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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Queen Of
+France, Volume 1, by Madame Campan
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Queen Of France, Volume 1
+       Being the Historic Memoirs of Madam Campan, First Lady in Waiting
+       to the Queen
+       
+
+Author: Madame Campan
+
+Release Date: December 4, 2004 [EBook #3884]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MARIE ANTOINETTE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by David Widger
+
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF
+
+MARIE ANTOINETTE,
+
+QUEEN OF FRANCE
+
+
+
+Being the Historic Memoirs of Madam Campan,
+First Lady in Waiting to the Queen
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+Duchesse du Barry
+
+Princesse de Lamballe
+
+The Parisian Bonne
+
+Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette
+
+Beaumarchais
+
+The Reveille
+
+Madame Adelaide as Diana
+
+The Bastille
+
+Opening of The States General
+
+Louis XVI.
+
+Marie Antoinette on the way to the Guillotine
+
+Madame Campan
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+Louis XVI. possessed an immense crowd of confidants, advisers, and guides;
+he selected them even from among the factions which attacked him. Never,
+perhaps, did he make a full disclosure to any one of them, and certainly
+he spoke with sincerity, to but very few.  He invariably kept the reins of
+all secret intrigues in his own hand; and thence, doubtless, arose the
+want of cooperation and the weakness which were so conspicuous in his
+measures.  From these causes considerable chasms will be found in the
+detailed history of the Revolution.
+
+In order to become thoroughly acquainted with the latter years of the
+reign of Louis XV., memoirs written by the Duc de Choiseul, the Duc
+d'Aiguillon, the Marechal de Richelieu,
+
+[I heard Le Marechal de Richelieu desire M. Campan, who was librarian to
+the Queen, not to buy the Memoirs which would certainly be attributed to
+him after his death, declaring them false by anticipation; and adding that
+he was ignorant of orthography, and had never amused himself with writing.
+Shortly after the death of the Marshal, one Soulavie put forth Memoirs of
+the Marechal de Richelieu.]
+
+and the Duc de La Vauguyon, should be before us.  To give us a faithful
+portrait of the unfortunate reign of Louis XVI., the Marechal du Muy, M.
+de Maurepas, M. de Vergennes, M. de Malesherbes, the Duc d'Orleans, M. de
+La Fayette, the Abby de Vermond, the Abbe Montesquiou, Mirabeau, the
+Duchesse de Polignac, and the Duchesse de Luynes should have noted
+faithfully in writing all the transactions in which they took decided
+parts.  The secret political history of a later period has been
+disseminated among a much greater number of persons; there are Ministers
+who have published memoirs, but only when they had their own measures to
+justify, and then they confined themselves to the vindication of their own
+characters, without which powerful motive they probably would have written
+nothing.  In general, those nearest to the Sovereign, either by birth or
+by office, have left no memoirs; and in absolute monarchies the
+mainsprings of great events will be found in particulars which the most
+exalted persons alone could know.  Those who have had but little under
+their charge find no subject in it for a book; and those who have long
+borne the burden of public business conceive themselves to be forbidden by
+duty, or by respect for authority, to disclose all they know.  Others,
+again, preserve notes, with the intention of reducing them to order when
+they shall have reached the period of a happy leisure; vain illusion of
+the ambitious, which they cherish, for the most part, but as a veil to
+conceal from their sight the hateful image of their inevitable downfall!
+and when it does at length take place, despair or chagrin deprives them of
+fortitude to dwell upon the dazzling period which they never cease to
+regret.
+
+Louis XVI.  meant to write his own memoirs; the manner in which his
+private papers were arranged indicated this design.  The Queen also had
+the same intention; she long preserved a large correspondence, and a great
+number of minute reports, made in the spirit and upon the event of the
+moment.  But after the 20th of June, 1792, she was obliged to burn the
+larger portion of what she had so collected, and the remainder were
+conveyed out of France.
+
+Considering the rank and situations of the persons I have named as capable
+of elucidating by their writings the history of our political storms, it
+will not be imagined that I aim at placing myself on a level with them;
+but I have spent half my life either with the daughters of Louis XV. or
+with Marie Antoinette.  I knew the characters of those Princesses; I
+became privy to some extraordinary facts, the publication of which may be
+interesting, and the truth of the details will form the merit of my work.
+
+I was very young when I was placed about the Princesses, the daughters of
+Louis XV., in the capacity of reader.  I was acquainted with the Court of
+Versailles before the time of the marriage of Louis XVI. with the
+Archduchess Marie Antoinette.
+
+
+
+
+MADAME CAMPAN
+
+
+My father, who was employed in the department of Foreign Affairs, enjoyed
+the reputation due to his talents and to his useful labours.  He had
+travelled much.  Frenchmen, on their return home from foreign countries,
+bring with them a love for their own, increased in warmth; and no man was
+more penetrated with this feeling, which ought to be the first virtue of
+every placeman, than my father.  Men of high title, academicians, and
+learned men, both natives and foreigners, sought my father's acquaintance,
+and were gratified by being admitted into his house.
+
+Twenty years before the Revolution I often heard it remarked that the
+imposing character of the power of Louis XIV. was no longer to be found in
+the Palace of Versailles; that the institutions of the ancient monarchy
+were rapidly sinking; and that the people, crushed beneath the weight of
+taxes, were miserable, though silent; but that they began to give ear to
+the bold speeches of the philosophers, who loudly proclaimed their
+sufferings and their rights; and, in short, that the age would not pass
+away without the occurrence of some great outburst, which would unsettle
+France, and change the course of its progress.
+
+Those who thus spoke were almost all partisans of M. Turgot's system of
+administration: they were Mirabeau the father, Doctor Quesnay, Abbe
+Bandeau, and Abbe Nicoli, charge d'affaires to Leopold, Grand Duke of
+Tuscany, and as enthusiastic an admirer of the maxims of the innovators as
+his Sovereign.
+
+My father sincerely respected the purity of intention of these
+politicians.  With them he acknowledged many abuses in the Government; but
+he did not give these political sectarians credit for the talent necessary
+for conducting a judicious reform.  He told them frankly that in the art
+of moving the great machine of Government, the wisest of them was inferior
+to a good magistrate; and that if ever the helm of affairs should be put
+into their hands, they would be speedily checked in the execution of their
+schemes by the immeasurable difference existing between the most brilliant
+theories and the simplest practice of administration.
+
+Destiny having formerly placed me near crowned heads, I now amuse my
+solitude when in retirement with collecting a variety of facts which may
+prove interesting to my family when I shall be no more.  The idea of
+collecting all the interesting materials which my memory affords occurred
+to me from reading the work entitled "Paris, Versailles, and the Provinces
+in the Eighteenth Century."  That work, composed by a man accustomed to
+the best society, is full of piquant anecdotes, nearly all of which have
+been recognised as true by the contemporaries of the author.  I have put
+together all that concerned the domestic life of an unfortunate Princess,
+whose reputation is not yet cleared of the stains it received from the
+attacks of calumny, and who justly merited a different lot in life, a
+different place in the opinion of mankind after her fall.  These memoirs,
+which were finished ten years ago, have met with the approbation of some
+persons; and my son may, perhaps, think proper to print them after my
+decease.
+
+J.  L.  H.  C.
+
+--When Madame Campan wrote these lines, she did not anticipate that the
+death of her son would precede her own.
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORIC COURT MEMOIRS.
+
+
+MARIE ANTOINETTE.
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIR OF MADAME CAMPAN.
+
+
+JEANNE LOUISE HENRIETTE GENET was born in Paris on the 6th of October,
+1752.  M. Genet, her father, had obtained, through his own merit and the
+influence of the Duc de Choiseul, the place of first clerk in the Foreign
+Office.
+
+Literature, which he had cultivated in his youth, was often the solace of
+his leisure hours.  Surrounded by a numerous family, he made the
+instruction of his children his chief recreation, and omitted nothing
+which was necessary to render them highly accomplished.  His clever and
+precocious daughter Henriette was very early accustomed to enter society,
+and to take an intelligent interest in current topics and public events.
+Accordingly, many of her relations being connected with the Court or
+holding official positions, she amassed a fund of interesting
+recollections and characteristic anecdotes, some gathered from personal
+experience, others handed down by old friends of the family.
+
+"The first event which made any impression on me in my childhood," she
+says in her reminiscences, "was the attempt of Damiens to assassinate
+Louis XV.  This occurrence struck me so forcibly that the most minute
+details relating to the confusion and grief which prevailed at Versailles
+on that day seem as present to my imagination as the most recent events. I
+had dined with my father and mother, in company with one of their friends.
+The drawing-room was lighted up with a number of candles, and four
+card-tables were already occupied, when a friend of the gentleman of the
+house came in, with a pale and terrified countenance, and said, in a voice
+scarcely audible, 'I bring you terrible news.  The King has been
+assassinated!'  Two ladies in the company fainted; a brigadier of the Body
+Guards threw down his cards and cried out, 'I do not wonder at it; it is
+those rascally Jesuits.'--'What are you saying, brother?' cried a lady,
+flying to him; 'would you get yourself arrested?'--'Arrested!  For what?
+For unmasking those wretches who want a bigot for a King?'  My father came
+in; he recommended circumspection, saying that the blow was not mortal,
+and that all meetings ought to be suspended at so critical a moment.  He
+had brought the chaise for my mother, who placed me on her knees.  We
+lived in the Avenue de Paris, and throughout our drive I heard incessant
+cries and sobs from the footpaths.
+
+"At last I saw a man arrested; he was an usher of the King's chamber, who
+had gone mad, and was crying out, 'Yes, I know them; the wretches! the
+villains!'  Our chaise was stopped by this bustle.  My mother recognised
+the unfortunate man who had been seized; she gave his name to the trooper
+who had stopped him.  The poor usher was therefore merely conducted to the
+gens d'armes' guardroom, which was then in the avenue.
+
+"I have often heard M. de Landsmath, equerry and master of the hounds, who
+used to come frequently to my father's, say that on the news of the
+attempt on the King's life he instantly repaired to his Majesty. I cannot
+repeat the coarse expressions he made use of to encourage his Majesty; but
+his account of the affair, long afterwards, amused the parties in which he
+was prevailed on to relate it, when all apprehensions respecting the
+consequences of the event had subsided.  This M. de Landsmath was an old
+soldier, who had given proofs of extraordinary valour; nothing had been
+able to soften his manners or subdue his excessive bluntness to the
+respectful customs of the Court.  The King was very fond of him.  He
+possessed prodigious strength, and had often contended with Marechal Saxe,
+renowned for his great bodily power, in trying the strength of their
+respective wrists.
+
+[One day when the King was hunting in the forest of St. Germain,
+Landemath, riding before him, wanted a cart, filled with the slime of a
+pond that had just been cleansed, to draw up out of the way. The carter
+resisted, and even answered with impertinence. Landsmath, without
+dismounting, seized him by the breast of his coat, lifted him up, and
+threw him into his cart.--MADAME CAMPAN.]
+
+"M. de Landsmath had a thundering voice.  When he came into the King's
+apartment he found the Dauphin and Mesdames, his Majesty's daughters,
+there; the Princesses, in tears, surrounded the King's bed.  Send out all
+these weeping women, Sire,' said the old equerry; 'I want to speak to you
+alone: The King made a sign to the Princesses to withdraw.  'Come,' said
+Landsmath, 'your wound is nothing; you had plenty of waistcoats and
+flannels on.'  Then uncovering his breast, 'Look here,' said he, showing
+four or five great scars, 'these are something like wounds; I received
+them thirty years ago; now cough as loud as you can.'  The King did so.
+''Tis nothing at all,' said Landsmath; 'you must laugh at it; we shall
+hunt a stag together in four days.'--'But suppose the blade was poisoned,'
+said the King.  'Old grandams' tales,' replied Landsmath; 'if it had been
+so, the waistcoats and flannels would have rubbed the poison off.'  The
+King was pacified, and passed a very good night.
+
+"His Majesty one day asked M. de Landsmath how old he was.  He was aged,
+and by no means fond of thinking of his age; he evaded the question. A
+fortnight later, Louis XV. took a paper out of his pocket and read aloud:
+'On such a day in the month of one thousand six hundred and eighty, was
+baptised by me, rector of ------, the son of the high and mighty lord,'
+etc.  'What's that?' said Landsmath, angrily; 'has your Majesty been
+procuring the certificate of my baptism?'--'There it is, you see,
+Landsmath,' said the King.  'Well, Sire, hide it as fast as you can; a
+prince entrusted with the happiness of twenty-five millions of people
+ought not wilfully to hurt the feelings of a single individual.'
+
+"The King learned that Landsmath had lost his confessor, a missionary
+priest of the parish of Notre-Dame.  It was the custom of the Lazarists to
+expose their dead with the face uncovered.  Louis XV. wished to try his
+equerry's firmness.  'You have lost your confessor, I hear,' said the
+King.  'Yes, Sire.'--'He will be exposed with his face bare?'--'Such is
+the custom.'--'I command you to go and see him.'--'Sire, my confessor was
+my friend; it would be very painful to me.'--'No matter; I command
+you.'--'Are you really in earnest, Sire?'--'Quite so.'--'It would be the
+first time in my life that I had disobeyed my sovereign's order.  I will
+go.' The next day the King at his levee, as soon as he perceived
+Landsmath, said, 'Have you done as I desired you,
+Landsmath?'--'Undoubtedly, Sire.'--'Well, what did you see?'--'Faith, I
+saw that your Majesty and I are no great shakes!'
+
+"At the death of Queen Maria Leczinska, M. Campan,--[Her father-in-law,
+afterwards secretary to Marie Antoinette.]--then an officer of the
+chamber, having performed several confidential duties, the King asked
+Madame Adelaide how he should reward him.  She requested him to create an
+office in his household of master of the wardrobe, with a salary of a
+thousand crowns.  'I will do so,' said the King; 'it will be an honourable
+title; but tell Campan not to add a single crown to his expenses, for you
+will see they will never pay him.'
+
+"Louis XV., by his dignified carriage, and the amiable yet majestic
+expression of his features, was worthy to succeed to Louis the Great. But
+he too frequently indulged in secret pleasures, which at last were sure to
+become known.  During several winters, he was passionately fond of
+'candles' end balls', as he called those parties amongst the very lowest
+classes of society.  He got intelligence of the picnics given by the
+tradesmen, milliners, and sempstresses of Versailles, whither he repaired
+in a black domino, and masked, accompanied by the captain of his Guards,
+masked like himself.  His great delight was to go 'en brouette'--[In a
+kind of sedan-chair, running on two wheels, and drawn by a
+chairman.]--Care was always taken to give notice to five or six officers
+of the King's or Queen's chamber to be there, in order that his Majesty
+might be surrounded by people on whom he could depend, without finding it
+troublesome.  Probably the captain of the Guards also took other
+precautions of this description on his part.  My father-in-law, when the
+King and he were both young, has often made one amongst the servants
+desired to attend masked at these parties, assembled in some garret, or
+parlour of a public-house.  In those times, during the carnival, masked
+companies had a right to join the citizens' balls; it was sufficient that
+one of the party should unmask and name himself.
+
+"These secret excursions, and his too habitual intercourse with ladies
+more distinguished for their personal charms than for the advantages of
+education, were no doubt the means by which the King acquired many vulgar
+expressions which otherwise would never have reached his ears.
+
+"Yet amidst the most shameful excesses the King sometimes suddenly resumed
+the dignity of his rank in a very noble manner.  The familiar courtiers of
+Louis XV. had one day abandoned themselves to the unrestrained gaiety, of
+a supper, after returning from the chase.  Each boasted of and described
+the beauty of his mistress.  Some of them amused themselves with giving a
+particular account of their wives' personal defects.  An imprudent word,
+addressed to Louis XV., and applicable only to the Queen, instantly
+dispelled all the mirth of the entertainment. The King assumed his regal
+air, and knocking with his knife on the table twice or thrice, 'Gentlemen;
+said he, 'here is the King!'
+
+"Those men who are most completely abandoned to dissolute manners are not,
+on that account, insensible to virtue in women.  The Comtesse de Perigord
+was as beautiful as virtuous.  During some excursions she made to Choisy,
+whither she had been invited, she perceived that the King took great
+notice of her.  Her demeanour of chilling respect, her cautious
+perseverance in shunning all serious conversation with the monarch, were
+insufficient to extinguish this rising flame, and he at length addressed a
+letter to her, worded in the most passionate terms.  This excellent woman
+instantly formed her resolution: honour forbade her returning the King's
+passion, whilst her profound respect for the sovereign made her unwilling
+to disturb his tranquillity.  She therefore voluntarily banished herself
+to an estate she possessed called Chalais, near Barbezieux, the mansion of
+which had been uninhabited nearly a century; the porter's lodge was the
+only place in a condition to receive her. From this seat she wrote to his
+Majesty, explaining her motives for leaving Court; and she remained there
+several years without visiting Paris.  Louis XV. was speedily attracted by
+other objects, and regained the composure to which Madame de Perigord had
+thought it her duty to sacrifice so much.  Some years after, Mesdames'
+lady of honour died. Many great families solicited the place.  The King,
+without answering any of their applications, wrote to the Comtesse de
+Perigord: 'My daughters have just lost their lady of honour; this place,
+madame, is your due, as much on account of your personal qualities as of
+the illustrious name of your family.'
+
+"Three young men of the college of St. Germain, who had just completed
+their course of studies, knowing no person about the Court, and having
+heard that strangers were always well treated there, resolved to dress
+themselves completely in the Armenian costume, and, thus clad, to present
+themselves to see the grand ceremony of the reception of several knights
+of the Order of the Holy Ghost.  Their stratagem met with all the success
+with which they had flattered themselves.  While the procession was
+passing through the long mirror gallery, the Swiss of the apartments
+placed them in the first row of spectators, recommending every one to pay
+all possible attention to the strangers.  The latter, however, were
+imprudent enough to enter the 'oeil-de-boeuf' chamber, where, were
+Messieurs Cardonne and Ruffin, interpreters of Oriental languages, and the
+first clerk of the consul's department, whose business it was to attend to
+everything which related to the natives of the East who were in France.
+The three scholars were immediately surrounded and questioned by these
+gentlemen, at first in modern Greek.  Without being disconcerted, they
+made signs that they did not understand it.  They were then addressed in
+Turkish and Arabic; at length one of the interpreters, losing all
+patience, exclaimed, 'Gentlemen, you certainly must understand some of the
+languages in which you have been addressed.  What country can you possibly
+come from then?'--'From St. Germain-en-Laye, sir,' replied the boldest
+among them; 'this is the first time you have put the question to us in
+French.'  They then confessed the motive of their disguise; the eldest of
+them was not more than eighteen years of age.  Louis XV. was informed of
+the affair.  He laughed heartily, ordered them a few hours' confinement
+and a good admonition, after which they were to be set at liberty.
+
+"Louis XV. liked to talk about death, though he was extremely apprehensive
+of it; but his excellent health and his royal dignity probably made him
+imagine himself invulnerable.  He often said to people who had very bad
+colds, 'You've a churchyard cough there.'  Hunting one day in the forest
+of Senard, in a year in which bread was extremely dear, he met a man on
+horseback carrying a coffin.  'Whither are you carrying that coffin?'--'To
+the village of ------,' answered the peasant.  'Is it for a man or a
+woman?'--'For a man.'--'What did he die of?'--'Of hunger,' bluntly replied
+the villager.  The King spurred on his horse, and asked no more questions.
+
+"Weak as Louis XV. was, the Parliaments would never have obtained his
+consent to the convocation of the States General.  I heard an anecdote on
+this subject from two officers attached to that Prince's household.  It
+was at the period when the remonstrances of the Parliaments, and the
+refusals to register the decrees for levying taxes, produced alarm with
+respect to the state of the finances.  This became the subject of
+conversation one evening at the coucher of Louis XV.  'You will see,
+Sire,' said a courtier, whose office placed him in close communication
+with the King, 'that all this will make it absolutely necessary to
+assemble the States General!'
+
+"The King, roused by this speech from the habitual apathy of his
+character, seized the courtier by the arm, and said to him, in a passion,
+'Never repeat, these words.  I am not sanguinary; but had I a brother, and
+were he to dare to give me such advice, I would sacrifice him, within
+twenty-four hours, to the duration of the monarchy and the tranquillity of
+the kingdom.'
+
+"Several years prior to his death the Dauphin, the father of Louis XVI.,
+had confluent smallpox, which endangered his life; and after his
+convalescence he was long troubled with a malignant ulcer under the nose.
+He was injudiciously advised to get rid of it by the use of extract of
+lead, which proved effectual; but from that time the Dauphin, who was
+corpulent, insensibly grew thin, and a short, dry cough evinced that the
+humour, driven in, had fallen on the lungs.  Some persons also suspected
+him of having taken acids in too great a quantity for the purpose of
+reducing his bulk.  The state of his health was not, however, such as to
+excite alarm.  At the camp at Compiegne, in July, 1764, the Dauphin
+reviewed the troops, and evinced much activity in the performance of his
+duties; it was even observed that he was seeking to gain the attachment of
+the army.  He presented the Dauphiness to the soldiers, saying, with a
+simplicity which at that time made a great sensation, 'Mes enfans, here is
+my wife.'  Returning late on horseback to Compiegne, he found he had taken
+a chill; the heat of the day had been excessive; the Prince's clothes had
+been wet with perspiration.  An illness followed, in which the Prince
+began to spit blood.  His principal physician wished to have him bled; the
+consulting physicians insisted on purgation, and their advice was
+followed.  The pleurisy, being ill cured, assumed and retained all the
+symptoms of consumption; the Dauphin languished from that period until
+December, 1765, and died at Fontainebleau, where the Court, on account of
+his condition, had prolonged its stay, which usually ended on the 2d of
+November.
+
+"The Dauphiness, his widow, was deeply afflicted; but the immoderate
+despair which characterised her grief induced many to suspect that the
+loss of the crown was an important part of the calamity she lamented. She
+long refused to eat enough to support life; she encouraged her tears to
+flow by placing portraits of the Dauphin in every retired part of her
+apartments.  She had him represented pale, and ready to expire, in a
+picture placed at the foot of her bed, under draperies of gray cloth, with
+which the chambers of the Princesses were always hung in court mournings.
+Their grand cabinet was hung with black cloth, with an alcove, a canopy,
+and a throne, on which they received compliments of condolence after the
+first period of the deep mourning.  The Dauphiness, some months before the
+end of her career, regretted her conduct in abridging it; but it was too
+late; the fatal blow had been struck.  It may also be presumed that living
+with a consumptive, man had contributed to her complaint.  This Princess
+had no opportunity of displaying her qualities; living in a Court in which
+she was eclipsed by the King and Queen, the only characteristics that
+could be remarked in her were her extreme attachment to her husband, and
+her great piety.
+
+"The Dauphin was little known, and his character has been much mistaken.
+He himself, as he confessed to his intimate friends, sought to disguise
+it.  He one day asked one of his most familiar servants, 'What do they say
+in Paris of that great fool of a Dauphin?' The person interrogated seeming
+confused, the Dauphin urged him to express himself sincerely, saying,
+'Speak freely; that is positively the idea which I wish people to form of
+me.'
+
+"As he died of a disease which allows the last moment to be anticipated
+long beforehand, he wrote much, and transmitted his affections and his
+prejudices to his son by secret notes.
+
+"Madame de Pompadour's brother received Letters of Nobility from his
+Majesty, and was appointed superintendent of the buildings and gardens. He
+often presented to her Majesty, through the medium of his sister, the
+rarest flowers, pineapples, and early vegetables from the gardens of
+Trianon and Choisy.  One day, when the Marquise came into the Queen's
+apartments, carrying a large basket of flowers, which she held in her two
+beautiful arms, without gloves, as a mark of respect, the Queen loudly
+declared her admiration of her beauty; and seemed as if she wished to
+defend the King's choice, by praising her various charms in detail, in a
+manner that would have been as suitable to a production of the fine arts
+as to a living being.  After applauding the complexion, eyes, and fine
+arms of the favourite, with that haughty condescension which renders
+approbation more offensive than flattering, the Queen at length requested
+her to sing, in the attitude in which she stood, being desirous of hearing
+the voice and musical talent by which the King's Court had been charmed in
+the performances of the private apartments, and thus combining the
+gratification of the ears with that of the eyes.  The Marquise, who still
+held her enormous basket, was perfectly sensible of something offensive in
+this request, and tried to excuse herself from singing.  The Queen at last
+commanded her; she then exerted her fine voice in the solo of Armida--'At
+length he is in my power.' The change in her Majesty's countenance was so
+obvious that the ladies present at this scene had the greatest difficulty
+to keep theirs.
+
+"The Queen was affable and modest; but the more she was thankful in her
+heart to Heaven for having placed her on the first throne in Europe, the
+more unwilling she was to be reminded of her elevation.  This sentiment
+induced her to insist on the observation of all the forms of respect due
+to royal birth; whereas in other princes the consciousness of that birth
+often induces them to disdain the ceremonies of etiquette, and to prefer
+habits of ease and simplicity.  There was a striking contrast in this
+respect between Maria Leczinska and Marie Antoinette, as has been justly
+and generally observed.  The latter unfortunate Queen, perhaps, carried
+her disregard of everything belonging to the strict forms of etiquette too
+far.  One day, when the Marechale de Mouchy was teasing her with questions
+relative to the extent to which she would allow the ladies the option of
+taking off or wearing their cloaks, and of pinning up the lappets of their
+caps, or letting them hang down, the Queen replied to her, in my presence:
+'Arrange all those matters, madame, just as you please; but do not imagine
+that a queen, born Archduchess of Austria, can attach that importance to
+them which might be felt by a Polish princess who had become Queen of
+France.'
+
+"The virtues and information of the great are always evinced by their
+conduct; their accomplishments, coming within the scope of flattery, are
+difficult to be ascertained by any authentic proofs, and those who have
+lived near them may be excused for some degree of scepticism with regard
+to their attainments of this kind.  If they draw or paint, there is always
+an able artist present, who, if he does not absolutely guide the pencil
+with his own hand, directs it by his advice.  If a princess attempt a
+piece of embroidery in colours, of that description which ranks amongst
+the productions of the arts, a skilful embroideress is employed to undo
+and repair whatever has been spoilt.  If the princess be a musician, there
+are no ears that will discover when she is out of tune; at least there is
+no tongue that will tell her so.  This imperfection in the accomplishments
+of the great is but a slight misfortune.  It is sufficiently meritorious
+in them to engage in such pursuits, even with indifferent success, because
+this taste and the protection it extends produce abundance of talent on
+every side.  Maria Leczinska delighted in the art of painting, and
+imagined she herself could draw and paint.  She had a drawing-master, who
+passed all his time in her cabinet.  She undertook to paint four large
+Chinese pictures, with which she wished to ornament her private
+drawing-room, which was richly furnished with rare porcelain and the
+finest marbles.  This painter was entrusted with the landscape and
+background of the pictures; he drew the figures with a pencil; the faces
+and arms were also left by the Queen to his execution; she reserved to
+herself nothing but the draperies, and the least important accessories.
+The Queen every morning filled up the outline marked out for her, with a
+little red, blue, or green colour, which the master prepared on the
+palette, and even filled her brush with, constantly repeating, 'Higher up,
+Madame--lower down, Madame--a little to the right--more to the left.'
+After an hour's work, the time for hearing mass, or some other family or
+pious duty, would interrupt her Majesty; and the painter, putting the
+shadows into the draperies she had painted, softening off the colour where
+she had laid too much, etc., finished the small figures.  When the work
+was completed the private drawing-room was decorated with her Majesty's
+work; and the firm persuasion of this good Queen that she had painted it
+herself was so entire that she left this cabinet, with all its furniture
+and paintings, to the Comtesse de Noailles, her lady of honour.  She added
+to the bequest: 'The pictures in my cabinet being my own work, I hope the
+Comtesse de Noailles will preserve them for my sake.'  Madame de Noailles,
+afterwards Marechale de Mouchy, had a new pavilion constructed in her
+hotel in the Faubourg St. Germain, in order to form a suitable receptacle
+for the Queen's legacy; and had the following inscription placed over the
+door, in letters of gold: 'The innocent falsehood of a good princess.'
+
+"Maria Leczinska could never look with cordiality on the Princess of
+Saxony, who married the Dauphin; but the attentive behaviour of the
+Dauphiness at length made her Majesty forget that the Princess was the
+daughter of a king who wore her father's crown.  Nevertheless, although
+the Queen now saw in the Princess of Saxony only a wife beloved by her
+son, she never could forget that Augustus wore the crown of Stanislaus.
+One day an officer of her chamber having undertaken to ask a private
+audience of her for the Saxon minister, and the Queen being unwilling to
+grant it, he ventured to add that he should not have presumed to ask this
+favour of the Queen had not the minister been the ambassador of a member
+of the family.  'Say of an enemy of the family,' replied the Queen,
+angrily; 'and let him come in.'
+
+"Comte de Tesse, father of the last Count of that name, who left no
+children, was first equerry to Queen Maria Leczinska.  She esteemed his
+virtues, but often diverted herself at the expense of his simplicity. One
+day, when the conversation turned on the noble military, actions by which
+the French nobility was distinguished, the Queen said to the Count: 'And
+your family, M. de Tesse, has been famous, too, in the field.'--'Ah,
+Madame, we have all been killed in our masters' service!'--'How rejoiced I
+am,' replied the Queen, 'that you have revived to tell me of it.'  The son
+of this worthy M. de Tesse was married to the amiable and highly gifted
+daughter of the Duc d'Ayen, afterwards Marechale de Noailles.  He was
+exceedingly fond of his daughter-in-law, and never could speak of her
+without emotion.  The Queen, to please him, often talked to him about the
+young Countess, and one day asked him which of her good qualities seemed
+to him most conspicuous.  'Her gentleness, Madame, her gentleness,' said
+he, with tears in his eyes; 'she is so mild, so soft,--as soft as a good
+carriage.'--'Well,' said her Majesty, 'that's an excellent comparison for
+a first equerry.'
+
+"In 1730 Queen Maria Leczinska, going to mass, met old Marechal Villars,
+leaning on a wooden crutch not worth fifteen pence.  She rallied him about
+it, and the Marshal told her that he had used it ever since he had
+received a wound which obliged him to add this article to the equipments
+of the army.  Her Majesty, smiling, said she thought this crutch so
+unworthy of him that she hoped to induce him to give it up.  On returning
+home she despatched M. Campan to Paris with orders to purchase at the
+celebrated Germain's the handsomest cane, with a gold enamelled crutch,
+that he could find, and carry it without delay to Marechal Villars's
+hotel, and present it to him from her.  He was announced accordingly, and
+fulfilled his commission.  The Marshal, in attending him to the door,
+requested him to express his gratitude to the Queen, and said that he had
+nothing fit to offer to an officer who had the honour to belong to her
+Majesty; but he begged him to accept of his old stick, saying that his
+grandchildren would probably some day be glad to possess the cane with
+which he had commanded at Marchiennes and Denain.  The known frugality of
+Marechal Villars appears in this anecdote; but he was not mistaken with
+respect to the estimation in which his stick would be held.  It was
+thenceforth kept with veneration by M. Campan's family.  On the 10th of
+August, 1792, a house which I occupied on the Carrousel, at the entrance
+of the Court of the Tuileries, was pillaged and nearly burnt down.  The
+cane of Marechal Villars was thrown into the Carrousel as of no value, and
+picked up by my servant.  Had its old master been living at that period we
+should not have witnessed such a deplorable day.
+
+"Before the Revolution there were customs and words in use at Versailles
+with which few people were acquainted.  The King's dinner was called 'The
+King's meat.'  Two of the Body Guard accompanied the attendants who
+carried the dinner; every one rose as they passed through the halls,
+saying, 'There is the King's meat.'  All precautionary duties were
+distinguished by the words 'in case.'  One of the guards might be heard to
+say, 'I am in case in the forest of St. Germain.'  In the evening they
+always brought the Queen a large bowl of broth, a cold roast fowl, one
+bottle of wine, one of orgeat, one of lemonade, and some other articles,
+which were called the 'in case' for the night.  An old medical gentleman,
+who had been physician in ordinary to Louis XIV., and was still living at
+the time of the marriage of Louis XV., told M. Campan's father an anecdote
+which seems too remarkable to have remained unknown; nevertheless he was a
+man of honour, incapable of inventing this story. His name was Lafosse.
+He said that Louis XIV. was informed that the officers of his table
+evinced, in the most disdainful and offensive manner, the mortification
+they felt at being obliged to eat at the table of the comptroller of the
+kitchen along with Moliere, valet de chambre to his Majesty, because
+Moliere had performed on the stage; and that this celebrated author
+consequently declined appearing at that table.  Louis XIV., determined to
+put an end to insults which ought never to have been offered to one of the
+greatest geniuses of the age, said to him one morning at the hour of his
+private levee, 'They say you live very poorly here, Moliere; and that the
+officers of my chamber do not find you good enough to eat with them.
+Perhaps you are hungry; for my part I awoke with a very good appetite this
+morning: sit down at this table.  Serve up my 'in case' for the night
+there.'  The King, then cutting up his fowl, and ordering Moliere to sit
+down, helped him to a wing, at the same time taking one for himself, and
+ordered the persons entitled to familiar entrance, that is to say the most
+distinguished and favourite people at Court, to be admitted.  'You see
+me,' said the King to them, 'engaged in entertaining Moliere, whom my
+valets de chambre do not consider sufficiently good company for them.'
+From that time Moliere never had occasion to appear at the valets' table;
+the whole Court was forward enough to send him invitations.
+
+"M. de Lafosse used also to relate that a brigade-major of the Body Guard,
+being ordered to place the company in the little theatre at Versailles,
+very roughly turned out one of the King's comptrollers who had taken his
+seat on one of the benches, a place to which his newly acquired office
+entitled him.  In vain he insisted on his quality and his right.  The
+altercation was ended by the brigade-major in these words: 'Gentlemen Body
+Guards, do your duty.'  In this case their duty was to turn the offender
+out at the door.  This comptroller, who had paid sixty or eighty thousand
+francs for his appointment, was a man of a good family, and had had the
+honour of serving his Majesty five and twenty years in one of his
+regiments; thus ignominiously driven out of the hall, he placed himself in
+the King's way in the great hall of the Guards, and, bowing to his
+Majesty, requested him to vindicate the honour of an old soldier who had
+wished to end his days in his Prince's civil employment, now that age had
+obliged him to relinquish his military service.  The King stopped, heard
+his story, and then ordered him to follow him.  His Majesty attended the
+representation in a sort of amphitheatre, in which his armchair was
+placed; behind him was a row of stools for the captain of the Guards, the
+first gentleman of the chamber, and other great officers.  The
+brigade-major was entitled to one of these places; the King stopped
+opposite the seat which ought to have been occupied by that officer and
+said to the comptroller, 'Take, monsieur, for this evening, the place near
+my person of him who has offended you, and let the expression of my
+displeasure at this unjust affront satisfy you instead of any other
+reparation:
+
+"During the latter years of the reign of Louis XIV. he never went out but
+in a chair carried by porters, and he showed a great regard for a man
+named D'Aigremont, one of those porters who always went in front and
+opened the door of the chair.  The slightest preference shown by
+sovereigns, even to the meanest of their servants, never fails to excite
+observation.
+
+[People of the very first rank did not disdain to descend to the level of
+D'Aigremont.  "Lauzun," said the Duchesse d'Orleans in her "Memoirs,"
+"sometimes affects stupidity in order to show people their own with
+impunity, for he is very malicious.  In order to make Marechal de Tease
+feel the impropriety of his familiarity with people of the common sort, he
+called out, in the drawing-room at Marly, 'Marechal, give me a pinch of
+snuff; some of your best, such as you take in the morning with Monsieur
+d'Aigremont, the chairman.'"--NOTE BY THE EDITOR.]
+
+The King had done something for this man's numerous family, and frequently
+talked to him.  An abbe belonging to the chapel thought proper to request
+D'Aigremont to present a memorial to the King, in which he requested his
+Majesty to grant him a benefice.  Louis XIV.  did not approve of the
+liberty thus taken by his chairman, and said to him, in a very angry tone,
+'D'Aigremont, you have been made to do a very unbecoming act, and I am
+sure there must be simony in the case.'--'No, Sire, there is not the least
+ceremony in the case, I assure you,' answered the poor man, in great
+consternation; 'the abbe only said he would give me a hundred
+Louis.'--'D'Aigremont,' said the King, 'I forgive you on account of your
+ignorance and candour.  I will give you the hundred Louis out of my privy
+purse; but I will discharge you the very next time you venture to present
+a memorial to me.'
+
+"Louis XIV. was very kind to those of his servants who were nearest his
+person; but the moment he assumed his royal deportment, those who were
+most accustomed to see him in his domestic character were as much
+intimidated as if they were appearing in his presence for the first time
+in their lives.  Some of the members of his Majesty's civil household,
+then called 'commensalite', enjoying the title of equerry, and the
+privileges attached to officers of the King's household, had occasion to
+claim some prerogatives, the exercise of which the municipal body of St.
+Germain, where they resided, disputed with them.  Being assembled in
+considerable numbers in that town, they obtained the consent of the
+minister of the household to allow them to send a deputation to the King;
+and for that purpose chose from amongst them two of his Majesty's valets
+de chambre named Bazire and Soulaigre.  The King's levee being over, the
+deputation of the inhabitants of the town of St. Germain was called in.
+They entered with confidence; the King looked at them, and assumed his
+imposing attitude.  Bazire, one of these valets de chambre, was about to
+speak, but Louis the Great was looking on him.  He no longer saw the
+Prince he was accustomed to attend at home; he was intimidated, and could
+not find words; he recovered, however, and began as usual with the word
+Sire.  But timidity again overpowered him, and finding himself unable to
+recollect the slightest particle of what he came to say, he repeated the
+word Sire several times, and at length concluded by paying, 'Sire, here is
+Soulaigre.'  Soulaigre, who was very angry with Bazire, and expected to
+acquit himself much better, then began to speak; but he also, after
+repeating 'Sire' several times, found his embarrassment increasing upon
+him, until his confusion equalled that of his colleague; he therefore
+ended with 'Sire, here is Bazire.'  The King smiled, and answered,
+'Gentlemen, I have been informed of the business upon which you have been
+deputed to wait on me, and I will take care that what is right shall be
+done.  I am highly satisfied with the manner in which you have fulfilled
+your functions as deputies.'"
+
+Mademoiselle Genet's education was the object of her father's particular
+attention.  Her progress in the study of music and of foreign languages
+was surprising; Albaneze instructed her in singing, and Goldoni taught her
+Italian.  Tasso, Milton, Dante, and even Shakespeare, soon became familiar
+to her.  But her studies were particularly directed to the acquisition of
+a correct and elegant style of reading.  Rochon de Chabannes, Duclos,
+Barthe, Marmontel, and Thomas took pleasure in hearing her recite the
+finest scenes of Racine.  Her memory and genius at the age of fourteen
+charmed them; they talked of her talents in society, and perhaps applauded
+them too highly.
+
+She was soon spoken of at Court.  Some ladies of high rank, who took an
+interest in the welfare of her family, obtained for her the place of
+Reader to the Princesses.  Her presentation, and the circumstances which
+preceded it, left a strong impression on her mind.  "I was then fifteen,"
+she says; "my father felt some regret at yielding me up at so early an age
+to the jealousies of the Court.  The day on which I first put on my Court
+dress, and went to embrace him in his study, tears filled his eyes, and
+mingled with the expression of his pleasure.  I possessed some agreeable
+talents, in addition to the instruction which it had been his delight to
+bestow on me.  He enumerated all my little accomplishments, to convince me
+of the vexations they would not fail to draw upon me."
+
+Mademoiselle Genet, at fifteen, was naturally less of a philosopher than
+her father was at forty.  Her eyes were dazzled by the splendour which
+glittered at Versailles.  "The Queen, Maria Leczinska, the wife of Louis
+XV., died," she says, "just before I was presented at Court.  The grand
+apartments hung with black, the great chairs of state, raised on several
+steps, and surmounted by a canopy adorned with Plumes; the caparisoned
+horses, the immense retinue in Court mourning, the enormous
+shoulder-knots, embroidered with gold and silver spangles, which decorated
+the coats of the pages and footmen,--all this magnificence had such an
+effect on my senses that I could scarcely support myself when introduced
+to the Princesses.  The first day of my reading in the inner apartment of
+Madame Victoire I found it impossible to pronounce more than two
+sentences; my heart palpitated, my voice faltered, and my sight failed.
+How well understood was the potent magic of the grandeur and dignity which
+ought to surround sovereigns!  Marie Antoinette, dressed in white, with a
+plain straw hat, and a little switch in her hand, walking on foot,
+followed by a single servant, through the walks leading to the Petit
+Trianon, would never have thus disconcerted me; and I believe this extreme
+simplicity was the first and only real mistake of all those with which she
+is reproached."
+
+When once her awe and confusion had subsided, Mademoiselle Genet was
+enabled to form a more accurate judgment of her situation.  It was by no
+means attractive; the Court of the Princesses, far removed from the revels
+to which Louie XV. was addicted, was grave, methodical, and dull. Madame
+Adelaide, the eldest of the Princesses, lived secluded in the interior of
+her apartments; Madame Sophie was haughty; Madame Louise a devotee.
+Mademoiselle Genet never quitted the Princesses' apartments; but she
+attached herself most particularly to Madame Victoire.  This Princess had
+possessed beauty; her countenance bore an expression of benevolence, and
+her conversation was kind, free, and unaffected.  The young reader excited
+in her that feeling which a woman in years, of an affectionate
+disposition, readily extends to young people who are growing up in her
+sight, and who possess some useful talents.  Whole days were passed in
+reading to the Princess, as she sat at work in her apartment. Mademoiselle
+Genet frequently saw there Louis XV., of whom she has related the
+following anecdote:
+
+"One day, at the Chateau of Compiegne, the King came in whilst I was
+reading to Madame.  I rose and went into another room.  Alone, in an
+apartment from which there was no outlet, with no book but a Massillon,
+which I had been reading to the Princess, happy in all the lightness and
+gaiety of fifteen, I amused myself with turning swiftly round, with my
+court hoop, and suddenly kneeling down to see my rose-coloured silk
+petticoat swelled around me by the wind.  In the midst of this grave
+employment enters his Majesty, followed by one of the Princesses.  I
+attempt to rise; my feet stumble, and down I fall in the midst of my
+robes, puffed out by the wind.  'Daughter,' said Louis XV., laughing
+heartily, 'I advise you to send back to school a reader who makes
+cheeses.'"  The railleries of Louis XV. were often much more cutting, as
+Mademoiselle Genet experienced on another occasion, which, thirty years
+afterwards, she could not relate without an emotion of fear. "Louis XV.,"
+she said, "had the most imposing presence.  His eyes remained fixed upon
+you all the time he was speaking; and, notwithstanding the beauty of his
+features, he inspired a sort of fear. I was very young, it is true, when
+he first spoke to me; you shall judge whether it was in a very gracious
+manner.  I was fifteen.  The King was going out to hunt, and a numerous
+retinue followed him.  As he stopped opposite me he said, 'Mademoiselle
+Genet, I am assured you are very learned, and understand four or five
+foreign languages.'--'I know only two, Sire,' I answered, trembling.
+'Which are they?' English and Italian.'--'Do you speak them fluently?'
+Yes, Sire, very fluently.' 'That is quite enough to drive a husband mad.'
+After this pretty compliment the King went on; the retinue saluted me,
+laughing; and, for my part, I remained for some moments motionless with
+surprise and confusion."
+
+At the time when the French alliance was proposed by the Duc de Choiseul
+there was at Vienna a doctor named Gassner,--[Jean Joseph Gassner, a
+pretender to miraculous powers.]--who had fled thither to seek an asylum
+against the persecutions of his sovereign, one of the ecclesiastical
+electors.  Gassner, gifted with an extraordinary warmth of imagination,
+imagined that he received inspirations.  The Empress protected him, saw
+him occasionally, rallied him on his visions, and, nevertheless, heard
+them with a sort of interest.  "Tell me,"--said she to him one day,
+"whether my Antoinette will be happy."  Gassner turned pale, and remained
+silent.  Being still pressed by the Empress, and wishing to give a general
+expression to the idea with which he seemed deeply occupied, "Madame," he
+replied, "there are crosses for all shoulders."
+
+The occurrences at the Place Louis XV. on the marriage festivities at
+Paris are generally known.  The conflagration of the scaffolds intended
+for the fireworks, the want of foresight of the authorities, the avidity
+of robbers, the murderous career of the coaches, brought about and
+aggravated the disasters of that day; and the young Dauphiness, coming
+from Versailles, by the Cours la Reine, elated with joy, brilliantly
+decorated, and eager to witness the rejoicings of the whole people, fled,
+struck with consternation and drowned in tears, from the dreadful scene.
+This tragic opening of the young Princess's life in France seemed to bear
+out Gassner's hint of disaster, and to be ominous of the terrible future
+which awaited her.
+
+In the same year in which Marie Antoinette was married to the Dauphin,
+Henriette Genet married a son of M. Campan, already mentioned as holding
+an office at the Court; and when the household of the Dauphiness was
+formed, Madame Campan was appointed her reader, and received from Marie
+Antoinette a consistent kindness and confidence to which by her loyal
+service she was fully entitled.   Madame Campan's intelligence and
+vivacity made her much more sympathetic to a young princess, gay and
+affectionate in disposition, and reared in the simplicity of a German
+Court, than her lady of honour, the Comtesse de Noailles.  This
+respectable lady, who was placed near her as a minister of the laws of
+etiquette, instead of alleviating their weight, rendered their yoke
+intolerable to her.
+
+"Madame de Noailles," says Madame Campan, "abounded in virtues.  Her
+piety, charity, and irreproachable morals rendered her worthy of praise;
+but etiquette was to her a sort of atmosphere; at the slightest
+derangement of the consecrated order, one would have thought the
+principles of life would forsake her frame.
+
+"One day I unintentionally threw this poor lady into a terrible agony. The
+Queen was receiving I know not whom,--some persons just presented, I
+believe; the lady of honour, the Queen's tirewoman, and the ladies of the
+bedchamber, were behind the Queen.  I was near the throne, with the two
+women on duty.  All was right,--at least I thought so.  Suddenly I
+perceived the eyes of Madame de Noailles fixed on mine.  She made a sign
+with her head, and then raised her eyebrows to the top of her forehead,
+lowered them, raised them again, then began to make little signs with her
+hand.  From all this pantomime, I could easily perceive that something was
+not as it should be; and as I looked about on all sides to find out what
+it was, the agitation of the Countess kept increasing.  The Queen, who
+perceived all this, looked at me with a smile; I found means to approach
+her Majesty, who said to me in a whisper, 'Let down your lappets, or the
+Countess will expire.'  All this bustle arose from two unlucky pins which
+fastened up my lappets, whilst the etiquette of costume said 'Lappets
+hanging down.'"
+
+Her contempt of the vanities of etiquette became the pretext for the first
+reproaches levelled at the Queen.  What misconduct might not be dreaded
+from a princess who could absolutely go out without a hoop! and who, in
+the salons of Trianon, instead of discussing the important rights to
+chairs and stools, good-naturedly invited everybody to be seated.
+
+[M. de Fresne Forget, being one day in company with the Queen Marguerite,
+told her he was astonished how men and women with such great ruffs could
+eat soup without spoiling them; and still more how the ladies could be
+gallant with their great fardingales.  The Queen made no answer at that
+time, but a few days after, having a very large ruff on, and some 'bouili'
+to eat, she ordered a very long spoon to be brought, and ate her 'bouili'
+with it, without soiling her ruff.  Upon which, addressing herself to M.
+de Fresne, she said, laughing, "There now, you see, with a little
+ingenuity one may manage anything."--"Yes, faith, madame," said the good
+man, "as far as regards the soup I am satisfied."--LAPLACE's "Collection,"
+vol. ii., p. 350.]
+
+The anti-Austrian party, discontented and vindictive, became spies upon
+her conduct, exaggerated her slightest errors, and calumniated her most
+innocent proceedings.  "What seems unaccountable at the first glance,"
+says Montjoie, "is that the first attack on the reputation of the Queen
+proceeded from the bosom of the Court.  What interest could the courtiers
+have in seeking her destruction, which involved that of the King?  Was it
+not drying up the source of all the advantages they enjoyed, or could hope
+for?"
+
+[Madame Campan relates the following among many anecdotes illustrative of
+the Queen's kindness of heart: "A petition was addressed to the Queen by a
+corporation in the neighbourhood of Paris, praying for the destruction of
+the game which destroyed their crops.  I was the bearer of this petition
+to her Majesty, who said, 'I will undertake to have these good people
+relieved from so great an annoyance.'  She gave the document to M. de
+Vermond in my presence, saying, 'I desire that immediate justice be done
+to this petition.'  An assurance was given that her order should be
+attended to, but six weeks afterwards a second petition was sent up, for
+the nuisance had not been abated after all.  If the second petition had
+reached the Queen, M. de Vermond would have received a sharp reprimand.
+She was always so happy when it was in her power to do good."
+
+The quick repartee, which was another of the Queen's characteristics, was
+less likely to promote her popularity.  "M. Brunier," says Madame Campan,
+"was physician to the royal children. During his visits to the palace, if
+the death of any of his patients was alluded to, he never failed to say,
+'Ah! there I lost one of my best friends!  'Well,' said the Queen, 'if he
+loses all his patients who are his friends, what will become of those who
+are not?'"]
+
+When the terrible Danton exclaimed, "The kings of Europe menace us; it
+behooves us to defy them; let us throw down to them the head of a king as
+our gage!" these detestable words, followed by so cruel a result, formed,
+however, a formidable stroke of policy.  But the Queen!  What urgent
+reasons of state could Danton, Collot d'Herbois, and Robespierre allege
+against her?  What savage greatness did they discover in stirring up a
+whole nation to avenge their quarrel on a woman?  What remained of her
+former power?  She was a captive, a widow, trembling for her children! In
+those judges, who at once outraged modesty and nature; in that people
+whose vilest scoffs pursued her to the scaffold, who could have recognised
+the generous people of France?  Of all the crimes which disgraced the
+Revolution, none was more calculated to show how the spirit of party can
+degrade the character of a nation.
+
+The news of this dreadful event reached Madame Campan in an obscure
+retreat which she had chosen.  She had not succeeded in her endeavours to
+share the Queen's captivity, and she expected every moment a similar fate.
+After escaping, almost miraculously, from the murderous fury of the
+Marseillais; after being denounced and pursued by Robespierre, and
+entrusted, through the confidence of the King and Queen, with papers of
+the utmost importance, Madame Campan went to Coubertin, in the valley of
+Chevreuse.  Madame Auguid, her sister, had just committed suicide, at the
+very moment of her arrest.
+
+[Maternal affection prevailed over her religious sentiments; she wished to
+preserve the wreck of her fortune for her children.  Had she deferred this
+fatal act for one day she would have been saved; the cart which conveyed
+Robespierre to execution stopped her funeral procession!]
+
+The scaffold awaited Madame Campan, when the 9th of Thermidor restored her
+to life; but did not restore to her the most constant object of her
+thoughts, her zeal, and her devotion.
+
+A new career now opened to Madame Campan.  At Coubertin, surrounded by her
+nieces, she was fond of directing their studies.  This occupation caused
+her ideas to revert to the subject of education, and awakened once more
+the inclinations of her youth.  At the age of twelve years she could never
+meet a school of young ladies passing through the streets without feeling
+ambitious of the situation and authority of their mistress.  Her abode at
+Court had diverted but not altered her inclinations.  "A month after the
+fall of Robespierre," she says, "I considered as to the means of providing
+for myself, for a mother seventy years of age, my sick husband, my child
+nine years old, and part of my ruined family.  I now possessed nothing in
+the world but an assignat of five hundred francs. I had become responsible
+for my husband's debts, to the amount of thirty thousand francs.  I chose
+St. Germain to set up a boarding-school, for that town did not remind me,
+as Versailles did, both of happy times and of the misfortunes of France.
+I took with me a nun of l'Enfant-Jesus, to give an unquestionable pledge
+of my religious principles.  The school of St. Germain was the first in
+which the opening of an oratory was ventured on.  The Directory was
+displeased at it, and ordered it to be immediately shut up; and some time
+after commissioners were sent to desire that the reading of the Scriptures
+should be suppressed in my school.  I inquired what books were to be
+substituted in their stead.  After some minutes' conversation, they
+observed: 'Citizeness, you are arguing after the old fashion; no
+reflections.  The nation commands; we must have obedience, and no
+reasoning.'  Not having the means of printing my prospectus, I wrote a
+hundred copies of it, and sent them to the persons of my acquaintance who
+had survived the dreadful commotions.  At the year's end I had sixty
+pupils; soon afterwards a hundred.  I bought furniture and paid my debts."
+
+The rapid success of the establishment at St. Germain was undoubtedly
+owing to the talents, experience, and excellent principles of Madame
+Campan, seconded by public opinion.  All property had changed hands; all
+ranks found themselves confusedly jumbled by the shock of the Revolution:
+the grand seigneur dined at the table of the opulent contractor; and the
+witty and elegant marquise was present at the ball by the side of the
+clumsy peasant lately grown rich.  In the absence of the ancient
+distinctions, elegant manners and polished language now formed a kind of
+aristocracy.  The house of St. Germain, conducted by a lady who possessed
+the deportment and the habits of the best society, was not only a school
+of knowledge, but a school of the world.
+
+"A friend of Madame de Beauharnais," continues Madame Campan, "brought me
+her daughter Hortense de Beauharnais, and her niece Emilie de Beauharnais.
+Six months afterwards she came to inform me of her marriage with a
+Corsican gentleman, who had been brought up in the military school, and
+was then a general.  I was requested to communicate this information to
+her daughter, who long lamented her mother's change of name.  I was also
+desired to watch over the education of little Eugene de Beauharnais, who
+was placed at St. Germain, in the same school with my son.
+
+"A great intimacy sprang up between my nieces and these young people.
+Madame de Beauharnaias set out for Italy, and left her children with me.
+On her return, after the conquests of Bonaparte, that general, much
+pleased with the improvement of his stepdaughter, invited me to dine at
+Malmaison, and attended two representations of 'Esther' at my school."
+
+He also showed his appreciation of her talents by sending his sister
+Caroline to St. Germain.  Shortly before Caroline's marriage to Murat, and
+while she was yet at St. Germain, Napoleon observed to Madame Campan: "I
+do not like those love matches between young people whose brains are
+excited by the flames of the imagination.  I had other views for my
+sister.  Who knows what high alliance I might have procured for her!  She
+is thoughtless, and does not form a just notion of my situation.  The time
+will come when, perhaps, sovereigns might dispute for her hand.  She is
+about to marry a brave man; but in my situation that is not enough. Fate
+should be left to fulfil her decrees."
+
+[Madame Murat one day said to Madame Campan: "I am astonished that you are
+not more awed in our presence; you speak to us with as much familiarity as
+when we were your pupils!"--"The best thing you can do," replied Madame
+Campan, "is to forget your titles when you are with me, for I can never be
+afraid of queens whom I have held under the rod."]
+
+Madame Campan dined at the Tuileries in company with the Pope's nuncio, at
+the period when the Concordat was in agitation.  During dinner the First
+Consul astonished her by the able manner in which he conversed on the
+subject under discussion.  She said he argued so logically that his talent
+quite amazed her.  During the consulate Napoleon one day said to her, "If
+ever I establish a republic of women, I shall make you First Consul."
+
+Napoleon's views as to "woman's mission" are now well known.  Madame
+Campan said that she heard from him that when he founded the convent of
+the Sisters of la Charite he was urgently solicited to permit perpetual
+vows.  He, however, refused to do so, on the ground that tastes may
+change, and that he did not see the necessity of excluding from the world
+women who might some time or other return to it, and become useful members
+of society.  "Nunneries," he added, "assail the very roots of population.
+It is impossible to calculate the loss which a nation sustains in having
+ten thousand women shut up in cloisters.  War does but little mischief;
+for the number of males is at least one-twenty-fifth greater than that of
+females.  Women may, if they please, be allowed to make perpetual vows at
+fifty years of age; for then their task is fulfilled."
+
+Napoleon once said to Madame Campan, "The old systems of education were
+good for nothing; what do young women stand in need of, to be well brought
+up in France?"--"Of mothers," answered Madame Campan.  "It is well said,"
+replied Napoleon.  "Well, madame, let the French be indebted to you for
+bringing up mothers for their children."--"Napoleon one day interrupted
+Madame de Stael in the midst of a profound political argument to ask her
+whether she had nursed her children."
+
+Never had the establishment at St. Germain been in a more flourishing
+condition than in 1802-3.  What more could Madame Campan wish?  For ten
+years absolute in her own house, she seemed also safe from the caprice of
+power.  But the man who then disposed of the fate of France and Europe was
+soon to determine otherwise.
+
+After the battle of Austerlitz the State undertook to bring up, at the
+public expense, the sisters, daughters, or nieces of those who were
+decorated with the Cross of Honour.  The children of the warriors killed
+or wounded in glorious battle were to find paternal care in the ancient
+abodes of the Montmorencys and the Condes.  Accustomed to concentrate
+around him all superior talents, fearless himself of superiority, Napoleon
+sought for a person qualified by experience and abilities to conduct the
+institution of Ecouen; he selected Madame Campan.
+
+Comte de Lacepede, the pupil, friend, and rival of Buffon, then Grand
+Chancellor of the Legion of Honour, assisted her with his enlightened
+advice.  Napoleon, who could descend with ease from the highest political
+subjects to the examination of the most minute details; who was as much at
+home in inspecting a boarding-school for young ladies as in reviewing the
+grenadiers of his guard; whom it was impossible to deceive, and who was
+not unwilling to find fault when he visited the establishment at
+Ecouen,--was forced to say, "It is all right."
+
+[Napoleon wished to be informed of every particular of the furniture,
+government, and order of the house, the instruction and education of the
+pupils.  The internal regulations were submitted to him.  One of the
+intended rules, drawn up by Madame Campan, proposed that the children
+should hear mass on Sundays and Thursdays. Napoleon himself wrote on the
+margin, "every day."]
+
+"In the summer of 1811," relates Madame Campan, "Napoleon, accompanied by
+Marie Louise and several personages of distinction, visited the
+establishment at Ecouen.  After inspecting the chapel and the refectories,
+Napoleon desired that the three principal pupils might be presented to
+him.  'Sire,' said I, 'I cannot select three; I must present six.'  He
+turned on his heel and repaired to the platform, where, after seeing all
+the classes assembled, he repeated his demand.  'Sire,' said I, 'I beg
+leave to inform your Majesty that I should commit an injustice towards
+several other pupils who are as far advanced as those whom I might have
+the honour to present to you.'
+
+"Berthier and others intimated to me, in a low tone of voice, that I
+should get into disgrace by my noncompliance.  Napoleon looked over the
+whole of the house, entered into the most trivial details, and after
+addressing questions to several of the pupils: 'Well, madame,' said he, 'I
+am satisfied; show me your six best pupils.'"  Madame Campan presented
+them to him; and as he stepped into his carriage, he desired that their
+names might be sent to Berthier.  On addressing the list to the Prince de
+Neufchatel, Madame Campan added to it the names of four other pupils, and
+all the ten obtained a pension of 300 francs.  During the three hours
+which this visit occupied, Marie Louise did not utter a single word.
+
+M. de Beaumont, chamberlain to the Empress Josephine, one day at Malmaison
+was expressing his regret that M. D-----, one of Napoleon's generals, who
+had recently been promoted, did not belong to a great family.  "You
+mistake, monsieur," observed Madame Campan, "he is of very ancient
+descent; he is one of the nephews of Charlemagne.  All the heroes of our
+army sprang from the elder branch of that sovereign's family, who never
+emigrated."
+
+When Madame Campan related this circumstance she added: "After the 30th of
+March, 1814, some officers of the army of Conde presumed to say to certain
+French marshals that it was a pity they were not more nobly connected.  In
+answer to this, one of them said, 'True nobility, gentlemen, consists in
+giving proofs of it.  The field of honour has witnessed ours; but where
+are we to look for yours?  Your swords have rusted in their scabbards.
+Our laurels may well excite envy; we have earned them nobly, and we owe
+them solely to our valour.  You have merely inherited a name.  This is the
+distinction between us."
+
+[When one of the princes of the smaller German States was showing Marechal
+Lannes, with a contemptuous superiority of manner but ill concealed, the
+portraits of his ancestors, and covertly alluding to the absence of
+Lannes's, that general turned the tables on him by haughtily remarking,
+"But I am an ancestor."]
+
+Napoleon used to observe that if he had had two such field-marshals as
+Suchet in Spain he would have not only conquered but kept the Peninsula.
+Suchet's sound judgment, his governing yet conciliating spirit, his
+military tact, and his bravery, had procured him astonishing success. "It
+is to be regretted," added he, "that a sovereign cannot improvise men of
+his stamp."
+
+On the 19th of March, 1815, a number of papers were left in the King's
+closet.  Napoleon ordered them to be examined, and among them was found
+the letter written by Madame Campan to Louis XVIII., immediately after the
+first restoration.  In this letter she enumerated the contents of the
+portfolio which Louis XVI. had placed under her care.  When Napoleon read
+this letter, he said, "Let it be sent to the office of Foreign Affairs; it
+is an historical document."
+
+Madame Campan thus described a visit from the Czar of Russia: "A few days
+after the battle of Paris the Emperor Alexander came to Ecouen, and he did
+me the honour to breakfast with me.  After showing him over the
+establishment I conducted him to the park, the most elevated point of
+which overlooked the plain of St. Denis.  'Sire,' said I, 'from this point
+I saw the battle of Paris'--'If,' replied the Emperor, 'that battle had
+lasted two hours longer we should not have had a single cartridge at our
+disposal.  We feared that we had been betrayed; for on arriving so
+precipitately before Paris all our plans were laid, and we did not expect
+the firm resistance we experienced.'  I next conducted the Emperor to the
+chapel, and showed him the seats occupied by 'le connetable' (the
+constable) of Montmorency, and 'la connetable' (the constable's lady),
+when they went to hear mass.  'Barbarians like us,' observed the Emperor,
+'would say la connetable and le connetable.'
+
+"The Czar inquired into the most minute particulars respecting the
+establishment of Ecouen, and I felt great pleasure in answering his
+questions.  I recollect having dwelt on several points which appeared to
+me to be very important, and which were in their spirit hostile to
+aristocratic principles.  For example, I informed his Majesty that the
+daughters of distinguished and wealthy individuals and those of the humble
+and obscure mingled indiscriminately in the establishment.  'If,' said I,
+'I were to observe the least pretension on account of the rank or fortune
+of parents, I should immediately put an end to it.  The most perfect
+equality is preserved; distinction is awarded only to merit and industry.
+The pupils are obliged to cut out and make all their own clothes.  They
+are taught to clean and mend lace; and two at a time, they by turns, three
+times a week, cook and distribute food to the poor of the village.  The
+young girls who have been brought up at Ecouen, or in my boarding-school
+at St. Germain, are thoroughly acquainted with everything relating to
+household business, and they are grateful to me for having made that a
+part of their education.  In my conversations with them I have always
+taught them that on domestic management depends the preservation or
+dissipation of their fortunes.'
+
+"The post-master of Ecouen was in the courtyard at the moment when the
+Emperor, as he stepped into his carriage, told me he would send some
+sweetmeats for the pupils.  I immediately communicated to them the
+intelligence, which was joyfully received; but the sweetmeats were looked
+for in vain.  When Alexander set out for England he changed horses at
+Ecouen, and the post-master said to him: 'Sire, the pupils of Ecouen are
+still expecting the sweetmeats which your Majesty promised them.'  To
+which the Emperor replied that he had directed Saken to send them.  The
+Cossacks had most likely devoured the sweetmeats, and the poor little
+girls, who had been so highly flattered by the promise, never tasted
+them."
+
+"A second house was formed at St. Denis, on the model of that of Ecouen.
+Perhaps Madame Campan might have hoped for a title to which her long
+labours gave her a right; perhaps the superintendence of the two houses
+would have been but the fair recompense of her services; but her fortunate
+years had passed her fate was now to depend on the most important events.
+Napoleon had accumulated such a mass of power as no one but himself in
+Europe could overturn.  France, content with thirty years of victories, in
+vain asked for peace and repose.  The army which had triumphed in the
+sands of Egypt, on the summits of the Alps, and in the marshes of Holland,
+was to perish amidst the snows of Russia. Nations combined against a
+single man.  The territory of France was invaded.  The orphans of Ecouen,
+from the windows of the mansion which served as their asylum, saw in the
+distant plain the fires of the Russian bivouacs, and once more wept the
+deaths of their fathers.  Paris capitulated.  France hailed the return of
+the descendants of Henri IV.; they reascended the throne so long filled by
+their ancestors, which the wisdom of an enlightened prince established on
+the empire of the laws.
+
+[A lady, connected with the establishment of St. Denis, told Madame Campan
+that Napoleon visited it during the Hundred Days, and that the pupils were
+so delighted to see him that they crowded round him, endeavouring to touch
+his clothes, and evincing the most extravagant joy.  The matron
+endeavoured to silence them; but Napoleon said, 'Let them alone; let them
+alone.  This may weaken the head, but it strengthens the heart.'"]
+
+This moment, which diffused joy amongst the faithful servants of the royal
+family, and brought them the rewards of their devotion, proved to Madame
+Campan a period of bitter vexation.  The hatred of her enemies had
+revived.  The suppression of the school at Ecouen had deprived her of her
+position; the most absurd calumnies followed her into her retreat; her
+attachment to the Queen was suspected; she was accused not only of
+ingratitude but of perfidy.  Slander has little effect on youth, but in
+the decline of life its darts are envenomed with a mortal poison.  The
+wounds which Madame Campan had received were deep.  Her sister, Madame
+Auguie, had destroyed herself; M. Rousseau, her brother-in-law, had
+perished, a victim of the reign of terror.  In 1813 a dreadful accident
+had deprived her of her niece, Madame de Broc, one of the most amiable and
+interesting beings that ever adorned the earth.  Madame Campan seemed
+destined to behold those whom she loved go down to the grave before her.
+
+Beyond the walls of the mansion of Ecouen, in the village which surrounds
+it, Madame Campan had taken a small house where she loved to pass a few
+hours in solitary retirement.  There, at liberty to abandon herself to the
+memory of the past, the superintendent of the imperial establishment
+became, once more, for the moment, the first lady of the chamber to Marie
+Antoinette.  To the few friends whom she admitted into this retreat she
+would show, with emotion, a plain muslin gown which the Queen had worn,
+and which was made from a part of Tippoo Saib's present.  A cup, out of
+which Marie Antoinette had drunk; a writing-stand, which she had long
+used, were, in her eyes, of inestimable value; and she has often been
+discovered sitting, in tears, before the portrait of her royal mistress.
+
+After so many troubles Madame Campan sought a peaceful retreat.  Paris had
+become odious to her.
+
+She paid a visit to one of her most beloved pupils, Mademoiselle Crouzet,
+who had married a physician at Mantes, a man of talent, distinguished for
+his intelligence, frankness, and cordiality.
+
+[M. Maigne, physician to the infirmaries at Mantes.  Madame Campan found
+in him a friend and comforter, of whose merit and affection she knew the
+value.]
+
+Mantes is a cheerful place of residence, and the idea of an abode there
+pleased her.  A few intimate friends formed a pleasant society, and she
+enjoyed a little tranquillity after so many disturbances.  The revisal of
+her "Memoirs," the arrangement of the interesting anecdotes of which her
+"Recollections" were to consist, alone diverted her mind from the one
+powerful sentiment which attached her to life.  She lived only for her
+son.  M. Campan deserved the tenderness of, his mother.  No sacrifice had
+been spared for his education.  After having pursued that course of study
+which, under the Imperial Government, produced men of such distinguished
+merit, he was waiting till time and circumstances should afford him an
+opportunity of devoting his services to his country.  Although the state
+of his health was far from good, it did not threaten any rapid or
+premature decay; he was, however, after a few days' illness, suddenly
+taken from his family.  "I never witnessed so heartrending a scene," M.
+Maigne says, "as that which took place when Marechal Ney's lady, her
+niece, and Madame Pannelier, her sister, came to acquaint her with this
+misfortune.--[The wife of Marechal Ney was a daughter of Madame Auguie,
+and had been an intimate friend of Hortense Beauharnais.]--When they
+entered her apartment she was in bed.  All three at once uttered a
+piercing cry.  The two ladies threw themselves on their knees, and kissed
+her hands, which they bedewed with tears.  Before they could speak to her
+she read in their faces that she no longer possessed a son.  At that
+instant her large eyes, opening wildly, seemed to wander.  Her face grew
+pale, her features changed, her lips lost their colour, she struggled to
+speak, but uttered only inarticulate sounds, accompanied by piercing
+cries.  Her gestures were wild, her reason was suspended.  Every part of
+her being was in agony.  To this state of anguish and despair no calm
+succeeded, until her tears began to flow.  Friendship and the tenderest
+cares succeeded for a moment in calming her grief, but not in diminishing
+its power.
+
+"This violent crisis had disturbed her whole organisation.  A cruel
+disorder, which required a still more cruel operation, soon manifested
+itself.  The presence of her family, a tour which she made in Switzerland,
+a residence at Baden, and, above all, the sight, the tender and charming
+conversation of a person by whom she was affectionately beloved,
+occasionally diverted her mind, and in a slight degree relieved her
+suffering."  She underwent a serious operation, performed with
+extraordinary promptitude and the most complete success.  No unfavourable
+symptoms appeared; Madame Campan was thought to be restored to her
+friends; but the disorder was in the blood; it took another course: the
+chest became affected.  "From that moment," says M. Maigne, "I could never
+look on Madame Campan as living; she herself felt that she belonged no
+more to this world."
+
+"My friend," she said to her physician the day before her death, "I am
+attached to the simplicity of religion.  I hate all that savours of
+fanaticism."  When her codicil was presented for her signature, her hand
+trembled; "It would be a pity," she said, "to stop when so fairly on the
+road."
+
+Madame Campan died on the 16th of March, 1822.  The cheerfulness she
+displayed throughout her malady had nothing affected in it.  Her character
+was naturally powerful and elevated.  At the approach of death she evinced
+the soul of a sage, without abandoning for an instant her feminine
+character.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Ah, Madame, we have all been killed in our masters' service!
+Brought me her daughter Hortense de Beauharnais
+Condescension which renders approbation more offensive
+Difference between brilliant theories and the simplest practice
+Extreme simplicity was the Queens first and only real mistake
+I hate all that savours of fanaticism
+If ever I establish a republic of women....
+No ears that will discover when she (The Princess) is out of tune
+Observe the least pretension on account of the rank or fortune
+On domestic management depends the preservation of their fortune
+Spirit of party can degrade the character of a nation
+Tastes may change
+The anti-Austrian party, discontented and vindictive
+They say you live very poorly here, Moliere
+True nobility, gentlemen, consists in giving proofs of it
+We must have obedience, and no reasoning
+What do young women stand in need of?--Mothers!
+"Would be a pity," she said, "to stop when so fairly on the road"
+Your swords have rusted in their scabbards
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, Queen
+Of France, Volume 1, by Madame Campan
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+This etext was produced by David Widger <widger@cecomet.net>
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+
+
+
+MEMOIRS OF THE COURT OF MARIE ANTOINETTE, QUEEN OF FRANCE
+
+Being the Historic Memoirs of Madam Campan,
+First Lady in Waiting to the Queen
+
+
+
+BOOK 1.
+
+
+PREFACE BY THE AUTHOR.
+
+Louis XVI. possessed an immense crowd of confidants, advisers, and
+guides; he selected them even from among the factions which attacked him.
+Never, perhaps, did he make a full disclosure to any one of them, and
+certainly he spoke with sincerity, to but very few.  He invariably kept
+the reins of all secret intrigues in his own hand; and thence, doubtless,
+arose the want of cooperation and the weakness which were so conspicuous
+in his measures.  From these causes considerable chasms will be found in
+the detailed history of the Revolution.
+
+In order to become thoroughly acquainted with the latter years of the
+reign of Louis XV., memoirs written by the Duc de Choiseul, the Duc
+d'Aiguillon, the Marechal de Richelieu,
+
+     [I heard Le Marechal de Richelieu desire M. Campan, who was
+     librarian to the Queen, not to buy the Memoirs which would certainly
+     be attributed to him after his death, declaring them false by
+     anticipation; and adding that he was ignorant of orthography, and
+     had never amused himself with writing.  Shortly after the death of
+     the Marshal, one Soulavie put forth Memoirs of the Marechal de
+     Richelieu.]
+
+and the Duc de La Vauguyon, should be before us.  To give us a faithful
+portrait of the unfortunate reign of Louis XVI., the Marechal du Muy,
+M. de Maurepas, M. de Vergennes, M. de Malesherbes, the Duc d'Orleans,
+M. de La Fayette, the Abby de Vermond, the Abbe Montesquiou, Mirabeau,
+the Duchesse de Polignac, and the Duchesse de Luynes should have noted
+faithfully in writing all the transactions in which they took decided
+parts.  The secret political history of a later period has been
+disseminated among a much greater number of persons; there are Ministers
+who have published memoirs, but only when they had their own measures to
+justify, and then they confined themselves to the vindication of their
+own characters, without which powerful motive they probably would have
+written nothing.  In general, those nearest to the Sovereign, either by
+birth or by office, have left no memoirs; and in absolute monarchies the
+mainsprings of great events will be found in particulars which the most
+exalted persons alone could know.  Those who have had but little under
+their charge find no subject in it for a book; and those who have long
+borne the burden of public business conceive themselves to be forbidden
+by duty, or by respect for authority, to disclose all they know.  Others,
+again, preserve notes, with the intention of reducing them to order when
+they shall have reached the period of a happy leisure; vain illusion of
+the ambitious, which they cherish, for the most part, but as a veil to
+conceal from their sight the hateful image of their inevitable downfall!
+and when it does at length take place, despair or chagrin deprives them
+of fortitude to dwell upon the dazzling period which they never cease to
+regret.
+
+Louis XVI.  meant to write his own memoirs; the manner in which his
+private papers were arranged indicated this design.  The Queen also had
+the same intention; she long preserved a large correspondence, and a
+great number of minute reports, made in the spirit and upon the event of
+the moment.  But after the 20th of June, 1792, she was obliged to burn
+the larger portion of what she had so collected, and the remainder were
+conveyed out of France.
+
+Considering the rank and situations of the persons I have named as
+capable of elucidating by their writings the history of our political
+storms, it will not be imagined that I aim at placing myself on a level
+with them; but I have spent half my life either with the daughters of
+Louis XV. or with Marie Antoinette.  I knew the characters of those
+Princesses; I became privy to some extraordinary facts, the publication
+of which may be interesting, and the truth of the details will form the
+merit of my work.
+
+I was very young when I was placed about the Princesses, the daughters of
+Louis XV., in the capacity of reader.  I was acquainted with the Court of
+Versailles before the time of the marriage of Louis XVI. with the
+Archduchess Marie Antoinette.
+
+My father, who was employed in the department of Foreign Affairs, enjoyed
+the reputation due to his talents and to his useful labours.  He had
+travelled much.  Frenchmen, on their return home from foreign countries,
+bring with them a love for their own, increased in warmth; and no man was
+more penetrated with this feeling, which ought to be the first virtue of
+every placeman, than my father.  Men of high title, academicians, and
+learned men, both natives and foreigners, sought my father's
+acquaintance, and were gratified by being admitted into his house.
+
+Twenty years before the Revolution I often heard it remarked that the
+imposing character of the power of Louis XIV. was no longer to be found
+in the Palace of Versailles; that the institutions of the ancient
+monarchy were rapidly sinking; and that the people, crushed beneath the
+weight of taxes, were miserable, though silent; but that they began to
+give ear to the bold speeches of the philosophers, who loudly proclaimed
+their sufferings and their rights; and, in short, that the age would not
+pass away without the occurrence of some great outburst, which would
+unsettle France, and change the course of its progress.
+
+Those who thus spoke were almost all partisans of M. Turgot's system of
+administration: they were Mirabeau the father, Doctor Quesnay, Abbe
+Bandeau, and Abbe Nicoli, charge d'affaires to Leopold, Grand Duke of
+Tuscany, and as enthusiastic an admirer of the maxims of the innovators
+as his Sovereign.
+
+My father sincerely respected the purity of intention of these
+politicians.  With them he acknowledged many abuses in the Government;
+but he did not give these political sectarians credit for the talent
+necessary for conducting a judicious reform.  He told them frankly that
+in the art of moving the great machine of Government, the wisest of them
+was inferior to a good magistrate; and that if ever the helm of affairs
+should be put into their hands, they would be speedily checked in the
+execution of their schemes by the immeasurable difference existing
+between the most brilliant theories and the simplest practice of
+administration.
+
+Destiny having formerly placed me near crowned heads, I now amuse my
+solitude when in retirement with collecting a variety of facts which may
+prove interesting to my family when I shall be no more.  The idea of
+collecting all the interesting materials which my memory affords occurred
+to me from reading the work entitled "Paris, Versailles, and the
+Provinces in the Eighteenth Century."  That work, composed by a man
+accustomed to the best society, is full of piquant anecdotes, nearly all
+of which have been recognised as true by the contemporaries of the
+author.  I have put together all that concerned the domestic life of an
+unfortunate Princess, whose reputation is not yet cleared of the stains
+it received from the attacks of calumny, and who justly merited a
+different lot in life, a different place in the opinion of mankind after
+her fall.  These memoirs, which were finished ten years ago, have met
+with the approbation of some persons; and my son may, perhaps, think
+proper to print them after my decease.
+
+J.  L.  H.  C.
+
+--When Madame Campan wrote these lines, she did not anticipate that the
+death of her son would precede her own.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORIC COURT MEMOIRS.
+
+MARIE ANTOINETTE.
+
+MEMOIR OF MADAME CAMPAN.
+
+JEANNE LOUISE HENRIETTE GENET was born in Paris on the 6th of October,
+1752.  M. Genet, her father, had obtained, through his own merit and the
+influence of the Duc de Choiseul, the place of first clerk in the Foreign
+Office.
+
+Literature, which he had cultivated in his youth, was often the solace of
+his leisure hours.  Surrounded by a numerous family, he made the
+instruction of his children his chief recreation, and omitted nothing
+which was necessary to render them highly accomplished.  His clever and
+precocious daughter Henriette was very early accustomed to enter society,
+and to take an intelligent interest in current topics and public events.
+Accordingly, many of her relations being connected with the Court or
+holding official positions, she amassed a fund of interesting
+recollections and characteristic anecdotes, some gathered from personal
+experience, others handed down by old friends of the family.
+
+"The first event which made any impression on me in my childhood," she
+says in her reminiscences, "was the attempt of Damiens to assassinate
+Louis XV.  This occurrence struck me so forcibly that the most minute
+details relating to the confusion and grief which prevailed at Versailles
+on that day seem as present to my imagination as the most recent events.
+I had dined with my father and mother, in company with one of their
+friends.  The drawing-room was lighted up with a number of candles, and
+four card-tables were already occupied, when a friend of the gentleman of
+the house came in, with a pale and terrified countenance, and said, in a
+voice scarcely audible, 'I bring you terrible news.  The King has been
+assassinated!'  Two ladies in the company fainted; a brigadier of the
+Body Guards threw down his cards and cried out, 'I do not wonder at it;
+it is those rascally Jesuits.'--'What are you saying, brother?' cried a
+lady, flying to him; 'would you get yourself arrested?'--'Arrested!  For
+what?  For unmasking those wretches who want a bigot for a King?'  My
+father came in; he recommended circumspection, saying that the blow was
+not mortal, and that all meetings ought to be suspended at so critical a
+moment.  He had brought the chaise for my mother, who placed me on her
+knees.  We lived in the Avenue de Paris, and throughout our drive I heard
+incessant cries and sobs from the footpaths.
+
+"At last I saw a man arrested; he was an usher of the King's chamber, who
+had gone mad, and was crying out, 'Yes, I know them; the wretches! the
+villains!'  Our chaise was stopped by this bustle.  My mother recognised
+the unfortunate man who had been seized; she gave his name to the trooper
+who had stopped him.  The poor usher was therefore merely conducted to
+the gens d'armes' guardroom, which was then in the avenue.
+
+"I have often heard M. de Landsmath, equerry and master of the hounds,
+who used to come frequently to my father's, say that on the news of the
+attempt on the King's life he instantly repaired to his Majesty.
+I cannot repeat the coarse expressions he made use of to encourage his
+Majesty; but his account of the affair, long afterwards, amused the
+parties in which he was prevailed on to relate it, when all apprehensions
+respecting the consequences of the event had subsided.  This M. de
+Landsmath was an old soldier, who had given proofs of extraordinary
+valour; nothing had been able to soften his manners or subdue his
+excessive bluntness to the respectful customs of the Court.  The King was
+very fond of him.  He possessed prodigious strength, and had often
+contended with Marechal Saxe, renowned for his great bodily power, in
+trying the strength of their respective wrists.
+
+     [One day when the King was hunting in the forest of St. Germain,
+     Landemath, riding before him, wanted a cart, filled with the slime
+     of a pond that had just been cleansed, to draw up out of the way.
+     The carter resisted, and even answered with impertinence.
+     Landsmath, without dismounting, seized him by the breast of his
+     coat, lifted him up, and threw him into his cart.--MADAME CAMPAN.
+
+"M. de Landsmath had a thundering voice.  When he came into the King's
+apartment he found the Dauphin and Mesdames, his Majesty's daughters,
+there; the Princesses, in tears, surrounded the King's bed.  Send out all
+these weeping women, Sire,' said the old equerry; 'I want to speak to you
+alone: The King made a sign to the Princesses to withdraw.  'Come,' said
+Landsmath, 'your wound is nothing; you had plenty of waistcoats and
+flannels on.'  Then uncovering his breast, 'Look here,' said he, showing
+four or five great scars, 'these are something like wounds; I received
+them thirty years ago; now cough as loud as you can.'  The King did so.
+''Tis nothing at all,' said Landsmath; 'you must laugh at it; we shall
+hunt a stag together in four days.'--'But suppose the blade was
+poisoned,' said the King.  'Old grandams' tales,' replied Landsmath;
+'if it had been so, the waistcoats and flannels would have rubbed the
+poison off.'  The King was pacified, and passed a very good night.
+
+"His Majesty one day asked M. de Landsmath how old he was.  He was aged,
+and by no means fond of thinking of his age; he evaded the question.
+A fortnight later, Louis XV. took a paper out of his pocket and read
+aloud: 'On such a day in the month of one thousand six hundred and
+eighty, was baptised by me, rector of ------, the son of the high and
+mighty lord,' etc.  'What's that?' said Landsmath, angrily; 'has your
+Majesty been procuring the certificate of my baptism?'--'There it is, you
+see, Landsmath,' said the King.  'Well, Sire, hide it as fast as you can;
+a prince entrusted with the happiness of twenty-five millions of people
+ought not wilfully to hurt the feelings of a single individual.'
+
+"The King learned that Landsmath had lost his confessor, a missionary
+priest of the parish of Notre-Dame.  It was the custom of the Lazarists
+to expose their dead with the face uncovered.  Louis XV. wished to try
+his equerry's firmness.  'You have lost your confessor, I hear,' said the
+King.  'Yes, Sire.'--'He will be exposed with his face bare?'--'Such is
+the custom.'--'I command you to go and see him.'--'Sire, my confessor was
+my friend; it would be very painful to me.'--'No matter; I command you.'
+--'Are you really in earnest, Sire?'--'Quite so.'--'It would be the first
+time in my life that I had disobeyed my sovereign's order.  I will go.'
+The next day the King at his levee, as soon as he perceived Landsmath,
+said, 'Have you done as I desired you, Landsmath?'--'Undoubtedly, Sire.'
+--'Well, what did you see?'--'Faith, I saw that your Majesty and I are no
+great shakes!'
+
+"At the death of Queen Maria Leczinska, M. Campan,--[Her father-in-law,
+afterwards secretary to Marie Antoinette.]--then an officer of the
+chamber, having performed several confidential duties, the King asked
+Madame Adelaide how he should reward him.  She requested him to create an
+office in his household of master of the wardrobe, with a salary of a
+thousand crowns.  'I will do so,' said the King; 'it will be an
+honourable title; but tell Campan not to add a single crown to his
+expenses, for you will see they will never pay him.'
+
+"Louis XV., by his dignified carriage, and the amiable yet majestic
+expression of his features, was worthy to succeed to Louis the Great.
+But he too frequently indulged in secret pleasures, which at last were
+sure to become known.  During several winters, he was passionately fond
+of 'candles' end balls', as he called those parties amongst the very
+lowest classes of society.  He got intelligence of the picnics given by
+the tradesmen, milliners, and sempstresses of Versailles, whither he
+repaired in a black domino, and masked, accompanied by the captain of his
+Guards, masked like himself.  His great delight was to go 'en brouette'--
+[In a kind of sedan-chair, running on two wheels, and drawn by a
+chairman.]--Care was always taken to give notice to five or six officers
+of the King's or Queen's chamber to be there, in order that his Majesty
+might be surrounded by people on whom he could depend, without finding it
+troublesome.  Probably the captain of the Guards also took other
+precautions of this description on his part.  My father-in-law, when the
+King and he were both young, has often made one amongst the servants
+desired to attend masked at these parties, assembled in some garret, or
+parlour of a public-house.  In those times, during the carnival, masked
+companies had a right to join the citizens' balls; it was sufficient that
+one of the party should unmask and name himself.
+
+"These secret excursions, and his too habitual intercourse with ladies
+more distinguished for their personal charms than for the advantages of
+education, were no doubt the means by which the King acquired many vulgar
+expressions which otherwise would never have reached his ears.
+
+"Yet amidst the most shameful excesses the King sometimes suddenly
+resumed the dignity of his rank in a very noble manner.  The familiar
+courtiers of Louis XV. had one day abandoned themselves to the
+unrestrained gaiety, of a supper, after returning from the chase.  Each
+boasted of and described the beauty of his mistress.  Some of them amused
+themselves with giving a particular account of their wives' personal
+defects.  An imprudent word, addressed to Louis XV., and applicable only
+to the Queen, instantly dispelled all the mirth of the entertainment.
+The King assumed his regal air, and knocking with his knife on the table
+twice or thrice, 'Gentlemen; said he, 'here is the King!'
+
+"Those men who are most completely abandoned to dissolute manners are
+not, on that account, insensible to virtue in women.  The Comtesse de
+Perigord was as beautiful as virtuous.  During some excursions she made
+to Choisy, whither she had been invited, she perceived that the King took
+great notice of her.  Her demeanour of chilling respect, her cautious
+perseverance in shunning all serious conversation with the monarch, were
+insufficient to extinguish this rising flame, and he at length addressed
+a letter to her, worded in the most passionate terms.  This excellent
+woman instantly formed her resolution: honour forbade her returning the
+King's passion, whilst her profound respect for the sovereign made her
+unwilling to disturb his tranquillity.  She therefore voluntarily
+banished herself to an estate she possessed called Chalais, near
+Barbezieux, the mansion of which had been uninhabited nearly a century;
+the porter's lodge was the only place in a condition to receive her.
+From this seat she wrote to his Majesty, explaining her motives for
+leaving Court; and she remained there several years without visiting
+Paris.  Louis XV. was speedily attracted by other objects, and regained
+the composure to which Madame de Perigord had thought it her duty to
+sacrifice so much.  Some years after, Mesdames' lady of honour died.
+Many great families solicited the place.  The King, without answering any
+of their applications, wrote to the Comtesse de Perigord: 'My daughters
+have just lost their lady of honour; this place, madame, is your due, as
+much on account of your personal qualities as of the illustrious name of
+your family.'
+
+"Three young men of the college of St. Germain, who had just completed
+their course of studies, knowing no person about the Court, and having
+heard that strangers were always well treated there, resolved to dress
+themselves completely in the Armenian costume, and, thus clad, to present
+themselves to see the grand ceremony of the reception of several knights
+of the Order of the Holy Ghost.  Their stratagem met with all the success
+with which they had flattered themselves.  While the procession was
+passing through the long mirror gallery, the Swiss of the apartments
+placed them in the first row of spectators, recommending every one to pay
+all possible attention to the strangers.  The latter, however, were
+imprudent enough to enter the 'oeil-de-boeuf' chamber, where, were
+Messieurs Cardonne and Ruffin, interpreters of Oriental languages, and
+the first clerk of the consul's department, whose business it was to
+attend to everything which related to the natives of the East who were in
+France.  The three scholars were immediately surrounded and questioned by
+these gentlemen, at first in modern Greek.  Without being disconcerted,
+they made signs that they did not understand it.  They were then
+addressed in Turkish and Arabic; at length one of the interpreters,
+losing all patience, exclaimed, 'Gentlemen, you certainly must understand
+some of the languages in which you have been addressed.  What country can
+you possibly come from then?'--'From St. Germain-en-Laye, sir,' replied
+the boldest among them; 'this is the first time you have put the question
+to us in French.'  They then confessed the motive of their disguise; the
+eldest of them was not more than eighteen years of age.  Louis XV. was
+informed of the affair.  He laughed heartily, ordered them a few hours'
+confinement and a good admonition, after which they were to be set at
+liberty.
+
+"Louis XV. liked to talk about death, though he was extremely
+apprehensive of it; but his excellent health and his royal dignity
+probably made him imagine himself invulnerable.  He often said to people
+who had very bad colds, 'You've a churchyard cough there.'  Hunting one
+day in the forest of Senard, in a year in which bread was extremely dear,
+he met a man on horseback carrying a coffin.  'Whither are you carrying
+that coffin?'--'To the village of ------,' answered the peasant.  'Is it
+for a man or a woman?'--'For a man.'--'What did he die of?'--'Of hunger,'
+bluntly replied the villager.  The King spurred on his horse, and asked
+no more questions.
+
+"Weak as Louis XV. was, the Parliaments would never have obtained his
+consent to the convocation of the States General.  I heard an anecdote on
+this subject from two officers attached to that Prince's household.  It
+was at the period when the remonstrances of the Parliaments, and the
+refusals to register the decrees for levying taxes, produced alarm with
+respect to the state of the finances.  This became the subject of
+conversation one evening at the coucher of Louis XV.  'You will see,
+Sire,' said a courtier, whose office placed him in close communication
+with the King, 'that all this will make it absolutely necessary to
+assemble the States General!'
+
+"The King, roused by this speech from the habitual apathy of his
+character, seized the courtier by the arm, and said to him, in a passion,
+'Never repeat, these words.  I am not sanguinary; but had I a brother,
+and were he to dare to give me such advice, I would sacrifice him, within
+twenty-four hours, to the duration of the monarchy and the tranquillity
+of the kingdom.'
+
+"Several years prior to his death the Dauphin, the father of Louis XVI.,
+had confluent smallpox, which endangered his life; and after his
+convalescence he was long troubled with a malignant ulcer under the nose.
+He was injudiciously advised to get rid of it by the use of extract of
+lead, which proved effectual; but from that time the Dauphin, who was
+corpulent, insensibly grew thin, and a short, dry cough evinced that the
+humour, driven in, had fallen on the lungs.  Some persons also suspected
+him of having taken acids in too great a quantity for the purpose of
+reducing his bulk.  The state of his health was not, however, such as to
+excite alarm.  At the camp at Compiegne, in July, 1764, the Dauphin
+reviewed the troops, and evinced much activity in the performance of his
+duties; it was even observed that he was seeking to gain the attachment
+of the army.  He presented the Dauphiness to the soldiers, saying, with a
+simplicity which at that time made a great sensation, 'Mes enfans, here
+is my wife.'  Returning late on horseback to Compiegne, he found he had
+taken a chill; the heat of the day had been excessive; the Prince's
+clothes had been wet with perspiration.  An illness followed, in which
+the Prince began to spit blood.  His principal physician wished to have
+him bled; the consulting physicians insisted on purgation, and their
+advice was followed.  The pleurisy, being ill cured, assumed and retained
+all the symptoms of consumption; the Dauphin languished from that period
+until December, 1765, and died at Fontainebleau, where the Court, on
+account of his condition, had prolonged its stay, which usually ended on
+the 2d of November.
+
+"The Dauphiness, his widow, was deeply afflicted; but the immoderate
+despair which characterised her grief induced many to suspect that the
+loss of the crown was an important part of the calamity she lamented.
+She long refused to eat enough to support life; she encouraged her tears
+to flow by placing portraits of the Dauphin in every retired part of her
+apartments.  She had him represented pale, and ready to expire, in a
+picture placed at the foot of her bed, under draperies of gray cloth,
+with which the chambers of the Princesses were always hung in court
+mournings.  Their grand cabinet was hung with black cloth, with an
+alcove, a canopy, and a throne, on which they received compliments of
+condolence after the first period of the deep mourning.  The Dauphiness,
+some months before the end of her career, regretted her conduct in
+abridging it; but it was too late; the fatal blow had been struck.  It
+may also be presumed that living with a consumptive, man had contributed
+to her complaint.  This Princess had no opportunity of displaying her
+qualities; living in a Court in which she was eclipsed by the King and
+Queen, the only characteristics that could be remarked in her were her
+extreme attachment to her husband, and her great piety.
+
+"The Dauphin was little known, and his character has been much mistaken.
+He himself, as he confessed to his intimate friends, sought to disguise
+it.  He one day asked one of his most familiar servants, 'What do they
+say in Paris of that great fool of a Dauphin?' The person interrogated
+seeming confused, the Dauphin urged him to express himself sincerely,
+saying, 'Speak freely; that is positively the idea which I wish people to
+form of me.'
+
+"As he died of a disease which allows the last moment to be anticipated
+long beforehand, he wrote much, and transmitted his affections and his
+prejudices to his son by secret notes.
+
+"Madame de Pompadour's brother received Letters of Nobility from his
+Majesty, and was appointed superintendent of the buildings and gardens.
+He often presented to her Majesty, through the medium of his sister, the
+rarest flowers, pineapples, and early vegetables from the gardens of
+Trianon and Choisy.  One day, when the Marquise came into the Queen's
+apartments, carrying a large basket of flowers, which she held in her two
+beautiful arms, without gloves, as a mark of respect, the Queen loudly
+declared her admiration of her beauty; and seemed as if she wished to
+defend the King's choice, by praising her various charms in detail, in a
+manner that would have been as suitable to a production of the fine arts
+as to a living being.  After applauding the complexion, eyes, and fine
+arms of the favourite, with that haughty condescension which renders
+approbation more offensive than flattering, the Queen at length requested
+her to sing, in the attitude in which she stood, being desirous of
+hearing the voice and musical talent by which the King's Court had been
+charmed in the performances of the private apartments, and thus combining
+the gratification of the ears with that of the eyes.  The Marquise, who
+still held her enormous basket, was perfectly sensible of something
+offensive in this request, and tried to excuse herself from singing.  The
+Queen at last commanded her; she then exerted her fine voice in the solo
+of Armida--'At length he is in my power.' The change in her Majesty's
+countenance was so obvious that the ladies present at this scene had the
+greatest difficulty to keep theirs.
+
+"The Queen was affable and modest; but the more she was thankful in her
+heart to Heaven for having placed her on the first throne in Europe, the
+more unwilling she was to be reminded of her elevation.  This sentiment
+induced her to insist on the observation of all the forms of respect due
+to royal birth; whereas in other princes the consciousness of that birth
+often induces them to disdain the ceremonies of etiquette, and to prefer
+habits of ease and simplicity.  There was a striking contrast in this
+respect between Maria Leczinska and Marie Antoinette, as has been justly
+and generally observed.  The latter unfortunate Queen, perhaps, carried
+her disregard of everything belonging to the strict forms of etiquette
+too far.  One day, when the Marechale de Mouchy was teasing her with
+questions relative to the extent to which she would allow the ladies the
+option of taking off or wearing their cloaks, and of pinning up the
+lappets of their caps, or letting them hang down, the Queen replied to
+her, in my presence: 'Arrange all those matters, madame, just as you
+please; but do not imagine that a queen, born Archduchess of Austria, can
+attach that importance to them which might be felt by a Polish princess
+who had become Queen of France.'
+
+"The virtues and information of the great are always evinced by their
+conduct; their accomplishments, coming within the scope of flattery, are
+difficult to be ascertained by any authentic proofs, and those who have
+lived near them may be excused for some degree of scepticism with regard
+to their attainments of this kind.  If they draw or paint, there is
+always an able artist present, who, if he does not absolutely guide the
+pencil with his own hand, directs it by his advice.  If a princess
+attempt a piece of embroidery in colours, of that description which ranks
+amongst the productions of the arts, a skilful embroideress is employed
+to undo and repair whatever has been spoilt.  If the princess be a
+musician, there are no ears that will discover when she is out of tune;
+at least there is no tongue that will tell her so.  This imperfection in
+the accomplishments of the great is but a slight misfortune.  It is
+sufficiently meritorious in them to engage in such pursuits, even with
+indifferent success, because this taste and the protection it extends
+produce abundance of talent on every side.  Maria Leczinska delighted in
+the art of painting, and imagined she herself could draw and paint.  She
+had a drawing-master, who passed all his time in her cabinet.  She
+undertook to paint four large Chinese pictures, with which she wished to
+ornament her private drawing-room, which was richly furnished with rare
+porcelain and the finest marbles.  This painter was entrusted with the
+landscape and background of the pictures; he drew the figures with a
+pencil; the faces and arms were also left by the Queen to his execution;
+she reserved to herself nothing but the draperies, and the least
+important accessories.  The Queen every morning filled up the outline
+marked out for her, with a little red, blue, or green colour, which the
+master prepared on the palette, and even filled her brush with,
+constantly repeating, 'Higher up, Madame--lower down, Madame--a little to
+the right--more to the left.' After an hour's work, the time for hearing
+mass, or some other family or pious duty, would interrupt her Majesty;
+and the painter, putting the shadows into the draperies she had painted,
+softening off the colour where she had laid too much, etc., finished the
+small figures.  When the work was completed the private drawing-room was
+decorated with her Majesty's work; and the firm persuasion of this good
+Queen that she had painted it herself was so entire that she left this
+cabinet, with all its furniture and paintings, to the Comtesse de
+Noailles, her lady of honour.  She added to the bequest: 'The pictures in
+my cabinet being my own work, I hope the Comtesse de Noailles will
+preserve them for my sake.'  Madame de Noailles, afterwards Marechale de
+Mouchy, had a new pavilion constructed in her hotel in the Faubourg St.
+Germain, in order to form a suitable receptacle for the Queen's legacy;
+and had the following inscription placed over the door, in letters of
+gold: 'The innocent falsehood of a good princess.'
+
+"Maria Leczinska could never look with cordiality on the Princess of
+Saxony, who married the Dauphin; but the attentive behaviour of the
+Dauphiness at length made her Majesty forget that the Princess was the
+daughter of a king who wore her father's crown.  Nevertheless, although
+the Queen now saw in the Princess of Saxony only a wife beloved by her
+son, she never could forget that Augustus wore the crown of Stanislaus.
+One day an officer of her chamber having undertaken to ask a private
+audience of her for the Saxon minister, and the Queen being unwilling to
+grant it, he ventured to add that he should not have presumed to ask this
+favour of the Queen had not the minister been the ambassador of a member
+of the family.  'Say of an enemy of the family,' replied the Queen,
+angrily; 'and let him come in.'
+
+"Comte de Tesse, father of the last Count of that name, who left no
+children, was first equerry to Queen Maria Leczinska.  She esteemed his
+virtues, but often diverted herself at the expense of his simplicity.
+One day, when the conversation turned on the noble military, actions by
+which the French nobility was distinguished, the Queen said to the Count:
+'And your family, M. de Tesse, has been famous, too, in the field.'--
+'Ah, Madame, we have all been killed in our masters' service!'--'How
+rejoiced I am,' replied the Queen, 'that you have revived to tell me of
+it.'  The son of this worthy M. de Tesse was married to the amiable and
+highly gifted daughter of the Duc d'Ayen, afterwards Marechale de
+Noailles.  He was exceedingly fond of his daughter-in-law, and never
+could speak of her without emotion.  The Queen, to please him, often
+talked to him about the young Countess, and one day asked him which of
+her good qualities seemed to him most conspicuous.  'Her gentleness,
+Madame, her gentleness,' said he, with tears in his eyes; 'she is so
+mild, so soft,--as soft as a good carriage.'--'Well,' said her Majesty,
+'that's an excellent comparison for a first equerry.'
+
+"In 1730 Queen Maria Leczinska, going to mass, met old Marechal Villars,
+leaning on a wooden crutch not worth fifteen pence.  She rallied him
+about it, and the Marshal told her that he had used it ever since he had
+received a wound which obliged him to add this article to the equipments
+of the army.  Her Majesty, smiling, said she thought this crutch so
+unworthy of him that she hoped to induce him to give it up.  On returning
+home she despatched M. Campan to Paris with orders to purchase at the
+celebrated Germain's the handsomest cane, with a gold enamelled crutch,
+that he could find, and carry it without delay to Mardchal Villars's
+hotel, and present it to him from her.  He was announced accordingly, and
+fulfilled his commission.  The Marshal, in attending him to the door,
+requested him to express his gratitude to the Queen, and said that he had
+nothing fit to offer to an officer who had the honour to belong to her
+Majesty; but he begged him to accept of his old stick, saying that his
+grandchildren would probably some day be glad to possess the cane with
+which he had commanded at Marchiennes and Denain.  The known frugality of
+Marechal Villars appears in this anecdote; but he was not mistaken with
+respect to the estimation in which his stick would be held.  It was
+thenceforth kept with veneration by M. Campan's family.  On the 10th of
+August, 1792, a house which I occupied on the Carrousel, at the entrance
+of the Court of the Tuileries, was pillaged and nearly burnt down.  The
+cane of Marechal Villars was thrown into the Carrousel as of no value,
+and picked up by my servant.  Had its old master been living at that
+period we should not have witnessed such a deplorable day.
+
+"Before the Revolution there were customs and words in use at Versailles
+with which few people were acquainted.  The King's dinner was called
+'The King's meat.'  Two of the Body Guard accompanied the attendants who
+carried the dinner; every one rose as they passed through the halls,
+saying, 'There is the King's meat.'  All precautionary duties were
+distinguished by the words 'in case.'  One of the guards might be heard
+to say, 'I am in case in the forest of St. Germain.'  In the evening they
+always brought the Queen a large bowl of broth, a cold roast fowl, one
+bottle of wine, one of orgeat, one of lemonade, and some other articles,
+which were called the 'in case' for the night.  An old medical gentleman,
+who had been physician in ordinary to Louis XIV., and was still living at
+the time of the marriage of Louis XV., told M. Campan's father an
+anecdote which seems too remarkable to have remained unknown;
+nevertheless he was a man of honour, incapable of inventing this story.
+His name was Lafosse.  He said that Louis XIV. was informed that the
+officers of his table evinced, in the most disdainful and offensive
+manner, the mortification they felt at being obliged to eat at the table
+of the comptroller of the kitchen along with Moliere, valet de chambre to
+his Majesty, because Moliere had performed on the stage; and that this
+celebrated author consequently declined appearing at that table.  Louis
+XIV., determined to put an end to insults which ought never to have been
+offered to one of the greatest geniuses of the age, said to him one
+morning at the hour of his private levee, 'They say you live very poorly
+here, Moliere; and that the officers of my chamber do not find you good
+enough to eat with them.  Perhaps you are hungry; for my part I awoke
+with a very good appetite this morning: sit down at this table.  Serve up
+my 'in case' for the night there.'  The King, then cutting up his fowl,
+and ordering Moliere to sit down, helped him to a wing, at the same time
+taking one for himself, and ordered the persons entitled to familiar
+entrance, that is to say the most distinguished and favourite people at
+Court, to be admitted.  'You see me,' said the King to them, 'engaged in
+entertaining Moliere, whom my valets de chambre do not consider
+sufficiently good company for them.'  From that time Moliere never had
+occasion to appear at the valets' table; the whole Court was forward
+enough to send him invitations.
+
+"M. de Lafosse used also to relate that a brigade-major of the Body
+Guard, being ordered to place the company in the little theatre at
+Versailles, very roughly turned out one of the King's comptrollers who
+had taken his seat on one of the benches, a place to which his newly
+acquired office entitled him.  In vain he insisted on his quality and his
+right.  The altercation was ended by the brigade-major in these words:
+'Gentlemen Body Guards, do your duty.'  In this case their duty was to
+turn the offender out at the door.  This comptroller, who had paid sixty
+or eighty thousand francs for his appointment, was a man of a good
+family, and had had the honour of serving his Majesty five and twenty
+years in one of his regiments; thus ignominiously driven out of the hall,
+he placed himself in the King's way in the great hall of the Guards, and,
+bowing to his Majesty, requested him to vindicate the honour of an old
+soldier who had wished to end his days in his Prince's civil employment,
+now that age had obliged him to relinquish his military service.  The
+King stopped, heard his story, and then ordered him to follow him.  His
+Majesty attended the representation in a sort of amphitheatre, in which
+his armchair was placed; behind him was a row of stools for the captain
+of the Guards, the first gentleman of the chamber, and other great
+officers.  The brigade-major was entitled to one of these places; the
+King stopped opposite the seat which ought to have been occupied by that
+officer and said to the comptroller, 'Take, monsieur, for this evening,
+the place near my person of him who has offended you, and let the
+expression of my displeasure at this unjust affront satisfy you instead
+of any other reparation:
+
+"During the latter years of the reign of Louis XIV. he never went out but
+in a chair carried by porters, and he showed a great regard for a man
+named D'Aigremont, one of those porters who always went in front and
+opened the door of the chair.  The slightest preference shown by
+sovereigns, even to the meanest of their servants, never fails to excite
+observation.
+
+     [People of the very first rank did not disdain to descend to the
+     level of D'Aigremont.  "Lauzun," said the Duchesse d'Orleans in her
+     "Memoirs," "sometimes affects stupidity in order to show people
+     their own with impunity, for he is very malicious.  In order to make
+     Marechal de Tease feel the impropriety of his familiarity with
+     people of the common sort, he called out, in the drawing-room at
+     Marly, 'Marechal, give me a pinch of snuff; some of your best, such
+     as you take in the morning with Monsieur d'Aigremont, the
+     chairman.'"--NOTE BY THE EDITOR.]
+
+The King had done something for this man's numerous family, and
+frequently talked to him.  An abbe belonging to the chapel thought proper
+to request D'Aigremont to present a memorial to the King, in which he
+requested his Majesty to grant him a benefice.  Louis XIV.  did not
+approve of the liberty thus taken by his chairman, and said to him, in a
+very angry tone, 'D'Aigremont, you have been made to do a very unbecoming
+act, and I am sure there must be simony in the case.'--'No, Sire, there
+is not the least ceremony in the case, I assure you,' answered the poor
+man, in great consternation; 'the abbe only said he would give me a
+hundred Louis.'--'D'Aigremont,' said the King, 'I forgive you on account
+of your ignorance and candour.  I will give you the hundred Louis out of
+my privy purse; but I will discharge you the very next time you venture
+to present a memorial to me.'
+
+"Louis XIV. was very kind to those of his servants who were nearest his
+person; but the moment he assumed his royal deportment, those who were
+most accustomed to see him in his domestic character were as much
+intimidated as if they were appearing in his presence for the first time
+in their lives.  Some of the members of his Majesty's civil household,
+then called 'commensalite', enjoying the title of equerry, and the
+privileges attached to officers of the King's household, had occasion to
+claim some prerogatives, the exercise of which the municipal body of St.
+Germain, where they resided, disputed with them.  Being assembled in
+considerable numbers in that town, they obtained the consent of the
+minister of the household to allow them to send a deputation to the King;
+and for that purpose chose from amongst them two of his Majesty's valets
+de chambre named Bazire and Soulaigre.  The King's levee being over, the
+deputation of the inhabitants of the town of St. Germain was called in.
+They entered with confidence; the King looked at them, and assumed his
+imposing attitude.  Bazire, one of these valets de chambre, was about to
+speak, but Louis the Great was looking on him.  He no longer saw the
+Prince he was accustomed to attend at home; he was intimidated, and could
+not find words; he recovered, however, and began as usual with the word
+Sire.  But timidity again overpowered him, and finding himself unable to
+recollect the slightest particle of what he came to say, he repeated the
+word Sire several times, and at length concluded by paying, 'Sire, here
+is Soulaigre.'  Soulaigre, who was very angry with Bazire, and expected
+to acquit himself much better, then began to speak; but he also, after
+repeating 'Sire' several times, found his embarrassment increasing upon
+him, until his confusion equalled that of his colleague; he therefore
+ended with 'Sire, here is Bazire.'  The King smiled, and answered,
+'Gentlemen, I have been informed of the business upon which you have been
+deputed to wait on me, and I will take care that what is right shall be
+done.  I am highly satisfied with the manner in which you have fulfilled
+your functions as deputies.'"
+
+Mademoiselle Genet's education was the object of her father's particular
+attention.  Her progress in the study of music and of foreign languages
+was surprising; Albaneze instructed her in singing, and Goldoni taught
+her Italian.  Tasso, Milton, Dante, and even Shakespeare, soon became
+familiar to her.  But her studies were particularly directed to the
+acquisition of a correct and elegant style of reading.  Rochon de
+Chabannes, Duclos, Barthe, Marmontel, and Thomas took pleasure in hearing
+her recite the finest scenes of Racine.  Her memory and genius at the age
+of fourteen charmed them; they talked of her talents in society, and
+perhaps applauded them too highly.
+
+She was soon spoken of at Court.  Some ladies of high rank, who took an
+interest in the welfare of her family, obtained for her the place of
+Reader to the Princesses.  Her presentation, and the circumstances which
+preceded it, left a strong impression on her mind.  "I was then fifteen,"
+she says; "my father felt some regret at yielding me up at so early an
+age to the jealousies of the Court.  The day on which I first put on my
+Court dress, and went to embrace him in his study, tears filled his eyes,
+and mingled with the expression of his pleasure.  I possessed some
+agreeable talents, in addition to the instruction which it had been his
+delight to bestow on me.  He enumerated all my little accomplishments, to
+convince me of the vexations they would not fail to draw upon me."
+
+Mademoiselle Genet, at fifteen, was naturally less of a philosopher than
+her father was at forty.  Her eyes were dazzled by the splendour which
+glittered at Versailles.  "The Queen, Maria Leczinska, the wife of Louis
+XV., died," she says, "just before I was presented at Court.  The grand
+apartments hung with black, the great chairs of state, raised on several
+steps, and surmounted by a canopy adorned with Plumes; the caparisoned
+horses, the immense retinue in Court mourning, the enormous shoulder-
+knots, embroidered with gold and silver spangles, which decorated the
+coats of the pages and footmen,--all this magnificence had such an effect
+on my senses that I could scarcely support myself when introduced to the
+Princesses.  The first day of my reading in the inner apartment of Madame
+Victoire I found it impossible to pronounce more than two sentences; my
+heart palpitated, my voice faltered, and my sight failed.  How well
+understood was the potent magic of the grandeur and dignity which ought
+to surround sovereigns!  Marie Antoinette, dressed in white, with a plain
+straw hat, and a little switch in her hand, walking on foot, followed by
+a single servant, through the walks leading to the Petit Trianon, would
+never have thus disconcerted me; and I believe this extreme simplicity
+was the first and only real mistake of all those with which she is
+reproached."
+
+When once her awe and confusion had subsided, Mademoiselle Genet was
+enabled to form a more accurate judgment of her situation.  It was by no
+means attractive; the Court of the Princesses, far removed from the
+revels to which Louie XV. was addicted, was grave, methodical, and dull.
+Madame Adelaide, the eldest of the Princesses, lived secluded in the
+interior of her apartments; Madame Sophie was haughty; Madame Louise a
+devotee.  Mademoiselle Genet never quitted the Princesses' apartments;
+but she attached herself most particularly to Madame Victoire.  This
+Princess had possessed beauty; her countenance bore an expression of
+benevolence, and her conversation was kind, free, and unaffected.  The
+young reader excited in her that feeling which a woman in years, of an
+affectionate disposition, readily extends to young people who are growing
+up in her sight, and who possess some useful talents.  Whole days were
+passed in reading to the Princess, as she sat at work in her apartment.
+Mademoiselle Genet frequently saw there Louis XV., of whom she has
+related the following anecdote:
+
+"One day, at the Chateau of Compiegne, the King came in whilst I was
+reading to Madame.  I rose and went into another room.  Alone, in an
+apartment from which there was no outlet, with no book but a Massillon,
+which I had been reading to the Princess, happy in all the lightness and
+gaiety of fifteen, I amused myself with turning swiftly round, with my
+court hoop, and suddenly kneeling down to see my rose-coloured silk
+petticoat swelled around me by the wind.  In the midst of this grave
+employment enters his Majesty, followed by one of the Princesses.  I
+attempt to rise; my feet stumble, and down I fall in the midst of my
+robes, puffed out by the wind.  'Daughter,' said Louis XV., laughing
+heartily, 'I advise you to send back to school a reader who makes
+cheeses.'"  The railleries of Louis XV. were often much more cutting,
+as Mademoiselle Genet experienced on another occasion, which, thirty
+years afterwards, she could not relate without an emotion of fear.
+"Louis XV.," she said, "had the most imposing presence.  His eyes
+remained fixed upon you all the time he was speaking; and,
+notwithstanding the beauty of his features, he inspired a sort of fear.
+I was very young, it is true, when he first spoke to me; you shall judge
+whether it was in a very gracious manner.  I was fifteen.  The King was
+going out to hunt, and a numerous retinue followed him.  As he stopped
+opposite me he said, 'Mademoiselle Genet, I am assured you are very
+learned, and understand four or five foreign languages.'--'I know only
+two, Sire,' I answered, trembling.  'Which are they?' English and
+Italian.'--'Do you speak them fluently?' Yes, Sire, very fluently.'
+'That is quite enough to drive a husband mad.'  After this pretty
+compliment the King went on; the retinue saluted me, laughing; and, for
+my part, I remained for some moments motionless with surprise and
+confusion."
+
+At the time when the French alliance was proposed by the Duc de Choiseul
+there was at Vienna a doctor named Gassner,--[Jean Joseph Gassner, a
+pretender to miraculous powers.]--who had fled thither to seek an asylum
+against the persecutions of his sovereign, one of the ecclesiastical
+electors.  Gassner, gifted with an extraordinary warmth of imagination,
+imagined that he received inspirations.  The Empress protected him, saw
+him occasionally, rallied him on his visions, and, nevertheless, heard
+them with a sort of interest.  "Tell me,"--said she to him one day,
+"whether my Antoinette will be happy."  Gassner turned pale, and remained
+silent.  Being still pressed by the Empress, and wishing to give a
+general expression to the idea with which he seemed deeply occupied,
+"Madame," he replied, "there are crosses for all shoulders."
+
+The occurrences at the Place Louis XV. on the marriage festivities at
+Paris are generally known.  The conflagration of the scaffolds intended
+for the fireworks, the want of foresight of the authorities, the avidity
+of robbers, the murderous career of the coaches, brought about and
+aggravated the disasters of that day; and the young Dauphiness, coming
+from Versailles, by the Cours la Reine, elated with joy, brilliantly
+decorated, and eager to witness the rejoicings of the whole people, fled,
+struck with consternation and drowned in tears, from the dreadful scene.
+This tragic opening of the young Princess's life in France seemed to bear
+out Gassner's hint of disaster, and to be ominous of the terrible future
+which awaited her.
+
+In the same year in which Marie Antoinette was married to the Dauphin,
+Henriette Genet married a son of M. Campan, already mentioned as holding
+an office at the Court; and when the household of the Dauphiness was
+formed, Madame Campan was appointed her reader, and received from Marie
+Antoinette a consistent kindness and confidence to which by her loyal
+service she was fully entitled.   Madame Campan's intelligence and
+vivacity made her much more sympathetic to a young princess, gay and
+affectionate in disposition, and reared in the simplicity of a German
+Court, than her lady of honour, the Comtesse de Noailles.  This
+respectable lady, who was placed near her as a minister of the laws of
+etiquette, instead of alleviating their weight, rendered their yoke
+intolerable to her.
+
+"Madame de Noailles," says Madame Campan, "abounded in virtues.  Her
+piety, charity, and irreproachable morals rendered her worthy of praise;
+but etiquette was to her a sort of atmosphere; at the slightest
+derangement of the consecrated order, one would have thought the
+principles of life would forsake her frame.
+
+"One day I unintentionally threw this poor lady into a terrible agony.
+The Queen was receiving I know not whom,--some persons just presented, I
+believe; the lady of honour, the Queen's tirewoman, and the ladies of the
+bedchamber, were behind the Queen.  I was near the throne, with the two
+women on duty.  All was right,--at least I thought so.  Suddenly I
+perceived the eyes of Madame de Noailles fixed on mine.  She made a sign
+with her head, and then raised her eyebrows to the top of her forehead,
+lowered them, raised them again, then began to make little signs with her
+hand.  From all this pantomime, I could easily perceive that something
+was not as it should be; and as I looked about on all sides to find out
+what it was, the agitation of the Countess kept increasing.  The Queen,
+who perceived all this, looked at me with a smile; I found means to
+approach her Majesty, who said to me in a whisper, 'Let down your
+lappets, or the Countess will expire.'  All this bustle arose from two
+unlucky pins which fastened up my lappets, whilst the etiquette of
+costume said 'Lappets hanging down.'"
+
+Her contempt of the vanities of etiquette became the pretext for the
+first reproaches levelled at the Queen.  What misconduct might not be
+dreaded from a princess who could absolutely go out without a hoop! and
+who, in the salons of Trianon, instead of discussing the important rights
+to chairs and stools, good-naturedly invited everybody to be seated.
+
+     [M. de Fresne Forget, being one day in company with the Queen
+     Marguerite, told her he was astonished how men and women with such
+     great ruffs could eat soup without spoiling them; and still more how
+     the ladies could be gallant with their great fardingales.  The Queen
+     made no answer at that time, but a few days after, having a very
+     large ruff on, and some 'bouili' to eat, she ordered a very long
+     spoon to be brought, and ate her 'bouili' with it, without soiling
+     her ruff.  Upon which, addressing herself to M. de Fresne, she said,
+     laughing, "There now, you see, with a little ingenuity one may
+     manage anything."--"Yes, faith, madame," said the good man, "as far
+     as regards the soup I am satisfied."--LAPLACE's "Collection," vol.
+     ii., p. 350.]
+
+The anti-Austrian party, discontented and vindictive, became spies upon
+her conduct, exaggerated her slightest errors, and calumniated her most
+innocent proceedings.  "What seems unaccountable at the first glance,"
+says Montjoie, "is that the first attack on the reputation of the Queen
+proceeded from the bosom of the Court.  What interest could the courtiers
+have in seeking her destruction, which involved that of the King?  Was it
+not drying up the source of all the advantages they enjoyed, or could
+hope for?"
+
+     [Madame Campan relates the following among many anecdotes
+     illustrative of the Queen's kindness of heart: "A petition was
+     addressed to the Queen by a corporation in the neighbourhood of
+     Paris, praying for the destruction of the game which destroyed their
+     crops.  I was the bearer of this petition to her Majesty, who said,
+     'I will undertake to have these good people relieved from so great
+     an annoyance.'  She gave the document to M. de Vermond in my
+     presence, saying, 'I desire that immediate justice be done to this
+     petition.'  An assurance was given that her order should be attended
+     to, but six weeks afterwards a second petition was sent up, for the
+     nuisance had not been abated after all.  If the second petition had
+     reached the Queen, M. de Vermond would have received a sharp
+     reprimand.  She was always so happy when it was in her power to do
+     good."
+
+     The quick repartee, which was another of the Queen's
+     characteristics, was less likely to promote her popularity.  "M.
+     Brunier," says Madame Campan, "was physician to the royal children.
+     During his visits to the palace, if the death of any of his patients
+     was alluded to, he never failed to say, 'Ah! there I lost one of my
+     best friends!  'Well,' said the Queen, 'if he loses all his patients
+     who are his friends, what will become of those who are not?'"]
+
+When the terrible Danton exclaimed, "The kings of Europe menace us; it
+behooves us to defy them; let us throw down to them the head of a king as
+our gage!" these detestable words, followed by so cruel a result, formed,
+however, a formidable stroke of policy.  But the Queen!  What urgent
+reasons of state could Danton, Collot d'Herbois, and Robespierre allege
+against her?  What savage greatness did they discover in stirring up a
+whole nation to avenge their quarrel on a woman?  What remained of her
+former power?  She was a captive, a widow, trembling for her children!
+In those judges, who at once outraged modesty and nature; in that people
+whose vilest scoffs pursued her to the scaffold, who could have
+recognised the generous people of France?  Of all the crimes which
+disgraced the Revolution, none was more calculated to show how the spirit
+of party can degrade the character of a nation.
+
+The news of this dreadful event reached Madame Campan in an obscure
+retreat which she had chosen.  She had not succeeded in her endeavours to
+share the Queen's captivity, and she expected every moment a similar
+fate.  After escaping, almost miraculously, from the murderous fury of
+the Marseillais; after being denounced and pursued by Robespierre, and
+entrusted, through the confidence of the King and Queen, with papers of
+the utmost importance, Madame Campan went to Coubertin, in the valley of
+Chevreuse.  Madame Auguid, her sister, had just committed suicide, at the
+very moment of her arrest.
+
+     [Maternal affection prevailed over her religious sentiments; she
+     wished to preserve the wreck of her fortune for her children.  Had
+     she deferred this fatal act for one day she would have been saved;
+     the cart which conveyed Robespierre to execution stopped her funeral
+     procession!]
+
+The scaffold awaited Madame Campan, when the 9th of Thermidor restored
+her to life; but did not restore to her the most constant object of her
+thoughts, her zeal, and her devotion.
+
+A new career now opened to Madame Campan.  At Coubertin, surrounded by
+her nieces, she was fond of directing their studies.  This occupation
+caused her ideas to revert to the subject of education, and awakened once
+more the inclinations of her youth.  At the age of twelve years she could
+never meet a school of young ladies passing through the streets without
+feeling ambitious of the situation and authority of their mistress.  Her
+abode at Court had diverted but not altered her inclinations.  "A month
+after the fall of Robespierre," she says, "I considered as to the means
+of providing for myself, for a mother seventy years of age, my sick
+husband, my child nine years old, and part of my ruined family.  I now
+possessed nothing in the world but an assignat of five hundred francs.
+I had become responsible for my husband's debts, to the amount of thirty
+thousand francs.  I chose St. Germain to set up a boarding-school, for
+that town did not remind me, as Versailles did, both of happy times and
+of the misfortunes of France.  I took with me a nun of l'Enfant-Jesus, to
+give an unquestionable pledge of my religious principles.  The school of
+St. Germain was the first in which the opening of an oratory was ventured
+on.  The Directory was displeased at it, and ordered it to be immediately
+shut up; and some time after commissioners were sent to desire that the
+reading of the Scriptures should be suppressed in my school.  I inquired
+what books were to be substituted in their stead.  After some minutes'
+conversation, they observed: 'Citizeness, you are arguing after the old
+fashion; no reflections.  The nation commands; we must have obedience,
+and no reasoning.'  Not having the means of printing my prospectus, I
+wrote a hundred copies of it, and sent them to the persons of my
+acquaintance who had survived the dreadful commotions.  At the year's end
+I had sixty pupils; soon afterwards a hundred.  I bought furniture and
+paid my debts."
+
+The rapid success of the establishment at St. Germain was undoubtedly
+owing to the talents, experience, and excellent principles of Madame
+Campan, seconded by public opinion.  All property had changed hands; all
+ranks found themselves confusedly jumbled by the shock of the Revolution:
+the grand seigneur dined at the table of the opulent contractor; and the
+witty and elegant marquise was present at the ball by the side of the
+clumsy peasant lately grown rich.  In the absence of the ancient
+distinctions, elegant manners and polished language now formed a kind of
+aristocracy.  The house of St. Germain, conducted by a lady who possessed
+the deportment and the habits of the best society, was not only a school
+of knowledge, but a school of the world.
+
+"A friend of Madame de Beauharnais," continues Madame Campan, "brought me
+her daughter Hortense de Beauharnais, and her niece Emilie de
+Beauharnais.  Six months afterwards she came to inform me of her marriage
+with a Corsican gentleman, who had been brought up in the military
+school, and was then a general.  I was requested to communicate this
+information to her daughter, who long lamented her mother's change of
+name.  I was also desired to watch over the education of little Eugene de
+Beauharnais, who was placed at St. Germain, in the same school with my
+son.
+
+"A great intimacy sprang up between my nieces and these young people.
+Madame de Beauharnaias set out for Italy, and left her children with me.
+On her return, after the conquests of Bonaparte, that general, much
+pleased with the improvement of his stepdaughter, invited me to dine at
+Malmaison, and attended two representations of 'Esther' at my school."
+
+He also showed his appreciation of her talents by sending his sister
+Caroline to St. Germain.  Shortly before Caroline's marriage to Murat,
+and while she was yet at St. Germain, Napoleon observed to Madame Campan:
+"I do not like those love matches between young people whose brains are
+excited by the flames of the imagination.  I had other views for my
+sister.  Who knows what high alliance I might have procured for her!  She
+is thoughtless, and does not form a just notion of my situation.  The
+time will come when, perhaps, sovereigns might dispute for her hand.  She
+is about to marry a brave man; but in my situation that is not enough.
+Fate should be left to fulfil her decrees."
+
+
+     [Madame Murat one day said to Madame Campan: "I am astonished that
+     you are not more awed in our presence; you speak to us with as much
+     familiarity as when we were your pupils!"--"The best thing you can
+     do," replied Madame Campan, "is to forget your titles when you are
+     with me, for I can never be afraid of queens whom I have held under
+     the rod."]
+
+Madame Campan dined at the Tuileries in company with the Pope's nuncio,
+at the period when the Concordat was in agitation.  During dinner the
+First Consul astonished her by the able manner in which he conversed on
+the subject under discussion.  She said he argued so logically that his
+talent quite amazed her.  During the consulate Napoleon one day said to
+her, "If ever I establish a republic of women, I shall make you First
+Consul."
+
+Napoleon's views as to "woman's mission" are now well known.  Madame
+Campan said that she heard from him that when he founded the convent of
+the Sisters of la Charite he was urgently solicited to permit perpetual
+vows.  He, however, refused to do so, on the ground that tastes may
+change, and that he did not see the necessity of excluding from the world
+women who might some time or other return to it, and become useful
+members of society.  "Nunneries," he added, "assail the very roots of
+population.  It is impossible to calculate the loss which a nation
+sustains in having ten thousand women shut up in cloisters.  War does but
+little mischief; for the number of males is at least one-twenty-fifth
+greater than that of females.  Women may, if they please, be allowed to
+make perpetual vows at fifty years of age; for then their task is
+fulfilled."
+
+Napoleon once said to Madame Campan, "The old systems of education were
+good for nothing; what do young women stand in need of, to be well
+brought up in France?"--"Of mothers," answered Madame Campan.  "It is
+well said," replied Napoleon.  "Well, madame, let the French be indebted
+to you for bringing up mothers for their children."--"Napoleon one day
+interrupted Madame de Stael in the midst of a profound political argument
+to ask her whether she had nursed her children."
+
+Never had the establishment at St. Germain been in a more flourishing
+condition than in 1802-3.  What more could Madame Campan wish?  For ten
+years absolute in her own house, she seemed also safe from the caprice of
+power.  But the man who then disposed of the fate of France and Europe
+was soon to determine otherwise.
+
+After the battle of Austerlitz the State undertook to bring up, at the
+public expense, the sisters, daughters, or nieces of those who were
+decorated with the Cross of Honour.  The children of the warriors killed
+or wounded in glorious battle were to find paternal care in the ancient
+abodes of the Montmorencys and the Condes.  Accustomed to concentrate
+around him all superior talents, fearless himself of superiority,
+Napoleon sought for a person qualified by experience and abilities to
+conduct the institution of Ecouen; he selected Madame Campan.
+
+Comte de Lacepede, the pupil, friend, and rival of Buffon, then Grand
+Chancellor of the Legion of Honour, assisted her with his enlightened
+advice.  Napoleon, who could descend with ease from the highest political
+subjects to the examination of the most minute details; who was as much
+at home in inspecting a boarding-school for young ladies as in reviewing
+the grenadiers of his guard; whom it was impossible to deceive, and who
+was not unwilling to find fault when he visited the establishment at
+Ecouen,--was forced to say, "It is all right."
+
+     [Napoleon wished to be informed of every particular of the
+     furniture, government, and order of the house, the instruction and
+     education of the pupils.  The internal regulations were submitted to
+     him.  One of the intended rules, drawn up by Madame Campan, proposed
+     that the children should hear mass on Sundays and Thursdays.
+     Napoleon himself wrote on the margin, "every day."]
+
+"In the summer of 1811," relates Madame Campan, "Napoleon, accompanied by
+Marie Louise and several personages of distinction, visited the
+establishment at Ecouen.  After inspecting the chapel and the
+refectories, Napoleon desired that the three principal pupils might be
+presented to him.  'Sire,' said I, 'I cannot select three; I must present
+six.'  He turned on his heel and repaired to the platform, where, after
+seeing all the classes assembled, he repeated his demand.  'Sire,' said
+I, 'I beg leave to inform your Majesty that I should commit an injustice
+towards several other pupils who are as far advanced as those whom I
+might have the honour to present to you.'
+
+"Berthier and others intimated to me, in a low tone of voice, that I
+should get into disgrace by my noncompliance.  Napoleon looked over the
+whole of the house, entered into the most trivial details, and after
+addressing questions to several of the pupils: 'Well, madame,' said he,
+'I am satisfied; show me your six best pupils.'"  Madame Campan presented
+them to him; and as he stepped into his carriage, he desired that their
+names might be sent to Berthier.  On addressing the list to the Prince de
+Neufchatel, Madame Campan added to it the names of four other pupils, and
+all the ten obtained a pension of 300 francs.  During the three hours
+which this visit occupied, Marie Louise did not utter a single word.
+
+M. de Beaumont, chamberlain to the Empress Josephine, one day at
+Malmaison was expressing his regret that M. D-----, one of Napoleon's
+generals, who had recently been promoted, did not belong to a great
+family.  "You mistake, monsieur," observed Madame Campan, "he is of very
+ancient descent; he is one of the nephews of Charlemagne.  All the heroes
+of our army sprang from the elder branch of that sovereign's family, who
+never emigrated."
+
+When Madame Campan related this circumstance she added: "After the 30th
+of March, 1814, some officers of the army of Conde presumed to say to
+certain French marshals that it was a pity they were not more nobly
+connected.  In answer to this, one of them said, 'True nobility,
+gentlemen, consists in giving proofs of it.  The field of honour has
+witnessed ours; but where are we to look for yours?  Your swords have
+rusted in their scabbards.  Our laurels may well excite envy; we have
+earned them nobly, and we owe them solely to our valour.  You have merely
+inherited a name.  This is the distinction between us."
+
+     [When one of the princes of the smaller German States was showing
+     Marechal Lannes, with a contemptuous superiority of manner but ill
+     concealed, the portraits of his ancestors, and covertly alluding to
+     the absence of Lannes's, that general turned the tables on him by
+     haughtily remarking, "But I am an ancestor."]
+
+Napoleon used to observe that if he had had two such field-marshals as
+Suchet in Spain he would have not only conquered but kept the Peninsula.
+Suchet's sound judgment, his governing yet conciliating spirit, his
+military tact, and his bravery, had procured him astonishing success.
+"It is to be regretted," added he, "that a sovereign cannot improvise men
+of his stamp."
+
+On the 19th of March, 1815, a number of papers were left in the King's
+closet.  Napoleon ordered them to be examined, and among them was found
+the letter written by Madame Campan to Louis XVIII., immediately after
+the first restoration.  In this letter she enumerated the contents of the
+portfolio which Louis XVI. had placed under her care.  When Napoleon read
+this letter, he said, "Let it be sent to the office of Foreign Affairs;
+it is an historical document."
+
+Madame Campan thus described a visit from the Czar of Russia: "A few days
+after the battle of Paris the Emperor Alexander came to Ecouen, and he
+did me the honour to breakfast with me.  After showing him over the
+establishment I conducted him to the park, the most elevated point of
+which overlooked the plain of St. Denis.  'Sire,' said I, 'from this
+point I saw the battle of Paris'--'If,' replied the Emperor, 'that battle
+had lasted two hours longer we should not have had a single cartridge at
+our disposal.  We feared that we had been betrayed; for on arriving so
+precipitately before Paris all our plans were laid, and we did not expect
+the firm resistance we experienced.'  I next conducted the Emperor to the
+chapel, and showed him the seats occupied by 'le connetable' (the
+constable) of Montmorency, and 'la connetable' (the constable's lady),
+when they went to hear mass.  'Barbarians like us,' observed the Emperor,
+'would say la connetable and le connetable.'
+
+"The Czar inquired into the most minute particulars respecting the
+establishment of Ecouen, and I felt great pleasure in answering his
+questions.  I recollect having dwelt on several points which appeared to
+me to be very important, and which were in their spirit hostile to
+aristocratic principles.  For example, I informed his Majesty that the
+daughters of distinguished and wealthy individuals and those of the
+humble and obscure mingled indiscriminately in the establishment.  'If,'
+said I, 'I were to observe the least pretension on account of the rank or
+fortune of parents, I should immediately put an end to it.  The most
+perfect equality is preserved; distinction is awarded only to merit and
+industry.  The pupils are obliged to cut out and make all their own
+clothes.  They are taught to clean and mend lace; and two at a time, they
+by turns, three times a week, cook and distribute food to the poor of the
+village.  The young girls who have been brought up at Ecouen, or in my
+boarding-school at St. Germain, are thoroughly acquainted with everything
+relating to household business, and they are grateful to me for having
+made that a part of their education.  In my conversations with them I
+have always taught them that on domestic management depends the
+preservation or dissipation of their fortunes.'
+
+"The post-master of Ecouen was in the courtyard at the moment when the
+Emperor, as he stepped into his carriage, told me he would send some
+sweetmeats for the pupils.  I immediately communicated to them the
+intelligence, which was joyfully received; but the sweetmeats were looked
+for in vain.  When Alexander set out for England he changed horses at
+Ecouen, and the post-master said to him: 'Sire, the pupils of Ecouen are
+still expecting the sweetmeats which your Majesty promised them.'  To
+which the Emperor replied that he had directed Saken to send them.  The
+Cossacks had most likely devoured the sweetmeats, and the poor little
+girls, who had been so highly flattered by the promise, never tasted
+them."
+
+"A second house was formed at St. Denis, on the model of that of Ecouen.
+Perhaps Madame Campan might have hoped for a title to which her long
+labours gave her a right; perhaps the superintendence of the two houses
+would have been but the fair recompense of her services; but her
+fortunate years had passed her fate was now to depend on the most
+important events.  Napoleon had accumulated such a mass of power as no
+one but himself in Europe could overturn.  France, content with thirty
+years of victories, in vain asked for peace and repose.  The army which
+had triumphed in the sands of Egypt, on the summits of the Alps, and in
+the marshes of Holland, was to perish amidst the snows of Russia.
+Nations combined against a single man.  The territory of France was
+invaded.  The orphans of Ecouen, from the windows of the mansion which
+served as their asylum, saw in the distant plain the fires of the Russian
+bivouacs, and once more wept the deaths of their fathers.  Paris
+capitulated.  France hailed the return of the descendants of Henri IV.;
+they reascended the throne so long filled by their ancestors, which the
+wisdom of an enlightened prince established on the empire of the laws.
+
+     [A lady, connected with the establishment of St. Denis, told Madame
+     Campan that Napoleon visited it during the Hundred Days, and that
+     the pupils were so delighted to see him that they crowded round him,
+     endeavouring to touch his clothes, and evincing the most extravagant
+     joy.  The matron endeavoured to silence them; but Napoleon said,
+     'Let them alone; let them alone.  This may weaken the head, but it
+     strengthens the heart.'"]
+
+This moment, which diffused joy amongst the faithful servants of the
+royal family, and brought them the rewards of their devotion, proved to
+Madame Campan a period of bitter vexation.  The hatred of her enemies had
+revived.  The suppression of the school at Ecouen had deprived her of her
+position; the most absurd calumnies followed her into her retreat; her
+attachment to the Queen was suspected; she was accused not only of
+ingratitude but of perfidy.  Slander has little effect on youth, but in
+the decline of life its darts are envenomed with a mortal poison.  The
+wounds which Madame Campan had received were deep.  Her sister, Madame
+Auguie, had destroyed herself; M. Rousseau, her brother-in-law, had
+perished, a victim of the reign of terror.  In 1813 a dreadful accident
+had deprived her of her niece, Madame de Broc, one of the most amiable
+and interesting beings that ever adorned the earth.  Madame Campan seemed
+destined to behold those whom she loved go down to the grave before her.
+
+Beyond the walls of the mansion of Ecouen, in the village which surrounds
+it, Madame Campan had taken a small house where she loved to pass a few
+hours in solitary retirement.  There, at liberty to abandon herself to
+the memory of the past, the superintendent of the imperial establishment
+became, once more, for the moment, the first lady of the chamber to Marie
+Antoinette.  To the few friends whom she admitted into this retreat she
+would show, with emotion, a plain muslin gown which the Queen had worn,
+and which was made from a part of Tippoo Saib's present.  A cup, out of
+which Marie Antoinette had drunk; a writing-stand, which she had long
+used, were, in her eyes, of inestimable value; and she has often been
+discovered sitting, in tears, before the portrait of her royal mistress.
+
+After so many troubles Madame Campan sought a peaceful retreat.  Paris
+had become odious to her.
+
+She paid a visit to one of her most beloved pupils, Mademoiselle Crouzet,
+who had married a physician at Mantes, a man of talent, distinguished for
+his intelligence, frankness, and cordiality.
+
+     [M. Maigne, physician to the infirmaries at Mantes.  Madame Campan
+     found in him a friend and comforter, of whose merit and affection
+     she knew the value.]
+
+Mantes is a cheerful place of residence, and the idea of an abode there
+pleased her.  A few intimate friends formed a pleasant society, and she
+enjoyed a little tranquillity after so many disturbances.  The revisal of
+her "Memoirs," the arrangement of the interesting anecdotes of which her
+"Recollections" were to consist, alone diverted her mind from the one
+powerful sentiment which attached her to life.  She lived only for her
+son.  M. Campan deserved the tenderness of, his mother.  No sacrifice had
+been spared for his education.  After having pursued that course of study
+which, under the Imperial Government, produced men of such distinguished
+merit, he was waiting till time and circumstances should afford him an
+opportunity of devoting his services to his country.  Although the state
+of his health was far from good, it did not threaten any rapid or
+premature decay; he was, however, after a few days' illness, suddenly
+taken from his family.  "I never witnessed so heartrending a scene," M.
+Maigne says, "as that which took place when Marechal Ney's lady, her
+niece, and Madame Pannelier, her sister, came to acquaint her with this
+misfortune.--[The wife of Marechal Ney was a daughter of Madame Auguie,
+and had been an intimate friend of Hortense Beauharnais.]--When they
+entered her apartment she was in bed.  All three at once uttered a
+piercing cry.  The two ladies threw themselves on their knees, and kissed
+her hands, which they bedewed with tears.  Before they could speak to her
+she read in their faces that she no longer possessed a son.  At that
+instant her large eyes, opening wildly, seemed to wander.  Her face grew
+pale, her features changed, her lips lost their colour, she struggled to
+speak, but uttered only inarticulate sounds, accompanied by piercing
+cries.  Her gestures were wild, her reason was suspended.  Every part of
+her being was in agony.  To this state of anguish and despair no calm
+succeeded, until her tears began to flow.  Friendship and the tenderest
+cares succeeded for a moment in calming her grief, but not in diminishing
+its power.
+
+"This violent crisis had disturbed her whole organisation.  A cruel
+disorder, which required a still more cruel operation, soon manifested
+itself.  The presence of her family, a tour which she made in
+Switzerland, a residence at Baden, and, above all, the sight, the tender
+and charming conversation of a person by whom she was affectionately
+beloved, occasionally diverted her mind, and in a slight degree relieved
+her suffering."  She underwent a serious operation, performed with
+extraordinary promptitude and the most complete success.  No unfavourable
+symptoms appeared; Madame Campan was thought to be restored to her
+friends; but the disorder was in the blood; it took another course: the
+chest became affected.  "From that moment," says M. Maigne, "I could
+never look on Madame Campan as living; she herself felt that she belonged
+no more to this world."
+
+"My friend," she said to her physician the day before her death, "I am
+attached to the simplicity of religion.  I hate all that savours of
+fanaticism."  When her codicil was presented for her signature, her hand
+trembled; "It would be a pity," she said, "to stop when so fairly on the
+road."
+
+Madame Campan died on the 16th of March, 1822.  The cheerfulness she
+displayed throughout her malady had nothing affected in it.  Her
+character was naturally powerful and elevated.  At the approach of death
+she evinced the soul of a sage, without abandoning for an instant her
+feminine character.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Ah, Madame, we have all been killed in our masters' service!
+Brought me her daughter Hortense de Beauharnais
+Condescension which renders approbation more offensive
+Difference between brilliant theories and the simplest practice
+Extreme simplicity was the Queens first and only real mistake
+I hate all that savours of fanaticism
+If ever I establish a republic of women....
+No ears that will discover when she (The Princess) is out of tune
+Observe the least pretension on account of the rank or fortune
+On domestic management depends the preservation of their fortune
+Spirit of party can degrade the character of a nation
+Tastes may change
+The anti-Austrian party, discontented and vindictive
+They say you live very poorly here, Moliere
+True nobility, gentlemen, consists in giving proofs of it
+We must have obedience, and no reasoning
+What do young women stand in need of?--Mothers!
+"Would be a pity," she said, "to stop when so fairly on the road"
+Your swords have rusted in their scabbards
+
+
+
+
+End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of The Memoirs of Marie Antoinette, v1
+by Madame Campan
+
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