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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/38859-8.txt b/38859-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8a97440 --- /dev/null +++ b/38859-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1302 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook, Civil War Experiences, 1862-1865, by Edward +Mott Robbins + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Civil War Experiences, 1862-1865 + Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro, Bentonville + + +Author: Edward Mott Robbins + + + +Release Date: February 13, 2012 [eBook #38859] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES, 1862-1865*** + + +E-text prepared by Barbara Kosker and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by +Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustration. + See 38859-h.htm or 38859-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38859/38859-h/38859-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38859/38859-h.zip) + + + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + http://www.archive.org/details/civilwarexperien00robb + + +Transcriber's note: + + Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). + + + + + +CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES +1862-1865 + +Chickamauga +Mission Ridge +Buzzard Roost +Resaca +Rome +New Hope Church +Kennesaw Mountain +Peach Tree Creek +Atlanta +Jonesboro +Averysboro +Bentonville + +by + +DR. EDWARD M. ROBBINS + +Carthage, Illinois, November, 1919 + + +[Illustration: DR. EDWARD MOTT ROBBINS] + + + + +CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES + + +Enlisted in Capt. John Allen's company June 7th, 1862. Went on board the +steamer "Jennie Whipple" at Dallas City, Sunday morning, June 15th, and +with company went down the Mississippi to Quincy, Ill., place of +rendezvous. On the way an incident occurred which I cannot pass without +mention. When we passed Alexandria, Mo., the river shore was lined with +people and to our ears came the shout, "Hurrah for Jeff Davis!" and to +add to the insult they waved the black flag in our faces, (which +interpreted meant no quarter to Yankees). Passing on down the river the +next town was Canton, where the same greeting was given us, all of which +made us very indignant to think so near home we should be insulted in +such a manner. I have never had a very favorable opinion of those two +towns since, and while I hope there is more loyalty and patriotism now +than then, I feel that their forefathers put a blot on their little +cities that will never be erased. + + * * * * * + +At Camp Wood on the 1st day of September, was mustered into the U. S. +service, together with nine other companies, forming the 78th Ill. Vol. +Inf. (In casting lots for position in line my company drew the letter +"H" which placed us on the left of the colors, and Company "C" on the +right.) On the 19th day of September we were put on coal cars with +boards laid across for seats, no cover over our heads; on arrival at +destination were put on provost duty for a few days, until Gen. Buell +was equipped for his campaign against Gen. Bragg. October 5th my +regiment was marched to Shepardsville, Ky., and on the 14th was divided +into detachments under Gen. Gilbert to guard railroad bridges on the +Louisville and Nashville railroad. December 26th the guerrilla John +Morgan, captured Companies B and C at Muldrose Hill, two and one-half +miles from Elizabethtown, Ky., and they were paroled. On the same raid +on the morning of Dec. 30th, Morgan attacked Co. H at New Haven, Ky., +and was driven away without accomplishing his purpose. About the last of +January, 1863, the companies were collected at Louisville and embarked +on the steamer "John H. Grosbeck" for Nashville via the Ohio and +Cumberland rivers, arriving at Fort Donelson February 3, 1863, in time +to relieve the 83rd Ill., which was surrounded by a superior force of +Forest's and Wheeler's cavalry. The enemy retired on our approach and we +passed on to Nashville, Tenn., where the regiment disembarked. The +regiment was in the command of Brigadier Gen. C. C. Gilbert of the Army +of Kentucky, under Major General Gordon Granger, reserve corps +commander. + + * * * * * + +During our stay in Kentucky there were many social features with the +citizens that made our stay among them quite pleasant, one of which is +worthy of mention. As a few of us wished to avail ourselves of an +opportunity to attend a dance to be given by a planter by the name of +Sphink, who sent in to our lines an invitation for about a half a dozen +to come out on a certain night. Of course we were crazy to go, but how +were we to get outside the lines. We decided to ask the officers for a +pass, but this failed. Our officers claimed this was a plan made up to +get a lot of us out there and take us prisoners, as a lot of Morgan's +men were in that vicinity at that time, and we decided it was all off. +But as the time came near for the event and there was less news of the +Rebel General Morgan's near proximity to us, a few of us Yanks' heels +began to tickle for a dance and a desire to have a chance at the roast +turkey that was promised for the occasion. So we made up our minds that +we would take our chances on getting by the pickets. In the mean time +there came a big snow storm, the heaviest, the natives said, that had +ever been known in Kentucky. It covered the earth to a depth of a little +more than two feet. The night for the party arrived, and not Johnnies, +snow, pickets, nor anything else would have stopped that gang. During +the day we located the guards on picket duty, quite a ways from the main +road, and planned to go as close to them as possible without attracting +their attention, then to drop on our hands and knees and crawl through +the snow to a safe distance on the outside, which we did, and arrived +safely at Mr. Sphink's. We had taken the precaution to take our side +arms with us, for we had seen service enough to be always on the alert +and trust nobody or allow them to get the drop on us. + +When we went into the house almost the first persons we met were men +wearing the gray uniform, and the host introduced them to us as +Confederate soldiers home on furlough. At first we were just a bit +disconcerted until our host assured us that all was on the square, that +we need not fear any trouble, as they were home boys and had heard of +our coming and for us to pitch in and have as good a time as we could, +and we sure did have a fine time, a royal supper, and not a word was +spoken to mar the peace and comfort of anyone. When we left for camp we +shook hands with the Confeds the same as any one else and bid them +goodbye. It was some time before the officers found out about our going +out, in fact not until we had left Kentucky, consequently we were not +disciplined for having the good time, and leaving the camp without +permission. + +February 12th the regiment marched to Franklin, Tenn., where it remained +four months. We were diligent in company, battalion and brigade drill, +the first good opportunity we had since enlistment. On April 11th we +were threatened by a heavy force of Van Dorn and Wheeler cavalry, but no +engagement except skirmishing with pickets and outposts, and on June 4th +the enemy made a similar attack on our outposts with like result. + +On June 9th a very unhappy affair occurred--two Confederate spies +entered camp disguised as federal officers, claiming to be federal +paymasters on their way from Murfreesboro via Franklin to Nashville, but +when they were detected they acknowledged being Confederate officers, +but denied being spies. A court martial was immediately organized, and +they were tried and condemned to death by hanging. They requested to be +shot instead, but their request was not granted and they were hung June +10. They gave their names as Col. Orton and Lieut. Peters. Col. Orton +had been an officer in the Union army before the war. The 78th +constructed the gallows and furnished the guard. + +On June 23rd marched to Trinne and Murfreesboro, Tenn. The army had now +been reorganized and the 78th was assigned to the brigade of Col. John +G. Mitchell in General James B. Stedman's division reserve corps, under +Major General Gordon Granger. We were glad to exchange Gen. Gilbert for +Col. Mitchell, who ably commanded the brigade from that time, with the +exception of a few months, to the close of the war. + +On June 28th moved south from Murfreesboro in the rear of the general +advance against Bragg's army. The brigade entered Shelbyville, Tenn., +July 1st., and camped. While at this place Col. Benison, the first +colonel mustered with the regiment, resigned and Col. Carter Van Vleck, +then lieutenant colonel, was promoted to colonel of the regiment, a +change that pleased not only the line officers but the men as well. +Sept. 6th, 1863, the regiment moved southward, crossed the Tennessee +river, Sept. 12, pursued its march around Lookout Mountain, and arrived +at Rossville, Ga., on Sept. 14, 1863, and for a few days previous to the +battle of Chickamauga was kept on the move day and night, marching, +skirmishing, trying to locate the weak and strong points of the enemy, +all signs of an approaching engagement being visible. + +On the 17th of September the division made a reconnaissance to Ringold, +Ga., and there discovered that Longstreet's corps from Lee's army was +reinforcing Bragg. The command was followed closely on its return from +Ringold and at midnight the enemy opened upon us with artillery, with no +damage except the briars we incorporated in our feet while getting into +our clothes and into line of battle. Unfortunately we had camped where +there were some rail fences which we burned to cook our suppers, and the +fence rows were full of blackberry briars. (My, but I can feel those +briars yet.) We stood to arms until morning. During the commencement of +the battle of Chickamauga, the regiment with the division before +Rossville guarding the road through the gap to Chattanooga. Before noon +on the 20th of September, General Granger, apprehending that Gen. Thomas +needed assistance, double quicked two brigades of our division to Gen. +Thomas' front, which proved a timely assistance to Gen. Thomas, as +Longstreet was getting around the Federal right and rear. The two +brigades (Mitchell's and Whitaker's) were put into action at once, made +a charge on Longstreet and drove him from the west and south bends of +Snodgrass ridge with great loss to both sides. A monument erected to the +78th on the west end of Snodgrass ridge, bears a tablet describing the +terrible carnage in the fearful charge. Thirty-seven per cent of the +command gave themselves as a sacrifice for Old Glory in just a few +moments. The adjutant general's report gives the per cent as forty in +this awful charge. The Rebels made three distinct efforts to retake the +positions, but each time were repulsed with heavy loss. In one attempt +to take a battery they were so near that muskets were clubbed and men +beaten over the head in order to prevent the loss of the six-gun +battery. We held the position until after dark, when we were ordered off +the field. + +On the march from left to right, I ran across a Rebel who was shot +through the bowels. He was just across the fence, and I did not see him, +until he called and said, "Hello, Yank. Have you any water?" I said, +"Yes, what's the matter with you Johnny?" His answer was, "I am wounded +and waiting to die." I went to him, raked the leaves away from him (for +the whole battlefield was ablaze), emptied part of the water from my +canteen into his, and Dr. Githens gave him a dose of morphine to relieve +his suffering, and left him to die, for he was wounded through the +bowels. This occurred at the north end of Snodgrass Ridge, just north of +the Snodgrass house. As we started to leave him we started east. We +could hear voices just ahead of us, but the smoke from fire arms, cannon +and burning leaves was so dense we could not see far. But the wounded +soldier I had just befriended called and said, "Hold on, Yank, don't go +that way, Johnnies are thicker than hell just beyond those bushes." I +asked him if he heard troops pass before I came and he said they did but +they turned south down the west side of the ridge. We had gotten behind, +ministering to a Michigan soldier who was wounded in the same manner the +Johnny was. I have mentioned this circumstance to show the feeling among +soldiers when one is put out of action. I favored the Confederate and he +in turn saved me from walking into the Confederate lines, which I would +have done. I went down the ridge and came up with my command in time to +go into the charge on the west end of the ridge, which we took and a +monument marks the place where we were halted on top of the ridge. + +I spent the night with wounded comrades, ministering to them as best I +could to relieve their sufferings. During the afternoon of the last +day's fight, I stepped on Doctor Githens' spur and tore my shoe in such +a manner as to permit small gravel to work between the sole of my shoe +and foot; after the excitement of battle was over and wounded comrades +cared for, I realized I had a very sore foot. + +I wish here to relate a very peculiar incident which occurred to Dr. +Githens and my horses. When we started into the fight on the afternoon +of the 20th, we dismounted and turned the horses, with all of our +effects, except the medicine case and surgeon's case of instruments, to +the care of a negro boy we called Jack, and instructed him to keep in +the rear so as to avoid getting lost or being captured by the Rebels; +when night came Jack could not be found, nor did he show up during the +night; morning came and no Jack, horses, blankets or provisions. I +hunted over all that part of the army but no Jack of the proper +dimensions or environments could be found, so the Doctor and I gave up +all hope of finding the outfit. But to add to the Doctor's discomfort, +he had at noon received orders to report to division headquarters to +take charge of an ambulance train of wounded men, over the mountains, to +Bridgeport. We had exhausted every means we could conceive of, but no +Jack, no horses or anything else could be found, and Dr. Githens started +to take charge of the train without horse or anything that might +minister to his personal comfort, not even so much as a blanket or +cracker. As I turned to leave him, to my great astonishment Jack and the +horses loomed in front of me. I turned and called Dr. Githens, and then +said to Jack, "For heaven's sake, Jack, where did you come from?" "Massa +Ed, fo de Lod, I done can't tell you. Wh's you alls been. I done hunt +all over dis heah whole country, been in with the Johnnies." I said, +"Why did they not take the horses from you?" "Don't know, Sah, dwey done +pay no tenshun to me and I just kep on going until heah I is." And I +said, "Just in time, too, for the Doctor wants his horse." I have often +wished I knew what became of that coon, for he was a dandy. + +Rosecrans placed his army around Chattanooga and expected Bragg would +continue the battle, but he seemed to have enough, so all he did was to +place Rosecrans army in siege, thinking it easier to starve us out than +to whip us. So he placed a force on Lookout Mountain, which cut us off +from our base of supplies and from the 22nd of September until the 25th +of November, my regiment, with others of the division, camped on +Stringer's Ridge, immediately north and across the Tennessee river from +Lookout Mountain, and directly west and across the river from +Chattanooga. We occupied this position until the night of the 24th of +November. During the interim from Sept. 22nd until the 25th of November, +Bragg's siege was so effective that men suffered for food and thousands +of horses and mules died for want of forage. + +In the early part of October the brigade went over into Sequatchie +Valley, to help pursue Wheeler, who was destroying our supply train. +October 9th, 1863, Mitchell's brigade was put into Brigadier General +Jeff C. Davis' division, and was called 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 14th +army corps, where we served until the close of the war. Our corps badge +was an acorn--red one for first, white for second and blue for third +division. + +About 2 a.m., October 27th, we in company with the rest of the brigade, +crossed the Tennessee river below Lookout Mountain, on a pontoon bridge, +to the assistance of the Potomac troops, who were coming to the support +of the Army of the Cumberland, and the enemy were trying to prevent +their advance by assaulting Gen Gray's division. The darkness was akin +to blackness, and the volleys of musketry, together with the roar of +cannon, rendered the night one long to be remembered. This battle in the +night is known as the battle of Wauhatchie. + +On the afternoon of November 24, 1863, our attention was attracted to +Lookout Mountain, which was ablaze with artillery and musketry. The +battle of Lookout Mountain was on, and we had it in full view without +participating in it, and as the blue advanced and the gray fell back, +leaving their breast-works, camp, camp equipage, artillery, in fact +everything that goes to equip an army, the scene being enacted filled us +so full that we, too, indulged in a hearty, long and loud cheer, which +was all we could do as the Tennessee river was between them and us. +However, it was soon over and in a short time we received orders to +break camp, which we did and left Stringer's Ridge the night of the +24th, crossed the Tennessee river north of Chattanooga and near the +north end of Missionary Ridge, on a pontoon bridge, which we constructed +after relieving the Rebel pickets. We went in line of battle, connecting +with the 15th Corps and by the middle of the day the enemy had been +dislodged from their stronghold (Missionary Ridge) and were in full +retreat, with us annoying their rear guard. These two days, November +24th and 25th, were red letter days for the U. S. forces. Lookout +Mountain and Missionary Ridge were ours, besides a large number of +prisoners and many stand of arms, a large amount of artillery, and the +enemy in full retreat. + +But our task was not done. Gen. Burnside was besieged at Knoxville, +Tennessee, his supplies of all kinds were nearly exhausted, so we were +ordered to his relief by forced marches, which was no small task for an +army that had just raised a siege of its own and as yet had no +opportunity to draw either rations or clothing. Many of us were without +blankets, very scant clothing and but few had shoes and many were +compelled while on that march to cut pieces of green cow skin and with +strings from the same material sew them on their feet to protect them +from the rough, stony and frozen roads. But we were ordered to go, and +went. Early on the morning of the 26th of November, we pursued the enemy +and before noon reached Bragg's depot of supplies, (Chickamauga Station) +in time to see it destroyed by fire. At dark overtook the enemy and had +a sharp skirmish in which Lieutenant McAndless of Co. I was killed. We +carried him into a cabin and covered him with his blanket. While we were +preparing for the night, the faithful Jack, spoken of before, came in +with a chicken and we proceeded to cook it and have a supper out of the +general order of things. But I assure you there was no levity, for our +dead comrade was lying cold and stiff in our midst. Early in the morning +we dug a hole as best we could, wrapped our comrade in his blanket and +covered him over, found a piece of board and marked it as best we could +by carving the letters of his name, with a pocket-knife. (Since the war +I visited the National Cemetery at Chattanooga and was gratified to see +his name on file. His remains had been found and placed in the National +Cemetery.) + +On December 5th, at Maryville, we learned that Longstreet had raised the +siege and relieved Burnside. December 7th we countermarched and returned +to Chattanooga, arriving December 17th, and encamped December 20th with +the brigade at Rossville, Georgia, where the regiment went into winter +quarters. + +The Adjutant General's report on the march to Knoxville, has the +following to say: "The march was a very severe one, as the men were +poorly clad, having just emerged from the battle of Missionary Ridge, +and many being without shoes or proper clothing. They were also without +rations and were obliged to subsist on the country which already had +been nearly devastated, hence many suffered from hunger as well as +exposure." + +Sherman complimented Davis' Division on its good behavior on this march. +(The 78th was in the above Division.) + +We remained in camp at Rossville until the commencement of the Atlanta +campaign. On the 2nd day of May, 1864, we broke camp and the battle was +on again and the enemy were forced into their works at Buzzard Roost and +Dalton. They were flanked out of Dalton and May 13th, finds the regiment +in line of battle in front of Resaca. From now on we were scarcely out +of hearing of gun shot or cannon. Resaca and Rome, Georgia, were taken +and the Rebel line was constantly being driven back, until the 27th of +June, when Gen. Sherman determined to make a grand assault on Kennesaw +Mountain. The brigade to which we belonged was massed in front of the +Rebel entrenchments and at 9 a.m., on the 27th of June, the command +jumped the works on a charge to capture the enemy's entrenchments. The +brigade was received with a rattling fire of both musketry and +artillery, which was deadly. The assault was a failure, because of the +entrenchments being deep and wide and the dirt being thrown upon the +Rebel side of the ditch, and a head log on top, which made it impossible +to scale in face of the deadly fire; the enemy were pouring into us, but +the brigade maintained a position within seventy or one hundred feet of +the enemy's works, and that night entrenched itself. The loss in the +charge was very great. A day or two after, by common consent, +hostilities ceased, and details from each side buried the dead between +the lines. On the morning of July 4th it was discovered that the enemy +had abandoned their works the night before, and we immediately followed +them, skirmishing with them constantly until July 17th, when we crossed +the Chattahoochee river and at Peachtree creek had quite an engagement +just at sundown. Comrade Samuel Naylor of Co. E of my regiment, was +wounded. From this wound he suffered all the rest of his life, and still +many begrudged him the insignificant pension he got. Samuel Naylor, +attorney, of Carthage, is his son. There were many more casualties in my +regiment, as we were on the skirmish line. After heavy skirmishing we +forced the Rebels into their Atlanta intrenchments. + +On the morning of the 22nd of July the battle of Atlanta was fought +which was a peculiar and unfortunate affair for both armies as nothing +was accomplished by either army that benefited them in the least. It was +brought about by a strategic movement on the part of the Rebel forces. +They evacuated their works in the night, deceiving the Federal forces, +causing them to think that they had evacuated Atlanta, which was not the +case, as the Confederates marched east around the left flank of the +Federal forces and attacked the Federal forces in the rear. When +skirmishing first commenced Major General McPherson, with his staff rode +back in the direction of the firing and rode into an ambush of +Confederates which arose as one man and demanded him to surrender, which +he refused to do, and was shot off his horse; his staff were taken +prisoners, but in twenty minutes we retook the staff and put their +captors under guard. Four 20-lb. Parot guns with muzzles planted in the +ground, mark the spot where General McPherson fell. + +July 28th the command was ordered to assist Gen. Howard and we kept +moving to the right round Atlanta, skirmishing, fighting and building +works until August 25th. Aug. 23rd our colonel, Carter Van Vleck, died +from wounds received in front of Atlanta. He was much beloved by us +all. Aug. 26th, abandoned the works in front of Atlanta and struck +south, skirmishing as usual. On Sept. 1st, assaulted the enemy's works +at Jonesboro, Georgia, and after a desperate resistance, mounted their +works, capturing men, cannon and battle flags, performing a feat that +was not often equalled on either side during the war. The regiment did +not lose more men than at Kennesaw but the result was far more +gratifying. + +I must not pass without mentioning some circumstances which occurred +during this battle. Soon after we crossed the fence and entered the open +field, Capt. Black of Co. D of the 78th, was shot and instantly killed. +Capt. Black was from Carthage, Ill. Lieutenant John B. Worrell took +command of the company and was afterwards promoted to captain. He was +father of Bertha Worrell, now Mrs. Bertha Seger, and was as brave a man +as ever faced the enemy, and was loved by his men and all who knew him. +With him it was never go, but come on, boys. He was wounded at +Chickamauga. When we had charged about half way across the field, the +officers saw that owing to the enemy's line of works, the charging line +would not all get to the enemy's line at the same time, so a halt was +ordered, guides thrown out and the charging line ordered to dress on the +guides. This movement was executed under a galling fire from the Rebel +line. The coolness with which this maneuver was executed, I have heard +commented on, many times since the war. But I think it was the most +trying ordeal I ever experienced during my three years of service. When +the battle line was properly dressed, the command forward came and we +went forward with a yell that sent terror to our opponents and we +carried the line, taking a battery of six guns and many prisoners, among +whom was a general and staff officers, taken by Thos. Brodes of Co. I. +After he had relieved them of their arms he addressed the general and +said, "General, I took a good many chances on your arrest with your +staff." The general said, "I don't know, why do you say that?" "Because +my gun was empty. I fired my last shot as I entered your works." This +private, Tom Brodes, was the son of Major Wm. L. Brodes, who was killed +at Chickamauga, almost a year before. Among the killed was a young man +who belonged to Co. K, Perry Lashore. His death was a willing and +willful sacrifice for his country. He was visiting friends in Quincy +when he enlisted and he being the only son of aged parents, they at once +set about to get him discharged. He enlisted in June, 1862, and the +battle of Jonesboro was fought the first of September, 1864. His +discharge came in the morning and was handed to him by his captain, and +he said, "Captain, what would you do if you were in my place, go into +this fight or not?" The captain's reply was, "You don't have to go, you +have always been a good soldier, and we all know the circumstances under +which your discharge was obtained, and it is for your father's and +mother's sake. This will undoubtedly be a hard battle, and were I in +your place I would turn in my musket and take no chances." The members +of his company by this time had gathered around him and all urged him +not to take the chance. But his answer was, "I have been lucky for two +years, never had a wound, and I believe I will be now, and I am going +with you." Which he did, but never reached the enemy's works. + +Atlanta was evacuated on the 2nd of September, 1864, and our regiment +camped on the outskirts of the city. On this (known as the Atlanta +campaign) the regiment was hardly out of the sound of guns any day +during the entire period from May 2nd, 1864, to the fall of Atlanta, +Sept. 1st, 1864. + +During the Atlanta campaign there were a good many things happened of +much interest to the Federal forces, also to the Confederate forces. +The time weighed heavy on our hands at times, and we as well as our +enemies were alive to create something to relieve the monotony. So we +conceived the idea of creating an armistice and visiting the Rebel +outposts. In order that you may more fully understand what I am going to +relate, I will state that the Confederate commissary issued their men +tobacco in quite liberal quantities, while the Federal army did not have +it to issue and there was a demand above the supply and it was +expensive; while on the other hand the Federal army had an abundant +ration of coffee and the Confederates had absolutely none. So when our +armistice was arranged we conceived the idea of trading coffee for +tobacco, and this arrangement lasted all thru the Atlanta campaign. We +had an agreement by which should an advance be ordered we were to let +the other side know and that condition was never violated by either +side. The officers forbid the arrangement, but nevertheless it was not +abandoned for the Yanks liked the Johnnies' tobacco and the Johnnies +liked the Yankee coffee. So we were both naughty about disobeying +orders. On one occasion an officer was visiting the Rebel picket post +and the Rebel officer of the day was making a tour of the many picket +posts and one of our host heard more than a usual commotion and looked +up and at quite a little distance saw the officer of the day and his +escort approaching and said, "For God sake there comes the officer of +the day. You Yanks better git and that P. D. Q." The picket post said +when the officers came up they inquired what that meant, Yanks visiting +outposts. The boys said they did not answer for a time for they were +fairly caught, but after the officers had sworn around for a while he +stepped over by the end of a log to inspect something he thot did not +belong on a picket post. After kicking a couple of bundles around, he +asked what was "in that sack." The reply was: "It's Yankee coffee." "How +did you come by it?" "The Yanks brought it over to trade for tobacco." +"Whose tobacco is that?" "By rights it belongs to the Yanks." "Why +didn't they take it with them?" + +"Don't know, Captain, without you-all were too close for them to think +about more than one thing and that was the quickest and shortest way to +their own post." + +"Why didn't you shoot them as they ran?" "Because we could not on our +honor as gentlemen. Those are a mighty fine lot of Yanks and we are +having some very pleasant times with them. Why, Captain, one of those +Yanks is a cousin to Bill Harrison, and they were both born and raised +in Tennessee." + +"The hell you say?" + +"Yessir." + +"Well, you boys seem to be ahead, as you have both tobacco and coffee." + +Charles Henderson was sergeant in command of the post and had acted as +spokesman. He told us that when the Captain had mellowed down and become +more sociable, he said to him: + +"Captain, you have asked me quite a few questions and you expected me to +answer them truthfully, didn't you?" + +"Yes." + +"Now may I ask you one and will you be as frank with me as I have with +you?" + +"Yes." + +"Would you like to have some coffee for your breakfast?" + +"Yes." + +So the Johnny fixed up a good liberal ration and handed it to him, and +when the Captain started away, he said: + +"Charley, you see that the Yanks get their tobacco." + +There were hundreds of similar places along the line where similar +exchanges were made, and as far as I ever knew there never was any +armistice abused or violated. + +Casualties were of almost daily occurrence. More than two hundred and +fifty comrades are buried from the 78th between Chattanooga and Atlanta. + +On September 29th, the regiment and division were moved by rail to +Athens Alabama, and then marched to Florence in pursuit of Forest's +cavalry who were in the rear and doing a great deal of damage; the +division had a skirmish with him and drove him across the Tennessee +river near Florence, Alabama. The division returned to Athens and to +Chattanooga by rail. After we had drawn clothing and rations, we took up +our line of march for Atlanta via Gaylesville, Rome and Kingston to +Atlanta, as the R. R. had been torn up between Chattanooga and Atlanta, +arriving at the last named place November 14th. The grand march to the +sea commenced November 16th, when the command moved from Atlanta after +the city was burned. We reached Milledgeville about November 23rd. About +November 26th, 1864, passed through Sandersville and thence to +Louisville and on to Savannah. + +At Louisville we camped a few days in order that the several commands +might adjust their lines of march so that the generals could proceed to +the best advantage, for we were on a perilous trip, no one knew where we +would show up, not even ourselves. But we were bound to be heard from +somewhere. While we were camping at Louisville we had to be doing +something, and as we had been compelled to forage off the country some +of the forage squads had picked up some race horses, and there was a +difference of opinion as to who had the best one, so we took this +opportunity to test them. We had to go some little distance from camp in +order to find a suitable piece of road that would make a race track, but +just as we were in the zenith of our expectations of seeing a horse +race, Wheeler's Rebel cavalry showed up and we had to form a skirmish +line in order to protect ourselves from being captured. Needless to say, +our ardor for a horse race was cooled to the extent that we did not care +who had the best horse. + +Our march was conducted in a very systematic manner. The brigade or +regiment that was in the advance to-day was put in the rear tomorrow. + +We marched fifty minutes and rested ten. On the occasion of one of these +rest periods our regiment stopped in front of one of those beautiful +southern mansions. It had been raining all day and was still raining. We +had only stopped for a few minutes, when an old man came to us from the +mansion and asked to see the flag. It was taken from its cover and +unfurled. The old man took its folds in his hands and said, "Beautiful +emblem flag of our country," and tears came to his eyes, and then he +walked away. + +About fifteen miles from Savannah we were confronted by earthworks and +artillery and on December 10th the enemy retired to their intrenchments +at Savannah, Georgia. On Dec. 21st, the enemy abandoned the city, but we +skirmished with them quite a little before the evacuation. + +We spent the holidays in and around Savannah, putting in the most of our +time trying to get something to eat, as our supplies were exhausted and +we had to rely on the rice plantations. We went into the planters' +fields, hauled, threshed and hulled the rice in order to subsist while +we were getting into communication with our fleet, which had been sent +there to meet us, but knew not where. I thought it was the best rice I +ever tasted but since coming home can't say that I am partial to rice. +After getting supplies we broke camp about Jan. 20th, 1865, and marched +northward through the Carolinas. This march was a very hard march, +because of the swamps which were covered with water in many places and +in many instances there was ice frozen over the water, which the +officers broke by riding their horses through. The soldiers were then +ordered to take off shoes, stockings and pantaloons, and wade this icy +water, sometimes for more than a quarter of a mile, coming out so numb +with cold that their legs were almost void of feeling. Our line of march +was via Boonville and Lexington, passing to the west of Columbia. +February 17th, we proceeded to Winnsboro and arrived there February +21st. On our march we were to destroy railroads and other property of +value to the enemy. While on the march we were annoyed with hundreds of +negroes who followed us, and at Broad river we were obliged to take up +the pontoon bridge and leave them behind. It is hard to imagine the +hardships these poor people endured. + +On March 9th we arrived on the field in time to help Gen. Kilpatrick +regain his camp from Rebel Gen. Hampton. March 11th we reached +Fayetteville, North Carolina, skirmishing with Gen. Hampton's cavalry. +The march thru South Carolina could be easily traced, for it was a track +of desolation and devastation. The regiment proceeded in a northeasterly +direction towards Averysboro, South Carolina, and at this point the +Rebels made their first positive resistance. Since leaving Savannah, +Georgia, on March 16th, we had quite lively engagements with some loss. + +On the morning of March 19th, near Bentonville, North Carolina, we found +the Rebels in force across our line of march. The brigade formed line +and the 78th was put out as skirmishers, which soon developed a heavy +rebel force, which completely surrounded our brigade and we had to fight +from both front and rear. The enemy was repulsed several times and soon +our entire division was engaged. The enemy did not fall back until other +troops came to the assistance of the division. We lost very heavily in +this engagement. The last commissioned officer of my company, Lieut. +Burr, was killed in this battle. + +On the morning of the 21st in a skirmish the Rebels seemed to want to +give us a parting shot and fired two cannon shots before retiring, the +last one taking the head off of Capt. Summers of Co. K. This was the +last man lost by Sherman in battle, during his march to the sea and +through the Carolinas. From Bentonville we marched to Goldsboro, North +Carolina, and encamped until we were supplied with clothing, rations and +ammunition. On April 10th, we advanced on Raleigh, North Carolina, and +on to the Cape-fear river, where we went into camp. In a few days we +heard of Lee's surrender and a few days later heard of Lincoln's +assassination. On April 26, Johnson surrendered to Sherman and the war +was over, and we poor weary soldiers a long ways from home, but flushed +with victory and hearts filled with gratitude that the end had finally +come, and that Old Glory still waved over an undivided country, we +started north via Richmond, Va., where we camped for three days taking +in the sights around this historic city, then took up our march for +Washington, arriving at Washington, D. C., May 19, and participated in +the Grand Review, June 4, 1865. + +Sherman's command went on in this review just as we had been on the +march, for we had no Sunday clothes, and for that matter, wanted none. I +think, however, the vast crowd that greeted and cheered us had rather +see us as they did than otherwise, for I don't believe a finer body of +men ever marched down Pennsylvania avenue than those of Sherman's army, +for when we left Chattanooga every weakling was culled out, and when we +got to Savannah, Georgia, the sick or march worn were culled out again, +and at Goldsboro, North Carolina, all disabled men were sent to the +coast and we were all down to fighting weight. One feature of our parade +in the Grand Review that seemed to please the onlookers was our pack +mules that carried officers' equippage, camp equippage, such as tent +flies, headquarters clerical supplies, medical supplies, etc. These +mules were led by negroes and during the march these negroes had picked +up a good many fighting cocks, in order to have something to amuse +themselves; while in camp they would have cock fights and many a negro +and soldier for that matter, would stake their money on the result of +these fights, and when on the march, these cocks were fastened on top of +these pack mules, and they were on this Grand Review just as on march. + +On June 7th, 1865, was mustered out and sent to Chicago, where the 78th +was paid off and discharged. + +The regiment participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, +Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Peach +Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville. The regiment +mustered in 962 men, recruited 140 men, mustered out 393 men, lost in +killed and wounded 423 men and 24 died in Rebel prisons. + +The 78th was in active service from the time it was mustered in until +mustered out. + +Owing to the late writing of these incidents of army life many things +worthy of mention have been left out of their proper place. A few of +which I believe will be of interest to those who care to read them. + +On the second day of our advance from Rossville on the Atlanta campaign, +after passing through Ringold Gap in the mountains, our cavalry was +skirmishing with the Rebel cavalry, but as the infantry advanced the +Rebel cavalry gradually fell back to the west foothills of Buzzard Roost +mountain. We saw in advance of us what we supposed was an intrenched +line, but owing to the lay of the surrounding country we advanced very +cautiously. We also saw what we supposed to be a masked battery which +made us all the more cautious. But as we neared the supposed line to our +surprise the battery was nothing more than the front wheels of a wagon +with a small log mounted on them to represent a piece of artillery, +covered with bushes in order to disguise it. That and the fact we were +looking for trouble and a strong picket force in near proximity made the +deception more easy. We did not experience much difficulty in taking +that particular piece of ordinance. But as we advanced a number of the +Rebel rear guard threw down their guns and came running towards us with +hands up and a white cloth indicating they wanted to surrender, and they +were permitted to enter our lines. + +There were many instances of this kind during our campaigning in east +Tennessee, owing to the fact that there were a great many Union people +in that section of Tennessee. Colonel Brownlow's 1st East Tennessee +cavalry was made up of the loyal men of that district and joined the +Union army, and they were a brave and fearless lot of men. They never +allowed themselves to be taken prisoner from the fact that if they were +detected as southern men they said there would be no mercy shown them, +from the fact they thought they should be fighting for the South. During +our advance on Chattanooga, Tenn., during the summer of 1863 there were +several men from this Tennessee country joined Co. F of my regiment, one +of whom was killed at Chickamauga and another wounded. The wounded man +recovered and came back to us just before starting on the Atlanta +campaign, and as stated before, there were many times when the two army +lines were in close proximity, times when a man's head above ground was +an inviting target. On one of these occasions the skirmishing fire +became so annoying that one of these Tennessee recruits jumped up on the +front of the works with his gun and told the rest of his comrades to +load their guns and hand them to him. The boys begged him to come down +as it was simply suicide for him to stay up there, but he stayed until +wounded twice. The second wound proved quite severe and he was sent back +to hospital, which was the last I ever knew of him. + +Before closing I wish briefly to note something of camp life, camp +equipment, both in the early part of our term of service and at the last +end. When we went to Quincy there was no camp equipage and for a time we +were placed around the city at the different hotels until such time as +we could secure tents and other necessary articles which would enable us +to take care of ourselves. We knew absolutely nothing about camp life. +When we got our tents there was issued us what was called Sibley tents, +five to the company. They were round with pole in the center to hold +them up, and guy ropes to hold them from blowing over. When we lay down +at night heads to the outside, feet to the center. It was some time +before we got used to those guy ropes, for we were constantly getting +too near and falling over them. What was said on those occasions would +hardly bear repeating here. Each man drew a tin plate, tin cup, knife, +fork and spoon. The company drew five camp kettles, all of different +sizes, to be used in cooking different kinds of food. The greatest +trouble we had for a time was how much rice to put in the kettle. The +first time cooking before we had it cooked done we had everything around +camp filled with rice. It kept swelling beyond what we had any +conception of. At first the company was formed into one big mess and a +couple of men did the cooking. It was some experience. When we left +Quincy we went to Louisville, Ky., where we drew arms and accoutrements, +also our quota of six mule teams, which was one mule team to each +company, and three for headquarters, which made thirteen to transport +regimental supplies, with the addition of two ambulances to our outfit +of teams to transport regimental medical supplies and care for the sick +and march worn. When we got to Louisville a detail of men was made to go +to the stock yards and get the teams. I don't think there was one mule +in ten in those yards that had ever had a halter on, and to see those +men catch those mules, harness and hitch six of those unbroken mules to +one wagon and start out of those yards was a sight long to be +remembered. Most of the time was spent by those men in untangling those +teams, all piled up and tangled to the extent of having to unhitch and +unharness in order to get straightened out. But it was astonishing how +soon those teams were brought into subjection. It was not long, however, +before orders came for us to turn over our Sibley tents, and instead we +were issued what we called dog tents. Each man drew a piece of canvas +cloth 4×6 feet, buttons on one end, so that two men could button their +respective pieces together and sleep together. At this particular time +there was a general move toward a decrease along the line of things that +had to be cared for in the way of forage and what it took to transport +supplies for teams and what was considered unnecessary appurtenances for +the use of the army, for each day we were getting further from our base +of supplies and it became a necessity to do away with everything that +could be dispensed with. So our regimental teams were reduced from +thirteen to three for a time. Then all teams except one to a regiment +and the ambulances were reduced in numbers and put into a brigade +ambulance train. + +On the march each man had to carry three days' rations, gun, +accoutrements, forty rounds of ammunition, haversack, canteen, blanket, +if in winter, overcoats and change of underwear. Of necessity our +company messes were broken up and messes were composed of two to four +men except in some instances some mean cuss no one cared to be with, +then his mess was confined to one. + +A few facts and figures clipped from the Blandinsville Star will not be +out of place here and will enable the reader to form a better idea of +what the Civil war meant to our nation. + + +=Don't Belittle the Civil War.= + +Blandinsville Star: We think of the present war as the most terrible +experience of humanity, and are apt to think of our present sacrifices +as something unheard of before. But any of our old veterans who went +through the civil war know that measured by any standpoint--cost, men +engaged, casualties, property loss, or general awfulness the civil war +was enormously more costly and terrible to America than this war was or +could have become if it had lasted for several years. + +In fact we have only had a mere taste, a faint suggestion of what the +men and women of the '60s went through. + +The world war has cost us eighteen billion dollars. The civil war cost +us $5,160,000,000. The amount of wealth now in the country is fifteen +times what it was in 1860. Had the cost mounted up to 77 billion we +might begin to feel it pinch as they did. We should have to spend sixty +billion more before we should make the money sacrifice they did. + +The lives lost in the civil war was in round numbers 600,000. The +population was then 27,400,000--about one-fourth of what it is now. Four +times 600,000 is 2,400,000. If every soldier sent over seas were killed +we should have a smaller proportion of gold stars by a quarter of a +million than they did. + +Out of a population of 27,400,000 there were mustered in during the '60s +3,730,000. Multiplying again by four we get 14,920,000. If we had kept +on sending two million a year to France for six more years to come we +would begin to feel the drain on our male population here at home as +they did in 1865. And this takes no account of the billions of dollars' +worth of property destroyed and the disruption of business in nearly +half our territory. In this war we have faced nothing of this kind. + +Nor has the fighting been anything like so savage and terrible as when +both sides were Americans, the best soldiers in the world. Phil Sheridan +sat on his horse beside Prince Charles when Metz was taken from the +French in 1870. Looking at the serried lines of Germany's best soldiers +he said to the Prince, "Give me two divisions of the Sedgwick sixth +corps of the Union army and I could cut my way through your army of +Prussians." + +In the last hundred years the world has seen no other such fighting as +was done by the Blue and Gray. The three most destructive battles in the +last century outside the civil war were the battle of Waterloo in 1815, +where the victors lost 20 per cent of their men; Vioville, between the +Germans and the French in 1870, where the casualties were 20 per cent, +and the battle of Plevno in 1870 where the Prussians lost 8 per cent in +their battle with the Turks. But in the battle of Antietam the +casualties of the victors were 23 per cent, at Gettysburg 20 and at +Chickamauga 27 per cent. + +Germany boasts of her "shock troops." In the civil war our boys were all +"shock troops." And they were only boys. We see the few gray haired +veterans with us to-day and forget that of those wonderful boys of 1860, +1,151,438 of them were mere striplings under 18 years old. But what +terrible fighters they became! They were shock troops, for they knew but +one way to fight. That was at close quarters after the roar of musketry, +with bayonets and clubbed rifles. + +The present method of long range shooting and trench fighting shows no +such savage intensity of fighting or terrible slaughter as these men +faced, and it knows no such losses. + +At Gettysburg the First Minnesota lost 82 per cent of its men in fifteen +minutes of the second day. At Petersburg the First Maine lost 70 per +cent of its men in seven minutes. At Gettysburg the 141st Pennsylvania +lost 76 per cent. And remember, these were killed or wounded and not a +man "missing," as they didn't surrender. + +And how about the Gray? First Texas at Antietam 82 per cent, 21st +Georgia at Manassas 78 per cent, 26th North Carolina at Gettysburg 72 +per cent, 6th Mississippi at Shiloh 71 per cent. They printed no +casualty lists then. The day after one of these battles the whole +Chicago Tribune would not have been big enough to hold the names. + +An eminent British officer recently said, "The Americans still hold the +record for hard fighting." And now the sons and grandsons of the men +who shook hands at Appomattox, lineal descendants of the best infantry +that ever marched on the globe, have had a chance to send the shivers of +fear down the spine of the hun and America has repeated itself under the +Stars and Stripes. But let us not forget the deeds of their heroic +fathers who set a world record for terrific fighting that is not likely +to ever be broken. + + * * * * * + +The author of this enlisted June 7, 1862, returned home July 3rd, 1865. +Never asked for furlough. Was not absent from his regiment during term +of service, except two days and three night, absence caused by the enemy +being between him and the Union forces. The 78th Illinois was in active +service from beginning to end of service, always at the front. + + + + + +---------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | | + | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in | + | the original document have been preserved. | + | | + | Typographical errors corrected in the text: | + | | + | 1964 changed to 1864 | + | Chickamaugee changed to Chickamauga | + | Johnnys' changed to Johnnies' | + | Gaylsville changed to Gaylesville | + | Averyboro changed to Averysboro | + | cheerd changed to cheered | + | Oldsborg changed to Goldsboro | + | Resacca changed to Resaca | + | invantrty changed to infantry | + | mountd changed to mounted | + | Appomatox changed to Appomattox | + | Murphysboro changed to Murfreesboro | + | | + +---------------------------------------------+ + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES, 1862-1865*** + + +******* This file should be named 38859-8.txt or 38859-8.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/8/5/38859 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: Civil War Experiences, 1862-1865</p> +<p> Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro, Bentonville</p> +<p>Author: Edward Mott Robbins</p> +<p>Release Date: February 13, 2012 [eBook #38859]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES, 1862-1865***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4 class="pg">E-text prepared by Barbara Kosker<br /> + and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Internet Archive<br /> + (<a href="http://www.archive.org">http://www.archive.org</a>)</h4> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/civilwarexperien00robb"> + http://www.archive.org/details/civilwarexperien00robb</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/cover.jpg" width="45%" alt="Book Cover" id='Coverpage' /> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h1>Civil War Experiences</h1> + +<h3>1862-1865</h3> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p class="cen noin">CHICKAMAUGA<br /> +MISSION RIDGE<br /> +BUZZARD ROOST<br /> +RESACA<br /> +ROME<br /> +NEW HOPE CHURCH<br /> +KENNESAW MOUNTAIN<br /> +PEACH TREE CREEK<br /> +ATLANTA<br /> +JONESBORO<br /> +AVERYSBORO<br /> +BENTONVILLE</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<h4>By</h4> + +<h2>DR. EDWARD M. ROBBINS</h2> +<h4>Carthage, Illinois, November, 1919</h4> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="img"> +<a href="images/frontis.jpg"> +<img border="0" src="images/frontis.jpg" width="45%" alt="DR. EDWARD MOTT ROBBINS" /></a><br /> +<p class="cen" style="margin-top: .2em;">DR. EDWARD MOTT ROBBINS</p> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<hr /> +<br /> +<h2>CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES</h2> +<br /> + +<p>Enlisted in Capt. John Allen's company June 7th, 1862. Went on board the +steamer "Jennie Whipple" at Dallas City, Sunday morning, June 15th, and +with company went down the Mississippi to Quincy, Ill., place of +rendezvous. On the way an incident occurred which I cannot pass without +mention. When we passed Alexandria, Mo., the river shore was lined with +people and to our ears came the shout, "Hurrah for Jeff Davis!" and to +add to the insult they waved the black flag in our faces, (which +interpreted meant no quarter to Yankees). Passing on down the river the +next town was Canton, where the same greeting was given us, all of which +made us very indignant to think so near home we should be insulted in +such a manner. I have never had a very favorable opinion of those two +towns since, and while I hope there is more loyalty and patriotism now +than then, I feel that their forefathers put a blot on their little +cities that will never be erased.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>At Camp Wood on the 1st day of September, was mustered into the U. S. +service, together with nine other companies, forming the 78th Ill. Vol. +Inf. (In casting lots for position in line my company drew the letter +"H" which placed us on the left of the colors, and Company "C" on the +right.) On the 19th day of September we were put on coal cars with +boards laid across for seats, no cover over our heads; on arrival at +destination were put on provost duty for a few days, until Gen. Buell +was equipped for his campaign against Gen. Bragg. October 5th my +regiment was marched to Shepardsville, Ky., and on the 14th was divided +into detachments under Gen. Gilbert to guard railroad bridges on the +Louisville and Nashville railroad. December 26th the guerrilla John +Morgan, captured Companies B and C at Muldrose Hill, two and one-half +miles from Elizabethtown, Ky., and they were paroled. On the same raid +on the morning of Dec. 30th, Morgan attacked Co. H at New Haven, Ky., +and was driven away without accomplishing his purpose. About the last of +January, 1863, the companies were collected at Louisville and embarked +on the steamer "John H. Grosbeck" for Nashville via the Ohio and +Cumberland rivers, arriving at Fort Donelson February 3, 1863, in time +to relieve the 83rd Ill., which was surrounded by a superior force of +Forest's and Wheeler's cavalry. The enemy retired on our approach and we +passed on to Nashville, Tenn., where the regiment disembarked. The +regiment was in the command of Brigadier Gen. C. C. Gilbert of the Army +of Kentucky, under Major General Gordon Granger, reserve corps +commander.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>During our stay in Kentucky there were many social features with the +citizens that made our stay among them quite pleasant, one of which is +worthy of mention. As a few of us wished to avail ourselves of an +opportunity to attend a dance to be given by a planter by the name of +Sphink, who sent in to our lines an invitation for about a half a dozen +to come out on a certain night. Of course we were crazy to go, but how +were we to get outside the lines. We decided to ask the officers for a +pass, but this failed. Our officers claimed this was a plan made up to +get a lot of us out there and take us prisoners, as a lot of Morgan's +men were in that vicinity at that time, and we decided it was all off. +But as the time came near for the event and there was less news of the +Rebel General Morgan's near proximity to us, a few of us Yanks' heels +began to tickle for a dance and a desire to have a chance at the roast +turkey that was promised for the occasion. So we made up our minds that +we would take our chances on getting by the pickets. In the mean time +there came a big snow storm, the heaviest, the natives said, that had +ever been known in Kentucky. It covered the earth to a depth of a little +more than two feet. The night for the party arrived, and not Johnnies, +snow, pickets, nor anything else would have stopped that gang. During +the day we located the guards on picket duty, quite a ways from the main +road, and planned to go as close to them as possible without attracting +their attention, then to drop on our hands and knees and crawl through +the snow to a safe distance on the outside, which we did, and arrived +safely at Mr. Sphink's. We had taken the precaution to take our side +arms with us, for we had seen service enough to be always on the alert +and trust nobody or allow them to get the drop on us.</p> + +<p>When we went into the house almost the first persons we met were men +wearing the gray uniform, and the host introduced them to us as +Confederate soldiers home on furlough. At first we were just a bit +disconcerted until our host assured us that all was on the square, that +we need not fear any trouble, as they were home boys and had heard of +our coming and for us to pitch in and have as good a time as we could, +and we sure did have a fine time, a royal supper, and not a word was +spoken to mar the peace and comfort of anyone. When we left for camp we +shook hands with the Confeds the same as any one else and bid them +goodbye. It was some time before the officers found out about our going +out, in fact not until we had left Kentucky, consequently we were not +disciplined for having the good time, and leaving the camp without +permission.</p> + +<p>February 12th the regiment marched to Franklin, Tenn., where it remained +four months. We were diligent in company, battalion and brigade drill, +the first good opportunity we had since enlistment. On April 11th we +were threatened by a heavy force of Van Dorn and Wheeler cavalry, but no +engagement except skirmishing with pickets and outposts, and on June 4th +the enemy made a similar attack on our outposts with like result.</p> + +<p>On June 9th a very unhappy affair occurred—two Confederate spies +entered camp disguised as federal officers, claiming to be federal +paymasters on their way from Murfreesboro via Franklin to Nashville, but +when they were detected they acknowledged being Confederate officers, +but denied being spies. A court martial was immediately organized, and +they were tried and condemned to death by hanging. They requested to be +shot instead, but their request was not granted and they were hung June +10. They gave their names as Col. Orton and Lieut. Peters. Col. Orton +had been an officer in the Union army before the war. The 78th +constructed the gallows and furnished the guard.</p> + +<p>On June 23rd marched to Trinne and Murfreesboro, Tenn. The army had now +been reorganized and the 78th was assigned to the brigade of Col. John +G. Mitchell in General James B. Stedman's division reserve corps, under +Major General Gordon Granger. We were glad to exchange Gen. Gilbert for +Col. Mitchell, who ably commanded the brigade from that time, with the +exception of a few months, to the close of the war.</p> + +<p>On June 28th moved south from Murfreesboro in the rear of the general +advance against Bragg's army. The brigade entered Shelbyville, Tenn., +July 1st., and camped. While at this place Col. Benison, the first +colonel mustered with the regiment, resigned and Col. Carter Van Vleck, +then lieutenant colonel, was promoted to colonel of the regiment, a +change that pleased not only the line officers but the men as well. +Sept. 6th, 1863, the regiment moved southward, crossed the Tennessee +river, Sept. 12, pursued its march around Lookout Mountain, and arrived +at Rossville, Ga., on Sept. 14, 1863, and for a few days previous to the +battle of Chickamauga was kept on the move day and night, marching, +skirmishing, trying to locate the weak and strong points of the enemy, +all signs of an approaching engagement being visible.</p> + +<p>On the 17th of September the division made a reconnaissance to Ringold, +Ga., and there discovered that Longstreet's corps from Lee's army was +reinforcing Bragg. The command was followed closely on its return from +Ringold and at midnight the enemy opened upon us with artillery, with no +damage except the briars we incorporated in our feet while getting into +our clothes and into line of battle. Unfortunately we had camped where +there were some rail fences which we burned to cook our suppers, and the +fence rows were full of blackberry briars. (My, but I can feel those +briars yet.) We stood to arms until morning. During the commencement of +the battle of Chickamauga, the regiment with the division before +Rossville guarding the road through the gap to Chattanooga. Before noon +on the 20th of September, General Granger, apprehending that Gen. Thomas +needed assistance, double quicked two brigades of our division to Gen. +Thomas' front, which proved a timely assistance to Gen. Thomas, as +Longstreet was getting around the Federal right and rear. The two +brigades (Mitchell's and Whitaker's) were put into action at once, made +a charge on Longstreet and drove him from the west and south bends of +Snodgrass ridge with great loss to both sides. A monument erected to the +78th on the west end of Snodgrass ridge, bears a tablet describing the +terrible carnage in the fearful charge. Thirty-seven per cent of the +command gave themselves as a sacrifice for Old Glory in just a few +moments. The adjutant general's report gives the per cent as forty in +this awful charge. The Rebels made three distinct efforts to retake the +positions, but each time were repulsed with heavy loss. In one attempt +to take a battery they were so near that muskets were clubbed and men +beaten over the head in order to prevent the loss of the six-gun +battery. We held the position until after dark, when we were ordered off +the field.</p> + +<p>On the march from left to right, I ran across a Rebel who was shot +through the bowels. He was just across the fence, and I did not see him, +until he called and said, "Hello, Yank. Have you any water?" I said, +"Yes, what's the matter with you Johnny?" His answer was, "I am wounded +and waiting to die." I went to him, raked the leaves away from him (for +the whole battlefield was ablaze), emptied part of the water from my +canteen into his, and Dr. Githens gave him a dose of morphine to relieve +his suffering, and left him to die, for he was wounded through the +bowels. This occurred at the north end of Snodgrass Ridge, just north of +the Snodgrass house. As we started to leave him we started east. We +could hear voices just ahead of us, but the smoke from fire arms, cannon +and burning leaves was so dense we could not see far. But the wounded +soldier I had just befriended called and said, "Hold on, Yank, don't go +that way, Johnnies are thicker than hell just beyond those bushes." I +asked him if he heard troops pass before I came and he said they did but +they turned south down the west side of the ridge. We had gotten behind, +ministering to a Michigan soldier who was wounded in the same manner the +Johnny was. I have mentioned this circumstance to show the feeling among +soldiers when one is put out of action. I favored the Confederate and he +in turn saved me from walking into the Confederate lines, which I would +have done. I went down the ridge and came up with my command in time to +go into the charge on the west end of the ridge, which we took and a +monument marks the place where we were halted on top of the ridge.</p> + +<p>I spent the night with wounded comrades, ministering to them as best I +could to relieve their sufferings. During the afternoon of the last +day's fight, I stepped on Doctor Githens' spur and tore my shoe in such +a manner as to permit small gravel to work between the sole of my shoe +and foot; after the excitement of battle was over and wounded comrades +cared for, I realized I had a very sore foot.</p> + +<p>I wish here to relate a very peculiar incident which occurred to Dr. +Githens and my horses. When we started into the fight on the afternoon +of the 20th, we dismounted and turned the horses, with all of our +effects, except the medicine case and surgeon's case of instruments, to +the care of a negro boy we called Jack, and instructed him to keep in +the rear so as to avoid getting lost or being captured by the Rebels; +when night came Jack could not be found, nor did he show up during the +night; morning came and no Jack, horses, blankets or provisions. I +hunted over all that part of the army but no Jack of the proper +dimensions or environments could be found, so the Doctor and I gave up +all hope of finding the outfit. But to add to the Doctor's discomfort, +he had at noon received orders to report to division headquarters to +take charge of an ambulance train of wounded men, over the mountains, to +Bridgeport. We had exhausted every means we could conceive of, but no +Jack, no horses or anything else could be found, and Dr. Githens started +to take charge of the train without horse or anything that might +minister to his personal comfort, not even so much as a blanket or +cracker. As I turned to leave him, to my great astonishment Jack and the +horses loomed in front of me. I turned and called Dr. Githens, and then +said to Jack, "For heaven's sake, Jack, where did you come from?" "Massa +Ed, fo de Lod, I done can't tell you. Wh's you alls been. I done hunt +all over dis heah whole country, been in with the Johnnies." I said, +"Why did they not take the horses from you?" "Don't know, Sah, dwey done +pay no tenshun to me and I just kep on going until heah I is." And I +said, "Just in time, too, for the Doctor wants his horse." I have often +wished I knew what became of that coon, for he was a dandy.</p> + +<p>Rosecrans placed his army around Chattanooga and expected Bragg would +continue the battle, but he seemed to have enough, so all he did was to +place Rosecrans army in siege, thinking it easier to starve us out than +to whip us. So he placed a force on Lookout Mountain, which cut us off +from our base of supplies and from the 22nd of September until the 25th +of November, my regiment, with others of the division, camped on +Stringer's Ridge, immediately north and across the Tennessee river from +Lookout Mountain, and directly west and across the river from +Chattanooga. We occupied this position until the night of the 24th of +November. During the interim from Sept. 22nd until the 25th of November, +Bragg's siege was so effective that men suffered for food and thousands +of horses and mules died for want of forage.</p> + +<p>In the early part of October the brigade went over into Sequatchie +Valley, to help pursue Wheeler, who was destroying our supply train. +October 9th, 1863, Mitchell's brigade was put into Brigadier General +Jeff C. Davis' division, and was called 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 14th +army corps, where we served until the close of the war. Our corps badge +was an acorn—red one for first, white for second and blue for third +division.</p> + +<p>About 2 a.m., October 27th, we in company with the rest of the brigade, +crossed the Tennessee river below Lookout Mountain, on a pontoon bridge, +to the assistance of the Potomac troops, who were coming to the support +of the Army of the Cumberland, and the enemy were trying to prevent +their advance by assaulting Gen Gray's division. The darkness was akin +to blackness, and the volleys of musketry, together with the roar of +cannon, rendered the night one long to be remembered. This battle in the +night is known as the battle of Wauhatchie.</p> + +<p>On the afternoon of November 24, 1863, our attention was attracted to +Lookout Mountain, which was ablaze with artillery and musketry. The +battle of Lookout Mountain was on, and we had it in full view without +participating in it, and as the blue advanced and the gray fell back, +leaving their breast-works, camp, camp equipage, artillery, in fact +everything that goes to equip an army, the scene being enacted filled us +so full that we, too, indulged in a hearty, long and loud cheer, which +was all we could do as the Tennessee river was between them and us. +However, it was soon over and in a short time we received orders to +break camp, which we did and left Stringer's Ridge the night of the +24th, crossed the Tennessee river north of Chattanooga and near the +north end of Missionary Ridge, on a pontoon bridge, which we constructed +after relieving the Rebel pickets. We went in line of battle, connecting +with the 15th Corps and by the middle of the day the enemy had been +dislodged from their stronghold (Missionary Ridge) and were in full +retreat, with us annoying their rear guard. These two days, November +24th and 25th, were red letter days for the U. S. forces. Lookout +Mountain and Missionary Ridge were ours, besides a large number of +prisoners and many stand of arms, a large amount of artillery, and the +enemy in full retreat.</p> + +<p>But our task was not done. Gen. Burnside was besieged at Knoxville, +Tennessee, his supplies of all kinds were nearly exhausted, so we were +ordered to his relief by forced marches, which was no small task for an +army that had just raised a siege of its own and as yet had no +opportunity to draw either rations or clothing. Many of us were without +blankets, very scant clothing and but few had shoes and many were +compelled while on that march to cut pieces of green cow skin and with +strings from the same material sew them on their feet to protect them +from the rough, stony and frozen roads. But we were ordered to go, and +went. Early on the morning of the 26th of November, we pursued the enemy +and before noon reached Bragg's depot of supplies, (Chickamauga Station) +in time to see it destroyed by fire. At dark overtook the enemy and had +a sharp skirmish in which Lieutenant McAndless of Co. I was killed. We +carried him into a cabin and covered him with his blanket. While we were +preparing for the night, the faithful Jack, spoken of before, came in +with a chicken and we proceeded to cook it and have a supper out of the +general order of things. But I assure you there was no levity, for our +dead comrade was lying cold and stiff in our midst. Early in the morning +we dug a hole as best we could, wrapped our comrade in his blanket and +covered him over, found a piece of board and marked it as best we could +by carving the letters of his name, with a pocket-knife. (Since the war +I visited the National Cemetery at Chattanooga and was gratified to see +his name on file. His remains had been found and placed in the National +Cemetery.)</p> + +<p>On December 5th, at Maryville, we learned that Longstreet had raised the +siege and relieved Burnside. December 7th we countermarched and returned +to Chattanooga, arriving December 17th, and encamped December 20th with +the brigade at Rossville, Georgia, where the regiment went into winter +quarters.</p> + +<p>The Adjutant General's report on the march to Knoxville, has the +following to say: "The march was a very severe one, as the men were +poorly clad, having just emerged from the battle of Missionary Ridge, +and many being without shoes or proper clothing. They were also without +rations and were obliged to subsist on the country which already had +been nearly devastated, hence many suffered from hunger as well as +exposure."</p> + +<p>Sherman complimented Davis' Division on its good behavior on this march. +(The 78th was in the above Division.)</p> + +<p>We remained in camp at Rossville until the commencement of the Atlanta +campaign. On the 2nd day of May, 1864, we broke camp and the battle was +on again and the enemy were forced into their works at Buzzard Roost and +Dalton. They were flanked out of Dalton and May 13th, finds the regiment +in line of battle in front of Resaca. From now on we were scarcely out +of hearing of gun shot or cannon. Resaca and Rome, Georgia, were taken +and the Rebel line was constantly being driven back, until the 27th of +June, when Gen. Sherman determined to make a grand assault on Kennesaw +Mountain. The brigade to which we belonged was massed in front of the +Rebel entrenchments and at 9 a.m., on the 27th of June, the command +jumped the works on a charge to capture the enemy's entrenchments. The +brigade was received with a rattling fire of both musketry and +artillery, which was deadly. The assault was a failure, because of the +entrenchments being deep and wide and the dirt being thrown upon the +Rebel side of the ditch, and a head log on top, which made it impossible +to scale in face of the deadly fire; the enemy were pouring into us, but +the brigade maintained a position within seventy or one hundred feet of +the enemy's works, and that night entrenched itself. The loss in the +charge was very great. A day or two after, by common consent, +hostilities ceased, and details from each side buried the dead between +the lines. On the morning of July 4th it was discovered that the enemy +had abandoned their works the night before, and we immediately followed +them, skirmishing with them constantly until July 17th, when we crossed +the Chattahoochee river and at Peachtree creek had quite an engagement +just at sundown. Comrade Samuel Naylor of Co. E of my regiment, was +wounded. From this wound he suffered all the rest of his life, and still +many begrudged him the insignificant pension he got. Samuel Naylor, +attorney, of Carthage, is his son. There were many more casualties in my +regiment, as we were on the skirmish line. After heavy skirmishing we +forced the Rebels into their Atlanta intrenchments.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 22nd of July the battle of Atlanta was fought +which was a peculiar and unfortunate affair for both armies as nothing +was accomplished by either army that benefited them in the least. It was +brought about by a strategic movement on the part of the Rebel forces. +They evacuated their works in the night, deceiving the Federal forces, +causing them to think that they had evacuated Atlanta, which was not the +case, as the Confederates marched east around the left flank of the +Federal forces and attacked the Federal forces in the rear. When +skirmishing first commenced Major General McPherson, with his staff rode +back in the direction of the firing and rode into an ambush of +Confederates which arose as one man and demanded him to surrender, which +he refused to do, and was shot off his horse; his staff were taken +prisoners, but in twenty minutes we retook the staff and put their +captors under guard. Four 20-lb. Parot guns with muzzles planted in the +ground, mark the spot where General McPherson fell.</p> + +<p>July 28th the command was ordered to assist Gen. Howard and we kept +moving to the right round Atlanta, skirmishing, fighting and building +works until August 25th. Aug. 23rd our colonel, Carter Van Vleck, died +from wounds received in front of Atlanta. He was much beloved by us +all. Aug. 26th, abandoned the works in front of Atlanta and struck +south, skirmishing as usual. On Sept. 1st, assaulted the enemy's works +at Jonesboro, Georgia, and after a desperate resistance, mounted their +works, capturing men, cannon and battle flags, performing a feat that +was not often equalled on either side during the war. The regiment did +not lose more men than at Kennesaw but the result was far more +gratifying.</p> + +<p>I must not pass without mentioning some circumstances which occurred +during this battle. Soon after we crossed the fence and entered the open +field, Capt. Black of Co. D of the 78th, was shot and instantly killed. +Capt. Black was from Carthage, Ill. Lieutenant John B. Worrell took +command of the company and was afterwards promoted to captain. He was +father of Bertha Worrell, now Mrs. Bertha Seger, and was as brave a man +as ever faced the enemy, and was loved by his men and all who knew him. +With him it was never go, but come on, boys. He was wounded at +Chickamauga. When we had charged about half way across the field, the +officers saw that owing to the enemy's line of works, the charging line +would not all get to the enemy's line at the same time, so a halt was +ordered, guides thrown out and the charging line ordered to dress on the +guides. This movement was executed under a galling fire from the Rebel +line. The coolness with which this maneuver was executed, I have heard +commented on, many times since the war. But I think it was the most +trying ordeal I ever experienced during my three years of service. When +the battle line was properly dressed, the command forward came and we +went forward with a yell that sent terror to our opponents and we +carried the line, taking a battery of six guns and many prisoners, among +whom was a general and staff officers, taken by Thos. Brodes of Co. I. +After he had relieved them of their arms he addressed the general and +said, "General, I took a good many chances on your arrest with your +staff." The general said, "I don't know, why do you say that?" "Because +my gun was empty. I fired my last shot as I entered your works." This +private, Tom Brodes, was the son of Major Wm. L. Brodes, who was killed +at Chickamauga, almost a year before. Among the killed was a young man +who belonged to Co. K, Perry Lashore. His death was a willing and +willful sacrifice for his country. He was visiting friends in Quincy +when he enlisted and he being the only son of aged parents, they at once +set about to get him discharged. He enlisted in June, 1862, and the +battle of Jonesboro was fought the first of September, 1864. His +discharge came in the morning and was handed to him by his captain, and +he said, "Captain, what would you do if you were in my place, go into +this fight or not?" The captain's reply was, "You don't have to go, you +have always been a good soldier, and we all know the circumstances under +which your discharge was obtained, and it is for your father's and +mother's sake. This will undoubtedly be a hard battle, and were I in +your place I would turn in my musket and take no chances." The members +of his company by this time had gathered around him and all urged him +not to take the chance. But his answer was, "I have been lucky for two +years, never had a wound, and I believe I will be now, and I am going +with you." Which he did, but never reached the enemy's works.</p> + +<p>Atlanta was evacuated on the 2nd of September, 1864, and our regiment +camped on the outskirts of the city. On this (known as the Atlanta +campaign) the regiment was hardly out of the sound of guns any day +during the entire period from May 2nd, 1864, to the fall of Atlanta, +Sept. 1st, 1864.</p> + +<p>During the Atlanta campaign there were a good many things happened of +much interest to the Federal forces, also to the Confederate forces. +The time weighed heavy on our hands at times, and we as well as our +enemies were alive to create something to relieve the monotony. So we +conceived the idea of creating an armistice and visiting the Rebel +outposts. In order that you may more fully understand what I am going to +relate, I will state that the Confederate commissary issued their men +tobacco in quite liberal quantities, while the Federal army did not have +it to issue and there was a demand above the supply and it was +expensive; while on the other hand the Federal army had an abundant +ration of coffee and the Confederates had absolutely none. So when our +armistice was arranged we conceived the idea of trading coffee for +tobacco, and this arrangement lasted all thru the Atlanta campaign. We +had an agreement by which should an advance be ordered we were to let +the other side know and that condition was never violated by either +side. The officers forbid the arrangement, but nevertheless it was not +abandoned for the Yanks liked the Johnnies' tobacco and the Johnnies +liked the Yankee coffee. So we were both naughty about disobeying +orders. On one occasion an officer was visiting the Rebel picket post +and the Rebel officer of the day was making a tour of the many picket +posts and one of our host heard more than a usual commotion and looked +up and at quite a little distance saw the officer of the day and his +escort approaching and said, "For God sake there comes the officer of +the day. You Yanks better git and that P. D. Q." The picket post said +when the officers came up they inquired what that meant, Yanks visiting +outposts. The boys said they did not answer for a time for they were +fairly caught, but after the officers had sworn around for a while he +stepped over by the end of a log to inspect something he thot did not +belong on a picket post. After kicking a couple of bundles around, he +asked what was "in that sack." The reply was: "It's Yankee coffee." "How +did you come by it?" "The Yanks brought it over to trade for tobacco." +"Whose tobacco is that?" "By rights it belongs to the Yanks." "Why +didn't they take it with them?"</p> + +<p>"Don't know, Captain, without you-all were too close for them to think +about more than one thing and that was the quickest and shortest way to +their own post."</p> + +<p>"Why didn't you shoot them as they ran?" "Because we could not on our +honor as gentlemen. Those are a mighty fine lot of Yanks and we are +having some very pleasant times with them. Why, Captain, one of those +Yanks is a cousin to Bill Harrison, and they were both born and raised +in Tennessee."</p> + +<p>"The hell you say?"</p> + +<p>"Yessir."</p> + +<p>"Well, you boys seem to be ahead, as you have both tobacco and coffee."</p> + +<p>Charles Henderson was sergeant in command of the post and had acted as +spokesman. He told us that when the Captain had mellowed down and become +more sociable, he said to him:</p> + +<p>"Captain, you have asked me quite a few questions and you expected me to +answer them truthfully, didn't you?"</p> + +<p>"Yes."</p> + +<p>"Now may I ask you one and will you be as frank with me as I have with +you?"</p> + +<p>"Yes."</p> + +<p>"Would you like to have some coffee for your breakfast?"</p> + +<p>"Yes."</p> + +<p>So the Johnny fixed up a good liberal ration and handed it to him, and +when the Captain started away, he said:</p> + +<p>"Charley, you see that the Yanks get their tobacco."</p> + +<p>There were hundreds of similar places along the line where similar +exchanges were made, and as far as I ever knew there never was any +armistice abused or violated.</p> + +<p>Casualties were of almost daily occurrence. More than two hundred and +fifty comrades are buried from the 78th between Chattanooga and Atlanta.</p> + +<p>On September 29th, the regiment and division were moved by rail to +Athens Alabama, and then marched to Florence in pursuit of Forest's +cavalry who were in the rear and doing a great deal of damage; the +division had a skirmish with him and drove him across the Tennessee +river near Florence, Alabama. The division returned to Athens and to +Chattanooga by rail. After we had drawn clothing and rations, we took up +our line of march for Atlanta via Gaylesville, Rome and Kingston to +Atlanta, as the R. R. had been torn up between Chattanooga and Atlanta, +arriving at the last named place November 14th. The grand march to the +sea commenced November 16th, when the command moved from Atlanta after +the city was burned. We reached Milledgeville about November 23rd. About +November 26th, 1864, passed through Sandersville and thence to +Louisville and on to Savannah.</p> + +<p>At Louisville we camped a few days in order that the several commands +might adjust their lines of march so that the generals could proceed to +the best advantage, for we were on a perilous trip, no one knew where we +would show up, not even ourselves. But we were bound to be heard from +somewhere. While we were camping at Louisville we had to be doing +something, and as we had been compelled to forage off the country some +of the forage squads had picked up some race horses, and there was a +difference of opinion as to who had the best one, so we took this +opportunity to test them. We had to go some little distance from camp in +order to find a suitable piece of road that would make a race track, but +just as we were in the zenith of our expectations of seeing a horse +race, Wheeler's Rebel cavalry showed up and we had to form a skirmish +line in order to protect ourselves from being captured. Needless to say, +our ardor for a horse race was cooled to the extent that we did not care +who had the best horse.</p> + +<p>Our march was conducted in a very systematic manner. The brigade or +regiment that was in the advance to-day was put in the rear tomorrow.</p> + +<p>We marched fifty minutes and rested ten. On the occasion of one of these +rest periods our regiment stopped in front of one of those beautiful +southern mansions. It had been raining all day and was still raining. We +had only stopped for a few minutes, when an old man came to us from the +mansion and asked to see the flag. It was taken from its cover and +unfurled. The old man took its folds in his hands and said, "Beautiful +emblem flag of our country," and tears came to his eyes, and then he +walked away.</p> + +<p>About fifteen miles from Savannah we were confronted by earthworks and +artillery and on December 10th the enemy retired to their intrenchments +at Savannah, Georgia. On Dec. 21st, the enemy abandoned the city, but we +skirmished with them quite a little before the evacuation.</p> + +<p>We spent the holidays in and around Savannah, putting in the most of our +time trying to get something to eat, as our supplies were exhausted and +we had to rely on the rice plantations. We went into the planters' +fields, hauled, threshed and hulled the rice in order to subsist while +we were getting into communication with our fleet, which had been sent +there to meet us, but knew not where. I thought it was the best rice I +ever tasted but since coming home can't say that I am partial to rice. +After getting supplies we broke camp about Jan. 20th, 1865, and marched +northward through the Carolinas. This march was a very hard march, +because of the swamps which were covered with water in many places and +in many instances there was ice frozen over the water, which the +officers broke by riding their horses through. The soldiers were then +ordered to take off shoes, stockings and pantaloons, and wade this icy +water, sometimes for more than a quarter of a mile, coming out so numb +with cold that their legs were almost void of feeling. Our line of march +was via Boonville and Lexington, passing to the west of Columbia. +February 17th, we proceeded to Winnsboro and arrived there February +21st. On our march we were to destroy railroads and other property of +value to the enemy. While on the march we were annoyed with hundreds of +negroes who followed us, and at Broad river we were obliged to take up +the pontoon bridge and leave them behind. It is hard to imagine the +hardships these poor people endured.</p> + +<p>On March 9th we arrived on the field in time to help Gen. Kilpatrick +regain his camp from Rebel Gen. Hampton. March 11th we reached +Fayetteville, North Carolina, skirmishing with Gen. Hampton's cavalry. +The march thru South Carolina could be easily traced, for it was a track +of desolation and devastation. The regiment proceeded in a northeasterly +direction towards Averysboro, South Carolina, and at this point the +Rebels made their first positive resistance. Since leaving Savannah, +Georgia, on March 16th, we had quite lively engagements with some loss.</p> + +<p>On the morning of March 19th, near Bentonville, North Carolina, we found +the Rebels in force across our line of march. The brigade formed line +and the 78th was put out as skirmishers, which soon developed a heavy +rebel force, which completely surrounded our brigade and we had to fight +from both front and rear. The enemy was repulsed several times and soon +our entire division was engaged. The enemy did not fall back until other +troops came to the assistance of the division. We lost very heavily in +this engagement. The last commissioned officer of my company, Lieut. +Burr, was killed in this battle.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 21st in a skirmish the Rebels seemed to want to +give us a parting shot and fired two cannon shots before retiring, the +last one taking the head off of Capt. Summers of Co. K. This was the +last man lost by Sherman in battle, during his march to the sea and +through the Carolinas. From Bentonville we marched to Goldsboro, North +Carolina, and encamped until we were supplied with clothing, rations and +ammunition. On April 10th, we advanced on Raleigh, North Carolina, and +on to the Cape-fear river, where we went into camp. In a few days we +heard of Lee's surrender and a few days later heard of Lincoln's +assassination. On April 26, Johnson surrendered to Sherman and the war +was over, and we poor weary soldiers a long ways from home, but flushed +with victory and hearts filled with gratitude that the end had finally +come, and that Old Glory still waved over an undivided country, we +started north via Richmond, Va., where we camped for three days taking +in the sights around this historic city, then took up our march for +Washington, arriving at Washington, D. C., May 19, and participated in +the Grand Review, June 4, 1865.</p> + +<p>Sherman's command went on in this review just as we had been on the +march, for we had no Sunday clothes, and for that matter, wanted none. I +think, however, the vast crowd that greeted and cheered us had rather +see us as they did than otherwise, for I don't believe a finer body of +men ever marched down Pennsylvania avenue than those of Sherman's army, +for when we left Chattanooga every weakling was culled out, and when we +got to Savannah, Georgia, the sick or march worn were culled out again, +and at Goldsboro, North Carolina, all disabled men were sent to the +coast and we were all down to fighting weight. One feature of our parade +in the Grand Review that seemed to please the onlookers was our pack +mules that carried officers' equippage, camp equippage, such as tent +flies, headquarters clerical supplies, medical supplies, etc. These +mules were led by negroes and during the march these negroes had picked +up a good many fighting cocks, in order to have something to amuse +themselves; while in camp they would have cock fights and many a negro +and soldier for that matter, would stake their money on the result of +these fights, and when on the march, these cocks were fastened on top of +these pack mules, and they were on this Grand Review just as on march.</p> + +<p>On June 7th, 1865, was mustered out and sent to Chicago, where the 78th +was paid off and discharged.</p> + +<p>The regiment participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, +Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Peach +Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville. The regiment +mustered in 962 men, recruited 140 men, mustered out 393 men, lost in +killed and wounded 423 men and 24 died in Rebel prisons.</p> + +<p>The 78th was in active service from the time it was mustered in until +mustered out.</p> + +<p>Owing to the late writing of these incidents of army life many things +worthy of mention have been left out of their proper place. A few of +which I believe will be of interest to those who care to read them.</p> + +<p>On the second day of our advance from Rossville on the Atlanta campaign, +after passing through Ringold Gap in the mountains, our cavalry was +skirmishing with the Rebel cavalry, but as the infantry advanced the +Rebel cavalry gradually fell back to the west foothills of Buzzard Roost +mountain. We saw in advance of us what we supposed was an intrenched +line, but owing to the lay of the surrounding country we advanced very +cautiously. We also saw what we supposed to be a masked battery which +made us all the more cautious. But as we neared the supposed line to our +surprise the battery was nothing more than the front wheels of a wagon +with a small log mounted on them to represent a piece of artillery, +covered with bushes in order to disguise it. That and the fact we were +looking for trouble and a strong picket force in near proximity made the +deception more easy. We did not experience much difficulty in taking +that particular piece of ordinance. But as we advanced a number of the +Rebel rear guard threw down their guns and came running towards us with +hands up and a white cloth indicating they wanted to surrender, and they +were permitted to enter our lines.</p> + +<p>There were many instances of this kind during our campaigning in east +Tennessee, owing to the fact that there were a great many Union people +in that section of Tennessee. Colonel Brownlow's 1st East Tennessee +cavalry was made up of the loyal men of that district and joined the +Union army, and they were a brave and fearless lot of men. They never +allowed themselves to be taken prisoner from the fact that if they were +detected as southern men they said there would be no mercy shown them, +from the fact they thought they should be fighting for the South. During +our advance on Chattanooga, Tenn., during the summer of 1863 there were +several men from this Tennessee country joined Co. F of my regiment, one +of whom was killed at Chickamauga and another wounded. The wounded man +recovered and came back to us just before starting on the Atlanta +campaign, and as stated before, there were many times when the two army +lines were in close proximity, times when a man's head above ground was +an inviting target. On one of these occasions the skirmishing fire +became so annoying that one of these Tennessee recruits jumped up on the +front of the works with his gun and told the rest of his comrades to +load their guns and hand them to him. The boys begged him to come down +as it was simply suicide for him to stay up there, but he stayed until +wounded twice. The second wound proved quite severe and he was sent back +to hospital, which was the last I ever knew of him.</p> + +<p>Before closing I wish briefly to note something of camp life, camp +equipment, both in the early part of our term of service and at the last +end. When we went to Quincy there was no camp equipage and for a time we +were placed around the city at the different hotels until such time as +we could secure tents and other necessary articles which would enable us +to take care of ourselves. We knew absolutely nothing about camp life. +When we got our tents there was issued us what was called Sibley tents, +five to the company. They were round with pole in the center to hold +them up, and guy ropes to hold them from blowing over. When we lay down +at night heads to the outside, feet to the center. It was some time +before we got used to those guy ropes, for we were constantly getting +too near and falling over them. What was said on those occasions would +hardly bear repeating here. Each man drew a tin plate, tin cup, knife, +fork and spoon. The company drew five camp kettles, all of different +sizes, to be used in cooking different kinds of food. The greatest +trouble we had for a time was how much rice to put in the kettle. The +first time cooking before we had it cooked done we had everything around +camp filled with rice. It kept swelling beyond what we had any +conception of. At first the company was formed into one big mess and a +couple of men did the cooking. It was some experience. When we left +Quincy we went to Louisville, Ky., where we drew arms and accoutrements, +also our quota of six mule teams, which was one mule team to each +company, and three for headquarters, which made thirteen to transport +regimental supplies, with the addition of two ambulances to our outfit +of teams to transport regimental medical supplies and care for the sick +and march worn. When we got to Louisville a detail of men was made to go +to the stock yards and get the teams. I don't think there was one mule +in ten in those yards that had ever had a halter on, and to see those +men catch those mules, harness and hitch six of those unbroken mules to +one wagon and start out of those yards was a sight long to be +remembered. Most of the time was spent by those men in untangling those +teams, all piled up and tangled to the extent of having to unhitch and +unharness in order to get straightened out. But it was astonishing how +soon those teams were brought into subjection. It was not long, however, +before orders came for us to turn over our Sibley tents, and instead we +were issued what we called dog tents. Each man drew a piece of canvas +cloth 4×6 feet, buttons on one end, so that two men could button their +respective pieces together and sleep together. At this particular time +there was a general move toward a decrease along the line of things that +had to be cared for in the way of forage and what it took to transport +supplies for teams and what was considered unnecessary appurtenances for +the use of the army, for each day we were getting further from our base +of supplies and it became a necessity to do away with everything that +could be dispensed with. So our regimental teams were reduced from +thirteen to three for a time. Then all teams except one to a regiment +and the ambulances were reduced in numbers and put into a brigade +ambulance train.</p> + +<p>On the march each man had to carry three days' rations, gun, +accoutrements, forty rounds of ammunition, haversack, canteen, blanket, +if in winter, overcoats and change of underwear. Of necessity our +company messes were broken up and messes were composed of two to four +men except in some instances some mean cuss no one cared to be with, +then his mess was confined to one.</p> + +<p>A few facts and figures clipped from the Blandinsville Star will not be +out of place here and will enable the reader to form a better idea of +what the Civil war meant to our nation.</p> +<br /> + +<p class="cen"><b>Don't Belittle the Civil War.</b></p> + +<p>Blandinsville Star: We think of the present war as the most terrible +experience of humanity, and are apt to think of our present sacrifices +as something unheard of before. But any of our old veterans who went +through the civil war know that measured by any standpoint—cost, men +engaged, casualties, property loss, or general awfulness the civil war +was enormously more costly and terrible to America than this war was or +could have become if it had lasted for several years.</p> + +<p>In fact we have only had a mere taste, a faint suggestion of what the +men and women of the '60s went through.</p> + +<p>The world war has cost us eighteen billion dollars. The civil war cost +us $5,160,000,000. The amount of wealth now in the country is fifteen +times what it was in 1860. Had the cost mounted up to 77 billion we +might begin to feel it pinch as they did. We should have to spend sixty +billion more before we should make the money sacrifice they did.</p> + +<p>The lives lost in the civil war was in round numbers 600,000. The +population was then 27,400,000—about one-fourth of what it is now. Four +times 600,000 is 2,400,000. If every soldier sent over seas were killed +we should have a smaller proportion of gold stars by a quarter of a +million than they did.</p> + +<p>Out of a population of 27,400,000 there were mustered in during the '60s +3,730,000. Multiplying again by four we get 14,920,000. If we had kept +on sending two million a year to France for six more years to come we +would begin to feel the drain on our male population here at home as +they did in 1865. And this takes no account of the billions of dollars' +worth of property destroyed and the disruption of business in nearly +half our territory. In this war we have faced nothing of this kind.</p> + +<p>Nor has the fighting been anything like so savage and terrible as when +both sides were Americans, the best soldiers in the world. Phil Sheridan +sat on his horse beside Prince Charles when Metz was taken from the +French in 1870. Looking at the serried lines of Germany's best soldiers +he said to the Prince, "Give me two divisions of the Sedgwick sixth +corps of the Union army and I could cut my way through your army of +Prussians."</p> + +<p>In the last hundred years the world has seen no other such fighting as +was done by the Blue and Gray. The three most destructive battles in the +last century outside the civil war were the battle of Waterloo in 1815, +where the victors lost 20 per cent of their men; Vioville, between the +Germans and the French in 1870, where the casualties were 20 per cent, +and the battle of Plevno in 1870 where the Prussians lost 8 per cent in +their battle with the Turks. But in the battle of Antietam the +casualties of the victors were 23 per cent, at Gettysburg 20 and at +Chickamauga 27 per cent.</p> + +<p>Germany boasts of her "shock troops." In the civil war our boys were all +"shock troops." And they were only boys. We see the few gray haired +veterans with us to-day and forget that of those wonderful boys of 1860, +1,151,438 of them were mere striplings under 18 years old. But what +terrible fighters they became! They were shock troops, for they knew but +one way to fight. That was at close quarters after the roar of musketry, +with bayonets and clubbed rifles.</p> + +<p>The present method of long range shooting and trench fighting shows no +such savage intensity of fighting or terrible slaughter as these men +faced, and it knows no such losses.</p> + +<p>At Gettysburg the First Minnesota lost 82 per cent of its men in fifteen +minutes of the second day. At Petersburg the First Maine lost 70 per +cent of its men in seven minutes. At Gettysburg the 141st Pennsylvania +lost 76 per cent. And remember, these were killed or wounded and not a +man "missing," as they didn't surrender.</p> + +<p>And how about the Gray? First Texas at Antietam 82 per cent, 21st +Georgia at Manassas 78 per cent, 26th North Carolina at Gettysburg 72 +per cent, 6th Mississippi at Shiloh 71 per cent. They printed no +casualty lists then. The day after one of these battles the whole +Chicago Tribune would not have been big enough to hold the names.</p> + +<p>An eminent British officer recently said, "The Americans still hold the +record for hard fighting." And now the sons and grandsons of the men +who shook hands at Appomattox, lineal descendants of the best infantry +that ever marched on the globe, have had a chance to send the shivers of +fear down the spine of the hun and America has repeated itself under the +Stars and Stripes. But let us not forget the deeds of their heroic +fathers who set a world record for terrific fighting that is not likely +to ever be broken.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The author of this enlisted June 7, 1862, returned home July 3rd, 1865. +Never asked for furlough. Was not absent from his regiment during term +of service, except two days and three night, absence caused by the enemy +being between him and the Union forces. The 78th Illinois was in active +service from beginning to end of service, always at the front.</p> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen"><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>Transcriber's Note</p> +<br /> +Some inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in +the original document has been preserved.<br /> +<br /> +Typographical errors corrected in the text:<br /> +<br /> +1964 changed to 1864<br /> +Chickamaugee changed to Chickamauga<br /> +Johnnys' changed to Johnnies'<br /> +Gaylsville changed to Gaylesville<br /> +Averyboro changed to Averysboro<br /> +cheerd changed to cheered<br /> +Oldsborg changed to Goldsboro<br /> +Resacca changed to Resaca<br /> +invantrty changed to infantry<br /> +mountd changed to mounted<br /> +Appomatox changed to Appomattox<br /> +Murphysboro changed to Murfreesboro<br /> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES, 1862-1865***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 38859-h.txt or 38859-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/8/5/38859">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/8/5/38859</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: Civil War Experiences, 1862-1865 + Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro, Bentonville + + +Author: Edward Mott Robbins + + + +Release Date: February 13, 2012 [eBook #38859] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES, 1862-1865*** + + +E-text prepared by Barbara Kosker and the Online Distributed Proofreading +Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by +Internet Archive (http://www.archive.org) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustration. + See 38859-h.htm or 38859-h.zip: + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38859/38859-h/38859-h.htm) + or + (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38859/38859-h.zip) + + + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + http://www.archive.org/details/civilwarexperien00robb + + +Transcriber's note: + + Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). + + + + + +CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES +1862-1865 + +Chickamauga +Mission Ridge +Buzzard Roost +Resaca +Rome +New Hope Church +Kennesaw Mountain +Peach Tree Creek +Atlanta +Jonesboro +Averysboro +Bentonville + +by + +DR. EDWARD M. ROBBINS + +Carthage, Illinois, November, 1919 + + +[Illustration: DR. EDWARD MOTT ROBBINS] + + + + +CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES + + +Enlisted in Capt. John Allen's company June 7th, 1862. Went on board the +steamer "Jennie Whipple" at Dallas City, Sunday morning, June 15th, and +with company went down the Mississippi to Quincy, Ill., place of +rendezvous. On the way an incident occurred which I cannot pass without +mention. When we passed Alexandria, Mo., the river shore was lined with +people and to our ears came the shout, "Hurrah for Jeff Davis!" and to +add to the insult they waved the black flag in our faces, (which +interpreted meant no quarter to Yankees). Passing on down the river the +next town was Canton, where the same greeting was given us, all of which +made us very indignant to think so near home we should be insulted in +such a manner. I have never had a very favorable opinion of those two +towns since, and while I hope there is more loyalty and patriotism now +than then, I feel that their forefathers put a blot on their little +cities that will never be erased. + + * * * * * + +At Camp Wood on the 1st day of September, was mustered into the U. S. +service, together with nine other companies, forming the 78th Ill. Vol. +Inf. (In casting lots for position in line my company drew the letter +"H" which placed us on the left of the colors, and Company "C" on the +right.) On the 19th day of September we were put on coal cars with +boards laid across for seats, no cover over our heads; on arrival at +destination were put on provost duty for a few days, until Gen. Buell +was equipped for his campaign against Gen. Bragg. October 5th my +regiment was marched to Shepardsville, Ky., and on the 14th was divided +into detachments under Gen. Gilbert to guard railroad bridges on the +Louisville and Nashville railroad. December 26th the guerrilla John +Morgan, captured Companies B and C at Muldrose Hill, two and one-half +miles from Elizabethtown, Ky., and they were paroled. On the same raid +on the morning of Dec. 30th, Morgan attacked Co. H at New Haven, Ky., +and was driven away without accomplishing his purpose. About the last of +January, 1863, the companies were collected at Louisville and embarked +on the steamer "John H. Grosbeck" for Nashville via the Ohio and +Cumberland rivers, arriving at Fort Donelson February 3, 1863, in time +to relieve the 83rd Ill., which was surrounded by a superior force of +Forest's and Wheeler's cavalry. The enemy retired on our approach and we +passed on to Nashville, Tenn., where the regiment disembarked. The +regiment was in the command of Brigadier Gen. C. C. Gilbert of the Army +of Kentucky, under Major General Gordon Granger, reserve corps +commander. + + * * * * * + +During our stay in Kentucky there were many social features with the +citizens that made our stay among them quite pleasant, one of which is +worthy of mention. As a few of us wished to avail ourselves of an +opportunity to attend a dance to be given by a planter by the name of +Sphink, who sent in to our lines an invitation for about a half a dozen +to come out on a certain night. Of course we were crazy to go, but how +were we to get outside the lines. We decided to ask the officers for a +pass, but this failed. Our officers claimed this was a plan made up to +get a lot of us out there and take us prisoners, as a lot of Morgan's +men were in that vicinity at that time, and we decided it was all off. +But as the time came near for the event and there was less news of the +Rebel General Morgan's near proximity to us, a few of us Yanks' heels +began to tickle for a dance and a desire to have a chance at the roast +turkey that was promised for the occasion. So we made up our minds that +we would take our chances on getting by the pickets. In the mean time +there came a big snow storm, the heaviest, the natives said, that had +ever been known in Kentucky. It covered the earth to a depth of a little +more than two feet. The night for the party arrived, and not Johnnies, +snow, pickets, nor anything else would have stopped that gang. During +the day we located the guards on picket duty, quite a ways from the main +road, and planned to go as close to them as possible without attracting +their attention, then to drop on our hands and knees and crawl through +the snow to a safe distance on the outside, which we did, and arrived +safely at Mr. Sphink's. We had taken the precaution to take our side +arms with us, for we had seen service enough to be always on the alert +and trust nobody or allow them to get the drop on us. + +When we went into the house almost the first persons we met were men +wearing the gray uniform, and the host introduced them to us as +Confederate soldiers home on furlough. At first we were just a bit +disconcerted until our host assured us that all was on the square, that +we need not fear any trouble, as they were home boys and had heard of +our coming and for us to pitch in and have as good a time as we could, +and we sure did have a fine time, a royal supper, and not a word was +spoken to mar the peace and comfort of anyone. When we left for camp we +shook hands with the Confeds the same as any one else and bid them +goodbye. It was some time before the officers found out about our going +out, in fact not until we had left Kentucky, consequently we were not +disciplined for having the good time, and leaving the camp without +permission. + +February 12th the regiment marched to Franklin, Tenn., where it remained +four months. We were diligent in company, battalion and brigade drill, +the first good opportunity we had since enlistment. On April 11th we +were threatened by a heavy force of Van Dorn and Wheeler cavalry, but no +engagement except skirmishing with pickets and outposts, and on June 4th +the enemy made a similar attack on our outposts with like result. + +On June 9th a very unhappy affair occurred--two Confederate spies +entered camp disguised as federal officers, claiming to be federal +paymasters on their way from Murfreesboro via Franklin to Nashville, but +when they were detected they acknowledged being Confederate officers, +but denied being spies. A court martial was immediately organized, and +they were tried and condemned to death by hanging. They requested to be +shot instead, but their request was not granted and they were hung June +10. They gave their names as Col. Orton and Lieut. Peters. Col. Orton +had been an officer in the Union army before the war. The 78th +constructed the gallows and furnished the guard. + +On June 23rd marched to Trinne and Murfreesboro, Tenn. The army had now +been reorganized and the 78th was assigned to the brigade of Col. John +G. Mitchell in General James B. Stedman's division reserve corps, under +Major General Gordon Granger. We were glad to exchange Gen. Gilbert for +Col. Mitchell, who ably commanded the brigade from that time, with the +exception of a few months, to the close of the war. + +On June 28th moved south from Murfreesboro in the rear of the general +advance against Bragg's army. The brigade entered Shelbyville, Tenn., +July 1st., and camped. While at this place Col. Benison, the first +colonel mustered with the regiment, resigned and Col. Carter Van Vleck, +then lieutenant colonel, was promoted to colonel of the regiment, a +change that pleased not only the line officers but the men as well. +Sept. 6th, 1863, the regiment moved southward, crossed the Tennessee +river, Sept. 12, pursued its march around Lookout Mountain, and arrived +at Rossville, Ga., on Sept. 14, 1863, and for a few days previous to the +battle of Chickamauga was kept on the move day and night, marching, +skirmishing, trying to locate the weak and strong points of the enemy, +all signs of an approaching engagement being visible. + +On the 17th of September the division made a reconnaissance to Ringold, +Ga., and there discovered that Longstreet's corps from Lee's army was +reinforcing Bragg. The command was followed closely on its return from +Ringold and at midnight the enemy opened upon us with artillery, with no +damage except the briars we incorporated in our feet while getting into +our clothes and into line of battle. Unfortunately we had camped where +there were some rail fences which we burned to cook our suppers, and the +fence rows were full of blackberry briars. (My, but I can feel those +briars yet.) We stood to arms until morning. During the commencement of +the battle of Chickamauga, the regiment with the division before +Rossville guarding the road through the gap to Chattanooga. Before noon +on the 20th of September, General Granger, apprehending that Gen. Thomas +needed assistance, double quicked two brigades of our division to Gen. +Thomas' front, which proved a timely assistance to Gen. Thomas, as +Longstreet was getting around the Federal right and rear. The two +brigades (Mitchell's and Whitaker's) were put into action at once, made +a charge on Longstreet and drove him from the west and south bends of +Snodgrass ridge with great loss to both sides. A monument erected to the +78th on the west end of Snodgrass ridge, bears a tablet describing the +terrible carnage in the fearful charge. Thirty-seven per cent of the +command gave themselves as a sacrifice for Old Glory in just a few +moments. The adjutant general's report gives the per cent as forty in +this awful charge. The Rebels made three distinct efforts to retake the +positions, but each time were repulsed with heavy loss. In one attempt +to take a battery they were so near that muskets were clubbed and men +beaten over the head in order to prevent the loss of the six-gun +battery. We held the position until after dark, when we were ordered off +the field. + +On the march from left to right, I ran across a Rebel who was shot +through the bowels. He was just across the fence, and I did not see him, +until he called and said, "Hello, Yank. Have you any water?" I said, +"Yes, what's the matter with you Johnny?" His answer was, "I am wounded +and waiting to die." I went to him, raked the leaves away from him (for +the whole battlefield was ablaze), emptied part of the water from my +canteen into his, and Dr. Githens gave him a dose of morphine to relieve +his suffering, and left him to die, for he was wounded through the +bowels. This occurred at the north end of Snodgrass Ridge, just north of +the Snodgrass house. As we started to leave him we started east. We +could hear voices just ahead of us, but the smoke from fire arms, cannon +and burning leaves was so dense we could not see far. But the wounded +soldier I had just befriended called and said, "Hold on, Yank, don't go +that way, Johnnies are thicker than hell just beyond those bushes." I +asked him if he heard troops pass before I came and he said they did but +they turned south down the west side of the ridge. We had gotten behind, +ministering to a Michigan soldier who was wounded in the same manner the +Johnny was. I have mentioned this circumstance to show the feeling among +soldiers when one is put out of action. I favored the Confederate and he +in turn saved me from walking into the Confederate lines, which I would +have done. I went down the ridge and came up with my command in time to +go into the charge on the west end of the ridge, which we took and a +monument marks the place where we were halted on top of the ridge. + +I spent the night with wounded comrades, ministering to them as best I +could to relieve their sufferings. During the afternoon of the last +day's fight, I stepped on Doctor Githens' spur and tore my shoe in such +a manner as to permit small gravel to work between the sole of my shoe +and foot; after the excitement of battle was over and wounded comrades +cared for, I realized I had a very sore foot. + +I wish here to relate a very peculiar incident which occurred to Dr. +Githens and my horses. When we started into the fight on the afternoon +of the 20th, we dismounted and turned the horses, with all of our +effects, except the medicine case and surgeon's case of instruments, to +the care of a negro boy we called Jack, and instructed him to keep in +the rear so as to avoid getting lost or being captured by the Rebels; +when night came Jack could not be found, nor did he show up during the +night; morning came and no Jack, horses, blankets or provisions. I +hunted over all that part of the army but no Jack of the proper +dimensions or environments could be found, so the Doctor and I gave up +all hope of finding the outfit. But to add to the Doctor's discomfort, +he had at noon received orders to report to division headquarters to +take charge of an ambulance train of wounded men, over the mountains, to +Bridgeport. We had exhausted every means we could conceive of, but no +Jack, no horses or anything else could be found, and Dr. Githens started +to take charge of the train without horse or anything that might +minister to his personal comfort, not even so much as a blanket or +cracker. As I turned to leave him, to my great astonishment Jack and the +horses loomed in front of me. I turned and called Dr. Githens, and then +said to Jack, "For heaven's sake, Jack, where did you come from?" "Massa +Ed, fo de Lod, I done can't tell you. Wh's you alls been. I done hunt +all over dis heah whole country, been in with the Johnnies." I said, +"Why did they not take the horses from you?" "Don't know, Sah, dwey done +pay no tenshun to me and I just kep on going until heah I is." And I +said, "Just in time, too, for the Doctor wants his horse." I have often +wished I knew what became of that coon, for he was a dandy. + +Rosecrans placed his army around Chattanooga and expected Bragg would +continue the battle, but he seemed to have enough, so all he did was to +place Rosecrans army in siege, thinking it easier to starve us out than +to whip us. So he placed a force on Lookout Mountain, which cut us off +from our base of supplies and from the 22nd of September until the 25th +of November, my regiment, with others of the division, camped on +Stringer's Ridge, immediately north and across the Tennessee river from +Lookout Mountain, and directly west and across the river from +Chattanooga. We occupied this position until the night of the 24th of +November. During the interim from Sept. 22nd until the 25th of November, +Bragg's siege was so effective that men suffered for food and thousands +of horses and mules died for want of forage. + +In the early part of October the brigade went over into Sequatchie +Valley, to help pursue Wheeler, who was destroying our supply train. +October 9th, 1863, Mitchell's brigade was put into Brigadier General +Jeff C. Davis' division, and was called 2nd brigade, 2nd division, 14th +army corps, where we served until the close of the war. Our corps badge +was an acorn--red one for first, white for second and blue for third +division. + +About 2 a.m., October 27th, we in company with the rest of the brigade, +crossed the Tennessee river below Lookout Mountain, on a pontoon bridge, +to the assistance of the Potomac troops, who were coming to the support +of the Army of the Cumberland, and the enemy were trying to prevent +their advance by assaulting Gen Gray's division. The darkness was akin +to blackness, and the volleys of musketry, together with the roar of +cannon, rendered the night one long to be remembered. This battle in the +night is known as the battle of Wauhatchie. + +On the afternoon of November 24, 1863, our attention was attracted to +Lookout Mountain, which was ablaze with artillery and musketry. The +battle of Lookout Mountain was on, and we had it in full view without +participating in it, and as the blue advanced and the gray fell back, +leaving their breast-works, camp, camp equipage, artillery, in fact +everything that goes to equip an army, the scene being enacted filled us +so full that we, too, indulged in a hearty, long and loud cheer, which +was all we could do as the Tennessee river was between them and us. +However, it was soon over and in a short time we received orders to +break camp, which we did and left Stringer's Ridge the night of the +24th, crossed the Tennessee river north of Chattanooga and near the +north end of Missionary Ridge, on a pontoon bridge, which we constructed +after relieving the Rebel pickets. We went in line of battle, connecting +with the 15th Corps and by the middle of the day the enemy had been +dislodged from their stronghold (Missionary Ridge) and were in full +retreat, with us annoying their rear guard. These two days, November +24th and 25th, were red letter days for the U. S. forces. Lookout +Mountain and Missionary Ridge were ours, besides a large number of +prisoners and many stand of arms, a large amount of artillery, and the +enemy in full retreat. + +But our task was not done. Gen. Burnside was besieged at Knoxville, +Tennessee, his supplies of all kinds were nearly exhausted, so we were +ordered to his relief by forced marches, which was no small task for an +army that had just raised a siege of its own and as yet had no +opportunity to draw either rations or clothing. Many of us were without +blankets, very scant clothing and but few had shoes and many were +compelled while on that march to cut pieces of green cow skin and with +strings from the same material sew them on their feet to protect them +from the rough, stony and frozen roads. But we were ordered to go, and +went. Early on the morning of the 26th of November, we pursued the enemy +and before noon reached Bragg's depot of supplies, (Chickamauga Station) +in time to see it destroyed by fire. At dark overtook the enemy and had +a sharp skirmish in which Lieutenant McAndless of Co. I was killed. We +carried him into a cabin and covered him with his blanket. While we were +preparing for the night, the faithful Jack, spoken of before, came in +with a chicken and we proceeded to cook it and have a supper out of the +general order of things. But I assure you there was no levity, for our +dead comrade was lying cold and stiff in our midst. Early in the morning +we dug a hole as best we could, wrapped our comrade in his blanket and +covered him over, found a piece of board and marked it as best we could +by carving the letters of his name, with a pocket-knife. (Since the war +I visited the National Cemetery at Chattanooga and was gratified to see +his name on file. His remains had been found and placed in the National +Cemetery.) + +On December 5th, at Maryville, we learned that Longstreet had raised the +siege and relieved Burnside. December 7th we countermarched and returned +to Chattanooga, arriving December 17th, and encamped December 20th with +the brigade at Rossville, Georgia, where the regiment went into winter +quarters. + +The Adjutant General's report on the march to Knoxville, has the +following to say: "The march was a very severe one, as the men were +poorly clad, having just emerged from the battle of Missionary Ridge, +and many being without shoes or proper clothing. They were also without +rations and were obliged to subsist on the country which already had +been nearly devastated, hence many suffered from hunger as well as +exposure." + +Sherman complimented Davis' Division on its good behavior on this march. +(The 78th was in the above Division.) + +We remained in camp at Rossville until the commencement of the Atlanta +campaign. On the 2nd day of May, 1864, we broke camp and the battle was +on again and the enemy were forced into their works at Buzzard Roost and +Dalton. They were flanked out of Dalton and May 13th, finds the regiment +in line of battle in front of Resaca. From now on we were scarcely out +of hearing of gun shot or cannon. Resaca and Rome, Georgia, were taken +and the Rebel line was constantly being driven back, until the 27th of +June, when Gen. Sherman determined to make a grand assault on Kennesaw +Mountain. The brigade to which we belonged was massed in front of the +Rebel entrenchments and at 9 a.m., on the 27th of June, the command +jumped the works on a charge to capture the enemy's entrenchments. The +brigade was received with a rattling fire of both musketry and +artillery, which was deadly. The assault was a failure, because of the +entrenchments being deep and wide and the dirt being thrown upon the +Rebel side of the ditch, and a head log on top, which made it impossible +to scale in face of the deadly fire; the enemy were pouring into us, but +the brigade maintained a position within seventy or one hundred feet of +the enemy's works, and that night entrenched itself. The loss in the +charge was very great. A day or two after, by common consent, +hostilities ceased, and details from each side buried the dead between +the lines. On the morning of July 4th it was discovered that the enemy +had abandoned their works the night before, and we immediately followed +them, skirmishing with them constantly until July 17th, when we crossed +the Chattahoochee river and at Peachtree creek had quite an engagement +just at sundown. Comrade Samuel Naylor of Co. E of my regiment, was +wounded. From this wound he suffered all the rest of his life, and still +many begrudged him the insignificant pension he got. Samuel Naylor, +attorney, of Carthage, is his son. There were many more casualties in my +regiment, as we were on the skirmish line. After heavy skirmishing we +forced the Rebels into their Atlanta intrenchments. + +On the morning of the 22nd of July the battle of Atlanta was fought +which was a peculiar and unfortunate affair for both armies as nothing +was accomplished by either army that benefited them in the least. It was +brought about by a strategic movement on the part of the Rebel forces. +They evacuated their works in the night, deceiving the Federal forces, +causing them to think that they had evacuated Atlanta, which was not the +case, as the Confederates marched east around the left flank of the +Federal forces and attacked the Federal forces in the rear. When +skirmishing first commenced Major General McPherson, with his staff rode +back in the direction of the firing and rode into an ambush of +Confederates which arose as one man and demanded him to surrender, which +he refused to do, and was shot off his horse; his staff were taken +prisoners, but in twenty minutes we retook the staff and put their +captors under guard. Four 20-lb. Parot guns with muzzles planted in the +ground, mark the spot where General McPherson fell. + +July 28th the command was ordered to assist Gen. Howard and we kept +moving to the right round Atlanta, skirmishing, fighting and building +works until August 25th. Aug. 23rd our colonel, Carter Van Vleck, died +from wounds received in front of Atlanta. He was much beloved by us +all. Aug. 26th, abandoned the works in front of Atlanta and struck +south, skirmishing as usual. On Sept. 1st, assaulted the enemy's works +at Jonesboro, Georgia, and after a desperate resistance, mounted their +works, capturing men, cannon and battle flags, performing a feat that +was not often equalled on either side during the war. The regiment did +not lose more men than at Kennesaw but the result was far more +gratifying. + +I must not pass without mentioning some circumstances which occurred +during this battle. Soon after we crossed the fence and entered the open +field, Capt. Black of Co. D of the 78th, was shot and instantly killed. +Capt. Black was from Carthage, Ill. Lieutenant John B. Worrell took +command of the company and was afterwards promoted to captain. He was +father of Bertha Worrell, now Mrs. Bertha Seger, and was as brave a man +as ever faced the enemy, and was loved by his men and all who knew him. +With him it was never go, but come on, boys. He was wounded at +Chickamauga. When we had charged about half way across the field, the +officers saw that owing to the enemy's line of works, the charging line +would not all get to the enemy's line at the same time, so a halt was +ordered, guides thrown out and the charging line ordered to dress on the +guides. This movement was executed under a galling fire from the Rebel +line. The coolness with which this maneuver was executed, I have heard +commented on, many times since the war. But I think it was the most +trying ordeal I ever experienced during my three years of service. When +the battle line was properly dressed, the command forward came and we +went forward with a yell that sent terror to our opponents and we +carried the line, taking a battery of six guns and many prisoners, among +whom was a general and staff officers, taken by Thos. Brodes of Co. I. +After he had relieved them of their arms he addressed the general and +said, "General, I took a good many chances on your arrest with your +staff." The general said, "I don't know, why do you say that?" "Because +my gun was empty. I fired my last shot as I entered your works." This +private, Tom Brodes, was the son of Major Wm. L. Brodes, who was killed +at Chickamauga, almost a year before. Among the killed was a young man +who belonged to Co. K, Perry Lashore. His death was a willing and +willful sacrifice for his country. He was visiting friends in Quincy +when he enlisted and he being the only son of aged parents, they at once +set about to get him discharged. He enlisted in June, 1862, and the +battle of Jonesboro was fought the first of September, 1864. His +discharge came in the morning and was handed to him by his captain, and +he said, "Captain, what would you do if you were in my place, go into +this fight or not?" The captain's reply was, "You don't have to go, you +have always been a good soldier, and we all know the circumstances under +which your discharge was obtained, and it is for your father's and +mother's sake. This will undoubtedly be a hard battle, and were I in +your place I would turn in my musket and take no chances." The members +of his company by this time had gathered around him and all urged him +not to take the chance. But his answer was, "I have been lucky for two +years, never had a wound, and I believe I will be now, and I am going +with you." Which he did, but never reached the enemy's works. + +Atlanta was evacuated on the 2nd of September, 1864, and our regiment +camped on the outskirts of the city. On this (known as the Atlanta +campaign) the regiment was hardly out of the sound of guns any day +during the entire period from May 2nd, 1864, to the fall of Atlanta, +Sept. 1st, 1864. + +During the Atlanta campaign there were a good many things happened of +much interest to the Federal forces, also to the Confederate forces. +The time weighed heavy on our hands at times, and we as well as our +enemies were alive to create something to relieve the monotony. So we +conceived the idea of creating an armistice and visiting the Rebel +outposts. In order that you may more fully understand what I am going to +relate, I will state that the Confederate commissary issued their men +tobacco in quite liberal quantities, while the Federal army did not have +it to issue and there was a demand above the supply and it was +expensive; while on the other hand the Federal army had an abundant +ration of coffee and the Confederates had absolutely none. So when our +armistice was arranged we conceived the idea of trading coffee for +tobacco, and this arrangement lasted all thru the Atlanta campaign. We +had an agreement by which should an advance be ordered we were to let +the other side know and that condition was never violated by either +side. The officers forbid the arrangement, but nevertheless it was not +abandoned for the Yanks liked the Johnnies' tobacco and the Johnnies +liked the Yankee coffee. So we were both naughty about disobeying +orders. On one occasion an officer was visiting the Rebel picket post +and the Rebel officer of the day was making a tour of the many picket +posts and one of our host heard more than a usual commotion and looked +up and at quite a little distance saw the officer of the day and his +escort approaching and said, "For God sake there comes the officer of +the day. You Yanks better git and that P. D. Q." The picket post said +when the officers came up they inquired what that meant, Yanks visiting +outposts. The boys said they did not answer for a time for they were +fairly caught, but after the officers had sworn around for a while he +stepped over by the end of a log to inspect something he thot did not +belong on a picket post. After kicking a couple of bundles around, he +asked what was "in that sack." The reply was: "It's Yankee coffee." "How +did you come by it?" "The Yanks brought it over to trade for tobacco." +"Whose tobacco is that?" "By rights it belongs to the Yanks." "Why +didn't they take it with them?" + +"Don't know, Captain, without you-all were too close for them to think +about more than one thing and that was the quickest and shortest way to +their own post." + +"Why didn't you shoot them as they ran?" "Because we could not on our +honor as gentlemen. Those are a mighty fine lot of Yanks and we are +having some very pleasant times with them. Why, Captain, one of those +Yanks is a cousin to Bill Harrison, and they were both born and raised +in Tennessee." + +"The hell you say?" + +"Yessir." + +"Well, you boys seem to be ahead, as you have both tobacco and coffee." + +Charles Henderson was sergeant in command of the post and had acted as +spokesman. He told us that when the Captain had mellowed down and become +more sociable, he said to him: + +"Captain, you have asked me quite a few questions and you expected me to +answer them truthfully, didn't you?" + +"Yes." + +"Now may I ask you one and will you be as frank with me as I have with +you?" + +"Yes." + +"Would you like to have some coffee for your breakfast?" + +"Yes." + +So the Johnny fixed up a good liberal ration and handed it to him, and +when the Captain started away, he said: + +"Charley, you see that the Yanks get their tobacco." + +There were hundreds of similar places along the line where similar +exchanges were made, and as far as I ever knew there never was any +armistice abused or violated. + +Casualties were of almost daily occurrence. More than two hundred and +fifty comrades are buried from the 78th between Chattanooga and Atlanta. + +On September 29th, the regiment and division were moved by rail to +Athens Alabama, and then marched to Florence in pursuit of Forest's +cavalry who were in the rear and doing a great deal of damage; the +division had a skirmish with him and drove him across the Tennessee +river near Florence, Alabama. The division returned to Athens and to +Chattanooga by rail. After we had drawn clothing and rations, we took up +our line of march for Atlanta via Gaylesville, Rome and Kingston to +Atlanta, as the R. R. had been torn up between Chattanooga and Atlanta, +arriving at the last named place November 14th. The grand march to the +sea commenced November 16th, when the command moved from Atlanta after +the city was burned. We reached Milledgeville about November 23rd. About +November 26th, 1864, passed through Sandersville and thence to +Louisville and on to Savannah. + +At Louisville we camped a few days in order that the several commands +might adjust their lines of march so that the generals could proceed to +the best advantage, for we were on a perilous trip, no one knew where we +would show up, not even ourselves. But we were bound to be heard from +somewhere. While we were camping at Louisville we had to be doing +something, and as we had been compelled to forage off the country some +of the forage squads had picked up some race horses, and there was a +difference of opinion as to who had the best one, so we took this +opportunity to test them. We had to go some little distance from camp in +order to find a suitable piece of road that would make a race track, but +just as we were in the zenith of our expectations of seeing a horse +race, Wheeler's Rebel cavalry showed up and we had to form a skirmish +line in order to protect ourselves from being captured. Needless to say, +our ardor for a horse race was cooled to the extent that we did not care +who had the best horse. + +Our march was conducted in a very systematic manner. The brigade or +regiment that was in the advance to-day was put in the rear tomorrow. + +We marched fifty minutes and rested ten. On the occasion of one of these +rest periods our regiment stopped in front of one of those beautiful +southern mansions. It had been raining all day and was still raining. We +had only stopped for a few minutes, when an old man came to us from the +mansion and asked to see the flag. It was taken from its cover and +unfurled. The old man took its folds in his hands and said, "Beautiful +emblem flag of our country," and tears came to his eyes, and then he +walked away. + +About fifteen miles from Savannah we were confronted by earthworks and +artillery and on December 10th the enemy retired to their intrenchments +at Savannah, Georgia. On Dec. 21st, the enemy abandoned the city, but we +skirmished with them quite a little before the evacuation. + +We spent the holidays in and around Savannah, putting in the most of our +time trying to get something to eat, as our supplies were exhausted and +we had to rely on the rice plantations. We went into the planters' +fields, hauled, threshed and hulled the rice in order to subsist while +we were getting into communication with our fleet, which had been sent +there to meet us, but knew not where. I thought it was the best rice I +ever tasted but since coming home can't say that I am partial to rice. +After getting supplies we broke camp about Jan. 20th, 1865, and marched +northward through the Carolinas. This march was a very hard march, +because of the swamps which were covered with water in many places and +in many instances there was ice frozen over the water, which the +officers broke by riding their horses through. The soldiers were then +ordered to take off shoes, stockings and pantaloons, and wade this icy +water, sometimes for more than a quarter of a mile, coming out so numb +with cold that their legs were almost void of feeling. Our line of march +was via Boonville and Lexington, passing to the west of Columbia. +February 17th, we proceeded to Winnsboro and arrived there February +21st. On our march we were to destroy railroads and other property of +value to the enemy. While on the march we were annoyed with hundreds of +negroes who followed us, and at Broad river we were obliged to take up +the pontoon bridge and leave them behind. It is hard to imagine the +hardships these poor people endured. + +On March 9th we arrived on the field in time to help Gen. Kilpatrick +regain his camp from Rebel Gen. Hampton. March 11th we reached +Fayetteville, North Carolina, skirmishing with Gen. Hampton's cavalry. +The march thru South Carolina could be easily traced, for it was a track +of desolation and devastation. The regiment proceeded in a northeasterly +direction towards Averysboro, South Carolina, and at this point the +Rebels made their first positive resistance. Since leaving Savannah, +Georgia, on March 16th, we had quite lively engagements with some loss. + +On the morning of March 19th, near Bentonville, North Carolina, we found +the Rebels in force across our line of march. The brigade formed line +and the 78th was put out as skirmishers, which soon developed a heavy +rebel force, which completely surrounded our brigade and we had to fight +from both front and rear. The enemy was repulsed several times and soon +our entire division was engaged. The enemy did not fall back until other +troops came to the assistance of the division. We lost very heavily in +this engagement. The last commissioned officer of my company, Lieut. +Burr, was killed in this battle. + +On the morning of the 21st in a skirmish the Rebels seemed to want to +give us a parting shot and fired two cannon shots before retiring, the +last one taking the head off of Capt. Summers of Co. K. This was the +last man lost by Sherman in battle, during his march to the sea and +through the Carolinas. From Bentonville we marched to Goldsboro, North +Carolina, and encamped until we were supplied with clothing, rations and +ammunition. On April 10th, we advanced on Raleigh, North Carolina, and +on to the Cape-fear river, where we went into camp. In a few days we +heard of Lee's surrender and a few days later heard of Lincoln's +assassination. On April 26, Johnson surrendered to Sherman and the war +was over, and we poor weary soldiers a long ways from home, but flushed +with victory and hearts filled with gratitude that the end had finally +come, and that Old Glory still waved over an undivided country, we +started north via Richmond, Va., where we camped for three days taking +in the sights around this historic city, then took up our march for +Washington, arriving at Washington, D. C., May 19, and participated in +the Grand Review, June 4, 1865. + +Sherman's command went on in this review just as we had been on the +march, for we had no Sunday clothes, and for that matter, wanted none. I +think, however, the vast crowd that greeted and cheered us had rather +see us as they did than otherwise, for I don't believe a finer body of +men ever marched down Pennsylvania avenue than those of Sherman's army, +for when we left Chattanooga every weakling was culled out, and when we +got to Savannah, Georgia, the sick or march worn were culled out again, +and at Goldsboro, North Carolina, all disabled men were sent to the +coast and we were all down to fighting weight. One feature of our parade +in the Grand Review that seemed to please the onlookers was our pack +mules that carried officers' equippage, camp equippage, such as tent +flies, headquarters clerical supplies, medical supplies, etc. These +mules were led by negroes and during the march these negroes had picked +up a good many fighting cocks, in order to have something to amuse +themselves; while in camp they would have cock fights and many a negro +and soldier for that matter, would stake their money on the result of +these fights, and when on the march, these cocks were fastened on top of +these pack mules, and they were on this Grand Review just as on march. + +On June 7th, 1865, was mustered out and sent to Chicago, where the 78th +was paid off and discharged. + +The regiment participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, +Buzzard Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kennesaw Mountain, Peach +Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville. The regiment +mustered in 962 men, recruited 140 men, mustered out 393 men, lost in +killed and wounded 423 men and 24 died in Rebel prisons. + +The 78th was in active service from the time it was mustered in until +mustered out. + +Owing to the late writing of these incidents of army life many things +worthy of mention have been left out of their proper place. A few of +which I believe will be of interest to those who care to read them. + +On the second day of our advance from Rossville on the Atlanta campaign, +after passing through Ringold Gap in the mountains, our cavalry was +skirmishing with the Rebel cavalry, but as the infantry advanced the +Rebel cavalry gradually fell back to the west foothills of Buzzard Roost +mountain. We saw in advance of us what we supposed was an intrenched +line, but owing to the lay of the surrounding country we advanced very +cautiously. We also saw what we supposed to be a masked battery which +made us all the more cautious. But as we neared the supposed line to our +surprise the battery was nothing more than the front wheels of a wagon +with a small log mounted on them to represent a piece of artillery, +covered with bushes in order to disguise it. That and the fact we were +looking for trouble and a strong picket force in near proximity made the +deception more easy. We did not experience much difficulty in taking +that particular piece of ordinance. But as we advanced a number of the +Rebel rear guard threw down their guns and came running towards us with +hands up and a white cloth indicating they wanted to surrender, and they +were permitted to enter our lines. + +There were many instances of this kind during our campaigning in east +Tennessee, owing to the fact that there were a great many Union people +in that section of Tennessee. Colonel Brownlow's 1st East Tennessee +cavalry was made up of the loyal men of that district and joined the +Union army, and they were a brave and fearless lot of men. They never +allowed themselves to be taken prisoner from the fact that if they were +detected as southern men they said there would be no mercy shown them, +from the fact they thought they should be fighting for the South. During +our advance on Chattanooga, Tenn., during the summer of 1863 there were +several men from this Tennessee country joined Co. F of my regiment, one +of whom was killed at Chickamauga and another wounded. The wounded man +recovered and came back to us just before starting on the Atlanta +campaign, and as stated before, there were many times when the two army +lines were in close proximity, times when a man's head above ground was +an inviting target. On one of these occasions the skirmishing fire +became so annoying that one of these Tennessee recruits jumped up on the +front of the works with his gun and told the rest of his comrades to +load their guns and hand them to him. The boys begged him to come down +as it was simply suicide for him to stay up there, but he stayed until +wounded twice. The second wound proved quite severe and he was sent back +to hospital, which was the last I ever knew of him. + +Before closing I wish briefly to note something of camp life, camp +equipment, both in the early part of our term of service and at the last +end. When we went to Quincy there was no camp equipage and for a time we +were placed around the city at the different hotels until such time as +we could secure tents and other necessary articles which would enable us +to take care of ourselves. We knew absolutely nothing about camp life. +When we got our tents there was issued us what was called Sibley tents, +five to the company. They were round with pole in the center to hold +them up, and guy ropes to hold them from blowing over. When we lay down +at night heads to the outside, feet to the center. It was some time +before we got used to those guy ropes, for we were constantly getting +too near and falling over them. What was said on those occasions would +hardly bear repeating here. Each man drew a tin plate, tin cup, knife, +fork and spoon. The company drew five camp kettles, all of different +sizes, to be used in cooking different kinds of food. The greatest +trouble we had for a time was how much rice to put in the kettle. The +first time cooking before we had it cooked done we had everything around +camp filled with rice. It kept swelling beyond what we had any +conception of. At first the company was formed into one big mess and a +couple of men did the cooking. It was some experience. When we left +Quincy we went to Louisville, Ky., where we drew arms and accoutrements, +also our quota of six mule teams, which was one mule team to each +company, and three for headquarters, which made thirteen to transport +regimental supplies, with the addition of two ambulances to our outfit +of teams to transport regimental medical supplies and care for the sick +and march worn. When we got to Louisville a detail of men was made to go +to the stock yards and get the teams. I don't think there was one mule +in ten in those yards that had ever had a halter on, and to see those +men catch those mules, harness and hitch six of those unbroken mules to +one wagon and start out of those yards was a sight long to be +remembered. Most of the time was spent by those men in untangling those +teams, all piled up and tangled to the extent of having to unhitch and +unharness in order to get straightened out. But it was astonishing how +soon those teams were brought into subjection. It was not long, however, +before orders came for us to turn over our Sibley tents, and instead we +were issued what we called dog tents. Each man drew a piece of canvas +cloth 4x6 feet, buttons on one end, so that two men could button their +respective pieces together and sleep together. At this particular time +there was a general move toward a decrease along the line of things that +had to be cared for in the way of forage and what it took to transport +supplies for teams and what was considered unnecessary appurtenances for +the use of the army, for each day we were getting further from our base +of supplies and it became a necessity to do away with everything that +could be dispensed with. So our regimental teams were reduced from +thirteen to three for a time. Then all teams except one to a regiment +and the ambulances were reduced in numbers and put into a brigade +ambulance train. + +On the march each man had to carry three days' rations, gun, +accoutrements, forty rounds of ammunition, haversack, canteen, blanket, +if in winter, overcoats and change of underwear. Of necessity our +company messes were broken up and messes were composed of two to four +men except in some instances some mean cuss no one cared to be with, +then his mess was confined to one. + +A few facts and figures clipped from the Blandinsville Star will not be +out of place here and will enable the reader to form a better idea of +what the Civil war meant to our nation. + + +=Don't Belittle the Civil War.= + +Blandinsville Star: We think of the present war as the most terrible +experience of humanity, and are apt to think of our present sacrifices +as something unheard of before. But any of our old veterans who went +through the civil war know that measured by any standpoint--cost, men +engaged, casualties, property loss, or general awfulness the civil war +was enormously more costly and terrible to America than this war was or +could have become if it had lasted for several years. + +In fact we have only had a mere taste, a faint suggestion of what the +men and women of the '60s went through. + +The world war has cost us eighteen billion dollars. The civil war cost +us $5,160,000,000. The amount of wealth now in the country is fifteen +times what it was in 1860. Had the cost mounted up to 77 billion we +might begin to feel it pinch as they did. We should have to spend sixty +billion more before we should make the money sacrifice they did. + +The lives lost in the civil war was in round numbers 600,000. The +population was then 27,400,000--about one-fourth of what it is now. Four +times 600,000 is 2,400,000. If every soldier sent over seas were killed +we should have a smaller proportion of gold stars by a quarter of a +million than they did. + +Out of a population of 27,400,000 there were mustered in during the '60s +3,730,000. Multiplying again by four we get 14,920,000. If we had kept +on sending two million a year to France for six more years to come we +would begin to feel the drain on our male population here at home as +they did in 1865. And this takes no account of the billions of dollars' +worth of property destroyed and the disruption of business in nearly +half our territory. In this war we have faced nothing of this kind. + +Nor has the fighting been anything like so savage and terrible as when +both sides were Americans, the best soldiers in the world. Phil Sheridan +sat on his horse beside Prince Charles when Metz was taken from the +French in 1870. Looking at the serried lines of Germany's best soldiers +he said to the Prince, "Give me two divisions of the Sedgwick sixth +corps of the Union army and I could cut my way through your army of +Prussians." + +In the last hundred years the world has seen no other such fighting as +was done by the Blue and Gray. The three most destructive battles in the +last century outside the civil war were the battle of Waterloo in 1815, +where the victors lost 20 per cent of their men; Vioville, between the +Germans and the French in 1870, where the casualties were 20 per cent, +and the battle of Plevno in 1870 where the Prussians lost 8 per cent in +their battle with the Turks. But in the battle of Antietam the +casualties of the victors were 23 per cent, at Gettysburg 20 and at +Chickamauga 27 per cent. + +Germany boasts of her "shock troops." In the civil war our boys were all +"shock troops." And they were only boys. We see the few gray haired +veterans with us to-day and forget that of those wonderful boys of 1860, +1,151,438 of them were mere striplings under 18 years old. But what +terrible fighters they became! They were shock troops, for they knew but +one way to fight. That was at close quarters after the roar of musketry, +with bayonets and clubbed rifles. + +The present method of long range shooting and trench fighting shows no +such savage intensity of fighting or terrible slaughter as these men +faced, and it knows no such losses. + +At Gettysburg the First Minnesota lost 82 per cent of its men in fifteen +minutes of the second day. At Petersburg the First Maine lost 70 per +cent of its men in seven minutes. At Gettysburg the 141st Pennsylvania +lost 76 per cent. And remember, these were killed or wounded and not a +man "missing," as they didn't surrender. + +And how about the Gray? First Texas at Antietam 82 per cent, 21st +Georgia at Manassas 78 per cent, 26th North Carolina at Gettysburg 72 +per cent, 6th Mississippi at Shiloh 71 per cent. They printed no +casualty lists then. The day after one of these battles the whole +Chicago Tribune would not have been big enough to hold the names. + +An eminent British officer recently said, "The Americans still hold the +record for hard fighting." And now the sons and grandsons of the men +who shook hands at Appomattox, lineal descendants of the best infantry +that ever marched on the globe, have had a chance to send the shivers of +fear down the spine of the hun and America has repeated itself under the +Stars and Stripes. But let us not forget the deeds of their heroic +fathers who set a world record for terrific fighting that is not likely +to ever be broken. + + * * * * * + +The author of this enlisted June 7, 1862, returned home July 3rd, 1865. +Never asked for furlough. Was not absent from his regiment during term +of service, except two days and three night, absence caused by the enemy +being between him and the Union forces. The 78th Illinois was in active +service from beginning to end of service, always at the front. + + + + + +---------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | | + | Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in | + | the original document have been preserved. | + | | + | Typographical errors corrected in the text: | + | | + | 1964 changed to 1864 | + | Chickamaugee changed to Chickamauga | + | Johnnys' changed to Johnnies' | + | Gaylsville changed to Gaylesville | + | Averyboro changed to Averysboro | + | cheerd changed to cheered | + | Oldsborg changed to Goldsboro | + | Resacca changed to Resaca | + | invantrty changed to infantry | + | mountd changed to mounted | + | Appomatox changed to Appomattox | + | Murphysboro changed to Murfreesboro | + | | + +---------------------------------------------+ + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCES, 1862-1865*** + + +******* This file should be named 38859.txt or 38859.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/8/5/38859 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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