13, and sometimes fringed only below
+(No. 4, Fig. 16), or without a fringe, but draped at the sides (Fig.
+17). When placed over the general's tent it was a sign for marching, or
+for battle.
+
+               [Illustration: Fig. 16.--Roman Standards.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 17.]
+
+The _labarum_ of the emperors was similar in form, and frequently bore
+upon it a representation of the emperor, sometimes by himself and
+sometimes accompanied by the heads of members of his family. It has been
+said that the Emperor Constantine bore on the top of his standard the
+sign of the cross, but this was not so. The cross at that time was known
+only as a heathen emblem, and was not adopted by the Christians till
+afterwards. That which Constantine bore was what in his time was the
+only recognized Christian emblem--the first two letters of our Lord's
+name (Fig. 18)--the Greek X (English CH) and P (in English R). The
+_labarum_ was made of silk. The term is sometimes used for other
+standards, and its form may still be recognized in the banners carried
+in ecclesiastical processions. The _labarum_, like the _vexillum_, had
+sometimes fringes with tassels or ribbons.
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 18.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 19.]
+
+The dragon, an ensign of the Parthians, was adopted by the Romans as the
+standard of their cohorts. It appears as such on the Arch of Severus. It
+was also the device of the Dacians, and indeed seems to have been a
+general ensign among barbarians. Besides being carried as a separate
+figure in metal--as shown in Fig. 19--it was frequently embroidered in
+cotton or silk on a square piece of cloth borne on a cross bar elevated
+on a gilt staff; the bearer being called _draconarius_. From the Romans
+the dragon came to the Western Empire. It was borne by the German
+Emperors. In England also it was for some time the chief standard of the
+kings, and of the Dukes of Normandy, and according to Sir Richard Bacon
+it was the standard of Utor Pendragon, king of the Britons.[7] The
+golden dragon was in the eighth century the standard of Wessex, and it
+was displayed in a great battle in 742 when Ethelbald, the king of
+Mercia, was defeated. It was also borne on a pole by King Harold as a
+standard. It was borne by Henry VII. at Bosworth Field, and at a later
+date it was carried as a supporter by Henry VIII. and Edward VI., and
+also by Elizabeth. In many of the illuminations of MSS. in the fifteenth
+century we also find a gold dragon on a red pennon, as one of the
+ensigns in the French armies.
+
+    [7] Nisbet's _Heraldry_, vol. i. p. 343.
+
+The infantry flag of the Romans was red, that of the cavalry blue, and
+that of a consul white.
+
+The banners of the Parthians resembled those of the Romans, but they
+were more richly decorated with gold and silk.
+
+In early times the Greeks carried as a standard a piece of armour on a
+spear, but although they had an ensign, the elevation of which served as
+a signal for giving battle either by land or by sea, they were not
+regularly marshalled by banners. In their later history their different
+cities bore different sacred emblems. Thus the Athenians were
+distinguished by the olive and the owl, and the Corinthians by a
+Pegasus.
+
+At what time the form of standard which we call a flag was first used is
+not known. It was certainly not the earliest but the ultimate form which
+the standard assumed. The original form was some fixed object such as we
+have seen on the Egyptian and Roman examples, and the vexillum and
+labarum were transitional forms. The waving flag is said to have been
+first used by the Saracens. Another account is that the flag first
+acquired its present form in the sixth century, in Spain. The banners
+which Bede mentions as being carried by St. Augustine and his monks,
+when they entered Canterbury in procession, in the latter part of the
+sixth century, were probably in the form of the Roman labarum. He calls
+them little banners on which were depicted crosses.
+
+Of our own national flags the earliest forms were those which bore the
+cognizance of the ruler for the time being. The well-known ensign of the
+Danes at the time of their dominion in Britain was the raven. The
+dragon, as we have seen, was in the eighth century the cognizance of
+Wessex, and the Saxons had also on their standards a white horse. Of our
+later royal standards and those of other nations I shall speak
+afterwards.
+
+The forms of flags in our own country have varied very much. It was not
+till the time of the Crusades, when heraldry began to assume a definite
+form, that they became subject to established rules. Up to that period
+flags were, as a rule, small in size, and they usually terminated in
+points, like the more modern pennon. Such were the standards of the
+Normans. At the Battle of the Standard in 1138 the staff of the English
+standard was in the form of the mast of a ship, having a silver pyx at
+the top, containing the host, and bearing three sacred banners dedicated
+respectively to St. Peter, St. John of Beverley, and St. Wilfrid of
+Ripon, the whole being fastened--like the standards of the Persians and
+Assyrians--to a wheeled vehicle.
+
+From an early period the practice has prevailed of blessing standards,
+and this has continued to our own day in the British army when new
+colours are presented to a regiment--there being a special form of
+service at the consecration. The banner of William the Conqueror was one
+blessed and sent to him by the pope. Indeed, it has been the practice of
+the popes in every age to give consecrated banners where they wished
+success to an enterprise.
+
+
+
+
+          DIFFERENT KINDS OF FLAGS--GONFANON--PENNON--PENONCEL.
+
+
+In the middle ages almost every flag was a military one. A very early
+form, borne near the person of the commander-in-chief, was the Gonfanon.
+It was fixed in a frame made to turn like a modern ship's vane. That of
+the Conqueror, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, had three tails, and
+was charged with a golden cross on a white ground within a blue border.
+
+Of other forms of flags the principal varieties were the penoncel, the
+pennon or guidon, the banner, and the standard.
+
+The Pennon was a purely personal flag, pointed, borne below the
+lance-head by a knight-bachelor, and charged with the arms, or crest,
+and motto of the bearer. But in early times no knight displayed a pennon
+who had not followers to defend it--the mounting of this ensign being a
+matter of privilege, not of obligation. The order of knight-bachelor was
+the most ancient and originally the sole order, being the degree
+conferred by one knight on another without the intervention of prince,
+noble, or churchman, and its privileges and duties approached nearly to
+those of the knight-errant.[8]
+
+    [8] Sir Walter Scott, _Essay on Chivalry_, p. 79.
+
+The Penoncel, which was carried by the esquire, was the diminutive of
+the pennon, being one-half its breadth. It was borne at the end of a
+lance, and usually bore the cognizance or "avowrye" of the bearer. This
+flag was not carried by the esquire after the fight began, but was then
+either held by an inferior attendant, or put up by the owner's tent.
+
+
+                                BANNERS.
+
+The Banner was the flag of a troop, and was borne by knights, called
+after it bannerets, an order which held a middle rank between
+knights-bachelors and the barons or great feudatories of the crown. The
+flag of a knight-banneret was square at the end, but not an exact square
+on all the sides. The perfectly square banner was the flag of a baron,
+and of those of higher rank.
+
+It was only on the field of battle, and in presence of the royal
+standard, that a knight-banneret could be created. It was the custom for
+the commander of the host thus to reward the distinguished services of a
+knight-bachelor bearing a pennon, and he did so by tearing off the
+"fly," or outer part of that flag, and by so doing giving it a square
+form, thus making it a banner, and its bearer a knight-banneret. The
+ceremony is thus described by Blome.[9] "The king (or his general), at
+the head of the army, drawn up into battalia after a victory, under the
+royal standard displayed, attended with all the field-officers and
+nobles of the court, receives the knight led between two renowned
+knights or valiant men-at-arms, having his pennon or guydon of arms in
+his hand; and before them the heralds, who proclaim his valiant
+achievements, for which he deserves to be made a knight-banneret, and to
+display his banner in the field. Then the king (or general) says unto
+him _Advances toy, Bannaret_, and causes the point of his pennon to be
+rent off; and the new knight, having the trumpets before him sounding,
+the nobles and officers accompanying him, is remitted to his tent, where
+they are nobly entertained."
+
+    [9] _Analogia Honoria_. London, 1637; p. 84.
+
+But knights were thus promoted before a battle as well as after it.
+Froissart relates the manner in which the celebrated Sir John Chandos
+was made banneret by the Black Prince before the battle of Navarete. The
+whole scene forms a striking picture of an army of the middle ages
+moving to battle. Upon the pennons of the knights, penoncels of the
+squires, and banners of the barons and bannerets, the army formed, or,
+in modern phrase, dressed its line. The usual word of the attack was,
+"Advance banners in the name of God and Saint George." "When the sun was
+risen," writes Froissart, "it was a beautiful sight to view these
+battalions, with their brilliant armour glittering with its beams. In
+this manner they nearly approached to each other. The prince, with a few
+attendants, mounted a small hill, and saw very clearly the enemy
+marching straight towards them. Upon descending this hill he extended
+his line of battle on the plain, and then halted. The Spaniards, seeing
+the English halted, did the same, in order of battle; then each man
+tightened his armour and made ready as for instant combat. Sir John
+Chandos then advanced in front of the battalions, with his banner
+[pennon] uncased in his hand. He presented it to the prince, saying 'My
+lord, here is my banner; I present it to you that I may display it in
+whatever manner shall be most agreeable to you, for, thanks to God, I
+have now sufficient lands that will enable me so to do, and maintain the
+rank which it ought to hold.' The prince, Don Pedro being present, took
+the banner in his hands, which was blazoned with a sharp stake gules, on
+a field argent; and after having cut off the tail to make it square, he
+displayed it, and, returning it to him by the handle, said, 'Sir John, I
+return you your banner: God give you strength and honour to preserve
+it.' Upon this Sir John left the prince, and went back to his men with
+the banner in his hand."[10]
+
+    [10] Johnes' _Froissart_, vol. i. p. 731.
+
+A banneret was expected to bring into the field at least thirty
+men-at-arms--that is, knights or squires mounted--at his own expense;
+and each of these, again, besides his attendants on foot, ought to have
+had a mounted crossbow-man, and a horseman armed with a bow and
+axe--forming altogether a large troop. The same force might be arrayed
+by a knight under a pennon, but his accepting a banner bound him to
+bring out that number at least. After the reign of Charles IV. this
+obligation fell into disuse in France, and in England, soon after that
+time, it also ceased to be observed.[11] Judging, however, from the
+contemporary heraldic poem of the "Siege of Carlaverock" (June, 1300),
+it would appear that early in the fourteenth century there was a banner
+to every twenty-five or thirty men-at-arms. At that period the English
+forces comprised the tenants _in capite_ of the crown, who were entitled
+to lead their contingent under a banner of their arms--either by
+themselves or under a deputy of equal rank. Thus at Carlaverock the
+Bishop of Durham sent 160 of his men-at-arms, with his banner intrusted
+to John de Hastings. But his banner on this occasion bore, not the
+cognisance of the see, but simply his paternal arms. Having mentioned
+this old poem--in which the arms of every banneret in the English army
+are accurately blazoned--it may be interesting to give one of the
+opening verses, as an example of the Norman French of the period--
+
+      "La ont meinte riche garnement
+       Brode sur cendeaus et samis,
+       Meint beau penon en lance mis,
+       Meint baniere desploie."
+
+In English--There were many rich caparisons, embroidered on silks and
+satins, many a beautiful penon fixed to a lance, and many a banner
+displayed.
+
+    [11] Sir Walter Scott, _Essay on Chivalry_.
+
+In the Scottish wars, the banner of St. Cuthbert was, in the English
+army, carried by a monk. This continued to be done so late as the reign
+of Henry VIII. In the same way the banner of St. John of Beverley was
+carried by one of the vicars of Beverley College--who, by the way,
+received eight pence halfpenny per diem as his wages, to carry it after
+the king--a large sum in those days--and a penny a day to carry it
+back.[12] The bearer of a banner, or bannerer as he was called, was in
+these early times a very important personage. In the old paintings in
+MSS. the persons holding the national or royal banners are generally
+represented in the same kind of armour as the chief leaders. And they
+were liberally rewarded for their services. In 1361 Edward III. granted
+Sir Guy de Bryon 200 marks a year for life for having discreetly borne
+the king's banner at the siege of Calais in 1347.[13]
+
+    [12] Prynne's _Antiquę Constitutiones Anglię_, vol. iii. p. 118.
+
+    [13] _Calend. Rot. Patent._ p. 173.
+
+We learn from the "Siege of Carlaverock" that a pennon hung out by the
+besieged was the signal for a parley. When the castle surrendered there
+were placed on its battlements, we are told, the banners of the king, of
+St. George, of St. Edmund, and St. Edward, together with those of the
+marshall and constable of the army. To these were added the banner of
+the individual to whose custody the castle was committed. But it is
+doubtful whether in the fifteenth century any others but those of the
+king and St. George were affixed to captured fortresses.
+
+In France the office of custodier of national banners--such as the
+Oriflamme--was hereditary. It was the same in Ireland, which claims a
+higher antiquity in the use of banners than any other European nation;
+and in Scotland the representative of the great house of Scrymgeour
+enjoys the honour of being banner-bearer to the sovereign.[14]
+
+    [14] _Vicissitudes of Families and other Essays_, by Sir Bernard
+         Burke, 1st series, p. 387.
+
+It was the custom in early times to have banners suspended from
+trumpets. At the battle of Agincourt the Duke of Brabant, who arrived on
+the field towards the close of the conflict, is said, by St. Remy, to
+have taken one of the banners from his trumpeters, and, cutting a hole
+in the middle, made a surcoat of arms of it. To this circumstance
+Shakespeare thus alludes--
+
+      "I will a banner from my trumpet take
+       And use it for my haste."
+
+Chaucer, too, notices banners being suspended from
+trumpets--
+
+      "On every trump hanging a brod banere,
+       Of fine tartarium full richly bete,
+       Every trumpet his lorde's armes bere."[15]
+
+    [15] _Flour and the Leafe_, 1 211.
+
+At coronations banners were also used; and in the fifteenth century
+heralds, when despatched on missions, appear to have carried a banner
+bearing their sovereign's arms. Banners were also for a long time used
+at funerals. It was not till about the period of the Revolution that the
+practice fell into comparative desuetude.
+
+
+
+
+                     STANDARDS--THE ROYAL STANDARD.
+
+
+The Standard was a large long flag, gradually tapering towards the fly.
+According to the representation of a standard, in a heraldic MS. at
+least as early as the reign of Henry VII., in the British Museum, it was
+not quite so deep but very much longer than a banner,[16] and it varied
+in size according to the rank of the owner. In England that of a duke
+was seven yards in length, of a banneret four and a half, and of a
+knight-bachelor four yards.
+
+    [16] _Harleian MSS._ 2259, f. 186.
+
+The Royal Standard of England, when the sovereign in person commanded
+the army, appears to have been of two sizes. According to the MS.
+referred to, one of these standards is to be "sett before the Kynges
+pavillion or tente, and not to be borne in battayle, and to be in length
+eleven yards." The other--"the Kynges standard _to be borne_"--is to be
+"in lengthe eight or nine yards."
+
+The Royal Standard is a flag personal to the sovereign. It was not
+always exclusively so, for in the seventeenth century the Lord High
+Admiral, when personally in command of the fleet, and sometimes also
+other commanders-in-chief, flew as their flag of command, not the Union,
+but the Standard. It was so flown at the main by the Duke of Buckingham
+as Lord High Admiral, on the occasion when he disgraced the English flag
+in the unfortunate expedition against the Isle of Rhé in 1627. But now
+the Royal Standard is used only by the sovereign in person, or as a
+decoration on royal fźte days. There are depicted on it the royal arms,
+which have had various forms in different periods of our history. The
+standard of Edward the Confessor was azure a cross floré between five
+martlets, or. The arms of William Duke of Normandy, emblazoned on his
+standard, were two lions, and they were borne by him and his successors,
+as the royal arms of England, till the reign of Henry II. That monarch
+married Eleanor, daughter and co-heiress of the Duke of Aquitaine, whose
+arms--one lion--Henry added to his own. Hence the three lions _passant
+gardant in pale_, borne ever since as the ensigns of England. These now
+occupy the first and fourth quarters of the standard, but they did not
+always do so. The fleurs-de-lis of France were, till a comparatively
+recent period, quartered with the English arms, having been first borne
+by Edward III. when he assumed the title of King of France. Many noble
+families, both in this country and on the Continent, have quartered the
+French lilies to show their origin, or in acknowledgment of the tenure
+of important fiefs there. Among the last may be mentioned the arms of
+Sir John Stewart of Darnley, who obtained from Charles VII. the lands
+and title of Aubigny, and the right to quarter the arms of France with
+his own. But in all these instances the fleurs-de-lis occupied a
+secondary place. So if Henry II. had desired merely to show his French
+connection, by maternal descent, he would have placed them in the second
+and third quarters. But he placed them in the first quarter, as arms of
+dominion, to indicate that he claimed the kingdom by right, and our
+sovereigns continued this idle pretence till so late as the reign of
+George III. It was not till the union with Ireland that it was
+discontinued.
+
+Some of the English kings bore personal standards besides the flag of
+their own arms. Edward IV., besides his royal standard, generally bore a
+banner with a white rose. Henry VII. at the battle of Bosworth Field had
+three personal standards, in addition to the standard of his own arms.
+The blazon of these three, and how the king disposed of them after the
+battle, are thus described in a contemporary manuscript:--"With great
+pompe and triumphe he roade through the Cytie to the Cathedral Church of
+St. Paul where he offered his iij standards. In the one was the image of
+St. George; in the second was a red firye dragon beaten upon white and
+green sarcenet; the third was of yellow tarterne [a kind of fine cloth
+of silk] in the which was painted a donne Kowe."[17]
+
+    [17] _Lansdowne MSS._ 255, f. 433.
+
+The Royal Standard of Scotland was a red lion rampant on a gold field
+within a red double tressure, floré counterfloré, of which the origin is
+veiled in the mists of antiquity. Our great heraldic authority, Nisbet,
+in common with earlier writers, adopts the tradition which assigns the
+assumption of the rampant lion to Fergus I., who is alleged to have
+flourished as King of Scotland about 330 years before Christ. He also
+refers to the celebrated league which Charlemagne is said to have
+entered into in the beginning of the ninth century with Achaius, King of
+Scotland, on account of his assistance in war, "for which special
+service performed by the Scots the French king encompassed the Scots
+lion, which was famous all over Europe, with a double tressure, flowered
+and counterflowered with flower de luces, the armorial figures of
+France, of the colour of the lion, to show that it had formerly defended
+the French lilies, and that these thereafter shall continue a defence
+for the Scots lion and as a badge of friendship."[18] On the other hand
+Chalmers observes that these two monarchs were probably not even aware
+of each other's existence, and he suggests that the lion--which first
+appears on the seal of Alexander II.--may have been derived from the
+arms of the old Earls of Northumberland and Huntingdon, from whom some
+of the Scottish kings were descended. He adds, however, that the lion
+was the cognisance of Galloway, and perhaps also of all the Celtic
+nations. Chalmers also mentions an "ould roll of armes," preserved by
+Leland, said to be of the age of Henry III. (1216), and which the
+context shows to be at least as old as the reign of Edward I. (1272), in
+which the arms of Scotland are thus described: "Le roy de Scosce dor a
+un lion de goules a un bordure dor flurette de goules."[19] In 1471 the
+parliament of James III. "ordanit that in tyme to cum thar suld be na
+double tresor about his armys, but that he suld ber hale armys of the
+lyoun without ony mar." If this alteration of the blazon was ever
+actually made, it did not long continue.[20]
+
+    [18] _System of Heraldry_, vol. ii. part iii. p. 98.
+
+    [19]  _Caledonia_, i. 762, note (i.).
+
+    [20]  Seton's _Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland_, p. 425.
+
+With one noted exception Scotland never quartered the arms of any
+kingdom with her own. The exception was when Mary Stuart claimed the
+arms and style of England, and quartered these arms on her standard.
+This was perhaps the first, and, as it proved, an inexpiable provocation
+to Elizabeth.[21] Mary's mode of blazoning was peculiar. She bore
+Scotland and England quarterly--the former being placed first, and, over
+all, _the dexter half_ of an escutcheon of pretence, charged with the
+arms of England, the sinister half being obscured in order to intimate
+that she was kept out of her right.[22]
+
+    [21]  Hallam's _Constitutional History_, 4th edit. i. 127.
+
+    [22]  Strype's _Annals_, quoted by Mr. Seton, p. 427.
+
+On the accession of James I. the Royal Standard of England was altered.
+The arms of France and England quarterly appeared in the first and
+fourth quarters, those of Scotland in the second, and in the third the
+golden harp of Ireland, which had taken the place of the three crowns.
+But an exception occurred in the case of William III., who, on his
+landing in England, had a standard bearing the motto, "The Protestant
+Religion and Liberties of England," and, under the royal arms of
+England, instead of "Dieu et mon Droit," the words "And I will maintain
+it." Afterwards he impaled on his standard the arms of Mary with his
+own. They are represented in this form in a MS. of the Harleian Library,
+on a banner per pale orange and yellow. After his elevation to the
+throne William placed over the arms of the queen, which were those of
+her father James II., his own paternal coat of Nassau.[23]
+
+    [23] Willement's _Regal Heraldry_, p. 95.
+
+George III. when he left out the ensigns of France marshalled on his
+standard those of his Germanic states in an escutcheon of pretence--a
+small shield in the centre point. This was omitted on the accession of
+Queen Victoria, who bears on her standard the arms of England in the
+first and fourth quarters, Scotland in the second, and Ireland in the
+third. (See Plate IV. No. 1, p. 108.)
+
+But while the Royal Standard was, on the accession of James I., altered
+for England in the way I have described, it was displayed according to a
+different blazon in Scotland. For a long period, whenever the standard
+was used to the north of the Tweed, the Scottish arms had precedence by
+being placed in the first and fourth quarters. On the great seal of
+Scotland this precedence is still continued, and the Scottish unicorn
+also occupies the dexter side of the shield as a supporter. But on the
+standard the arms of Scotland have now lost their precedence, those of
+England being placed in the first quarter, and although there has been
+much controversy on the subject, I agree with Mr. Seton[24] that it is
+better that the arrangement should be so. The standard is the personal
+flag of the sovereign of one united kingdom, and heraldic propriety
+appears to require that only one unvarying armorial achievement should
+be used on it--that of the larger and more important kingdom taking
+precedence, although Nisbet[25] claims precedence for the Scottish arms
+on the achievement of Great Britain as those of "the ancientest
+sovereignty."[26] I certainly do not agree with Mr. Seton, however, that
+either in the arms or supporters precedence ought to be granted to
+England "in accordance with the sentiment of certain well-known
+classical lines:--
+
+        "'The Lion and the Unicorn
+            Were fighting for the Crown,
+          The Lion beat the Unicorn
+            All round the town.'"[27]
+
+    [24] _Scottish Heraldry_, p. 445.
+
+    [25] Vol ii. part iii. p. 90.
+
+    [26] Sir George Mackenzie says: "The King of Scotland being
+         equal in dignity with the Kings of England, France, and
+         Spain, attained to that dignity before any of these." He
+         therefore claims precedence for Scotland over all
+         these kingdoms. _Treatise on Precedency_, p. 4.
+
+    [27]  _Scottish Heraldry_, p. 446.
+
+I do not know where Mr. Seton got that version, inconsistent as it is
+alike with patriotism and with historical accuracy. It is certainly not
+the correct one. The true version, familiar to every boy in Scotland, is
+more impartial, and it has more fun in it. It runs thus:--
+
+        "The Lion and the Unicorn,
+           Fighting for the Crown:
+         Up came a little dog
+           And knocked them both down."
+
+--the "little dog" being the small lion which stands defiantly on the
+crown, and constitutes the royal crest at the top of the achievement.
+
+The supporters of the Scottish arms were two unicorns. In England,
+previous to the accession of the Stuarts, the supporters of the royal
+arms were changed at the caprice of the sovereign, and almost every king
+or queen adopted new ones. From these, and from the royal badges, came
+many of the curious names which may be found in old lists of ships. Such
+as the "Antelope," which refers to one of the supporters of Henry VI.;
+the "Bull" of Edward IV.; the "Dragon" of Henry VIII. and of Elizabeth.
+So also the badges: the "Sun," "Rose in the Sun," and "Falcon in the
+Fetterlock," were all worn by Edward IV. The "Double Rose" speaks for
+itself, and the "Hawthorn" belonged to Henry VIII.[28] The supporters
+assumed by King James, and continued to all his successors, were a lion
+on the dexter side, and on the sinister one of the Scottish
+unicorns--the latter displacing the red dragon of the Tudor family.
+
+    [28] _Heraldry of the Sea_, by J. K. Laughton, M.A.R.N., 1879.
+
+In ships the Royal Standard is never hoisted now except when her Majesty
+is on board, or a member of the royal family other than the Prince of
+Wales. When the latter is on board his own standard is hoisted. It is
+the same as that of the Queen, except that it bears a label argent of
+three points, with the arms of Saxony on an escutcheon of pretence. The
+standard of the Duke of Edinburgh is the same as that of the Prince of
+Wales, except that the points of the label are charged, the first and
+third with a blue anchor, and the second with the St. George's cross.
+Wherever the sovereign is residing the Royal Standard is hoisted; and on
+royal anniversaries and state occasions it is hoisted at certain
+fortresses or stations--home and foreign--specified in the Queen's
+Regulations.
+
+
+
+
+                       STANDARDS BORNE BY NOBLES.
+
+
+Standards borne by subjects were, in early times, according to the Tudor
+MS. to be "slitt at the end," but they appear to have been also borne
+square. This is the form in an old standard of Richard, Earl of
+Warwick--circa 1437--bearing his badge of the bear and ragged staff
+(Fig. 20). Shakespeare[29] alludes to this device when he puts into the
+mouth of Warwick the words--
+
+    "Now by my father's badge, old Neville's crest,
+     The rampant bear chained to the ragged staff."
+
+            [Illustration: Fig. 20.--Standard of the Earl of
+            Warwick, A.D. 1437.]
+
+But Shakespeare was out in his heraldry here, first in confounding the
+badge with a crest, and secondly in calling it Neville's, for the bear
+and the ragged staff had been the badge not of the Nevilles but of the
+Beauchamps, who preceded Warwick in the earldom.[30] This old Earl of
+Warwick had a similar device on the flag which he flew in his ship. It
+was a long flag, having the cross of St. George on the upper part--then
+the bear and ragged staff, and the remainder covered with ragged staffs.
+It is interesting to note that the account for this and other flags made
+for the earl in 1437, is preserved. The one just referred to is
+described as "a great Stremour for the ship of xi yerdis length and viij
+yerdis in brede," and the price for making it was "j^{li} vi^s
+viii^d."[31]
+
+    [29] _King Henry VI._ part ii. act v. sc. 1.
+
+    [30] Seton's _Scottish Heraldry_, p. 252.
+
+    [31] _Antiquities of Warwickshire._
+
+In the Advocates' Library there is preserved an interesting flag, which
+is said to have been the standard borne by the Earl Marshall at the
+battle of Flodden (Fig. 21). It is thus described in the paper which
+accompanies it: "The standard of the Earl Marshall of Scotland, carried
+at the battle of Flodden, 1513, by _black_ John Skirving of Plewland
+Hill, his standard-bearer. Skirving was taken prisoner, having
+previously, however, concealed the banner about his person. The relic
+was handed down in the Skirving family, and presented to the Faculty of
+Advocates by William Skirving of Edinburgh, in the beginning of the
+present century. The arms and motto are those of the Keith family."
+
+          [Illustration: Fig. 21.--Flag of the Earl Marshall.]
+
+The flag may have been borne by the earl at Flodden, but the devices on
+it are certainly not his _arms_. The arms of the Earl Marshall were,
+argent, on a chief gules three pallets or; or, as it is otherwise given
+by Nisbet, pallé of six, or and gules. The _crest_ of the earl, however,
+was a hart's head, and he had for supporters two harts. His motto also
+was that which appears on the banner, "Veritas vincit." That the full
+arms should not appear on the standard I can understand, for it was not
+common to place them there, and in England the Tudor MS. prescribes
+that, besides the cross of St. George, standards and guidons are to have
+on them not the arms, but only the bearers "_beast_ or crest, with his
+devyce and word." It is possible, therefore, that the earl may have
+placed on his flag his well-known crest with the heads of the two harts
+forming his supporters, though such an arrangement would be unusual.
+
+    [Illustration: Fig. 22.--Standard of Earl Douglas, A.D. 1388.]
+
+The relic of a still older fight than that of Flodden is still preserved
+in Scotland in the standard borne by Earl Douglas at Otterburn--one of
+the most chivalrous battles, according to Froissart, that was ever
+fought. The story, as told in all the histories,[32] is that shortly
+before the battle, in a skirmish before Newcastle, Douglas, in a
+personal encounter with Percy, won the pennon of the English leader, and
+boasted that he would carry it to Scotland and plant it on his castle of
+Dalkeith; and till lately this standard was supposed to be the flag so
+captured. But recent investigation has shown that the flag--which, by
+the way, is not a pennon but a standard thirteen feet long--is that of
+Douglas himself, which of course his son would be careful to preserve
+and bring back. The flag is now much faded, and the second word of the
+motto was, when I saw it lately, not legible, but the motto is
+undoubtedly that of Earl Douglas, "Jamais arriere" (Fig. 22). The
+devices are not the arms as borne by his descendants the Dukes of
+Douglas;--indeed they are not arranged as a coat of arms at all. But the
+lion rampant for Galloway, the saltire for the lordship of Annandale,
+and the heart and the star, are all Douglas bearings. Curiously enough,
+there are two hearts, while the later earls bore only one, and there is
+only one star, while on their shields they carried three. The real
+trophies, the capture of which, in all probability, precipitated the
+battle, are to be found in two other relics which are preserved along
+with the flag. They consist of two lady's gauntlets, fringed with
+filigree work in silver, on each of which is embroidered the white lion
+of the Percys. The gloves are of different sizes, and were perhaps love
+pledges, carried by Percy suspended from his spear or helmet, as was the
+fashion of the time; and the loss of such tokens was quite as likely as
+the loss of a personal flag, to cause the Northumbrian knight to pursue
+Douglas and force him to battle.[33] These relics are in the possession
+of the family of Douglas of Cavers in Roxburghshire, descended from the
+earl who was slain at Otterburn.
+
+    [32] Tytler's _History of Scotland_, ii. 365, &c.
+
+    [33] Paper read by Mr. J. A. H. Murray of Hawick to the Hawick
+         Archęological Society.
+
+           [Illustration: Fig. 23.--Banner of the Douglas's.]
+
+Along with them is preserved another old flag of the Douglas's, but
+evidently of a later date. It is a good example of the square banner
+borne by knights of noble rank. It is about 28 inches square, and bears
+on a shield the Douglas arms, but with the heart as originally borne
+before it was ensigned with a crown, and the chivalric motto still used
+by the Cavers family, "Doe or die" (Fig. 23).
+
+
+
+
+                         FLAGS BORNE BY TRADES.
+
+
+Besides national and personal flags, those of Trades and Companies were
+frequently carried in armies, and of these many examples occur in the
+illuminated copies of Froissart. On one occasion we find on a banner
+azure a chevron between a hammer, trowel, and plumb. On another there is
+an axe and two pairs of compasses. And on the painting of the battle
+between Philip d'Artevel and the Flemings, and the King of France,
+banners occur charged with boots and shoes, drinking vessels, &c. In
+Scotland an interesting example is preserved of a Trades flag which was
+borne at Flodden, and which was presented in 1482 by James III. to the
+Trades of Edinburgh (Fig. 24). It is familiarly known as the _Blue
+Blanket_, and is in the possession of the Trades' Maidens' Hospital of
+Edinburgh. In an accompanying memorandum it is described thus: "The Blue
+Blanket or standard of the Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh. Renewed by
+Margaret, Queen of James III., King of Scots: Borne by the craftsmen at
+the battle of Flodden in 1513, and displayed on subsequent occasions
+when the liberties of the city or the life of the sovereign were in
+danger."
+
+The field of the flag has been blue, but it is now much faded. In the
+upper corner is the white saltire of Scotland, with the crown above and
+the thistle in base. On a scroll in the upper part of the flag are the
+words, "Fear God and Honor the king with a long life and a prosperous
+reigne;" and, in a scroll below, the words, "And we that is Tradds shall
+ever pray to be faithfull for the defence of his sacred Majestes royal
+persone till death." The flag is about ten feet in length.
+
+        [Illustration: Fig. 24.--The "Blue Blanket," A.D. 1482.]
+
+
+
+
+                        FLAGS OF THE COVENANTERS.
+
+
+Of the flags borne in Scotland by the Covenanters, in their noble
+struggle for liberty, several are extant, and connected as they are with
+so important a part of Scottish national history, they are replete with
+interest. One of these, which is preserved by the Antiquarian Society of
+Edinburgh, bears the national cross, the white saltire of Scotland, with
+five roses in the centre point, and the inscription "For religion,
+Covenants, king, and kingdomes" (Fig. 25).
+
+     [Illustration: Fig. 25.--Flag of the Covenanters, A.D. 1679.]
+
+For the description of another of these flags of the Covenanters, to
+which a more than usual interest attaches, we are indebted to the late
+distinguished artist and archęologist Mr. James Drummond, R.S.A.[34]
+Mr. Drummond says it was known as "the Bluidy Banner," and it is
+important as confirming a statement which had been disputed, namely,
+that Hamilton of Preston, who commanded the Covenanters at the battle
+of Bothwell Brig, gave out "No quarter" as the word of the day.
+Hamilton himself, in his "Vindication," not only acknowledges this,
+but boasts of it--"blessing God for it," he says, and "desiring to
+bless his holy name that since he helped me to set my face to his
+work, I never had nor would take a favour from mine enemies, either on
+the right or left hand, and desire to give as few." But Wodrow denies
+the statement--characterizing it as an unjust imputation on the
+Covenanters, and in this he is followed by Dr. M'Crie. The discovery of
+the flag, however, puts the matter beyond doubt. Mr. Drummond found it
+in the possession of an old gentleman and his sister in East Lothian,
+and it was only after much persuasion that he was allowed to see it and
+take a drawing of it. On his asking the old lady why she objected to
+show it to strangers, she said: "It's the Bluidy Banner, ye ken, and
+what would the Roman Catholics say if they kenned that our forbears had
+fought under such a bluidy banner." By Roman Catholics Mr. Drummond
+understood her to include Episcopalians and all others of a different
+religious persuasion from her own. The flag is of blue silk. The first
+line of the inscription, which is composed of gilt letters, is in the
+Hebrew language--"Jehovah Nissi"--the Lord is my banner. The next line
+is painted in white--"For Christ and his truths;" and then come the
+words, in a reddish or blood colour, "No quarters for y^e active enimies
+of y^e Covenant." The detailed account given by the custodiers to Mr.
+Drummond, left no doubt as to the authenticity of this flag. (See Plate
+II.)
+
+    [34] Paper read before the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland,
+         14th June, 1859.
+
+      [Illustration: PLATE II.
+      "THE BLUIDIE BANNER" CARRIED AT BOTHWELL BRIG. A.D. 1679.]
+
+
+
+
+                            NATIONAL FLAGS.
+
+
+But I must proceed to speak of our national flags. For a long time the
+distinguishing flag of England has been a red cross on a white field.
+The flag of Scotland is a white saltire (or St. Andrew's cross) on a
+blue field, and what has come to be called the flag of Ireland is a red
+saltire on a white field. But Ireland, strictly speaking, never had till
+lately a national flag. The kings of Ireland previous to 1172 were not
+hereditary but elective. They were chosen from among the petty kings,
+and each king, when elected, brought with him and continued to use his
+own standard. After the invasion of 1172 the standard of Ireland bore
+three golden crowns on a blue field, and the three crowns appear on
+ancient Irish coins. Henry VIII. relinquished this device for the harp,
+from an apprehension, it is said, that the three crowns might be taken
+for the triple crown of the pope; but the harp did not appear in the
+royal standard till it was placed there by James I. Neither had St.
+Patrick a cross. The cross-saltire, so far as it belongs to any saint,
+is sacred to St. Andrew only. The origin of the Scottish saltire,
+however, may possibly be found in the sacred monogram--the Greek X (CH),
+the initial letter of our Lord's name as borne by the Emperor
+Constantine, to which I have already referred. I do not know when the
+Irish saltire was first introduced, as a national flag, but from the
+early conquest of Ireland the Fitzgeralds have borne as their arms a red
+saltire on a white field.[35]
+
+    [35] _Heraldry of the Sea._
+
+
+
+
+                            THE UNION FLAG.
+
+
+In 1603, on the union of the _crowns_ of England and Scotland, the first
+union flag was formed by the combination of St. George's cross with the
+saltire of Scotland; but this flag appears to have been used for ships
+only. The order by the king for its construction and use bears to have
+been made "in consequence of certain differences between his subjects of
+North and South Britain anent the bearing of their flags;" and in the
+proclamation issued in 1606, King James appoints that "from henceforth
+all our subjects of this Isle and Kingdom of Great Britain shall bear in
+the maintop the red cross commonly called St. George's Cross, and the
+white cross commonly called St. Andrew's Cross, joined together
+according to a form made by our heralds, and sent by us to our admiral
+to be published to our said subjects." This was the first union flag.
+The Scots being, however, sensitively jealous of England, insisted on
+using their own national flag as well as the union, and it was no doubt
+owing to this that the proclamation goes on to provide that "in their
+foretop our subjects of South Britain shall wear the red cross only as
+they were wont, and our subjects of North Britain in their foretop the
+white cross only, as they were accustomed." In the ensign the union was
+not worn till a considerable time afterwards--the union by itself being
+then as now worn by the king's ships as a jack at the bowsprit.
+
+On the death of Charles I. the Commonwealth Parliament, professing to be
+the Parliament of England only, and of Ireland as a dependency, expunged
+the Scottish cross from the flag with its blue field. The flag of
+command ordered to take the place of the union, and to be borne by the
+admirals of the respective squadrons, at the main, fore, and mizen, is
+described[36] as "the arms of England and Ireland in two escutcheons on
+a red flag within a compartment or,"--that of the admiral, according to
+Mr. Pepys, being encircled by a laurel wreath, while those of the vice
+and rear-admirals were plain. The ensigns showed the Irish harp on the
+fly.[37]
+
+    [36] Order dated 5th March, 1649.
+
+    [37] _Heraldry of the Sea_, p. 8.
+
+On the Restoration in 1660 the union flag was reintroduced, and when
+England and Scotland became constitutionally united in 1707, this was
+confirmed, with an order that it should be used "in all flags, banners,
+standards, and ensigns, _both at sea and land_." The order in council
+bears "that the flaggs be according to the draft marked C, wherein the
+crosses of St. George and St. Andrew are conjoined;" but none of the
+drafts appear in the Register. A representation of this flag will be
+found in Plate III. No. I., and there being no draft to copy, I have
+given it according to the verbal blazon, viz. azure a saltire argent
+surmounted by a cross gules fimbriated of the second--that is, the St.
+George's cross with a narrow white border.
+
+On the union with Ireland in the beginning of the present century the
+Irish saltire was introduced. The St. George's cross remained as it was,
+but the saltires of Scotland and Ireland were placed side by side, but
+"counterchanged"--that is, in the first and third divisions or quarters,
+the white, as senior, is uppermost, and in the second and fourth the red
+is uppermost. The "verbal blazon," or written direction, is very
+distinct, but in making the flag, or rather in showing pictorially how
+it was to be represented, a singular and very absurd error occurred,
+which, in the manufacture of our flags, has been continued to the
+present day, and which it may be interesting to explain.
+
+The verbal blazon is contained in the minute by the king in council, and
+in the proclamation which followed on it, issued on 1st of January,
+1801. I need not give the technical words; suffice to say that the flag
+is appointed to be blue, with the three crosses, or rather, the one
+cross and two saltires combined. And, in order to meet a law in
+heraldry, that colour is not to be placed on colour, or metal upon
+metal, it is directed that where the red crosses of England and Ireland
+come in contact with the blue ground of the flag, they are to be
+"fimbriated"--that is, separated from the blue by a very narrow border
+of one of the metals--in this case silver, or white. Of heraldic
+necessity this border of both the red crosses fell to be of the same
+breadth. To use the words of the written blazon, the St. George's cross
+is to be "fimbriated _as the saltire_;" a direction so plain that the
+merest tyro in heraldry could not fail to understand it, and be able to
+paint the flag accordingly.
+
+Let me premise another thing. It is a universal rule in heraldry that
+the verbal blazon, when such exists, is alone of authority. Different
+artists may, from ignorance or from carelessness, express the drawing
+differently from the directions before them, and this occurs every day;
+but no one is or can be misled by that if he has the verbal blazon to
+refer to.
+
+Now, in the important case of the Union flag it so happened that the
+artist who, according to the practice usual in such cases, was
+instructed to make a drawing of the flag on the margin of the king's
+order in council, was either careless or ignorant or stupid. Most
+probably he was all three, and here is how he depicted it. The
+horizontal lines represent blue and the perpendicular red; the rest is
+white. (See Fig. 26.)
+
+      [Illustration: Fig. 26.--Union Flag as depicted A.D. 1801.]
+
+Now here, it will be observed, the red saltire of Ireland is
+"fimbriated" white, according to the instructions; and this is done with
+perfect accuracy, by the narrowest possible border. But the St. George's
+cross, instead of being fimbriated in the same way--which the written
+blazon expressly says it shall be--is not fimbriated at all. The cross
+is placed upon a ground of white so broad that it ceases to be a border.
+The practical effect of this, and its only heraldic meaning, is, that
+the centre of the flag, instead of being occupied solely by the St.
+George's cross, is occupied by _two crosses_, a white cross with a red
+one superinduced on it. So palpable is this that Mr. Laughton, the
+accomplished lecturer on naval history at the Royal Naval College, in a
+lecture recently published, suggests that this is perhaps what was
+really intended. "A fimbriation," he says, "is a narrow border to
+prevent the unpleasing effect of metal on metal or colour on colour. It
+should be as narrow as possible to mark the contrast. But the white
+border of our St. George's cross is not, strictly speaking, a
+fimbriation at all. It is a white cross of one-third the width of the
+flag surmounted of a red cross." And his hypothesis is that this may
+have been intended to commemorate a tradition of the combination of the
+red cross of England with the white cross of France.[38] The suggestion
+is ingenious and interesting, but it has clearly no foundation. There
+might have been something to say for it had there been only the drawing
+to guide us. In that case, indeed, the theory of Mr. Laughton, or some
+one similar, would be absolutely necessary to account for the two
+crosses. But Mr. Laughton overlooks the important facts, first, that we
+possess in the verbal blazon distinct written instructions; secondly,
+that where such exist no drawing which is at variance with them can
+possess any authority; and lastly, that in this case the verbal blazon
+not only is silent as to a second cross, but it expressly prescribes
+that there shall be only one, that of St. George. To that nothing is to
+be added--nothing, that is, but the narrow border or fimbriation
+necessary to meet the heraldic requirement to separate it from the blue
+ground of the flag, the same as is directed to be done, and as has been
+done, with the saltire of Ireland.
+
+    [38] _Heraldry of the Sea_, 1879.
+
+Some years ago I called the attention of the Admiralty to this
+extraordinary blunder, and I pointed out then, just what Mr. Laughton
+has done in his recent lecture, that the flag, as made, really shows two
+crosses in the centre. The Admiralty referred the matter to Garter King
+of Arms, but Sir Albert Woods, while he did not say a word in defence of
+the arrangement, would not interfere. "The flag," he said, "was made
+according to the drawing,"--which was too true--"and it was exhibited,"
+he added, "in the same way on the colours of the Queen's infantry
+regiments;" and, naturally enough, he declined the responsibility of
+advising a change. And so it remains. I may observe, however, that in
+one, at least, of the Horse Guards' patterns, the arrangement of the
+tinctures is not, as Sir Albert supposes, according to the original
+drawing, and it is different from the pattern prescribed by the
+Admiralty. I refer to the flag prescribed for the use of military
+authorities "when embarked in boats or other vessels." In that flag, of
+which an official copy is now before me, the fimbriation of the Irish
+saltire is of much greater breadth than it is in the Admiralty flag,
+while that saltire itself is considerably reduced in breadth.
+
+Besides the error in the border of the St. George's cross, the breadth
+of the Irish saltire in all our flags, as now manufactured, is less than
+that of the white cross of Scotland, which is clearly wrong. For obvious
+reasons, and according to the written blazon, they ought to be the same.
+Indeed, all the three crosses ought to be of the same breadth. So great,
+however, is the difference in practice, that in the official Admiralty
+Directions for the construction of a flag of given dimensions, while the
+St. George's cross is appointed to be 18 inches in breadth, that of St.
+Andrew is to be only 9 inches, and the Irish cross only 6--this last
+being exactly the same as the breadth appointed for the border of the
+cross of St. George!
+
+Figure II. of Plate III. shows the flag as made according to the
+erroneous pattern now in use. Figure III. shows it as it ought to be,
+and as it is appointed to be made by the distinct terms of the verbal
+blazon, in the order by the king in council. But the breadth of the St.
+George's cross I have left unaltered.
+
+It is to be hoped that heraldic propriety will prevail over a practice
+originating in obvious error, and that our national flag will be flown
+according to its true blazon. The correction would be very easily made.
+The reduction of the breadth of the border of St. George's cross and the
+slight increase in the width of the Irish saltire would be little
+noticed, while, besides correcting obvious errors, it would have the
+advantage of bringing the flag, in one important respect, into
+conformity with the design as represented on the coinage. On the reverse
+of our beautiful bronze coins the St. George's cross on Britannia's
+shield is fimbriated as it ought to be, that is, by the narrow border
+prescribed by the written blazon.
+
+          [Illustration: UNION FLAGS AND PENDANT.  PLATE III.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 27.]
+
+But if the penny is right in that respect, it exhibits another
+extraordinary example of our slipshod heraldry, by a variation of a
+different and more startling kind. My complaint against the flag, as
+made, is, that it represents four crosses, but on the penny there are
+only two. This was all right when the design was first made in the reign
+of Charles II., but when the third cross was added to the flag the three
+crosses should have appeared on the coin. A desire to adhere to the
+original design cannot certainly be pleaded, for there have been many
+changes in this figure of Britannia. She was first placed there by
+Charles II. in honour of the beautiful Duchess of Richmond, who sat to
+the sculptor for the figure. But her drapery on the coin of those days
+was very scanty, and her semi-nude state was hardly in keeping with the
+stormy waves beside which she was seated. Queen Anne, like a modest lady
+as she was, put decent clothing on her, and made her stand upright, and
+took away her shield, crosses and all. In the subsequent reigns she was
+allowed to sit down again, and she got back her shield, with the trident
+in her left hand and an olive-branch in the right. On the present
+coinage--a copy of which (the penny) is shown in Fig. 27--the drapery of
+Queen Anne is retained, but the figure is entirely turned round, and
+faces the sinister side of the coin, instead of the dexter, as at first,
+and the olive-branch (_absit omen_) has been taken away. But with all
+these changes there remain only two crosses on the shield. The reader
+will naturally suppose, however, that the omission consisted in not
+adding the Irish saltire to that of Scotland, which had been there from
+the first. But no. In this instance there was certainly no "injustice to
+Ireland," for the extraordinary thing is, that the St. Andrew's cross
+has been taken away altogether, and the saltire of Ireland,
+distinguished by its fimbriated border, has been put in its place,
+Scotland being not now represented on the coin at all. Of course this
+has arisen from mere carelessness at the Mint, but it is an error which
+ought to be at once corrected.
+
+
+
+
+                            THE UNION JACK.
+
+
+But to return to our flags. The Union Jack is a diminutive of the Union.
+It is exclusively a ship flag, and, although of the same pattern as the
+Union, it ought never to be called the Union _Jack_ except when it is
+flown on the jack-staff,--a staff on the bowsprit or fore part of a
+ship. It is extraordinary how little this distinction is understood. For
+example, in the Queen's Regulations for the army a list of stations is
+given at which it is directed that "the national flag, _the Union Jack_,
+is authorized to be hoisted." And in a general order issued from the
+North British Head Quarters as to the arrangements to be observed on a
+recent occasion of the sitting of the General Assembly in Edinburgh, it
+was stated that "the Union Jack" would be displayed from the Castle and
+at the Palace of Holyrood. But the _Union Jack_ is never flown on shore.
+The proper name of the national flag is _the Union_. It is the shore
+flag, and, except personal flags, the only one which is displayed from
+fortresses and other stations.
+
+At the Royal Arsenal and a few other stations the Union flag is
+displayed daily. At others, such as Sandgate Castle and Rye, it is flown
+only on anniversaries. At Tilbury, Edinburgh Castle, and other places,
+it is hoisted on Sundays and anniversaries. And there are similar rules
+for foreign stations.
+
+On board her Majesty's ships the Union is sometimes displayed, but only
+on special occasions. It is hoisted at the mizen top-gallant-masthead
+when the Queen is on board, the Royal Standard and the flag of the Lord
+High Admiral being at the same time hoisted at the main and fore
+top-gallant-mastheads respectively. And an Admiral of the Fleet hoists
+the Union at the main top-gallant-masthead. The Army Regulations,
+however, referring to the presence of the Queen on board ship, again
+confound the two flags, and prescribe that a salute shall be fired by
+forts whenever a ship passes showing the flags which indicate the
+presence of the sovereign, and among these is specified "_the Union
+Jack_ at the mizen top-gallant-masthead." If the commandant of a
+fortress acted on this, her Majesty might pass every day of the year
+without a salute, as he would certainly never see the Union _Jack_ in
+that position. The mistake is the more curious as the Regulations
+elsewhere distinguish the Union Jack from the Union by speaking of the
+latter as the "Great Union."
+
+The Jack when flown from the mast with a white border is the signal for
+a pilot. In this case it is called the Pilot Jack. When flown from the
+bowsprit of a merchant ship it must also have a white border.
+
+It has been said that the term "Jack" is derived from the name of the
+sovereign James I. (_Jacques_), in whose reign it was constructed. This
+is the legend at the Admiralty, but it is of doubtful authority. The
+Oxford Glossary says there is not a shadow of evidence for it, and
+traces the word to the surcoat worn of old by the soldiery called a
+_jacque_--whence jacket. But this also is doubtful.
+
+The Union, or junction of the three crosses, is used in other cases in
+the royal navy, and also in the merchant service, not by itself, but in
+certain combinations.
+
+
+
+
+                              THE ENSIGN.
+
+
+The flag under which all our ships now sail is the Ensign.
+
+In early times every chieftain or knight, whether serving in the field
+or on board ship, had his own distinguishing flag, and if several
+knights were embarked in one ship, the ship carried the flags of them
+all. In one of the illuminations of the reign of Henry VI., the sides of
+a ship are covered with shields, and in other examples armorial devices
+are even shown painted on the sails. When engaged in any active service,
+a ship would carry also the flag of the leader or admiral, and, in
+addition to this, the emblem of some patron saint, depending in this on
+the caprice or superstition of the owner. Besides these a ship usually
+bore the flag of her port--a usage which, so far as merchant ships are
+concerned, still holds among us in the practice of carrying what are
+known as "house flags," though now strictly subordinated to that of
+carrying the national ensign. With ships of other countries the usage
+continued till comparatively lately. In France, down to the Revolution,
+merchant ships flew the flag of their port more commonly than the flag
+of France; as for instance, of Marseilles, white with a blue cross; or
+of Dunkirk, barry of six argent and azure, with the alternative of the
+old English white ensign, white with a small St. George's cross in the
+upper corner next the hoist, derived from the English sovereignty in the
+seventeenth century.[39] In the same way in the Baltic: in the
+Netherlands almost every port had its own flag, and the free towns of
+Germany till quite recently followed the same practice. It was the same
+in England in early times--a sailor being more a sailor of his port than
+of his country.
+
+    [39] Laughton's _Heraldry of the Sea_.
+
+Now, as a rule, the ships of all countries sail under their national
+colours. With us the flag under which all our ships sail is the Ensign,
+of which there are three--the white, the blue, and the red. It is a
+large flag of one of the colours named, with the Union in a square or
+canton at the upper part of the hoist. I may explain that the portion of
+a flag next the staff or rope from which it is flown is called the
+hoist, the next is called the centre, and the outer portion the fly.
+Besides the Union in the canton, the white ensign has the St. George's
+cross extending over the whole field.
+
+Although the Union flag of Great Britain was appointed by royal order in
+1606, it was not inserted in the Ensign till 1707. Previous to that the
+Ensign bore only the English cross in the canton.
+
+In the royal navy, not always, but for some time previous to 1864, the
+fleet consisted of three divisions called the White, the Blue, and the
+Red Squadrons, each carrying its distinctive Ensign, and, latterly, each
+having its admiral called after the colour of his flag. But till 1805
+there was no admiral of the Red. Previous to that the admiral commanding
+in the centre flew at the main, not the red flag, but the Union.
+
+The first notice of the division of the fleet appears in a MS. report by
+Mr. Pepys, secretary to the Admiralty, in which it is stated that in the
+Duke of Buckingham's expedition against the Isle of Rhé in 1627 the
+fleet was thus divided. The notice is interesting:--"The Duke now lying
+at Portsmouth divided his Fleete into squadrons. Himselfe, Admirall and
+Generall in Chiefe, went in y^e Triumph, bearing the standard of England
+in y^e maine topp, and Admirall particular of the bloody colours. The
+Earle of Lindsay was vice-Admirall to the Fleete in the Rainbowe,
+bearing the king's usual colours in his fore topp, and a blew flag in
+his maine topp, and was admiral of the blew colours. The Lord Harvey was
+Rear Admirall in y^e Repulse bearing the king's usual colours in his
+mizen, and a white flag in the maine topp, and was Admirall of y^e
+squadron of white colours." In this instance it will be observed the
+blue flag took precedence of the white. Under the Commonwealth the blue
+was put down to the third place, and when on the Restoration the Union
+flag was reintroduced, the precedence of the three colours remained as
+it had been determined by the Commonwealth. The arrangement of the fleet
+into three divisions continued till 1864; but it often proved puzzling
+to foreigners, and it was found inconvenient in action. It was for this
+last reason that Lord Nelson, on going into action at Trafalgar, ordered
+the whole of his fleet to hoist the White Ensign, and it was under that
+flag that that great victory was gained.
+
+During the wars of the seventeenth century the Dutch fleets were also
+divided into three squadrons, distinguished, like the English, by the
+three colours--orange or red, white, and blue, and both with them and in
+our own service this was perhaps necessary when fleets consisted of such
+a large number of ships--our own numbering often as many as 200 sail.
+Latterly, when fleets were comparatively so much smaller, the
+distinctive colours became of less importance, and in 1864 the
+classification was discontinued. Now the White Ensign only is used by
+all her Majesty's ships in commission. Previous to this it had been
+ordered by royal proclamation, in 1801, that merchant ships should fly
+only the Red Ensign, and this is still the rule; but since the three
+divisions of the fleet were abolished, the Blue Ensign is allowed to be
+used by British merchant ships when commanded by officers of the Royal
+Naval Reserve, provided one-third of the crew be men belonging to the
+Reserve. By permission of the Admiralty the Blue Ensign is also allowed
+to be used by certain yacht clubs; and the members of one club--the
+Royal Yacht Squadron--have liberty to use the White Ensign.
+
+
+
+
+                             SPECIAL FLAGS.
+
+
+The flag of the Lord High Admiral is crimson, having on it an anchor
+and cable, and it is hoisted on any ship of which that high officer
+is on board. It is also hoisted at the fore top-gallant-masthead of
+every ship of which the Queen may be on board. The flag of an admiral
+is white with the cross of St. George on it. It is only flown by an
+admiral when employed afloat, and then at the main, fore, or mizen
+top-gallantmast-head, according as he is a full, vice, or rear admiral.
+
+The Union flag and the Blue Ensign are, with the addition of certain
+distinctive badges, used as personal flags by certain high officers, and
+also in particular departments of the service. For example, the flag of
+the Lord-lieutenant of Ireland is the Union with a blue shield in the
+centre, charged with a golden harp. The Governor-general of India has
+the Union with the Star of India in the centre surmounted by a crown,
+and this also is the flag of British Burmah. British ministers, chargés
+d'affaires, fly the Union with the royal arms in the centre within a
+circle argent surrounded by a wreath. Our consuls have the Blue Ensign
+with the royal arms in the fly. There are also differences in the Union
+or Ensign with distinctive badges for other offices and departments, and
+for the Colonies.
+
+
+
+
+                              THE PENDANT.
+
+
+The Pendant is a well-known flag in ships of war. It is of two kinds,
+the long and the broad. The first is a long, narrow, tapering flag--the
+usual length being twenty yards, while it is only four inches broad at
+the head. An Admiralty Memorandum regarding the history of our flags
+bears that the origin of the long Pendant is generally understood to
+have been this:--After the defeat of the English fleet under Blake, by
+the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp, in 1652, the latter cruised in the
+Channel with a broom at the mast-head of his ship, to signify that he
+had swept his enemies off the sea. In the following year the English
+fleet defeated the Dutch, whereupon the admiral commanding hoisted a
+long streamer from his mast-head to represent the lash of a whip,
+signifying that he had whipped his enemies off the sea. Hence the
+Pendant, which has been flown ever since. This certainly has been the
+popular tradition, and the English admiral may, on the occasion referred
+to, have adopted a flag of the description and for the purpose
+mentioned, but it was not altogether a new form of flag. In the Tudor
+MS. we find a description of a long tapering flag of somewhat the same
+description. It is called a Streamer, and is appointed to "stand in the
+top of a ship or in the forecastle, and therein is to be put no armes
+but a man's conceit or device, and may be of length 20, 30, 40, or 60
+yards, and is slitt as well as a guydhomme or standard." From this
+description the streamer would appear to have been a personal flag
+bearing "the conceit or device"--crest, badge, or motto--of the owner.
+
+As now used in our navy the long pendant is of two colours--one white
+with a red cross in the part next the mast; the other blue with a red
+cross on a white ground. The first is flown from the mast-head of all
+her Majesty's ships in commission, when not otherwise distinguished by a
+flag or broad pendant. The other is worn at the masthead of all armed
+vessels in the employ of the government of a British colony. (See Plate
+III. No. IV.)
+
+The broad pendant or "burgee" is a flag tapering slightly and of a
+swallow-tailed shape at the fly. It is white with a red St. George's
+cross, and is flown only by a commodore, or the senior officer of a
+squadron, to distinguish his ship. If used by a commodore of the first
+class it is flown at the main top-gallant-masthead. Otherwise it is
+flown at the top-gallant-masthead.
+
+
+
+
+                        SIGNALS AND OTHER FLAGS.
+
+
+Signal flags are those which are used for communication between ships at
+sea. In the system instituted by James II. intelligence was communicated
+or messages interchanged by a confused number of flags exhibited at
+different parts of the ship. Now, signalling has been reduced to a
+complete system. The flags are of various shapes and colours, each flag
+representing a letter or number, and by a recent arrangement a universal
+code has been adopted by which vessels of different nations can now
+communicate.
+
+A flag of truce is white, both at sea and on land, but on board ship it
+is customary to hoist with it the national flag of the enemy--the white
+flag at the main and the enemy's ensign at the fore. On one occasion
+during the war in 1814 when the French frigate _Clorinde_ was about to
+be attacked by the British frigate _Dryad_, the commander of the former,
+being desirous to ascertain what terms would be granted in case he
+surrendered, hoisted French colours aft and English colours forward.
+Under cover of this the French frigate sent a boat with the message. The
+answer was a refusal to grant any terms, but the boat was allowed to
+return to the French frigate in safety before the _Dryad_ filled and
+stood towards her.
+
+The Ensign and Pendant at half-mast are the recognised signs of
+mourning. Sometimes also it is an expression of mourning to set the
+yards at what seamen call "a-cock-bill," that is all the yards topped up
+different ways on each mast; but this is chiefly done by foreigners,
+who, on Good Friday and other occasions, set their yards thus. It is
+also customary as a sign of mourning to paint the white lines of a ship
+of a blue colour. In older times, when ships were more gaudily painted
+and gilded than they are now, they were painted black all over as a sign
+of mourning.
+
+The red or bloody flag is a signal of mutiny, and as such it was
+displayed in our own navy on two noted occasions in the end of last
+century, when the fleet at Spithead mutinied, and afterwards that at
+the Nore. In the latter case the mutineers hauled down the flag of
+Vice-admiral Buckner and in its stead hoisted the red flag. It is a
+singular fact, however, and characteristic of the British seaman, that
+on the 4th of June, the king's birth-day, while the mutiny was at its
+height, the whole fleet, with the exception of one ship, evinced its
+loyalty by firing a royal salute, and displaying the colours usual on
+such occasions, the red flag being struck during the ceremony, and only
+re-hoisted when it was over.[40]
+
+    [40] James' _Naval History_, ii. p. 73.
+
+The yellow flag is the signal of sickness and of quarantine.
+
+
+
+
+                     USE OF FLAGS IN NAVAL WARFARE.
+
+
+Such are the principal naval flags. Of the circumstances in which they
+may or may not be legitimately used, especially in naval warfare, some
+interesting stories might be told.
+
+Although it is prohibited to merchant ships to carry the colours used in
+the navy, this may be done in time of war to deceive an enemy. I may
+mention one instance when it was practised with happy effect. In the
+French war in 1797 the French Rear-admiral Sarcy, when cruising with six
+frigates in the Bay of Bali, came in sight of five of our Indiamen--one
+of them, the _Woodford_, Captain Lennox. They were homeward bound, and
+all richly laden, and to all appearance they had no chance of escape,
+when Captain Lennox rescued them by an act of great judgment and
+presence of mind. He first of all hoisted in his own ship a flag which
+the French admiral knew well--that of the British Admiral Rainier, blue
+at the mizen, and he made all the other ships in his company hoist
+pendants and ensigns to correspond. But he did more. He detached two of
+the Indiamen to chase and reconnoitre the enemy; and as these advanced
+towards the French reconnoitring frigate the _Cybčle_, the latter,
+completely deceived, made all sail to join her consorts with the signal
+at her mast-head--"The enemy is superior in force to the French." On
+this the French admiral, believing that he was in the presence of a
+powerful British squadron, made off with his frigates under all sail,
+and Captain Lennox and his consorts completed their voyage in safety.
+When Admiral Sarcy discovered afterwards the ruse that had been
+practised on him, and which had lost him a prize of such great value,
+his mortification may be imagined.
+
+In going into action it is the custom with the ships of all nations to
+hoist their national colours. Nelson at Trafalgar carried this to
+excess, for he hoisted several flags lest one should be shot away. The
+French and Spaniards went to the opposite extreme, for they hoisted no
+colours at all, till late in the action, when they began to feel the
+necessity of having them to strike.[41] Nelson on that occasion ran his
+ship on board the _Redoubtable_, a large seventy-four gun ship, and
+fought her at such close quarters that the two ships touched each other.
+Twice Nelson gave orders to cease firing at his opponent, supposing she
+had surrendered, because her great guns were silent, and as she carried
+no flag there was no means of instantly ascertaining the fact. It was
+from the ship which he had thus twice spared that Nelson received his
+death wound. The ball was fired from the mizen-top, which, so close were
+the ships, was not more than fifteen yards from the place where he was
+standing. Soon afterwards the _Redoubtable_, finding further resistance
+impossible, hoisted her flag, only to haul it down again in sign of
+surrender, within twenty minutes after the fatal shot had been fired. In
+this great battle each of the Spanish ships had in addition to her
+ensign a large wooden cross hung to the end of her spanker boom.
+
+    [41] Southey's _Life of Nelson_.
+
+When a ship surrenders the fact is usually intimated by her hauling down
+her flag, but in Lord Cochrane's spirited attack on the French fleet in
+Basque Roads in 1809, two of the French ships, the _Varsovie_ and
+_Aquilon_, made the token of submission by each showing a Union Jack in
+her mizen chains; and in other instances during the war French ships
+hoisted a Union Jack as the signal of their having struck.
+
+Of course when a ship has surrendered the fire of both ships ceases. In
+an action off Lissa between British ships and a Franco-Venetian
+squadron, the French ship _Flore_ surrendered to the British frigate
+_Amphion_. Immediately afterwards the Venetian frigate _Bellona_ bore up
+and commenced a heavy fire against the _Amphion_, and some of the shot
+struck the captured ship on the other side. Supposing, erroneously, that
+the shot came from the British ship, one of the officers of the _Flore_,
+in order to make more clear the fact of her having absolutely
+surrendered, took the French ensign, halliards and all, and holding them
+up in his hand over the taffrail to attract the attention of the
+_Amphion's_ people, threw the whole into the sea. Having captured the
+_Bellona_ also, the captain of the _Amphion_ temporarily left the
+surrendered ship while he pursued another of the enemy, the _Corona_,
+which he also captured. When thus engaged, however, he was mortified to
+see his first prize, the _Flore_, notwithstanding her emphatic act of
+submission, dishonourably stealing away, and she actually effected her
+escape into the harbour of Lessina. Captain Hoste, who commanded the
+British squadron, afterwards sent a letter by a flag of truce to the
+captain of the _Flore_, demanding restitution of the frigate in the same
+state as when she struck her flag and surrendered to the _Amphion_; but
+the commander of the French squadron replied by a letter, neither signed
+nor dated, denying that the _Flore_ had struck, and falsely asserting
+that the colours had been shot away. The letter was sent back and the
+demand repeated, but no answer was returned.
+
+I may mention another instance in which captured colours were thrown
+into the sea in token of surrender under different circumstances, but
+not more creditable to the vanquished party. In the war between America
+and the Barbary States in the early part of the century, the United
+States schooner _Enterprise_, under the command of Lieutenant Sterrett,
+fell in with and engaged a Tripolitan polacre ship, and in the course of
+the action the colours of the latter were either shot away or struck--in
+all probability the latter, for the Americans believed she had
+surrendered and quitted their guns. The Corsair, however, re-hoisted her
+flag and continued the action. Thereupon the _Enterprise_ poured in so
+destructive a fire that her opponent this time unequivocally hauled down
+her colours, and Lieutenant Sterrett ordered her under his lee quarter.
+This order was obeyed, but the Tripolitan, when he got there, thinking
+his position favourable, re-hoisted the red flag, and having poured
+another broadside into the _Enterprise_, prepared to board. The
+Americans, justly incensed at this treacherous act, delivered a raking
+broadside which effectually terminated the affair. The Tripolitan
+captain now abjectly implored the quarter which he had justly forfeited,
+and bending over the waist barricade of his ship, and as an indication
+of his sincerity, raised his colours in his arms and threw them into the
+sea.
+
+In contrast to the conduct of the captain of the _Flore_ in carrying off
+his ship after he had surrendered, may be mentioned the very different
+course taken by the officer in command of a French 40-gun frigate, the
+_Renommée_, which was captured off Madagascar in 1811, after an action
+between a French squadron, and a British squadron under Captain
+Schomberg. From the state of the British ships after the action, Captain
+Schomberg, when night was coming on, could only send on board the prize
+a lieutenant of marines and four seamen, in a sinking boat. At this time
+the _Renommée_ had a crew of nearly 400 effective officers and men, and
+they could have had at once retaken the ship and got off during the
+night. The crew wished to do so, but Colonel Barrois, who--the captain
+having been killed--was now, according to the etiquette of the French
+service, the commanding officer, acting on a high principle of honour,
+refused to give his sanction, as they had surrendered by striking their
+flag. The lieutenant and his few hands remained accordingly in quiet
+possession of the prize, till the prisoners were taken out next morning,
+and a proper prize crew placed on board.
+
+When an action takes place at night, when flags cannot be seen, other
+modes of intimating surrender have to be reverted to. In the war with
+America, in 1815, when a British ship in a disabled state found she had
+no alternative but to surrender at midnight to an American ship of
+superior force, she did so by firing a lee gun and hoisting a light. In
+another case a French frigate, the _Néréide_, after a severe action
+during night with the British frigate _Phoebe_, surrendered to the
+latter by hauling down a light she had been carrying, and hailing that
+she surrendered. In another case a French ship intimated the fact of her
+surrender by hoisting a light and instantly hauling it down.
+
+When a ship has surrendered and is taken possession of, the captor
+hoists his ensign over that of the enemy. In one instance a mistake in
+this produced disastrous results. In the celebrated capture of the
+_Chesapeake_ off Boston in 1813, when the American flag was struck, the
+officer of the _Shannon_ who was sent on board the _Chesapeake_ to take
+possession, inadvertently--owing to the halliards being tangled--bent
+the English flag below the American ensign instead of above it. By this
+time the two ships were drifting apart, and when the _Shannon's_ people
+saw the American stripes going up first they concluded that their
+boarding party had been overpowered, and at once reopened their fire, by
+which their first-lieutenant and several of their own men were killed.
+The mistake was discovered before the flags had got halfway to the mizen
+peak, when they were hauled down and hoisted properly. In this brilliant
+but short action--for between the discharge of the first gun and the
+conclusion of the fight only fifteen minutes elapsed--the American ship,
+by way of display, carried more than the ordinary number of flags. She
+flew three ensigns, one at the mizen, one at the peak, and one, the
+largest of all, in the starboard main rigging. She had besides, flying
+at the fore, a large white flag inscribed with the words "Sailors'
+Rights and Free Trade," with the intention, it was supposed, of damping
+the energy of the _Shannon's_ men by this favourite American motto. The
+_Shannon_ had the Union at the fore and an old rusty blue ensign at the
+mizen peak, and besides these she had one ensign on the main stay and
+another in the main rigging, both rolled up and "stopped" ready to be
+cast loose in case either of the other flags should be shot away.
+
+A similar display of flags occurred on the occasion of the encounter off
+Valparaiso in 1814 between the British 36-gun frigate _Phoebe_ and the
+United States 32-gun frigate _Essex_, which resulted in the capture of
+the latter. Captain Porter, who commanded the American ship, made an
+attempt, as in the case of the _Chesapeake_, on the loyalty of the
+_Phoebe's_ seamen, by hoisting at his fore top-gallant-mast head the
+stock motto, "Free Trade and Sailors' Rights." This, in a short time,
+the British ship answered with the St. George's ensign and the motto,
+"God and Country--British sailors' best rights: Traitors offend them."
+Subsequently the _Essex_ hoisted her motto flag at the fore, and another
+on the mizen mast, with one American ensign at the mizen peak and a
+second lashed on the main rigging. Not to be outdone in decorations the
+British ship hoisted her motto flag with a profuse display of ensigns
+and union jacks, and all these were flying when the American ship was
+captured.
+
+To hoist false colours in time of war in order to entice an enemy within
+reach has always been considered legitimate, but it is not allowable to
+engage, or to commit any hostile act, under them. While it is considered
+legitimate to mislead, however, it is not legitimate to cheat. An
+example of what might appear to be a distinction without a difference is
+afforded by a case which occurred in 1783, when the French ship
+_Sybille_, a powerful 36-gun frigate, was sighted off Cape Henry by the
+_Hussar_ of 28 guns. The _Sybille_ had, a few days before, had a drawn
+fight with one of our ships of the same force, and, in consequence of
+injuries she had then received, had been dismasted in a puff of wind,
+and was under jury masts. As she was unable to chase the _Hussar_, she
+sought to entice her alongside, in order to take her by boarding, and
+accordingly she hoisted at the peak the French ensign under the English,
+as if she had been captured. All this was legitimate, and the _Hussar_
+might or might not have been deceived by it. But the French captain did
+something more. He hoisted in the main shrouds an English ensign
+reversed, and tied in a weft or loop. Now this was a well-known signal
+of distress--an appeal to a common humanity, which no English officer
+was ever known to disregard, and the _Hussar_ closed at once. But
+fortunately her crew were at quarters, and the _Sybille_, hauling down
+the English flag at the peak and hoisting the French above, endeavoured
+to run her on board. Her extreme rolling, however, steadied by no
+sufficient sail, exposed her bottom, and several shots from the _Hussar_
+went through her very bilge. By this time another of our ships, the
+_Centurion_ of 50 guns, had come up, and the _Sybille_ struck her
+flag--the reversed ensign with its weft, so dishonourably hoisted,
+remaining in the main shrouds. The English officer who took possession
+sent the French captain on board the _Hussar_, and he presented his
+sword to Captain Russell on the quarterdeck. Russell took the sword,
+broke it across, and threw it on the deck; and sending the Frenchman
+below, kept him in close confinement in the hold till his arrival in
+port some days later.[42]
+
+    [42] Laughton's _Heraldry of the Sea_.
+
+I may mention another case where a legitimate ruse was successfully
+practised on an enemy by our great naval commander, Lord Cochrane. It
+occurred in the early part of his brilliant career, when he was cruising
+in the Mediterranean in his little brig the _Speedy_. This small craft,
+under her daring and skilful commander, had made herself so much an
+object of terror by the many captures she had made that a Spanish
+frigate, heavily armed, was fitted out and sent after her. In order to
+get near the _Speedy_ the Spaniard was disguised as a merchantman. For
+the same reason, Lord Cochrane, to lull suspicion and enable him to get
+near the merchant craft of the enemy, had also disguised his small
+vessel, and was sailing as a merchant brig under Danish colours.
+Perceiving the supposed Spanish merchantman, Lord Cochrane at once gave
+chase, and he only discovered his mistake when his formidable antagonist
+opened her ports and showed her teeth. At the same time the Spaniard
+lowered a boat to go on board the _Speedy_ and see what she was.
+Discovery and capture were apparently now unavoidable, but Lord Cochrane
+was equal to the occasion. Hoisting the yellow flag--the dreaded signal
+of sickness and quarantine--he made straight for the frigate, and,
+having dressed a petty officer in Danish uniform, on the gangway, he
+ordered him to hail the boat with the intimation that they were out just
+two days from Algiers, where it was well known the plague was then
+violently raging. This was enough. The boat pulled back, and the frigate
+at once filled and proceeded on her course.
+
+It was a narrow escape; yet the crew of the _Speedy_ complained loudly
+that they had not been allowed to fight the frigate! They had been
+admirably trained, and had implicit confidence in their brave commander,
+and thought he was equal to anything. Lord Cochrane was not a man to
+disregard murmurs uttered in such a direction, and he told them that if
+they really wanted a fight they would get it with the first enemy they
+came across, whatever she might be. They had not long to wait before
+they fell in with a large Spanish zebec, the _Gamo_, which, to the
+astonishment of the big ship, Lord Cochrane immediately attacked. A
+fight with the guns could not have lasted long, for the Spanish ship
+carried 30 heavy guns with a crew of upwards of 300 men, while the
+_Speedy_ had only 14 four-pounders and a crew of 54 all told. Lord
+Cochrane, therefore, notwithstanding this immense disparity of force,
+determined, as his only chance, to board the frigate, and this he
+succeeded in doing, taking his entire crew with him and leaving only the
+surgeon at the wheel. A deadly hand-to-hand conflict ensued, when, just
+as his small band were nearly overpowered, Lord Cochrane ordered one of
+his men to haul down the Spanish colours. This was promptly done, and
+the Spaniards--their commander having been killed--thinking that their
+own officers had struck, ceased fighting, and Lord Cochrane became
+master of the frigate. How to take care of his numerous prisoners was
+not a small difficulty, but he succeeded in doing so, and brought his
+prize safely into Port Mahon. It was one of the most brilliant affairs
+in the glorious life of this great seaman.
+
+Another interesting example of an enemy's ship being taken in
+consequence of her colours being hauled down, not by her own officers
+but by the party assailing, occurred at a much earlier period in an
+action between the British and Dutch fleets off the English coast. A
+runaway boy--Thomas Hopson--an apprentice to a tailor in the Isle of
+Wight, had just before come on board the admiral's ship as a volunteer.
+In the midst of the action he asked a sailor how long the fight would
+continue, and was told that it would only cease when the flag of the
+Dutch admiral was hauled down. The boy did not understand about the
+striking of colours, but he thought if the hauling down of the flag
+would stop the fight it might not be difficult to do. As the ships were
+engaged yard-arm and yard-arm, and veiled in smoke, Hopson at once ran
+up the shrouds, laid out on the mizen-yard of his own ship, and having
+gained that of the Dutch admiral he speedily reached the
+top-gallant-mast head and possessed himself of the Dutch flag, with
+which he succeeded in returning to his own deck. Perceiving the flag to
+be struck the British sailors raised a shout of victory, and the Dutch
+crew, also deceived, ran from their guns. While the astonished admiral
+and his officers were trying in vain to rally their crew the English
+boarded the ship and carried her. For this daring service the boy was at
+once promoted to the quarter-deck, and he rose to be a distinguished
+admiral under Queen Anne.
+
+
+
+
+                    INTERNATIONAL USAGE AS TO FLAGS.
+
+
+In time of peace it is considered an insult to hoist the flag of one
+friendly nation over that of another. This has given rise to an order
+that national flags are not to be used for decoration or in dressing
+ships. This order has reference more particularly to two flags, which
+are in ordinary use as signal flags. One of these is the French
+tricolour, but with the red and blue transposed; the other is the Dutch
+flag turned upside down, and there are two pendants to match. An
+unintentional departure from this rule gave rise to some unpleasantness
+on one occasion in the early part of this century. On the 23d of April,
+1819, the English frigate _Euryalus_, lying at St. Thomas in the West
+Indies, had dressed ship in honour of St. George's day--the fźte of the
+Prince Regent--and in doing so had made use of the blue, white, and red
+flag, which four years before had been the national flag of France. A
+three-coloured pennant hung down from the spanker boom and trailed in
+the water, and another three-coloured flag was at the lower end of the
+line pendant from the flying boom. This was observed by the French
+Rear-admiral Duperré, who was there in the _Gloire_, and he demanded and
+received apologies for what he conceived to be an insult offered to a
+flag which had lately been the flag of France, and under which he and
+many of his officers and men had served.[43]
+
+    [43] _Heraldry of the Sea_, p. 28.
+
+If a foreign flag is hoisted on shore--as it often is in compliment to
+some distinguished stranger--it must have the staff to itself. In 1851,
+when the queen of Louis Philippe visited Oban, the proprietor of the
+Caledonian Hotel, at which she resided, in compliment to his visitor,
+and in ignorance, no doubt, of the proprieties of the case, hoisted the
+French flag over the Union. This excited the indignation of an old
+pensioner, John Campbell, who had been a sergeant in the 71st
+Highlanders--the regiment of Campbell of Lochnell--and he went to the
+innkeeper and demanded that matters should be put right. As no attention
+was paid to his remonstrance, he then and there cut down the French
+flag, and dared the innkeeper to hoist it again in that manner. The
+residents in Oban were so pleased with Campbell's spirited conduct that
+they presented him with a silver-headed stick.
+
+In gun practice it is also held to be an insult to take as a mark the
+flag of another nation, and sometimes unintentional offence has been
+given through mistakes about the flags in such circumstances. For the
+following I am indebted to a distinguished naval officer who was
+cognizant of the circumstances. Some twenty years ago, when the French
+had an army of occupation in Syria, and their fleet and ours were lying
+amicably together at Beyrout, some of the English ships having occasion
+to practise the men with their rifles, put out their respective
+targets--which generally consisted of bits of old flags fastened to a
+stick, and stuck in a small cask anchored off at the required
+distance--and commenced firing. Presently a boat with a superior officer
+was seen pulling in hot haste from the French flagship. It afterwards
+transpired that the boat was conveying a polite request that the English
+would refrain from firing on the French flag--the officer at the same
+time pointing to an exceedingly dirty piece of bunting which was being
+riddled by the bullets from one of her Majesty's ships. "That's not the
+French flag," was the answer of the English. "Yes, I assure you," the
+Frenchman replied, "we are nearer than you are, and can see the colours.
+And, pardon me," he added, "another of your ships is at the present
+moment, in this Turkish port, firing on the Turkish flag"--pointing at
+the same time to another target, consisting of a faded bit of red
+bunting. Inquiries were made, and what had been taken for the Tricolour
+was found to be a piece of an old condemned Union Jack, that had
+unfortunately been nailed on to the staff without due regard to the
+position of the colours, while the so-called Turkish flag was discovered
+to be a fragment of an old English red ensign.
+
+To the same naval officer I am indebted for the following amusing
+incident, which I am glad to give in his own words, as he was personally
+concerned in it. "About the same time," he writes, "another occurrence
+of the same kind took place at Larnaca, in Cyprus. It happily ended
+well, but at one time it looked quite serious. One of our surveying
+vessels had taken advantage of a lull in the work to practise her crew
+with her formidable armament of two twenty-four pounders, and on a
+bright calm Mediterranean morning the gunner was sent for by the senior
+lieutenant, and directed to prepare a target. But here there arose a
+difficulty. The ship had been a long time from Malta, stores of all
+kinds were scarce, and of old bunting there was absolutely none. The
+gunner was in despair, but a marine came to the rescue, and offered his
+pocket-handkerchief as a substitute. It was about the usual size of such
+articles, and as it had been bought at Malta while disturbances were
+pending at Naples, it had the Italian colours, green, white, and red,
+together with a pendant, printed on it, and on the white part some
+patriotic sentences in Italian. The whole presented an ancient and faded
+appearance, but the gunner accepted it with thanks.
+
+"So it was duly nailed on a staff stuck into a small cask, and anchored
+about 600 yards to seaward. After the firing from the howitzers was
+finished the men were ordered to fire on it with rifles, which for a
+time they did. While this was going on a small French brig happened to
+be lying in the roads, and during the forenoon a boat was observed
+pulling from her in the direction of the target, but it did not venture
+very close; the firing was not suspended, and nothing further was
+thought about it. Before going to dinner in the middle of the day, a
+boat was sent to examine the target to see if it would float, as it was
+intended to continue the practice in the afternoon, and although it was
+reported to have been knocked about a good deal, it was thought it might
+remain afloat as long as it would be required, and so it was left. About
+an hour afterwards, however, it disappeared, and went to the bottom.
+
+"The lieutenant, who had been weary with his work and had gone to bed
+early, was much astonished at being sent for by the captain about
+midnight. A formal despatch from our consul had come on board, inclosing
+a communication from the French representative giving a detailed account
+of what was described as a gross insult to the French flag, perpetrated
+by H.M.S. ----, and demanding all kinds of apologies. The prime mover in
+the affair, it appeared, was a certain captain Napoleon something, the
+commander of the little brig. His story was that he had seen with
+indignation the flag of his country--in size six feet square by his
+account--carried out by an English man-of-war boat, and deliberately
+fired upon. He and his crew, he said, had got into their boat determined
+to rescue the desecrated ensign, 'even at the risk of their lives,' but
+on getting near they had thought better of it, and pulled ashore
+instead. Here he had collected all the French residents he could get,
+whom he harangued, and having persuaded them that the scarcely visible
+speck was in truth their national flag, he got them to sign a strongly
+worded protest, and go with it along with him in a body to the French
+consul. Reparation, they said, must be made--the insulted flag must be
+saluted. So great was the excitement and so plausible the story that the
+French consul, pending negotiations, sent to Beyrout requiring the
+immediate presence of a French man-of-war. In fact there was all the
+groundwork of a very pretty row. Meantime the cause of all the commotion
+was lying at the bottom of the sea, with five or six fathoms of water
+over it. A written explanation of the circumstance was sent from the
+ship, and a meeting arranged for next day at the English consulate; and
+in the meantime a number of boats were sent early in the morning to try
+and fish up the bone of contention, as without it there was only the
+English word against the French. At the consulate there was a stormy
+meeting--much hard swearing and vociferation on the part of the French
+captain and his crew, with the affidavits of any number of respectable
+French residents, formally drawn up and signed. Everybody was getting
+very angry, and prospect of an amicable settlement there was none, when
+in a momentary lull the English lieutenant asked the French captain--who
+had for the fiftieth time declared that it _was_ a French flag, and six
+feet square at least--'whether it was likely that he knew more about it
+than the marine who had blown his nose with it for the last six months.'
+This in some measure restored good humour. The meeting separated in a
+more friendly spirit than had at first seemed possible, and when, on the
+following day, a lucky cast of the grapnel brought to the surface the
+innocent cause of the disturbance, there was an end of the matter. Torn
+by bullets, draggled and wet as it was, the wretched handkerchief was
+borne in triumph to the French consulate, and of course there was no
+more to be said. The consul made the proper _amende_, and the
+man-of-war, which actually appeared from Beyrout a few hours afterwards
+to vindicate the honour of the French flag, returned to her anchorage."
+
+I shall just add one more incident of the same kind, for which I am
+indebted to another naval officer. In 1879 an English corvette visited
+Tahiti. The island, being under French protection, flies a special flag,
+and as it is one which is not supplied to English men-of-war, it is
+usual, when it is necessary for them to salute, to borrow a protectorate
+flag from the authorities. On the occasion in question, accordingly, the
+flag was sent off by the governor's aide-de-camp (a naval officer) on
+the evening of the corvette's arrival at Papeite, and the flag having
+been hoisted on the following morning, the salute was duly fired. But
+the display of the flag caused a terrible commotion on shore. On such
+occasions the whole population turns out to see the salute, and the
+beach of the beautiful land-locked, or rather reef-inclosed, harbour was
+crowded with French and Tahitians watching the corvette, which was
+moored close under the town. The cause of the commotion was that the
+flag had been improperly made, so that in hoisting it the French ensign,
+by pure inadvertence, appeared underneath that of Tahiti. The
+indignation of the French was great, and they hastened to complain to
+the governor that their flag had been deliberately insulted by her
+Majesty's ship. The mistake, fortunately, lay entirely with the
+authorities on shore. It was only on hauling it down that the officer in
+command found it had been caused by the flag being improperly
+constructed, the technical explanation being that the distance line had
+been sewed in, the wrong way, with the taggle towards the bottom of the
+flag--a very trifling thing in itself, but which, if unexplained, might
+have led to serious consequences. Of course the flag was immediately
+sent to the governor with the explanation, and there was an end of it.
+So much for naval flags.
+
+
+
+
+                       FLAGS OF THE BRITISH ARMY.
+
+
+I have already noticed incidentally some of the flags used in the armies
+of England in early times. Those used in the latter part of the
+thirteenth century, and early in the fourteenth, were, besides those of
+the knights and bannerets, the Royal Standard and the banners of St.
+George, of St. Edmund, and of St. Edward. Subsequently various changes
+took place which it is unnecessary to follow.
+
+At present in the British army every regiment of infantry has two flags.
+They are both made of silk, in this differing from sea flags, which are
+usually made of bunting. With the exception of the Foot Guards, the
+first or Queen's colours of every regiment is the Union or National
+Flag, with the imperial crown in the centre, and the number of the
+regiment beneath in gold. The second or regimental colours are, with
+certain exceptions, of the colour of the facing of the regiment, with
+the Union in the upper corner. The second colours of all regiments bear
+the devices or badges and distinctions which have been conferred by
+royal authority. Fig. 28 is a representation of the regimental or second
+colours of the first battalion of the 24th Regiment, for which I am
+indebted to the courtesy of Sir Albert Woods. It will serve as an
+example of the regimental colours of other regiments. The pole, it will
+be observed, is surmounted by the royal crest, and this is common to all
+regiments carrying colours. The ground of the flag is grass green. The
+crown and wreath are "proper," that is of the natural colours. The
+scrolls are gold with black letters.
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 28.--Regimental Colours of First Battalion of
+  24th Regiment.]
+
+The first or royal colours of the Foot Guards are crimson, and bear
+certain special distinctions besides those authorized for the second
+colours--the whole surmounted by the imperial crown. The second, or
+regimental colours, of the Foot Guards is the Union, with one of the
+ancient badges conferred by royal authority. The first battalion of the
+Scots Fusilier Guards possesses the high distinction of carrying on
+their first colours the royal arms of Scotland.
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 29.--Queen's Colours of the First Battalion of
+  24th Regiment.]
+
+The colours of infantry are as a rule carried by the two junior
+lieutenants, and our military annals present many examples of devoted
+heroism by the standard-bearers in defence of their charge. Among such
+incidents few are more interesting than the loss and recovery of the
+Queen's colours of the first battalion of the 24th Regiment in the
+African campaign of 1878-79, to which I have already referred. It will
+be recollected that Lieutenants Melville and Coghill, after crossing the
+river Tugela with the Queen's colours, were overtaken and attacked by
+overwhelming numbers and shot down. They died bravely, revolvers in
+hand, but their pursuers failed to get possession of their precious
+charge--the colours having been found near them when the bodies were
+recovered. The Queen was much affected by this incident, and bestowed on
+the young heroes after death the highest distinction for valour in her
+power--the Victoria cross. On the arrival of the colours in England the
+Queen expressed a wish to see them, and they were taken to Osborne,
+where her Majesty tied on them a small wreath of immortelles as a mark
+of her deep sense of the heroism of the two young officers who gave
+their lives to save the flag. Fig. 29 shows the colours in the state in
+which they were, when presented to the Queen, with the wreath placed
+upon them by her Majesty.
+
+The colours of the second battalion of the 24th had been left in camp
+when the troops advanced to meet the Zulus, and they were consequently
+captured. No trace of them could be found till some time afterwards when
+the pole with its crown was recovered by a party of the 17th Lancers in
+a Zulu kraal near Ulundi. This remnant continued to be carried by the
+regiment for upwards of a year, when new colours were presented to them
+at Gibraltar on behalf of the Queen by Lord Napier of Magdala. The old
+colours, or rather their pole with the crown, were first trooped. The
+new colours were then uncovered, and, after consecration,
+presented--Lord Napier stating that her Majesty knew very well that the
+flag had not been lost through any default of the battalion, but only in
+consequence of their having been placed in camp when the battalion went
+to the front under the general commanding.
+
+The presentation of new colours with the accompanying consecration
+service is an interesting ceremony. As the form may not be generally
+known, I shall describe a recent one when new colours were presented by
+the Prince of Wales to the first battalion of the 23d Regiment (the
+Royal Welsh Fusiliers) on their embarkation for India. It is specially
+interesting in connection with the history of the old ragged colours
+which were then superseded. They had been presented by the late Prince
+Consort thirty-one years before, and in the Crimea they were the first
+which were planted on the heights of the Alma. Two lieutenants were
+successively shot while holding them, and they were finally seized by
+Sergeant O'Connor, who, though wounded, held them aloft and rallied the
+regiment. For this service he was decorated with the Victoria cross.
+Shortly afterwards he received his commission, and subsequently he
+became colonel of the battalion. On the recent arrival of the troops at
+Portsmouth they were drawn up on the military recreation ground, and the
+Prince and Princess of Wales having taken their place at the saluting
+point, the regiment marched past, headed by the goat which always
+accompanies it. The old colours were then trooped and conveyed to the
+rear, and three sides of a square having been formed, with a pyramid of
+the drums in the centre, the new colours were uncased. The royal party
+then advanced, and the senior chaplain of the regiment read the
+Consecration service. The Queen's colours and the regimental colours
+were then handed to the prince, and he presented them to the two
+lieutenants who received them kneeling. The prince having spoken a few
+appropriate words, and the colonel having replied, the colours were
+saluted by the whole regiment. Another march past, and the presentation
+of the officers to the prince, concluded the ceremony.
+
+In the cavalry the standards of regiments of Dragoon Guards are of
+crimson silk damask, embroidered and fringed with gold, and their
+guidons, anciently called "guydhomme"--a swallow-tailed flag--are of
+crimson silk. Each is inscribed with the peculiar devices, distinctions,
+and mottoes of the regiment. The standards and guidons of cavalry are
+carried by troop sergeant-majors. The Hussars and Lancers have no
+standards. They were discontinued, for what reason I do not know, by
+William IV., and their badges and devices are now borne on their
+appointments. Neither the Royal Engineers nor the Rifles have colours.
+Neither have the Royal Artillery; nor is it necessary that they should
+have any on which to record special services, for the Artillery is
+represented in every action. Their appropriate motto, _Ubique_, is borne
+on their appointments. None of the Volunteer regiments carries colours.
+
+The queen's and regimental colours always parade with the regiment. On
+march they are cased, but they are always uncased when carried into
+action.
+
+For military authorities "when embarked in boats or other vessels,"
+there is, as we have seen, a special flag. It is the Union with the
+royal initials in the centre on a blue circle, surrounded by a green
+garland, and surmounted by the imperial crown.
+
+
+
+
+                    USE OF FLAGS BY PRIVATE PERSONS.
+
+
+In regard to the use of the national flag by private persons, there is a
+positive rule as to marine flags, but none, so far as I am aware, as to
+its use on shore. I have occasionally seen it flown on shore with a
+white border, under an impression, apparently, that this difference was
+necessary, but it is unmeaning, and there is no authority for it. In
+numberless instances we see one or other of the marine Ensigns hoisted
+on shore over gentlemen's houses, or used in street decoration on the
+occasion of public rejoicings; but nothing could be more absurd, as the
+ensign is exclusively a ship flag.
+
+Any private individual entitled to armorial bearings may carry them on a
+flag. In such cases the arms should not be on a shield, but filling the
+entire flag.
+
+The flags and banners represented in works on heraldry have almost
+invariably a fringe; but this is optional. If a fringe is used it should
+be composed of the livery colours, each tincture of the arms giving its
+colour to the portion of the fringe which adjoins it. In the British
+army the colours of the different regiments are fringed.
+
+
+
+
+                         FOREIGN FLAGS: FRANCE.
+
+
+My notice of foreign flags must be short. Those of France and America
+have naturally most interest for us.
+
+Previous to the Revolution the French can hardly be said to have had a
+national flag. The colours of the reigning families--changing as they
+did with each fresh dynasty, as was the case in our own early
+history--were accepted in the place of national standards, while each
+regiment in the army followed colours of its own. The celebrated _Chape
+de Saint Martin de Tours_ and the _Oriflamme_ of the Abbey of Saint
+Denis, were, like the labarum of Constantine, ecclesiastical banners,
+symbolic of the two patrons of Christian France watching over her in her
+battles. The Chape de Saint Martin was a banner imitating in form a cape
+or cloak, and was of blue. The Oriflamme was red with a green fringe. By
+the end of the tenth century this had become the royal standard. In one
+of the windows of the Cathedral of Chartres (of the thirteenth century)
+there is a representation of Henri Sieur de Argentin et du Mez, Marshall
+of France under St. Louis, receiving from the hands of St. Denis a
+banner which is supposed to be the Oriflamme. Fig. 30 is a copy of this
+interesting old work of art. The banner, it will be observed, has five
+points; but in other examples it has only three, each having attached to
+it a tassel of green silk.
+
+          [Illustration: Fig. 30.--The Oriflamme, circa 1248.]
+
+The royal banner of St. Louis was blue powdered with fleurs-de-lis in
+gold, and these fleurs-de-lis have remained since the eleventh or
+twelfth century a peculiarly French and royal device. It is indeed one
+of extreme antiquity, the emblem of a long-forgotten worship--older by
+many ages than any record of the doctrine of the Trinity, of which some
+have supposed this flower to be an emblem.[44]
+
+    [44] Laughton's _Heraldry of the Sea_.
+
+In the reign of Charles VI. the blue field ceased to be _powdered_ with
+fleurs-de-lis, and was charged with three only--two and one. The white
+flag which became the standard of the kings of France was probably not
+introduced till the reign of Henry IV. But there is great confusion in
+the history of the French flags, and this is increased by the use of
+personal colours at sea, which continued among the French to a much
+later period than among the English. In the colours of the French
+regiments there has been great variety of design. Under the old monarchy
+the regimental colours were of two kinds--one was the _drapeau-colonel_,
+or royal; the other, called _drapeau d'ordonnance_, took its device from
+the founder of the particular regiment which carried it, or from the
+province of its origin. A common form of the royal colours was a white
+cross on a blue field. In other examples, sometimes the cross and
+sometimes the field were powdered with fleurs-de-lis. In some instances
+the field was green. The flag displayed by the French in 1789 was a
+white cross on a blue ground, with one fleur-de-lis at each corner of
+the field, and the motto "Patrie et Liberté."
+
+The Tricolour was introduced at the Revolution, but the origin of the
+design is unknown. Possibly a trace of it may be found in an
+illumination in one of the MS. copies of Froissart. It represents the
+King of France setting out against the Duke of Brittany, and his majesty
+is preceded by a man on horseback bearing a swallow-tailed pennon, the
+first part containing the ancient arms of France, and each of the
+tails--composed of three stripes--red, white, and green.
+
+For some time after the Revolution the white field was retained. When
+the three colours came to be used there appears to have been at first no
+fixed order in arranging them, and in some cases they were placed
+vertically, and in others horizontally. By a decree in 1790 it was
+ordained that in the navy the flag on the bowsprit--the jack--should be
+composed of three equal bands placed vertically, that next the staff
+being red, the middle white, and the third blue. The flag at the stem
+was to have in a canton the jack above described (occupying one fourth
+of the flag), and to be surrounded by a narrow band, the half of which
+was to be red and the other blue, and the rest of the flag to be white.
+In 1794 this flag was abolished, and it was ordered "that the national
+flag shall be formed of _the three national colours_ in equal bands
+placed vertically, the hoist being blue, the centre white, and the fly
+red." It would appear, however, that this arrangement was not for some
+time universally adopted, and that old flags continued to be used. Thus,
+in the great picture by De Loutherbourg at Greenwich, the French ships
+are represented as wearing the suppressed flag of 1790; while, in a rare
+print preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, representing the
+magnificent ceremony at which the first Napoleon distributed eagles to
+the troops in 1804, the banners suspended over the Ecole Militaire in
+the Champ de Mars, where the ceremony took place, show the three colours
+in fess, that is, in horizontal lines. But the vertical arrangement must
+have been soon afterwards generally adopted, and this continued to be
+the flag both of the French army and navy during the Empire. On the
+return of the king in 1814, and again in 1815, it was abolished, and the
+white flag restored; but the Tricolour was reintroduced in 1830, and it
+has remained in use since.[45]
+
+    [45] See French Imperial Standard, and National Flag, Plate IV.
+         Nos. 2 and 3.
+
+When the Emperor Napoleon assumed the sovereignty of Elba he had a
+special flag made. It will be recollected that he was allowed to retain
+the title of emperor, and although the island which comprised his
+dominions was only sixty miles in circumference, the inhabitants barely
+12,000, his household 35 persons, and his entire army only 700 infantry
+and 60 cavalry, he considered it necessary to have a "national flag."
+According to Sir Walter Scott, it bore on a white field a bend charged
+with three bees. But the emperor was preparing another and very
+different flag for his small army, of which I am able to give a
+representation from a very rare coloured engraving.[46] It was the
+tricolour of France, composed of the richest silk with the ornaments
+elaborately embroidered in silver. It bore the imperial crown with the
+letter N, and the eagle, on each of the blue and red portions, with the
+imperial bees; and over all the inscription, "L'Empereur Napoléon ą la
+Garde Nationale de L'lle d'Elbe." To the staff, the top of which was
+surmounted by a golden eagle, was suspended a tricoloured sash also
+richly embroidered in silver. This splendid standard was presented by
+Napoleon to his guards in Elba shortly before his invasion of France in
+1815. On the reverse side there was subsequently embroidered the
+inscription, "Champ de Mai"--the flag having been a second time
+presented by the emperor to his guards at that celebrated meeting, a
+short time before they marched for Waterloo. The standard was captured
+by the Prussians, and on their entering Paris was sold to an English
+gentleman who brought it to England.[47]
+
+    [46] See Frontispiece.
+
+    [47] When the drawing of it was taken it was in the possession
+         of BernardBrocas, Esq., at Wokefield.
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 31.]
+
+        [Illustration: NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS.  PLATE IV]
+
+The lately-abolished Eagle (Fig. 31) was borne as a standard in the
+French army during the Empire only. It was introduced by Napoleon I.,
+who adopted it from the Romans. The ribbon attached was of silk five
+inches wide and three feet long, and richly embroidered. After
+Napoleon's fall the eagles were abandoned, but they were again
+introduced by Napoleon III. In consequence of their intrinsic value,
+they proved in the Franco-German war a much-coveted prize among the
+Germans, who captured a considerable number of them on the successive
+defeats of the French. The first Napoleon was very careful of the
+Eagles. He himself tells us, in one of the conversations at St. Helena,
+that he established in each regiment two subaltern officers as special
+guardians of the Eagle. "Ils n'avaient d'autre arme," he says, "que
+plusieurs paires de pistolets: d'autre emploi que de veiller froidement
+a bruler la cervelle de celui qui avancerait pour saisir l'aigle."
+
+The Dutch and Russian ensigns have the same tinctures as those of the
+present French flag, but borne fess ways--that is horizontally. The
+former has the red uppermost. The latter has _the metal_, the white,
+uppermost, and the two _colours_, the blue and the red--against all our
+notions of heraldic propriety--placed together below. (See Dutch and
+Russian flags, Plate IV. Nos. 6 and 8.)
+
+The Belgian colours adopted in 1831 are arranged as the French, but the
+colours are black, yellow, and red. (Plate IV. No. 5.) The flag of
+Prussia is also composed of three stripes-black, white, and red, but
+arranged horizontally. (Plate IV. No. 4.) The flag of Mexico is arranged
+like that of France, but the colours are green, white, and red. (Plate
+IV. No. 10.)
+
+
+
+
+                           THE AMERICAN FLAG.
+
+
+The history of the American flag is interesting. Previous to the
+Declaration of Independence the different colonies retained the
+standards of the mother country with the addition of some local emblem.
+Massachusetts, for example, adopted the pine-tree, a device which was
+also placed on the coins. In 1775 "the Union with a red field"--a red
+ensign--was displayed at New York on a liberty poll with the
+inscription, "George Rex and the Liberties of America;" and it is
+interesting to note that the first flag adopted as a national ensign by
+the ships of the United States consisted of the horizontal stripes with
+which we are familiar, but with the British Union still retained in a
+canton. This was replaced by the stars on a blue ground. Some of the
+flags first used--at the time when only twelve states had ratified the
+articles of convention--bore only twelve stars. On the 14th of August,
+1777, Congress resolved "that the flag of the United States be thirteen
+stripes alternately red and white, and that the union be thirteen stars,
+white in a blue field, representing a new constellation." (See Fig. 32.)
+
+It has been said that the design of the flag was derived from arms borne
+by the family of Washington; but there is no foundation for this. An
+American writer--with probably as little ground for the statement--says:
+"the blue field was taken from the Covenanters' banner in Scotland,
+likewise significant of the League and Covenant of the United Colonies
+against oppression, and incidentally involving vigilance, perseverance,
+and justice. The stars were then disposed in a circle symbolizing the
+perpetuity of the union, as well as equality with themselves. The whole
+was a blending of the various flags used previous to the war, viz. the
+red flags of the army and white colours of the floating batteries--the
+gem of the navy."[48]
+
+    [48] Article on "Flags," by H. K. W. Wilcox, New York, _Harper's
+         Magazine_, July, 1873.
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 32.]
+
+In 1795 it was ordained that the stripes should be increased to fifteen
+and the stars to the same number; but in 1818 Congress ordered a return
+to the thirteen stripes but with twenty stars, and that on the admission
+of any new state a star should be added. Thus the old number of stripes
+perpetuated the original number of the states forming the union, while
+the added stars show the union in its existing state. In consequence of
+the greatly increased number of stars, the circular arrangement had to
+be abandoned, and they are now disposed in parallel lines. (See flag of
+the United States, Plate V. No. 8.) The construction of the first
+national standard, from which the stars and stripes were afterwards
+adopted, took place at Philadelphia in 1777 under the personal direction
+of Washington aided by a committee of Congress.
+
+The flag of the American admirals is composed of the stripes alone, and
+the stars are used separately as a jack. One of the first American flags
+used at sea, and bearing only the twelve stars, is still preserved. It
+is the flag which was flown by the celebrated Paul Jones from his
+privateer, the _Bon homme Richard_, in his engagement with the English
+ship _Serapis_ on 23d September, 1799. In the course of the action the
+flag having been shot away from the mast-head, Lieutenant Stafford, then
+a volunteer in Paul Jones' ship, leaped into the sea after it, and
+recovered and replaced it, being severely wounded while performing this
+action. The flag thus saved was afterwards presented to him by the
+marine committee of Congress, and it now (1880) belongs to his son.[49]
+
+    [49] Letter in _Daily Telegraph_, 18th March, 1880, by Mr. W.
+         Stafford Northcote.
+
+         [Illustration: NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS. PLATE V.]
+
+I may mention that the white and red stripes are not peculiar to the
+American flag. A flag of similar design was for a long time a well-known
+signal in the British navy, being that used for the red division to draw
+into line of battle.
+
+
+
+
+                          OTHER FOREIGN FLAGS.
+
+
+The flag of Liberia is very like that of the United States, being
+composed of red and white stripes with a blue canton. The only
+difference is that the latter bears only one star. (See the flag of
+Liberia, Plate V. No. 6.) The flag of Bremen is also composed of red and
+white stripes.
+
+Spain from the first period of her greatness bore the Castilian flag,
+quartering Castile and Leon. In an old illumination representing the
+coronation of Henry, son of John, King of Castile, there are on the
+king's left hand two men, unarmed, the one holding a banner of Castile
+and Leon quarterly, the other a blue pennon charged with three kings'
+heads-the banner of the three kings of Cologne. On his majesty's right
+hand a man, also unarmed, holds a shield with the arms of Castile and
+Leon. It was this last device, as a national flag, that was carried by
+the ships of Columbus. But Columbus had also as a personal flag one
+given to him by Queen Isabella--a white swallow-tailed pennon bearing a
+Latin cross in green between the letters FY crowned. These two flags are
+noteworthy as the first that crossed the Atlantic.
+
+The present royal standard of Spain is of very complicated construction
+(see Plate V. No. 1), embracing among its bearings the arms of Castile
+and Leon, of Aragon, Sicily, Burgundy, and others. The national ensign
+is in marked contrast by its simplicity. It is composed of yellow and
+red stripes--derived from the bars of Aragon. (See Plate V. No. 2.)
+
+Austria at first bore on her flag the Roman eagle. Now her war ensign is
+red, white, and red placed horizontally, and in the centre a shield of
+the same within a gold border (the arms of the Dukes of Austria),
+surmounted by the royal crown. (See Plate V. No. 3.) The merchant flag
+is the same without the shield and crown. The Austro-Hungarian flag has
+the lower stripe half red and half green, with two shields, one on the
+right containing the arms of Austria, and the other bearing the arms of
+Hungary. (See Plate V. No. 4.)
+
+The flag of Italy was designed by Napoleon I. on his declaration of the
+Kingdom of Italy. It is a modification of the French, the division of
+the field next the staff being, instead of blue, green, which, it is
+known, was a favourite colour of the emperor. In the centre is a red
+shield charged with a white cross--the arms of the Dukes of Savoy, now
+borne by Italy. A representation of the Italian merchant flag will be
+found on Plate V. No. 5. The war ensign is the same, except that the
+shield is surmounted by the royal crown.
+
+In the construction of the flag of Norway, curiously enough, the same
+blunder has been committed as in our own Union. It is "described" as a
+blue cross _fimbriated_ white; but the border, as the flag is worn, is
+too broad, and it really represents two crosses, a blue cross
+superimposed on a white one--just as our St. George's cross, as
+represented in our national colours, is nothing but a red cross
+superimposed on a white one. Mr. Laughton accordingly looking at the
+Norwegian flag in this light, calls it the white flag of Denmark with a
+blue cross over it,[50] which it was certainly not intended to be. The
+flag is shown in Plate V. No. 11. The Swedish-Norwegian union in the
+canton was introduced in 1817, when the two countries were united under
+one king.
+
+    [50] _Heraldry of the Sea_, p. 23.
+
+The Danish flag (see Plate V. No. 7) is the oldest now in existence. The
+tradition is that it descended from Heaven ready made in the year 1219
+in answer to the prayer of King Waldemar, as he was leading his troops
+to battle against the pagans of the Baltic. Be that as it may, it
+certainly dates from the thirteenth century.
+
+The flag of Portugal has borne a conspicuous part in history, and the
+devices in it carry us back to a very early period. The present royal
+standard is red with a red shield in the centre charged with towers or
+castles for the kingdom of Algarve, which Alphonsus III. got from the
+King of Castile when he married the daughter of the latter in 1278; and
+in the centre there is a white shield bearing on it the shields of the
+five Moors placed crossways. The Portuguese national flag is per pale,
+blue and white, and in the centre point is the same device as appears on
+the royal standard. The present flag, however, is only a modification of
+the old flag which was carried by the early discoverers, and which
+brought glory to Portugal in the days of Prince Henry the Navigator.
+(See the national flag of Portugal, Plate V. No. 12.)
+
+The royal standards of Norway and Sweden, and also the ensign of these
+kingdoms, are peculiar in preserving the ancient form of having the fly
+ending in three points. (See the Swedish standard, Plate V. No. 10.)
+
+Greece has adopted the colours of Bavaria in compliment to her first
+king. (See Plate VI. No. 7.)
+
+The devices on some of the Asiatic flags are peculiar. That of Burmah
+bears a peacock; Siam, a white elephant; and China, a hideous-looking
+dragon. (See these flags, Plate VI. Nos. 1, 2, 3.) On the flag of
+Bolivia (Plate VI. No. 4) is the representation of a volcano, suggested
+in all probability by the great volcano of Serhama, which rises in
+Western Bolivia to the height of 23,000 feet. Japan, the land of the far
+east, the source of the sun, as her name signifies, has adopted for her
+flag the sun rising blood-red. (See Plate V. No. 9.)
+
+        [Illustration: NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS. PLATE VI.]
+
+The flag of Brazil, which is very inartistic in its construction, bears
+among other devices the armillary sphere of Portugal. (See Plate VI. No.
+8.)
+
+In Plates IV. V. and VI. will be found representations of the flags of
+other kingdoms and republics. These speak for themselves, and do not
+call for particular description.
+
+But I must now bring these notices to a close. To the true patriot of
+every country the national flag must be a subject of pride. If, as a
+French writer observes, it does not always lead him to victory, it
+inspires him to fight well, and if need be to die well. "We pay to it,"
+says the same writer, "royal honours. When it is paraded--in rags it may
+be, and with faded colours, bearing in letters of gold the names of
+victories--the troops present arms, the officers salute it with the
+sword, and the white heads of veteran generals are uncovered and bent
+before the ensign." To the soldier its loss is one of the greatest
+calamities. In Napoleon's disastrous retreat from Moscow in 1812 not
+many of his flags remained with the Russians. Of those which were not
+carried off most were burned, and of some of these the officers drank
+the ashes. More recently the same thing is said to have been done at
+Metz and Sedan. So a French writer tells us, and he characterizes the
+act as "_communion sublime_!"
+
+What the flag is, indeed, to the sailor and the soldier, whether when
+shaken out in battle or when displayed in memory of great victories,
+none but the soldier and the sailor can realize. At the interment of
+Lord Nelson, when his flag was about to be lowered into the grave, the
+sailors who assisted at the ceremony ran forward with one accord and
+tore it into small pieces, to be preserved as sacred relics. "I know,"
+says Charles Kingsley--in those _Brave Words_ which he addressed to our
+soldiers then fighting in the trenches before Sebastopol, "I know that
+you would follow those colours into the mouth of the pit; that you would
+die twice over rather than let them be taken. Those noble rags,
+inscribed with noble names of victory, should remind you every day and
+every hour that he who fights for Queen and country in a just cause is
+fighting not only in the Queen's army but in Christ's army, and that he
+shall in no wise lose his reward."
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX.
+
+
+                                   A.
+
+  Armenian Flag, 110.
+
+  Army, British, Flags of, 96.
+
+  Artillery--have no colours, 101.
+
+  Assyrian Standards, 17, 19.
+
+  Austria, Flag of, 114.
+
+  Austro-Hungary, Flag of, 114.
+
+
+                                   B.
+
+  Banner of St. Cuthbert, 33.
+
+  Banner-bearers, 33.
+
+  Bannerets, 30.
+
+  ---- their following, 32.
+
+  Banners, 29.
+
+  Belgian Flag, 109.
+
+  Beverly, Sir John of, his banner, 33.
+
+  Black Prince at Navarete, 31.
+
+  "Blue Blanket," 50, 51.
+
+  "Bluidy Banner" of Covenanters, 52.
+
+  Bolivia, Flag of, 116.
+
+  Brazil, Flag of, 117.
+
+  Bryon, Sir Guy de, banner-bearer of Edward III., 34.
+
+  Burmah, Flag of, 116.
+
+  ---- British, Flag of, 71.
+
+
+                                   C.
+
+  Carlaverock, Siege of, 32.
+
+  Chandos, Sir John, made banneret, 31.
+
+  China, Flag of, 116.
+
+  Cochrane, Lord, 85, 86.
+
+  Colours of British Army, 96.
+
+  Colours of 24th Regiment, 96, 98.
+
+  ---- of Foot Guards, 97.
+
+  ---- of Cavalry, 101.
+
+  ---- Presentation of new, 100.
+
+  Columbus, his flag, 113.
+
+  Commonwealth, Flag of, 56.
+
+  Constantine, Standard of, 25.
+
+  Consuls, Flags of, 71.
+
+  Coronations, Banners borne at, 35.
+
+  Covenanters, Flags of, 51, 52.
+
+  Custodiers of Banners, 34.
+
+
+                                   D.
+
+  Danish Flag, 115.
+
+  ---- Standards, 27.
+
+  ---- Flag, 109.
+
+  Deceiving enemy, Use of Flags in, 76.
+
+  Douglas. See Earl Douglas, 47, 48, 49.
+
+  Dragon--Standard of Romans and Dacians, 25.
+
+  Dragon--Standard of Germany and England, 25.
+
+  Dragoon Guards, Colours of, 101.
+
+  Dutch Fleets, 70.
+
+
+                                   E.
+
+  Eagle, Roman, 21.
+
+  ---- French, 108.
+
+  Earl Douglas, his standard, 47, 48.
+
+  Earl Marshall, his standard, 46.
+
+  Earl Percy--love pledges, 48.
+
+  Edward III., his banner, 34.
+
+  ---- his standard, 37.
+
+  Egyptian Standards, 13, 14, 15.
+
+  Engineers, Royal--have no colours, 101.
+
+  Ensign, The, 67.
+
+
+                                   F.
+
+  False Colours, when may be used, 83.
+
+  Firing at Colours of a friendly nation, 90.
+
+  Flag, waving, First introduction of, 26.
+
+  Flag of Mutiny, 75.
+
+  Flags, First forms of, 27.
+
+  ---- Different kinds of, 28.
+
+  ---- Hauling down enemy's, 86.
+
+  ---- Usage, International, as to, 88.
+
+  ---- of British army, 96.
+
+  ---- of military authorities embarked in boats, 102.
+
+  Flags, Special, 71.
+
+  ---- of private persons, 102.
+
+  Fleurs de lis of France in arms of England, 37.
+
+  Flodden, Battle of, 46.
+
+  Foreign Flags, 103.
+
+  ---- ---- use of at home, 89.
+
+  French Flags, 103.
+
+  Funerals, Banners borne at, 35.
+
+
+                                   G.
+
+  George III., his standard, 41.
+
+  Gonfanon, 28.
+
+  Greece, Flag of, 116.
+
+  Greeks, Standards of, 26.
+
+
+                                   H.
+
+  Hauling down enemy's colours, 86, 87.
+
+  Hebrew Standards, 15.
+
+  Henry II., his standard, 37.
+
+  Henry VII., his personal standard, 38.
+
+  Hopson, Admiral, 87.
+
+  Hussars--have no colours, 101.
+
+
+                                   I.
+
+  India, Governor-general of, his flag, 71.
+
+  International usage as to flags, 88.
+
+  Ireland, National flag of, 54.
+
+  ---- Lord-lieutenant of, his flag, 71.
+
+  Isandlana, 11, 98.
+
+  Italy, Flag of, 114.
+
+
+                                   J.
+
+  Jack, Union, 64.
+
+  ---- pilot, 66.
+
+  James I., his standard, 40.
+
+  Japan, Flag of, 116.
+
+
+                                   K.
+
+  Knights Bannerets, 30.
+
+
+                                   L.
+
+  Labarum, Roman, 24.
+
+  Lancers--have no colours, 101.
+
+  Liberia, Flag of, 113.
+
+  Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, his flag, 71.
+
+
+                                   M.
+
+  Marshall. See Earl Marshall, 46.
+
+  Mary Stuart, Queen, her standard, 40.
+
+  Moscow, Flags destroyed in Napoleon's retreat from, 117.
+
+  Mourning, Flags signifying, 74.
+
+  Mutiny, Flag hoisted in, 75.
+
+
+                                   N.
+
+  Napoleon I., Standard presented by to his guards, 107.
+
+  National Flags, 54.
+
+  Navarete, Battle of, 31.
+
+  Norman Standards, 27.
+
+  Norway, Peculiar form of Flag of, 115, 116.
+
+
+                                   O.
+
+  Otterbourne, Battle of, 47.
+
+
+                                   P.
+
+  Pacha, Standard of, 21.
+
+  Parley, Signal for, 34.
+
+  Parthians, Banners of, 25, 26.
+
+  Paul Jones, his flag, 110.
+
+  Pendant, The, 72.
+
+  ---- Long, 73.
+
+  ---- Broad, 73.
+
+  Pennon, 28.
+
+  Penny, Design of Union on, 63.
+
+  Penoncel, 28.
+
+  Percy. See Earl Percy, 48.
+
+  Persian Standards, 20.
+
+  Portugal, Flag of, 115.
+
+  Private persons, Use of flags by, 102.
+
+  Prussian Flag, 109.
+
+
+                                   Q.
+
+  Quarantine, Flag of, 75.
+
+
+                                   R.
+
+  Rifle Brigade--has no colours, 101.
+
+  Roman Standards, 21, 22.
+
+  Royal Standard of England, 36, 40.
+
+  ---- of Scotland, 38.
+
+  Russian Flag, 109.
+
+
+                                   S.
+
+  Saxons, Standards of, 27.
+
+  Scottish Arms, their precedence on Royal standard, 42.
+
+  Sedan, Flags destroyed by French at, 117.
+
+  Siam, Flag of, 116.
+
+  Sickness, Flag intimating, 78.
+
+  Signal Flags, 73.
+
+  Spain, Flag of, 114.
+
+  Special Flags, 71.
+
+  Squadrons, Division of navy into, 68.
+
+  Standard, Battle of, 28.
+
+  Standard, The Royal, 36, 40.
+
+  ---- ---- when hoisted in ships, 44.
+
+  Standard-bearers, 17, 18.
+
+  Standards, Ancient, 13.
+
+  ---- of Egypt, 13-15.
+
+  ---- of the Hebrews, 15.
+
+  ---- of the Assyrians, 17, 19.
+
+  ---- of Persians, 20.
+
+  ---- of Turks, 20.
+
+  ---- of Pachas, 21.
+
+  ---- Roman, 21, 23, 24.
+
+  ---- of Greeks, 26.
+
+  ---- Parthian, 26.
+
+  ---- of Danes, 27.
+
+  ---- of Saxons, 27.
+
+  ---- of Normans, 27.
+
+  ---- suspended from trumpets, 35.
+
+  ---- at coronations and funerals, 35.
+
+  ---- Personal, of sovereigns, 38.
+
+  ---- borne by Nobles, 44.
+
+  ---- borne by Trades, 50.
+
+  Supporters of Royal Arms, 43.
+
+  Surrender, Signal of, at sea, 77, 81.
+
+  ---- of a fortress, 34.
+
+  Swedish-Norwegian Flag, 115.
+
+
+                                   T.
+
+  Trades, Standards borne by, 50.
+
+  Truce, Flag of, 74.
+
+  Trumpets, Banners suspended from, 35.
+
+  Turkish Standards, 20.
+
+
+                                   U.
+
+  Union, Design of, on penny, 63.
+
+  ---- Flag, The first, 55.
+
+  ---- under Commonwealth, 56.
+
+  ---- on Restoration, 56.
+
+  ---- present form, 57.
+
+  ---- Error in construction of, 58.
+
+  ---- as it ought to be made, 62.
+
+  ---- how and when displayed, 65, 66.
+
+  ---- in Ensign, 68.
+
+  ---- Jack, 64.
+
+  United States Flag, 110.
+
+  Usage, International, as to flags, 88.
+
+  Uses of Flags in naval warfare, 75.
+
+
+                                   V.
+
+  Volunteer Regiments--have no colours, 102.
+
+
+                                   W.
+
+  Warwick, Earl of, his standard, 45.
+
+  William III., his standard, 41.
+
+  Wolf, on Roman Standard, 21.
+
+
+                                   Y.
+
+  Yellow Flag, 75.
+
+  ---- Successful use of, by Lord Cochrane, 85.
+
+
+
+
+                           Transcriber Notes:
+
+Passages in italics were indicated by _underscores_.
+
+Small caps were replaced with ALL CAPS.
+
+Throughout the document, the oe ligature was replaced with "oe".
+
+Throughout the document, the superscripted letters are preceeded by a
+carot. If there is only one superscripted letter it is placed directly
+after the carot, and if there is more than one superscripted letter they
+are enclosed by curly brackets. Thus, the word "y^e" represents a word
+where the "y" is normal and the "e" is superscripted; and the word
+"1^{st}" represents a word where the "1" is normal and the "st" is
+superscripted.
+
+The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate. Thus
+the page number of the illustration might not match the page number in
+the List of Illustrations, and the order of illustrations may not be the
+same in the List of Illustrations and in the book.
+
+Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected
+unless otherwise noted.
+
+On page 55, "Andrews" was replaced with "Andrew's".
+
+On page 71, "top-gallantmast-head" was replaced with
+"top-gallant-masthead".
+
+On page 73, two instances of "top-gallantmast head" were replaced with
+"top-gallant-masthead".
+
+On page 96, "buntin" was replaced with "bunting".
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Flags:, by Andrew Macgeorge
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Flags:, by Andrew Macgeorge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Flags:
+       Some Account of their History and Uses.
+
+Author: Andrew Macgeorge
+
+Release Date: March 21, 2012 [EBook #39221]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLAGS: ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Ernest Schaal, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h1>FLAGS:</h1>
+
+<h2>SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY<br />
+AND USES.</h2>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>Of this large-paper Edition only 100 Copies have<br />
+been printed for sale.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">  <i>This Copy is No. 80</i></p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 589px;">
+<a name="i_005" id="i_005"></a>
+<img class="border" src="images/i_005.png" width="589" height="700" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">PLATE I</p>
+
+<p class="caption">STANDARD PRESENTED BY NAPOLEON I TO HIS GUARDS AT ELBA
+A SHORT TIME BEFORE HE INVADED FRANCE IN 1815</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 482px;">
+<a name="i_006" id="i_006"></a>
+<img class="border" src="images/i_006.png" width="482" height="700" alt="Flags:
+
+SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY
+AND USES.
+
+BY
+A. MACGEORGE,
+
+AUTHOR OF
+&quot;OLD GLASGOW,&quot; &quot;THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF GLASGOW,&quot;
+ETC.
+
+BLACKIE &amp; SON:
+LONDON, GLASGOW, AND EDINBURGH.
+1881."
+title="Flags:
+
+SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY
+AND USES.
+
+BY
+A. MACGEORGE,
+
+AUTHOR OF
+&quot;OLD GLASGOW,&quot; &quot;THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF GLASGOW,&quot;
+ETC.
+
+BLACKIE &amp; SON:
+LONDON, GLASGOW, AND EDINBURGH.
+1881." />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2>PREFATORY NOTE.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="smcap">In</span> a nation like ours, with a dominion so extended, and
+with communication by sea and land with all parts of the
+world, the flags under which ships sail and armies and
+navies fight, cannot be without interest. Yet there are
+few subjects in regard to which the means of information
+are less accessible. The object of the present volume is
+to give, in a popular form, some account of our own flags,
+and of those of other nations, ancient and modern, with
+some notices regarding the use of flags, in naval warfare
+and otherwise.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">I have taken occasion to point out certain heraldic inaccuracies
+in the construction of our national flag, and also
+in the design on our bronze coinage. I shall be glad if
+what I have written be the means, by directing public
+attention to the subject, of effecting the correction of
+these errors.</p>
+
+<p class="right">A. M.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><i>Glenarn, December, 1880.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<p class="right">                                                          Page</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Introductory,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x01">11</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Ancient Standards,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x02">13</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Different Kinds of Flags&mdash;Gonfanon, Pennon, Penoncel,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x03">28</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Banners,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x04">29</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Standards&mdash;the Royal Standard,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x05">36</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Standards borne by Nobles,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x06">44</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Flags of the Covenanters,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x07">51</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">National Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x08">54</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Union Flag,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x09">55</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Union Jack,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x10">64</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Ensign,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x11">67</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Special Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x12">71</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Pendant,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x13">72</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Signals and other Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x14">73</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Use of Flags in Naval Warfare,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x15">75</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">International Usage as to Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x16">88</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Flags of the British Army,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x17">96</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Use of Flags by Private Persons,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x18">102</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Foreign Flags&mdash;France,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x19">103</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The American Flag,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x20">110</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Other Foreign Flags,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x21">113</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Conclusion,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#page117">117</a></span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Index,</span> <span class="ralign"><a href="#x23">119</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="h2a">COLOURED PLATES.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Plate <span class="ralign">Page</span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">I. Standard presented by Napoleon I. to his Guards at Elba,
+a short time before he invaded France in 1815, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_005"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">II. The &quot;Bluidy Banner&quot; carried at Bothwell Brig, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1670, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_058">54</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">III. Union Flags and Pendant, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_068">62</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">IV. National Flags and Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_116">108</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">V.      Do.            do. <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_122">112</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">VI.     Do.            do. <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_128">116</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="h2a">WOODCUTS.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">Fig.</p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">1. Ancient Egyptian Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_017">14</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">2. Other forms of Egyptian Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_018a">15</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">3.       Do.           do. <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_018b">15</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">4. Assyrian Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_020">17</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">5. Another form of Assyrian Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_020">17</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">6. Assyrian Standards and Standard-bearers, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_021">18</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">7. Other varieties of Assyrian Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_022">19</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">8. Persian Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_023">20</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">9. Turkish Horse-tail Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_023">20</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">10. Standard of Turkish Pacha, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_024a">21</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">11. Roman Eagle, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_024b">21</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">12. The Roman Wolf on Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_024c">21</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">13. Group of Roman Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_025">22</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="pagex" id="pagex"></a>[pg&nbsp;x]</span>
+14. Roman Standard&mdash;Various Devices on same Staff, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_026a">23</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">15. Another form with different Devices, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_026b">23</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">16. Other Roman Standards, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_027a">24</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">17. Roman Labarum, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_027b">24</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">18. Standard of Constantine, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_028a">25</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">19. Dragon used as Roman Standard, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_028b">25</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">20. Standard of Earl of Warwick, 1437, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_048">45</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">21. Flag of the Earl Marshall, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_049">46</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">22. Standard of Earl Douglas, 1388, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_051">48</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">23. Later Banner of the Douglas's, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_052">49</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">24. The &quot;Blue Blanket,&quot; 1482, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_054">51</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">25. Flag of the Covenanters, 1679, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_055">52</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">26. The Union Flag as now borne, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_064">59</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">27. The Union on the Bronze Penny, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_071">64</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">28. Regimental Colours of 24th Regiment, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_104">97</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">29. Queen's Colours of 24th Regiment as presented to the Queen, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_105">98</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">30. The Oriflamme, circa <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1248, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_111">104</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">31. The French Eagle, during the Empire, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_115">108</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="hangindent">32. United States Flag, as used in 1777, <span class="ralign"><a href="#i_120">111</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x01" id="x01"></a>FLAGS.<a name="page11" id="page11"></a></h2>
+
+<p class="indent">On that morning when the news arrived from South
+Africa of the disaster at Isandlana, there was general
+mourning for the loss of so many brave men; but there
+was mourning also of a different kind,&mdash;with some perhaps
+even deeper&mdash;for the loss of the colours of the
+24th Regiment. And yet, after all, it was only a bit of
+silk which had been lost, having on it certain devices
+and inscriptions&mdash;a thing of no intrinsic value, and which
+could be replaced at a cost merely nominal. But it
+possessed extrinsic qualities which could be measured by
+no money value, and every one felt that the loss was one
+to redeem which, or rather to redeem what that loss represented,
+demanded, if necessary, the putting forth of the
+strength of a great nation. And so, when it was found
+that the colours never had been really lost&mdash;that they
+had been saved by brave men who had laid down their
+lives in defending them&mdash;there was throughout the
+nation a feeling of intense relief that national honour had
+been saved; a feeling of rejoicing far beyond what was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>[pg&nbsp;12]</span>
+evoked by the news of the capture of the Zulu king and
+the termination of the war. So at sea. In our great
+wars in which the navy of Great Britain played so prominent
+a part, we became so accustomed to see the flag
+of the enemy bent on under our own ensign, that if an
+exceptional case occurred where the position of the two
+flags was reversed, it went home to the heart of every
+loyal subject with a pang which the loss of many ships
+by storm and tempest would not have produced.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Yet how few of us know what the national colours are,
+what the Union is, what the Royal Standard is. Not to
+speak of civilians, are there many officers, in either the
+army or the navy, who, without a copy before them, could
+accurately construct or describe the flag of the nation
+under which they fight, or tell what its component parts
+represent? I doubt it. And, after all, they would not
+be so much without excuse, for even at the Horse Guards
+and the Admiralty, there is some confusion of ideas on
+the subject. I have before me &quot;The Queen's Regulations
+and Orders for the Army,&quot; issued by the Commander-in-chief,
+in which flags which can be flown only
+on shore are confounded with flags which can be flown
+nowhere but on board ship. Yet the subject is really an
+interesting one, and, connected as it is with national
+history, it is deserving of a little study.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Flags are of many kinds, and they are put to many
+uses. They are the representatives of nations; they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[pg&nbsp;13]</span>
+distinguish armies and fleets, and to insult a flag is to
+insult the nation whose ensign it is. We see in flags,
+says Carlyle, &quot;the divine idea of duty, of heroic daring&mdash;in
+some instances of freedom and right.&quot; There are
+national flags, flags of departments, and personal flags;
+and as signals they are of the greatest value as a means
+of communication at sea.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x02" id="x02"></a>ANCIENT STANDARDS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">It is chiefly of our own flags that I intend to speak, but
+it may be interesting to say something of those which
+were in use among the peoples of ancient history.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">From the earliest times of which we have authentic
+records, standards or banners were borne by nations, and
+carried in battle. It was so in Old Testament times, as
+we know from the mention of banners as early as the
+time of Moses. They are repeatedly referred to by David
+and Solomon. The lifting up of ensigns is frequently
+mentioned in the Psalms and by the Prophets, while the
+expression, &quot;Terrible as an army with banners,&quot; shows the
+importance and the awe with which they were regarded.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_017" id="i_017"></a>
+<img src="images/i_017.png" width="500" height="366" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 1.&mdash;Egyptian Standards.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">We find representations of standards on the oldest
+bas-reliefs of Egypt. Indeed, the invention of standards
+is, by ancient writers, attributed to the Egyptians. According
+to Diodorus, the Egyptian standards consisted
+generally of the figures of their sacred animals borne on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[pg&nbsp;14]</span>
+the end of a staff or spear, and in the paintings at Thebes
+we find on them such objects as a king's name and a
+sacred boat. One prominent and much used form was a
+figure resembling an expanded semicircular fan, and another
+example shows this form reversed and surmounted
+by the head of the goddess Athor, crowned with her symbolic
+disk and cow's horns. Another figure also used as a
+standard resembles a round-headed table-knife. Examples
+of these, and of the sacred ibis and dog, are shown in
+Fig. 1.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> But on the Egyptian standards&mdash;those which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[pg&nbsp;15]</span>
+were no doubt used
+in Pharaoh's army&mdash;there
+were various
+other figures, including
+reptiles such as
+lizards and beetles,
+with birds crowned
+with the fan-like ornament
+already referred
+to. A group
+of these is given in
+Fig. 2; but they had
+many other forms. Those represented in Fig. 3, and
+which show some curious
+symbolic forms,
+are taken from the
+works of Champollion,
+Wilkinson, and
+Rosellini.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_1_1">[1]</a></span>
+For this, and figures 6, 14, and 15, I am indebted to the courtesy of
+Messrs. A. and C. Black. They appear in the <i>Encyclopędia Britannica</i>,
+vol. ix. p. 276.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;">
+<a name="i_018a" id="i_018a"></a>
+<img src="images/i_018a.png" width="400" height="392" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 2.&mdash;Egyptian Standards.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 365px;">
+<a name="i_018b" id="i_018b"></a>
+<img src="images/i_018b.png" width="365" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 3.&mdash;Egyptian Standards.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">That the Hebrews
+carried standards after
+the exodus is, as I
+have already said, certain,
+and the probability
+is that they derived
+the practice
+from the Egyptian
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[pg&nbsp;16]</span>
+nation, from whose bondage they had just escaped, for they
+bore as devices figures of birds and animals, and also human
+figures, just as the Egyptians did. One of the earliest of
+the divine commands given to Moses was that &quot;every
+man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own standard
+with the ensign of their father's house.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> The <i>ensign</i>
+probably meant the particular device borne upon the
+standard by each tribe; and tradition has assigned as these
+the symbolic cherubim seen in the visions of Ezekiel and
+John&mdash;Judah bearing a lion, Reuben a man, Ephraim an
+ox, and Dan an eagle. This is the opinion of the later
+Jews. The Targumists believe that, besides these representations,
+the banners were distinguished by particular
+colours&mdash;the colour for each tribe being analogous to that
+of the precious stone in the breastplate of the high-priest.
+They consider also that each standard bore the name of
+the tribe with a particular sentence from the Law. The
+modern opinion, however, is that the Hebrew standards
+were distinguished only by their colours, and by the name
+of the tribe to which each belonged.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_2_2">[2]</a></span>
+Numbers ii. 2.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Apart from the direct Scripture evidence on the subject,
+this bearing of distinguishing standards is what might be
+expected in a military organization such as that of the
+Israelites, just as we find them using warlike music. It
+is interesting to note that even the particular trumpet
+signals to be used for the assembling and advance of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[pg&nbsp;17]</span>
+troops, and in cases of alarm in time of war, are carefully
+prescribed,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> while the association of their military standards
+with the trumpet is indicated in the exclamation of
+Jeremiah: &quot;How long shall I see the standard and hear
+the sound of the trumpet?&quot;<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_3_3">[3]</a></span>
+Numbers x. 3.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_4_4">[4]</a></span>
+Jer. iv. 21.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_020" id="i_020"></a>
+<img src="images/i_020.png" width="500" height="456" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 4.&mdash;An Assyrian Standard.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fig. 5.&mdash;Another Assyrian Standard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">As the standard was among all nations regarded with
+reverence, so the standard-bearer was selected for his
+strength and courage. So important was this considered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg&nbsp;18]</span>
+that Isaiah, in describing the ruin and discomfiture that
+was about to fall on the King of Assyria, could find no
+stronger expression than to say that his overthrow would
+be &quot;as when a standard-bearer fainteth.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_5_5">[5]</a></span>
+Isa. x. 18.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_021" id="i_021"></a>
+<img src="images/i_021.png" width="500" height="495" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 6.&mdash;Assyrian Standards and Standard-bearers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The standards of the Assyrians, like those of the
+Egyptians, consisted of figures fastened on the end of
+spears or staffs; but of these very few varieties have been
+yet discovered. Layard says<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> that &quot;standards were carried
+by the Assyrian charioteers. In the sculptures they
+have only two devices [Figs. 4, 5, 6]: one a figure, probably
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg&nbsp;19]</span>
+that of a divinity, standing on a bull and drawing a bow;
+in the other, two bulls running in opposite directions. These
+figures are inclosed in a circle and fixed to a long staff
+ornamented with streamers and tassels. The standards
+appear to have been partly supported by a rest in front
+of the chariot, and a long rope connecting them with the
+extremity of the pole. In a bas-relief of Khorsabad this
+rod is attached to the top of a standard.&quot; The interesting
+illustration given in Fig. 6 is from a sculpture in which
+these standards are represented with the figures of the
+standard-bearers, and
+in which also the
+ropes or supports of
+the staff are indicated.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_6_6">[6]</a></span>
+<i>Nineveh and its Remains.</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_022" id="i_022"></a>
+<img src="images/i_022.png" width="500" height="291" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 7.&mdash;Assyrian Standards.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">There were, however,
+varieties in the
+forms of the Assyrian
+standards other than
+those mentioned by Layard. In the annexed cut (Fig. 7)
+the one to the left is from a sculpture in the British
+Museum. The others are given on the authority of
+Botta.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_023" id="i_023"></a>
+<img src="images/i_023.png" width="500" height="249" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 8.&mdash;Persian Standard.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fig. 9.&mdash;Turkish Horse-tail Standard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 219px;">
+<a name="i_024a" id="i_024a"></a>
+<img src="images/i_024a.png" width="219" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 10.&mdash;Standard of Pacha.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The Persians, like the Assyrians, carried their standards,
+in battle, on staffs or spears attached to chariots. Their
+royal standard was a golden eagle with wings expanded
+carried on the end of a spear. They had also a figure of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg&nbsp;20]</span>
+the sun which they used on great occasions when the
+king was present with the army. Quintus Curtius describes
+one of these figures of the sun, inclosed in a
+crystal, as making a very splendid appearance above the
+royal tent. But the proper royal standard of the Persians
+for many centuries, until the Mahommedan conquest, was
+a blacksmith's leather apron, around which the people had
+been at one time rallied to a successful opposition against
+an invader (Fig. 8). Many other national standards have
+had their origin in similar causes. Something which was at
+hand was seized in an emergency,
+and lifted up as a rallying
+point for the people, and afterwards adopted from the
+attachment which clung to it as an object identified with
+patriotic deeds. In this way originated the horse-tails
+borne as a standard by the modern Turks (Fig. 9). Under
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[pg&nbsp;21]</span>
+the old system, among that people, the distinction of rank
+between the two classes of pachas was indicated by the
+number of these horse-tails, the standards
+of the second class having only
+two tails, while those of the higher
+had three. Hence the term a pacha
+of two tails or three. A further mark
+of distinction appears to have been
+the elevation of one of the tails above
+the others, and the surmounting of
+each with the crescent, as shown in
+Fig. 10.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 144px;">
+<a name="i_024b" id="i_024b"></a>
+<img src="images/i_024b.png" width="144" height="458" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 11.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 150px;">
+<a name="i_024c" id="i_024c"></a>
+<img src="images/i_024c.png" width="150" height="261" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 12.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The Romans had various forms of
+standards, some composed entirely of
+fixed figures of different devices,
+including figures of animals. The eagle, according to
+Pliny, was the first and chief military ensign. In the
+second consulship of Caius Marius (<span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 104) the
+eagle (Fig. 11) alone was used, but at
+a subsequent period some of the old
+emblems were resumed. These were
+the minotaur, the horse, and the wild
+boar; and on the Trajan Column we
+find as one of their standards the historic
+wolf (Fig. 12).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 278px;">
+<a name="i_025" id="i_025"></a>
+<img src="images/i_025.png" width="278" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 13.&mdash;Roman Standards.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">One of the most ancient of the
+Roman standards had an origin similar to that of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[pg&nbsp;22]</span>
+apron of the Persians and the horse-tails of the Turks.
+It was derived from a popular rising which took place
+in the time of Romulus, and was composed of a wisp of
+hay attached to the end of a pole (as seen in Fig. 13),
+and carried into battle.
+From its name, <i>manipulus</i>,
+the companies of
+foot soldiers, of which
+the <i>hastati</i>, <i>principes</i>, and
+<i>triarii</i> of each legion
+were composed, came to
+be called maniples&mdash;<i>manipuli</i>.
+Another standard
+borne by the Romans
+was a spear with a piece
+of cross wood at the top
+with the figure of a hand
+above, and having below a
+small round shield of gold
+or silver, as shown in Fig.
+13. On this circle were at
+first represented the warlike deities Mars and Minerva,
+but after the extinction of the commonwealth it bore the
+effigies of the emperors and their favourites. From these
+coin-shaped devices the standards were called <i>numina
+legionum</i>. The eagle was sometimes represented with a
+thunderbolt in its claws, of which an example will be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[pg&nbsp;23]</span>
+seen in Fig. 13. Under the later emperors it was carried
+with the legion, which was on that account sometimes
+termed <i>aquila</i>. The place for this standard was near
+the general, almost in the centre.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 101px;">
+<a name="i_026a" id="i_026a"></a>
+<img src="images/i_026a.png" width="101" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 14.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 105px;">
+<a name="i_026b" id="i_026b"></a>
+<img src="images/i_026b.png" width="105" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 15.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Another common form of the Roman standard consisted
+in a variety of figures and devices exhibited on the same
+staff, one over the other. On the
+top of one of these will be seen a
+human hand (Fig. 14). This by
+itself, or inclosed, as here, within
+a wreath, was, as I have mentioned,
+a frequent device, and was
+probably of oriental origin. It
+is also found as a symbol in
+ancient Mexico; and at the present
+day the flagstaffs of the
+Persians terminate in a silver
+hand. Among the pieces composing
+this form of standard are
+also found the eagle, and figures
+of the emperors inclosed in circles,
+with other devices (Fig. 15). A
+common form is that numbered 5 in Fig. 16. This
+example is taken from the Arch of Titus. The eagle
+surmounting the thunderbolt with the letters S P Q R
+(No. 3) was also a common form. The letters indicate
+<i>Senatus Populusque Romanus</i>. The examples Nos. 1
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[pg&nbsp;24]</span>
+and 2 in Fig. 16 are from Montfaucon. No. 4 is given by
+Mr. Hope.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The <i>vexillum</i> of the Romans was a standard composed
+of a square piece of
+cloth fastened to a
+cross bar at the top
+of a spear, sometimes
+with a fringe all round
+as shown in Fig. 13,
+and sometimes fringed
+only below (No. 4,
+Fig. 16), or without
+a fringe, but draped
+at the sides (Fig. 17).
+When placed over
+the general's tent it
+was a sign for marching, or for battle.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_027a" id="i_027a"></a>
+<img src="images/i_027a.png" width="500" height="490" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 16.&mdash;Roman Standards.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 150px;">
+<a name="i_027b" id="i_027b"></a>
+<img src="images/i_027b.png" width="150" height="243" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 17.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 100px;">
+<a name="i_028a" id="i_028a"></a>
+<img src="images/i_028a.png" width="100" height="214" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 18.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figright" style="width: 90px;">
+<a name="i_028b" id="i_028b"></a>
+<img src="images/i_028b.png" width="90" height="300" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 19.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The <i>labarum</i> of the emperors was similar
+in form, and frequently bore upon it a representation
+of the emperor, sometimes by
+himself and sometimes accompanied by the
+heads of members of his family. It has
+been said that the Emperor Constantine
+bore on the top of his standard the sign of the
+cross, but this was not so. The cross at
+that time was known only as a heathen emblem, and was
+not adopted by the Christians till afterwards. That
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[pg&nbsp;25]</span>
+which Constantine bore was what in his time was the only
+recognized Christian emblem&mdash;the first two letters of
+our Lord's name (Fig. 18)&mdash;the Greek X (English
+CH) and P (in English R). The <i>labarum</i>
+was made of silk. The term is sometimes
+used for other standards, and its form may
+still be recognized in the banners carried in
+ecclesiastical processions. The <i>labarum</i>, like
+the <i>vexillum</i>, had sometimes fringes with tassels
+or ribbons.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The dragon, an ensign of the Parthians,
+was adopted by the Romans as the standard
+of their cohorts. It appears as such
+on the Arch of Severus. It was also the
+device of the Dacians, and indeed seems
+to have been a general ensign among barbarians.
+Besides being carried as a separate
+figure in metal&mdash;as shown in Fig. 19&mdash;it
+was frequently embroidered in cotton or
+silk on a square piece of cloth borne on a
+cross bar elevated on a gilt staff; the bearer
+being called <i>draconarius</i>. From the Romans
+the dragon came to the Western Empire.
+It was borne by the German Emperors.
+In England also it was for some
+time the chief standard of the kings, and
+of the Dukes of Normandy, and according to Sir Richard
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[pg&nbsp;26]</span>
+Bacon it was the standard of Utor Pendragon, king of
+the Britons.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The golden dragon was in the eighth
+century the standard of Wessex, and it was displayed in
+a great battle in 742 when Ethelbald, the king of Mercia,
+was defeated. It was also borne on a pole by King
+Harold as a standard. It was borne by Henry VII. at
+Bosworth Field, and at a later date it was carried as a
+supporter by Henry VIII. and Edward VI., and also by
+Elizabeth. In many of the illuminations of MSS. in the
+fifteenth century we also find a gold dragon on a red
+pennon, as one of the ensigns in the French armies.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_7_7">[7]</a></span>
+Nisbet's <i>Heraldry</i>, vol. i. p. 343.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The infantry flag of the Romans was red, that of the
+cavalry blue, and that of a consul white.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The banners of the Parthians resembled those of the
+Romans, but they were more richly decorated with gold
+and silk.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In early times the Greeks carried as a standard a piece
+of armour on a spear, but although they had an ensign,
+the elevation of which served as a signal for giving battle
+either by land or by sea, they were not regularly marshalled
+by banners. In their later history their different
+cities bore different sacred emblems. Thus the Athenians
+were distinguished by the olive and the owl, and the
+Corinthians by a Pegasus.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">At what time the form of standard which we call a flag
+was first used is not known. It was certainly not the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[pg&nbsp;27]</span>
+earliest but the ultimate form which the standard assumed.
+The original form was some fixed object such as we have
+seen on the Egyptian and Roman examples, and the
+vexillum and labarum were transitional forms. The
+waving flag is said to have been first used by the Saracens.
+Another account is that the flag first acquired its present
+form in the sixth century, in Spain. The banners which
+Bede mentions as being carried by St. Augustine and his
+monks, when they entered Canterbury in procession, in the
+latter part of the sixth century, were probably in the form
+of the Roman labarum. He calls them little banners on
+which were depicted crosses.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Of our own national flags the earliest forms were those
+which bore the cognizance of the ruler for the time being.
+The well-known ensign of the Danes at the time of their
+dominion in Britain was the raven. The dragon, as we
+have seen, was in the eighth century the cognizance of
+Wessex, and the Saxons had also on their standards a
+white horse. Of our later royal standards and those
+of other nations I shall speak afterwards.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The forms of flags in our own country have varied
+very much. It was not till the time of the Crusades,
+when heraldry began to assume a definite form, that they
+became subject to established rules. Up to that period
+flags were, as a rule, small in size, and they usually terminated
+in points, like the more modern pennon. Such
+were the standards of the Normans. At the Battle of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[pg&nbsp;28]</span>
+the Standard in 1138 the staff of the English standard
+was in the form of the mast of a ship, having a silver pyx
+at the top, containing the host, and bearing three sacred
+banners dedicated respectively to St. Peter, St. John of
+Beverley, and St. Wilfrid of Ripon, the whole being
+fastened&mdash;like the standards of the Persians and Assyrians&mdash;to
+a wheeled vehicle.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">From an early period the practice has prevailed of
+blessing standards, and this has continued to our own
+day in the British army when new colours are presented
+to a regiment&mdash;there being a special form of service at
+the consecration. The banner of William the Conqueror
+was one blessed and sent to him by the pope. Indeed,
+it has been the practice of the popes in every age to give
+consecrated banners where they wished success to an
+enterprise.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x03" id="x03"></a>DIFFERENT KINDS OF FLAGS&mdash;GONFANON&mdash;PENNON&mdash;PENONCEL.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">In the middle ages almost every flag was a military
+one. A very early form, borne near the person of the
+commander-in-chief, was the Gonfanon. It was fixed in
+a frame made to turn like a modern ship's vane. That
+of the Conqueror, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, had
+three tails, and was charged with a golden cross on a
+white ground within a blue border.</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[pg&nbsp;29]</span>
+Of other forms of flags the principal varieties were the
+penoncel, the pennon or guidon, the banner, and the
+standard.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Pennon was a purely personal flag, pointed, borne
+below the lance-head by a knight-bachelor, and charged
+with the arms, or crest, and motto of the bearer. But in
+early times no knight displayed a pennon who had not
+followers to defend it&mdash;the mounting of this ensign being
+a matter of privilege, not of obligation. The order of
+knight-bachelor was the most ancient and originally the
+sole order, being the degree conferred by one knight on
+another without the intervention of prince, noble, or
+churchman, and its privileges and duties approached
+nearly to those of the knight-errant.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_8_8">[8]</a></span>
+Sir Walter Scott, <i>Essay on Chivalry</i>, p. 79.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The Penoncel, which was carried by the esquire, was
+the diminutive of the pennon, being one-half its breadth.
+It was borne at the end of a lance, and usually bore the
+cognizance or &quot;avowrye&quot; of the bearer. This flag was
+not carried by the esquire after the fight began, but was
+then either held by an inferior attendant, or put up by the
+owner's tent.</p>
+
+<h2><a name="x04" id="x04"></a>BANNERS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">The Banner was the flag of a troop, and was borne by
+knights, called after it bannerets, an order which held
+a middle rank between knights-bachelors and the barons
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[pg&nbsp;30]</span>
+or great feudatories of the crown. The flag of a knight-banneret
+was square at the end, but not an exact square
+on all the sides. The perfectly square banner was the
+flag of a baron, and of those of higher rank.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It was only on the field of battle, and in presence of the
+royal standard, that a knight-banneret could be created.
+It was the custom for the commander of the host thus
+to reward the distinguished services of a knight-bachelor
+bearing a pennon, and he did so by tearing off the &quot;fly,&quot;
+or outer part of that flag, and by so doing giving it a
+square form, thus making it a banner, and its bearer a
+knight-banneret. The ceremony is thus described by
+Blome.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> &quot;The king (or his general), at the head of the
+army, drawn up into battalia after a victory, under the
+royal standard displayed, attended with all the field-officers
+and nobles of the court, receives the knight led
+between two renowned knights or valiant men-at-arms,
+having his pennon or guydon of arms in his hand;
+and before them the heralds, who proclaim his valiant
+achievements, for which he deserves to be made a knight-banneret,
+and to display his banner in the field. Then
+the king (or general) says unto him <i>Advances toy,
+Bannaret</i>, and causes the point of his pennon to be rent
+off; and the new knight, having the trumpets before him
+sounding, the nobles and officers accompanying him, is
+remitted to his tent, where they are nobly entertained.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_9_9">[9]</a></span>
+<i>Analogia Honoria</i>. London, 1637; p. 84.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[pg&nbsp;31]</span>But knights were thus promoted before a battle as
+well as after it. Froissart relates the manner in which
+the celebrated Sir John Chandos was made banneret by
+the Black Prince before the battle of Navarete. The
+whole scene forms a striking picture of an army of the
+middle ages moving to battle. Upon the pennons of
+the knights, penoncels of the squires, and banners of the
+barons and bannerets, the army formed, or, in modern
+phrase, dressed its line. The usual word of the attack was,
+&quot;Advance banners in the name of God and Saint
+George.&quot; &quot;When the sun was risen,&quot; writes Froissart,
+&quot;it was a beautiful sight to view these battalions, with
+their brilliant armour glittering with its beams. In this
+manner they nearly approached to each other. The
+prince, with a few attendants, mounted a small hill, and
+saw very clearly the enemy marching straight towards
+them. Upon descending this hill he extended his line of
+battle on the plain, and then halted. The Spaniards,
+seeing the English halted, did the same, in order of
+battle; then each man tightened his armour and made
+ready as for instant combat. Sir John Chandos then
+advanced in front of the battalions, with his banner
+[pennon] uncased in his hand. He presented it to the
+prince, saying 'My lord, here is my banner; I present it
+to you that I may display it in whatever manner shall be
+most agreeable to you, for, thanks to God, I have now
+sufficient lands that will enable me so to do, and maintain
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[pg&nbsp;32]</span>
+the rank which it ought to hold.' The prince, Don
+Pedro being present, took the banner in his hands, which
+was blazoned with a sharp stake gules, on a field argent;
+and after having cut off the tail to make it square, he
+displayed it, and, returning it to him by the handle, said,
+'Sir John, I return you your banner: God give you
+strength and honour to preserve it.' Upon this Sir John
+left the prince, and went back to his men with the banner
+in his hand.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_10_10">[10]</a></span>
+Johnes' <i>Froissart</i>, vol. i. p. 731.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">A banneret was expected to bring into the field at
+least thirty men-at-arms&mdash;that is, knights or squires
+mounted&mdash;at his own expense; and each of these, again,
+besides his attendants on foot, ought to have had a
+mounted crossbow-man, and a horseman armed with a
+bow and axe&mdash;forming altogether a large troop. The
+same force might be arrayed by a knight under a pennon,
+but his accepting a banner bound him to bring out that
+number at least. After the reign of Charles IV. this
+obligation fell into disuse in France, and in England, soon
+after that time, it also ceased to be observed.<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> Judging,
+however, from the contemporary heraldic poem of the
+&quot;Siege of Carlaverock&quot; (June, 1300), it would appear that
+early in the fourteenth century there was a banner to
+every twenty-five or thirty men-at-arms. At that period
+the English forces comprised the tenants <i>in capite</i> of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>[pg&nbsp;33]</span>
+crown, who were entitled to lead their contingent under a
+banner of their arms&mdash;either by themselves or under a
+deputy of equal rank. Thus at Carlaverock the Bishop
+of Durham sent 160 of his men-at-arms, with his banner
+intrusted to John de Hastings. But his banner on this
+occasion bore, not the cognisance of the see, but simply
+his paternal arms. Having mentioned this old poem&mdash;in
+which the arms of every banneret in the English army
+are accurately blazoned&mdash;it may be interesting to give
+one of the opening verses, as an example of the Norman
+French of the period&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&quot;La ont meinte riche garnement</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Brode sur cendeaus et samis,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Meint beau penon en lance mis,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Meint baniere desploie.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">In English&mdash;There were many rich caparisons, embroidered
+on silks and satins, many a beautiful penon
+fixed to a lance, and many a banner displayed.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a>
+<span class="label"><a href="#FNanchor_11_11">[11]</a></span>
+Sir Walter Scott, <i>Essay on Chivalry</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">In the Scottish wars, the banner of St. Cuthbert was, in
+the English army, carried by a monk. This continued to
+be done so late as the reign of Henry VIII. In the
+same way the banner of St. John of Beverley was carried
+by one of the vicars of Beverley College&mdash;who, by the
+way, received eight pence halfpenny per diem as his
+wages, to carry it after the king&mdash;a large sum in those
+days&mdash;and a penny a day to carry it back.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> The bearer
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>[pg&nbsp;34]</span>
+of a banner, or bannerer as he was called, was in these
+early times a very important personage. In the old
+paintings in MSS. the persons holding the national or
+royal banners are generally represented in the same kind
+of armour as the chief leaders. And they were liberally
+rewarded for their services. In 1361 Edward III. granted
+Sir Guy de Bryon 200 marks a year for life for having
+discreetly borne the king's banner at the siege of Calais
+in 1347.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_12_12">
+<span class="label">[12]</span></a>
+Prynne's <i>Antiquę Constitutiones Anglię</i>, vol. iii. p. 118.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_13_13">
+<span class="label">[13]</span></a>
+<i>Calend. Rot. Patent.</i> p. 173.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">We learn from the &quot;Siege of Carlaverock&quot; that a pennon
+hung out by the besieged was the signal for a parley.
+When the castle surrendered there were placed on its
+battlements, we are told, the banners of the king, of St.
+George, of St. Edmund, and St. Edward, together with
+those of the marshall and constable of the army. To
+these were added the banner of the individual to whose
+custody the castle was committed. But it is doubtful
+whether in the fifteenth century any others but those of
+the king and St. George were affixed to captured fortresses.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In France the office of custodier of national banners&mdash;such
+as the Oriflamme&mdash;was hereditary. It was the
+same in Ireland, which claims a higher antiquity in the
+use of banners than any other European nation; and in
+Scotland the representative of the great house of Scrymgeour
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[pg&nbsp;35]</span>
+enjoys the honour of being banner-bearer to the
+sovereign.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_14_14">
+<span class="label">[14]</span></a>
+<i>Vicissitudes of Families and other Essays</i>, by Sir Bernard Burke, 1st
+series, p. 387.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">It was the custom in early times to have banners suspended
+from trumpets. At the battle of Agincourt the
+Duke of Brabant, who arrived on the field towards the
+close of the conflict, is said, by St. Remy, to have taken
+one of the banners from his trumpeters, and, cutting a
+hole in the middle, made a surcoat of arms of it. To this
+circumstance Shakespeare thus alludes&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&quot;I will a banner from my trumpet take</span><br />
+<span class="i2">And use it for my haste.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Chaucer, too, notices banners being suspended from
+trumpets&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&quot;On every trump hanging a brod banere,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Of fine tartarium full richly bete,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Every trumpet his lorde's armes bere.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_15_15">
+<span class="label">[15]</span></a>
+<i>Flour and the Leafe</i>, 1 211.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">At coronations banners were also used; and in the
+fifteenth century heralds, when despatched on missions,
+appear to have carried a banner bearing their sovereign's
+arms. Banners were also for a long time used at funerals.
+It was not till about the period of the Revolution that
+the practice fell into comparative desuetude.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>[pg&nbsp;36]</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="x05" id="x05"></a>STANDARDS&mdash;THE ROYAL STANDARD.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">The Standard was a large long flag, gradually tapering
+towards the fly. According to the representation of a
+standard, in a heraldic MS. at least as early as the
+reign of Henry VII., in the British Museum, it was not
+quite so deep but very much longer than a banner,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> and
+it varied in size according to the rank of the owner. In
+England that of a duke was seven yards in length, of
+a banneret four and a half, and of a knight-bachelor four
+yards.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_16_16">
+<span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+<i>Harleian MSS.</i> 2259, f. 186.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The Royal Standard of England, when the sovereign
+in person commanded the army, appears to have been of
+two sizes. According to the MS. referred to, one of these
+standards is to be &quot;sett before the Kynges pavillion or
+tente, and not to be borne in battayle, and to be in length
+eleven yards.&quot; The other&mdash;&quot;the Kynges standard <i>to be
+borne</i>&quot;&mdash;is to be &quot;in lengthe eight or nine yards.&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Royal Standard is a flag personal to the sovereign.
+It was not always exclusively so, for in the seventeenth
+century the Lord High Admiral, when personally in
+command of the fleet, and sometimes also other commanders-in-chief,
+flew as their flag of command, not the
+Union, but the Standard. It was so flown at the main
+by the Duke of Buckingham as Lord High Admiral, on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>[pg&nbsp;37]</span>
+the occasion when he disgraced the English flag in the
+unfortunate expedition against the Isle of Rhé in 1627.
+But now the Royal Standard is used only by the sovereign
+in person, or as a decoration on royal fźte days.
+There are depicted on it the royal arms, which have had
+various forms in different periods of our history. The
+standard of Edward the Confessor was azure a cross floré
+between five martlets, or. The arms of William Duke of
+Normandy, emblazoned on his standard, were two lions,
+and they were borne by him and his successors, as the
+royal arms of England, till the reign of Henry II. That
+monarch married Eleanor, daughter and co-heiress of the
+Duke of Aquitaine, whose arms&mdash;one lion&mdash;Henry added
+to his own. Hence the three lions <i>passant gardant in
+pale</i>, borne ever since as the ensigns of England. These
+now occupy the first and fourth quarters of the standard,
+but they did not always do so. The fleurs-de-lis of
+France were, till a comparatively recent period, quartered
+with the English arms, having been first borne by
+Edward III. when he assumed the title of King of
+France. Many noble families, both in this country and
+on the Continent, have quartered the French lilies to show
+their origin, or in acknowledgment of the tenure of important
+fiefs there. Among the last may be mentioned the
+arms of Sir John Stewart of Darnley, who obtained from
+Charles VII. the lands and title of Aubigny, and the right
+to quarter the arms of France with his own. But in all
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[pg&nbsp;38]</span>
+these instances the fleurs-de-lis occupied a secondary
+place. So if Henry II. had desired merely to show his
+French connection, by maternal descent, he would have
+placed them in the second and third quarters. But he
+placed them in the first quarter, as arms of dominion, to
+indicate that he claimed the kingdom by right, and our
+sovereigns continued this idle pretence till so late as the
+reign of George III. It was not till the union with Ireland
+that it was discontinued.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Some of the English kings bore personal standards
+besides the flag of their own arms. Edward IV., besides
+his royal standard, generally bore a banner with a white
+rose. Henry VII. at the battle of Bosworth Field had
+three personal standards, in addition to the standard of his
+own arms. The blazon of these three, and how the king
+disposed of them after the battle, are thus described in a
+contemporary manuscript:&mdash;&quot;With great pompe and
+triumphe he roade through the Cytie to the Cathedral
+Church of St. Paul where he offered his iij standards.
+In the one was the image of St. George; in the second
+was a red firye dragon beaten upon white and green sarcenet;
+the third was of yellow tarterne [a kind of fine
+cloth of silk] in the which was painted a donne Kowe.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_17_17">
+<span class="label">[17]</span></a>
+<i>Lansdowne MSS.</i> 255, f. 433.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The Royal Standard of Scotland was a red lion rampant
+on a gold field within a red double tressure, floré
+counterfloré, of which the origin is veiled in the mists of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>[pg&nbsp;39]</span>
+antiquity. Our great heraldic authority, Nisbet, in common
+with earlier writers, adopts the tradition which
+assigns the assumption of the rampant lion to Fergus I.,
+who is alleged to have flourished as King of Scotland
+about 330 years before Christ. He also refers to the
+celebrated league which Charlemagne is said to have
+entered into in the beginning of the ninth century with
+Achaius, King of Scotland, on account of his assistance
+in war, &quot;for which special service performed by the Scots
+the French king encompassed the Scots lion, which was
+famous all over Europe, with a double tressure, flowered
+and counterflowered with flower de luces, the armorial
+figures of France, of the colour of the lion, to show that
+it had formerly defended the French lilies, and that these
+thereafter shall continue a defence for the Scots lion and
+as a badge of friendship.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> On the other hand Chalmers
+observes that these two monarchs were probably not even
+aware of each other's existence, and he suggests that the
+lion&mdash;which first appears on the seal of Alexander II.&mdash;may
+have been derived from the arms of the old Earls of
+Northumberland and Huntingdon, from whom some of
+the Scottish kings were descended. He adds, however,
+that the lion was the cognisance of Galloway, and perhaps
+also of all the Celtic nations. Chalmers also mentions an
+&quot;ould roll of armes,&quot; preserved by Leland, said to be of
+the age of Henry III. (1216), and which the context
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[pg&nbsp;40]</span>
+shows to be at least as old as the reign of Edward I.
+(1272), in which the arms of Scotland are thus described:
+&quot;Le roy de Scosce dor a un lion de goules a un bordure dor
+flurette de goules.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> In 1471 the parliament of James III.
+&quot;ordanit that in tyme to cum thar suld be na double
+tresor about his armys, but that he suld ber hale armys
+of the lyoun without ony mar.&quot; If this alteration of the
+blazon was ever actually made, it did not long continue.<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_18_18">
+<span class="label">[18]</span></a>
+<i>System of Heraldry</i>, vol. ii. part iii. p. 98.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_19_19">
+<span class="label">[19]</span></a>
+ <i>Caledonia</i>, i. 762, note (i.).</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_20_20">
+<span class="label">[20]</span></a>
+ Seton's <i>Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland</i>, p. 425.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">With one noted exception Scotland never quartered
+the arms of any kingdom with her own. The exception
+was when Mary Stuart claimed the arms and style of
+England, and quartered these arms on her standard.
+This was perhaps the first, and, as it proved, an inexpiable
+provocation to Elizabeth.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> Mary's mode of blazoning
+was peculiar. She bore Scotland and England quarterly&mdash;the
+former being placed first, and, over all, <i>the
+dexter half</i> of an escutcheon of pretence, charged with the
+arms of England, the sinister half being obscured in order
+to intimate that she was kept out of her right.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_21_21">
+<span class="label">[21]</span></a>
+ Hallam's <i>Constitutional History</i>, 4th edit. i. 127.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_22_22">
+<span class="label">[22]</span></a>
+ Strype's <i>Annals</i>, quoted by Mr. Seton, p. 427.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">On the accession of James I. the Royal Standard of
+England was altered. The arms of France and England
+quarterly appeared in the first and fourth quarters, those
+of Scotland in the second, and in the third the golden
+harp of Ireland, which had taken the place of the three
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[pg&nbsp;41]</span>
+crowns. But an exception occurred in the case of William
+III., who, on his landing in England, had a standard bearing
+the motto, &quot;The Protestant Religion and Liberties
+of England,&quot; and, under the royal arms of England,
+instead of &quot;Dieu et mon Droit,&quot; the words &quot;And I will
+maintain it.&quot; Afterwards he impaled on his standard the
+arms of Mary with his own. They are represented in
+this form in a MS. of the Harleian Library, on a banner
+per pale orange and yellow. After his elevation to the
+throne William placed over the arms of the queen, which
+were those of her father James II., his own paternal
+coat of Nassau.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_23_23">
+<span class="label">[23]</span></a>
+Willement's <i>Regal Heraldry</i>, p. 95.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">George III. when he left out the ensigns of France
+marshalled on his standard those of his Germanic states
+in an escutcheon of pretence&mdash;a small shield in the centre
+point. This was omitted on the accession of Queen
+Victoria, who bears on her standard the arms of England
+in the first and fourth quarters, Scotland in the second,
+and Ireland in the third. (See Plate IV. No. 1, p. 108.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">But while the Royal Standard was, on the accession of
+James I., altered for England in the way I have described,
+it was displayed according to a different blazon in Scotland.
+For a long period, whenever the standard was
+used to the north of the Tweed, the Scottish arms
+had precedence by being placed in the first and fourth
+quarters. On the great seal of Scotland this precedence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[pg&nbsp;42]</span>
+is still continued, and the Scottish unicorn also
+occupies the dexter side of the shield as a supporter.
+But on the standard the arms of Scotland have now lost
+their precedence, those of England being placed in the
+first quarter, and although there has been much controversy
+on the subject, I agree with Mr. Seton<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> that it is
+better that the arrangement should be so. The standard
+is the personal flag of the sovereign of one united kingdom,
+and heraldic propriety appears to require that only
+one unvarying armorial achievement should be used on
+it&mdash;that of the larger and more important kingdom taking
+precedence, although Nisbet<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> claims precedence for the
+Scottish arms on the achievement of Great Britain as
+those of &quot;the ancientest sovereignty.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> I certainly do not
+agree with Mr. Seton, however, that either in the arms
+or supporters precedence ought to be granted to England
+&quot;in accordance with the sentiment of certain well-known
+classical lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&quot;'The Lion and the Unicorn</span><br />
+<span class="i4">Were fighting for the Crown,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">The Lion beat the Unicorn</span><br />
+<span class="i4">All round the town.'&quot;<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_24_24">
+<span class="label">[24]</span></a>
+<i>Scottish Heraldry</i>, p. 445.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_25_25">
+<span class="label">[25]</span></a>
+Vol ii. part iii. p. 90.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_26_26">
+<span class="label">[26]</span></a>
+Sir George Mackenzie says: &quot;The King of Scotland being equal in dignity
+with the Kings of England, France, and Spain, attained to that dignity
+before any of these.&quot; He therefore claims precedence for Scotland over all
+these kingdoms. <i>Treatise on Precedency</i>, p. 4.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_27_27">
+<span class="label">[27]</span></a>
+<i>Scottish Heraldry</i>, p. 446.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>[pg&nbsp;43]</span>
+I do not know where Mr. Seton got that version, inconsistent
+as it is alike with patriotism and with historical
+accuracy. It is certainly not the correct one. The true
+version, familiar to every boy in Scotland, is more impartial,
+and it has more fun in it. It runs thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&quot;The Lion and the Unicorn,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Fighting for the Crown:</span><br />
+<span class="i2">Up came a little dog</span><br />
+<span class="i2">And knocked them both down.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>&mdash;the &quot;little dog&quot; being the small lion which stands defiantly
+on the crown, and constitutes the royal crest at the
+top of the achievement.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The supporters of the Scottish arms were two unicorns.
+In England, previous to the accession of the
+Stuarts, the supporters of the royal arms were changed
+at the caprice of the sovereign, and almost every
+king or queen adopted new ones. From these, and
+from the royal badges, came many of the curious names
+which may be found in old lists of ships. Such as
+the &quot;Antelope,&quot; which refers to one of the supporters of
+Henry VI.; the &quot;Bull&quot; of Edward IV.; the &quot;Dragon&quot;
+of Henry VIII. and of Elizabeth. So also the badges:
+the &quot;Sun,&quot; &quot;Rose in the Sun,&quot; and &quot;Falcon in the Fetterlock,&quot;
+were all worn by Edward IV. The &quot;Double
+Rose&quot; speaks for itself, and the &quot;Hawthorn&quot; belonged to
+Henry VIII.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> The supporters assumed by King James,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[pg&nbsp;44]</span>
+and continued to all his successors, were a lion on the
+dexter side, and on the sinister one of the Scottish unicorns&mdash;the
+latter displacing the red dragon of the Tudor
+family.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_28_28">
+<span class="label">[28]</span></a>
+<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, by J. K. Laughton, M.A.R.N., 1879.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">In ships the Royal Standard is never hoisted now
+except when her Majesty is on board, or a member
+of the royal family other than the Prince of Wales.
+When the latter is on board his own standard is
+hoisted. It is the same as that of the Queen, except
+that it bears a label argent of three points, with the
+arms of Saxony on an escutcheon of pretence. The
+standard of the Duke of Edinburgh is the same as that
+of the Prince of Wales, except that the points of the label
+are charged, the first and third with a blue anchor, and
+the second with the St. George's cross. Wherever the
+sovereign is residing the Royal Standard is hoisted; and
+on royal anniversaries and state occasions it is hoisted
+at certain fortresses or stations&mdash;home and foreign&mdash;specified
+in the Queen's Regulations.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x06" id="x06"></a>STANDARDS BORNE BY NOBLES.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">Standards borne by subjects were, in early times,
+according to the Tudor MS. to be &quot;slitt at the end,&quot;
+but they appear to have been also borne square. This
+is the form in an old standard of Richard, Earl of Warwick&mdash;circa
+1437&mdash;bearing his badge of the bear and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>[pg&nbsp;45]</span>
+ragged staff (Fig. 20). Shakespeare<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> alludes to this device
+when he puts into the mouth of Warwick the words&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+<div class="stanza">
+<span class="i2">&quot;Now by my father's badge, old Neville's crest,</span><br />
+<span class="i2">The rampant bear chained to the ragged staff.&quot;</span>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 230px;">
+<a name="i_048" id="i_048"></a>
+<img src="images/i_048.png" width="230" height="300" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 20.&mdash;Standard of the Earl of
+Warwick, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1437.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">But Shakespeare was out in his heraldry here, first in
+confounding the badge with a crest, and secondly in calling
+it Neville's, for the bear and the ragged staff had
+been the badge not of the
+Nevilles but of the Beauchamps,
+who preceded Warwick
+in the earldom.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> This
+old Earl of Warwick had a
+similar device on the flag which
+he flew in his ship. It was a
+long flag, having the cross of
+St. George on the upper part&mdash;then
+the bear and ragged
+staff, and the remainder covered
+with ragged staffs. It is
+interesting to note that the
+account for this and other flags made for the earl in 1437,
+is preserved. The one just referred to is described as &quot;a
+great Stremour for the ship of xi yerdis length and viij
+yerdis in brede,&quot; and the price for making it was &quot;j<sup>li</sup> vi<sup>s</sup>
+viii<sup>d</sup>.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_29_29">
+<span class="label">[29]</span></a>
+<i>King Henry VI.</i> part ii. act v. sc. 1.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_30_30">
+<span class="label">[30]</span></a>
+Seton's <i>Scottish Heraldry</i>, p. 252.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_31_31">
+<span class="label">[31]</span></a>
+<i>Antiquities of Warwickshire.</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[pg&nbsp;46]</span>
+In the Advocates' Library there is preserved an interesting
+flag, which is said to have been the standard borne
+by the Earl Marshall at the battle of Flodden (Fig. 21).
+It is thus described in the paper which accompanies it:
+&quot;The standard of the Earl Marshall of Scotland, carried
+at the battle of Flodden, 1513, by <i>black</i> John Skirving of
+Plewland Hill, his standard-bearer. Skirving was taken
+prisoner, having previously, however, concealed the banner
+about his person. The relic was handed down in the
+Skirving family, and presented to the Faculty of Advocates
+by William Skirving of Edinburgh, in the beginning
+of the present century. The arms and motto are those
+of the Keith family.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_049" id="i_049"></a>
+<img src="images/i_049.png" width="500" height="233" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 21.&mdash;Flag of the Earl Marshall.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The flag may have been borne by the earl at Flodden,
+but the devices on it are certainly not his <i>arms</i>. The
+arms of the Earl Marshall were, argent, on a chief gules
+three pallets or; or, as it is otherwise given by Nisbet,
+pallé of six, or and gules. The <i>crest</i> of the earl, however,
+was a hart's head, and he had for supporters two
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>[pg&nbsp;47]</span>
+harts. His motto also was that which appears on the
+banner, &quot;Veritas vincit.&quot; That the full arms should
+not appear on the standard I can understand, for it
+was not common to place them there, and in England
+the Tudor MS. prescribes that, besides the cross of
+St. George, standards and guidons are to have on them
+not the arms, but only the bearers &quot;<i>beast</i> or crest, with
+his devyce and word.&quot; It is possible, therefore, that the
+earl may have placed on his flag his well-known crest
+with the heads of the two harts forming his supporters,
+though such an arrangement would be unusual.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_051" id="i_051"></a>
+<img src="images/i_051.png" width="500" height="187" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 22.&mdash;Standard of Earl Douglas, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1388.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The relic of a still older fight than that of Flodden is
+still preserved in Scotland in the standard borne by Earl
+Douglas at Otterburn&mdash;one of the most chivalrous battles,
+according to Froissart, that was ever fought. The story,
+as told in all the histories,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> is that shortly before the battle,
+in a skirmish before Newcastle, Douglas, in a personal
+encounter with Percy, won the pennon of the English
+leader, and boasted that he would carry it to Scotland
+and plant it on his castle of Dalkeith; and till lately this
+standard was supposed to be the flag so captured. But
+recent investigation has shown that the flag&mdash;which, by
+the way, is not a pennon but a standard thirteen feet
+long&mdash;is that of Douglas himself, which of course his son
+would be careful to preserve and bring back. The flag
+is now much faded, and the second word of the motto
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>[pg&nbsp;48]</span>
+was, when I saw it lately, not legible, but the motto
+is undoubtedly that of Earl
+Douglas, &quot;Jamais arriere&quot;
+(Fig. 22). The devices are
+not the arms as borne by his
+descendants the Dukes of
+Douglas;&mdash;indeed they are
+not arranged as a coat of
+arms at all. But the lion
+rampant for Galloway, the
+saltire for the lordship of
+Annandale, and the heart and
+the star, are all Douglas bearings.
+Curiously enough, there
+are two hearts, while the later
+earls bore only one, and there
+is only one star, while on their
+shields they carried three.
+The real trophies, the capture
+of which, in all probability,
+precipitated the battle,
+are to be found in two other
+relics which are preserved
+along with the flag. They
+consist of two lady's gauntlets,
+fringed with filigree work
+in silver, on each of which is embroidered the white lion
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[pg&nbsp;49]</span>
+of the Percys. The gloves are of different sizes, and were
+perhaps love pledges, carried by Percy suspended from
+his spear or helmet, as was the fashion of the time; and
+the loss of such tokens was quite as likely as the loss of a
+personal flag, to cause the Northumbrian knight to pursue
+Douglas and force him to battle.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> These relics are in
+the possession of the family of Douglas of Cavers in
+Roxburghshire, descended
+from the earl
+who was slain at Otterburn.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_32_32">
+<span class="label">[32]</span></a> Tytler's <i>History of Scotland</i>, ii. 365, &amp;c.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_33_33">
+<span class="label">[33]</span></a>
+Paper read by Mr. J. A. H. Murray of Hawick to the Hawick Archęological
+Society.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_052" id="i_052"></a>
+<img src="images/i_052.png" width="500" height="477" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 23.&mdash;Banner of the Douglas's.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Along with them
+is preserved another
+old flag of the
+Douglas's, but evidently
+of a later date.
+It is a good example
+of the square banner
+borne by knights of
+noble rank. It is
+about 28 inches square, and bears on a shield the
+Douglas arms, but with the heart as originally borne
+before it was ensigned with a crown, and the chivalric
+motto still used by the Cavers family, &quot;Doe or die&quot;
+(Fig. 23).</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[pg&nbsp;50]</span></p>
+
+<h2>FLAGS BORNE BY TRADES.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">Besides national and personal flags, those of Trades
+and Companies were frequently carried in armies, and of
+these many examples occur in the illuminated copies of
+Froissart. On one occasion we find on a banner azure a
+chevron between a hammer, trowel, and plumb. On another
+there is an axe and two pairs of compasses. And on
+the painting of the battle between Philip d'Artevel and
+the Flemings, and the King of France, banners occur
+charged with boots and shoes, drinking vessels, &amp;c. In
+Scotland an interesting example is preserved of a Trades
+flag which was borne at Flodden, and which was presented
+in 1482 by James III. to the Trades of Edinburgh
+(Fig. 24). It is familiarly known as the <i>Blue Blanket</i>, and
+is in the possession of the Trades' Maidens' Hospital of
+Edinburgh. In an accompanying memorandum it is
+described thus: &quot;The Blue Blanket or standard of the
+Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh. Renewed by Margaret,
+Queen of James III., King of Scots: Borne by the
+craftsmen at the battle of Flodden in 1513, and displayed
+on subsequent occasions when the liberties of the city or
+the life of the sovereign were in danger.&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The field of the flag has been blue, but it is now much
+faded. In the upper corner is the white saltire of Scotland,
+with the crown above and the thistle in base. On
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[pg&nbsp;51]</span>
+a scroll in the upper part of the flag are the words, &quot;Fear
+God and Honor the king with a long life and a prosperous
+reigne;&quot; and, in a scroll below, the words, &quot;And we
+that is Tradds shall ever pray to be faithfull for the
+defence of his sacred Majestes royal persone till death.&quot;
+The flag is about ten feet in length.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_054" id="i_054"></a>
+<img src="images/i_054.png" width="500" height="390" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 24.&mdash;The &quot;Blue Blanket,&quot; <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1482.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x07" id="x07"></a>FLAGS OF THE COVENANTERS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">Of the flags borne in Scotland by the Covenanters, in
+their noble struggle for liberty, several are extant, and connected
+as they are with so important a part of Scottish
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[pg&nbsp;52]</span>
+national history, they are replete with interest. One of
+these, which is preserved by the Antiquarian Society of
+Edinburgh, bears the national cross, the white saltire of
+Scotland, with five roses in the centre point, and the inscription
+&quot;For religion, Covenants, king, and kingdomes&quot;
+(Fig. 25).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_055" id="i_055"></a>
+<img src="images/i_055.png" width="500" height="408" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 25.&mdash;Flag of the Covenanters, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1679.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">For the description of another of these flags of the
+Covenanters, to which a more than usual interest attaches,
+we are indebted to the late distinguished artist and archęologist
+Mr. James Drummond, R.S.A.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> Mr. Drummond
+says it was known as &quot;the Bluidy Banner,&quot; and it is important
+as confirming a statement which had been disputed,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>[pg&nbsp;53]</span>
+namely, that Hamilton of Preston, who commanded
+the Covenanters at the battle of Bothwell Brig, gave out
+&quot;No quarter&quot; as the word of the day. Hamilton himself,
+in his &quot;Vindication,&quot; not only acknowledges this, but
+boasts of it&mdash;&quot;blessing God for it,&quot; he says, and &quot;desiring
+to bless his holy name that since he helped me to set
+my face to his work, I never had nor would take a favour
+from mine enemies, either on the right or left hand, and
+desire to give as few.&quot; But Wodrow denies the statement&mdash;characterizing
+it as an unjust imputation on the
+Covenanters, and in this he is followed by Dr. M'Crie.
+The discovery of the flag, however, puts the matter
+beyond doubt. Mr. Drummond found it in the possession
+of an old gentleman and his sister in East Lothian,
+and it was only after much persuasion that he was allowed
+to see it and take a drawing of it. On his asking the
+old lady why she objected to show it to strangers, she
+said: &quot;It's the Bluidy Banner, ye ken, and what would
+the Roman Catholics say if they kenned that our forbears
+had fought under such a bluidy banner.&quot; By Roman
+Catholics Mr. Drummond understood her to include
+Episcopalians and all others of a different religious persuasion
+from her own. The flag is of blue silk. The first
+line of the inscription, which is composed of gilt letters, is in
+the Hebrew language&mdash;&quot;Jehovah Nissi&quot;&mdash;the Lord is my
+banner. The next line is painted in white&mdash;&quot;For Christ
+and his truths;&quot; and then come the words, in a reddish or
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>[pg&nbsp;54]</span>
+blood colour, &quot;No quarters for y<sup>e</sup> active enimies of y<sup>e</sup>
+Covenant.&quot; The detailed account given by the custodiers
+to Mr. Drummond, left no doubt as to the authenticity of
+this flag. (See Plate II.)</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_34_34">
+<span class="label">[34]</span></a>
+Paper read before the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland, 14th June,
+1859.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<a name="i_058" id="i_058"></a>
+<img src="images/i_058.png" width="600" height="423" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">PLATE II.&nbsp;&nbsp;&quot;THE BLUIDIE BANNER&quot; CARRIED AT BOTHWELL BRIG. A.D. 1679.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x08" id="x08"></a>NATIONAL FLAGS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">But I must proceed to speak of our national flags. For
+a long time the distinguishing flag of England has been
+a red cross on a white field. The flag of Scotland is a
+white saltire (or St. Andrew's cross) on a blue field, and
+what has come to be called the flag of Ireland is a red
+saltire on a white field. But Ireland, strictly speaking,
+never had till lately a national flag. The kings of Ireland
+previous to 1172 were not hereditary but elective. They
+were chosen from among the petty kings, and each king,
+when elected, brought with him and continued to use his
+own standard. After the invasion of 1172 the standard of
+Ireland bore three golden crowns on a blue field, and the
+three crowns appear on ancient Irish coins. Henry VIII.
+relinquished this device for the harp, from an apprehension,
+it is said, that the three crowns might be taken for
+the triple crown of the pope; but the harp did not appear
+in the royal standard till it was placed there by James I.
+Neither had St. Patrick a cross. The cross-saltire, so far
+as it belongs to any saint, is sacred to St. Andrew only.
+The origin of the Scottish saltire, however, may possibly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[pg&nbsp;55]</span>
+be found in the sacred monogram&mdash;the Greek X (CH),
+the initial letter of our Lord's name as borne by the
+Emperor Constantine, to which I have already referred.
+I do not know when the Irish saltire was first introduced,
+as a national flag, but from the early conquest of Ireland
+the Fitzgeralds have borne as their arms a red saltire on
+a white field.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_35_35">
+<span class="label">[35]</span></a>
+<i>Heraldry of the Sea.</i></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x09" id="x09"></a>THE UNION FLAG.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">In 1603, on the union of the <i>crowns</i> of England and
+Scotland, the first union flag was formed by the combination
+of St. George's cross with the saltire of Scotland;
+but this flag appears to have been used for ships
+only. The order by the king for its construction and use
+bears to have been made &quot;in consequence of certain
+differences between his subjects of North and South Britain
+anent the bearing of their flags;&quot; and in the proclamation
+issued in 1606, King James appoints that
+&quot;from henceforth all our subjects of this Isle and Kingdom
+of Great Britain shall bear in the maintop the red
+cross commonly called St. George's Cross, and the white
+cross commonly called St. Andrew's Cross, joined together
+according to a form made by our heralds, and sent by
+us to our admiral to be published to our said subjects.&quot;
+This was the first union flag. The Scots being, however,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[pg&nbsp;56]</span>
+sensitively jealous of England, insisted on using their own
+national flag as well as the union, and it was no doubt
+owing to this that the proclamation goes on to provide
+that &quot;in their foretop our subjects of South Britain shall
+wear the red cross only as they were wont, and our subjects
+of North Britain in their foretop the white cross
+only, as they were accustomed.&quot; In the ensign the union
+was not worn till a considerable time afterwards&mdash;the
+union by itself being then as now worn by the king's
+ships as a jack at the bowsprit.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On the death of Charles I. the Commonwealth Parliament,
+professing to be the Parliament of England only,
+and of Ireland as a dependency, expunged the Scottish
+cross from the flag with its blue field. The flag of command
+ordered to take the place of the union, and to be
+borne by the admirals of the respective squadrons, at
+the main, fore, and mizen, is described<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> as &quot;the arms of
+England and Ireland in two escutcheons on a red flag
+within a compartment or,&quot;&mdash;that of the admiral, according
+to Mr. Pepys, being encircled by a laurel wreath, while
+those of the vice and rear-admirals were plain. The
+ensigns showed the Irish harp on the fly.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_36_36">
+<span class="label">[36]</span></a>
+Order dated 5th March, 1649.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_37_37">
+<span class="label">[37]</span></a>
+<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, p. 8.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">On the Restoration in 1660 the union flag was reintroduced,
+and when England and Scotland became
+constitutionally united in 1707, this was confirmed, with
+an order that it should be used &quot;in all flags, banners,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>[pg&nbsp;57]</span>
+standards, and ensigns, <i>both at sea and land</i>.&quot; The order
+in council bears &quot;that the flaggs be according to the
+draft marked C, wherein the crosses of St. George and
+St. Andrew are conjoined;&quot; but none of the drafts appear
+in the Register. A representation of this flag will be
+found in Plate III. No. <span class="smcap">I.</span>, and there being no draft to
+copy, I have given it according to the verbal blazon, viz.
+azure a saltire argent surmounted by a cross gules fimbriated
+of the second&mdash;that is, the St. George's cross with
+a narrow white border.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On the union with Ireland in the beginning of the
+present century the Irish saltire was introduced. The
+St. George's cross remained as it was, but the saltires of
+Scotland and Ireland were placed side by side, but &quot;counterchanged&quot;&mdash;that
+is, in the first and third divisions or
+quarters, the white, as senior, is uppermost, and in the
+second and fourth the red is uppermost. The &quot;verbal
+blazon,&quot; or written direction, is very distinct, but in
+making the flag, or rather in showing pictorially how it
+was to be represented, a singular and very absurd error
+occurred, which, in the manufacture of our flags, has been
+continued to the present day, and which it may be interesting
+to explain.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The verbal blazon is contained in the minute by the
+king in council, and in the proclamation which followed
+on it, issued on 1st of January, 1801. I need not give
+the technical words; suffice to say that the flag is appointed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>[pg&nbsp;58]</span>
+to be blue, with the three crosses, or rather, the one
+cross and two saltires combined. And, in order to meet
+a law in heraldry, that colour is not to be placed on colour,
+or metal upon metal, it is directed that where the red
+crosses of England and Ireland come in contact with the
+blue ground of the flag, they are to be &quot;fimbriated&quot;&mdash;that
+is, separated from the blue by a very narrow border
+of one of the metals&mdash;in this case silver, or white. Of
+heraldic necessity this border of both the red crosses fell
+to be of the same breadth. To use the words of the
+written blazon, the St. George's cross is to be &quot;fimbriated
+<i>as the saltire</i>;&quot; a direction so plain that the merest tyro
+in heraldry could not fail to understand it, and be able to
+paint the flag accordingly.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Let me premise another thing. It is a universal rule
+in heraldry that the verbal blazon, when such exists, is
+alone of authority. Different artists may, from ignorance
+or from carelessness, express the drawing differently from
+the directions before them, and this occurs every day; but
+no one is or can be misled by that if he has the verbal
+blazon to refer to.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Now, in the important case of the Union flag it so
+happened that the artist who, according to the practice
+usual in such cases, was instructed to make a drawing of
+the flag on the margin of the king's order in council,
+was either careless or ignorant or stupid. Most probably
+he was all three, and here is how he depicted it. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>[pg&nbsp;59]</span>
+horizontal lines represent blue and the perpendicular red;
+the rest is white. (See Fig. 26.)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_064" id="i_064"></a>
+<img src="images/i_064.png" width="500" height="449" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 26.&mdash;Union Flag as depicted <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1801.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Now here, it will be observed, the red saltire of Ireland
+is &quot;fimbriated&quot; white, according to the instructions; and
+this is done with perfect accuracy, by the narrowest possible
+border. But the St. George's cross, instead of
+being fimbriated in the same way&mdash;which the written
+blazon expressly says it shall be&mdash;is not fimbriated at all.
+The cross is placed upon a ground of white so broad that
+it ceases to be a border. The practical effect of this, and
+its only heraldic meaning, is, that the centre of the flag,
+instead of being occupied solely by the St. George's cross,
+is occupied by <i>two crosses</i>, a white cross with a red one
+superinduced on it. So palpable is this that Mr. Laughton,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[pg&nbsp;60]</span>
+the accomplished lecturer on naval history at the Royal
+Naval College, in a lecture recently published, suggests
+that this is perhaps what was really intended. &quot;A
+fimbriation,&quot; he says, &quot;is a narrow border to prevent the
+unpleasing effect of metal on metal or colour on colour.
+It should be as narrow as possible to mark the contrast.
+But the white border of our St. George's cross is not,
+strictly speaking, a fimbriation at all. It is a white cross
+of one-third the width of the flag surmounted of a red
+cross.&quot; And his hypothesis is that this may have been
+intended to commemorate a tradition of the combination
+of the red cross of England with the white cross of France.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a>
+The suggestion is ingenious and interesting, but it has
+clearly no foundation. There might have been something
+to say for it had there been only the drawing to guide us.
+In that case, indeed, the theory of Mr. Laughton, or
+some one similar, would be absolutely necessary to account
+for the two crosses. But Mr. Laughton overlooks the
+important facts, first, that we possess in the verbal blazon
+distinct written instructions; secondly, that where such
+exist no drawing which is at variance with them can
+possess any authority; and lastly, that in this case the
+verbal blazon not only is silent as to a second cross, but
+it expressly prescribes that there shall be only one, that
+of St. George. To that nothing is to be added&mdash;nothing,
+that is, but the narrow border or fimbriation necessary to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>[pg&nbsp;61]</span>
+meet the heraldic requirement to separate it from the
+blue ground of the flag, the same as is directed to be
+done, and as has been done, with the saltire of Ireland.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_38_38">
+<span class="label">[38]</span></a>
+<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, 1879.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Some years ago I called the attention of the Admiralty
+to this extraordinary blunder, and I pointed out then, just
+what Mr. Laughton has done in his recent lecture, that
+the flag, as made, really shows two crosses in the centre.
+The Admiralty referred the matter to Garter King of
+Arms, but Sir Albert Woods, while he did not say a word
+in defence of the arrangement, would not interfere. &quot;The
+flag,&quot; he said, &quot;was made according to the drawing,&quot;&mdash;which
+was too true&mdash;&quot;and it was exhibited,&quot; he added,
+&quot;in the same way on the colours of the Queen's infantry
+regiments;&quot; and, naturally enough, he declined the responsibility
+of advising a change. And so it remains.
+I may observe, however, that in one, at least, of the
+Horse Guards' patterns, the arrangement of the tinctures
+is not, as Sir Albert supposes, according to the original
+drawing, and it is different from the pattern prescribed by
+the Admiralty. I refer to the flag prescribed for the use
+of military authorities &quot;when embarked in boats or other
+vessels.&quot; In that flag, of which an official copy is now
+before me, the fimbriation of the Irish saltire is of much
+greater breadth than it is in the Admiralty flag, while
+that saltire itself is considerably reduced in breadth.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Besides the error in the border of the St. George's
+cross, the breadth of the Irish saltire in all our flags, as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[pg&nbsp;62]</span>
+now manufactured, is less than that of the white cross
+of Scotland, which is clearly wrong. For obvious reasons,
+and according to the written blazon, they ought to be the
+same. Indeed, all the three crosses ought to be of the
+same breadth. So great, however, is the difference in
+practice, that in the official Admiralty Directions for the
+construction of a flag of given dimensions, while the St.
+George's cross is appointed to be 18 inches in breadth,
+that of St. Andrew is to be only 9 inches, and the Irish
+cross only 6&mdash;this last being exactly the same as the
+breadth appointed for the border of the cross of St.
+George!</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Figure <span class="smcap">II.</span> of Plate III. shows the flag as made according
+to the erroneous pattern now in use. Figure <span class="smcap">III.</span> shows it
+as it ought to be, and as it is appointed to be made by
+the distinct terms of the verbal blazon, in the order by
+the king in council. But the breadth of the St. George's
+cross I have left unaltered.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It is to be hoped that heraldic propriety will prevail
+over a practice originating in obvious error, and that our
+national flag will be flown according to its true blazon.
+The correction would be very easily made. The reduction
+of the breadth of the border of St. George's cross
+and the slight increase in the width of the Irish saltire
+would be little noticed, while, besides correcting obvious
+errors, it would have the advantage of bringing the flag,
+in one important respect, into conformity with the design
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>[pg&nbsp;63]</span>
+as represented on the coinage. On the reverse of our
+beautiful bronze coins the St. George's cross on Britannia's
+shield is fimbriated as it ought to be, that is, by the
+narrow border prescribed by the written blazon.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 423px;">
+<a name="i_068" id="i_068"></a>
+<img class="border" src="images/i_068.png" width="423" height="700" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">UNION FLAGS AND PENDANT.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PLATE III.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;">
+<a name="i_071" id="i_071"></a>
+<img src="images/i_071.png" width="300" height="282" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 27.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">But if the penny is right in that respect, it exhibits
+another extraordinary example of our slipshod heraldry,
+by a variation of a different and more startling kind. My
+complaint against the flag, as made, is, that it represents
+four crosses, but on the penny there are only two. This
+was all right when the design was first made in the reign
+of Charles II., but when the third cross was added to the
+flag the three crosses should have appeared on the coin. A
+desire to adhere to the original design cannot certainly be
+pleaded, for there have been many changes in this figure
+of Britannia. She was first placed there by Charles II.
+in honour of the beautiful Duchess of Richmond, who sat
+to the sculptor for the figure. But her drapery on the
+coin of those days was very scanty, and her semi-nude
+state was hardly in keeping with the stormy waves beside
+which she was seated. Queen Anne, like a modest lady
+as she was, put decent clothing on her, and made her
+stand upright, and took away her shield, crosses and all.
+In the subsequent reigns she was allowed to sit down
+again, and she got back her shield, with the trident in her
+left hand and an olive-branch in the right. On the present
+coinage&mdash;a copy of which (the penny) is shown in
+Fig. 27&mdash;the drapery of Queen Anne is retained, but the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>[pg&nbsp;64]</span>
+figure is entirely turned round, and faces the sinister side
+of the coin, instead of the dexter, as at first, and the olive-branch
+(<i>absit omen</i>) has been taken
+away. But with all these changes
+there remain only two crosses on the
+shield. The reader will naturally
+suppose, however, that the omission
+consisted in not adding the Irish
+saltire to that of Scotland, which had
+been there from the first. But no.
+In this instance there was certainly no &quot;injustice to Ireland,&quot;
+for the extraordinary thing is, that the St. Andrew's
+cross has been taken away altogether, and the saltire of
+Ireland, distinguished by its fimbriated border, has been
+put in its place, Scotland being not now represented on
+the coin at all. Of course this has arisen from mere carelessness
+at the Mint, but it is an error which ought to be
+at once corrected.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x10" id="x10"></a>THE UNION JACK.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">But to return to our flags. The Union Jack is a
+diminutive of the Union. It is exclusively a ship flag, and,
+although of the same pattern as the Union, it ought never
+to be called the Union <i>Jack</i> except when it is flown on
+the jack-staff,&mdash;a staff on the bowsprit or fore part of a ship.
+It is extraordinary how little this distinction is understood.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>[pg&nbsp;65]</span>
+For example, in the Queen's Regulations for the army a
+list of stations is given at which it is directed that &quot;the
+national flag, <i>the Union Jack</i>, is authorized to be hoisted.&quot;
+And in a general order issued from the North British
+Head Quarters as to the arrangements to be observed on
+a recent occasion of the sitting of the General Assembly in
+Edinburgh, it was stated that &quot;the Union Jack&quot; would be
+displayed from the Castle and at the Palace of Holyrood.
+But the <i>Union Jack</i> is never flown on shore. The proper
+name of the national flag is <i>the Union</i>. It is the shore
+flag, and, except personal flags, the only one which is displayed
+from fortresses and other stations.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">At the Royal Arsenal and a few other stations the
+Union flag is displayed daily. At others, such as Sandgate
+Castle and Rye, it is flown only on anniversaries. At
+Tilbury, Edinburgh Castle, and other places, it is hoisted
+on Sundays and anniversaries. And there are similar
+rules for foreign stations.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On board her Majesty's ships the Union is sometimes
+displayed, but only on special occasions. It is
+hoisted at the mizen top-gallant-masthead when the
+Queen is on board, the Royal Standard and the flag
+of the Lord High Admiral being at the same time
+hoisted at the main and fore top-gallant-mastheads respectively.
+And an Admiral of the Fleet hoists the
+Union at the main top-gallant-masthead. The Army
+Regulations, however, referring to the presence of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[pg&nbsp;66]</span>
+Queen on board ship, again confound the two flags, and
+prescribe that a salute shall be fired by forts whenever
+a ship passes showing the flags which indicate the
+presence of the sovereign, and among these is specified
+&quot;<i>the Union Jack</i> at the mizen top-gallant-masthead.&quot; If
+the commandant of a fortress acted on this, her Majesty
+might pass every day of the year without a salute, as he
+would certainly never see the Union <i>Jack</i> in that position.
+The mistake is the more curious as the Regulations
+elsewhere distinguish the Union Jack from the Union by
+speaking of the latter as the &quot;Great Union.&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Jack when flown from the mast with a white
+border is the signal for a pilot. In this case it is called
+the Pilot Jack. When flown from the bowsprit of a
+merchant ship it must also have a white border.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It has been said that the term &quot;Jack&quot; is derived from
+the name of the sovereign James I. (<i>Jacques</i>), in whose
+reign it was constructed. This is the legend at the
+Admiralty, but it is of doubtful authority. The Oxford
+Glossary says there is not a shadow of evidence for it,
+and traces the word to the surcoat worn of old by the
+soldiery called a <i>jacque</i>&mdash;whence jacket. But this also is
+doubtful.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Union, or junction of the three crosses, is used in
+other cases in the royal navy, and also in the merchant
+service, not by itself, but in certain combinations.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[pg&nbsp;67]</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="x11" id="x11"></a>THE ENSIGN.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">The flag under which all our ships now sail is the
+Ensign.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In early times every chieftain or knight, whether
+serving in the field or on board ship, had his own distinguishing
+flag, and if several knights were embarked in
+one ship, the ship carried the flags of them all. In one
+of the illuminations of the reign of Henry VI., the sides
+of a ship are covered with shields, and in other examples
+armorial devices are even shown painted on the sails.
+When engaged in any active service, a ship would carry
+also the flag of the leader or admiral, and, in addition to this,
+the emblem of some patron saint, depending in this on
+the caprice or superstition of the owner. Besides these a
+ship usually bore the flag of her port&mdash;a usage which, so
+far as merchant ships are concerned, still holds among us
+in the practice of carrying what are known as &quot;house
+flags,&quot; though now strictly subordinated to that of carrying
+the national ensign. With ships of other countries
+the usage continued till comparatively lately. In France,
+down to the Revolution, merchant ships flew the flag of
+their port more commonly than the flag of France; as for
+instance, of Marseilles, white with a blue cross; or of
+Dunkirk, barry of six argent and azure, with the alternative
+of the old English white ensign, white with a small
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[pg&nbsp;68]</span>
+St. George's cross in the upper corner next the hoist,
+derived from the English sovereignty in the seventeenth
+century.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> In the same way in the Baltic: in the Netherlands
+almost every port had its own flag, and the free
+towns of Germany till quite recently followed the same
+practice. It was the same in England in early times&mdash;a
+sailor being more a sailor of his port than of his country.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_39_39">
+<span class="label">[39]</span></a>
+Laughton's <i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">Now, as a rule, the ships of all countries sail under their
+national colours. With us the flag under which all our
+ships sail is the Ensign, of which there are three&mdash;the
+white, the blue, and the red. It is a large flag of one of
+the colours named, with the Union in a square or canton
+at the upper part of the hoist. I may explain that the
+portion of a flag next the staff or rope from which it is
+flown is called the hoist, the next is called the centre,
+and the outer portion the fly. Besides the Union in
+the canton, the white ensign has the St. George's cross
+extending over the whole field.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Although the Union flag of Great Britain was appointed
+by royal order in 1606, it was not inserted in
+the Ensign till 1707. Previous to that the Ensign bore
+only the English cross in the canton.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the royal navy, not always, but for some time
+previous to 1864, the fleet consisted of three divisions
+called the White, the Blue, and the Red Squadrons, each
+carrying its distinctive Ensign, and, latterly, each having
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[pg&nbsp;69]</span>
+its admiral called after the colour of his flag. But till
+1805 there was no admiral of the Red. Previous to that
+the admiral commanding in the centre flew at the main,
+not the red flag, but the Union.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The first notice of the division of the fleet appears in a
+MS. report by Mr. Pepys, secretary to the Admiralty, in
+which it is stated that in the Duke of Buckingham's expedition
+against the Isle of Rhé in 1627 the fleet was thus
+divided. The notice is interesting:&mdash;&quot;The Duke now lying
+at Portsmouth divided his Fleete into squadrons. Himselfe,
+Admirall and Generall in Chiefe, went in y<sup>e</sup> Triumph,
+bearing the standard of England in y<sup>e</sup> maine topp, and
+Admirall particular of the bloody colours. The Earle of
+Lindsay was vice-Admirall to the Fleete in the Rainbowe,
+bearing the king's usual colours in his fore topp, and a blew
+flag in his maine topp, and was admiral of the blew colours.
+The Lord Harvey was Rear Admirall in y<sup>e</sup> Repulse bearing
+the king's usual colours in his mizen, and a white flag
+in the maine topp, and was Admirall of y<sup>e</sup> squadron of
+white colours.&quot; In this instance it will be observed the
+blue flag took precedence of the white. Under the Commonwealth
+the blue was put down to the third place, and
+when on the Restoration the Union flag was reintroduced,
+the precedence of the three colours remained as it had
+been determined by the Commonwealth. The arrangement
+of the fleet into three divisions continued till 1864; but it
+often proved puzzling to foreigners, and it was found
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>[pg&nbsp;70]</span>
+inconvenient in action. It was for this last reason that
+Lord Nelson, on going into action at Trafalgar, ordered
+the whole of his fleet to hoist the White Ensign, and
+it was under that flag that that great victory was
+gained.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">During the wars of the seventeenth century the Dutch
+fleets were also divided into three squadrons, distinguished,
+like the English, by the three colours&mdash;orange or red,
+white, and blue, and both with them and in our own service
+this was perhaps necessary when fleets consisted of
+such a large number of ships&mdash;our own numbering often
+as many as 200 sail. Latterly, when fleets were comparatively
+so much smaller, the distinctive colours became
+of less importance, and in 1864 the classification was
+discontinued. Now the White Ensign only is used by
+all her Majesty's ships in commission. Previous to this
+it had been ordered by royal proclamation, in 1801, that
+merchant ships should fly only the Red Ensign, and this
+is still the rule; but since the three divisions of the fleet
+were abolished, the Blue Ensign is allowed to be used by
+British merchant ships when commanded by officers of
+the Royal Naval Reserve, provided one-third of the crew
+be men belonging to the Reserve. By permission of the
+Admiralty the Blue Ensign is also allowed to be used by
+certain yacht clubs; and the members of one club&mdash;the
+Royal Yacht Squadron&mdash;have liberty to use the White
+Ensign.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[pg&nbsp;71]</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="x12" id="x12"></a>SPECIAL FLAGS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">The flag of the Lord High Admiral is crimson, having
+on it an anchor and cable, and it is hoisted on any ship of
+which that high officer is on board. It is also hoisted at
+the fore top-gallant-masthead of every ship of which the
+Queen may be on board. The flag of an admiral is white
+with the cross of St. George on it. It is only flown by an
+admiral when employed afloat, and then at the main, fore,
+or mizen top-gallantmast-head, according as he is a full,
+vice, or rear admiral.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Union flag and the Blue Ensign are, with the addition
+of certain distinctive badges, used as personal flags by
+certain high officers, and also in particular departments
+of the service. For example, the flag of the Lord-lieutenant
+of Ireland is the Union with a blue shield in the
+centre, charged with a golden harp. The Governor-general
+of India has the Union with the Star of India in
+the centre surmounted by a crown, and this also is the flag
+of British Burmah. British ministers, chargés d'affaires,
+fly the Union with the royal arms in the centre within a
+circle argent surrounded by a wreath. Our consuls have
+the Blue Ensign with the royal arms in the fly. There
+are also differences in the Union or Ensign with distinctive
+badges for other offices and departments, and for the
+Colonies.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>[pg&nbsp;72]</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="x13" id="x13"></a>THE PENDANT.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">The Pendant is a well-known flag in ships of war. It
+is of two kinds, the long and the broad. The first is a
+long, narrow, tapering flag&mdash;the usual length being twenty
+yards, while it is only four inches broad at the head. An
+Admiralty Memorandum regarding the history of our
+flags bears that the origin of the long Pendant is generally
+understood to have been this:&mdash;After the defeat of the
+English fleet under Blake, by the Dutch fleet under Van
+Tromp, in 1652, the latter cruised in the Channel with a
+broom at the mast-head of his ship, to signify that he had
+swept his enemies off the sea. In the following year the
+English fleet defeated the Dutch, whereupon the admiral
+commanding hoisted a long streamer from his mast-head
+to represent the lash of a whip, signifying that he had
+whipped his enemies off the sea. Hence the Pendant,
+which has been flown ever since. This certainly has been
+the popular tradition, and the English admiral may, on
+the occasion referred to, have adopted a flag of the
+description and for the purpose mentioned, but it was not
+altogether a new form of flag. In the Tudor MS. we
+find a description of a long tapering flag of somewhat
+the same description. It is called a Streamer, and is
+appointed to &quot;stand in the top of a ship or in the forecastle,
+and therein is to be put no armes but a man's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>[pg&nbsp;73]</span>
+conceit or device, and may be of length 20, 30, 40, or 60
+yards, and is slitt as well as a guydhomme or standard.&quot;
+From this description the streamer would appear to have
+been a personal flag bearing &quot;the conceit or device&quot;&mdash;crest,
+badge, or motto&mdash;of the owner.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">As now used in our navy the long pendant is of two
+colours&mdash;one white with a red cross in the part next the
+mast; the other blue with a red cross on a white ground.
+The first is flown from the mast-head of all her Majesty's
+ships in commission, when not otherwise distinguished by
+a flag or broad pendant. The other is worn at the masthead
+of all armed vessels in the employ of the government
+of a British colony. (See Plate III. No. <span class="smcap">IV.</span>)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The broad pendant or &quot;burgee&quot; is a flag tapering
+slightly and of a swallow-tailed shape at the fly. It is
+white with a red St. George's cross, and is flown only by
+a commodore, or the senior officer of a squadron, to distinguish
+his ship. If used by a commodore of the first
+class it is flown at the main top-gallant-masthead. Otherwise
+it is flown at the top-gallant-masthead.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x14" id="x14"></a>SIGNALS AND OTHER FLAGS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">Signal flags are those which are used for communication
+between ships at sea. In the system instituted by James II.
+intelligence was communicated or messages interchanged
+by a confused number of flags exhibited at different parts
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[pg&nbsp;74]</span>
+of the ship. Now, signalling has been reduced to a complete
+system. The flags are of various shapes and colours,
+each flag representing a letter or number, and by a recent
+arrangement a universal code has been adopted by which
+vessels of different nations can now communicate.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A flag of truce is white, both at sea and on land, but on
+board ship it is customary to hoist with it the national
+flag of the enemy&mdash;the white flag at the main and the
+enemy's ensign at the fore. On one occasion during the
+war in 1814 when the French frigate <i>Clorinde</i> was about
+to be attacked by the British frigate <i>Dryad</i>, the commander
+of the former, being desirous to ascertain what
+terms would be granted in case he surrendered, hoisted
+French colours aft and English colours forward. Under
+cover of this the French frigate sent a boat with the
+message. The answer was a refusal to grant any terms,
+but the boat was allowed to return to the French frigate
+in safety before the <i>Dryad</i> filled and stood towards her.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Ensign and Pendant at half-mast are the recognised
+signs of mourning. Sometimes also it is an
+expression of mourning to set the yards at what seamen
+call &quot;a-cock-bill,&quot; that is all the yards topped up different
+ways on each mast; but this is chiefly done by foreigners,
+who, on Good Friday and other occasions, set their yards
+thus. It is also customary as a sign of mourning to paint
+the white lines of a ship of a blue colour. In older times,
+when ships were more gaudily painted and gilded than
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[pg&nbsp;75]</span>
+they are now, they were painted black all over as a sign
+of mourning.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The red or bloody flag is a signal of mutiny, and as
+such it was displayed in our own navy on two noted
+occasions in the end of last century, when the fleet at
+Spithead mutinied, and afterwards that at the Nore. In
+the latter case the mutineers hauled down the flag of
+Vice-admiral Buckner and in its stead hoisted the red
+flag. It is a singular fact, however, and characteristic of
+the British seaman, that on the 4th of June, the king's
+birth-day, while the mutiny was at its height, the whole
+fleet, with the exception of one ship, evinced its loyalty
+by firing a royal salute, and displaying the colours usual
+on such occasions, the red flag being struck during the
+ceremony, and only re-hoisted when it was over.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_40_40">
+<span class="label">[40]</span></a>
+James' <i>Naval History</i>, ii. p. 73.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The yellow flag is the signal of sickness and of quarantine.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x15" id="x15"></a>USE OF FLAGS IN NAVAL WARFARE.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">Such are the principal naval flags. Of the circumstances
+in which they may or may not be legitimately used,
+especially in naval warfare, some interesting stories might
+be told.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Although it is prohibited to merchant ships to carry
+the colours used in the navy, this may be done in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[pg&nbsp;76]</span>
+time of war to deceive an enemy. I may mention one
+instance when it was practised with happy effect. In the
+French war in 1797 the French Rear-admiral Sarcy, when
+cruising with six frigates in the Bay of Bali, came in sight
+of five of our Indiamen&mdash;one of them, the <i>Woodford</i>,
+Captain Lennox. They were homeward bound, and all
+richly laden, and to all appearance they had no chance of
+escape, when Captain Lennox rescued them by an act of
+great judgment and presence of mind. He first of all
+hoisted in his own ship a flag which the French admiral
+knew well&mdash;that of the British Admiral Rainier, blue at
+the mizen, and he made all the other ships in his company
+hoist pendants and ensigns to correspond. But he did
+more. He detached two of the Indiamen to chase and
+reconnoitre the enemy; and as these advanced towards
+the French reconnoitring frigate the <i>Cybčle</i>, the latter,
+completely deceived, made all sail to join her consorts
+with the signal at her mast-head&mdash;&quot;The enemy is superior
+in force to the French.&quot; On this the French admiral,
+believing that he was in the presence of a powerful British
+squadron, made off with his frigates under all sail, and
+Captain Lennox and his consorts completed their voyage
+in safety. When Admiral Sarcy discovered afterwards
+the ruse that had been practised on him, and which had
+lost him a prize of such great value, his mortification
+may be imagined.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In going into action it is the custom with the ships of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>[pg&nbsp;77]</span>
+all nations to hoist their national colours. Nelson at
+Trafalgar carried this to excess, for he hoisted several
+flags lest one should be shot away. The French and
+Spaniards went to the opposite extreme, for they hoisted
+no colours at all, till late in the action, when they began
+to feel the necessity of having them to strike.<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> Nelson
+on that occasion ran his ship on board the <i>Redoubtable</i>, a
+large seventy-four gun ship, and fought her at such close
+quarters that the two ships touched each other. Twice
+Nelson gave orders to cease firing at his opponent, supposing
+she had surrendered, because her great guns were
+silent, and as she carried no flag there was no means of
+instantly ascertaining the fact. It was from the ship
+which he had thus twice spared that Nelson received his
+death wound. The ball was fired from the mizen-top,
+which, so close were the ships, was not more than fifteen
+yards from the place where he was standing. Soon
+afterwards the <i>Redoubtable</i>, finding further resistance
+impossible, hoisted her flag, only to haul it down again
+in sign of surrender, within twenty minutes after the fatal
+shot had been fired. In this great battle each of the
+Spanish ships had in addition to her ensign a large wooden
+cross hung to the end of her spanker boom.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_41_41">
+<span class="label">[41]</span></a>
+Southey's <i>Life of Nelson</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">When a ship surrenders the fact is usually intimated
+by her hauling down her flag, but in Lord Cochrane's
+spirited attack on the French fleet in Basque Roads in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[pg&nbsp;78]</span>
+1809, two of the French ships, the <i>Varsovie</i> and <i>Aquilon</i>,
+made the token of submission by each showing a Union
+Jack in her mizen chains; and in other instances during
+the war French ships hoisted a Union Jack as the signal
+of their having struck.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Of course when a ship has surrendered the fire of both
+ships ceases. In an action off Lissa between British ships
+and a Franco-Venetian squadron, the French ship <i>Flore</i>
+surrendered to the British frigate <i>Amphion</i>. Immediately
+afterwards the Venetian frigate <i>Bellona</i> bore up and commenced
+a heavy fire against the <i>Amphion</i>, and some of
+the shot struck the captured ship on the other side. Supposing,
+erroneously, that the shot came from the British
+ship, one of the officers of the <i>Flore</i>, in order to make
+more clear the fact of her having absolutely surrendered,
+took the French ensign, halliards and all, and holding them
+up in his hand over the taffrail to attract the attention
+of the <i>Amphion's</i> people, threw the whole into the sea.
+Having captured the <i>Bellona</i> also, the captain of the
+<i>Amphion</i> temporarily left the surrendered ship while he
+pursued another of the enemy, the <i>Corona</i>, which he also
+captured. When thus engaged, however, he was mortified
+to see his first prize, the <i>Flore</i>, notwithstanding her emphatic
+act of submission, dishonourably stealing away, and
+she actually effected her escape into the harbour of Lessina.
+Captain Hoste, who commanded the British squadron,
+afterwards sent a letter by a flag of truce to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[pg&nbsp;79]</span>
+captain of the <i>Flore</i>, demanding restitution of the frigate
+in the same state as when she struck her flag and surrendered
+to the <i>Amphion</i>; but the commander of the
+French squadron replied by a letter, neither signed nor
+dated, denying that the <i>Flore</i> had struck, and falsely
+asserting that the colours had been shot away. The
+letter was sent back and the demand repeated, but no
+answer was returned.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">I may mention another instance in which captured
+colours were thrown into the sea in token of surrender
+under different circumstances, but not more creditable to
+the vanquished party. In the war between America and
+the Barbary States in the early part of the century, the
+United States schooner <i>Enterprise</i>, under the command
+of Lieutenant Sterrett, fell in with and engaged a Tripolitan
+polacre ship, and in the course of the action the
+colours of the latter were either shot away or struck&mdash;in
+all probability the latter, for the Americans believed she
+had surrendered and quitted their guns. The Corsair,
+however, re-hoisted her flag and continued the action.
+Thereupon the <i>Enterprise</i> poured in so destructive a fire
+that her opponent this time unequivocally hauled down
+her colours, and Lieutenant Sterrett ordered her under
+his lee quarter. This order was obeyed, but the Tripolitan,
+when he got there, thinking his position favourable,
+re-hoisted the red flag, and having poured another
+broadside into the <i>Enterprise</i>, prepared to board. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[pg&nbsp;80]</span>
+Americans, justly incensed at this treacherous act, delivered
+a raking broadside which effectually terminated
+the affair. The Tripolitan captain now abjectly implored
+the quarter which he had justly forfeited, and bending
+over the waist barricade of his ship, and as an indication
+of his sincerity, raised his colours in his arms and threw
+them into the sea.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In contrast to the conduct of the captain of the <i>Flore</i>
+in carrying off his ship after he had surrendered, may be
+mentioned the very different course taken by the officer
+in command of a French 40-gun frigate, the <i>Renommée</i>,
+which was captured off Madagascar in 1811, after an
+action between a French squadron, and a British squadron
+under Captain Schomberg. From the state of
+the British ships after the action, Captain Schomberg,
+when night was coming on, could only send on board
+the prize a lieutenant of marines and four seamen, in
+a sinking boat. At this time the <i>Renommée</i> had a
+crew of nearly 400 effective officers and men, and they
+could have had at once retaken the ship and got off
+during the night. The crew wished to do so, but Colonel
+Barrois, who&mdash;the captain having been killed&mdash;was now,
+according to the etiquette of the French service, the commanding
+officer, acting on a high principle of honour,
+refused to give his sanction, as they had surrendered by
+striking their flag. The lieutenant and his few hands
+remained accordingly in quiet possession of the prize, till
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[pg&nbsp;81]</span>
+the prisoners were taken out next morning, and a proper
+prize crew placed on board.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">When an action takes place at night, when flags cannot
+be seen, other modes of intimating surrender have to be
+reverted to. In the war with America, in 1815, when a
+British ship in a disabled state found she had no alternative
+but to surrender at midnight to an American ship of
+superior force, she did so by firing a lee gun and hoisting
+a light. In another case a French frigate, the <i>Néréide</i>,
+after a severe action during night with the British frigate
+<i>Ph&oelig;be</i>, surrendered to the latter by hauling down a light
+she had been carrying, and hailing that she surrendered.
+In another case a French ship intimated the fact of her
+surrender by hoisting a light and instantly hauling it
+down.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">When a ship has surrendered and is taken possession
+of, the captor hoists his ensign over that of the enemy.
+In one instance a mistake in this produced disastrous
+results. In the celebrated capture of the <i>Chesapeake</i> off
+Boston in 1813, when the American flag was struck, the
+officer of the <i>Shannon</i> who was sent on board the <i>Chesapeake</i>
+to take possession, inadvertently&mdash;owing to the
+halliards being tangled&mdash;bent the English flag below the
+American ensign instead of above it. By this time the
+two ships were drifting apart, and when the <i>Shannon's</i>
+people saw the American stripes going up first they concluded
+that their boarding party had been overpowered,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[pg&nbsp;82]</span>
+and at once reopened their fire, by which their first-lieutenant
+and several of their own men were killed.
+The mistake was discovered before the flags had got halfway
+to the mizen peak, when they were hauled down and
+hoisted properly. In this brilliant but short action&mdash;for
+between the discharge of the first gun and the conclusion of
+the fight only fifteen minutes elapsed&mdash;the American ship,
+by way of display, carried more than the ordinary number
+of flags. She flew three ensigns, one at the mizen, one at
+the peak, and one, the largest of all, in the starboard
+main rigging. She had besides, flying at the fore, a large
+white flag inscribed with the words &quot;Sailors' Rights and
+Free Trade,&quot; with the intention, it was supposed, of
+damping the energy of the <i>Shannon's</i> men by this favourite
+American motto. The <i>Shannon</i> had the Union at the
+fore and an old rusty blue ensign at the mizen peak, and
+besides these she had one ensign on the main stay and
+another in the main rigging, both rolled up and &quot;stopped&quot;
+ready to be cast loose in case either of the other flags
+should be shot away.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">A similar display of flags occurred on the occasion of
+the encounter off Valparaiso in 1814 between the British
+36-gun frigate <i>Ph&oelig;be</i> and the United States 32-gun
+frigate <i>Essex</i>, which resulted in the capture of the latter.
+Captain Porter, who commanded the American ship,
+made an attempt, as in the case of the <i>Chesapeake</i>, on the
+loyalty of the <i>Ph&oelig;be's</i> seamen, by hoisting at his fore top-gallant-mast
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[pg&nbsp;83]</span>
+head the stock motto, &quot;Free Trade and
+Sailors' Rights.&quot; This, in a short time, the British ship
+answered with the St. George's ensign and the motto,
+&quot;God and Country&mdash;British sailors' best rights: Traitors
+offend them.&quot; Subsequently the <i>Essex</i> hoisted her
+motto flag at the fore, and another on the mizen mast,
+with one American ensign at the mizen peak and a
+second lashed on the main rigging. Not to be outdone
+in decorations the British ship hoisted her motto
+flag with a profuse display of ensigns and union jacks,
+and all these were flying when the American ship was
+captured.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">To hoist false colours in time of war in order to entice
+an enemy within reach has always been considered
+legitimate, but it is not allowable to engage, or to commit
+any hostile act, under them. While it is considered
+legitimate to mislead, however, it is not legitimate to
+cheat. An example of what might appear to be a distinction
+without a difference is afforded by a case which
+occurred in 1783, when the French ship <i>Sybille</i>, a powerful
+36-gun frigate, was sighted off Cape Henry by the
+<i>Hussar</i> of 28 guns. The <i>Sybille</i> had, a few days before,
+had a drawn fight with one of our ships of the same force,
+and, in consequence of injuries she had then received, had
+been dismasted in a puff of wind, and was under jury
+masts. As she was unable to chase the <i>Hussar</i>, she
+sought to entice her alongside, in order to take her by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[pg&nbsp;84]</span>
+boarding, and accordingly she hoisted at the peak the
+French ensign under the English, as if she had been captured.
+All this was legitimate, and the <i>Hussar</i> might or
+might not have been deceived by it. But the French
+captain did something more. He hoisted in the main
+shrouds an English ensign reversed, and tied in a weft or
+loop. Now this was a well-known signal of distress&mdash;an
+appeal to a common humanity, which no English officer
+was ever known to disregard, and the <i>Hussar</i> closed at
+once. But fortunately her crew were at quarters, and the
+<i>Sybille</i>, hauling down the English flag at the peak and
+hoisting the French above, endeavoured to run her on board.
+Her extreme rolling, however, steadied by no sufficient
+sail, exposed her bottom, and several shots from the
+<i>Hussar</i> went through her very bilge. By this time
+another of our ships, the <i>Centurion</i> of 50 guns, had come
+up, and the <i>Sybille</i> struck her flag&mdash;the reversed ensign
+with its weft, so dishonourably hoisted, remaining in the
+main shrouds. The English officer who took possession
+sent the French captain on board the <i>Hussar</i>, and he
+presented his sword to Captain Russell on the quarterdeck.
+Russell took the sword, broke it across, and threw
+it on the deck; and sending the Frenchman below, kept
+him in close confinement in the hold till his arrival in port
+some days later.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_42_42">
+<span class="label">[42]</span></a>
+Laughton's <i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">I may mention another case where a legitimate ruse was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[pg&nbsp;85]</span>
+successfully practised on an enemy by our great naval commander,
+Lord Cochrane. It occurred in the early part of
+his brilliant career, when he was cruising in the Mediterranean
+in his little brig the <i>Speedy</i>. This small craft,
+under her daring and skilful commander, had made herself
+so much an object of terror by the many captures she had
+made that a Spanish frigate, heavily armed, was fitted
+out and sent after her. In order to get near the
+<i>Speedy</i> the Spaniard was disguised as a merchantman.
+For the same reason, Lord Cochrane, to lull suspicion
+and enable him to get near the merchant craft of the
+enemy, had also disguised his small vessel, and was
+sailing as a merchant brig under Danish colours. Perceiving
+the supposed Spanish merchantman, Lord Cochrane
+at once gave chase, and he only discovered his
+mistake when his formidable antagonist opened her ports
+and showed her teeth. At the same time the Spaniard
+lowered a boat to go on board the <i>Speedy</i> and see what
+she was. Discovery and capture were apparently now
+unavoidable, but Lord Cochrane was equal to the
+occasion. Hoisting the yellow flag&mdash;the dreaded signal of
+sickness and quarantine&mdash;he made straight for the frigate,
+and, having dressed a petty officer in Danish uniform,
+on the gangway, he ordered him to hail the boat with
+the intimation that they were out just two days from
+Algiers, where it was well known the plague was then
+violently raging. This was enough. The boat pulled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[pg&nbsp;86]</span>
+back, and the frigate at once filled and proceeded on her
+course.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">It was a narrow escape; yet the crew of the <i>Speedy</i>
+complained loudly that they had not been allowed to fight
+the frigate! They had been admirably trained, and had
+implicit confidence in their brave commander, and thought
+he was equal to anything. Lord Cochrane was not a
+man to disregard murmurs uttered in such a direction,
+and he told them that if they really wanted a fight they
+would get it with the first enemy they came across, whatever
+she might be. They had not long to wait before
+they fell in with a large Spanish zebec, the <i>Gamo</i>, which,
+to the astonishment of the big ship, Lord Cochrane immediately
+attacked. A fight with the guns could not
+have lasted long, for the Spanish ship carried 30 heavy
+guns with a crew of upwards of 300 men, while the <i>Speedy</i>
+had only 14 four-pounders and a crew of 54 all told. Lord
+Cochrane, therefore, notwithstanding this immense disparity
+of force, determined, as his only chance, to board the
+frigate, and this he succeeded in doing, taking his entire
+crew with him and leaving only the surgeon at the wheel.
+A deadly hand-to-hand conflict ensued, when, just as his
+small band were nearly overpowered, Lord Cochrane
+ordered one of his men to haul down the Spanish colours.
+This was promptly done, and the Spaniards&mdash;their commander
+having been killed&mdash;thinking that their own
+officers had struck, ceased fighting, and Lord Cochrane
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[pg&nbsp;87]</span>
+became master of the frigate. How to take care of his
+numerous prisoners was not a small difficulty, but he
+succeeded in doing so, and brought his prize safely into
+Port Mahon. It was one of the most brilliant affairs in
+the glorious life of this great seaman.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Another interesting example of an enemy's ship being
+taken in consequence of her colours being hauled down, not
+by her own officers but by the party assailing, occurred at a
+much earlier period in an action between the British and
+Dutch fleets off the English coast. A runaway boy&mdash;Thomas
+Hopson&mdash;an apprentice to a tailor in the Isle of
+Wight, had just before come on board the admiral's ship as a
+volunteer. In the midst of the action he asked a sailor how
+long the fight would continue, and was told that it would
+only cease when the flag of the Dutch admiral was hauled
+down. The boy did not understand about the striking of
+colours, but he thought if the hauling down of the flag
+would stop the fight it might not be difficult to do. As
+the ships were engaged yard-arm and yard-arm, and veiled
+in smoke, Hopson at once ran up the shrouds, laid out
+on the mizen-yard of his own ship, and having gained
+that of the Dutch admiral he speedily reached the top-gallant-mast
+head and possessed himself of the Dutch flag,
+with which he succeeded in returning to his own deck.
+Perceiving the flag to be struck the British sailors raised
+a shout of victory, and the Dutch crew, also deceived, ran
+from their guns. While the astonished admiral and his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[pg&nbsp;88]</span>
+officers were trying in vain to rally their crew the English
+boarded the ship and carried her. For this daring service
+the boy was at once promoted to the quarter-deck,
+and he rose to be a distinguished admiral under Queen
+Anne.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x16" id="x16"></a>INTERNATIONAL USAGE AS TO FLAGS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">In time of peace it is considered an insult to hoist the
+flag of one friendly nation over that of another. This has
+given rise to an order that national flags are not to be
+used for decoration or in dressing ships. This order has
+reference more particularly to two flags, which are in
+ordinary use as signal flags. One of these is the French
+tricolour, but with the red and blue transposed; the other
+is the Dutch flag turned upside down, and there are two
+pendants to match. An unintentional departure from this
+rule gave rise to some unpleasantness on one occasion in
+the early part of this century. On the 23d of April, 1819,
+the English frigate <i>Euryalus</i>, lying at St. Thomas in the
+West Indies, had dressed ship in honour of St. George's
+day&mdash;the fźte of the Prince Regent&mdash;and in doing so had
+made use of the blue, white, and red flag, which four years
+before had been the national flag of France. A three-coloured
+pennant hung down from the spanker boom and
+trailed in the water, and another three-coloured flag was
+at the lower end of the line pendant from the flying boom.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>[pg&nbsp;89]</span>
+This was observed by the French Rear-admiral Duperré,
+who was there in the <i>Gloire</i>, and he demanded and
+received apologies for what he conceived to be an insult
+offered to a flag which had lately been the flag of France,
+and under which he and many of his officers and men had
+served.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_43_43">
+<span class="label">[43]</span></a>
+<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, p. 28.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">If a foreign flag is hoisted on shore&mdash;as it often is in
+compliment to some distinguished stranger&mdash;it must have
+the staff to itself. In 1851, when the queen of Louis
+Philippe visited Oban, the proprietor of the Caledonian
+Hotel, at which she resided, in compliment to his visitor,
+and in ignorance, no doubt, of the proprieties of the case,
+hoisted the French flag over the Union. This excited
+the indignation of an old pensioner, John Campbell, who
+had been a sergeant in the 71st Highlanders&mdash;the regiment
+of Campbell of Lochnell&mdash;and he went to the innkeeper
+and demanded that matters should be put right.
+As no attention was paid to his remonstrance, he then and
+there cut down the French flag, and dared the innkeeper
+to hoist it again in that manner. The residents in Oban
+were so pleased with Campbell's spirited conduct that
+they presented him with a silver-headed stick.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In gun practice it is also held to be an insult to take as
+a mark the flag of another nation, and sometimes unintentional
+offence has been given through mistakes about
+the flags in such circumstances. For the following
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>[pg&nbsp;90]</span>
+I am indebted to a distinguished naval officer who was
+cognizant of the circumstances. Some twenty years
+ago, when the French had an army of occupation in
+Syria, and their fleet and ours were lying amicably
+together at Beyrout, some of the English ships having
+occasion to practise the men with their rifles, put out their
+respective targets&mdash;which generally consisted of bits of
+old flags fastened to a stick, and stuck in a small cask
+anchored off at the required distance&mdash;and commenced
+firing. Presently a boat with a superior officer was seen
+pulling in hot haste from the French flagship. It afterwards
+transpired that the boat was conveying a polite
+request that the English would refrain from firing on the
+French flag&mdash;the officer at the same time pointing to an
+exceedingly dirty piece of bunting which was being riddled
+by the bullets from one of her Majesty's ships. &quot;That's
+not the French flag,&quot; was the answer of the English.
+&quot;Yes, I assure you,&quot; the Frenchman replied, &quot;we are
+nearer than you are, and can see the colours. And, pardon
+me,&quot; he added, &quot;another of your ships is at the present
+moment, in this Turkish port, firing on the Turkish flag&quot;&mdash;pointing
+at the same time to another target, consisting
+of a faded bit of red bunting. Inquiries were made, and
+what had been taken for the Tricolour was found to be a
+piece of an old condemned Union Jack, that had unfortunately
+been nailed on to the staff without due regard to
+the position of the colours, while the so-called Turkish
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[pg&nbsp;91]</span>
+flag was discovered to be a fragment of an old English
+red ensign.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">To the same naval officer I am indebted for the following
+amusing incident, which I am glad to give in his own
+words, as he was personally concerned in it. &quot;About the
+same time,&quot; he writes, &quot;another occurrence of the same
+kind took place at Larnaca, in Cyprus. It happily ended
+well, but at one time it looked quite serious. One of our
+surveying vessels had taken advantage of a lull in the
+work to practise her crew with her formidable armament
+of two twenty-four pounders, and on a bright calm Mediterranean
+morning the gunner was sent for by the senior
+lieutenant, and directed to prepare a target. But here
+there arose a difficulty. The ship had been a long time
+from Malta, stores of all kinds were scarce, and of old
+bunting there was absolutely none. The gunner was in
+despair, but a marine came to the rescue, and offered his
+pocket-handkerchief as a substitute. It was about the
+usual size of such articles, and as it had been bought at
+Malta while disturbances were pending at Naples, it had
+the Italian colours, green, white, and red, together with a
+pendant, printed on it, and on the white part some patriotic
+sentences in Italian. The whole presented an ancient
+and faded appearance, but the gunner accepted it with
+thanks.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">&quot;So it was duly nailed on a staff stuck into a small cask,
+and anchored about 600 yards to seaward. After the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[pg&nbsp;92]</span>
+firing from the howitzers was finished the men were
+ordered to fire on it with rifles, which for a time they did.
+While this was going on a small French brig happened
+to be lying in the roads, and during the forenoon a boat
+was observed pulling from her in the direction of the
+target, but it did not venture very close; the firing was
+not suspended, and nothing further was thought about it.
+Before going to dinner in the middle of the day, a boat
+was sent to examine the target to see if it would float, as
+it was intended to continue the practice in the afternoon,
+and although it was reported to have been knocked about
+a good deal, it was thought it might remain afloat as long
+as it would be required, and so it was left. About an
+hour afterwards, however, it disappeared, and went to the
+bottom.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">&quot;The lieutenant, who had been weary with his work
+and had gone to bed early, was much astonished at being
+sent for by the captain about midnight. A formal despatch
+from our consul had come on board, inclosing a communication
+from the French representative giving a detailed
+account of what was described as a gross insult to
+the French flag, perpetrated by H.M.S. &mdash;&mdash;, and demanding
+all kinds of apologies. The prime mover in
+the affair, it appeared, was a certain captain Napoleon
+something, the commander of the little brig. His story
+was that he had seen with indignation the flag of his
+country&mdash;in size six feet square by his account&mdash;carried
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>[pg&nbsp;93]</span>
+out by an English man-of-war boat, and deliberately fired
+upon. He and his crew, he said, had got into their boat
+determined to rescue the desecrated ensign, 'even at the
+risk of their lives,' but on getting near they had thought
+better of it, and pulled ashore instead. Here he had collected
+all the French residents he could get, whom he
+harangued, and having persuaded them that the scarcely
+visible speck was in truth their national flag, he got them
+to sign a strongly worded protest, and go with it along
+with him in a body to the French consul. Reparation,
+they said, must be made&mdash;the insulted flag must be
+saluted. So great was the excitement and so plausible
+the story that the French consul, pending negotiations,
+sent to Beyrout requiring the immediate presence of a
+French man-of-war. In fact there was all the groundwork
+of a very pretty row. Meantime the cause of all
+the commotion was lying at the bottom of the sea, with
+five or six fathoms of water over it. A written explanation
+of the circumstance was sent from the ship, and a
+meeting arranged for next day at the English consulate;
+and in the meantime a number of boats were sent
+early in the morning to try and fish up the bone of contention,
+as without it there was only the English word
+against the French. At the consulate there was a stormy
+meeting&mdash;much hard swearing and vociferation on the
+part of the French captain and his crew, with the affidavits
+of any number of respectable French residents, formally
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[pg&nbsp;94]</span>
+drawn up and signed. Everybody was getting very
+angry, and prospect of an amicable settlement there was
+none, when in a momentary lull the English lieutenant
+asked the French captain&mdash;who had for the fiftieth time
+declared that it <i>was</i> a French flag, and six feet square at
+least&mdash;'whether it was likely that he knew more about it
+than the marine who had blown his nose with it for the
+last six months.' This in some measure restored good
+humour. The meeting separated in a more friendly
+spirit than had at first seemed possible, and when, on the
+following day, a lucky cast of the grapnel brought to the
+surface the innocent cause of the disturbance, there was
+an end of the matter. Torn by bullets, draggled and wet
+as it was, the wretched handkerchief was borne in triumph
+to the French consulate, and of course there was no more
+to be said. The consul made the proper <i>amende</i>, and the
+man-of-war, which actually appeared from Beyrout a few
+hours afterwards to vindicate the honour of the French
+flag, returned to her anchorage.&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="indent">I shall just add one more incident of the same kind, for
+which I am indebted to another naval officer. In 1879
+an English corvette visited Tahiti. The island, being
+under French protection, flies a special flag, and as it is
+one which is not supplied to English men-of-war, it is
+usual, when it is necessary for them to salute, to borrow a
+protectorate flag from the authorities. On the occasion
+in question, accordingly, the flag was sent off by the governor's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>[pg&nbsp;95]</span>
+aide-de-camp (a naval officer) on the evening of
+the corvette's arrival at Papeite, and the flag having been
+hoisted on the following morning, the salute was duly
+fired. But the display of the flag caused a terrible commotion
+on shore. On such occasions the whole population
+turns out to see the salute, and the beach of the
+beautiful land-locked, or rather reef-inclosed, harbour was
+crowded with French and Tahitians watching the corvette,
+which was moored close under the town. The cause of
+the commotion was that the flag had been improperly
+made, so that in hoisting it the French ensign, by pure
+inadvertence, appeared underneath that of Tahiti. The
+indignation of the French was great, and they hastened
+to complain to the governor that their flag had been
+deliberately insulted by her Majesty's ship. The mistake,
+fortunately, lay entirely with the authorities on shore. It
+was only on hauling it down that the officer in command
+found it had been caused by the flag being improperly
+constructed, the technical explanation being that the distance
+line had been sewed in, the wrong way, with the
+taggle towards the bottom of the flag&mdash;a very trifling
+thing in itself, but which, if unexplained, might have led
+to serious consequences. Of course the flag was immediately
+sent to the governor with the explanation, and
+there was an end of it. So much for naval flags.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[pg&nbsp;96]</span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="x17" id="x17"></a>FLAGS OF THE BRITISH ARMY.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">I have already noticed incidentally some of the flags
+used in the armies of England in early times. Those
+used in the latter part of the thirteenth century, and early
+in the fourteenth, were, besides those of the knights and
+bannerets, the Royal Standard and the banners of St.
+George, of St. Edmund, and of St. Edward. Subsequently
+various changes took place which it is unnecessary
+to follow.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">At present in the British army every regiment of infantry
+has two flags. They are both made of silk, in this differing
+from sea flags, which are usually made of bunting. With the
+exception of the Foot Guards, the first or Queen's colours
+of every regiment is the Union or National Flag, with
+the imperial crown in the centre, and the number of the
+regiment beneath in gold. The second or regimental
+colours are, with certain exceptions, of the colour of the
+facing of the regiment, with the Union in the upper
+corner. The second colours of all regiments bear the
+devices or badges and distinctions which have been conferred
+by royal authority. Fig. 28 is a representation
+of the regimental or second colours of the first battalion
+of the 24th Regiment, for which I am indebted to the
+courtesy of Sir Albert Woods. It will serve as an example
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[pg&nbsp;97]</span>
+of the regimental colours of other regiments. The pole,
+it will be observed, is surmounted by the royal crest, and
+this is common to all regiments carrying colours. The
+ground of the flag is grass green. The crown and wreath
+are &quot;proper,&quot; that is of the natural colours. The scrolls
+are gold with black letters.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_104" id="i_104"></a>
+<img src="images/i_104.png" width="500" height="427" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 28.&mdash;Regimental Colours of First Battalion of 24th Regiment.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The first or royal colours of the Foot Guards are crimson,
+and bear certain special distinctions besides those
+authorized for the second colours&mdash;the whole surmounted
+by the imperial crown. The second, or regimental colours,
+of the Foot Guards is the Union, with one of the ancient
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[pg&nbsp;98]</span>
+badges conferred by royal authority. The first battalion
+of the Scots Fusilier Guards possesses the high distinction
+of carrying on their first colours the royal arms of
+Scotland.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_105" id="i_105"></a>
+<img src="images/i_105.png" width="500" height="378" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 29.&mdash;Queen's Colours of the First Battalion of 24th Regiment.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The colours of infantry are as a rule carried by the
+two junior lieutenants, and our military annals present
+many examples of devoted heroism by the standard-bearers
+in defence of their charge. Among such incidents
+few are more interesting than the loss and recovery of the
+Queen's colours of the first battalion of the 24th Regiment
+in the African campaign of 1878-79, to which I have already
+referred. It will be recollected that Lieutenants Melville
+and Coghill, after crossing the river Tugela with the Queen's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[pg&nbsp;99]</span>
+colours, were overtaken and attacked by overwhelming
+numbers and shot down. They died bravely, revolvers
+in hand, but their pursuers failed to get possession of their
+precious charge&mdash;the colours having been found near them
+when the bodies were recovered. The Queen was much
+affected by this incident, and bestowed on the young heroes
+after death the highest distinction for valour in her power&mdash;the
+Victoria cross. On the arrival of the colours in
+England the Queen expressed a wish to see them, and they
+were taken to Osborne, where her Majesty tied on them a
+small wreath of immortelles as a mark of her deep sense
+of the heroism of the two young officers who gave their
+lives to save the flag. Fig. 29 shows the colours in the
+state in which they were, when presented to the Queen,
+with the wreath placed upon them by her Majesty.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The colours of the second battalion of the 24th had
+been left in camp when the troops advanced to meet the
+Zulus, and they were consequently captured. No trace
+of them could be found till some time afterwards when
+the pole with its crown was recovered by a party of
+the 17th Lancers in a Zulu kraal near Ulundi. This
+remnant continued to be carried by the regiment for
+upwards of a year, when new colours were presented
+to them at Gibraltar on behalf of the Queen by Lord
+Napier of Magdala. The old colours, or rather their
+pole with the crown, were first trooped. The new
+colours were then uncovered, and, after consecration, presented&mdash;Lord
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[pg&nbsp;100]</span>
+Napier stating that her Majesty knew
+very well that the flag had not been lost through any
+default of the battalion, but only in consequence of
+their having been placed in camp when the battalion
+went to the front under the general commanding.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The presentation of new colours with the accompanying
+consecration service is an interesting ceremony.
+As the form may not be generally known, I shall describe
+a recent one when new colours were presented
+by the Prince of Wales to the first battalion of the
+23d Regiment (the Royal Welsh Fusiliers) on their
+embarkation for India. It is specially interesting in
+connection with the history of the old ragged colours
+which were then superseded. They had been presented
+by the late Prince Consort thirty-one years before, and
+in the Crimea they were the first which were planted on
+the heights of the Alma. Two lieutenants were successively
+shot while holding them, and they were finally
+seized by Sergeant O'Connor, who, though wounded,
+held them aloft and rallied the regiment. For this service
+he was decorated with the Victoria cross. Shortly afterwards
+he received his commission, and subsequently he
+became colonel of the battalion. On the recent arrival
+of the troops at Portsmouth they were drawn up on the
+military recreation ground, and the Prince and Princess
+of Wales having taken their place at the saluting point,
+the regiment marched past, headed by the goat which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[pg&nbsp;101]</span>
+always accompanies it. The old colours were then
+trooped and conveyed to the rear, and three sides of a
+square having been formed, with a pyramid of the drums
+in the centre, the new colours were uncased. The royal
+party then advanced, and the senior chaplain of the regiment
+read the Consecration service. The Queen's colours
+and the regimental colours were then handed to the
+prince, and he presented them to the two lieutenants who
+received them kneeling. The prince having spoken a
+few appropriate words, and the colonel having replied, the
+colours were saluted by the whole regiment. Another
+march past, and the presentation of the officers to the
+prince, concluded the ceremony.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the cavalry the standards of regiments of Dragoon
+Guards are of crimson silk damask, embroidered and
+fringed with gold, and their guidons, anciently called
+&quot;guydhomme&quot;&mdash;a swallow-tailed flag&mdash;are of crimson
+silk. Each is inscribed with the peculiar devices, distinctions,
+and mottoes of the regiment. The standards
+and guidons of cavalry are carried by troop sergeant-majors.
+The Hussars and Lancers have no standards.
+They were discontinued, for what reason I do not know,
+by William IV., and their badges and devices are now
+borne on their appointments. Neither the Royal Engineers
+nor the Rifles have colours. Neither have the
+Royal Artillery; nor is it necessary that they should have
+any on which to record special services, for the Artillery
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[pg&nbsp;102]</span>
+is represented in every action. Their appropriate motto,
+<i>Ubique</i>, is borne on their appointments. None of the
+Volunteer regiments carries colours.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The queen's and regimental colours always parade with
+the regiment. On march they are cased, but they are
+always uncased when carried into action.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">For military authorities &quot;when embarked in boats or
+other vessels,&quot; there is, as we have seen, a special flag.
+It is the Union with the royal initials in the centre on
+a blue circle, surrounded by a green garland, and surmounted
+by the imperial crown.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x18" id="x18"></a>USE OF FLAGS BY PRIVATE PERSONS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">In regard to the use of the national flag by private
+persons, there is a positive rule as to marine flags, but
+none, so far as I am aware, as to its use on shore. I have
+occasionally seen it flown on shore with a white border,
+under an impression, apparently, that this difference was
+necessary, but it is unmeaning, and there is no authority
+for it. In numberless instances we see one or other of
+the marine Ensigns hoisted on shore over gentlemen's
+houses, or used in street decoration on the occasion of
+public rejoicings; but nothing could be more absurd, as
+the ensign is exclusively a ship flag.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Any private individual entitled to armorial bearings
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>[pg&nbsp;103]</span>
+may carry them on a flag. In such cases the arms should
+not be on a shield, but filling the entire flag.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The flags and banners represented in works on heraldry
+have almost invariably a fringe; but this is optional. If a
+fringe is used it should be composed of the livery colours,
+each tincture of the arms giving its colour to the portion
+of the fringe which adjoins it. In the British army the
+colours of the different regiments are fringed.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x19" id="x19"></a>FOREIGN FLAGS: FRANCE.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">My notice of foreign flags must be short. Those
+of France and America have naturally most interest
+for us.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Previous to the Revolution the French can hardly be
+said to have had a national flag. The colours of the
+reigning families&mdash;changing as they did with each fresh
+dynasty, as was the case in our own early history&mdash;were
+accepted in the place of national standards, while each
+regiment in the army followed colours of its own. The
+celebrated <i>Chape de Saint Martin de Tours</i> and the
+<i>Oriflamme</i> of the Abbey of Saint Denis, were, like the
+labarum of Constantine, ecclesiastical banners, symbolic
+of the two patrons of Christian France watching over her
+in her battles. The Chape de Saint Martin was a banner
+imitating in form a cape or cloak, and was of blue. The
+Oriflamme was red with a green fringe. By the end of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[pg&nbsp;104]</span>
+the tenth century this had become
+the royal standard. In
+one of the windows of the Cathedral
+of Chartres (of the
+thirteenth century) there is a representation
+of Henri Sieur de
+Argentin et du Mez, Marshall of
+France under St. Louis, receiving
+from the hands of St. Denis a
+banner which is supposed to be
+the Oriflamme. Fig. 30 is a copy
+of this interesting old work of art.
+The banner, it will be observed,
+has five points; but in other examples
+it has only three, each having
+attached to it a tassel of green
+silk.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The royal banner of St. Louis
+was blue powdered with fleurs-de-lis
+in gold, and these fleurs-de-lis
+have remained since the
+eleventh or twelfth century a peculiarly
+French and royal device. It
+is indeed one of extreme antiquity,
+the emblem of a long-forgotten
+worship&mdash;older by many
+ages than any record of the doctrine of the Trinity,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[pg&nbsp;105]</span>
+of which some have supposed this flower to be an emblem.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_44_44">
+<span class="label">[44]</span></a>
+Laughton's <i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 130px;">
+<a name="i_111" id="i_111"></a>
+<img src="images/i_111.png" width="130" height="400" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 30.&mdash;The Oriflamme, circa 1248.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">In the reign of Charles VI. the blue field ceased to be
+<i>powdered</i> with fleurs-de-lis, and was charged with three
+only&mdash;two and one. The white flag which became the
+standard of the kings of France was probably not introduced
+till the reign of Henry IV. But there is great
+confusion in the history of the French flags, and this is
+increased by the use of personal colours at sea, which continued
+among the French to a much later period than
+among the English. In the colours of the French regiments
+there has been great variety of design. Under
+the old monarchy the regimental colours were of two
+kinds&mdash;one was the <i>drapeau-colonel</i>, or royal; the other,
+called <i>drapeau d'ordonnance</i>, took its device from the
+founder of the particular regiment which carried it, or
+from the province of its origin. A common form of the
+royal colours was a white cross on a blue field. In other
+examples, sometimes the cross and sometimes the field
+were powdered with fleurs-de-lis. In some instances the
+field was green. The flag displayed by the French in
+1789 was a white cross on a blue ground, with one fleur-de-lis
+at each corner of the field, and the motto &quot;Patrie et
+Liberté.&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Tricolour was introduced at the Revolution, but the
+origin of the design is unknown. Possibly a trace of it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[pg&nbsp;106]</span>
+may be found in an illumination in one of the MS. copies
+of Froissart. It represents the King of France setting
+out against the Duke of Brittany, and his majesty is preceded
+by a man on horseback bearing a swallow-tailed
+pennon, the first part containing the ancient arms of
+France, and each of the tails&mdash;composed of three stripes&mdash;red,
+white, and green.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">For some time after the Revolution the white field was
+retained. When the three colours came to be used there
+appears to have been at first no fixed order in arranging
+them, and in some cases they were placed vertically, and in
+others horizontally. By a decree in 1790 it was ordained
+that in the navy the flag on the bowsprit&mdash;the jack&mdash;should
+be composed of three equal bands placed vertically,
+that next the staff being red, the middle white, and the
+third blue. The flag at the stem was to have in a canton
+the jack above described (occupying one fourth of the
+flag), and to be surrounded by a narrow band, the half of
+which was to be red and the other blue, and the rest of
+the flag to be white. In 1794 this flag was abolished,
+and it was ordered &quot;that the national flag shall be formed
+of <i>the three national colours</i> in equal bands placed vertically,
+the hoist being blue, the centre white, and the fly
+red.&quot; It would appear, however, that this arrangement
+was not for some time universally adopted, and that old
+flags continued to be used. Thus, in the great picture
+by De Loutherbourg at Greenwich, the French ships are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[pg&nbsp;107]</span>
+represented as wearing the suppressed flag of 1790; while,
+in a rare print preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale at
+Paris, representing the magnificent ceremony at which the
+first Napoleon distributed eagles to the troops in 1804, the
+banners suspended over the Ecole Militaire in the Champ
+de Mars, where the ceremony took place, show the three
+colours in fess, that is, in horizontal lines. But the vertical
+arrangement must have been soon afterwards generally
+adopted, and this continued to be the flag both of
+the French army and navy during the Empire. On the
+return of the king in 1814, and again in 1815, it was
+abolished, and the white flag restored; but the Tricolour
+was reintroduced in 1830, and it has remained in use
+since.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_45_45">
+<span class="label">[45]</span></a>
+See French Imperial Standard, and National Flag, Plate IV. Nos. 2
+and 3.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" style="width: 202px;">
+<a name="i_115" id="i_115"></a>
+<img src="images/i_115.png" width="202" height="300" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 31.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">When the Emperor Napoleon assumed the sovereignty
+of Elba he had a special flag made. It will be recollected
+that he was allowed to retain the title of emperor, and
+although the island which comprised his dominions was
+only sixty miles in circumference, the inhabitants barely
+12,000, his household 35 persons, and his entire army
+only 700 infantry and 60 cavalry, he considered it necessary
+to have a &quot;national flag.&quot; According to Sir Walter
+Scott, it bore on a white field a bend charged with three
+bees. But the emperor was preparing another and very
+different flag for his small army, of which I am able to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[pg&nbsp;108]</span>
+give a representation from a very rare coloured engraving.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a>
+It was the tricolour of France, composed of the richest
+silk with the ornaments elaborately embroidered in silver.
+It bore the imperial crown with the letter N, and the
+eagle, on each of the blue and red
+portions, with the imperial bees; and
+over all the inscription, &quot;L'Empereur
+Napoléon ą la Garde Nationale de
+L'lle d'Elbe.&quot; To the staff, the top
+of which was surmounted by a golden
+eagle, was suspended a tricoloured
+sash also richly embroidered in silver.
+This splendid standard was presented
+by Napoleon to his guards in
+Elba shortly before his invasion of
+France in 1815. On the reverse side
+there was subsequently embroidered the inscription,
+&quot;Champ de Mai&quot;&mdash;the flag having been a second time
+presented by the emperor to his guards at that celebrated
+meeting, a short time before they marched for Waterloo.
+The standard was captured by the Prussians, and on their
+entering Paris was sold to an English gentleman who
+brought it to England.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_46_46">
+<span class="label">[46]</span></a>
+See Frontispiece.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_47_47">
+<span class="label">[47]</span></a>
+When the drawing of it was taken it was in the possession of Bernard
+Brocas, Esq., at Wokefield.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_116" id="i_116"></a>
+<img class="border" src="images/i_116.png" width="500" height="700" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PLATE IV</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The lately-abolished Eagle (Fig. 31) was borne as a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>[pg&nbsp;109]</span>
+standard in the French army during the Empire only.
+It was introduced by Napoleon I., who adopted it
+from the Romans. The ribbon attached was of silk
+five inches wide and three feet long, and richly embroidered.
+After Napoleon's fall the eagles were abandoned,
+but they were again introduced by Napoleon III.
+In consequence of their intrinsic value, they proved in
+the Franco-German war a much-coveted prize among
+the Germans, who captured a considerable number of
+them on the successive defeats of the French. The first
+Napoleon was very careful of the Eagles. He himself
+tells us, in one of the conversations at St. Helena, that
+he established in each regiment two subaltern officers as
+special guardians of the Eagle. &quot;Ils n'avaient d'autre
+arme,&quot; he says, &quot;que plusieurs paires de pistolets: d'autre
+emploi que de veiller froidement a bruler la cervelle de
+celui qui avancerait pour saisir l'aigle.&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Dutch and Russian ensigns have the same tinctures
+as those of the present French flag, but borne fess ways&mdash;that
+is horizontally. The former has the red uppermost.
+The latter has <i>the metal</i>, the white, uppermost,
+and the two <i>colours</i>, the blue and the red&mdash;against all our
+notions of heraldic propriety&mdash;placed together below.
+(See Dutch and Russian flags, Plate IV. Nos. 6 and 8.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The Belgian colours adopted in 1831 are arranged as
+the French, but the colours are black, yellow, and red.
+(Plate IV. No. 5.) The flag of Prussia is also composed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[pg&nbsp;110]</span>
+of three stripes-black, white, and red, but arranged horizontally.
+(Plate IV. No. 4.) The flag of Mexico is
+arranged like that of France, but the colours are green,
+white, and red. (Plate IV. No. 10.)</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x20" id="x20"></a>THE AMERICAN FLAG.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">The history of the American flag is interesting. Previous
+to the Declaration of Independence the different
+colonies retained the standards of the mother country
+with the addition of some local emblem. Massachusetts,
+for example, adopted the pine-tree, a device which was
+also placed on the coins. In 1775 &quot;the Union with a
+red field&quot;&mdash;a red ensign&mdash;was displayed at New York on
+a liberty poll with the inscription, &quot;George Rex and the
+Liberties of America;&quot; and it is interesting to note that
+the first flag adopted as a national ensign by the ships of
+the United States consisted of the horizontal stripes with
+which we are familiar, but with the British Union still
+retained in a canton. This was replaced by the stars on
+a blue ground. Some of the flags first used&mdash;at the time
+when only twelve states had ratified the articles of convention&mdash;bore
+only twelve stars. On the 14th of August,
+1777, Congress resolved &quot;that the flag of the United
+States be thirteen stripes alternately red and white, and
+that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field,
+representing a new constellation.&quot; (See Fig. 32.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[pg&nbsp;111]</span>
+It has been said that the design of the flag was derived
+from arms borne by the family of Washington; but there
+is no foundation for this. An American writer&mdash;with
+probably as little ground for the statement&mdash;says: &quot;the
+blue field was taken from the Covenanters' banner in
+Scotland, likewise significant of the League and Covenant
+of the United Colonies against oppression, and incidentally
+involving vigilance, perseverance, and justice. The stars
+were then disposed in a circle symbolizing the perpetuity
+of the union, as well as equality with themselves. The
+whole was a blending of the various flags used previous
+to the war, viz. the red flags of the army and white
+colours of the floating batteries&mdash;the gem of the navy.&quot;<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_48_48">
+<span class="label">[48]</span></a>
+Article on &quot;Flags,&quot; by H. K. W. Wilcox, New York, <i>Harper's Magazine</i>,
+July, 1873.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<a name="i_120" id="i_120"></a>
+<img src="images/i_120.png" width="500" height="407" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">Fig. 32.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">In 1795 it was ordained that the stripes should be increased
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[pg&nbsp;112]</span>
+to fifteen and the stars to the same number; but
+in 1818 Congress ordered a return to the thirteen stripes
+but with twenty stars, and that on the admission of any
+new state a star should be added. Thus the old number
+of stripes perpetuated the original number of the states
+forming the union, while the added stars show the union
+in its existing state. In consequence of the greatly increased
+number of stars, the circular arrangement had to
+be abandoned, and they are now disposed in parallel lines.
+(See flag of the United States, Plate V. No. 8.) The
+construction of the first national standard, from which
+the stars and stripes were afterwards adopted, took
+place at Philadelphia in 1777 under the personal direction
+of Washington aided by a committee of Congress.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The flag of the American admirals is composed of the
+stripes alone, and the stars are used separately as a jack.
+One of the first American flags used at sea, and bearing
+only the twelve stars, is still preserved. It is the flag
+which was flown by the celebrated Paul Jones from his
+privateer, the <i>Bon homme Richard</i>, in his engagement with
+the English ship <i>Serapis</i> on 23d September, 1799. In
+the course of the action the flag having been shot away
+from the mast-head, Lieutenant Stafford, then a volunteer
+in Paul Jones' ship, leaped into the sea after it, and recovered
+and replaced it, being severely wounded while
+performing this action. The flag thus saved was afterwards
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg&nbsp;113]</span>
+presented to him by the marine committee of
+Congress, and it now (1880) belongs to his son.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_49_49">
+<span class="label">[49]</span></a>
+Letter in <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, 18th March, 1880, by Mr. W. Stafford Northcote.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 504px;">
+<a name="i_122" id="i_122"></a>
+<img class="border" src="images/i_122.png" width="504" height="700" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PLATE V.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">I may mention that the white and red stripes are not
+peculiar to the American flag. A flag of similar design
+was for a long time a well-known signal in the British
+navy, being that used for the red division to draw into
+line of battle.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x21" id="x21"></a>OTHER FOREIGN FLAGS.</h2>
+
+<p class="indent">The flag of Liberia is very like that of the United States,
+being composed of red and white stripes with a blue
+canton. The only difference is that the latter bears only
+one star. (See the flag of Liberia, Plate V. No. 6.) The
+flag of Bremen is also composed of red and white stripes.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Spain from the first period of her greatness bore the
+Castilian flag, quartering Castile and Leon. In an old
+illumination representing the coronation of Henry, son of
+John, King of Castile, there are on the king's left hand
+two men, unarmed, the one holding a banner of Castile
+and Leon quarterly, the other a blue pennon charged
+with three kings' heads-the banner of the three kings of
+Cologne. On his majesty's right hand a man, also unarmed,
+holds a shield with the arms of Castile and Leon.
+It was this last device, as a national flag, that was carried
+by the ships of Columbus. But Columbus had also as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>[pg&nbsp;114]</span>
+a personal flag one given to him by Queen Isabella&mdash;a
+white swallow-tailed pennon bearing a Latin cross in
+green between the letters FY crowned. These two flags
+are noteworthy as the first that crossed the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The present royal standard of Spain is of very complicated
+construction (see Plate V. No. 1), embracing
+among its bearings the arms of Castile and Leon, of
+Aragon, Sicily, Burgundy, and others. The national
+ensign is in marked contrast by its simplicity. It is composed
+of yellow and red stripes&mdash;derived from the bars
+of Aragon. (See Plate V. No. 2.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Austria at first bore on her flag the Roman eagle.
+Now her war ensign is red, white, and red placed horizontally,
+and in the centre a shield of the same within a
+gold border (the arms of the Dukes of Austria), surmounted
+by the royal crown. (See Plate V. No. 3.) The
+merchant flag is the same without the shield and crown.
+The Austro-Hungarian flag has the lower stripe half red
+and half green, with two shields, one on the right containing
+the arms of Austria, and the other bearing the
+arms of Hungary. (See Plate V. No. 4.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The flag of Italy was designed by Napoleon I. on his
+declaration of the Kingdom of Italy. It is a modification
+of the French, the division of the field next the staff being,
+instead of blue, green, which, it is known, was a favourite
+colour of the emperor. In the centre is a red shield
+charged with a white cross&mdash;the arms of the Dukes of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg&nbsp;115]</span>
+Savoy, now borne by Italy. A representation of the
+Italian merchant flag will be found on Plate V. No. 5.
+The war ensign is the same, except that the shield is
+surmounted by the royal crown.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In the construction of the flag of Norway, curiously
+enough, the same blunder has been committed as in our
+own Union. It is &quot;described&quot; as a blue cross <i>fimbriated</i>
+white; but the border, as the flag is worn, is too broad,
+and it really represents two crosses, a blue cross superimposed
+on a white one&mdash;just as our St. George's cross,
+as represented in our national colours, is nothing but a
+red cross superimposed on a white one. Mr. Laughton
+accordingly looking at the Norwegian flag in this light,
+calls it the white flag of Denmark with a blue cross
+over it,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> which it was certainly not intended to be. The
+flag is shown in Plate V. No. 11. The Swedish-Norwegian
+union in the canton was introduced in 1817, when
+the two countries were united under one king.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<div class="footnote">
+<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a>
+<a href="#FNanchor_50_50">
+<span class="label">[50]</span></a>
+<i>Heraldry of the Sea</i>, p. 23.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The Danish flag (see Plate V. No. 7) is the oldest now
+in existence. The tradition is that it descended from
+Heaven ready made in the year 1219 in answer to the
+prayer of King Waldemar, as he was leading his troops
+to battle against the pagans of the Baltic. Be that as it
+may, it certainly dates from the thirteenth century.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The flag of Portugal has borne a conspicuous part
+in history, and the devices in it carry us back to a very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg&nbsp;116]</span>
+early period. The present royal standard is red with
+a red shield in the centre charged with towers or castles
+for the kingdom of Algarve, which Alphonsus III. got
+from the King of Castile when he married the daughter
+of the latter in 1278; and in the centre there is a white
+shield bearing on it the shields of the five Moors placed
+crossways. The Portuguese national flag is per pale,
+blue and white, and in the centre point is the same device
+as appears on the royal standard. The present flag, however,
+is only a modification of the old flag which was
+carried by the early discoverers, and which brought glory
+to Portugal in the days of Prince Henry the Navigator.
+(See the national flag of Portugal, Plate V. No. 12.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The royal standards of Norway and Sweden, and also
+the ensign of these kingdoms, are peculiar in preserving
+the ancient form of having the fly ending in three points.
+(See the Swedish standard, Plate V. No. 10.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Greece has adopted the colours of Bavaria in compliment
+to her first king. (See Plate VI. No. 7.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">The devices on some of the Asiatic flags are peculiar.
+That of Burmah bears a peacock; Siam, a white elephant;
+and China, a hideous-looking dragon. (See these flags,
+Plate VI. Nos. 1, 2, 3.) On the flag of Bolivia (Plate VI.
+No. 4) is the representation of a volcano, suggested in all
+probability by the great volcano of Serhama, which rises
+in Western Bolivia to the height of 23,000 feet. Japan,
+the land of the far east, the source of the sun, as her name
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg&nbsp;117]</span>
+signifies, has adopted for her flag the sun rising blood-red.
+(See Plate V. No. 9.)</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 509px;">
+<a name="i_128" id="i_128"></a>
+<img class="border" src="images/i_128.png" width="509" height="700" alt="" title="" />
+<p class="caption">NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;PLATE VI.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="indent">The flag of Brazil, which is very inartistic in its construction,
+bears among other devices the armillary sphere
+of Portugal. (See Plate VI. No. 8.)</p>
+
+<p class="indent">In Plates IV. V. and VI. will be found representations
+of the flags of other kingdoms and republics. These
+speak for themselves, and do not call for particular
+description.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">But I must now bring these notices to a close. To the
+true patriot of every country the national flag must be a
+subject of pride. If, as a French writer observes, it does
+not always lead him to victory, it inspires him to fight
+well, and if need be to die well. &quot;We pay to it,&quot; says the
+same writer, &quot;royal honours. When it is paraded&mdash;in rags
+it may be, and with faded colours, bearing in letters of
+gold the names of victories&mdash;the troops present arms, the
+officers salute it with the sword, and the white heads of
+veteran generals are uncovered and bent before the
+ensign.&quot; To the soldier its loss is one of the greatest
+calamities. In Napoleon's disastrous retreat from Moscow
+in 1812 not many of his flags remained with the Russians.
+Of those which were not carried off most were burned,
+and of some of these the officers drank the ashes. More
+recently the same thing is said to have been done at
+Metz and Sedan. So a French writer tells us, and he
+characterizes the act as &quot;<i>communion sublime</i>!&quot;</p>
+
+<p class="indent"><span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[pg&nbsp;118]</span>
+What the flag is, indeed, to the sailor and the soldier,
+whether when shaken out in battle or when displayed in
+memory of great victories, none but the soldier and the
+sailor can realize. At the interment of Lord Nelson,
+when his flag was about to be lowered into the grave, the
+sailors who assisted at the ceremony ran forward with one
+accord and tore it into small pieces, to be preserved as
+sacred relics. &quot;I know,&quot; says Charles Kingsley&mdash;in those
+<i>Brave Words</i> which he addressed to our soldiers then
+fighting in the trenches before Sebastopol, &quot;I know
+that you would follow those colours into the mouth of the
+pit; that you would die twice over rather than let them
+be taken. Those noble rags, inscribed with noble names
+of victory, should remind you every day and every hour
+that he who fights for Queen and country in a just cause
+is fighting not only in the Queen's army but in Christ's
+army, and that he shall in no wise lose his reward.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<h2><a name="x23" id="x23"></a>INDEX.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">A.</p>
+
+<p>Armenian Flag, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Army, British, Flags of, <a href="#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Artillery&mdash;have no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Assyrian Standards, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Austria, Flag of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Austro-Hungary, Flag of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">B.</p>
+
+<p>Banner of St. Cuthbert, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Banner-bearers, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bannerets, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; their following, <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Banners, <a href="#page29">29</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Belgian Flag, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Beverly, Sir John of, his banner, <a href="#page33">33</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Black Prince at Navarete, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Blue Blanket,&quot; <a href="#page50">50</a>, <a href="#page51">51</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Bluidy Banner&quot; of Covenanters, <a href="#page52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bolivia, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Brazil, Flag of, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Bryon, Sir Guy de, banner-bearer of Edward III., <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Burmah, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; British, Flag of, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">C.</p>
+
+<p>Carlaverock, Siege of, <a href="#page32">32</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Chandos, Sir John, made banneret, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>China, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Cochrane, Lord, <a href="#page85">85</a>, <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Colours of British Army, <a href="#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Colours of 24th Regiment, <a href="#page96">96</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Foot Guards, <a href="#page97">97</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Cavalry, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Presentation of new, <a href="#page100">100</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Columbus, his flag, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Commonwealth, Flag of, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Constantine, Standard of, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Consuls, Flags of, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Coronations, Banners borne at, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Covenanters, Flags of, <a href="#page51">51</a>, <a href="#page52">52</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Custodiers of Banners, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">D.</p>
+
+<p>Danish Flag, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Standards, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Flag, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Deceiving enemy, Use of Flags in, <a href="#page76">76</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Douglas. See Earl Douglas, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a>, <a href="#page49">49</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dragon&mdash;Standard of Romans and Dacians, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dragon&mdash;Standard of Germany and England, <a href="#page25">25</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dragoon Guards, Colours of, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Dutch Fleets, <a href="#page70">70</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">E.</p>
+
+<p>Eagle, Roman, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; French, <a href="#page108">108</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Earl Douglas, his standard, <a href="#page47">47</a>, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Earl Marshall, his standard, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Earl Percy&mdash;love pledges, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Edward III., his banner, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; his standard, <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Egyptian Standards, <a href="#page13">13</a>, <a href="#page14">14</a>, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Engineers, Royal&mdash;have no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ensign, The, <a href="#page67">67</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">F.</p>
+
+<p>False Colours, when may be used, <a href="#page83">83</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Firing at Colours of a friendly nation, <a href="#page90">90</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flag, waving, First introduction of, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flag of Mutiny, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flags, First forms of, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Different kinds of, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Hauling down enemy's, <a href="#page86">86</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Usage, International, as to, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of British army, <a href="#page96">96</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of military authorities embarked in boats, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flags, Special, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of private persons, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Fleurs de lis of France in arms of England, <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Flodden, Battle of, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Foreign Flags, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; use of at home, <a href="#page89">89</a>.</p>
+
+<p>French Flags, <a href="#page103">103</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Funerals, Banners borne at, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">G.</p>
+
+<p>George III., his standard, <a href="#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Gonfanon, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Greece, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Greeks, Standards of, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">H.</p>
+
+<p>Hauling down enemy's colours, <a href="#page86">86</a>, <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hebrew Standards, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Henry II., his standard, <a href="#page37">37</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Henry VII., his personal standard, <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hopson, Admiral, <a href="#page87">87</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Hussars&mdash;have no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">I.</p>
+
+<p>India, Governor-general of, his flag, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>International usage as to flags, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Ireland, National flag of, <a href="#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Lord-lieutenant of, his flag, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Isandlana, <a href="#page11">11</a>, <a href="#page98">98</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Italy, Flag of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">J.</p>
+
+<p>Jack, Union, <a href="#page64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; pilot, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>James I., his standard, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Japan, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">K.</p>
+
+<p>Knights Bannerets, <a href="#page30">30</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">L.</p>
+
+<p>Labarum, Roman, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lancers&mdash;have no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Liberia, Flag of, <a href="#page113">113</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, his flag, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">M.</p>
+
+<p>Marshall. See Earl Marshall, <a href="#page46">46</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mary Stuart, Queen, her standard, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Moscow, Flags destroyed in Napoleon's retreat from, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mourning, Flags signifying, <a href="#page74">74</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Mutiny, Flag hoisted in, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">N.</p>
+
+<p>Napoleon I., Standard presented by to his guards, <a href="#page107">107</a>.</p>
+
+<p>National Flags, <a href="#page54">54</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Navarete, Battle of, <a href="#page31">31</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Norman Standards, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Norway, Peculiar form of Flag of, <a href="#page115">115</a>, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">O.</p>
+
+<p>Otterbourne, Battle of, <a href="#page47">47</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">P.</p>
+
+<p>Pacha, Standard of, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parley, Signal for, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Parthians, Banners of, <a href="#page25">25</a>, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Paul Jones, his flag, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pendant, The, <a href="#page72">72</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Long, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Broad, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Pennon, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Penny, Design of Union on, <a href="#page63">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Penoncel, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Percy. See Earl Percy, <a href="#page48">48</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Persian Standards, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Portugal, Flag of, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Private persons, Use of flags by, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Prussian Flag, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Q.</p>
+
+<p>Quarantine, Flag of, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">R.</p>
+
+<p>Rifle Brigade&mdash;has no colours, <a href="#page101">101</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Roman Standards, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page22">22</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Royal Standard of England, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Scotland, <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Russian Flag, <a href="#page109">109</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">S.</p>
+
+<p>Saxons, Standards of, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Scottish Arms, their precedence on Royal standard, <a href="#page42">42</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sedan, Flags destroyed by French at, <a href="#page117">117</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Siam, Flag of, <a href="#page116">116</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Sickness, Flag intimating, <a href="#page78">78</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Signal Flags, <a href="#page73">73</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Spain, Flag of, <a href="#page114">114</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Special Flags, <a href="#page71">71</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Squadrons, Division of navy into, <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Standard, Battle of, <a href="#page28">28</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Standard, The Royal, <a href="#page36">36</a>, <a href="#page40">40</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; &mdash;&mdash; when hoisted in ships, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Standard-bearers, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page18">18</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Standards, Ancient, <a href="#page13">13</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Egypt, <a href="#page13">13</a>-<a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of the Hebrews, <a href="#page15">15</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of the Assyrians, <a href="#page17">17</a>, <a href="#page19">19</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Persians, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Turks, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Pachas, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Roman, <a href="#page21">21</a>, <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Greeks, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Parthian, <a href="#page26">26</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Danes, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Saxons, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of Normans, <a href="#page27">27</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; suspended from trumpets, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; at coronations and funerals, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Personal, of sovereigns, <a href="#page38">38</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; borne by Nobles, <a href="#page44">44</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; borne by Trades, <a href="#page50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Supporters of Royal Arms, <a href="#page43">43</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Surrender, Signal of, at sea, <a href="#page77">77</a>, <a href="#page81">81</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; of a fortress, <a href="#page34">34</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Swedish-Norwegian Flag, <a href="#page115">115</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">T.</p>
+
+<p>Trades, Standards borne by, <a href="#page50">50</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Truce, Flag of, <a href="#page74">74</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Trumpets, Banners suspended from, <a href="#page35">35</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Turkish Standards, <a href="#page20">20</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">U.</p>
+
+<p>Union, Design of, on penny, <a href="#page63">63</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Flag, The first, <a href="#page55">55</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; under Commonwealth, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; on Restoration, <a href="#page56">56</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; present form, <a href="#page57">57</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Error in construction of, <a href="#page58">58</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; as it ought to be made, <a href="#page62">62</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; how and when displayed, <a href="#page65">65</a>, <a href="#page66">66</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; in Ensign, <a href="#page68">68</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Jack, <a href="#page64">64</a>.</p>
+
+<p>United States Flag, <a href="#page110">110</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Usage, International, as to flags, <a href="#page88">88</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Uses of Flags in naval warfare, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">V.</p>
+
+<p>Volunteer Regiments&mdash;have no colours, <a href="#page102">102</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">W.</p>
+
+<p>Warwick, Earl of, his standard, <a href="#page45">45</a>.</p>
+
+<p>William III., his standard, <a href="#page41">41</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Wolf, on Roman Standard, <a href="#page21">21</a>.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Y.</p>
+
+<p>Yellow Flag, <a href="#page75">75</a>.</p>
+
+<p>&mdash;&mdash; Successful use of, by Lord Cochrane, <a href="#page85">85</a>.</p>
+
+<hr class="hr2" />
+
+<div class="tnote">
+
+<p class="h2a">Transcriber's Notes:</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p class="indent">The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate. Thus
+the page number of the illustration might not match the page number in
+the List of Illustrations, and the order of illustrations may not be the
+same in the List of Illustrations and in the book. Also the titles in the List of Illustrations do not necessarily match that of the illustration captions.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected
+unless otherwise noted.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 55, &quot;Andrews&quot; was replaced with &quot;Andrew's&quot;.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 71, &quot;top-gallantmast-head&quot; was replaced with
+&quot;top-gallant-masthead&quot;.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 73, two instances of &quot;top-gallantmast head&quot; were replaced with
+&quot;top-gallant-masthead&quot;.</p>
+
+<p class="indent">On page 96, &quot;buntin&quot; was replaced with &quot;bunting&quot;.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Flags:, by Andrew Macgeorge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+Title: Flags:
+       Some Account of their History and Uses.
+
+Author: Andrew Macgeorge
+
+Release Date: March 21, 2012 [EBook #39221]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FLAGS: ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Ernest Schaal, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                                 FLAGS:
+
+                     SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY
+                                AND USES.
+
+
+
+
+           _Of this large-paper Edition only 100 Copies have
+                        been printed for sale._
+
+                       _This Copy is No. 80_
+
+
+
+
+        [Illustration: PLATE I
+
+        STANDARD PRESENTED BY NAPOLEON I TO HIS GUARDS AT ELBA
+        A SHORT TIME BEFORE HE INVADED FRANCE IN 1815]
+
+
+
+
+                                 Flags:
+
+                     SOME ACCOUNT OF THEIR HISTORY
+                               AND USES.
+
+
+                                   BY
+                             A. MACGEORGE,
+
+                               AUTHOR OF
+           "OLD GLASGOW," "THE ARMORIAL INSIGNIA OF GLASGOW,"
+                                  ETC.
+
+
+                             BLACKIE & SON:
+                    LONDON, GLASGOW, AND EDINBURGH.
+                                  1881.
+
+
+
+
+                            PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+In a nation like ours, with a dominion so extended, and with
+communication by sea and land with all parts of the world, the flags
+under which ships sail and armies and navies fight, cannot be without
+interest. Yet there are few subjects in regard to which the means of
+information are less accessible. The object of the present volume is to
+give, in a popular form, some account of our own flags, and of those of
+other nations, ancient and modern, with some notices regarding the use
+of flags, in naval warfare and otherwise.
+
+I have taken occasion to point out certain heraldic inaccuracies in the
+construction of our national flag, and also in the design on our bronze
+coinage. I shall be glad if what I have written be the means, by
+directing public attention to the subject, of effecting the correction
+of these errors.
+
+                                                               A. M.
+_Glenarn, December, 1880._
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS.
+
+
+                                                        Page
+
+  INTRODUCTORY,                                           11
+
+  ANCIENT STANDARDS,                                      13
+
+  DIFFERENT KINDS OF FLAGS--GONFANON, PENNON, PENONCEL,   28
+
+  BANNERS,                                                29
+
+  STANDARDS--THE ROYAL STANDARD,                          36
+
+  STANDARDS BORNE BY NOBLES,                              44
+
+  FLAGS OF THE COVENANTERS,                               51
+
+  NATIONAL FLAGS,                                         54
+
+  THE UNION FLAG,                                         55
+
+  THE UNION JACK,                                         64
+
+  THE ENSIGN,                                             67
+
+  SPECIAL FLAGS,                                          71
+
+  THE PENDANT,                                            72
+
+  SIGNALS AND OTHER FLAGS,                                73
+
+  USE OF FLAGS IN NAVAL WARFARE,                          75
+
+  INTERNATIONAL USAGE AS TO FLAGS,                        88
+
+  FLAGS OF THE BRITISH ARMY,                              96
+
+  USE OF FLAGS BY PRIVATE PERSONS,                       102
+
+  FOREIGN FLAGS--FRANCE,                                 103
+
+  THE AMERICAN FLAG,                                     110
+
+  OTHER FOREIGN FLAGS,                                   113
+
+  CONCLUSION,                                            117
+
+  INDEX,                                                 119
+
+
+
+
+                         LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                            COLOURED PLATES.
+
+  Plate                                                         Page
+
+    I. Standard presented by Napoleon I. to his Guards at Elba,
+       a short time before he invaded France in 1815, _Frontispiece_
+
+   II. The "Bluidy Banner" carried at Bothwell Brig, A.D. 1670,   54
+
+  III. Union Flags and Pendant,                                   62
+
+   IV. National Flags and Standards,                             108
+
+    V.      Do.            do.                                   112
+
+   VI.      Do.            do.                                   116
+
+
+                               WOODCUTS.
+
+  Fig.
+
+   1. Ancient Egyptian Standards,                                 14
+
+   2. Other forms of Egyptian Standards,                          15
+
+   3.       Do.           do.                                     15
+
+   4. Assyrian Standard,                                          17
+
+   5. Another form of Assyrian Standard,                          17
+
+   6. Assyrian Standards and Standard-bearers,                    18
+
+   7. Other varieties of Assyrian Standards,                      19
+
+   8. Persian Standard,                                           20
+
+   9. Turkish Horse-tail Standard,                                20
+
+  10. Standard of Turkish Pacha,                                  21
+
+  11. Roman Eagle,                                                21
+
+  12. The Roman Wolf on Standard,                                 21
+
+  13. Group of Roman Standards,                                   22
+
+  14. Roman Standard--Various Devices on same Staff,              23
+
+  15. Another form with different Devices,                        23
+
+  16. Other Roman Standards,                                      24
+
+  17. Roman Labarum,                                              24
+
+  18. Standard of Constantine,                                    25
+
+  19. Dragon used as Roman Standard,                              25
+
+  20. Standard of Earl of Warwick, 1437,                          45
+
+  21. Flag of the Earl Marshall,                                  46
+
+  22. Standard of Earl Douglas, 1388,                             48
+
+  23. Later Banner of the Douglas's,                              49
+
+  24. The "Blue Blanket," 1482,                                   51
+
+  25. Flag of the Covenanters, 1679,                              52
+
+  26. The Union Flag as now borne,                                59
+
+  27. The Union on the Bronze Penny,                              64
+
+  28. Regimental Colours of 24th Regiment,                        97
+
+  29. Queen's Colours of 24th Regiment as presented to the Queen, 98
+
+  30. The Oriflamme, circa A.D. 1248,                            104
+
+  31. The French Eagle, during the Empire,                       108
+
+  32. United States Flag, as used in 1777,                       111
+
+
+
+
+                                 FLAGS.
+
+
+On that morning when the news arrived from South Africa of the disaster
+at Isandlana, there was general mourning for the loss of so many brave
+men; but there was mourning also of a different kind,--with some perhaps
+even deeper--for the loss of the colours of the 24th Regiment. And yet,
+after all, it was only a bit of silk which had been lost, having on it
+certain devices and inscriptions--a thing of no intrinsic value, and
+which could be replaced at a cost merely nominal. But it possessed
+extrinsic qualities which could be measured by no money value, and every
+one felt that the loss was one to redeem which, or rather to redeem what
+that loss represented, demanded, if necessary, the putting forth of the
+strength of a great nation. And so, when it was found that the colours
+never had been really lost--that they had been saved by brave men who
+had laid down their lives in defending them--there was throughout the
+nation a feeling of intense relief that national honour had been saved;
+a feeling of rejoicing far beyond what was evoked by the news of the
+capture of the Zulu king and the termination of the war. So at sea. In
+our great wars in which the navy of Great Britain played so prominent a
+part, we became so accustomed to see the flag of the enemy bent on under
+our own ensign, that if an exceptional case occurred where the position
+of the two flags was reversed, it went home to the heart of every loyal
+subject with a pang which the loss of many ships by storm and tempest
+would not have produced.
+
+Yet how few of us know what the national colours are, what the Union is,
+what the Royal Standard is. Not to speak of civilians, are there many
+officers, in either the army or the navy, who, without a copy before
+them, could accurately construct or describe the flag of the nation
+under which they fight, or tell what its component parts represent? I
+doubt it. And, after all, they would not be so much without excuse, for
+even at the Horse Guards and the Admiralty, there is some confusion of
+ideas on the subject. I have before me "The Queen's Regulations and
+Orders for the Army," issued by the Commander-in-chief, in which flags
+which can be flown only on shore are confounded with flags which can be
+flown nowhere but on board ship. Yet the subject is really an
+interesting one, and, connected as it is with national history, it is
+deserving of a little study.
+
+Flags are of many kinds, and they are put to many uses. They are the
+representatives of nations; they distinguish armies and fleets, and to
+insult a flag is to insult the nation whose ensign it is. We see in
+flags, says Carlyle, "the divine idea of duty, of heroic daring--in some
+instances of freedom and right." There are national flags, flags of
+departments, and personal flags; and as signals they are of the greatest
+value as a means of communication at sea.
+
+
+
+
+                           ANCIENT STANDARDS.
+
+
+It is chiefly of our own flags that I intend to speak, but it may be
+interesting to say something of those which were in use among the
+peoples of ancient history.
+
+From the earliest times of which we have authentic records, standards or
+banners were borne by nations, and carried in battle. It was so in Old
+Testament times, as we know from the mention of banners as early as the
+time of Moses. They are repeatedly referred to by David and Solomon. The
+lifting up of ensigns is frequently mentioned in the Psalms and by the
+Prophets, while the expression, "Terrible as an army with banners,"
+shows the importance and the awe with which they were regarded.
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 1.--Egyptian Standards.]
+
+We find representations of standards on the oldest bas-reliefs of Egypt.
+Indeed, the invention of standards is, by ancient writers, attributed to
+the Egyptians. According to Diodorus, the Egyptian standards consisted
+generally of the figures of their sacred animals borne on the end of a
+staff or spear, and in the paintings at Thebes we find on them such
+objects as a king's name and a sacred boat. One prominent and much used
+form was a figure resembling an expanded semicircular fan, and another
+example shows this form reversed and surmounted by the head of the
+goddess Athor, crowned with her symbolic disk and cow's horns. Another
+figure also used as a standard resembles a round-headed table-knife.
+Examples of these, and of the sacred ibis and dog, are shown in Fig.
+1.[1] But on the Egyptian standards--those which were no doubt used in
+Pharaoh's army--there were various other figures, including reptiles
+such as lizards and beetles, with birds crowned with the fan-like
+ornament already referred to. A group of these is given in Fig. 2; but
+they had many other forms. Those represented in Fig. 3, and which show
+some curious symbolic forms, are taken from the works of Champollion,
+Wilkinson, and Rosellini.
+
+    [1] For this, and figures 6, 14, and 15, I am indebted to the
+        courtesy of Messrs. A. and C. Black. They appear in the
+        _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, vol. ix. p. 276.
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 2.--Egyptian Standards.]
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 3.--Egyptian Standards.]
+
+That the Hebrews carried standards after the exodus is, as I have
+already said, certain, and the probability is that they derived the
+practice from the Egyptian nation, from whose bondage they had just
+escaped, for they bore as devices figures of birds and animals, and
+also human figures, just as the Egyptians did. One of the earliest of
+the divine commands given to Moses was that "every man of the children
+of Israel shall pitch by his own standard with the ensign of their
+father's house."[2] The _ensign_ probably meant the particular device
+borne upon the standard by each tribe; and tradition has assigned as
+these the symbolic cherubim seen in the visions of Ezekiel and
+John--Judah bearing a lion, Reuben a man, Ephraim an ox, and Dan an
+eagle. This is the opinion of the later Jews. The Targumists believe
+that, besides these representations, the banners were distinguished by
+particular colours--the colour for each tribe being analogous to that of
+the precious stone in the breastplate of the high-priest. They consider
+also that each standard bore the name of the tribe with a particular
+sentence from the Law. The modern opinion, however, is that the Hebrew
+standards were distinguished only by their colours, and by the name of
+the tribe to which each belonged.
+
+    [2] Numbers ii. 2.
+
+Apart from the direct Scripture evidence on the subject, this bearing of
+distinguishing standards is what might be expected in a military
+organization such as that of the Israelites, just as we find them using
+warlike music. It is interesting to note that even the particular
+trumpet signals to be used for the assembling and advance of the troops,
+and in cases of alarm in time of war, are carefully prescribed,[3] while
+the association of their military standards with the trumpet is
+indicated in the exclamation of Jeremiah: "How long shall I see the
+standard and hear the sound of the trumpet?"[4]
+
+    [3] Numbers x. 3.
+
+    [4] Jer. iv. 21.
+
+  [Illustration:
+  Fig. 4.--An Assyrian Standard.   Fig. 5.--Another Assyrian Standard.]
+
+As the standard was among all nations regarded with reverence, so the
+standard-bearer was selected for his strength and courage. So important
+was this considered that Isaiah, in describing the ruin and discomfiture
+that was about to fall on the King of Assyria, could find no stronger
+expression than to say that his overthrow would be "as when a
+standard-bearer fainteth."[5]
+
+    [5] Isa. x. 18.
+
+   [Illustration: Fig. 6.--Assyrian Standards and Standard-bearers.]
+
+The standards of the Assyrians, like those of the Egyptians, consisted
+of figures fastened on the end of spears or staffs; but of these very
+few varieties have been yet discovered. Layard says[6] that "standards
+were carried by the Assyrian charioteers. In the sculptures they have
+only two devices [Figs. 4, 5, 6]: one a figure, probably that of a
+divinity, standing on a bull and drawing a bow; in the other, two bulls
+running in opposite directions. These figures are inclosed in a circle
+and fixed to a long staff ornamented with streamers and tassels. The
+standards appear to have been partly supported by a rest in front of the
+chariot, and a long rope connecting them with the extremity of the pole.
+In a bas-relief of Khorsabad this rod is attached to the top of a
+standard." The interesting illustration given in Fig. 6 is from a
+sculpture in which these standards are represented with the figures of
+the standard-bearers, and in which also the ropes or supports of the
+staff are indicated.
+
+    [6] _Nineveh and its Remains._
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 7.--Assyrian Standards.]
+
+There were, however, varieties in the forms of the Assyrian standards
+other than those mentioned by Layard. In the annexed cut (Fig. 7) the
+one to the left is from a sculpture in the British Museum. The others
+are given on the authority of Botta.
+
+  [Illustration:
+  Fig. 8.--Persian Standard.   Fig. 9.--Turkish Horse-tail Standard.]
+
+The Persians, like the Assyrians, carried their standards, in battle, on
+staffs or spears attached to chariots. Their royal standard was a golden
+eagle with wings expanded carried on the end of a spear. They had also a
+figure of the sun which they used on great occasions when the king was
+present with the army. Quintus Curtius describes one of these figures of
+the sun, inclosed in a crystal, as making a very splendid appearance
+above the royal tent. But the proper royal standard of the Persians for
+many centuries, until the Mahommedan conquest, was a blacksmith's
+leather apron, around which the people had been at one time rallied to a
+successful opposition against an invader (Fig. 8). Many other national
+standards have had their origin in similar causes. Something which was
+at hand was seized in an emergency, and lifted up as a rallying point
+for the people, and afterwards adopted from the attachment which clung
+to it as an object identified with patriotic deeds. In this way
+originated the horse-tails borne as a standard by the modern Turks (Fig.
+9). Under the old system, among that people, the distinction of rank
+between the two classes of pachas was indicated by the number of these
+horse-tails, the standards of the second class having only two tails,
+while those of the higher had three. Hence the term a pacha of two tails
+or three. A further mark of distinction appears to have been the
+elevation of one of the tails above the others, and the surmounting of
+each with the crescent, as shown in Fig. 10.
+
+              [Illustration: Fig. 10.--Standard of Pacha.]
+
+The Romans had various forms of standards, some composed entirely of
+fixed figures of different devices, including figures of animals. The
+eagle, according to Pliny, was the first and chief military ensign. In
+the second consulship of Caius Marius (B.C. 104) the eagle (Fig. 11)
+alone was used, but at a subsequent period some of the old emblems were
+resumed. These were the minotaur, the horse, and the wild boar; and on
+the Trajan Column we find as one of their standards the historic wolf
+(Fig. 12).
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 11.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 12.]
+
+               [Illustration: Fig. 13.--Roman Standards.]
+
+One of the most ancient of the Roman standards had an origin similar to
+that of the apron of the Persians and the horse-tails of the Turks. It
+was derived from a popular rising which took place in the time of
+Romulus, and was composed of a wisp of hay attached to the end of a pole
+(as seen in Fig. 13), and carried into battle. From its name,
+_manipulus_, the companies of foot soldiers, of which the _hastati_,
+_principes_, and _triarii_ of each legion were composed, came to be
+called maniples--_manipuli_. Another standard borne by the Romans was a
+spear with a piece of cross wood at the top with the figure of a hand
+above, and having below a small round shield of gold or silver, as shown
+in Fig. 13. On this circle were at first represented the warlike deities
+Mars and Minerva, but after the extinction of the commonwealth it bore
+the effigies of the emperors and their favourites. From these
+coin-shaped devices the standards were called _numina legionum_. The
+eagle was sometimes represented with a thunderbolt in its claws, of
+which an example will be seen in Fig. 13. Under the later emperors it
+was carried with the legion, which was on that account sometimes termed
+_aquila_. The place for this standard was near the general, almost in
+the centre.
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 14.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 15.]
+
+Another common form of the Roman standard consisted in a variety of
+figures and devices exhibited on the same staff, one over the other. On
+the top of one of these will be seen a human hand (Fig. 14). This by
+itself, or inclosed, as here, within a wreath, was, as I have mentioned,
+a frequent device, and was probably of oriental origin. It is also found
+as a symbol in ancient Mexico; and at the present day the flagstaffs of
+the Persians terminate in a silver hand. Among the pieces composing this
+form of standard are also found the eagle, and figures of the emperors
+inclosed in circles, with other devices (Fig. 15). A common form is that
+numbered 5 in Fig. 16. This example is taken from the Arch of Titus. The
+eagle surmounting the thunderbolt with the letters S P Q R (No. 3) was
+also a common form. The letters indicate _Senatus Populusque Romanus_.
+The examples Nos. 1 and 2 in Fig. 16 are from Montfaucon. No. 4 is given
+by Mr. Hope.
+
+The _vexillum_ of the Romans was a standard composed of a square piece
+of cloth fastened to a cross bar at the top of a spear, sometimes with a
+fringe all round as shown in Fig. 13, and sometimes fringed only below
+(No. 4, Fig. 16), or without a fringe, but draped at the sides (Fig.
+17). When placed over the general's tent it was a sign for marching, or
+for battle.
+
+               [Illustration: Fig. 16.--Roman Standards.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 17.]
+
+The _labarum_ of the emperors was similar in form, and frequently bore
+upon it a representation of the emperor, sometimes by himself and
+sometimes accompanied by the heads of members of his family. It has been
+said that the Emperor Constantine bore on the top of his standard the
+sign of the cross, but this was not so. The cross at that time was known
+only as a heathen emblem, and was not adopted by the Christians till
+afterwards. That which Constantine bore was what in his time was the
+only recognized Christian emblem--the first two letters of our Lord's
+name (Fig. 18)--the Greek X (English CH) and P (in English R). The
+_labarum_ was made of silk. The term is sometimes used for other
+standards, and its form may still be recognized in the banners carried
+in ecclesiastical processions. The _labarum_, like the _vexillum_, had
+sometimes fringes with tassels or ribbons.
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 18.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 19.]
+
+The dragon, an ensign of the Parthians, was adopted by the Romans as the
+standard of their cohorts. It appears as such on the Arch of Severus. It
+was also the device of the Dacians, and indeed seems to have been a
+general ensign among barbarians. Besides being carried as a separate
+figure in metal--as shown in Fig. 19--it was frequently embroidered in
+cotton or silk on a square piece of cloth borne on a cross bar elevated
+on a gilt staff; the bearer being called _draconarius_. From the Romans
+the dragon came to the Western Empire. It was borne by the German
+Emperors. In England also it was for some time the chief standard of the
+kings, and of the Dukes of Normandy, and according to Sir Richard Bacon
+it was the standard of Utor Pendragon, king of the Britons.[7] The
+golden dragon was in the eighth century the standard of Wessex, and it
+was displayed in a great battle in 742 when Ethelbald, the king of
+Mercia, was defeated. It was also borne on a pole by King Harold as a
+standard. It was borne by Henry VII. at Bosworth Field, and at a later
+date it was carried as a supporter by Henry VIII. and Edward VI., and
+also by Elizabeth. In many of the illuminations of MSS. in the fifteenth
+century we also find a gold dragon on a red pennon, as one of the
+ensigns in the French armies.
+
+    [7] Nisbet's _Heraldry_, vol. i. p. 343.
+
+The infantry flag of the Romans was red, that of the cavalry blue, and
+that of a consul white.
+
+The banners of the Parthians resembled those of the Romans, but they
+were more richly decorated with gold and silk.
+
+In early times the Greeks carried as a standard a piece of armour on a
+spear, but although they had an ensign, the elevation of which served as
+a signal for giving battle either by land or by sea, they were not
+regularly marshalled by banners. In their later history their different
+cities bore different sacred emblems. Thus the Athenians were
+distinguished by the olive and the owl, and the Corinthians by a
+Pegasus.
+
+At what time the form of standard which we call a flag was first used is
+not known. It was certainly not the earliest but the ultimate form which
+the standard assumed. The original form was some fixed object such as we
+have seen on the Egyptian and Roman examples, and the vexillum and
+labarum were transitional forms. The waving flag is said to have been
+first used by the Saracens. Another account is that the flag first
+acquired its present form in the sixth century, in Spain. The banners
+which Bede mentions as being carried by St. Augustine and his monks,
+when they entered Canterbury in procession, in the latter part of the
+sixth century, were probably in the form of the Roman labarum. He calls
+them little banners on which were depicted crosses.
+
+Of our own national flags the earliest forms were those which bore the
+cognizance of the ruler for the time being. The well-known ensign of the
+Danes at the time of their dominion in Britain was the raven. The
+dragon, as we have seen, was in the eighth century the cognizance of
+Wessex, and the Saxons had also on their standards a white horse. Of our
+later royal standards and those of other nations I shall speak
+afterwards.
+
+The forms of flags in our own country have varied very much. It was not
+till the time of the Crusades, when heraldry began to assume a definite
+form, that they became subject to established rules. Up to that period
+flags were, as a rule, small in size, and they usually terminated in
+points, like the more modern pennon. Such were the standards of the
+Normans. At the Battle of the Standard in 1138 the staff of the English
+standard was in the form of the mast of a ship, having a silver pyx at
+the top, containing the host, and bearing three sacred banners dedicated
+respectively to St. Peter, St. John of Beverley, and St. Wilfrid of
+Ripon, the whole being fastened--like the standards of the Persians and
+Assyrians--to a wheeled vehicle.
+
+From an early period the practice has prevailed of blessing standards,
+and this has continued to our own day in the British army when new
+colours are presented to a regiment--there being a special form of
+service at the consecration. The banner of William the Conqueror was one
+blessed and sent to him by the pope. Indeed, it has been the practice of
+the popes in every age to give consecrated banners where they wished
+success to an enterprise.
+
+
+
+
+          DIFFERENT KINDS OF FLAGS--GONFANON--PENNON--PENONCEL.
+
+
+In the middle ages almost every flag was a military one. A very early
+form, borne near the person of the commander-in-chief, was the Gonfanon.
+It was fixed in a frame made to turn like a modern ship's vane. That of
+the Conqueror, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, had three tails, and
+was charged with a golden cross on a white ground within a blue border.
+
+Of other forms of flags the principal varieties were the penoncel, the
+pennon or guidon, the banner, and the standard.
+
+The Pennon was a purely personal flag, pointed, borne below the
+lance-head by a knight-bachelor, and charged with the arms, or crest,
+and motto of the bearer. But in early times no knight displayed a pennon
+who had not followers to defend it--the mounting of this ensign being a
+matter of privilege, not of obligation. The order of knight-bachelor was
+the most ancient and originally the sole order, being the degree
+conferred by one knight on another without the intervention of prince,
+noble, or churchman, and its privileges and duties approached nearly to
+those of the knight-errant.[8]
+
+    [8] Sir Walter Scott, _Essay on Chivalry_, p. 79.
+
+The Penoncel, which was carried by the esquire, was the diminutive of
+the pennon, being one-half its breadth. It was borne at the end of a
+lance, and usually bore the cognizance or "avowrye" of the bearer. This
+flag was not carried by the esquire after the fight began, but was then
+either held by an inferior attendant, or put up by the owner's tent.
+
+
+                                BANNERS.
+
+The Banner was the flag of a troop, and was borne by knights, called
+after it bannerets, an order which held a middle rank between
+knights-bachelors and the barons or great feudatories of the crown. The
+flag of a knight-banneret was square at the end, but not an exact square
+on all the sides. The perfectly square banner was the flag of a baron,
+and of those of higher rank.
+
+It was only on the field of battle, and in presence of the royal
+standard, that a knight-banneret could be created. It was the custom for
+the commander of the host thus to reward the distinguished services of a
+knight-bachelor bearing a pennon, and he did so by tearing off the
+"fly," or outer part of that flag, and by so doing giving it a square
+form, thus making it a banner, and its bearer a knight-banneret. The
+ceremony is thus described by Blome.[9] "The king (or his general), at
+the head of the army, drawn up into battalia after a victory, under the
+royal standard displayed, attended with all the field-officers and
+nobles of the court, receives the knight led between two renowned
+knights or valiant men-at-arms, having his pennon or guydon of arms in
+his hand; and before them the heralds, who proclaim his valiant
+achievements, for which he deserves to be made a knight-banneret, and to
+display his banner in the field. Then the king (or general) says unto
+him _Advances toy, Bannaret_, and causes the point of his pennon to be
+rent off; and the new knight, having the trumpets before him sounding,
+the nobles and officers accompanying him, is remitted to his tent, where
+they are nobly entertained."
+
+    [9] _Analogia Honoria_. London, 1637; p. 84.
+
+But knights were thus promoted before a battle as well as after it.
+Froissart relates the manner in which the celebrated Sir John Chandos
+was made banneret by the Black Prince before the battle of Navarete. The
+whole scene forms a striking picture of an army of the middle ages
+moving to battle. Upon the pennons of the knights, penoncels of the
+squires, and banners of the barons and bannerets, the army formed, or,
+in modern phrase, dressed its line. The usual word of the attack was,
+"Advance banners in the name of God and Saint George." "When the sun was
+risen," writes Froissart, "it was a beautiful sight to view these
+battalions, with their brilliant armour glittering with its beams. In
+this manner they nearly approached to each other. The prince, with a few
+attendants, mounted a small hill, and saw very clearly the enemy
+marching straight towards them. Upon descending this hill he extended
+his line of battle on the plain, and then halted. The Spaniards, seeing
+the English halted, did the same, in order of battle; then each man
+tightened his armour and made ready as for instant combat. Sir John
+Chandos then advanced in front of the battalions, with his banner
+[pennon] uncased in his hand. He presented it to the prince, saying 'My
+lord, here is my banner; I present it to you that I may display it in
+whatever manner shall be most agreeable to you, for, thanks to God, I
+have now sufficient lands that will enable me so to do, and maintain the
+rank which it ought to hold.' The prince, Don Pedro being present, took
+the banner in his hands, which was blazoned with a sharp stake gules, on
+a field argent; and after having cut off the tail to make it square, he
+displayed it, and, returning it to him by the handle, said, 'Sir John, I
+return you your banner: God give you strength and honour to preserve
+it.' Upon this Sir John left the prince, and went back to his men with
+the banner in his hand."[10]
+
+    [10] Johnes' _Froissart_, vol. i. p. 731.
+
+A banneret was expected to bring into the field at least thirty
+men-at-arms--that is, knights or squires mounted--at his own expense;
+and each of these, again, besides his attendants on foot, ought to have
+had a mounted crossbow-man, and a horseman armed with a bow and
+axe--forming altogether a large troop. The same force might be arrayed
+by a knight under a pennon, but his accepting a banner bound him to
+bring out that number at least. After the reign of Charles IV. this
+obligation fell into disuse in France, and in England, soon after that
+time, it also ceased to be observed.[11] Judging, however, from the
+contemporary heraldic poem of the "Siege of Carlaverock" (June, 1300),
+it would appear that early in the fourteenth century there was a banner
+to every twenty-five or thirty men-at-arms. At that period the English
+forces comprised the tenants _in capite_ of the crown, who were entitled
+to lead their contingent under a banner of their arms--either by
+themselves or under a deputy of equal rank. Thus at Carlaverock the
+Bishop of Durham sent 160 of his men-at-arms, with his banner intrusted
+to John de Hastings. But his banner on this occasion bore, not the
+cognisance of the see, but simply his paternal arms. Having mentioned
+this old poem--in which the arms of every banneret in the English army
+are accurately blazoned--it may be interesting to give one of the
+opening verses, as an example of the Norman French of the period--
+
+      "La ont meinte riche garnement
+       Brode sur cendeaus et samis,
+       Meint beau penon en lance mis,
+       Meint baniere desploie."
+
+In English--There were many rich caparisons, embroidered on silks and
+satins, many a beautiful penon fixed to a lance, and many a banner
+displayed.
+
+    [11] Sir Walter Scott, _Essay on Chivalry_.
+
+In the Scottish wars, the banner of St. Cuthbert was, in the English
+army, carried by a monk. This continued to be done so late as the reign
+of Henry VIII. In the same way the banner of St. John of Beverley was
+carried by one of the vicars of Beverley College--who, by the way,
+received eight pence halfpenny per diem as his wages, to carry it after
+the king--a large sum in those days--and a penny a day to carry it
+back.[12] The bearer of a banner, or bannerer as he was called, was in
+these early times a very important personage. In the old paintings in
+MSS. the persons holding the national or royal banners are generally
+represented in the same kind of armour as the chief leaders. And they
+were liberally rewarded for their services. In 1361 Edward III. granted
+Sir Guy de Bryon 200 marks a year for life for having discreetly borne
+the king's banner at the siege of Calais in 1347.[13]
+
+    [12] Prynne's _Antiquae Constitutiones Angliae_, vol. iii. p. 118.
+
+    [13] _Calend. Rot. Patent._ p. 173.
+
+We learn from the "Siege of Carlaverock" that a pennon hung out by the
+besieged was the signal for a parley. When the castle surrendered there
+were placed on its battlements, we are told, the banners of the king, of
+St. George, of St. Edmund, and St. Edward, together with those of the
+marshall and constable of the army. To these were added the banner of
+the individual to whose custody the castle was committed. But it is
+doubtful whether in the fifteenth century any others but those of the
+king and St. George were affixed to captured fortresses.
+
+In France the office of custodier of national banners--such as the
+Oriflamme--was hereditary. It was the same in Ireland, which claims a
+higher antiquity in the use of banners than any other European nation;
+and in Scotland the representative of the great house of Scrymgeour
+enjoys the honour of being banner-bearer to the sovereign.[14]
+
+    [14] _Vicissitudes of Families and other Essays_, by Sir Bernard
+         Burke, 1st series, p. 387.
+
+It was the custom in early times to have banners suspended from
+trumpets. At the battle of Agincourt the Duke of Brabant, who arrived on
+the field towards the close of the conflict, is said, by St. Remy, to
+have taken one of the banners from his trumpeters, and, cutting a hole
+in the middle, made a surcoat of arms of it. To this circumstance
+Shakespeare thus alludes--
+
+      "I will a banner from my trumpet take
+       And use it for my haste."
+
+Chaucer, too, notices banners being suspended from
+trumpets--
+
+      "On every trump hanging a brod banere,
+       Of fine tartarium full richly bete,
+       Every trumpet his lorde's armes bere."[15]
+
+    [15] _Flour and the Leafe_, 1 211.
+
+At coronations banners were also used; and in the fifteenth century
+heralds, when despatched on missions, appear to have carried a banner
+bearing their sovereign's arms. Banners were also for a long time used
+at funerals. It was not till about the period of the Revolution that the
+practice fell into comparative desuetude.
+
+
+
+
+                     STANDARDS--THE ROYAL STANDARD.
+
+
+The Standard was a large long flag, gradually tapering towards the fly.
+According to the representation of a standard, in a heraldic MS. at
+least as early as the reign of Henry VII., in the British Museum, it was
+not quite so deep but very much longer than a banner,[16] and it varied
+in size according to the rank of the owner. In England that of a duke
+was seven yards in length, of a banneret four and a half, and of a
+knight-bachelor four yards.
+
+    [16] _Harleian MSS._ 2259, f. 186.
+
+The Royal Standard of England, when the sovereign in person commanded
+the army, appears to have been of two sizes. According to the MS.
+referred to, one of these standards is to be "sett before the Kynges
+pavillion or tente, and not to be borne in battayle, and to be in length
+eleven yards." The other--"the Kynges standard _to be borne_"--is to be
+"in lengthe eight or nine yards."
+
+The Royal Standard is a flag personal to the sovereign. It was not
+always exclusively so, for in the seventeenth century the Lord High
+Admiral, when personally in command of the fleet, and sometimes also
+other commanders-in-chief, flew as their flag of command, not the Union,
+but the Standard. It was so flown at the main by the Duke of Buckingham
+as Lord High Admiral, on the occasion when he disgraced the English flag
+in the unfortunate expedition against the Isle of Rhe in 1627. But now
+the Royal Standard is used only by the sovereign in person, or as a
+decoration on royal fete days. There are depicted on it the royal arms,
+which have had various forms in different periods of our history. The
+standard of Edward the Confessor was azure a cross flore between five
+martlets, or. The arms of William Duke of Normandy, emblazoned on his
+standard, were two lions, and they were borne by him and his successors,
+as the royal arms of England, till the reign of Henry II. That monarch
+married Eleanor, daughter and co-heiress of the Duke of Aquitaine, whose
+arms--one lion--Henry added to his own. Hence the three lions _passant
+gardant in pale_, borne ever since as the ensigns of England. These now
+occupy the first and fourth quarters of the standard, but they did not
+always do so. The fleurs-de-lis of France were, till a comparatively
+recent period, quartered with the English arms, having been first borne
+by Edward III. when he assumed the title of King of France. Many noble
+families, both in this country and on the Continent, have quartered the
+French lilies to show their origin, or in acknowledgment of the tenure
+of important fiefs there. Among the last may be mentioned the arms of
+Sir John Stewart of Darnley, who obtained from Charles VII. the lands
+and title of Aubigny, and the right to quarter the arms of France with
+his own. But in all these instances the fleurs-de-lis occupied a
+secondary place. So if Henry II. had desired merely to show his French
+connection, by maternal descent, he would have placed them in the second
+and third quarters. But he placed them in the first quarter, as arms of
+dominion, to indicate that he claimed the kingdom by right, and our
+sovereigns continued this idle pretence till so late as the reign of
+George III. It was not till the union with Ireland that it was
+discontinued.
+
+Some of the English kings bore personal standards besides the flag of
+their own arms. Edward IV., besides his royal standard, generally bore a
+banner with a white rose. Henry VII. at the battle of Bosworth Field had
+three personal standards, in addition to the standard of his own arms.
+The blazon of these three, and how the king disposed of them after the
+battle, are thus described in a contemporary manuscript:--"With great
+pompe and triumphe he roade through the Cytie to the Cathedral Church of
+St. Paul where he offered his iij standards. In the one was the image of
+St. George; in the second was a red firye dragon beaten upon white and
+green sarcenet; the third was of yellow tarterne [a kind of fine cloth
+of silk] in the which was painted a donne Kowe."[17]
+
+    [17] _Lansdowne MSS._ 255, f. 433.
+
+The Royal Standard of Scotland was a red lion rampant on a gold field
+within a red double tressure, flore counterflore, of which the origin is
+veiled in the mists of antiquity. Our great heraldic authority, Nisbet,
+in common with earlier writers, adopts the tradition which assigns the
+assumption of the rampant lion to Fergus I., who is alleged to have
+flourished as King of Scotland about 330 years before Christ. He also
+refers to the celebrated league which Charlemagne is said to have
+entered into in the beginning of the ninth century with Achaius, King of
+Scotland, on account of his assistance in war, "for which special
+service performed by the Scots the French king encompassed the Scots
+lion, which was famous all over Europe, with a double tressure, flowered
+and counterflowered with flower de luces, the armorial figures of
+France, of the colour of the lion, to show that it had formerly defended
+the French lilies, and that these thereafter shall continue a defence
+for the Scots lion and as a badge of friendship."[18] On the other hand
+Chalmers observes that these two monarchs were probably not even aware
+of each other's existence, and he suggests that the lion--which first
+appears on the seal of Alexander II.--may have been derived from the
+arms of the old Earls of Northumberland and Huntingdon, from whom some
+of the Scottish kings were descended. He adds, however, that the lion
+was the cognisance of Galloway, and perhaps also of all the Celtic
+nations. Chalmers also mentions an "ould roll of armes," preserved by
+Leland, said to be of the age of Henry III. (1216), and which the
+context shows to be at least as old as the reign of Edward I. (1272), in
+which the arms of Scotland are thus described: "Le roy de Scosce dor a
+un lion de goules a un bordure dor flurette de goules."[19] In 1471 the
+parliament of James III. "ordanit that in tyme to cum thar suld be na
+double tresor about his armys, but that he suld ber hale armys of the
+lyoun without ony mar." If this alteration of the blazon was ever
+actually made, it did not long continue.[20]
+
+    [18] _System of Heraldry_, vol. ii. part iii. p. 98.
+
+    [19]  _Caledonia_, i. 762, note (i.).
+
+    [20]  Seton's _Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland_, p. 425.
+
+With one noted exception Scotland never quartered the arms of any
+kingdom with her own. The exception was when Mary Stuart claimed the
+arms and style of England, and quartered these arms on her standard.
+This was perhaps the first, and, as it proved, an inexpiable provocation
+to Elizabeth.[21] Mary's mode of blazoning was peculiar. She bore
+Scotland and England quarterly--the former being placed first, and, over
+all, _the dexter half_ of an escutcheon of pretence, charged with the
+arms of England, the sinister half being obscured in order to intimate
+that she was kept out of her right.[22]
+
+    [21]  Hallam's _Constitutional History_, 4th edit. i. 127.
+
+    [22]  Strype's _Annals_, quoted by Mr. Seton, p. 427.
+
+On the accession of James I. the Royal Standard of England was altered.
+The arms of France and England quarterly appeared in the first and
+fourth quarters, those of Scotland in the second, and in the third the
+golden harp of Ireland, which had taken the place of the three crowns.
+But an exception occurred in the case of William III., who, on his
+landing in England, had a standard bearing the motto, "The Protestant
+Religion and Liberties of England," and, under the royal arms of
+England, instead of "Dieu et mon Droit," the words "And I will maintain
+it." Afterwards he impaled on his standard the arms of Mary with his
+own. They are represented in this form in a MS. of the Harleian Library,
+on a banner per pale orange and yellow. After his elevation to the
+throne William placed over the arms of the queen, which were those of
+her father James II., his own paternal coat of Nassau.[23]
+
+    [23] Willement's _Regal Heraldry_, p. 95.
+
+George III. when he left out the ensigns of France marshalled on his
+standard those of his Germanic states in an escutcheon of pretence--a
+small shield in the centre point. This was omitted on the accession of
+Queen Victoria, who bears on her standard the arms of England in the
+first and fourth quarters, Scotland in the second, and Ireland in the
+third. (See Plate IV. No. 1, p. 108.)
+
+But while the Royal Standard was, on the accession of James I., altered
+for England in the way I have described, it was displayed according to a
+different blazon in Scotland. For a long period, whenever the standard
+was used to the north of the Tweed, the Scottish arms had precedence by
+being placed in the first and fourth quarters. On the great seal of
+Scotland this precedence is still continued, and the Scottish unicorn
+also occupies the dexter side of the shield as a supporter. But on the
+standard the arms of Scotland have now lost their precedence, those of
+England being placed in the first quarter, and although there has been
+much controversy on the subject, I agree with Mr. Seton[24] that it is
+better that the arrangement should be so. The standard is the personal
+flag of the sovereign of one united kingdom, and heraldic propriety
+appears to require that only one unvarying armorial achievement should
+be used on it--that of the larger and more important kingdom taking
+precedence, although Nisbet[25] claims precedence for the Scottish arms
+on the achievement of Great Britain as those of "the ancientest
+sovereignty."[26] I certainly do not agree with Mr. Seton, however, that
+either in the arms or supporters precedence ought to be granted to
+England "in accordance with the sentiment of certain well-known
+classical lines:--
+
+        "'The Lion and the Unicorn
+            Were fighting for the Crown,
+          The Lion beat the Unicorn
+            All round the town.'"[27]
+
+    [24] _Scottish Heraldry_, p. 445.
+
+    [25] Vol ii. part iii. p. 90.
+
+    [26] Sir George Mackenzie says: "The King of Scotland being
+         equal in dignity with the Kings of England, France, and
+         Spain, attained to that dignity before any of these." He
+         therefore claims precedence for Scotland over all
+         these kingdoms. _Treatise on Precedency_, p. 4.
+
+    [27]  _Scottish Heraldry_, p. 446.
+
+I do not know where Mr. Seton got that version, inconsistent as it is
+alike with patriotism and with historical accuracy. It is certainly not
+the correct one. The true version, familiar to every boy in Scotland, is
+more impartial, and it has more fun in it. It runs thus:--
+
+        "The Lion and the Unicorn,
+           Fighting for the Crown:
+         Up came a little dog
+           And knocked them both down."
+
+--the "little dog" being the small lion which stands defiantly on the
+crown, and constitutes the royal crest at the top of the achievement.
+
+The supporters of the Scottish arms were two unicorns. In England,
+previous to the accession of the Stuarts, the supporters of the royal
+arms were changed at the caprice of the sovereign, and almost every king
+or queen adopted new ones. From these, and from the royal badges, came
+many of the curious names which may be found in old lists of ships. Such
+as the "Antelope," which refers to one of the supporters of Henry VI.;
+the "Bull" of Edward IV.; the "Dragon" of Henry VIII. and of Elizabeth.
+So also the badges: the "Sun," "Rose in the Sun," and "Falcon in the
+Fetterlock," were all worn by Edward IV. The "Double Rose" speaks for
+itself, and the "Hawthorn" belonged to Henry VIII.[28] The supporters
+assumed by King James, and continued to all his successors, were a lion
+on the dexter side, and on the sinister one of the Scottish
+unicorns--the latter displacing the red dragon of the Tudor family.
+
+    [28] _Heraldry of the Sea_, by J. K. Laughton, M.A.R.N., 1879.
+
+In ships the Royal Standard is never hoisted now except when her Majesty
+is on board, or a member of the royal family other than the Prince of
+Wales. When the latter is on board his own standard is hoisted. It is
+the same as that of the Queen, except that it bears a label argent of
+three points, with the arms of Saxony on an escutcheon of pretence. The
+standard of the Duke of Edinburgh is the same as that of the Prince of
+Wales, except that the points of the label are charged, the first and
+third with a blue anchor, and the second with the St. George's cross.
+Wherever the sovereign is residing the Royal Standard is hoisted; and on
+royal anniversaries and state occasions it is hoisted at certain
+fortresses or stations--home and foreign--specified in the Queen's
+Regulations.
+
+
+
+
+                       STANDARDS BORNE BY NOBLES.
+
+
+Standards borne by subjects were, in early times, according to the Tudor
+MS. to be "slitt at the end," but they appear to have been also borne
+square. This is the form in an old standard of Richard, Earl of
+Warwick--circa 1437--bearing his badge of the bear and ragged staff
+(Fig. 20). Shakespeare[29] alludes to this device when he puts into the
+mouth of Warwick the words--
+
+    "Now by my father's badge, old Neville's crest,
+     The rampant bear chained to the ragged staff."
+
+            [Illustration: Fig. 20.--Standard of the Earl of
+            Warwick, A.D. 1437.]
+
+But Shakespeare was out in his heraldry here, first in confounding the
+badge with a crest, and secondly in calling it Neville's, for the bear
+and the ragged staff had been the badge not of the Nevilles but of the
+Beauchamps, who preceded Warwick in the earldom.[30] This old Earl of
+Warwick had a similar device on the flag which he flew in his ship. It
+was a long flag, having the cross of St. George on the upper part--then
+the bear and ragged staff, and the remainder covered with ragged staffs.
+It is interesting to note that the account for this and other flags made
+for the earl in 1437, is preserved. The one just referred to is
+described as "a great Stremour for the ship of xi yerdis length and viij
+yerdis in brede," and the price for making it was "j^{li} vi^s
+viii^d."[31]
+
+    [29] _King Henry VI._ part ii. act v. sc. 1.
+
+    [30] Seton's _Scottish Heraldry_, p. 252.
+
+    [31] _Antiquities of Warwickshire._
+
+In the Advocates' Library there is preserved an interesting flag, which
+is said to have been the standard borne by the Earl Marshall at the
+battle of Flodden (Fig. 21). It is thus described in the paper which
+accompanies it: "The standard of the Earl Marshall of Scotland, carried
+at the battle of Flodden, 1513, by _black_ John Skirving of Plewland
+Hill, his standard-bearer. Skirving was taken prisoner, having
+previously, however, concealed the banner about his person. The relic
+was handed down in the Skirving family, and presented to the Faculty of
+Advocates by William Skirving of Edinburgh, in the beginning of the
+present century. The arms and motto are those of the Keith family."
+
+          [Illustration: Fig. 21.--Flag of the Earl Marshall.]
+
+The flag may have been borne by the earl at Flodden, but the devices on
+it are certainly not his _arms_. The arms of the Earl Marshall were,
+argent, on a chief gules three pallets or; or, as it is otherwise given
+by Nisbet, palle of six, or and gules. The _crest_ of the earl, however,
+was a hart's head, and he had for supporters two harts. His motto also
+was that which appears on the banner, "Veritas vincit." That the full
+arms should not appear on the standard I can understand, for it was not
+common to place them there, and in England the Tudor MS. prescribes
+that, besides the cross of St. George, standards and guidons are to have
+on them not the arms, but only the bearers "_beast_ or crest, with his
+devyce and word." It is possible, therefore, that the earl may have
+placed on his flag his well-known crest with the heads of the two harts
+forming his supporters, though such an arrangement would be unusual.
+
+    [Illustration: Fig. 22.--Standard of Earl Douglas, A.D. 1388.]
+
+The relic of a still older fight than that of Flodden is still preserved
+in Scotland in the standard borne by Earl Douglas at Otterburn--one of
+the most chivalrous battles, according to Froissart, that was ever
+fought. The story, as told in all the histories,[32] is that shortly
+before the battle, in a skirmish before Newcastle, Douglas, in a
+personal encounter with Percy, won the pennon of the English leader, and
+boasted that he would carry it to Scotland and plant it on his castle of
+Dalkeith; and till lately this standard was supposed to be the flag so
+captured. But recent investigation has shown that the flag--which, by
+the way, is not a pennon but a standard thirteen feet long--is that of
+Douglas himself, which of course his son would be careful to preserve
+and bring back. The flag is now much faded, and the second word of the
+motto was, when I saw it lately, not legible, but the motto is
+undoubtedly that of Earl Douglas, "Jamais arriere" (Fig. 22). The
+devices are not the arms as borne by his descendants the Dukes of
+Douglas;--indeed they are not arranged as a coat of arms at all. But the
+lion rampant for Galloway, the saltire for the lordship of Annandale,
+and the heart and the star, are all Douglas bearings. Curiously enough,
+there are two hearts, while the later earls bore only one, and there is
+only one star, while on their shields they carried three. The real
+trophies, the capture of which, in all probability, precipitated the
+battle, are to be found in two other relics which are preserved along
+with the flag. They consist of two lady's gauntlets, fringed with
+filigree work in silver, on each of which is embroidered the white lion
+of the Percys. The gloves are of different sizes, and were perhaps love
+pledges, carried by Percy suspended from his spear or helmet, as was the
+fashion of the time; and the loss of such tokens was quite as likely as
+the loss of a personal flag, to cause the Northumbrian knight to pursue
+Douglas and force him to battle.[33] These relics are in the possession
+of the family of Douglas of Cavers in Roxburghshire, descended from the
+earl who was slain at Otterburn.
+
+    [32] Tytler's _History of Scotland_, ii. 365, &c.
+
+    [33] Paper read by Mr. J. A. H. Murray of Hawick to the Hawick
+         Archaeological Society.
+
+           [Illustration: Fig. 23.--Banner of the Douglas's.]
+
+Along with them is preserved another old flag of the Douglas's, but
+evidently of a later date. It is a good example of the square banner
+borne by knights of noble rank. It is about 28 inches square, and bears
+on a shield the Douglas arms, but with the heart as originally borne
+before it was ensigned with a crown, and the chivalric motto still used
+by the Cavers family, "Doe or die" (Fig. 23).
+
+
+
+
+                         FLAGS BORNE BY TRADES.
+
+
+Besides national and personal flags, those of Trades and Companies were
+frequently carried in armies, and of these many examples occur in the
+illuminated copies of Froissart. On one occasion we find on a banner
+azure a chevron between a hammer, trowel, and plumb. On another there is
+an axe and two pairs of compasses. And on the painting of the battle
+between Philip d'Artevel and the Flemings, and the King of France,
+banners occur charged with boots and shoes, drinking vessels, &c. In
+Scotland an interesting example is preserved of a Trades flag which was
+borne at Flodden, and which was presented in 1482 by James III. to the
+Trades of Edinburgh (Fig. 24). It is familiarly known as the _Blue
+Blanket_, and is in the possession of the Trades' Maidens' Hospital of
+Edinburgh. In an accompanying memorandum it is described thus: "The Blue
+Blanket or standard of the Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh. Renewed by
+Margaret, Queen of James III., King of Scots: Borne by the craftsmen at
+the battle of Flodden in 1513, and displayed on subsequent occasions
+when the liberties of the city or the life of the sovereign were in
+danger."
+
+The field of the flag has been blue, but it is now much faded. In the
+upper corner is the white saltire of Scotland, with the crown above and
+the thistle in base. On a scroll in the upper part of the flag are the
+words, "Fear God and Honor the king with a long life and a prosperous
+reigne;" and, in a scroll below, the words, "And we that is Tradds shall
+ever pray to be faithfull for the defence of his sacred Majestes royal
+persone till death." The flag is about ten feet in length.
+
+        [Illustration: Fig. 24.--The "Blue Blanket," A.D. 1482.]
+
+
+
+
+                        FLAGS OF THE COVENANTERS.
+
+
+Of the flags borne in Scotland by the Covenanters, in their noble
+struggle for liberty, several are extant, and connected as they are with
+so important a part of Scottish national history, they are replete with
+interest. One of these, which is preserved by the Antiquarian Society of
+Edinburgh, bears the national cross, the white saltire of Scotland, with
+five roses in the centre point, and the inscription "For religion,
+Covenants, king, and kingdomes" (Fig. 25).
+
+     [Illustration: Fig. 25.--Flag of the Covenanters, A.D. 1679.]
+
+For the description of another of these flags of the Covenanters, to
+which a more than usual interest attaches, we are indebted to the late
+distinguished artist and archaeologist Mr. James Drummond, R.S.A.[34]
+Mr. Drummond says it was known as "the Bluidy Banner," and it is
+important as confirming a statement which had been disputed, namely,
+that Hamilton of Preston, who commanded the Covenanters at the battle
+of Bothwell Brig, gave out "No quarter" as the word of the day.
+Hamilton himself, in his "Vindication," not only acknowledges this,
+but boasts of it--"blessing God for it," he says, and "desiring to
+bless his holy name that since he helped me to set my face to his
+work, I never had nor would take a favour from mine enemies, either on
+the right or left hand, and desire to give as few." But Wodrow denies
+the statement--characterizing it as an unjust imputation on the
+Covenanters, and in this he is followed by Dr. M'Crie. The discovery of
+the flag, however, puts the matter beyond doubt. Mr. Drummond found it
+in the possession of an old gentleman and his sister in East Lothian,
+and it was only after much persuasion that he was allowed to see it and
+take a drawing of it. On his asking the old lady why she objected to
+show it to strangers, she said: "It's the Bluidy Banner, ye ken, and
+what would the Roman Catholics say if they kenned that our forbears had
+fought under such a bluidy banner." By Roman Catholics Mr. Drummond
+understood her to include Episcopalians and all others of a different
+religious persuasion from her own. The flag is of blue silk. The first
+line of the inscription, which is composed of gilt letters, is in the
+Hebrew language--"Jehovah Nissi"--the Lord is my banner. The next line
+is painted in white--"For Christ and his truths;" and then come the
+words, in a reddish or blood colour, "No quarters for y^e active enimies
+of y^e Covenant." The detailed account given by the custodiers to Mr.
+Drummond, left no doubt as to the authenticity of this flag. (See Plate
+II.)
+
+    [34] Paper read before the Society of Antiquarians of Scotland,
+         14th June, 1859.
+
+      [Illustration: PLATE II.
+      "THE BLUIDIE BANNER" CARRIED AT BOTHWELL BRIG. A.D. 1679.]
+
+
+
+
+                            NATIONAL FLAGS.
+
+
+But I must proceed to speak of our national flags. For a long time the
+distinguishing flag of England has been a red cross on a white field.
+The flag of Scotland is a white saltire (or St. Andrew's cross) on a
+blue field, and what has come to be called the flag of Ireland is a red
+saltire on a white field. But Ireland, strictly speaking, never had till
+lately a national flag. The kings of Ireland previous to 1172 were not
+hereditary but elective. They were chosen from among the petty kings,
+and each king, when elected, brought with him and continued to use his
+own standard. After the invasion of 1172 the standard of Ireland bore
+three golden crowns on a blue field, and the three crowns appear on
+ancient Irish coins. Henry VIII. relinquished this device for the harp,
+from an apprehension, it is said, that the three crowns might be taken
+for the triple crown of the pope; but the harp did not appear in the
+royal standard till it was placed there by James I. Neither had St.
+Patrick a cross. The cross-saltire, so far as it belongs to any saint,
+is sacred to St. Andrew only. The origin of the Scottish saltire,
+however, may possibly be found in the sacred monogram--the Greek X (CH),
+the initial letter of our Lord's name as borne by the Emperor
+Constantine, to which I have already referred. I do not know when the
+Irish saltire was first introduced, as a national flag, but from the
+early conquest of Ireland the Fitzgeralds have borne as their arms a red
+saltire on a white field.[35]
+
+    [35] _Heraldry of the Sea._
+
+
+
+
+                            THE UNION FLAG.
+
+
+In 1603, on the union of the _crowns_ of England and Scotland, the first
+union flag was formed by the combination of St. George's cross with the
+saltire of Scotland; but this flag appears to have been used for ships
+only. The order by the king for its construction and use bears to have
+been made "in consequence of certain differences between his subjects of
+North and South Britain anent the bearing of their flags;" and in the
+proclamation issued in 1606, King James appoints that "from henceforth
+all our subjects of this Isle and Kingdom of Great Britain shall bear in
+the maintop the red cross commonly called St. George's Cross, and the
+white cross commonly called St. Andrew's Cross, joined together
+according to a form made by our heralds, and sent by us to our admiral
+to be published to our said subjects." This was the first union flag.
+The Scots being, however, sensitively jealous of England, insisted on
+using their own national flag as well as the union, and it was no doubt
+owing to this that the proclamation goes on to provide that "in their
+foretop our subjects of South Britain shall wear the red cross only as
+they were wont, and our subjects of North Britain in their foretop the
+white cross only, as they were accustomed." In the ensign the union was
+not worn till a considerable time afterwards--the union by itself being
+then as now worn by the king's ships as a jack at the bowsprit.
+
+On the death of Charles I. the Commonwealth Parliament, professing to be
+the Parliament of England only, and of Ireland as a dependency, expunged
+the Scottish cross from the flag with its blue field. The flag of
+command ordered to take the place of the union, and to be borne by the
+admirals of the respective squadrons, at the main, fore, and mizen, is
+described[36] as "the arms of England and Ireland in two escutcheons on
+a red flag within a compartment or,"--that of the admiral, according to
+Mr. Pepys, being encircled by a laurel wreath, while those of the vice
+and rear-admirals were plain. The ensigns showed the Irish harp on the
+fly.[37]
+
+    [36] Order dated 5th March, 1649.
+
+    [37] _Heraldry of the Sea_, p. 8.
+
+On the Restoration in 1660 the union flag was reintroduced, and when
+England and Scotland became constitutionally united in 1707, this was
+confirmed, with an order that it should be used "in all flags, banners,
+standards, and ensigns, _both at sea and land_." The order in council
+bears "that the flaggs be according to the draft marked C, wherein the
+crosses of St. George and St. Andrew are conjoined;" but none of the
+drafts appear in the Register. A representation of this flag will be
+found in Plate III. No. I., and there being no draft to copy, I have
+given it according to the verbal blazon, viz. azure a saltire argent
+surmounted by a cross gules fimbriated of the second--that is, the St.
+George's cross with a narrow white border.
+
+On the union with Ireland in the beginning of the present century the
+Irish saltire was introduced. The St. George's cross remained as it was,
+but the saltires of Scotland and Ireland were placed side by side, but
+"counterchanged"--that is, in the first and third divisions or quarters,
+the white, as senior, is uppermost, and in the second and fourth the red
+is uppermost. The "verbal blazon," or written direction, is very
+distinct, but in making the flag, or rather in showing pictorially how
+it was to be represented, a singular and very absurd error occurred,
+which, in the manufacture of our flags, has been continued to the
+present day, and which it may be interesting to explain.
+
+The verbal blazon is contained in the minute by the king in council, and
+in the proclamation which followed on it, issued on 1st of January,
+1801. I need not give the technical words; suffice to say that the flag
+is appointed to be blue, with the three crosses, or rather, the one
+cross and two saltires combined. And, in order to meet a law in
+heraldry, that colour is not to be placed on colour, or metal upon
+metal, it is directed that where the red crosses of England and Ireland
+come in contact with the blue ground of the flag, they are to be
+"fimbriated"--that is, separated from the blue by a very narrow border
+of one of the metals--in this case silver, or white. Of heraldic
+necessity this border of both the red crosses fell to be of the same
+breadth. To use the words of the written blazon, the St. George's cross
+is to be "fimbriated _as the saltire_;" a direction so plain that the
+merest tyro in heraldry could not fail to understand it, and be able to
+paint the flag accordingly.
+
+Let me premise another thing. It is a universal rule in heraldry that
+the verbal blazon, when such exists, is alone of authority. Different
+artists may, from ignorance or from carelessness, express the drawing
+differently from the directions before them, and this occurs every day;
+but no one is or can be misled by that if he has the verbal blazon to
+refer to.
+
+Now, in the important case of the Union flag it so happened that the
+artist who, according to the practice usual in such cases, was
+instructed to make a drawing of the flag on the margin of the king's
+order in council, was either careless or ignorant or stupid. Most
+probably he was all three, and here is how he depicted it. The
+horizontal lines represent blue and the perpendicular red; the rest is
+white. (See Fig. 26.)
+
+      [Illustration: Fig. 26.--Union Flag as depicted A.D. 1801.]
+
+Now here, it will be observed, the red saltire of Ireland is
+"fimbriated" white, according to the instructions; and this is done with
+perfect accuracy, by the narrowest possible border. But the St. George's
+cross, instead of being fimbriated in the same way--which the written
+blazon expressly says it shall be--is not fimbriated at all. The cross
+is placed upon a ground of white so broad that it ceases to be a border.
+The practical effect of this, and its only heraldic meaning, is, that
+the centre of the flag, instead of being occupied solely by the St.
+George's cross, is occupied by _two crosses_, a white cross with a red
+one superinduced on it. So palpable is this that Mr. Laughton, the
+accomplished lecturer on naval history at the Royal Naval College, in a
+lecture recently published, suggests that this is perhaps what was
+really intended. "A fimbriation," he says, "is a narrow border to
+prevent the unpleasing effect of metal on metal or colour on colour. It
+should be as narrow as possible to mark the contrast. But the white
+border of our St. George's cross is not, strictly speaking, a
+fimbriation at all. It is a white cross of one-third the width of the
+flag surmounted of a red cross." And his hypothesis is that this may
+have been intended to commemorate a tradition of the combination of the
+red cross of England with the white cross of France.[38] The suggestion
+is ingenious and interesting, but it has clearly no foundation. There
+might have been something to say for it had there been only the drawing
+to guide us. In that case, indeed, the theory of Mr. Laughton, or some
+one similar, would be absolutely necessary to account for the two
+crosses. But Mr. Laughton overlooks the important facts, first, that we
+possess in the verbal blazon distinct written instructions; secondly,
+that where such exist no drawing which is at variance with them can
+possess any authority; and lastly, that in this case the verbal blazon
+not only is silent as to a second cross, but it expressly prescribes
+that there shall be only one, that of St. George. To that nothing is to
+be added--nothing, that is, but the narrow border or fimbriation
+necessary to meet the heraldic requirement to separate it from the blue
+ground of the flag, the same as is directed to be done, and as has been
+done, with the saltire of Ireland.
+
+    [38] _Heraldry of the Sea_, 1879.
+
+Some years ago I called the attention of the Admiralty to this
+extraordinary blunder, and I pointed out then, just what Mr. Laughton
+has done in his recent lecture, that the flag, as made, really shows two
+crosses in the centre. The Admiralty referred the matter to Garter King
+of Arms, but Sir Albert Woods, while he did not say a word in defence of
+the arrangement, would not interfere. "The flag," he said, "was made
+according to the drawing,"--which was too true--"and it was exhibited,"
+he added, "in the same way on the colours of the Queen's infantry
+regiments;" and, naturally enough, he declined the responsibility of
+advising a change. And so it remains. I may observe, however, that in
+one, at least, of the Horse Guards' patterns, the arrangement of the
+tinctures is not, as Sir Albert supposes, according to the original
+drawing, and it is different from the pattern prescribed by the
+Admiralty. I refer to the flag prescribed for the use of military
+authorities "when embarked in boats or other vessels." In that flag, of
+which an official copy is now before me, the fimbriation of the Irish
+saltire is of much greater breadth than it is in the Admiralty flag,
+while that saltire itself is considerably reduced in breadth.
+
+Besides the error in the border of the St. George's cross, the breadth
+of the Irish saltire in all our flags, as now manufactured, is less than
+that of the white cross of Scotland, which is clearly wrong. For obvious
+reasons, and according to the written blazon, they ought to be the same.
+Indeed, all the three crosses ought to be of the same breadth. So great,
+however, is the difference in practice, that in the official Admiralty
+Directions for the construction of a flag of given dimensions, while the
+St. George's cross is appointed to be 18 inches in breadth, that of St.
+Andrew is to be only 9 inches, and the Irish cross only 6--this last
+being exactly the same as the breadth appointed for the border of the
+cross of St. George!
+
+Figure II. of Plate III. shows the flag as made according to the
+erroneous pattern now in use. Figure III. shows it as it ought to be,
+and as it is appointed to be made by the distinct terms of the verbal
+blazon, in the order by the king in council. But the breadth of the St.
+George's cross I have left unaltered.
+
+It is to be hoped that heraldic propriety will prevail over a practice
+originating in obvious error, and that our national flag will be flown
+according to its true blazon. The correction would be very easily made.
+The reduction of the breadth of the border of St. George's cross and the
+slight increase in the width of the Irish saltire would be little
+noticed, while, besides correcting obvious errors, it would have the
+advantage of bringing the flag, in one important respect, into
+conformity with the design as represented on the coinage. On the reverse
+of our beautiful bronze coins the St. George's cross on Britannia's
+shield is fimbriated as it ought to be, that is, by the narrow border
+prescribed by the written blazon.
+
+          [Illustration: UNION FLAGS AND PENDANT.  PLATE III.]
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 27.]
+
+But if the penny is right in that respect, it exhibits another
+extraordinary example of our slipshod heraldry, by a variation of a
+different and more startling kind. My complaint against the flag, as
+made, is, that it represents four crosses, but on the penny there are
+only two. This was all right when the design was first made in the reign
+of Charles II., but when the third cross was added to the flag the three
+crosses should have appeared on the coin. A desire to adhere to the
+original design cannot certainly be pleaded, for there have been many
+changes in this figure of Britannia. She was first placed there by
+Charles II. in honour of the beautiful Duchess of Richmond, who sat to
+the sculptor for the figure. But her drapery on the coin of those days
+was very scanty, and her semi-nude state was hardly in keeping with the
+stormy waves beside which she was seated. Queen Anne, like a modest lady
+as she was, put decent clothing on her, and made her stand upright, and
+took away her shield, crosses and all. In the subsequent reigns she was
+allowed to sit down again, and she got back her shield, with the trident
+in her left hand and an olive-branch in the right. On the present
+coinage--a copy of which (the penny) is shown in Fig. 27--the drapery of
+Queen Anne is retained, but the figure is entirely turned round, and
+faces the sinister side of the coin, instead of the dexter, as at first,
+and the olive-branch (_absit omen_) has been taken away. But with all
+these changes there remain only two crosses on the shield. The reader
+will naturally suppose, however, that the omission consisted in not
+adding the Irish saltire to that of Scotland, which had been there from
+the first. But no. In this instance there was certainly no "injustice to
+Ireland," for the extraordinary thing is, that the St. Andrew's cross
+has been taken away altogether, and the saltire of Ireland,
+distinguished by its fimbriated border, has been put in its place,
+Scotland being not now represented on the coin at all. Of course this
+has arisen from mere carelessness at the Mint, but it is an error which
+ought to be at once corrected.
+
+
+
+
+                            THE UNION JACK.
+
+
+But to return to our flags. The Union Jack is a diminutive of the Union.
+It is exclusively a ship flag, and, although of the same pattern as the
+Union, it ought never to be called the Union _Jack_ except when it is
+flown on the jack-staff,--a staff on the bowsprit or fore part of a
+ship. It is extraordinary how little this distinction is understood. For
+example, in the Queen's Regulations for the army a list of stations is
+given at which it is directed that "the national flag, _the Union Jack_,
+is authorized to be hoisted." And in a general order issued from the
+North British Head Quarters as to the arrangements to be observed on a
+recent occasion of the sitting of the General Assembly in Edinburgh, it
+was stated that "the Union Jack" would be displayed from the Castle and
+at the Palace of Holyrood. But the _Union Jack_ is never flown on shore.
+The proper name of the national flag is _the Union_. It is the shore
+flag, and, except personal flags, the only one which is displayed from
+fortresses and other stations.
+
+At the Royal Arsenal and a few other stations the Union flag is
+displayed daily. At others, such as Sandgate Castle and Rye, it is flown
+only on anniversaries. At Tilbury, Edinburgh Castle, and other places,
+it is hoisted on Sundays and anniversaries. And there are similar rules
+for foreign stations.
+
+On board her Majesty's ships the Union is sometimes displayed, but only
+on special occasions. It is hoisted at the mizen top-gallant-masthead
+when the Queen is on board, the Royal Standard and the flag of the Lord
+High Admiral being at the same time hoisted at the main and fore
+top-gallant-mastheads respectively. And an Admiral of the Fleet hoists
+the Union at the main top-gallant-masthead. The Army Regulations,
+however, referring to the presence of the Queen on board ship, again
+confound the two flags, and prescribe that a salute shall be fired by
+forts whenever a ship passes showing the flags which indicate the
+presence of the sovereign, and among these is specified "_the Union
+Jack_ at the mizen top-gallant-masthead." If the commandant of a
+fortress acted on this, her Majesty might pass every day of the year
+without a salute, as he would certainly never see the Union _Jack_ in
+that position. The mistake is the more curious as the Regulations
+elsewhere distinguish the Union Jack from the Union by speaking of the
+latter as the "Great Union."
+
+The Jack when flown from the mast with a white border is the signal for
+a pilot. In this case it is called the Pilot Jack. When flown from the
+bowsprit of a merchant ship it must also have a white border.
+
+It has been said that the term "Jack" is derived from the name of the
+sovereign James I. (_Jacques_), in whose reign it was constructed. This
+is the legend at the Admiralty, but it is of doubtful authority. The
+Oxford Glossary says there is not a shadow of evidence for it, and
+traces the word to the surcoat worn of old by the soldiery called a
+_jacque_--whence jacket. But this also is doubtful.
+
+The Union, or junction of the three crosses, is used in other cases in
+the royal navy, and also in the merchant service, not by itself, but in
+certain combinations.
+
+
+
+
+                              THE ENSIGN.
+
+
+The flag under which all our ships now sail is the Ensign.
+
+In early times every chieftain or knight, whether serving in the field
+or on board ship, had his own distinguishing flag, and if several
+knights were embarked in one ship, the ship carried the flags of them
+all. In one of the illuminations of the reign of Henry VI., the sides of
+a ship are covered with shields, and in other examples armorial devices
+are even shown painted on the sails. When engaged in any active service,
+a ship would carry also the flag of the leader or admiral, and, in
+addition to this, the emblem of some patron saint, depending in this on
+the caprice or superstition of the owner. Besides these a ship usually
+bore the flag of her port--a usage which, so far as merchant ships are
+concerned, still holds among us in the practice of carrying what are
+known as "house flags," though now strictly subordinated to that of
+carrying the national ensign. With ships of other countries the usage
+continued till comparatively lately. In France, down to the Revolution,
+merchant ships flew the flag of their port more commonly than the flag
+of France; as for instance, of Marseilles, white with a blue cross; or
+of Dunkirk, barry of six argent and azure, with the alternative of the
+old English white ensign, white with a small St. George's cross in the
+upper corner next the hoist, derived from the English sovereignty in the
+seventeenth century.[39] In the same way in the Baltic: in the
+Netherlands almost every port had its own flag, and the free towns of
+Germany till quite recently followed the same practice. It was the same
+in England in early times--a sailor being more a sailor of his port than
+of his country.
+
+    [39] Laughton's _Heraldry of the Sea_.
+
+Now, as a rule, the ships of all countries sail under their national
+colours. With us the flag under which all our ships sail is the Ensign,
+of which there are three--the white, the blue, and the red. It is a
+large flag of one of the colours named, with the Union in a square or
+canton at the upper part of the hoist. I may explain that the portion of
+a flag next the staff or rope from which it is flown is called the
+hoist, the next is called the centre, and the outer portion the fly.
+Besides the Union in the canton, the white ensign has the St. George's
+cross extending over the whole field.
+
+Although the Union flag of Great Britain was appointed by royal order in
+1606, it was not inserted in the Ensign till 1707. Previous to that the
+Ensign bore only the English cross in the canton.
+
+In the royal navy, not always, but for some time previous to 1864, the
+fleet consisted of three divisions called the White, the Blue, and the
+Red Squadrons, each carrying its distinctive Ensign, and, latterly, each
+having its admiral called after the colour of his flag. But till 1805
+there was no admiral of the Red. Previous to that the admiral commanding
+in the centre flew at the main, not the red flag, but the Union.
+
+The first notice of the division of the fleet appears in a MS. report by
+Mr. Pepys, secretary to the Admiralty, in which it is stated that in the
+Duke of Buckingham's expedition against the Isle of Rhe in 1627 the
+fleet was thus divided. The notice is interesting:--"The Duke now lying
+at Portsmouth divided his Fleete into squadrons. Himselfe, Admirall and
+Generall in Chiefe, went in y^e Triumph, bearing the standard of England
+in y^e maine topp, and Admirall particular of the bloody colours. The
+Earle of Lindsay was vice-Admirall to the Fleete in the Rainbowe,
+bearing the king's usual colours in his fore topp, and a blew flag in
+his maine topp, and was admiral of the blew colours. The Lord Harvey was
+Rear Admirall in y^e Repulse bearing the king's usual colours in his
+mizen, and a white flag in the maine topp, and was Admirall of y^e
+squadron of white colours." In this instance it will be observed the
+blue flag took precedence of the white. Under the Commonwealth the blue
+was put down to the third place, and when on the Restoration the Union
+flag was reintroduced, the precedence of the three colours remained as
+it had been determined by the Commonwealth. The arrangement of the fleet
+into three divisions continued till 1864; but it often proved puzzling
+to foreigners, and it was found inconvenient in action. It was for this
+last reason that Lord Nelson, on going into action at Trafalgar, ordered
+the whole of his fleet to hoist the White Ensign, and it was under that
+flag that that great victory was gained.
+
+During the wars of the seventeenth century the Dutch fleets were also
+divided into three squadrons, distinguished, like the English, by the
+three colours--orange or red, white, and blue, and both with them and in
+our own service this was perhaps necessary when fleets consisted of such
+a large number of ships--our own numbering often as many as 200 sail.
+Latterly, when fleets were comparatively so much smaller, the
+distinctive colours became of less importance, and in 1864 the
+classification was discontinued. Now the White Ensign only is used by
+all her Majesty's ships in commission. Previous to this it had been
+ordered by royal proclamation, in 1801, that merchant ships should fly
+only the Red Ensign, and this is still the rule; but since the three
+divisions of the fleet were abolished, the Blue Ensign is allowed to be
+used by British merchant ships when commanded by officers of the Royal
+Naval Reserve, provided one-third of the crew be men belonging to the
+Reserve. By permission of the Admiralty the Blue Ensign is also allowed
+to be used by certain yacht clubs; and the members of one club--the
+Royal Yacht Squadron--have liberty to use the White Ensign.
+
+
+
+
+                             SPECIAL FLAGS.
+
+
+The flag of the Lord High Admiral is crimson, having on it an anchor
+and cable, and it is hoisted on any ship of which that high officer
+is on board. It is also hoisted at the fore top-gallant-masthead of
+every ship of which the Queen may be on board. The flag of an admiral
+is white with the cross of St. George on it. It is only flown by an
+admiral when employed afloat, and then at the main, fore, or mizen
+top-gallantmast-head, according as he is a full, vice, or rear admiral.
+
+The Union flag and the Blue Ensign are, with the addition of certain
+distinctive badges, used as personal flags by certain high officers, and
+also in particular departments of the service. For example, the flag of
+the Lord-lieutenant of Ireland is the Union with a blue shield in the
+centre, charged with a golden harp. The Governor-general of India has
+the Union with the Star of India in the centre surmounted by a crown,
+and this also is the flag of British Burmah. British ministers, charges
+d'affaires, fly the Union with the royal arms in the centre within a
+circle argent surrounded by a wreath. Our consuls have the Blue Ensign
+with the royal arms in the fly. There are also differences in the Union
+or Ensign with distinctive badges for other offices and departments, and
+for the Colonies.
+
+
+
+
+                              THE PENDANT.
+
+
+The Pendant is a well-known flag in ships of war. It is of two kinds,
+the long and the broad. The first is a long, narrow, tapering flag--the
+usual length being twenty yards, while it is only four inches broad at
+the head. An Admiralty Memorandum regarding the history of our flags
+bears that the origin of the long Pendant is generally understood to
+have been this:--After the defeat of the English fleet under Blake, by
+the Dutch fleet under Van Tromp, in 1652, the latter cruised in the
+Channel with a broom at the mast-head of his ship, to signify that he
+had swept his enemies off the sea. In the following year the English
+fleet defeated the Dutch, whereupon the admiral commanding hoisted a
+long streamer from his mast-head to represent the lash of a whip,
+signifying that he had whipped his enemies off the sea. Hence the
+Pendant, which has been flown ever since. This certainly has been the
+popular tradition, and the English admiral may, on the occasion referred
+to, have adopted a flag of the description and for the purpose
+mentioned, but it was not altogether a new form of flag. In the Tudor
+MS. we find a description of a long tapering flag of somewhat the same
+description. It is called a Streamer, and is appointed to "stand in the
+top of a ship or in the forecastle, and therein is to be put no armes
+but a man's conceit or device, and may be of length 20, 30, 40, or 60
+yards, and is slitt as well as a guydhomme or standard." From this
+description the streamer would appear to have been a personal flag
+bearing "the conceit or device"--crest, badge, or motto--of the owner.
+
+As now used in our navy the long pendant is of two colours--one white
+with a red cross in the part next the mast; the other blue with a red
+cross on a white ground. The first is flown from the mast-head of all
+her Majesty's ships in commission, when not otherwise distinguished by a
+flag or broad pendant. The other is worn at the masthead of all armed
+vessels in the employ of the government of a British colony. (See Plate
+III. No. IV.)
+
+The broad pendant or "burgee" is a flag tapering slightly and of a
+swallow-tailed shape at the fly. It is white with a red St. George's
+cross, and is flown only by a commodore, or the senior officer of a
+squadron, to distinguish his ship. If used by a commodore of the first
+class it is flown at the main top-gallant-masthead. Otherwise it is
+flown at the top-gallant-masthead.
+
+
+
+
+                        SIGNALS AND OTHER FLAGS.
+
+
+Signal flags are those which are used for communication between ships at
+sea. In the system instituted by James II. intelligence was communicated
+or messages interchanged by a confused number of flags exhibited at
+different parts of the ship. Now, signalling has been reduced to a
+complete system. The flags are of various shapes and colours, each flag
+representing a letter or number, and by a recent arrangement a universal
+code has been adopted by which vessels of different nations can now
+communicate.
+
+A flag of truce is white, both at sea and on land, but on board ship it
+is customary to hoist with it the national flag of the enemy--the white
+flag at the main and the enemy's ensign at the fore. On one occasion
+during the war in 1814 when the French frigate _Clorinde_ was about to
+be attacked by the British frigate _Dryad_, the commander of the former,
+being desirous to ascertain what terms would be granted in case he
+surrendered, hoisted French colours aft and English colours forward.
+Under cover of this the French frigate sent a boat with the message. The
+answer was a refusal to grant any terms, but the boat was allowed to
+return to the French frigate in safety before the _Dryad_ filled and
+stood towards her.
+
+The Ensign and Pendant at half-mast are the recognised signs of
+mourning. Sometimes also it is an expression of mourning to set the
+yards at what seamen call "a-cock-bill," that is all the yards topped up
+different ways on each mast; but this is chiefly done by foreigners,
+who, on Good Friday and other occasions, set their yards thus. It is
+also customary as a sign of mourning to paint the white lines of a ship
+of a blue colour. In older times, when ships were more gaudily painted
+and gilded than they are now, they were painted black all over as a sign
+of mourning.
+
+The red or bloody flag is a signal of mutiny, and as such it was
+displayed in our own navy on two noted occasions in the end of last
+century, when the fleet at Spithead mutinied, and afterwards that at
+the Nore. In the latter case the mutineers hauled down the flag of
+Vice-admiral Buckner and in its stead hoisted the red flag. It is a
+singular fact, however, and characteristic of the British seaman, that
+on the 4th of June, the king's birth-day, while the mutiny was at its
+height, the whole fleet, with the exception of one ship, evinced its
+loyalty by firing a royal salute, and displaying the colours usual on
+such occasions, the red flag being struck during the ceremony, and only
+re-hoisted when it was over.[40]
+
+    [40] James' _Naval History_, ii. p. 73.
+
+The yellow flag is the signal of sickness and of quarantine.
+
+
+
+
+                     USE OF FLAGS IN NAVAL WARFARE.
+
+
+Such are the principal naval flags. Of the circumstances in which they
+may or may not be legitimately used, especially in naval warfare, some
+interesting stories might be told.
+
+Although it is prohibited to merchant ships to carry the colours used in
+the navy, this may be done in time of war to deceive an enemy. I may
+mention one instance when it was practised with happy effect. In the
+French war in 1797 the French Rear-admiral Sarcy, when cruising with six
+frigates in the Bay of Bali, came in sight of five of our Indiamen--one
+of them, the _Woodford_, Captain Lennox. They were homeward bound, and
+all richly laden, and to all appearance they had no chance of escape,
+when Captain Lennox rescued them by an act of great judgment and
+presence of mind. He first of all hoisted in his own ship a flag which
+the French admiral knew well--that of the British Admiral Rainier, blue
+at the mizen, and he made all the other ships in his company hoist
+pendants and ensigns to correspond. But he did more. He detached two of
+the Indiamen to chase and reconnoitre the enemy; and as these advanced
+towards the French reconnoitring frigate the _Cybele_, the latter,
+completely deceived, made all sail to join her consorts with the signal
+at her mast-head--"The enemy is superior in force to the French." On
+this the French admiral, believing that he was in the presence of a
+powerful British squadron, made off with his frigates under all sail,
+and Captain Lennox and his consorts completed their voyage in safety.
+When Admiral Sarcy discovered afterwards the ruse that had been
+practised on him, and which had lost him a prize of such great value,
+his mortification may be imagined.
+
+In going into action it is the custom with the ships of all nations to
+hoist their national colours. Nelson at Trafalgar carried this to
+excess, for he hoisted several flags lest one should be shot away. The
+French and Spaniards went to the opposite extreme, for they hoisted no
+colours at all, till late in the action, when they began to feel the
+necessity of having them to strike.[41] Nelson on that occasion ran his
+ship on board the _Redoubtable_, a large seventy-four gun ship, and
+fought her at such close quarters that the two ships touched each other.
+Twice Nelson gave orders to cease firing at his opponent, supposing she
+had surrendered, because her great guns were silent, and as she carried
+no flag there was no means of instantly ascertaining the fact. It was
+from the ship which he had thus twice spared that Nelson received his
+death wound. The ball was fired from the mizen-top, which, so close were
+the ships, was not more than fifteen yards from the place where he was
+standing. Soon afterwards the _Redoubtable_, finding further resistance
+impossible, hoisted her flag, only to haul it down again in sign of
+surrender, within twenty minutes after the fatal shot had been fired. In
+this great battle each of the Spanish ships had in addition to her
+ensign a large wooden cross hung to the end of her spanker boom.
+
+    [41] Southey's _Life of Nelson_.
+
+When a ship surrenders the fact is usually intimated by her hauling down
+her flag, but in Lord Cochrane's spirited attack on the French fleet in
+Basque Roads in 1809, two of the French ships, the _Varsovie_ and
+_Aquilon_, made the token of submission by each showing a Union Jack in
+her mizen chains; and in other instances during the war French ships
+hoisted a Union Jack as the signal of their having struck.
+
+Of course when a ship has surrendered the fire of both ships ceases. In
+an action off Lissa between British ships and a Franco-Venetian
+squadron, the French ship _Flore_ surrendered to the British frigate
+_Amphion_. Immediately afterwards the Venetian frigate _Bellona_ bore up
+and commenced a heavy fire against the _Amphion_, and some of the shot
+struck the captured ship on the other side. Supposing, erroneously, that
+the shot came from the British ship, one of the officers of the _Flore_,
+in order to make more clear the fact of her having absolutely
+surrendered, took the French ensign, halliards and all, and holding them
+up in his hand over the taffrail to attract the attention of the
+_Amphion's_ people, threw the whole into the sea. Having captured the
+_Bellona_ also, the captain of the _Amphion_ temporarily left the
+surrendered ship while he pursued another of the enemy, the _Corona_,
+which he also captured. When thus engaged, however, he was mortified to
+see his first prize, the _Flore_, notwithstanding her emphatic act of
+submission, dishonourably stealing away, and she actually effected her
+escape into the harbour of Lessina. Captain Hoste, who commanded the
+British squadron, afterwards sent a letter by a flag of truce to the
+captain of the _Flore_, demanding restitution of the frigate in the same
+state as when she struck her flag and surrendered to the _Amphion_; but
+the commander of the French squadron replied by a letter, neither signed
+nor dated, denying that the _Flore_ had struck, and falsely asserting
+that the colours had been shot away. The letter was sent back and the
+demand repeated, but no answer was returned.
+
+I may mention another instance in which captured colours were thrown
+into the sea in token of surrender under different circumstances, but
+not more creditable to the vanquished party. In the war between America
+and the Barbary States in the early part of the century, the United
+States schooner _Enterprise_, under the command of Lieutenant Sterrett,
+fell in with and engaged a Tripolitan polacre ship, and in the course of
+the action the colours of the latter were either shot away or struck--in
+all probability the latter, for the Americans believed she had
+surrendered and quitted their guns. The Corsair, however, re-hoisted her
+flag and continued the action. Thereupon the _Enterprise_ poured in so
+destructive a fire that her opponent this time unequivocally hauled down
+her colours, and Lieutenant Sterrett ordered her under his lee quarter.
+This order was obeyed, but the Tripolitan, when he got there, thinking
+his position favourable, re-hoisted the red flag, and having poured
+another broadside into the _Enterprise_, prepared to board. The
+Americans, justly incensed at this treacherous act, delivered a raking
+broadside which effectually terminated the affair. The Tripolitan
+captain now abjectly implored the quarter which he had justly forfeited,
+and bending over the waist barricade of his ship, and as an indication
+of his sincerity, raised his colours in his arms and threw them into the
+sea.
+
+In contrast to the conduct of the captain of the _Flore_ in carrying off
+his ship after he had surrendered, may be mentioned the very different
+course taken by the officer in command of a French 40-gun frigate, the
+_Renommee_, which was captured off Madagascar in 1811, after an action
+between a French squadron, and a British squadron under Captain
+Schomberg. From the state of the British ships after the action, Captain
+Schomberg, when night was coming on, could only send on board the prize
+a lieutenant of marines and four seamen, in a sinking boat. At this time
+the _Renommee_ had a crew of nearly 400 effective officers and men, and
+they could have had at once retaken the ship and got off during the
+night. The crew wished to do so, but Colonel Barrois, who--the captain
+having been killed--was now, according to the etiquette of the French
+service, the commanding officer, acting on a high principle of honour,
+refused to give his sanction, as they had surrendered by striking their
+flag. The lieutenant and his few hands remained accordingly in quiet
+possession of the prize, till the prisoners were taken out next morning,
+and a proper prize crew placed on board.
+
+When an action takes place at night, when flags cannot be seen, other
+modes of intimating surrender have to be reverted to. In the war with
+America, in 1815, when a British ship in a disabled state found she had
+no alternative but to surrender at midnight to an American ship of
+superior force, she did so by firing a lee gun and hoisting a light. In
+another case a French frigate, the _Nereide_, after a severe action
+during night with the British frigate _Phoebe_, surrendered to the
+latter by hauling down a light she had been carrying, and hailing that
+she surrendered. In another case a French ship intimated the fact of her
+surrender by hoisting a light and instantly hauling it down.
+
+When a ship has surrendered and is taken possession of, the captor
+hoists his ensign over that of the enemy. In one instance a mistake in
+this produced disastrous results. In the celebrated capture of the
+_Chesapeake_ off Boston in 1813, when the American flag was struck, the
+officer of the _Shannon_ who was sent on board the _Chesapeake_ to take
+possession, inadvertently--owing to the halliards being tangled--bent
+the English flag below the American ensign instead of above it. By this
+time the two ships were drifting apart, and when the _Shannon's_ people
+saw the American stripes going up first they concluded that their
+boarding party had been overpowered, and at once reopened their fire, by
+which their first-lieutenant and several of their own men were killed.
+The mistake was discovered before the flags had got halfway to the mizen
+peak, when they were hauled down and hoisted properly. In this brilliant
+but short action--for between the discharge of the first gun and the
+conclusion of the fight only fifteen minutes elapsed--the American ship,
+by way of display, carried more than the ordinary number of flags. She
+flew three ensigns, one at the mizen, one at the peak, and one, the
+largest of all, in the starboard main rigging. She had besides, flying
+at the fore, a large white flag inscribed with the words "Sailors'
+Rights and Free Trade," with the intention, it was supposed, of damping
+the energy of the _Shannon's_ men by this favourite American motto. The
+_Shannon_ had the Union at the fore and an old rusty blue ensign at the
+mizen peak, and besides these she had one ensign on the main stay and
+another in the main rigging, both rolled up and "stopped" ready to be
+cast loose in case either of the other flags should be shot away.
+
+A similar display of flags occurred on the occasion of the encounter off
+Valparaiso in 1814 between the British 36-gun frigate _Phoebe_ and the
+United States 32-gun frigate _Essex_, which resulted in the capture of
+the latter. Captain Porter, who commanded the American ship, made an
+attempt, as in the case of the _Chesapeake_, on the loyalty of the
+_Phoebe's_ seamen, by hoisting at his fore top-gallant-mast head the
+stock motto, "Free Trade and Sailors' Rights." This, in a short time,
+the British ship answered with the St. George's ensign and the motto,
+"God and Country--British sailors' best rights: Traitors offend them."
+Subsequently the _Essex_ hoisted her motto flag at the fore, and another
+on the mizen mast, with one American ensign at the mizen peak and a
+second lashed on the main rigging. Not to be outdone in decorations the
+British ship hoisted her motto flag with a profuse display of ensigns
+and union jacks, and all these were flying when the American ship was
+captured.
+
+To hoist false colours in time of war in order to entice an enemy within
+reach has always been considered legitimate, but it is not allowable to
+engage, or to commit any hostile act, under them. While it is considered
+legitimate to mislead, however, it is not legitimate to cheat. An
+example of what might appear to be a distinction without a difference is
+afforded by a case which occurred in 1783, when the French ship
+_Sybille_, a powerful 36-gun frigate, was sighted off Cape Henry by the
+_Hussar_ of 28 guns. The _Sybille_ had, a few days before, had a drawn
+fight with one of our ships of the same force, and, in consequence of
+injuries she had then received, had been dismasted in a puff of wind,
+and was under jury masts. As she was unable to chase the _Hussar_, she
+sought to entice her alongside, in order to take her by boarding, and
+accordingly she hoisted at the peak the French ensign under the English,
+as if she had been captured. All this was legitimate, and the _Hussar_
+might or might not have been deceived by it. But the French captain did
+something more. He hoisted in the main shrouds an English ensign
+reversed, and tied in a weft or loop. Now this was a well-known signal
+of distress--an appeal to a common humanity, which no English officer
+was ever known to disregard, and the _Hussar_ closed at once. But
+fortunately her crew were at quarters, and the _Sybille_, hauling down
+the English flag at the peak and hoisting the French above, endeavoured
+to run her on board. Her extreme rolling, however, steadied by no
+sufficient sail, exposed her bottom, and several shots from the _Hussar_
+went through her very bilge. By this time another of our ships, the
+_Centurion_ of 50 guns, had come up, and the _Sybille_ struck her
+flag--the reversed ensign with its weft, so dishonourably hoisted,
+remaining in the main shrouds. The English officer who took possession
+sent the French captain on board the _Hussar_, and he presented his
+sword to Captain Russell on the quarterdeck. Russell took the sword,
+broke it across, and threw it on the deck; and sending the Frenchman
+below, kept him in close confinement in the hold till his arrival in
+port some days later.[42]
+
+    [42] Laughton's _Heraldry of the Sea_.
+
+I may mention another case where a legitimate ruse was successfully
+practised on an enemy by our great naval commander, Lord Cochrane. It
+occurred in the early part of his brilliant career, when he was cruising
+in the Mediterranean in his little brig the _Speedy_. This small craft,
+under her daring and skilful commander, had made herself so much an
+object of terror by the many captures she had made that a Spanish
+frigate, heavily armed, was fitted out and sent after her. In order to
+get near the _Speedy_ the Spaniard was disguised as a merchantman. For
+the same reason, Lord Cochrane, to lull suspicion and enable him to get
+near the merchant craft of the enemy, had also disguised his small
+vessel, and was sailing as a merchant brig under Danish colours.
+Perceiving the supposed Spanish merchantman, Lord Cochrane at once gave
+chase, and he only discovered his mistake when his formidable antagonist
+opened her ports and showed her teeth. At the same time the Spaniard
+lowered a boat to go on board the _Speedy_ and see what she was.
+Discovery and capture were apparently now unavoidable, but Lord Cochrane
+was equal to the occasion. Hoisting the yellow flag--the dreaded signal
+of sickness and quarantine--he made straight for the frigate, and,
+having dressed a petty officer in Danish uniform, on the gangway, he
+ordered him to hail the boat with the intimation that they were out just
+two days from Algiers, where it was well known the plague was then
+violently raging. This was enough. The boat pulled back, and the frigate
+at once filled and proceeded on her course.
+
+It was a narrow escape; yet the crew of the _Speedy_ complained loudly
+that they had not been allowed to fight the frigate! They had been
+admirably trained, and had implicit confidence in their brave commander,
+and thought he was equal to anything. Lord Cochrane was not a man to
+disregard murmurs uttered in such a direction, and he told them that if
+they really wanted a fight they would get it with the first enemy they
+came across, whatever she might be. They had not long to wait before
+they fell in with a large Spanish zebec, the _Gamo_, which, to the
+astonishment of the big ship, Lord Cochrane immediately attacked. A
+fight with the guns could not have lasted long, for the Spanish ship
+carried 30 heavy guns with a crew of upwards of 300 men, while the
+_Speedy_ had only 14 four-pounders and a crew of 54 all told. Lord
+Cochrane, therefore, notwithstanding this immense disparity of force,
+determined, as his only chance, to board the frigate, and this he
+succeeded in doing, taking his entire crew with him and leaving only the
+surgeon at the wheel. A deadly hand-to-hand conflict ensued, when, just
+as his small band were nearly overpowered, Lord Cochrane ordered one of
+his men to haul down the Spanish colours. This was promptly done, and
+the Spaniards--their commander having been killed--thinking that their
+own officers had struck, ceased fighting, and Lord Cochrane became
+master of the frigate. How to take care of his numerous prisoners was
+not a small difficulty, but he succeeded in doing so, and brought his
+prize safely into Port Mahon. It was one of the most brilliant affairs
+in the glorious life of this great seaman.
+
+Another interesting example of an enemy's ship being taken in
+consequence of her colours being hauled down, not by her own officers
+but by the party assailing, occurred at a much earlier period in an
+action between the British and Dutch fleets off the English coast. A
+runaway boy--Thomas Hopson--an apprentice to a tailor in the Isle of
+Wight, had just before come on board the admiral's ship as a volunteer.
+In the midst of the action he asked a sailor how long the fight would
+continue, and was told that it would only cease when the flag of the
+Dutch admiral was hauled down. The boy did not understand about the
+striking of colours, but he thought if the hauling down of the flag
+would stop the fight it might not be difficult to do. As the ships were
+engaged yard-arm and yard-arm, and veiled in smoke, Hopson at once ran
+up the shrouds, laid out on the mizen-yard of his own ship, and having
+gained that of the Dutch admiral he speedily reached the
+top-gallant-mast head and possessed himself of the Dutch flag, with
+which he succeeded in returning to his own deck. Perceiving the flag to
+be struck the British sailors raised a shout of victory, and the Dutch
+crew, also deceived, ran from their guns. While the astonished admiral
+and his officers were trying in vain to rally their crew the English
+boarded the ship and carried her. For this daring service the boy was at
+once promoted to the quarter-deck, and he rose to be a distinguished
+admiral under Queen Anne.
+
+
+
+
+                    INTERNATIONAL USAGE AS TO FLAGS.
+
+
+In time of peace it is considered an insult to hoist the flag of one
+friendly nation over that of another. This has given rise to an order
+that national flags are not to be used for decoration or in dressing
+ships. This order has reference more particularly to two flags, which
+are in ordinary use as signal flags. One of these is the French
+tricolour, but with the red and blue transposed; the other is the Dutch
+flag turned upside down, and there are two pendants to match. An
+unintentional departure from this rule gave rise to some unpleasantness
+on one occasion in the early part of this century. On the 23d of April,
+1819, the English frigate _Euryalus_, lying at St. Thomas in the West
+Indies, had dressed ship in honour of St. George's day--the fete of the
+Prince Regent--and in doing so had made use of the blue, white, and red
+flag, which four years before had been the national flag of France. A
+three-coloured pennant hung down from the spanker boom and trailed in
+the water, and another three-coloured flag was at the lower end of the
+line pendant from the flying boom. This was observed by the French
+Rear-admiral Duperre, who was there in the _Gloire_, and he demanded and
+received apologies for what he conceived to be an insult offered to a
+flag which had lately been the flag of France, and under which he and
+many of his officers and men had served.[43]
+
+    [43] _Heraldry of the Sea_, p. 28.
+
+If a foreign flag is hoisted on shore--as it often is in compliment to
+some distinguished stranger--it must have the staff to itself. In 1851,
+when the queen of Louis Philippe visited Oban, the proprietor of the
+Caledonian Hotel, at which she resided, in compliment to his visitor,
+and in ignorance, no doubt, of the proprieties of the case, hoisted the
+French flag over the Union. This excited the indignation of an old
+pensioner, John Campbell, who had been a sergeant in the 71st
+Highlanders--the regiment of Campbell of Lochnell--and he went to the
+innkeeper and demanded that matters should be put right. As no attention
+was paid to his remonstrance, he then and there cut down the French
+flag, and dared the innkeeper to hoist it again in that manner. The
+residents in Oban were so pleased with Campbell's spirited conduct that
+they presented him with a silver-headed stick.
+
+In gun practice it is also held to be an insult to take as a mark the
+flag of another nation, and sometimes unintentional offence has been
+given through mistakes about the flags in such circumstances. For the
+following I am indebted to a distinguished naval officer who was
+cognizant of the circumstances. Some twenty years ago, when the French
+had an army of occupation in Syria, and their fleet and ours were lying
+amicably together at Beyrout, some of the English ships having occasion
+to practise the men with their rifles, put out their respective
+targets--which generally consisted of bits of old flags fastened to a
+stick, and stuck in a small cask anchored off at the required
+distance--and commenced firing. Presently a boat with a superior officer
+was seen pulling in hot haste from the French flagship. It afterwards
+transpired that the boat was conveying a polite request that the English
+would refrain from firing on the French flag--the officer at the same
+time pointing to an exceedingly dirty piece of bunting which was being
+riddled by the bullets from one of her Majesty's ships. "That's not the
+French flag," was the answer of the English. "Yes, I assure you," the
+Frenchman replied, "we are nearer than you are, and can see the colours.
+And, pardon me," he added, "another of your ships is at the present
+moment, in this Turkish port, firing on the Turkish flag"--pointing at
+the same time to another target, consisting of a faded bit of red
+bunting. Inquiries were made, and what had been taken for the Tricolour
+was found to be a piece of an old condemned Union Jack, that had
+unfortunately been nailed on to the staff without due regard to the
+position of the colours, while the so-called Turkish flag was discovered
+to be a fragment of an old English red ensign.
+
+To the same naval officer I am indebted for the following amusing
+incident, which I am glad to give in his own words, as he was personally
+concerned in it. "About the same time," he writes, "another occurrence
+of the same kind took place at Larnaca, in Cyprus. It happily ended
+well, but at one time it looked quite serious. One of our surveying
+vessels had taken advantage of a lull in the work to practise her crew
+with her formidable armament of two twenty-four pounders, and on a
+bright calm Mediterranean morning the gunner was sent for by the senior
+lieutenant, and directed to prepare a target. But here there arose a
+difficulty. The ship had been a long time from Malta, stores of all
+kinds were scarce, and of old bunting there was absolutely none. The
+gunner was in despair, but a marine came to the rescue, and offered his
+pocket-handkerchief as a substitute. It was about the usual size of such
+articles, and as it had been bought at Malta while disturbances were
+pending at Naples, it had the Italian colours, green, white, and red,
+together with a pendant, printed on it, and on the white part some
+patriotic sentences in Italian. The whole presented an ancient and faded
+appearance, but the gunner accepted it with thanks.
+
+"So it was duly nailed on a staff stuck into a small cask, and anchored
+about 600 yards to seaward. After the firing from the howitzers was
+finished the men were ordered to fire on it with rifles, which for a
+time they did. While this was going on a small French brig happened to
+be lying in the roads, and during the forenoon a boat was observed
+pulling from her in the direction of the target, but it did not venture
+very close; the firing was not suspended, and nothing further was
+thought about it. Before going to dinner in the middle of the day, a
+boat was sent to examine the target to see if it would float, as it was
+intended to continue the practice in the afternoon, and although it was
+reported to have been knocked about a good deal, it was thought it might
+remain afloat as long as it would be required, and so it was left. About
+an hour afterwards, however, it disappeared, and went to the bottom.
+
+"The lieutenant, who had been weary with his work and had gone to bed
+early, was much astonished at being sent for by the captain about
+midnight. A formal despatch from our consul had come on board, inclosing
+a communication from the French representative giving a detailed account
+of what was described as a gross insult to the French flag, perpetrated
+by H.M.S. ----, and demanding all kinds of apologies. The prime mover in
+the affair, it appeared, was a certain captain Napoleon something, the
+commander of the little brig. His story was that he had seen with
+indignation the flag of his country--in size six feet square by his
+account--carried out by an English man-of-war boat, and deliberately
+fired upon. He and his crew, he said, had got into their boat determined
+to rescue the desecrated ensign, 'even at the risk of their lives,' but
+on getting near they had thought better of it, and pulled ashore
+instead. Here he had collected all the French residents he could get,
+whom he harangued, and having persuaded them that the scarcely visible
+speck was in truth their national flag, he got them to sign a strongly
+worded protest, and go with it along with him in a body to the French
+consul. Reparation, they said, must be made--the insulted flag must be
+saluted. So great was the excitement and so plausible the story that the
+French consul, pending negotiations, sent to Beyrout requiring the
+immediate presence of a French man-of-war. In fact there was all the
+groundwork of a very pretty row. Meantime the cause of all the commotion
+was lying at the bottom of the sea, with five or six fathoms of water
+over it. A written explanation of the circumstance was sent from the
+ship, and a meeting arranged for next day at the English consulate; and
+in the meantime a number of boats were sent early in the morning to try
+and fish up the bone of contention, as without it there was only the
+English word against the French. At the consulate there was a stormy
+meeting--much hard swearing and vociferation on the part of the French
+captain and his crew, with the affidavits of any number of respectable
+French residents, formally drawn up and signed. Everybody was getting
+very angry, and prospect of an amicable settlement there was none, when
+in a momentary lull the English lieutenant asked the French captain--who
+had for the fiftieth time declared that it _was_ a French flag, and six
+feet square at least--'whether it was likely that he knew more about it
+than the marine who had blown his nose with it for the last six months.'
+This in some measure restored good humour. The meeting separated in a
+more friendly spirit than had at first seemed possible, and when, on the
+following day, a lucky cast of the grapnel brought to the surface the
+innocent cause of the disturbance, there was an end of the matter. Torn
+by bullets, draggled and wet as it was, the wretched handkerchief was
+borne in triumph to the French consulate, and of course there was no
+more to be said. The consul made the proper _amende_, and the
+man-of-war, which actually appeared from Beyrout a few hours afterwards
+to vindicate the honour of the French flag, returned to her anchorage."
+
+I shall just add one more incident of the same kind, for which I am
+indebted to another naval officer. In 1879 an English corvette visited
+Tahiti. The island, being under French protection, flies a special flag,
+and as it is one which is not supplied to English men-of-war, it is
+usual, when it is necessary for them to salute, to borrow a protectorate
+flag from the authorities. On the occasion in question, accordingly, the
+flag was sent off by the governor's aide-de-camp (a naval officer) on
+the evening of the corvette's arrival at Papeite, and the flag having
+been hoisted on the following morning, the salute was duly fired. But
+the display of the flag caused a terrible commotion on shore. On such
+occasions the whole population turns out to see the salute, and the
+beach of the beautiful land-locked, or rather reef-inclosed, harbour was
+crowded with French and Tahitians watching the corvette, which was
+moored close under the town. The cause of the commotion was that the
+flag had been improperly made, so that in hoisting it the French ensign,
+by pure inadvertence, appeared underneath that of Tahiti. The
+indignation of the French was great, and they hastened to complain to
+the governor that their flag had been deliberately insulted by her
+Majesty's ship. The mistake, fortunately, lay entirely with the
+authorities on shore. It was only on hauling it down that the officer in
+command found it had been caused by the flag being improperly
+constructed, the technical explanation being that the distance line had
+been sewed in, the wrong way, with the taggle towards the bottom of the
+flag--a very trifling thing in itself, but which, if unexplained, might
+have led to serious consequences. Of course the flag was immediately
+sent to the governor with the explanation, and there was an end of it.
+So much for naval flags.
+
+
+
+
+                       FLAGS OF THE BRITISH ARMY.
+
+
+I have already noticed incidentally some of the flags used in the armies
+of England in early times. Those used in the latter part of the
+thirteenth century, and early in the fourteenth, were, besides those of
+the knights and bannerets, the Royal Standard and the banners of St.
+George, of St. Edmund, and of St. Edward. Subsequently various changes
+took place which it is unnecessary to follow.
+
+At present in the British army every regiment of infantry has two flags.
+They are both made of silk, in this differing from sea flags, which are
+usually made of bunting. With the exception of the Foot Guards, the
+first or Queen's colours of every regiment is the Union or National
+Flag, with the imperial crown in the centre, and the number of the
+regiment beneath in gold. The second or regimental colours are, with
+certain exceptions, of the colour of the facing of the regiment, with
+the Union in the upper corner. The second colours of all regiments bear
+the devices or badges and distinctions which have been conferred by
+royal authority. Fig. 28 is a representation of the regimental or second
+colours of the first battalion of the 24th Regiment, for which I am
+indebted to the courtesy of Sir Albert Woods. It will serve as an
+example of the regimental colours of other regiments. The pole, it will
+be observed, is surmounted by the royal crest, and this is common to all
+regiments carrying colours. The ground of the flag is grass green. The
+crown and wreath are "proper," that is of the natural colours. The
+scrolls are gold with black letters.
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 28.--Regimental Colours of First Battalion of
+  24th Regiment.]
+
+The first or royal colours of the Foot Guards are crimson, and bear
+certain special distinctions besides those authorized for the second
+colours--the whole surmounted by the imperial crown. The second, or
+regimental colours, of the Foot Guards is the Union, with one of the
+ancient badges conferred by royal authority. The first battalion of the
+Scots Fusilier Guards possesses the high distinction of carrying on
+their first colours the royal arms of Scotland.
+
+  [Illustration: Fig. 29.--Queen's Colours of the First Battalion of
+  24th Regiment.]
+
+The colours of infantry are as a rule carried by the two junior
+lieutenants, and our military annals present many examples of devoted
+heroism by the standard-bearers in defence of their charge. Among such
+incidents few are more interesting than the loss and recovery of the
+Queen's colours of the first battalion of the 24th Regiment in the
+African campaign of 1878-79, to which I have already referred. It will
+be recollected that Lieutenants Melville and Coghill, after crossing the
+river Tugela with the Queen's colours, were overtaken and attacked by
+overwhelming numbers and shot down. They died bravely, revolvers in
+hand, but their pursuers failed to get possession of their precious
+charge--the colours having been found near them when the bodies were
+recovered. The Queen was much affected by this incident, and bestowed on
+the young heroes after death the highest distinction for valour in her
+power--the Victoria cross. On the arrival of the colours in England the
+Queen expressed a wish to see them, and they were taken to Osborne,
+where her Majesty tied on them a small wreath of immortelles as a mark
+of her deep sense of the heroism of the two young officers who gave
+their lives to save the flag. Fig. 29 shows the colours in the state in
+which they were, when presented to the Queen, with the wreath placed
+upon them by her Majesty.
+
+The colours of the second battalion of the 24th had been left in camp
+when the troops advanced to meet the Zulus, and they were consequently
+captured. No trace of them could be found till some time afterwards when
+the pole with its crown was recovered by a party of the 17th Lancers in
+a Zulu kraal near Ulundi. This remnant continued to be carried by the
+regiment for upwards of a year, when new colours were presented to them
+at Gibraltar on behalf of the Queen by Lord Napier of Magdala. The old
+colours, or rather their pole with the crown, were first trooped. The
+new colours were then uncovered, and, after consecration,
+presented--Lord Napier stating that her Majesty knew very well that the
+flag had not been lost through any default of the battalion, but only in
+consequence of their having been placed in camp when the battalion went
+to the front under the general commanding.
+
+The presentation of new colours with the accompanying consecration
+service is an interesting ceremony. As the form may not be generally
+known, I shall describe a recent one when new colours were presented by
+the Prince of Wales to the first battalion of the 23d Regiment (the
+Royal Welsh Fusiliers) on their embarkation for India. It is specially
+interesting in connection with the history of the old ragged colours
+which were then superseded. They had been presented by the late Prince
+Consort thirty-one years before, and in the Crimea they were the first
+which were planted on the heights of the Alma. Two lieutenants were
+successively shot while holding them, and they were finally seized by
+Sergeant O'Connor, who, though wounded, held them aloft and rallied the
+regiment. For this service he was decorated with the Victoria cross.
+Shortly afterwards he received his commission, and subsequently he
+became colonel of the battalion. On the recent arrival of the troops at
+Portsmouth they were drawn up on the military recreation ground, and the
+Prince and Princess of Wales having taken their place at the saluting
+point, the regiment marched past, headed by the goat which always
+accompanies it. The old colours were then trooped and conveyed to the
+rear, and three sides of a square having been formed, with a pyramid of
+the drums in the centre, the new colours were uncased. The royal party
+then advanced, and the senior chaplain of the regiment read the
+Consecration service. The Queen's colours and the regimental colours
+were then handed to the prince, and he presented them to the two
+lieutenants who received them kneeling. The prince having spoken a few
+appropriate words, and the colonel having replied, the colours were
+saluted by the whole regiment. Another march past, and the presentation
+of the officers to the prince, concluded the ceremony.
+
+In the cavalry the standards of regiments of Dragoon Guards are of
+crimson silk damask, embroidered and fringed with gold, and their
+guidons, anciently called "guydhomme"--a swallow-tailed flag--are of
+crimson silk. Each is inscribed with the peculiar devices, distinctions,
+and mottoes of the regiment. The standards and guidons of cavalry are
+carried by troop sergeant-majors. The Hussars and Lancers have no
+standards. They were discontinued, for what reason I do not know, by
+William IV., and their badges and devices are now borne on their
+appointments. Neither the Royal Engineers nor the Rifles have colours.
+Neither have the Royal Artillery; nor is it necessary that they should
+have any on which to record special services, for the Artillery is
+represented in every action. Their appropriate motto, _Ubique_, is borne
+on their appointments. None of the Volunteer regiments carries colours.
+
+The queen's and regimental colours always parade with the regiment. On
+march they are cased, but they are always uncased when carried into
+action.
+
+For military authorities "when embarked in boats or other vessels,"
+there is, as we have seen, a special flag. It is the Union with the
+royal initials in the centre on a blue circle, surrounded by a green
+garland, and surmounted by the imperial crown.
+
+
+
+
+                    USE OF FLAGS BY PRIVATE PERSONS.
+
+
+In regard to the use of the national flag by private persons, there is a
+positive rule as to marine flags, but none, so far as I am aware, as to
+its use on shore. I have occasionally seen it flown on shore with a
+white border, under an impression, apparently, that this difference was
+necessary, but it is unmeaning, and there is no authority for it. In
+numberless instances we see one or other of the marine Ensigns hoisted
+on shore over gentlemen's houses, or used in street decoration on the
+occasion of public rejoicings; but nothing could be more absurd, as the
+ensign is exclusively a ship flag.
+
+Any private individual entitled to armorial bearings may carry them on a
+flag. In such cases the arms should not be on a shield, but filling the
+entire flag.
+
+The flags and banners represented in works on heraldry have almost
+invariably a fringe; but this is optional. If a fringe is used it should
+be composed of the livery colours, each tincture of the arms giving its
+colour to the portion of the fringe which adjoins it. In the British
+army the colours of the different regiments are fringed.
+
+
+
+
+                         FOREIGN FLAGS: FRANCE.
+
+
+My notice of foreign flags must be short. Those of France and America
+have naturally most interest for us.
+
+Previous to the Revolution the French can hardly be said to have had a
+national flag. The colours of the reigning families--changing as they
+did with each fresh dynasty, as was the case in our own early
+history--were accepted in the place of national standards, while each
+regiment in the army followed colours of its own. The celebrated _Chape
+de Saint Martin de Tours_ and the _Oriflamme_ of the Abbey of Saint
+Denis, were, like the labarum of Constantine, ecclesiastical banners,
+symbolic of the two patrons of Christian France watching over her in her
+battles. The Chape de Saint Martin was a banner imitating in form a cape
+or cloak, and was of blue. The Oriflamme was red with a green fringe. By
+the end of the tenth century this had become the royal standard. In one
+of the windows of the Cathedral of Chartres (of the thirteenth century)
+there is a representation of Henri Sieur de Argentin et du Mez, Marshall
+of France under St. Louis, receiving from the hands of St. Denis a
+banner which is supposed to be the Oriflamme. Fig. 30 is a copy of this
+interesting old work of art. The banner, it will be observed, has five
+points; but in other examples it has only three, each having attached to
+it a tassel of green silk.
+
+          [Illustration: Fig. 30.--The Oriflamme, circa 1248.]
+
+The royal banner of St. Louis was blue powdered with fleurs-de-lis in
+gold, and these fleurs-de-lis have remained since the eleventh or
+twelfth century a peculiarly French and royal device. It is indeed one
+of extreme antiquity, the emblem of a long-forgotten worship--older by
+many ages than any record of the doctrine of the Trinity, of which some
+have supposed this flower to be an emblem.[44]
+
+    [44] Laughton's _Heraldry of the Sea_.
+
+In the reign of Charles VI. the blue field ceased to be _powdered_ with
+fleurs-de-lis, and was charged with three only--two and one. The white
+flag which became the standard of the kings of France was probably not
+introduced till the reign of Henry IV. But there is great confusion in
+the history of the French flags, and this is increased by the use of
+personal colours at sea, which continued among the French to a much
+later period than among the English. In the colours of the French
+regiments there has been great variety of design. Under the old monarchy
+the regimental colours were of two kinds--one was the _drapeau-colonel_,
+or royal; the other, called _drapeau d'ordonnance_, took its device from
+the founder of the particular regiment which carried it, or from the
+province of its origin. A common form of the royal colours was a white
+cross on a blue field. In other examples, sometimes the cross and
+sometimes the field were powdered with fleurs-de-lis. In some instances
+the field was green. The flag displayed by the French in 1789 was a
+white cross on a blue ground, with one fleur-de-lis at each corner of
+the field, and the motto "Patrie et Liberte."
+
+The Tricolour was introduced at the Revolution, but the origin of the
+design is unknown. Possibly a trace of it may be found in an
+illumination in one of the MS. copies of Froissart. It represents the
+King of France setting out against the Duke of Brittany, and his majesty
+is preceded by a man on horseback bearing a swallow-tailed pennon, the
+first part containing the ancient arms of France, and each of the
+tails--composed of three stripes--red, white, and green.
+
+For some time after the Revolution the white field was retained. When
+the three colours came to be used there appears to have been at first no
+fixed order in arranging them, and in some cases they were placed
+vertically, and in others horizontally. By a decree in 1790 it was
+ordained that in the navy the flag on the bowsprit--the jack--should be
+composed of three equal bands placed vertically, that next the staff
+being red, the middle white, and the third blue. The flag at the stem
+was to have in a canton the jack above described (occupying one fourth
+of the flag), and to be surrounded by a narrow band, the half of which
+was to be red and the other blue, and the rest of the flag to be white.
+In 1794 this flag was abolished, and it was ordered "that the national
+flag shall be formed of _the three national colours_ in equal bands
+placed vertically, the hoist being blue, the centre white, and the fly
+red." It would appear, however, that this arrangement was not for some
+time universally adopted, and that old flags continued to be used. Thus,
+in the great picture by De Loutherbourg at Greenwich, the French ships
+are represented as wearing the suppressed flag of 1790; while, in a rare
+print preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris, representing the
+magnificent ceremony at which the first Napoleon distributed eagles to
+the troops in 1804, the banners suspended over the Ecole Militaire in
+the Champ de Mars, where the ceremony took place, show the three colours
+in fess, that is, in horizontal lines. But the vertical arrangement must
+have been soon afterwards generally adopted, and this continued to be
+the flag both of the French army and navy during the Empire. On the
+return of the king in 1814, and again in 1815, it was abolished, and the
+white flag restored; but the Tricolour was reintroduced in 1830, and it
+has remained in use since.[45]
+
+    [45] See French Imperial Standard, and National Flag, Plate IV.
+         Nos. 2 and 3.
+
+When the Emperor Napoleon assumed the sovereignty of Elba he had a
+special flag made. It will be recollected that he was allowed to retain
+the title of emperor, and although the island which comprised his
+dominions was only sixty miles in circumference, the inhabitants barely
+12,000, his household 35 persons, and his entire army only 700 infantry
+and 60 cavalry, he considered it necessary to have a "national flag."
+According to Sir Walter Scott, it bore on a white field a bend charged
+with three bees. But the emperor was preparing another and very
+different flag for his small army, of which I am able to give a
+representation from a very rare coloured engraving.[46] It was the
+tricolour of France, composed of the richest silk with the ornaments
+elaborately embroidered in silver. It bore the imperial crown with the
+letter N, and the eagle, on each of the blue and red portions, with the
+imperial bees; and over all the inscription, "L'Empereur Napoleon a la
+Garde Nationale de L'lle d'Elbe." To the staff, the top of which was
+surmounted by a golden eagle, was suspended a tricoloured sash also
+richly embroidered in silver. This splendid standard was presented by
+Napoleon to his guards in Elba shortly before his invasion of France in
+1815. On the reverse side there was subsequently embroidered the
+inscription, "Champ de Mai"--the flag having been a second time
+presented by the emperor to his guards at that celebrated meeting, a
+short time before they marched for Waterloo. The standard was captured
+by the Prussians, and on their entering Paris was sold to an English
+gentleman who brought it to England.[47]
+
+    [46] See Frontispiece.
+
+    [47] When the drawing of it was taken it was in the possession
+         of BernardBrocas, Esq., at Wokefield.
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 31.]
+
+        [Illustration: NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS.  PLATE IV]
+
+The lately-abolished Eagle (Fig. 31) was borne as a standard in the
+French army during the Empire only. It was introduced by Napoleon I.,
+who adopted it from the Romans. The ribbon attached was of silk five
+inches wide and three feet long, and richly embroidered. After
+Napoleon's fall the eagles were abandoned, but they were again
+introduced by Napoleon III. In consequence of their intrinsic value,
+they proved in the Franco-German war a much-coveted prize among the
+Germans, who captured a considerable number of them on the successive
+defeats of the French. The first Napoleon was very careful of the
+Eagles. He himself tells us, in one of the conversations at St. Helena,
+that he established in each regiment two subaltern officers as special
+guardians of the Eagle. "Ils n'avaient d'autre arme," he says, "que
+plusieurs paires de pistolets: d'autre emploi que de veiller froidement
+a bruler la cervelle de celui qui avancerait pour saisir l'aigle."
+
+The Dutch and Russian ensigns have the same tinctures as those of the
+present French flag, but borne fess ways--that is horizontally. The
+former has the red uppermost. The latter has _the metal_, the white,
+uppermost, and the two _colours_, the blue and the red--against all our
+notions of heraldic propriety--placed together below. (See Dutch and
+Russian flags, Plate IV. Nos. 6 and 8.)
+
+The Belgian colours adopted in 1831 are arranged as the French, but the
+colours are black, yellow, and red. (Plate IV. No. 5.) The flag of
+Prussia is also composed of three stripes-black, white, and red, but
+arranged horizontally. (Plate IV. No. 4.) The flag of Mexico is arranged
+like that of France, but the colours are green, white, and red. (Plate
+IV. No. 10.)
+
+
+
+
+                           THE AMERICAN FLAG.
+
+
+The history of the American flag is interesting. Previous to the
+Declaration of Independence the different colonies retained the
+standards of the mother country with the addition of some local emblem.
+Massachusetts, for example, adopted the pine-tree, a device which was
+also placed on the coins. In 1775 "the Union with a red field"--a red
+ensign--was displayed at New York on a liberty poll with the
+inscription, "George Rex and the Liberties of America;" and it is
+interesting to note that the first flag adopted as a national ensign by
+the ships of the United States consisted of the horizontal stripes with
+which we are familiar, but with the British Union still retained in a
+canton. This was replaced by the stars on a blue ground. Some of the
+flags first used--at the time when only twelve states had ratified the
+articles of convention--bore only twelve stars. On the 14th of August,
+1777, Congress resolved "that the flag of the United States be thirteen
+stripes alternately red and white, and that the union be thirteen stars,
+white in a blue field, representing a new constellation." (See Fig. 32.)
+
+It has been said that the design of the flag was derived from arms borne
+by the family of Washington; but there is no foundation for this. An
+American writer--with probably as little ground for the statement--says:
+"the blue field was taken from the Covenanters' banner in Scotland,
+likewise significant of the League and Covenant of the United Colonies
+against oppression, and incidentally involving vigilance, perseverance,
+and justice. The stars were then disposed in a circle symbolizing the
+perpetuity of the union, as well as equality with themselves. The whole
+was a blending of the various flags used previous to the war, viz. the
+red flags of the army and white colours of the floating batteries--the
+gem of the navy."[48]
+
+    [48] Article on "Flags," by H. K. W. Wilcox, New York, _Harper's
+         Magazine_, July, 1873.
+
+                        [Illustration: Fig. 32.]
+
+In 1795 it was ordained that the stripes should be increased to fifteen
+and the stars to the same number; but in 1818 Congress ordered a return
+to the thirteen stripes but with twenty stars, and that on the admission
+of any new state a star should be added. Thus the old number of stripes
+perpetuated the original number of the states forming the union, while
+the added stars show the union in its existing state. In consequence of
+the greatly increased number of stars, the circular arrangement had to
+be abandoned, and they are now disposed in parallel lines. (See flag of
+the United States, Plate V. No. 8.) The construction of the first
+national standard, from which the stars and stripes were afterwards
+adopted, took place at Philadelphia in 1777 under the personal direction
+of Washington aided by a committee of Congress.
+
+The flag of the American admirals is composed of the stripes alone, and
+the stars are used separately as a jack. One of the first American flags
+used at sea, and bearing only the twelve stars, is still preserved. It
+is the flag which was flown by the celebrated Paul Jones from his
+privateer, the _Bon homme Richard_, in his engagement with the English
+ship _Serapis_ on 23d September, 1799. In the course of the action the
+flag having been shot away from the mast-head, Lieutenant Stafford, then
+a volunteer in Paul Jones' ship, leaped into the sea after it, and
+recovered and replaced it, being severely wounded while performing this
+action. The flag thus saved was afterwards presented to him by the
+marine committee of Congress, and it now (1880) belongs to his son.[49]
+
+    [49] Letter in _Daily Telegraph_, 18th March, 1880, by Mr. W.
+         Stafford Northcote.
+
+         [Illustration: NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS. PLATE V.]
+
+I may mention that the white and red stripes are not peculiar to the
+American flag. A flag of similar design was for a long time a well-known
+signal in the British navy, being that used for the red division to draw
+into line of battle.
+
+
+
+
+                          OTHER FOREIGN FLAGS.
+
+
+The flag of Liberia is very like that of the United States, being
+composed of red and white stripes with a blue canton. The only
+difference is that the latter bears only one star. (See the flag of
+Liberia, Plate V. No. 6.) The flag of Bremen is also composed of red and
+white stripes.
+
+Spain from the first period of her greatness bore the Castilian flag,
+quartering Castile and Leon. In an old illumination representing the
+coronation of Henry, son of John, King of Castile, there are on the
+king's left hand two men, unarmed, the one holding a banner of Castile
+and Leon quarterly, the other a blue pennon charged with three kings'
+heads-the banner of the three kings of Cologne. On his majesty's right
+hand a man, also unarmed, holds a shield with the arms of Castile and
+Leon. It was this last device, as a national flag, that was carried by
+the ships of Columbus. But Columbus had also as a personal flag one
+given to him by Queen Isabella--a white swallow-tailed pennon bearing a
+Latin cross in green between the letters FY crowned. These two flags are
+noteworthy as the first that crossed the Atlantic.
+
+The present royal standard of Spain is of very complicated construction
+(see Plate V. No. 1), embracing among its bearings the arms of Castile
+and Leon, of Aragon, Sicily, Burgundy, and others. The national ensign
+is in marked contrast by its simplicity. It is composed of yellow and
+red stripes--derived from the bars of Aragon. (See Plate V. No. 2.)
+
+Austria at first bore on her flag the Roman eagle. Now her war ensign is
+red, white, and red placed horizontally, and in the centre a shield of
+the same within a gold border (the arms of the Dukes of Austria),
+surmounted by the royal crown. (See Plate V. No. 3.) The merchant flag
+is the same without the shield and crown. The Austro-Hungarian flag has
+the lower stripe half red and half green, with two shields, one on the
+right containing the arms of Austria, and the other bearing the arms of
+Hungary. (See Plate V. No. 4.)
+
+The flag of Italy was designed by Napoleon I. on his declaration of the
+Kingdom of Italy. It is a modification of the French, the division of
+the field next the staff being, instead of blue, green, which, it is
+known, was a favourite colour of the emperor. In the centre is a red
+shield charged with a white cross--the arms of the Dukes of Savoy, now
+borne by Italy. A representation of the Italian merchant flag will be
+found on Plate V. No. 5. The war ensign is the same, except that the
+shield is surmounted by the royal crown.
+
+In the construction of the flag of Norway, curiously enough, the same
+blunder has been committed as in our own Union. It is "described" as a
+blue cross _fimbriated_ white; but the border, as the flag is worn, is
+too broad, and it really represents two crosses, a blue cross
+superimposed on a white one--just as our St. George's cross, as
+represented in our national colours, is nothing but a red cross
+superimposed on a white one. Mr. Laughton accordingly looking at the
+Norwegian flag in this light, calls it the white flag of Denmark with a
+blue cross over it,[50] which it was certainly not intended to be. The
+flag is shown in Plate V. No. 11. The Swedish-Norwegian union in the
+canton was introduced in 1817, when the two countries were united under
+one king.
+
+    [50] _Heraldry of the Sea_, p. 23.
+
+The Danish flag (see Plate V. No. 7) is the oldest now in existence. The
+tradition is that it descended from Heaven ready made in the year 1219
+in answer to the prayer of King Waldemar, as he was leading his troops
+to battle against the pagans of the Baltic. Be that as it may, it
+certainly dates from the thirteenth century.
+
+The flag of Portugal has borne a conspicuous part in history, and the
+devices in it carry us back to a very early period. The present royal
+standard is red with a red shield in the centre charged with towers or
+castles for the kingdom of Algarve, which Alphonsus III. got from the
+King of Castile when he married the daughter of the latter in 1278; and
+in the centre there is a white shield bearing on it the shields of the
+five Moors placed crossways. The Portuguese national flag is per pale,
+blue and white, and in the centre point is the same device as appears on
+the royal standard. The present flag, however, is only a modification of
+the old flag which was carried by the early discoverers, and which
+brought glory to Portugal in the days of Prince Henry the Navigator.
+(See the national flag of Portugal, Plate V. No. 12.)
+
+The royal standards of Norway and Sweden, and also the ensign of these
+kingdoms, are peculiar in preserving the ancient form of having the fly
+ending in three points. (See the Swedish standard, Plate V. No. 10.)
+
+Greece has adopted the colours of Bavaria in compliment to her first
+king. (See Plate VI. No. 7.)
+
+The devices on some of the Asiatic flags are peculiar. That of Burmah
+bears a peacock; Siam, a white elephant; and China, a hideous-looking
+dragon. (See these flags, Plate VI. Nos. 1, 2, 3.) On the flag of
+Bolivia (Plate VI. No. 4) is the representation of a volcano, suggested
+in all probability by the great volcano of Serhama, which rises in
+Western Bolivia to the height of 23,000 feet. Japan, the land of the far
+east, the source of the sun, as her name signifies, has adopted for her
+flag the sun rising blood-red. (See Plate V. No. 9.)
+
+        [Illustration: NATIONAL FLAGS AND STANDARDS. PLATE VI.]
+
+The flag of Brazil, which is very inartistic in its construction, bears
+among other devices the armillary sphere of Portugal. (See Plate VI. No.
+8.)
+
+In Plates IV. V. and VI. will be found representations of the flags of
+other kingdoms and republics. These speak for themselves, and do not
+call for particular description.
+
+But I must now bring these notices to a close. To the true patriot of
+every country the national flag must be a subject of pride. If, as a
+French writer observes, it does not always lead him to victory, it
+inspires him to fight well, and if need be to die well. "We pay to it,"
+says the same writer, "royal honours. When it is paraded--in rags it may
+be, and with faded colours, bearing in letters of gold the names of
+victories--the troops present arms, the officers salute it with the
+sword, and the white heads of veteran generals are uncovered and bent
+before the ensign." To the soldier its loss is one of the greatest
+calamities. In Napoleon's disastrous retreat from Moscow in 1812 not
+many of his flags remained with the Russians. Of those which were not
+carried off most were burned, and of some of these the officers drank
+the ashes. More recently the same thing is said to have been done at
+Metz and Sedan. So a French writer tells us, and he characterizes the
+act as "_communion sublime_!"
+
+What the flag is, indeed, to the sailor and the soldier, whether when
+shaken out in battle or when displayed in memory of great victories,
+none but the soldier and the sailor can realize. At the interment of
+Lord Nelson, when his flag was about to be lowered into the grave, the
+sailors who assisted at the ceremony ran forward with one accord and
+tore it into small pieces, to be preserved as sacred relics. "I know,"
+says Charles Kingsley--in those _Brave Words_ which he addressed to our
+soldiers then fighting in the trenches before Sebastopol, "I know that
+you would follow those colours into the mouth of the pit; that you would
+die twice over rather than let them be taken. Those noble rags,
+inscribed with noble names of victory, should remind you every day and
+every hour that he who fights for Queen and country in a just cause is
+fighting not only in the Queen's army but in Christ's army, and that he
+shall in no wise lose his reward."
+
+
+
+
+                                 INDEX.
+
+
+                                   A.
+
+  Armenian Flag, 110.
+
+  Army, British, Flags of, 96.
+
+  Artillery--have no colours, 101.
+
+  Assyrian Standards, 17, 19.
+
+  Austria, Flag of, 114.
+
+  Austro-Hungary, Flag of, 114.
+
+
+                                   B.
+
+  Banner of St. Cuthbert, 33.
+
+  Banner-bearers, 33.
+
+  Bannerets, 30.
+
+  ---- their following, 32.
+
+  Banners, 29.
+
+  Belgian Flag, 109.
+
+  Beverly, Sir John of, his banner, 33.
+
+  Black Prince at Navarete, 31.
+
+  "Blue Blanket," 50, 51.
+
+  "Bluidy Banner" of Covenanters, 52.
+
+  Bolivia, Flag of, 116.
+
+  Brazil, Flag of, 117.
+
+  Bryon, Sir Guy de, banner-bearer of Edward III., 34.
+
+  Burmah, Flag of, 116.
+
+  ---- British, Flag of, 71.
+
+
+                                   C.
+
+  Carlaverock, Siege of, 32.
+
+  Chandos, Sir John, made banneret, 31.
+
+  China, Flag of, 116.
+
+  Cochrane, Lord, 85, 86.
+
+  Colours of British Army, 96.
+
+  Colours of 24th Regiment, 96, 98.
+
+  ---- of Foot Guards, 97.
+
+  ---- of Cavalry, 101.
+
+  ---- Presentation of new, 100.
+
+  Columbus, his flag, 113.
+
+  Commonwealth, Flag of, 56.
+
+  Constantine, Standard of, 25.
+
+  Consuls, Flags of, 71.
+
+  Coronations, Banners borne at, 35.
+
+  Covenanters, Flags of, 51, 52.
+
+  Custodiers of Banners, 34.
+
+
+                                   D.
+
+  Danish Flag, 115.
+
+  ---- Standards, 27.
+
+  ---- Flag, 109.
+
+  Deceiving enemy, Use of Flags in, 76.
+
+  Douglas. See Earl Douglas, 47, 48, 49.
+
+  Dragon--Standard of Romans and Dacians, 25.
+
+  Dragon--Standard of Germany and England, 25.
+
+  Dragoon Guards, Colours of, 101.
+
+  Dutch Fleets, 70.
+
+
+                                   E.
+
+  Eagle, Roman, 21.
+
+  ---- French, 108.
+
+  Earl Douglas, his standard, 47, 48.
+
+  Earl Marshall, his standard, 46.
+
+  Earl Percy--love pledges, 48.
+
+  Edward III., his banner, 34.
+
+  ---- his standard, 37.
+
+  Egyptian Standards, 13, 14, 15.
+
+  Engineers, Royal--have no colours, 101.
+
+  Ensign, The, 67.
+
+
+                                   F.
+
+  False Colours, when may be used, 83.
+
+  Firing at Colours of a friendly nation, 90.
+
+  Flag, waving, First introduction of, 26.
+
+  Flag of Mutiny, 75.
+
+  Flags, First forms of, 27.
+
+  ---- Different kinds of, 28.
+
+  ---- Hauling down enemy's, 86.
+
+  ---- Usage, International, as to, 88.
+
+  ---- of British army, 96.
+
+  ---- of military authorities embarked in boats, 102.
+
+  Flags, Special, 71.
+
+  ---- of private persons, 102.
+
+  Fleurs de lis of France in arms of England, 37.
+
+  Flodden, Battle of, 46.
+
+  Foreign Flags, 103.
+
+  ---- ---- use of at home, 89.
+
+  French Flags, 103.
+
+  Funerals, Banners borne at, 35.
+
+
+                                   G.
+
+  George III., his standard, 41.
+
+  Gonfanon, 28.
+
+  Greece, Flag of, 116.
+
+  Greeks, Standards of, 26.
+
+
+                                   H.
+
+  Hauling down enemy's colours, 86, 87.
+
+  Hebrew Standards, 15.
+
+  Henry II., his standard, 37.
+
+  Henry VII., his personal standard, 38.
+
+  Hopson, Admiral, 87.
+
+  Hussars--have no colours, 101.
+
+
+                                   I.
+
+  India, Governor-general of, his flag, 71.
+
+  International usage as to flags, 88.
+
+  Ireland, National flag of, 54.
+
+  ---- Lord-lieutenant of, his flag, 71.
+
+  Isandlana, 11, 98.
+
+  Italy, Flag of, 114.
+
+
+                                   J.
+
+  Jack, Union, 64.
+
+  ---- pilot, 66.
+
+  James I., his standard, 40.
+
+  Japan, Flag of, 116.
+
+
+                                   K.
+
+  Knights Bannerets, 30.
+
+
+                                   L.
+
+  Labarum, Roman, 24.
+
+  Lancers--have no colours, 101.
+
+  Liberia, Flag of, 113.
+
+  Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, his flag, 71.
+
+
+                                   M.
+
+  Marshall. See Earl Marshall, 46.
+
+  Mary Stuart, Queen, her standard, 40.
+
+  Moscow, Flags destroyed in Napoleon's retreat from, 117.
+
+  Mourning, Flags signifying, 74.
+
+  Mutiny, Flag hoisted in, 75.
+
+
+                                   N.
+
+  Napoleon I., Standard presented by to his guards, 107.
+
+  National Flags, 54.
+
+  Navarete, Battle of, 31.
+
+  Norman Standards, 27.
+
+  Norway, Peculiar form of Flag of, 115, 116.
+
+
+                                   O.
+
+  Otterbourne, Battle of, 47.
+
+
+                                   P.
+
+  Pacha, Standard of, 21.
+
+  Parley, Signal for, 34.
+
+  Parthians, Banners of, 25, 26.
+
+  Paul Jones, his flag, 110.
+
+  Pendant, The, 72.
+
+  ---- Long, 73.
+
+  ---- Broad, 73.
+
+  Pennon, 28.
+
+  Penny, Design of Union on, 63.
+
+  Penoncel, 28.
+
+  Percy. See Earl Percy, 48.
+
+  Persian Standards, 20.
+
+  Portugal, Flag of, 115.
+
+  Private persons, Use of flags by, 102.
+
+  Prussian Flag, 109.
+
+
+                                   Q.
+
+  Quarantine, Flag of, 75.
+
+
+                                   R.
+
+  Rifle Brigade--has no colours, 101.
+
+  Roman Standards, 21, 22.
+
+  Royal Standard of England, 36, 40.
+
+  ---- of Scotland, 38.
+
+  Russian Flag, 109.
+
+
+                                   S.
+
+  Saxons, Standards of, 27.
+
+  Scottish Arms, their precedence on Royal standard, 42.
+
+  Sedan, Flags destroyed by French at, 117.
+
+  Siam, Flag of, 116.
+
+  Sickness, Flag intimating, 78.
+
+  Signal Flags, 73.
+
+  Spain, Flag of, 114.
+
+  Special Flags, 71.
+
+  Squadrons, Division of navy into, 68.
+
+  Standard, Battle of, 28.
+
+  Standard, The Royal, 36, 40.
+
+  ---- ---- when hoisted in ships, 44.
+
+  Standard-bearers, 17, 18.
+
+  Standards, Ancient, 13.
+
+  ---- of Egypt, 13-15.
+
+  ---- of the Hebrews, 15.
+
+  ---- of the Assyrians, 17, 19.
+
+  ---- of Persians, 20.
+
+  ---- of Turks, 20.
+
+  ---- of Pachas, 21.
+
+  ---- Roman, 21, 23, 24.
+
+  ---- of Greeks, 26.
+
+  ---- Parthian, 26.
+
+  ---- of Danes, 27.
+
+  ---- of Saxons, 27.
+
+  ---- of Normans, 27.
+
+  ---- suspended from trumpets, 35.
+
+  ---- at coronations and funerals, 35.
+
+  ---- Personal, of sovereigns, 38.
+
+  ---- borne by Nobles, 44.
+
+  ---- borne by Trades, 50.
+
+  Supporters of Royal Arms, 43.
+
+  Surrender, Signal of, at sea, 77, 81.
+
+  ---- of a fortress, 34.
+
+  Swedish-Norwegian Flag, 115.
+
+
+                                   T.
+
+  Trades, Standards borne by, 50.
+
+  Truce, Flag of, 74.
+
+  Trumpets, Banners suspended from, 35.
+
+  Turkish Standards, 20.
+
+
+                                   U.
+
+  Union, Design of, on penny, 63.
+
+  ---- Flag, The first, 55.
+
+  ---- under Commonwealth, 56.
+
+  ---- on Restoration, 56.
+
+  ---- present form, 57.
+
+  ---- Error in construction of, 58.
+
+  ---- as it ought to be made, 62.
+
+  ---- how and when displayed, 65, 66.
+
+  ---- in Ensign, 68.
+
+  ---- Jack, 64.
+
+  United States Flag, 110.
+
+  Usage, International, as to flags, 88.
+
+  Uses of Flags in naval warfare, 75.
+
+
+                                   V.
+
+  Volunteer Regiments--have no colours, 102.
+
+
+                                   W.
+
+  Warwick, Earl of, his standard, 45.
+
+  William III., his standard, 41.
+
+  Wolf, on Roman Standard, 21.
+
+
+                                   Y.
+
+  Yellow Flag, 75.
+
+  ---- Successful use of, by Lord Cochrane, 85.
+
+
+
+
+                           Transcriber Notes:
+
+Passages in italics were indicated by _underscores_.
+
+Small caps were replaced with ALL CAPS.
+
+Throughout the document, the oe ligature was replaced with "oe".
+
+Throughout the document, the superscripted letters are preceeded by a
+carot. If there is only one superscripted letter it is placed directly
+after the carot, and if there is more than one superscripted letter they
+are enclosed by curly brackets. Thus, the word "y^e" represents a word
+where the "y" is normal and the "e" is superscripted; and the word
+"1^{st}" represents a word where the "1" is normal and the "st" is
+superscripted.
+
+The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
+paragraphs and so that they are next to the text they illustrate. Thus
+the page number of the illustration might not match the page number in
+the List of Illustrations, and the order of illustrations may not be the
+same in the List of Illustrations and in the book.
+
+Errors in punctuations and inconsistent hyphenation were not corrected
+unless otherwise noted.
+
+On page 55, "Andrews" was replaced with "Andrew's".
+
+On page 71, "top-gallantmast-head" was replaced with
+"top-gallant-masthead".
+
+On page 73, two instances of "top-gallantmast head" were replaced with
+"top-gallant-masthead".
+
+On page 96, "buntin" was replaced with "bunting".
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Flags:, by Andrew Macgeorge
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