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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol. 1,
+July 4, 1840, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol. 1, July 4, 1840
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: February 10, 2012 [EBook #38817]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JULY 4, 1840 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net ((This file was produced from
+images generously made available by JSTOR
+http://www.jstor.org/stable/i30000991))
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.
+
+NUMBER 1.    SATURDAY, JULY 4, 1840.     VOLUME I.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CASTLE OF AUGHNANURE.]
+
+THE CASTLE OF AUGHNANURE,
+
+COUNTY OF GALWAY.
+
+
+Not many years since there was an extensive district in the west of
+Ireland, which, except to those inhabiting it, was a sort of terra
+incognita, or unknown region, to the people of the British isles. It had
+no carriage roads, no inns or hotels, no towns; and the only notion
+popularly formed of it was that of an inhospitable desert--the refugium
+of malefactors and Irish savages, who set all law at defiance, and into
+which it would be an act of madness for any civilized man to venture.
+This district was popularly called the Kingdom of Connemara, a name
+applied to that great tract extending from the town of Galway to the
+Killery harbour, bounded on the east by the great lakes called Lough
+Corrib and Lough Mask, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and
+comprising within it the baronies of Moycullen and Ballinahinch, and the
+half barony of Ross. It is not an unknown region now. It has two
+prosperous towns and several villages, good roads, and comfortable
+hotels. "The Queen's writ will run in it;" and the inhabitants are
+remarkable for their intelligence, quietness, honesty, hospitality, and
+many other good qualities; and in the summer months it is the favourite
+resort of the artist, antiquary, geologist, botanist, ornithologist,
+sportsman--in short, of pleasure tourists of all descriptions, and from
+every quarter of the British empire; for it is a district singularly
+rich in its attractions to all those who look for health and pleasure
+from a summer's ramble, combined with excitable occupation. Of its
+picturesque beauties much has already been written. They have been
+sketched by the practised hand of Inglis, and by the more graphic pencil
+of Cćsar Otway; but its history and more important antiquities have been
+as yet but little noticed, and, consequently, generally passed by
+without attracting the attention or exciting any interest in the mind of
+the traveller. We propose to ourselves to supply this defect to some
+extent, and have consequently chosen as the subject of our first
+illustration the ancient castle, of which we have presented our readers
+with a view, and which is the most picturesque, and, indeed, important
+remain of antiquity within the district which we have described.
+
+Journeying along the great road from Galway to Oughterard, and at the
+distance of about two miles from the latter, the attention of the
+traveller will most probably be attracted by a beautiful little river,
+over which, on a natural bridge of limestone rock, the road passes; and
+looking to the right, towards the wide expanse of the waters of Lough
+Corrib, he will perceive the grey tower or keep of an extensive castle,
+once the chief seat or fortress of the O'Flaherties, the hereditary
+lords of West Connaught, or Connemara. This castle is called the Castle
+of Aughnanure, or, properly, _Achaidh-na-n-Jubhar_, Acha-na-n-ure, or
+the field of the yews--an appellation derived from the number of ancient
+trees of that description which grew around it, but of which only a
+single tree now survives. This vestige is, however, the most ancient and
+interesting ruin of the locality. Its antiquity must be great
+indeed--more than a thousand years; and, growing as it does out of a
+huge ledge of limestone rock, and throwing its withered and nearly
+leafless branches in fantastic forms across the little river which
+divides it from the castle, the picturesqueness of its situation is such
+as the painter must look at with feelings of admiration and delight. It
+has also its historical legend to give it additional interest; and
+unfortunately this legend, though quite in harmony with the lone and
+melancholy features of the scene, is but too characteristic of the
+unhappy social and political state of Ireland at the period to which it
+relates--the most unfortunate period, as it may be emphatically called,
+of Ireland's history--that of the civil wars in the middle of the
+seventeenth century. The principle, however, which we propose to
+ourselves in the conducting of our publication, will not permit us to
+give this legend a place in its pages; it may be learned on the spot;
+and we have only alluded to it here, in order to state that it is to the
+religious veneration kept alive by this tradition that the yew tree of
+Aughnanure owes its preservation from the fate which has overtaken all
+its original companions.
+
+The Castle of Aughnanure, though greatly dilapidated by time, and
+probably still more so by the great hurricane of last year, is still in
+sufficient preservation to convey to those who may examine its ruins a
+vivid impression of the domestic habits and peculiar household economy
+of an old Irish chief of nearly the highest rank. His house, a strong
+and lofty tower, stands in an ample court-yard, surrounded by outworks
+perforated with shot-holes, and only accessible through its drawbridge
+gateway-tower. The river, which conveyed his boats to the adjacent lake,
+and supplied his table with the luxuries of trout and salmon, washes the
+rock on which its walls are raised, and forms a little harbour within
+them. Cellars, bake-houses, and houses for the accommodation of his
+numerous followers, are also to be seen; and an appendage not usually
+found in connection with such fortresses also appears, namely, a
+spacious banqueting-hall for the revels of peaceful times, the ample
+windows of which exhibit a style of architecture of no small elegance of
+design and execution.
+
+We shall probably in some early number of our Journal give a
+genealogical account of the noble family to whom this castle belonged;
+but in the mean time it may be satisfactory to the reader to give him an
+idea of the class of persons by whom the chief was attended, and who
+occasionally required accommodation in his mansion. They are thus
+enumerated in an ancient manuscript preserved in the College
+Library:--O'Canavan, his physician; Mac Gillegannan, chief of the horse;
+O'Colgan, his standard-bearer; Mac Kinnon and O'Mulavill, his brehons,
+or judges; the O'Duvans, his attendants on ordinary visitings; Mac
+Gille-Kelly, his ollave in genealogy and poetry; Mac Beolain, his keeper
+of the black bell of St Patrick; O'Donnell, his master of revels;
+O'Kicherain and O'Conlachtna, the keepers of his bees; O'Murgaile, his
+chief steward, or collector of his revenues.
+
+The date of the erection of this castle is not exactly known, though it
+was originally inscribed on a stone over its entrance gateway, which
+existed in the last century. From the style of its architecture,
+however, it may be assigned with sufficient certainty to the middle of
+the sixteenth century, with the exception, perhaps, of the
+banqueting-hall, which appears to be of a somewhat later age.
+
+While the town of Galway was besieged in 1651 by the parliamentary
+forces under the command of Sir Charles Coote, the Castle of Aughnanure
+afforded protection to the Lord Deputy the Marquess of Clanricarde,
+until the successes of his adversaries forced him and many other nobles
+to seek safety in the more distant wilds of Connemara. This event is
+thus stated by the learned Roderick O'Flaherty in 1683:--
+
+"Anno 1651.--Among the many strange and rare vicissitudes of our own
+present age, the Marquis of Clanricarde, Lord Deputy of Ireland, the
+Earl of Castlehaven, and Earl of Clancarty, driven out of the rest of
+Ireland, were entertained, as they landed on the west shore of this lake
+for a night's lodging, under the mean roof of Mortough Boy Branhagh, an
+honest farmer's house, the same year wherein the most potent monarch of
+Great Britain, our present sovereign, bowed his imperial triple crown
+under the boughs of an oak tree, where his life depended on the shade of
+the tree leaves."
+
+There are several of the official letters of the Marquis preserved in
+his Memoirs, dated from Aughnanure, and written during the stormy period
+of which we have made mention.
+
+The Castle of Aughnanure has passed from the family to whom it
+originally belonged; but the representative and the chief of his name,
+Henry Parker O'Flaherty, Esq. of Lemonfield, a descendant in the female
+line from the celebrated Grania Waille, still possesses a good estate in
+its vicinity. P.
+
+
+
+
+THE IRISH IN ENGLAND.
+
+NO. 1.--THE WASHERWOMAN.
+
+BY MRS S. C. HALL.
+
+
+The only regular washerwomen extant in England at this present moment,
+are natives of the Emerald Isle.
+
+We have--I pray you observe the distinction, gentle reader--laundresses
+in abundance. But washerwomen!--all the _washerwomen_ are Irish.
+
+The Irish Washerwoman promises to wash the muslin curtains as white as a
+hound's tooth, and as sweet as "new mown hay;" and she tells the truth.
+But when she promises to "get them up" as clear as a kitten's eyes, she
+tells a story. In nine cases out of ten, the Irish Washerwoman mars her
+own admirable washing by a carelessness in the "getting up." She makes
+her starch in a hurry, though it requires the most patient blending, the
+most incessant stirring, the most constant boiling, and the cleanest of
+all skillets; and she will not understand the superiority of powder over
+stone blue, but snatches the blue-bag (originally compounded from the
+"heel" or "toe" of a stocking) out of the half-broken tea-cup, where it
+lay companioning a lump of yellow soap since last wash--squeezes it into
+the starch (which, _perhaps_, she has been heedless enough to stir with
+a dirty spoon), and then there is no possibility of clear curtains,
+clear point, clear any thing.
+
+"Biddy, these curtains were as white as snow before you starched them."
+
+"Thrue for ye, ma'am dear."
+
+"They are _blue_ now, Biddy."
+
+"Not all out."
+
+"No, Biddy, not all over--only _here_ and _there_."
+
+"Ah, lave off, ma'am, honey, will ye?--'tisn't that I mane; but there's
+a hole worked in the blue-rag, bad luck to it, and more blue nor is
+wanting gets out; and the weary's in the starch, it got lumpy."
+
+"It could not have got 'lumpy' if it had been well blended."
+
+"It was blended like butther; but I just left off stirring one minute to
+look at the soldiers."
+
+"Ah, Biddy, an English laundress would not 'run after the soldiers!'"
+
+Such an observation is sure to offend Biddy's propriety, and she goes
+off in a "huff," muttering that if they didn't go "_look_ afther them,
+they'd _skulk_ afther them; it's the London Blacks does the mischief,
+and the mistress _ought_ to know that herself. English laundresses
+indeed! they haven't power in their elbow to wash white."
+
+Biddy says all this, and more, for she is a stickler for the honour of
+her country, and wonders that I should prefer _any_ thing English to
+_every_ thing Irish. But the fact remains the same.
+
+The actual labour necessary at the wash-tub is far better performed by
+the Irish than the English; but the order, neatness, and exactness
+required in "the getting up," is better accomplished by the English than
+the Irish. This is perfectly consistent with the national character of
+both countries.
+
+Biddy Mahony is without exception the most useful person I know, and
+_she_ knows it also; and yet it never makes her presuming. It is not
+only as a washerwoman that her talent shines forth: she gets through as
+much hard work as two women, though, as she says herself, "the mistress
+always finds fault with her _finishing touches_." There she stands, a
+fine-looking woman still, though not young; her large mouth ever ready
+with its smile; her features expressive of shrewd good humour; and her
+keen grey eyes alive and about, not resting for a moment, and withal
+cunning, if not keen; the borders of her cap are twice as deep as they
+need be, and flap untidily about her face; she wears a coloured
+handkerchief inside a dark blue spotted cotton gown, which wraps loosely
+in front, where it is confined by the string of her apron; her hands and
+wrists have a half-boiled appearance, which it is painful to look
+at--not that she uses as much soda as an English laundress, but she does
+not spare her personal exertions, and rubs most unmercifully. One bitter
+frosty day last winter, I saw Biddy standing near the laundry window,
+stitching away with great industry.
+
+"What are you doing, Biddy?" "Oh, never heed me, ma'am, honey."
+
+"Why, Biddy, what a state your left wrist is in!--it is positively
+bleeding; you have rubbed all the skin off." "And ain't I going to put
+a skin on it?" she said, smiling through the tears which positive pain
+had drawn from her eyes, in spite of her efforts to conceal them, and
+showing me a double piece of wash leather which she was sewing together
+so as to cover the torn flesh. Now, was not _that_ heroism? But Biddy
+_is_ a heroine, without knowing it.
+
+And in common with many others of her sex and country, her heroism is of
+that patient, self-denying character which "passeth show." She is
+uniformly patient--can bear an extraordinary quantity of abuse and
+unkindness, and knows quite well that to a certain degree she is in an
+enemy's country. Half the bad opinion of the "low Irish," as they are
+often insultingly termed, arises from old national prejudices; the other
+half is created by themselves, for many of them are provokingly
+uproarious, and altogether heedless of the manners and opinions of those
+among whom they live. This is not the case with Biddy; she has a great
+deal of what we are apt to call "cunning" in the poor, but which we
+genteelly denominate "tact" in the rich. While you imagine she is only
+pulling out the strings of her apron, she is all eye, ear, and
+understanding; she is watchful as a cat; and if she indulges in an
+_aside_ jest, which sometimes never finds words, on the peculiarities of
+her employers, there is nothing very atrocious in the fact. Poor Biddy's
+betters do the same, and term it "badinage." It is not always that we
+judge the poor and rich by the same law.
+
+With young servants the Irish Washerwoman is always a favourite: she is
+cheerful, tosses a cup to read a fortune in perfection, and not
+unfrequently, I am sorry to say, has half of a dirty torn pack of cards
+in her pocket for the same purpose. She sings at her work, and through
+the wreath of curling steam that winds from the upraised skylight of the
+laundry, comes some old time-honoured melody, that in an instant brings
+the scenes and sounds of Ireland around us. She will rend our hearts
+with the "Cruskeen laun," or "Gramachree," and then strike into
+"Garryowen" or "St Patrick's Day," with the ready transition of interest
+and feeling that belongs only to her country.
+
+Old English servants regard the Irish Washerwoman with suspicion; they
+think she does too much for the money, that she gives "Missus" a bad
+habit; and yet they are ready enough to put their own "clothes" into the
+month's wash, and expect Biddy to "pass them through the tub;" a favour
+she is too wise to refuse.
+
+Happily for the _menage_ of our English houses, the temptation to
+thievery which must exist where, as in Dublin, servants are allowed what
+is termed "breakfast money," which means that they are not to eat of
+their employers' bread, but "find themselves," and which restriction,
+all who understand human nature know is the greatest possible inducement
+to picking and stealing; happily, I say, English servants have no
+temptation to steal the _necessaries_ of life; they are fed and treated
+as human beings; and consequently there is not a tithe of the
+extravagance, the waste, the pilfering, which is to be met with in Irish
+kitchens.
+
+For all this I blame the system rather than the servant; and it is quite
+odd how Biddy accommodates herself to every modification of system in
+every house she goes to. The only thing she cannot bear is to hear her
+country abused; even a jest at its expense will send the blood mounting
+to her cheek; and some years ago (for Biddy and I are old acquaintances)
+I used to tease her most unmercifully on that head. There is nothing
+elevates the Irish peasant so highly in my esteem as his earnest love
+for his country when absent from it. Your well-bred Irishman, in nine
+cases out of ten, looks disconcerted when you allude to his country, and
+with either a _brogue_ or a _tone_, an oily, easy, musical swing of the
+voice, which is never lost, begs to inquire "how you knew he was Irish?"
+and has sometimes the audacity to remark, "that people cannot help their
+misfortunes."
+
+But the peasant-born have none of this painful affectation. Hear Biddy
+when challenged as to her country: the questioner is a lady.
+
+"Thrue for ye, madam, I am Irish, sure, and my people before me, God be
+praised for it! I'd be long sorry to disgrace my counthry, my lady. Fine
+men and women stays in it and comes out of it, the more's the pity--that
+last, I mane; it's well enough for the likes of me to lave it; I could
+do it no good. But, as to the gentry, the _sod_ keeps them, and _sure
+they might keep on the sod_! Ye needn't be afraid of me, my lady; I
+scorn to disgrace my counthry; I'm not afraid of my character, or
+work--it's all I have to be proud of in the wide world."
+
+How much more respect does this beget in every right-thinking mind, than
+the mean attempt to conceal a fact of which we all, as well as poor
+Biddy, have a right to be proud! The greatest hero in the world was
+unfortunate, but he was not less a hero; the most highly favoured
+country in the world has been in the same predicament, but it is not
+less a great country.
+
+Biddy's reply, however, to any one in an inferior grade of society, is
+very different.
+
+"Is it Irish?--to be sure I am. Do ye think I'm going to deny my
+counthry, God bless it! Throth and it's myself that is, and proud of
+that same. Irish! what else would I be, I wonder?"
+
+Poor Biddy! her life has been one long-drawn scene of incessant, almost
+heart-rending labour. From the time she was eight years old, she earned
+her own bread; and any, ignorant of the wild spirit-springing outbursts
+of glee, that might almost be termed "the Irish epidemic," would wonder
+how it was that Biddy retained her habitual cheerfulness, to say nothing
+of the hearty laughter she indulges in of an evening, and the Irish jig
+she treats the servants to at the kitchen Christmas merry-making.
+
+Last Christmas, indeed, Biddy was not so gay as usual. Our pretty
+housemaid had for two or three years made it a regular request that
+Biddy should put _her own_ wedding ring in the kitchen pudding--I do not
+know why, for Jessie never had the luck to find it in her division. But
+so it was. A merry night is Christmas eve in our cheerful English
+homes--The cook puffed out with additional importance, weighing her
+ingredients according to rule, for "a one-pound or two-pound pudding;"
+surveying her larded turkey, and pronouncing upon the relative merits of
+the sirloin which is to be "roast for the parlour," and "the ribs" that
+are destined for the kitchen; although she has a great deal to do, like
+all English cooks she is in a most sweet temper, because there is a
+great deal to eat; and she exults over the "dozens" of mince pies, the
+soup, the savoury fish, the huge bundles of celery, and the rotund
+barrel of oysters, in a manner that must be seen to be understood. The
+housemaid is equally busy in _her_ department. The groom smuggles in the
+mistletoe, which the old butler slyly suspends from one of the bacon
+hooks in the ceiling, and then kisses the cook beneath. The
+green-grocer's boy gets well rated for not bringing "red berries on all
+the holly." The evening is wound up with potations, "pottle deep," of
+ale and hot elderberry wine, and a loud cheer echoes through the house
+when the clock strikes twelve. Poor must the family be, who have not a
+few pounds of meat, a few loaves of bread, and a few shillings, to
+distribute amongst some old pensioners on Christmas eve.
+
+In our small household, Biddy has been a positive necessary for many
+Christmas days, and as many Christmas eves. She was never told to
+come--it was an understood thing. Biddy rang the gate bell every
+twenty-fourth of December, at six o'clock, and even the English cook
+returned her national salutation of "God save all here," with
+cordiality.
+
+Jessie, as I have said, is her great ally; I am sure she has found her
+at least a score of husbands, _in the tea cups_, in as many months.
+
+The morning of last Christmas eve, however, Biddy came not. Six o'clock,
+seven o'clock, eight o'clock, and the maids were not up.
+
+"How did they know the hour?--Biddy never rang." The house was in a
+state of commotion. The cook declaring, bit by bit, "that she knew how
+it would _hend_!--it was _halways_ the way with them _Hirish_. Oh,
+dirty, ungrateful!--very pretty! Who _was_ to _eat_ the copper, or boil
+the _am_, or see after the _sallery_, or butter the tins, or _old_ the
+pudding cloth?"--while Jessie whimpered, "_or drop the ring in the
+kitchen pudding_!"
+
+Instead of the clattering domestic bustle of old Christmas, every one
+looked sulky, and, as usual when a household is not astir in the early
+morning, every thing went wrong. I got out of temper myself, and,
+resolved if possible never to speak to a servant when angry, I put on my
+furs, and set forth to see what had become of my poor industrious
+countrywoman.
+
+She lived at the corner of Gore Lane!--the St Giles's of our respectable
+parish of Kensington; and when I entered her little room--which, by the
+way, though never orderly, was always clean--Biddy, who had been sitting
+over the embers of the fire, instead of sending the beams of her
+countenance to greet me, turned away, and burst into tears.
+
+This was unexpected, and the ire which had in some degree arisen at the
+disappointment that had disturbed the house, vanished altogether. I
+forgot to say that Biddy had been happily relieved from the blight of a
+drunken husband about six years ago, and laboured to support three
+little children without ever having entertained the remotest idea of
+sending them to the parish.
+
+She had "her families," for whom she washed at their own houses, and at
+over hours "took in" work at her small cottage.
+
+To assist in this, and also from motives of charity, she employed a
+young girl distinguished by the name of Louisa, whom she preserved from
+worse than death. This creature she found _starving_; and although she
+brought fever amongst her children, and her preserver lost much
+employment in consequence, Biddy "saw her through the sickness, and, by
+the goodness of Almighty God, would be nothing the worse or the poorer
+for having befriended a motherless child."
+
+Those who bestow from the treasures of their abundance, deserve praise;
+but those who, like the poor Irish Washerwoman, bestow half of their
+daily bread, and suffer the needy to shelter beneath their roof, deserve
+blessings.
+
+The cause of Biddy's absence, and the cause of Biddy's tears, I will
+endeavour to repeat in her own words:--
+
+"I come home last night, as usual, more dead than alive, until I got
+sitting down with the childre; for, having put two or three potatoes, as
+usual, my lady, to heat, just on the bar, I thought, tired as I was, I'd
+iron out the few small things 'Loo' had put in blue, particularly a
+clane cap and handkercher, and the aprons for to-day, as yer honor likes
+to see me nice; and the boy got a prize at school; for, let me do as I
+would, I took care they should have the _edication_ that makes the poor
+rich. Well, I noticed that Loo's hair was hanging in ringlets down her
+face, and I says to her, 'My honey,' I says, 'if Annie was you, and
+she's my own, I'd make her put up her hair plain; the way her Majesty
+wears it is good enough, I should think, for such as you, Louisa;' and
+with that she says, 'It might do for Annie; but for her part, _her_
+mother was a tradeswoman.' Well, I bit my tongue to hinder myself from
+hurting her feelings by telling her _what_ her mother was, _for the
+blush of shame is the only one that misbecomes a woman's cheek_.
+
+But I waited till our work was over, and, _picking her out the two mealy
+potatoes_, and sharing, as I always did, my half pint of beer with her,
+when I had it, I raisoned with her, as I often did before; and looking
+to where my three sleeping childre lay, little Jemmy's cheek _blooming
+like a rose_, on his prize book, which he took into bed with him, I
+called God to witness, that though nature, like, would draw my heart
+more to my own flesh and blood, yet I'd see to her as I would to them.
+
+She made me no answer, but put the potatoes aside, and said, 'Mother, go
+to bed.' I let her call me mother," continued Biddy, "it's such a sweet
+sound, and hinders one, _when one has it to call_, from feeling lonesome
+in the world; it's the shelter for many a breaking heart, and the home
+of many a wild one; ould as I am, I miss my mother still! 'Louisa,' I
+says, 'I've heard my own childre their prayers--kneel down, a'lanna,
+there, and get over them.'
+
+'My throat's so sore,' she says, 'I can't say 'em out. Don't ye see I
+could not eat the potatoes?' This was about half past twelve, and I had
+spoke to the po-lis to give me a call at five. But when I woke, the grey
+of the morning was in the room with me; and knowing where I ought to
+have been, I hustled on my things, and hearing a po-lis below the window
+(we know them by the steady tramp they have, as if they'd rather go slow
+than fast), I says, 'If you plaise, what's the clock, and why didn't you
+call me?' 'It's half past seven,' he says; 'and sure the girl, when she
+went out at half past five, said you war up.'
+
+'My God!--what girl?' I says, turning all over like a _corpse_; and then
+I missed my bonnet and shawl, and saw my box empty; she had even taken
+the book from under the child's cheek. But that wasn't all. I'd have
+forgiven her for the loss of the clothes, and the tears she forced from
+the eyes of my innocent child; I'd forgive her for making my heart grow
+oulder in half an hour, than it had grown in its whole life before; _but
+my wedding ring_, ma'am!--her head had often this shoulder for its
+pillow, and I'd throw this arm over her, so. Oh, ma'am darlint, could
+you believe it?--she stole my wedding ring aff my hand--the hand that
+had saved and slaved for her! The ring! oh, many's the tear I've shed on
+it; and many a time, when I've been next to starving, and it has
+glittered in my eyes, I've been tempted to part with it, but I couldn't.
+It had grown thin, _like myself_, with the hardship of the world; and
+yet when I'd look at it twisting on my poor wrinkled finger, I'd think
+of the times gone by, of him who had put it on, and _would_ have kept
+his promise but for the temptation of drink, and what it lades to; and
+those times, when throuble would be crushing me into the earth, I'd
+think of what I heard onct--that a ring was a thing like etarnity,
+having no beginning nor end; and I'd turn it, and turn it, and turn it!
+and find comfort in _believing_ that the little penance here was nothing
+in comparison to that without a beginning or an end that we war to go to
+hereafter--it might be in heaven, or it might (God save us!) be in the
+other place; and," said poor Biddy, "I drew a dale of consolation from
+_that_, and _she_ knew it--she, the sarpint, that I shared my children's
+food with--_she_ knew it, and, while I slept _the heavy sleep of hard
+labour_, she had the heart to rob me!--to rob me of the only treasure
+(barring the childre) I had in the world! I'm a great sinner; I can't
+say, God forgive her; nor I can't work; and it's put me apast doing my
+duty; and Jessie, the craythur, laid ever so much store by it, on
+account of the little innocent charrums; and, altogether, it's the
+sorest Christmas day that ever came to me. Oh, sure, I wouldn't have
+that girl's heart in my breast for a goolden crown--the ingratitude of
+her bates the world!"
+
+It really was a case of the most hardened ingratitude I had ever
+known--the little wretch! to rob the only friend she ever had, while
+sleeping in the very bed where she had been tended, and tendered, and
+cared for, so unceasingly. "She might take all I had in the world, if
+she had only left me _that_" she repeated continually, while rocking
+herself backwards and forwards over the fire, after the fashion of her
+country; "the thrifle of money, the _rags_, and the child's
+book--all--and I'd have had a _clane breast_. I could forgive her from
+my heart, but I can't forgive her for taking my ring--for taking my
+wedding ring!"
+
+This was not all. The girl was traced and captured; and the same day
+Biddy was told she must go to Queen-square to identify the prisoner.
+
+"Me," she exclaimed, "who never was in the place of the law before, what
+can I say but that she tuck it?"
+
+An Irish cause always creates a sensation in a police-office. The
+magistrates smile at each other, the reporter cuts his pencil and
+arranges his note-book, and the clerk covers the lower part of his face
+with his hand, to conceal the expression that plays around his mouth.
+
+Biddy's curtsey--a genuine Irish dip--and her opening speech, which she
+commenced by wishing their honours "a merry Christmas and plenty of
+them, and that they might have the power of doing good to the end of
+their days, and never meet with ingratitude for that same," was the only
+absurdity connected with her deposition.
+
+When she saw the creature with whom her heart had dwelt so long, in the
+custody of the police, she was completely overcome, and intermingled her
+evidence with so many entreaties that mercy should be shown the hardened
+delinquent, that the magistrate was sensibly affected. Short as was the
+time that had elapsed between Louisa's elopement and discovery, she had
+spent the money and pawned the ring: and twenty hands at least were
+extended to the Irish Washerwoman with money to redeem the pledge.
+
+Poor Biddy had never been so rich before in all her life; but that did
+not console her for the sentence passed upon her protegé, and it was a
+long time before she was restored to her usual spirits. She flagged and
+pined; and when the spring began to advance a little, and the sun to
+shine, her misery became quite troublesome, her continual wail being
+"for the poor sinful craythur who was shut up among stone walls, and
+would be sure to come out worse than she went in!"
+
+The old cook lived to grow thoroughly ashamed of the reproaches she cast
+on Biddy, and Jessie shows her off on all occasions as a specimen of an
+Irish Washerwoman.
+
+
+
+
+QUICK SENSES OF THE ARAB.--Their eyesight is peculiarly sharp and keen.
+Almost before I could on the horizon discern more than a moving speck,
+my guides would detect a stranger, and distinguish upon a little nearer
+approach, by his garb and appearance, the tribe to which he
+belonged.--_Wellsted's City of the Caliphs._
+
+
+
+
+THE IRISH IN 1644:
+
+AS DESCRIBED BY A FRENCHMAN OF THAT PERIOD.
+
+
+We are indebted to our talented countryman, Crofton Croker, for the
+translation of the tour of a French traveller, M. de la Boullaye Le
+Gouz, in Ireland in 1644. Its author journeyed from Dublin to the
+principal cities and towns in Ireland, and sketches what he saw in a
+very amusing manner. The value of the publication, however, is greatly
+enhanced by the interesting notes appended to it by Mr Croker and some
+of his friends; and as the work is less known in Ireland than it should
+be, we extract from it the Frenchman's sketch of the habits and customs
+of the Irish people as they prevailed two centuries back, in the belief
+that they will be acceptable to our readers.
+
+"Ireland, or Hibernia, has always been called the Island of Saints,
+owing to the number of great men who have been born there. The natives
+are known to the English under the name of Iriche, to the French under
+that of Hibernois, which they take from the Latin, or of Irois, from the
+English, or Irlandois from the name of the island, because land
+signifies ground. They call themselves Ayrenake, in their own language,
+a tongue which you must learn by practice, because they do not write it;
+they learn Latin in English characters, with which characters they also
+write their own language; and so I have seen a monk write, but in such a
+way as no one but himself could read it.
+
+Saint Patrick was the apostle of this island, who according to the
+natives blessed the land, and gave his malediction to all venomous
+things; and it cannot be denied that the earth and the timber of
+Ireland, being transported, will contain neither serpents, worms,
+spiders, nor rats, as one sees in the west of England and in Scotland,
+where all particular persons have their trunks and the boards of their
+floors of Irish wood; and in all Ireland there is not to be found a
+serpent or toad.
+
+The Irish of the southern and eastern coasts follow the customs of the
+English; those of the north, the Scotch. The others are not very
+polished, and are called by the English savages. The English colonists
+were of the English church, and the Scotch were Calvinists, but at
+present they are all Puritans. The native Irish are very good Catholics,
+though knowing little of their religion; those of the Hebrides and of
+the North acknowledge only Jesus and St Colombe [_Columkill_], but their
+faith is great in the church of Rome. Before the English revolution,
+when an Irish gentleman died, his Britannic majesty became seised of the
+property and tutellage of the children of the deceased, whom they
+usually brought up in the English Protestant religion. Lord Insequin
+[_Inchiquin_] was educated in this manner, to whom the Irish have given
+the name of plague or pest of his country.
+
+The Irish gentlemen eat a great deal of meat and butter, and but little
+bread. They drink milk, and beer, into which they put laurel leaves, and
+eat bread baked in the English manner. The poor grind barley and peas
+between two stones, and make it into bread, which they cook upon a small
+iron table heated on a tripod; they put into it some oats, and this
+bread, which in the form of cakes they call haraan, they eat with great
+draughts of buttermilk. Their beer is very good, and the eau de vie,
+which they call brandovin [_brandy_] excellent. The butter, the beef,
+and the mutton, are better than in England.
+
+The towns are built in the English fashion, but the houses in the
+country are in this manner:--Two stakes are fixed in the ground, across
+which is a transverse pole to support two rows of rafters on the two
+sides, which are covered with leaves and straw. The cabins are of
+another fashion. There are four walls the height of a man, supporting
+rafters over which they thatch with straw and leaves. They are without
+chimneys, and make the fire in the middle of the hut, which greatly
+incommodes those who are not fond of smoke. The castles or houses of the
+nobility consist of four walls extremely high, thatched with straw; but,
+to tell the truth, they are nothing but square towers without windows,
+or at least having such small apertures as to give no more light than
+there is in a prison. They have little furniture, and cover their rooms
+with rushes, of which they make their beds in summer, and of straw in
+winter. They put the rushes a foot deep on their floors, and on their
+windows, and many of them ornament the ceilings with branches.
+
+They are fond of the harp, on which nearly all play, as the English do
+on the fiddle, the French on the lute, the Italians on the guitar, the
+Spaniards on the castanets, the Scotch on the bagpipe, the Swiss on the
+fife, the Germans on the trumpet, the Dutch on the tambourine, and the
+Turks on the flageolet.
+
+The Irish carry a scquine [_skein_] or Turkish dagger, which they dart
+very adroitly at fifteen paces distance; and have this advantage, that
+if they remain masters of the field of battle, there remains no enemy;
+and if they are routed, they fly in such a manner that it is impossible
+to catch them. I have seen an Irishman with ease accomplish twenty-five
+leagues a day. They march to battle with the bagpipes instead of fifes;
+but they have few drums, and they use the musket and cannon as we do.
+They are better soldiers abroad than at home.
+
+The red-haired are considered the most handsome in Ireland. The women
+have hanging breasts; and those who are freckled, like a trout, are
+esteemed the most beautiful.
+
+The trade of Ireland consists in salmon and herrings, which they take in
+great numbers. You have one hundred and twenty herrings for an English
+penny, equal to a carolus of France, in the fishing time. They import
+wine and salt from France, and sell there strong frize cloths at good
+prices.
+
+The Irish are fond of strangers, and it costs little to travel amongst
+them. When a traveller of good address enters their houses with
+assurance, he has but to draw a box of sinisine, or snuff, and offer it
+to them; then these people receive him with admiration, and give him the
+best they have to eat. They love the Spaniards as their brothers, the
+French as their friends, the Italians as their allies, the Germans as
+their relatives, the English and Scotch as their irreconcileable
+enemies. I was surrounded on my journey from Kilkinik [_Kilkenny_] to
+Cachel [_Cashel_] by a detachment of twenty Irish soldiers; and when
+they learned I was a Frankard (it is thus they call us), they did not
+molest me in the least, but made me offers of service, seeing that I was
+neither Sazanach [_Saxon_] nor English.
+
+The Irish, whom the English call savages, have for their head-dress a
+little blue bonnet, raised two fingers-breadth in front, and behind
+covering their head and ears. Their doublet has a long body and four
+skirts; and their breeches are a pantaloon of white frize, which they
+call trousers. Their shoes, which are pointed, they call brogues, with a
+single sole. They often told me of a proverb in English, 'Airische
+brogues for Englich dogues' [_Irish brogues for English dogs_] 'the
+shoes of Ireland for the dogs of England,' meaning that their shoes are
+worth more than the English.
+
+For cloaks they have five or six yards of frize drawn round the neck,
+the body, and over the head, and they never quit this mantle, either in
+sleeping, working, or eating. The generality of them have no shirts, and
+about as many lice as hairs on their heads, which they kill before each
+other without any ceremony.
+
+The northern Irish have for their only dress a breeches, and a covering
+for the back, without bonnets, shoes, or stockings. The women of the
+north have a double rug, girded round their middle and fastened to the
+throat. Those bordering on Scotland have not more clothing. The girls of
+Ireland, even those living in towns, have for their head-dress only a
+ribbon, and if married, they have a napkin on the head in the manner of
+the Egyptians. The body of their gowns comes only to their breasts, and
+when they are engaged in work, they gird their petticoat with their sash
+about the abdomen. They wear a hat and mantle very large, of a brown
+colour [_couleur minime_] of which the cape is of coarse woollen frize,
+in the fashion of the women of Lower Normandy."
+
+
+
+
+BARBARITY OF THE LAW IN IRELAND A CENTURY AGO.
+
+
+"Last week, at the assizes of Kilkenny, a fellow who was to be tried for
+robbery, not pleading, a jury was appointed to try whether he was
+wilfully mute, or by the hands of God; and they giving a verdict that he
+was wilfully mute, he was condemned to be pressed to death. He
+accordingly suffered on Wednesday, pursuant to his sentence, which was
+as follows:--That the criminal shall be confined in some low dark room,
+where he shall be laid on his back, with no covering except round his
+loins, and shall have as much weight laid, upon him as he can bear, _and
+more_; that he shall have nothing to live upon but the worst bread and
+water; and the day that he eats he shall not drink, nor the day that he
+drinks he shall not eat; and so shall continue till he dies."--_Reilly's
+Dublin News Letter, August 9, 1740._
+
+
+
+
+WHIPS FOR A PENNY.
+
+BY MARTIN DOYLE.
+
+
+"Whips for a Penny!" This cry attracted my attention; I looked about,
+and saw a stout young man with a bundle of children's whips under his
+arm, standing on a flagway in Ludgate-street, in the centre of a group
+of little boys, who if not wealthy enough to buy from his stock, were at
+least unanimously disposed to do so. The whips, considering the price,
+were very neatly made, and cracked melodiously, as the man took frequent
+opportunities of proving, for the cadences of his almost continuously
+repeated cry "Whips for a penny, whips for a penny!" were emphatically
+marked by a time-keeping "crack, crack," to the delight of the juvenile
+auditors.
+
+Curious to ascertain if this person would meet such a demand for these
+Lilliputian whips as would afford him the means of living with
+reasonable comfort, I watched his movements for nearly an hour, during
+which period he disposed of five or six of them. One of the purchasers
+was a good-natured looking woman, with a male child about two years old,
+to whom she presented the admired object. The infant, with instinctive
+perception of its proper use, grasped the handle with his tiny fingers,
+and promptly commenced a smart but not very effective course of
+flagellation on the bosom from which he had derived his earlier aliment,
+to the infinite delight of the doting mother. A fine boy, strutting
+about in frock and trousers, was next introduced by his nurse to the
+vender of thongs, and the first application of his lash was made to an
+unfortunate little dog which had been separated from his owner, and was
+at this time roaming about in solicitude and terror, and probably with
+an empty stomach, when Master Jack added a fresh pang to his miseries.
+
+A hardier customer came next, and flourished his whip the moment he
+bought it, at some weary and frightened lambs which a butcher's boy was
+urging forward through every obstacle, with a bludgeon, towards their
+slaughter-house. A half-starved kitten, which had ventured within the
+threshold of a shop, where in piteous posture it seemed to crave
+protection and a drop of milk, caught the quick eye of a fourth urchin,
+just as he had untwisted his lash, and was immediately started from its
+momentary place of refuge by the pursuing imp. A fifth came up, a big,
+knowing-looking chap, about twelve years old, who, after a slight and
+contemptuous examination of them, loudly remarked to their owner, "Vy,
+these ere vhips a'n't no good to urt no vun--I'm blowed hif they his."
+You young tyrant! thought I to myself. I was moving off in disgust, when
+a benevolent-looking gentleman came up and was about to buy one for the
+happy, open-countenanced boy, who called him uncle, when I took the
+liberty of putting one of my forefingers to my nose, as the most ready
+but quiet method of indicating my desire to prevent the completion of
+his purpose. The gentleman took my hint at once, supposing in all
+probability that there was some mystery in the matter--perhaps that I
+wished to save him from the awkward consequences of purchasing stolen
+goods, and walked away. I followed him, and overtaking him, touched the
+rim of my beaver, as nearly as I could imitate the London mode, and at
+once said, "My dear sir, excuse me for obtruding my advice upon you, but
+as _you_ have the organ of benevolence strongly developed, and your
+little nephew has already indication of its future prominence, if duly
+exercised, I thought it better that you should not put a whip into his
+hands, lest his better feelings should be counter-influenced. Look
+there," continued I, as we reached the steep part of Holborn-hill, "see
+that pair of miserable horses endeavouring to keep their footing on the
+steep and slippery pavement; hear the constant reverberations of the
+driver's whip, which he applies so unmercifully to keep them from
+falling, by the most forced and unnatural efforts; see them straining
+every muscle to drag along their burden, while they pant from pain,
+terror, and exhaustion; look at the frequent welts on their poor skins.
+Depend upon it, the fellow who drives had a penny whip for his first
+plaything!" The gentleman looked rather earnestly at me. "You are right,
+sir," said he; "early initiation in the modes of cruelty"----"Precisely,"
+said I. "The boy-child is taught to terrify any animal that comes within
+his reach, as soon as he is able to do so; his parents, sponsors, nurses,
+friends, are severally disposed to give him for his first present a toy
+whip, and he soon acquires dexterity in using it. Man, naturally
+overbearing and cruel, is rendered infinitely more so by education. He
+first flogs his wooden horse (the little boy pricked up his ears, and I
+hope will retain the impression of what passed) and then his living pony
+or donkey, as the case may be; he whips every thing that crosses his way;
+and even at the little birds, which are happily beyond the reach of his
+lash, he flings stones, or he robs them of their young, for the mere
+satisfaction of rendering them miserable."
+
+"Ay, sir," said the gentleman, "and he becomes a sportsman in course of
+time, and flogs his pointers, setters, and hounds, for pursuing their
+instincts--he becomes their tyrant. He goes to one of our universities,
+perhaps, and drives gigs, tandems, and even stage-coaches, without
+knowing how to handle the reins; he blunders, turns corners too sharply,
+pulls the wrong rein, diverts the well-trained horses from their proper
+course, which they would have critically pursued but for his
+interference, nearly oversets the vehicle by his awkwardness, and then,
+as if to persuade the lookers on that the fault was not his, he
+belabours the poor brutes to the utmost of his power; or it may be, lays
+on the thong merely for practice until he is proficient enough to apply
+it _knowingly_. Are the horses tired," continued he, "worn out in
+service?--he flogs to keep them alive, and makes a boast of his
+ingenuity in forcing a jaded set to their journey's end, by establishing
+a 'raw,' and torturing them there."
+
+"Depend upon it," said I, "such a chap had 'whips for a penny' when he
+was a child." "Quite so," said my companion; "you have put this matter
+before me in a new point of view." Here we were startled by the familiar
+sound of the coach whip, and saw a stage-driver flogging in the severest
+style four heated, panting, and overpowered horses, coming in with a
+heavily laden coach; the lash was perpetually laid on; even the keenest
+at the draught were flogged, that they might pull on the rest, and the
+less powerful were flogged to keep up with them. The coachman, no doubt,
+when a child, had his share of 'whips for a penny.' When he grew up and
+entered upon his vocation, he perhaps at first compassionated the horses
+which he was obliged to force to their stages in a given time; he might
+have had his favourites among them too, and yet often and severely
+tested their powers of speed or endurance; and at length, as they became
+diseased and stiff in the limbs, and broken-winded from overwork, he may
+have satisfied himself with the reflection, that the fault was not his,
+that his employer ought to have given him a better team, and that it was
+a shame for him to ask any coachman to drive such "rum uns." Habit
+renders him callous; he does not now _feel_ for the sufferings of the
+wretched animals he guides and punishes; nay, he often coolly takes from
+the boot-box the short handled _Tommy_, which is merely the well-grown
+and severer whip of the species which his employer and himself had used
+in childhood, when they both bought "whips for a penny," and lays it as
+heavily as his vigorous arm empowers him, on one of the worn-out
+wheelers, which unhappily for themselves are within range of its
+infliction. The hackney-coachmen and cabmen, too,
+
+    "Though oft I've heard good judges say
+    It costs them more for whips than hay,"
+
+are not much worse than their more consequential brethren of the whip;
+all of them consider the noble creature, subjugated by their power, and
+abused most criminally through their cruelty, as a mere piece of
+machinery, to be flogged along like a top as long as it can be kept
+going.
+
+We reached the upper end of one of the numerous lanes leading from the
+Thames; five splendid horses were endeavouring to draw up a heavy
+waggon-load of coals; but as the two first turned into the street at
+right angles to the others, they were not aiding those behind them.
+Being stopped in their progress for some time, by a crowd of coaches,
+chaises, cabs, carts, and omnibuses, the labour of keeping the waggon on
+the spot it had already attained, and which was steep and slippery,
+rested upon the three hinder horses. At length the team was put in
+motion, all the leading ones being useless in succession as they turned
+to the angle of the street; and just at the critical point, when the
+whole enormous draught rested on the shaft horse, the waggoner, taxing
+its strength beyond its capability, struck it with the whip. The noble
+brute made one desperate plunge to execute his tyrant's will, and
+fell--dead upon the pavement. "I think," said my companion, "that we
+have had a good lesson upon whips to-day; I should prefer any other gift
+for my little boy here; for though it may be urged that he, like the
+rest of his sex at the same age, would merely make a noise with a whip,
+and would inflict no serious pain, I am bound to bear in mind the actual
+fact, that with the very sound of a whip is associated in the
+imagination of all domesticated animals, the apprehension of pain; that
+they are _terrorized_ when they hear that sound, even through a child's
+hand, and I must therefore conclude that this symbol of cruelty should
+not be his plaything." I agreed with him fully, and as our business lay
+in different directions, we parted at Blackfriar's Bridge, not, however,
+until my companion of the hour had handed me his card of address. This
+was an act of unexpected compliment which I could not return exactly in
+the same way; I told him that I had never written my name on a visiting
+card in my life, but that I was Martin Doyle, at his service, and a
+contributor to the new _Irish Penny Journal_, just started in Dublin.
+"Is not Dublin," said he, "in Ireland?" I stared. "I believe," added he,
+"that Ireland is a pretty place." I wished the geographical gentleman a
+rather hasty farewell.
+
+As I walked on, I pondered on the many other instances in which the whip
+is an instrument of terror or tyranny. First, I thought of the Russian
+bride meekly offering a horsewhip to her lord, as the token of her
+submission to the infliction of his blows, whenever it might suit his
+temper to bestow such proofs of tenderness upon her, and of the perpetual
+system of flagellation, which, as we are told by travellers, is exercised
+in the dominions of the great autocrat upon wives, children, servants,
+and cattle. I thought of French postilions--flagellators of the first
+order, at least as far as "cracking" without intermission testifies; and,
+finally, of the British horse-racer.
+
+Horses high in mettle, ardent in the course, without a stimulus of any
+kind, struggle neck and neck for victory; they approach the winning
+post; one jockey flogs more powerfully than his compeers; the agonized
+horse, in his fearful efforts, is lifted as it were from the ground, by
+two or three desperate twinings (the stabbing at the sides is but a
+variety of the torture) of the cutting whalebone round his flanks; and
+at the critical instant, making a bound, as it were, to escape from his
+half-flayed skin, throws his head forward in his effort, half a yard
+beyond that of his rival, who has had his share of torture too, and is
+declared the winner--of what?--a gold-handled prize-whip, which is borne
+away in triumph by the owner of the winning horse! To be sure, he
+pockets some of that which is so truly designated "the root of all
+evil;" but the acquisition of the whip is the distinguishing honour.
+
+And how does this whip in reality differ from any of the "whips for a
+penny?" It is of pure gold and whalebone; the others are but of painted
+stick and the cheapest leather; yet they are both but _playthings_--the
+one in the hand of a man who has spent, it may be, half his patrimony,
+and as much of his time in the endeavour to win it, while he attaches no
+real or intrinsic value to it afterwards; the other in the hand of the
+child, to whom it appears a real and substantial prize. The jockey-man
+is not a whit more rational in this respect than the boy who bestrides
+his hobby-horse, and flourishes his penny whip.
+
+Then succeeded to my imagination a far more brutal scene, the
+steeple-chase. A horse is overpowered in a deep and heavy fallow; he is
+flogged to press him through it; he reaches a break-neck wall; a
+desperate cut of the whip sends him flying over it; again and again he
+puts forth his strength and speed, and falls, and rises again at the
+instigation of the whip. He comes to a brook; it is too wide for his
+failing powers, and there is a rotten and precipitous bank at the other
+side; he shudders, and recoils a moment, but a tremendous lash, worse
+than the dread of drowning, and the goading of the spur, force him in
+desperation to the leap; his hind feet give way at the landing side; he
+falls backward; his spine is broken, and at length a pistol bullet ends
+his miseries.
+
+In a word, the donation of "whips for a penny" to any child, fairly
+starts him on the first stage of cruelty; and if, from peculiarity of
+temperament or the restraining influence of the beneficent Creator (who,
+though he has allowed man to have dominion, and has put under his feet
+all sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field, has withheld from
+him the authority to abuse his privilege), the child grows into the man
+who is merciful to his beast, the merit is not due to the injudicious
+person who first presents him with his mimic whip in infancy.
+
+
+
+
+THE WORLD'S CHANGES.
+
+"Contarini Fleming wrote merely, TIME."--
+
+     _D'Israeli the Younger._
+
+
+    The Solemn Shadow that bears in his hands
+    The conquering Scythe and the Glass of Sands,
+    Paused once on his flight where the sunrise shone
+    On a warlike city's towers of stone;
+    And he asked of a panoplied soldier near,
+    "How long has this fortressed city been here?"
+    And the man looked up, Man's pride on his brow--
+    "The city stands here from the ages of old
+    And as it was then, and as it is now,
+      So will it endure till the funeral knell
+        Of the world be knolled,
+      As Eternity's annals shall tell."
+
+            And after a thousand years were o'er,
+            The Shadow paused over the spot once more.
+
+    And vestige was none of a city there,
+    But lakes lay blue, and plains lay bare,
+    And the marshalled corn stood high and pale,
+    And a Shepherd piped of love in a vale.
+    "How!" spake the Shadow, "can temple and tower
+    Thus fleet, like mist, from the morning hour?"
+    But the Shepherd shook the long locks from his brow--
+      "The world is filled with sheep and corn;
+    Thus was it of old, thus is it now,
+      Thus, too, will it be while moon and sun
+        Rule night and morn,
+      For Nature and Life are one."
+
+            And after a thousand years were o'er,
+            The Shadow paused over the spot once more.
+
+    And lo! in the room of the meadow-lands
+    A sea foamed far over saffron sands,
+    And flashed in the noontide bright and dark,
+    And a fisher was casting his nets from a bark;
+    How marvelled the Shadow! "Where then is the plain?
+    And where be the acres of golden grain?"
+    But the fisher dashed off the salt spray from his brow--
+      "The waters begirdle the earth alway,
+    The sea ever rolled as it rolleth now:
+      What babblest thou about grain and fields?
+        By night and day
+      Man looks for what Ocean yields."
+
+            And after a thousand years were o'er,
+            The Shadow paused over the spot once more.
+
+    And the ruddy rays of the eventide
+    Were gilding the skirts of a forest wide;
+    The moss of the trees looked old, so old!
+    And valley and hill, the ancient mould
+    Was robed in sward, an evergreen cloak;
+    And a woodman sang as he felled an oak.
+    Him asked the Shadow--"Rememberest thou
+      Any trace of a Sea where wave those trees?"
+    But the woodman laughed: Said he, "I trow,
+      If oaks and pines do flourish and fall,
+        It is not amid seas;--
+      The earth is one forest all."
+
+            And after a thousand years were o'er,
+            The Shadow paused over the spot once more.
+
+    And what saw the Shadow? A city agen,
+    But peopled by pale mechanical men,
+    With workhouses filled, and prisons, and marts,
+    And faces that spake exanimate hearts.
+    Strange picture and sad! was the Shadow's thought;
+    And, turning to one of the Ghastly, he sought
+    For a clue in words to the When and the How
+      Of the ominous Change he now beheld;
+    But the man uplifted his care-worn brow--
+      "Change? What was Life ever but Conflict and Change?
+        From the ages of eld
+      Hath affliction been widening its range."
+
+    Enough! said the Shadow, and passed from the spot
+      At last it is vanished, the beautiful youth
+        Of the earth, to return with no To-morrow;
+    All changes have checquered Mortality's lot;
+      But this is the darkest--for Knowledge and Truth
+        Are but golden gates to the Temple of Sorrow!      M.
+
+
+
+
+ANCIENT MUSIC OF IRELAND.
+
+
+A great and truly national work--the Ancient Music of Ireland--collected
+and arranged for the piano-forte by Edward Bunting, has just issued from
+the Dublin press; and whether we consider its intrinsic merits, the
+beauty of its typography and binding, or the liberal and enterprising
+spirit of its publishers, they are all equally deserving of the highest
+approbation. This is indeed a work of which Ireland may feel truly
+proud, for, though in every respect Irish, we believe nothing equal to
+it in its way has hitherto appeared in the British empire, and we trust
+that all the parties concerned in its production will receive the
+rewards to which they are so justly entitled. To all lovers of national
+melody this work will give the most intense pleasure; while by those who
+think there is no melody so sweet and touching as that of Ireland, it
+will be welcomed with feelings of delight which no words could
+adequately express. It is a work which assuredly will never die. To its
+venerable Editor, Ireland owes a deep feeling of gratitude, as the
+zealous and enthusiastic collector and preserver of her music in all its
+characteristic beauty; for though our national poet, Moore, has
+contributed by the peculiar charm of his verses to extend the fame of
+our music over the civilised world, it should never be forgotten that it
+is to Bunting that is due the merit of having originally rescued from
+obscurity those touching strains of melody, the effect of which, even
+upon the hearts of those most indifferent to Irish interests generally,
+Moore has so feelingly depicted in his well-known lines:--
+
+    "The stranger shall hear thy lament on his plains;
+      The sighs of thy harp shall be sent o'er the deep;
+    Till thy masters themselves, as they rivet thy chains,
+      Shall pause at the song of their captive, and weep."
+
+The merits of this work are, however, of a vastly higher order than
+those of either of the former collections which Mr Bunting gave to the
+world; for, while the melodies are of equal beauty, they are arranged
+with such exquisite musical feeling and skill as to enhance that beauty
+greatly; and we do not hesitate to express our conviction that there is
+not any musician living who could have harmonized them with greater
+judgment or feeling. This volume contains above one hundred and sixty
+melodies, and of these only a few have been previously made known to the
+public. It also contains an interesting preface, and a most valuable
+dissertation on the ancient music of Ireland, in which its
+characteristic peculiarities are admirably analysed; and on the method
+of playing the Harp; the Musical Vocabulary of the old Irish Harpers; a
+Treatise on the Antiquity of the Harp and Bagpipe in Ireland by Samuel
+Ferguson, Esq., M.R.I.A., full of curious antiquarian lore, and in which
+is comprised an account of the various efforts made to revive the Irish
+Harp; a dissertation by Mr Petrie on the true age of the Harp, popularly
+called the Harp of Brian Boru; and, lastly, anecdotes of the most
+distinguished Irish Harpers of the last two centuries, collected by the
+Editor himself. To these are added, Remarks on the Antiquity and Authors
+of the Tunes when ascertained, with copious indices, giving their
+original Irish names, as well as the names and localities of the persons
+from whom they were obtained. The work is illustrated with numerous
+wood-cuts, as well as with copperplate engravings of the ancient Irish
+Harp above alluded to. This slight notice will, it is hoped, give our
+readers for the present some idea of the value and importance of this
+delightful work; but we shall return to it again and again, for we
+consider it is no less than our duty to make its merits familiar to our
+readers, as our music is a treasure of which all classes of our
+countrymen should feel equally proud, and in the honour of extending the
+celebrity of which they should all feel equally desirous to participate.
+P.
+
+
+
+
+SIMPLICITY OF CHARACTER.
+
+
+Dr Barrett having on a certain occasion detected a student walking in
+the Fellows' Garden, Trinity College, Dublin, asked him how he had
+obtained admission. "I jumped over the library, sir," said the student.
+"D'ye see me now, sir?--you are telling me an infernal lie, sir!"
+exclaimed the Vice-Provost. "Lie, sir!" echoed the student; "I'll do it
+again!" and forthwith proceeded to button his coat, in apparent
+preparation for the feat; when the worthy doctor, seizing his arm,
+prevented him, exclaiming with horror, "Stop, stop--you'll break your
+bones if you attempt it!"
+
+
+
+
+TO OUR READERS.
+
+
+The want of a cheap literary publication for the great body of the
+people of this country, suited to their tastes and habits, combining
+instruction with amusement, avoiding the exciting and profitless
+discussion of political or polemical questions, and placed within the
+reach of their humble means, has long been matter of regret to those
+reflecting and benevolent minds who are anxious for the advancement and
+civilization of Ireland--and the reflection has been rather a
+humiliating one, that while England and Scotland abound with such cheap
+publications--for in London alone there are upwards of twenty weekly
+periodicals sold at one penny each--Ireland, with a population so
+extensive, and so strongly characterised by a thirst for knowledge, has
+not even one work of this class. It is impossible to believe that such
+an anomaly can have originated in any other cause than the want of
+spirit and enterprise on the part of those who ought to have the
+patriotism to endeavour to enlighten their countrymen, and thereby
+elevate their condition, even although the effort should be attended
+with risk, and trouble to themselves.
+
+It may be objected that some of the cheap publications already and for
+some years in existence, though in all respects fitted for the
+introduction of the people, and enjoying such an extensive circulation
+in the Sister Island as they justly deserve, have never obtained that
+proportionate share of popularity here which would indicate a conviction
+of their usefulness or excellence on the part of the Irish people. But
+the obvious reply to this objection is, that, undeniable as the merits
+of many of these publications must be allowed to be, none of them were
+adapted to the intellectual wants of a people, distinguished, as the
+Irish are, by strong peculiarities of mind and temperament, as well as
+by marked national predilections--and who, being more circumscribed in
+their means than the inhabitants of the Sister Countries, necessarily
+required a stimulus more powerful to excite them. A work of a more
+amusing character, and more essentially Irish, was therefore necessary;
+and such a work it is now intended to offer to the Public.
+
+The IRISH PENNY JOURNAL will be in a great degree devoted to subjects
+connected with the history, literature, antiquities, and general
+condition of Ireland, but it will not be devoted to such subjects
+exclusively; it will contain, in a fair proportion, articles on home and
+foreign manufactures, information on the arts and sciences, and useful
+knowledge generally.
+
+All subjects tending in the remotest degree to irritate or offend
+political or religious feelings will be rigidly abstained from, and
+every endeavour will be made to diffuse Sentiments of benevolence and
+mutual good-will through all classes of the community.
+
+The matter will also be, to a considerable extent, original--and to
+render it so, contributions will, be obtained from a great number of the
+most eminent literary and scientific writers of whom Ireland can boast.
+
+A publication thus conducted, and, as may be confidently anticipated,
+displaying merits of a very superior order, while it will effect its
+primary object of conveying instruction to the people generally, will at
+the same time, it is hoped, be found not undeserving of the support of
+the higher and more educated classes, while to the inhabitants of Great
+Britain it will be found extremely interesting, as embodying a large
+amount of information respecting Ireland, and the manners of her people
+as they really exist, and not as they have been hitherto too frequently
+misrepresented and caricatured.
+
+To give to such a work a reasonable prospect of success, it is indeed
+essential that it should be patronised by all classes; and an appeal is
+therefore confidently made to the high-minded and patriotic people of
+Ireland in its behalf, as without a very extensive circulation it could
+not be given at so low a price as would bring it within the reach of the
+poorer classes of the country, whose limited means would preclude the
+possibility of purchasing a dearer publication.
+
+On their own parts, the Proprietors of the IRISH PENNY JOURNAL have only
+to observe, that no efforts shall be spared to render their Work
+deserving of general support; and that as their expectations of
+immediate success are not extravagant, they will not be deterred, by
+temporary discouragements in the commencement of their undertaking, from
+persevering in their exertions to establish, upon a firm basis of
+popularity, a publication of such merit in itself, and so essential, as
+they conceive, to the improvement and advantage of the people of
+Ireland.
+
+The IRISH PENNY JOURNAL will be published every Saturday morning at the
+Office of the GENERAL ADVERTISER, Church-lane, College-green. It will be
+printed upon fine paper and each Number will be embellished with at
+least one wood-cut Illustration of high character as a work of art; and
+in point of quality as well as quantity of letter-press, it will be
+inferior to no Publication of the kind that has hitherto appeared.
+
+
+Printed and Published every Saturday by GUNN AND CAMERON, at the Office
+of the General Advertiser, 6 Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES
+
+General: Corrections to punctuation have not been individually noted.
+
+Page 2: skillits corrected to skillets after "and the cleanest of all"
+
+Page 3: eqally corrected to equally after "The housemaid is"
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol.
+1, July 4, 1840, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JULY 4, 1840 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38817-8.txt or 38817-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/8/1/38817/
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol. 1,
+July 4, 1840, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol. 1, July 4, 1840
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: February 10, 2012 [EBook #38817]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JULY 4, 1840 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net ((This file was produced from
+images generously made available by JSTOR
+http://www.jstor.org/stable/i30000991))
+
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+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></p>
+
+<h1>THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.</h1>
+
+<table class="w100" summary="Headline layout">
+<tr>
+<td class="smcap">Number 1.</td>
+<td class="center">SATURDAY, JULY 4, 1840.</td>
+<td class="smcap ralign">Volume I.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="figcenter gap4" style="width: 679px;">
+<div><span class="caption">THE CASTLE OF AUGHNANURE.</span></div>
+<img src="images/castle.png" width="679" height="509" alt="THE CASTLE OF AUGHNANURE." title="" />
+</div>
+
+<h2>THE CASTLE OF AUGHNANURE,<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller">COUNTY OF GALWAY.</span></h2>
+
+<p>Not many years since there was an extensive district in the
+west of Ireland, which, except to those inhabiting it, was a
+sort of terra incognita, or unknown region, to the people of
+the British isles. It had no carriage roads, no inns or hotels,
+no towns; and the only notion popularly formed of it was
+that of an inhospitable desert&mdash;the refugium of malefactors
+and Irish savages, who set all law at defiance, and into which
+it would be an act of madness for any civilized man to venture.
+This district was popularly called the Kingdom of
+Connemara, a name applied to that great tract extending
+from the town of Galway to the Killery harbour, bounded on
+the east by the great lakes called Lough Corrib and Lough
+Mask, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and comprising
+within it the baronies of Moycullen and Ballinahinch, and the
+half barony of Ross. It is not an unknown region now. It
+has two prosperous towns and several villages, good roads, and
+comfortable hotels. &#8220;The Queen&#8217;s writ will run in it;&#8221; and
+the inhabitants are remarkable for their intelligence, quietness,
+honesty, hospitality, and many other good qualities; and
+in the summer months it is the favourite resort of the artist,
+antiquary, geologist, botanist, ornithologist, sportsman&mdash;in
+short, of pleasure tourists of all descriptions, and from every
+quarter of the British empire; for it is a district singularly
+rich in its attractions to all those who look for health and
+pleasure from a summer&#8217;s ramble, combined with excitable
+occupation. Of its picturesque beauties much has already
+been written. They have been sketched by the practised
+hand of Inglis, and by the more graphic pencil of Cćsar
+Otway; but its history and more important antiquities have
+been as yet but little noticed, and, consequently, generally
+passed by without attracting the attention or exciting any
+interest in the mind of the traveller. We propose to ourselves
+to supply this defect to some extent, and have consequently
+chosen as the subject of our first illustration the ancient
+castle, of which we have presented our readers with a
+view, and which is the most picturesque, and, indeed, important
+remain of antiquity within the district which we have described.</p>
+
+<p>Journeying along the great road from Galway to Oughterard,
+and at the distance of about two miles from the latter, the
+attention of the traveller will most probably be attracted by a
+beautiful little river, over which, on a natural bridge of limestone
+rock, the road passes; and looking to the right, towards
+the wide expanse of the waters of Lough Corrib, he will perceive
+the grey tower or keep of an extensive castle, once the chief
+seat or fortress of the O&#8217;Flaherties, the hereditary lords of
+West Connaught, or Connemara. This castle is called the
+Castle of Aughnanure, or, properly, <i>Achaidh-na-n-Jubhar</i>,
+Acha-na-n-ure, or the field of the yews&mdash;an appellation derived
+from the number of ancient trees of that description
+which grew around it, but of which only a single tree now
+survives. This vestige is, however, the most ancient and interesting
+ruin of the locality. Its antiquity must be great indeed&mdash;more
+than a thousand years; and, growing as it does
+out of a huge ledge of limestone rock, and throwing its withered
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>and nearly leafless branches in fantastic forms across
+the little river which divides it from the castle, the picturesqueness
+of its situation is such as the painter must look at
+with feelings of admiration and delight. It has also its historical
+legend to give it additional interest; and unfortunately
+this legend, though quite in harmony with the lone and melancholy
+features of the scene, is but too characteristic of the
+unhappy social and political state of Ireland at the period to
+which it relates&mdash;the most unfortunate period, as it may be
+emphatically called, of Ireland&#8217;s history&mdash;that of the civil wars
+in the middle of the seventeenth century. The principle, however,
+which we propose to ourselves in the conducting of our
+publication, will not permit us to give this legend a place in
+its pages; it may be learned on the spot; and we have only
+alluded to it here, in order to state that it is to the religious
+veneration kept alive by this tradition that the yew tree of
+Aughnanure owes its preservation from the fate which has
+overtaken all its original companions.</p>
+
+<p>The Castle of Aughnanure, though greatly dilapidated by
+time, and probably still more so by the great hurricane of
+last year, is still in sufficient preservation to convey to those
+who may examine its ruins a vivid impression of the domestic
+habits and peculiar household economy of an old Irish chief
+of nearly the highest rank. His house, a strong and lofty
+tower, stands in an ample court-yard, surrounded by outworks
+perforated with shot-holes, and only accessible through
+its drawbridge gateway-tower. The river, which conveyed
+his boats to the adjacent lake, and supplied his table with the
+luxuries of trout and salmon, washes the rock on which its
+walls are raised, and forms a little harbour within them. Cellars,
+bake-houses, and houses for the accommodation of his
+numerous followers, are also to be seen; and an appendage
+not usually found in connection with such fortresses also appears,
+namely, a spacious banqueting-hall for the revels of
+peaceful times, the ample windows of which exhibit a style of
+architecture of no small elegance of design and execution.</p>
+
+<p>We shall probably in some early number of our Journal
+give a genealogical account of the noble family to whom this
+castle belonged; but in the mean time it may be satisfactory
+to the reader to give him an idea of the class of persons by
+whom the chief was attended, and who occasionally required
+accommodation in his mansion. They are thus enumerated
+in an ancient manuscript preserved in the College Library:&mdash;O&#8217;Canavan,
+his physician; Mac Gillegannan, chief of the
+horse; O&#8217;Colgan, his standard-bearer; Mac Kinnon and
+O&#8217;Mulavill, his brehons, or judges; the O&#8217;Duvans, his attendants
+on ordinary visitings; Mac Gille-Kelly, his ollave in
+genealogy and poetry; Mac Beolain, his keeper of the black
+bell of St Patrick; O&#8217;Donnell, his master of revels; O&#8217;Kicherain
+and O&#8217;Conlachtna, the keepers of his bees; O&#8217;Murgaile,
+his chief steward, or collector of his revenues.</p>
+
+<p>The date of the erection of this castle is not exactly known,
+though it was originally inscribed on a stone over its entrance
+gateway, which existed in the last century. From the style
+of its architecture, however, it may be assigned with sufficient
+certainty to the middle of the sixteenth century, with the
+exception, perhaps, of the banqueting-hall, which appears to
+be of a somewhat later age.</p>
+
+<p>While the town of Galway was besieged in 1651 by the parliamentary
+forces under the command of Sir Charles Coote,
+the Castle of Aughnanure afforded protection to the Lord
+Deputy the Marquess of Clanricarde, until the successes of his
+adversaries forced him and many other nobles to seek safety
+in the more distant wilds of Connemara. This event is thus
+stated by the learned Roderick O&#8217;Flaherty in 1683:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Anno 1651.&mdash;Among the many strange and rare vicissitudes
+of our own present age, the Marquis of Clanricarde,
+Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Castlehaven, and Earl
+of Clancarty, driven out of the rest of Ireland, were entertained,
+as they landed on the west shore of this lake for a
+night&#8217;s lodging, under the mean roof of Mortough Boy Branhagh,
+an honest farmer&#8217;s house, the same year wherein the
+most potent monarch of Great Britain, our present sovereign,
+bowed his imperial triple crown under the boughs of an oak
+tree, where his life depended on the shade of the tree leaves.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>There are several of the official letters of the Marquis preserved
+in his Memoirs, dated from Aughnanure, and written
+during the stormy period of which we have made mention.</p>
+
+<p>The Castle of Aughnanure has passed from the family to
+whom it originally belonged; but the representative and the
+chief of his name, Henry Parker O&#8217;Flaherty, Esq. of Lemonfield,
+a descendant in the female line from the celebrated
+Grania Waille, still possesses a good estate in its vicinity. P.</p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_IRISH_IN_ENGLAND" id="THE_IRISH_IN_ENGLAND"></a>THE IRISH IN ENGLAND.<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller">NO. 1.&mdash;THE WASHERWOMAN.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center">BY MRS S. C. HALL.</p>
+
+<p>The only regular washerwomen extant in England at this
+present moment, are natives of the Emerald Isle.</p>
+
+<p>We have&mdash;I pray you observe the distinction, gentle reader&mdash;laundresses
+in abundance. But washerwomen!&mdash;all the
+<i>washerwomen</i> are Irish.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish Washerwoman promises to wash the muslin curtains
+as white as a hound&#8217;s tooth, and as sweet as &#8220;new mown
+hay;&#8221; and she tells the truth. But when she promises to
+&#8220;get them up&#8221; as clear as a kitten&#8217;s eyes, she tells a story.
+In nine cases out of ten, the Irish Washerwoman mars her own
+admirable washing by a carelessness in the &#8220;getting up.&#8221;
+She makes her starch in a hurry, though it requires the most
+patient blending, the most incessant stirring, the most constant
+boiling, and the cleanest of all skillets; and she will not
+understand the superiority of powder over stone blue, but
+snatches the blue-bag (originally compounded from the
+&#8220;heel&#8221; or &#8220;toe&#8221; of a stocking) out of the half-broken tea-cup,
+where it lay companioning a lump of yellow soap since
+last wash&mdash;squeezes it into the starch (which, <i>perhaps</i>, she
+has been heedless enough to stir with a dirty spoon), and then
+there is no possibility of clear curtains, clear point, clear any
+thing.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Biddy, these curtains were as white as snow before you
+starched them.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thrue for ye, ma&#8217;am dear.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;They are <i>blue</i> now, Biddy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Not all out.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;No, Biddy, not all over&mdash;only <i>here</i> and <i>there</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ah, lave off, ma&#8217;am, honey, will ye?&mdash;&#8217;tisn&#8217;t that I mane;
+but there&#8217;s a hole worked in the blue-rag, bad luck to it, and
+more blue nor is wanting gets out; and the weary&#8217;s in the
+starch, it got lumpy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It could not have got &#8216;lumpy&#8217; if it had been well
+blended.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It was blended like butther; but I just left off stirring
+one minute to look at the soldiers.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ah, Biddy, an English laundress would not &#8216;run after
+the soldiers!&#8217;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Such an observation is sure to offend Biddy&#8217;s propriety,
+and she goes off in a &#8220;huff,&#8221; muttering that if they didn&#8217;t go
+&#8220;<i>look</i> afther them, they&#8217;d <i>skulk</i> afther them; it&#8217;s the London
+Blacks does the mischief, and the mistress <i>ought</i> to know that
+herself. English laundresses indeed! they haven&#8217;t power in
+their elbow to wash white.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Biddy says all this, and more, for she is a stickler for the
+honour of her country, and wonders that I should prefer <i>any</i>
+thing English to <i>every</i> thing Irish. But the fact remains the
+same.</p>
+
+<p>The actual labour necessary at the wash-tub is far better
+performed by the Irish than the English; but the order,
+neatness, and exactness required in &#8220;the getting up,&#8221; is
+better accomplished by the English than the Irish. This is
+perfectly consistent with the national character of both
+countries.</p>
+
+<p>Biddy Mahony is without exception the most useful person
+I know, and <i>she</i> knows it also; and yet it never makes her
+presuming. It is not only as a washerwoman that her talent
+shines forth: she gets through as much hard work as two
+women, though, as she says herself, &#8220;the mistress always
+finds fault with her <i>finishing touches</i>.&#8221; There she stands, a
+fine-looking woman still, though not young; her large mouth
+ever ready with its smile; her features expressive of shrewd
+good humour; and her keen grey eyes alive and about, not
+resting for a moment, and withal cunning, if not keen; the
+borders of her cap are twice as deep as they need be, and
+flap untidily about her face; she wears a coloured handkerchief
+inside a dark blue spotted cotton gown, which wraps
+loosely in front, where it is confined by the string of her
+apron; her hands and wrists have a half-boiled appearance,
+which it is painful to look at&mdash;not that she uses as much soda
+as an English laundress, but she does not spare her personal
+exertions, and rubs most unmercifully. One bitter frosty
+day last winter, I saw Biddy standing near the laundry window,
+stitching away with great industry.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;What are you doing, Biddy?&#8221; &#8220;Oh, never heed me,
+ma&#8217;am, honey.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Why, Biddy, what a state your left wrist is in!&mdash;it is positively
+bleeding; you have rubbed all the skin off.&#8221; &#8220;And<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+ain&#8217;t I going to put a skin on it?&#8221; she said, smiling through
+the tears which positive pain had drawn from her eyes, in
+spite of her efforts to conceal them, and showing me a double
+piece of wash leather which she was sewing together so
+as to cover the torn flesh. Now, was not <i>that</i> heroism?
+But Biddy <i>is</i> a heroine, without knowing it.</p>
+
+<p>And in common with many others of her sex and country,
+her heroism is of that patient, self-denying character which
+&#8220;passeth show.&#8221; She is uniformly patient&mdash;can bear an extraordinary
+quantity of abuse and unkindness, and knows
+quite well that to a certain degree she is in an enemy&#8217;s
+country. Half the bad opinion of the &#8220;low Irish,&#8221; as they
+are often insultingly termed, arises from old national prejudices;
+the other half is created by themselves, for many of
+them are provokingly uproarious, and altogether heedless of
+the manners and opinions of those among whom they live.
+This is not the case with Biddy; she has a great deal of what
+we are apt to call &#8220;cunning&#8221; in the poor, but which we genteelly
+denominate &#8220;tact&#8221; in the rich. While you imagine she
+is only pulling out the strings of her apron, she is all eye,
+ear, and understanding; she is watchful as a cat; and if she
+indulges in an <i>aside</i> jest, which sometimes never finds words,
+on the peculiarities of her employers, there is nothing very
+atrocious in the fact. Poor Biddy&#8217;s betters do the same, and
+term it &#8220;badinage.&#8221; It is not always that we judge the
+poor and rich by the same law.</p>
+
+<p>With young servants the Irish Washerwoman is always a
+favourite: she is cheerful, tosses a cup to read a fortune in
+perfection, and not unfrequently, I am sorry to say, has half
+of a dirty torn pack of cards in her pocket for the same purpose.
+She sings at her work, and through the wreath of curling
+steam that winds from the upraised skylight of the laundry,
+comes some old time-honoured melody, that in an instant
+brings the scenes and sounds of Ireland around us. She will
+rend our hearts with the &#8220;Cruskeen laun,&#8221; or &#8220;Gramachree,&#8221;
+and then strike into &#8220;Garryowen&#8221; or &#8220;St Patrick&#8217;s Day,&#8221;
+with the ready transition of interest and feeling that belongs
+only to her country.</p>
+
+<p>Old English servants regard the Irish Washerwoman with
+suspicion; they think she does too much for the money, that
+she gives &#8220;Missus&#8221; a bad habit; and yet they are ready
+enough to put their own &#8220;clothes&#8221; into the month&#8217;s wash, and
+expect Biddy to &#8220;pass them through the tub;&#8221; a favour she is
+too wise to refuse.</p>
+
+<p>Happily for the <i>menage</i> of our English houses, the temptation
+to thievery which must exist where, as in Dublin, servants
+are allowed what is termed &#8220;breakfast money,&#8221; which
+means that they are not to eat of their employers&#8217; bread, but
+&#8220;find themselves,&#8221; and which restriction, all who understand
+human nature know is the greatest possible inducement to
+picking and stealing; happily, I say, English servants have
+no temptation to steal the <i>necessaries</i> of life; they are fed
+and treated as human beings; and consequently there is not a
+tithe of the extravagance, the waste, the pilfering, which is
+to be met with in Irish kitchens.</p>
+
+<p>For all this I blame the system rather than the servant;
+and it is quite odd how Biddy accommodates herself to every
+modification of system in every house she goes to. The only
+thing she cannot bear is to hear her country abused; even a
+jest at its expense will send the blood mounting to her cheek;
+and some years ago (for Biddy and I are old acquaintances)
+I used to tease her most unmercifully on that head. There
+is nothing elevates the Irish peasant so highly in my esteem
+as his earnest love for his country when absent from it. Your
+well-bred Irishman, in nine cases out of ten, looks disconcerted
+when you allude to his country, and with either a
+<i>brogue</i> or a <i>tone</i>, an oily, easy, musical swing of the voice,
+which is never lost, begs to inquire &#8220;how you knew he was
+Irish?&#8221; and has sometimes the audacity to remark, &#8220;that
+people cannot help their misfortunes.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>But the peasant-born have none of this painful affectation.
+Hear Biddy when challenged as to her country: the questioner
+is a lady.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Thrue for ye, madam, I am Irish, sure, and my people
+before me, God be praised for it! I&#8217;d be long sorry to disgrace
+my counthry, my lady. Fine men and women stays in
+it and comes out of it, the more&#8217;s the pity&mdash;that last, I mane;
+it&#8217;s well enough for the likes of me to lave it; I could do it no
+good. But, as to the gentry, the <i>sod</i> keeps them, and <i>sure
+they might keep on the sod</i>! Ye needn&#8217;t be afraid of me, my
+lady; I scorn to disgrace my counthry; I&#8217;m not afraid of my
+character, or work&mdash;it&#8217;s all I have to be proud of in the wide
+world.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>How much more respect does this beget in every right-thinking
+mind, than the mean attempt to conceal a fact of
+which we all, as well as poor Biddy, have a right to be proud!
+The greatest hero in the world was unfortunate, but he was
+not less a hero; the most highly favoured country in the
+world has been in the same predicament, but it is not less a
+great country.</p>
+
+<p>Biddy&#8217;s reply, however, to any one in an inferior grade of
+society, is very different.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Is it Irish?&mdash;to be sure I am. Do ye think I&#8217;m going to
+deny my counthry, God bless it! Throth and it&#8217;s myself that
+is, and proud of that same. Irish! what else would I be, I
+wonder?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Poor Biddy! her life has been one long-drawn scene of
+incessant, almost heart-rending labour. From the time she was
+eight years old, she earned her own bread; and any, ignorant
+of the wild spirit-springing outbursts of glee, that might
+almost be termed &#8220;the Irish epidemic,&#8221; would wonder how it
+was that Biddy retained her habitual cheerfulness, to say
+nothing of the hearty laughter she indulges in of an evening,
+and the Irish jig she treats the servants to at the kitchen
+Christmas merry-making.</p>
+
+<p>Last Christmas, indeed, Biddy was not so gay as usual.
+Our pretty housemaid had for two or three years made it a
+regular request that Biddy should put <i>her own</i> wedding ring
+in the kitchen pudding&mdash;I do not know why, for Jessie never
+had the luck to find it in her division. But so it was. A
+merry night is Christmas eve in our cheerful English homes&mdash;The
+cook puffed out with additional importance, weighing her
+ingredients according to rule, for &#8220;a one-pound or two-pound
+pudding;&#8221; surveying her larded turkey, and pronouncing
+upon the relative merits of the sirloin which is to be
+&#8220;roast for the parlour,&#8221; and &#8220;the ribs&#8221; that are destined
+for the kitchen; although she has a great deal to do, like all
+English cooks she is in a most sweet temper, because there
+is a great deal to eat; and she exults over the &#8220;dozens&#8221; of
+mince pies, the soup, the savoury fish, the huge bundles of
+celery, and the rotund barrel of oysters, in a manner that
+must be seen to be understood. The housemaid is equally
+busy in <i>her</i> department. The groom smuggles in the mistletoe,
+which the old butler slyly suspends from one of the bacon
+hooks in the ceiling, and then kisses the cook beneath. The
+green-grocer&#8217;s boy gets well rated for not bringing &#8220;red
+berries on all the holly.&#8221; The evening is wound up with potations,
+&#8220;pottle deep,&#8221; of ale and hot elderberry wine, and a
+loud cheer echoes through the house when the clock strikes
+twelve. Poor must the family be, who have not a few pounds
+of meat, a few loaves of bread, and a few shillings, to distribute
+amongst some old pensioners on Christmas eve.</p>
+
+<p>In our small household, Biddy has been a positive necessary
+for many Christmas days, and as many Christmas eves.
+She was never told to come&mdash;it was an understood thing.
+Biddy rang the gate bell every twenty-fourth of December,
+at six o&#8217;clock, and even the English cook returned her national
+salutation of &#8220;God save all here,&#8221; with cordiality.</p>
+
+<p>Jessie, as I have said, is her great ally; I am sure she has
+found her at least a score of husbands, <i>in the tea cups</i>, in as
+many months.</p>
+
+<p>The morning of last Christmas eve, however, Biddy came
+not. Six o&#8217;clock, seven o&#8217;clock, eight o&#8217;clock, and the maids
+were not up.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;How did they know the hour?&mdash;Biddy never rang.&#8221; The
+house was in a state of commotion. The cook declaring,
+bit by bit, &#8220;that she knew how it would <i>hend</i>!&mdash;it was
+<i>halways</i> the way with them <i>Hirish</i>. Oh, dirty, ungrateful!&mdash;very
+pretty! Who <i>was</i> to <i>eat</i> the copper, or boil
+the <i>am</i>, or see after the <i>sallery</i>, or butter the tins, or <i>old</i>
+the pudding cloth?&#8221;&mdash;while Jessie whimpered, &#8220;<i>or drop the
+ring in the kitchen pudding</i>!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Instead of the clattering domestic bustle of old Christmas,
+every one looked sulky, and, as usual when a household is
+not astir in the early morning, every thing went wrong. I
+got out of temper myself, and, resolved if possible never to
+speak to a servant when angry, I put on my furs, and set
+forth to see what had become of my poor industrious countrywoman.</p>
+
+<p>She lived at the corner of Gore Lane!&mdash;the St Giles&#8217;s of our
+respectable parish of Kensington; and when I entered her
+little room&mdash;which, by the way, though never orderly, was
+always clean&mdash;Biddy, who had been sitting over the embers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+of the fire, instead of sending the beams of her countenance to
+greet me, turned away, and burst into tears.</p>
+
+<p>This was unexpected, and the ire which had in some
+degree arisen at the disappointment that had disturbed the
+house, vanished altogether. I forgot to say that Biddy had
+been happily relieved from the blight of a drunken husband
+about six years ago, and laboured to support three little
+children without ever having entertained the remotest idea
+of sending them to the parish.</p>
+
+<p>She had &#8220;her families,&#8221; for whom she washed at their
+own houses, and at over hours &#8220;took in&#8221; work at her small
+cottage.</p>
+
+<p>To assist in this, and also from motives of charity, she
+employed a young girl distinguished by the name of Louisa,
+whom she preserved from worse than death. This creature
+she found <i>starving</i>; and although she brought fever amongst
+her children, and her preserver lost much employment in consequence,
+Biddy &#8220;saw her through the sickness, and, by the
+goodness of Almighty God, would be nothing the worse or
+the poorer for having befriended a motherless child.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Those who bestow from the treasures of their abundance,
+deserve praise; but those who, like the poor Irish Washerwoman,
+bestow half of their daily bread, and suffer the
+needy to shelter beneath their roof, deserve blessings.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of Biddy&#8217;s absence, and the cause of Biddy&#8217;s
+tears, I will endeavour to repeat in her own words:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I come home last night, as usual, more dead than alive,
+until I got sitting down with the childre; for, having put two
+or three potatoes, as usual, my lady, to heat, just on the bar,
+I thought, tired as I was, I&#8217;d iron out the few small things
+&#8216;Loo&#8217; had put in blue, particularly a clane cap and handkercher,
+and the aprons for to-day, as yer honor likes to see
+me nice; and the boy got a prize at school; for, let me do as
+I would, I took care they should have the <i>edication</i> that makes
+the poor rich. Well, I noticed that Loo&#8217;s hair was hanging
+in ringlets down her face, and I says to her, &#8216;My honey,&#8217;
+I says, &#8216;if Annie was you, and she&#8217;s my own, I&#8217;d make her
+put up her hair plain; the way her Majesty wears it is good
+enough, I should think, for such as you, Louisa;&#8217; and with that
+she says, &#8216;It might do for Annie; but for her part, <i>her</i> mother
+was a tradeswoman.&#8217; Well, I bit my tongue to hinder
+myself from hurting her feelings by telling her <i>what</i> her mother
+was, <i>for the blush of shame is the only one that misbecomes
+a woman&#8217;s cheek</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But I waited till our work was over, and, <i>picking her out
+the two mealy potatoes</i>, and sharing, as I always did, my half
+pint of beer with her, when I had it, I raisoned with her, as
+I often did before; and looking to where my three sleeping
+childre lay, little Jemmy&#8217;s cheek <i>blooming like a rose</i>, on his
+prize book, which he took into bed with him, I called God to
+witness, that though nature, like, would draw my heart more
+to my own flesh and blood, yet I&#8217;d see to her as I would to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>She made me no answer, but put the potatoes aside, and
+said, &#8216;Mother, go to bed.&#8217; I let her call me mother,&#8221; continued
+Biddy, &#8220;it&#8217;s such a sweet sound, and hinders one, <i>when
+one has it to call</i>, from feeling lonesome in the world; it&#8217;s the
+shelter for many a breaking heart, and the home of many a
+wild one; ould as I am, I miss my mother still! &#8216;Louisa,&#8217; I
+says, &#8216;I&#8217;ve heard my own childre their prayers&mdash;kneel down,
+a&#8217;lanna, there, and get over them.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8216;My throat&#8217;s so sore,&#8217; she says, &#8216;I can&#8217;t say &#8217;em out.
+Don&#8217;t ye see I could not eat the potatoes?&#8217; This was about half
+past twelve, and I had spoke to the po-lis to give me a
+call at five. But when I woke, the grey of the morning was
+in the room with me; and knowing where I ought to have
+been, I hustled on my things, and hearing a po-lis below the
+window (we know them by the steady tramp they have, as if
+they&#8217;d rather go slow than fast), I says, &#8216;If you plaise, what&#8217;s
+the clock, and why didn&#8217;t you call me?&#8217; &#8216;It&#8217;s half past
+seven,&#8217; he says; &#8216;and sure the girl, when she went out at
+half past five, said you war up.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8216;My God!&mdash;what girl?&#8217; I says, turning all over like a
+<i>corpse</i>; and then I missed my bonnet and shawl, and saw my
+box empty; she had even taken the book from under the
+child&#8217;s cheek. But that wasn&#8217;t all. I&#8217;d have forgiven her for
+the loss of the clothes, and the tears she forced from the eyes of
+my innocent child; I&#8217;d forgive her for making my heart grow
+oulder in half an hour, than it had grown in its whole life
+before; <i>but my wedding ring</i>, ma&#8217;am!&mdash;her head had often
+this shoulder for its pillow, and I&#8217;d throw this arm over her,
+so. Oh, ma&#8217;am darlint, could you believe it?&mdash;she stole my
+wedding ring aff my hand&mdash;the hand that had saved and
+slaved for her! The ring! oh, many&#8217;s the tear I&#8217;ve shed on
+it; and many a time, when I&#8217;ve been next to starving, and it has
+glittered in my eyes, I&#8217;ve been tempted to part with it, but
+I couldn&#8217;t. It had grown thin, <i>like myself</i>, with the hardship
+of the world; and yet when I&#8217;d look at it twisting on my poor
+wrinkled finger, I&#8217;d think of the times gone by, of him who
+had put it on, and <i>would</i> have kept his promise but for the
+temptation of drink, and what it lades to; and those times,
+when throuble would be crushing me into the earth, I&#8217;d think
+of what I heard onct&mdash;that a ring was a thing like etarnity,
+having no beginning nor end; and I&#8217;d turn it, and turn it, and
+turn it! and find comfort in <i>believing</i> that the little penance
+here was nothing in comparison to that without a
+beginning or an end that we war to go to hereafter&mdash;it
+might be in heaven, or it might (God save us!) be in
+the other place; and,&#8221; said poor Biddy, &#8220;I drew a dale
+of consolation from <i>that</i>, and <i>she</i> knew it&mdash;she, the sarpint,
+that I shared my children&#8217;s food with&mdash;<i>she</i> knew it, and,
+while I slept <i>the heavy sleep of hard labour</i>, she had the
+heart to rob me!&mdash;to rob me of the only treasure (barring
+the childre) I had in the world! I&#8217;m a great sinner; I can&#8217;t
+say, God forgive her; nor I can&#8217;t work; and it&#8217;s put me apast
+doing my duty; and Jessie, the craythur, laid ever so much
+store by it, on account of the little innocent charrums; and,
+altogether, it&#8217;s the sorest Christmas day that ever came to
+me. Oh, sure, I wouldn&#8217;t have that girl&#8217;s heart in my breast
+for a goolden crown&mdash;the ingratitude of her bates the world!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It really was a case of the most hardened ingratitude I
+had ever known&mdash;the little wretch! to rob the only friend she
+ever had, while sleeping in the very bed where she had been
+tended, and tendered, and cared for, so unceasingly. &#8220;She
+might take all I had in the world, if she had only left me
+<i>that</i>&#8221; she repeated continually, while rocking herself backwards
+and forwards over the fire, after the fashion of her
+country; &#8220;the thrifle of money, the <i>rags</i>, and the child&#8217;s
+book&mdash;all&mdash;and I&#8217;d have had a <i>clane breast</i>. I could forgive
+her from my heart, but I can&#8217;t forgive her for taking my
+ring&mdash;for taking my wedding ring!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This was not all. The girl was traced and captured; and
+the same day Biddy was told she must go to Queen-square
+to identify the prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Me,&#8221; she exclaimed, &#8220;who never was in the place of the
+law before, what can I say but that she tuck it?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>An Irish cause always creates a sensation in a police-office.
+The magistrates smile at each other, the reporter cuts his
+pencil and arranges his note-book, and the clerk covers the
+lower part of his face with his hand, to conceal the expression
+that plays around his mouth.</p>
+
+<p>Biddy&#8217;s curtsey&mdash;a genuine Irish dip&mdash;and her opening
+speech, which she commenced by wishing their honours &#8220;a
+merry Christmas and plenty of them, and that they might
+have the power of doing good to the end of their days, and
+never meet with ingratitude for that same,&#8221; was the only
+absurdity connected with her deposition.</p>
+
+<p>When she saw the creature with whom her heart had
+dwelt so long, in the custody of the police, she was completely
+overcome, and intermingled her evidence with so many
+entreaties that mercy should be shown the hardened delinquent,
+that the magistrate was sensibly affected. Short as
+was the time that had elapsed between Louisa&#8217;s elopement
+and discovery, she had spent the money and pawned the
+ring: and twenty hands at least were extended to the Irish
+Washerwoman with money to redeem the pledge.</p>
+
+<p>Poor Biddy had never been so rich before in all her life;
+but that did not console her for the sentence passed upon her
+protegé, and it was a long time before she was restored to
+her usual spirits. She flagged and pined; and when the
+spring began to advance a little, and the sun to shine, her
+misery became quite troublesome, her continual wail being
+&#8220;for the poor sinful craythur who was shut up among stone
+walls, and would be sure to come out worse than she went in!&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The old cook lived to grow thoroughly ashamed of the
+reproaches she cast on Biddy, and Jessie shows her off on all
+occasions as a specimen of an Irish Washerwoman.</p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap"><a name="Quick_Senses_of_the_Arab" id="Quick_Senses_of_the_Arab"></a>Quick Senses of the Arab.</span>&mdash;Their eyesight is peculiarly
+sharp and keen. Almost before I could on the horizon
+discern more than a moving speck, my guides would detect a
+stranger, and distinguish upon a little nearer approach, by
+his garb and appearance, the tribe to which he belonged.&mdash;<i>Wellsted&#8217;s
+City of the Caliphs.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="THE_IRISH_IN_1644" id="THE_IRISH_IN_1644"></a>THE IRISH IN 1644:<br />
+<br />
+<span class="smaller">AS DESCRIBED BY A FRENCHMAN OF THAT PERIOD.</span></h2>
+
+<p>We are indebted to our talented countryman, Crofton
+Croker, for the translation of the tour of a French traveller,
+M. de la Boullaye Le Gouz, in Ireland in 1644. Its author
+journeyed from Dublin to the principal cities and towns in
+Ireland, and sketches what he saw in a very amusing manner.
+The value of the publication, however, is greatly enhanced
+by the interesting notes appended to it by Mr
+Croker and some of his friends; and as the work is less
+known in Ireland than it should be, we extract from it the
+Frenchman&#8217;s sketch of the habits and customs of the Irish
+people as they prevailed two centuries back, in the belief that
+they will be acceptable to our readers.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ireland, or Hibernia, has always been called the Island
+of Saints, owing to the number of great men who have been
+born there. The natives are known to the English under the
+name of Iriche, to the French under that of Hibernois, which
+they take from the Latin, or of Irois, from the English, or Irlandois
+from the name of the island, because land signifies
+ground. They call themselves Ayrenake, in their own language,
+a tongue which you must learn by practice, because
+they do not write it; they learn Latin in English characters,
+with which characters they also write their own language;
+and so I have seen a monk write, but in such a way as no one
+but himself could read it.</p>
+
+<p>Saint Patrick was the apostle of this island, who according
+to the natives blessed the land, and gave his malediction to all
+venomous things; and it cannot be denied that the earth
+and the timber of Ireland, being transported, will contain
+neither serpents, worms, spiders, nor rats, as one sees in the
+west of England and in Scotland, where all particular persons
+have their trunks and the boards of their floors of Irish
+wood; and in all Ireland there is not to be found a serpent
+or toad.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish of the southern and eastern coasts follow the
+customs of the English; those of the north, the Scotch. The
+others are not very polished, and are called by the English
+savages. The English colonists were of the English church,
+and the Scotch were Calvinists, but at present they are all
+Puritans. The native Irish are very good Catholics, though
+knowing little of their religion; those of the Hebrides and of
+the North acknowledge only Jesus and St Colombe [<i>Columkill</i>],
+but their faith is great in the church of Rome. Before the
+English revolution, when an Irish gentleman died, his Britannic
+majesty became seised of the property and tutellage of
+the children of the deceased, whom they usually brought up
+in the English Protestant religion. Lord Insequin [<i>Inchiquin</i>]
+was educated in this manner, to whom the Irish have
+given the name of plague or pest of his country.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish gentlemen eat a great deal of meat and butter,
+and but little bread. They drink milk, and beer, into which
+they put laurel leaves, and eat bread baked in the English
+manner. The poor grind barley and peas between two
+stones, and make it into bread, which they cook upon a small
+iron table heated on a tripod; they put into it some oats, and
+this bread, which in the form of cakes they call haraan, they
+eat with great draughts of buttermilk. Their beer is very
+good, and the eau de vie, which they call brandovin [<i>brandy</i>]
+excellent. The butter, the beef, and the mutton, are better
+than in England.</p>
+
+<p>The towns are built in the English fashion, but the houses
+in the country are in this manner:&mdash;Two stakes are fixed in
+the ground, across which is a transverse pole to support two
+rows of rafters on the two sides, which are covered with
+leaves and straw. The cabins are of another fashion. There
+are four walls the height of a man, supporting rafters over
+which they thatch with straw and leaves. They are without
+chimneys, and make the fire in the middle of the hut, which
+greatly incommodes those who are not fond of smoke. The
+castles or houses of the nobility consist of four walls extremely
+high, thatched with straw; but, to tell the truth, they
+are nothing but square towers without windows, or at least
+having such small apertures as to give no more light than
+there is in a prison. They have little furniture, and cover
+their rooms with rushes, of which they make their beds in
+summer, and of straw in winter. They put the rushes a foot
+deep on their floors, and on their windows, and many of them
+ornament the ceilings with branches.</p>
+
+<p>They are fond of the harp, on which nearly all play, as
+the English do on the fiddle, the French on the lute, the Italians
+on the guitar, the Spaniards on the castanets, the
+Scotch on the bagpipe, the Swiss on the fife, the Germans on
+the trumpet, the Dutch on the tambourine, and the Turks
+on the flageolet.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish carry a scquine [<i>skein</i>] or Turkish dagger, which
+they dart very adroitly at fifteen paces distance; and have this
+advantage, that if they remain masters of the field of battle,
+there remains no enemy; and if they are routed, they fly in
+such a manner that it is impossible to catch them. I have
+seen an Irishman with ease accomplish twenty-five leagues a
+day. They march to battle with the bagpipes instead of fifes;
+but they have few drums, and they use the musket and cannon
+as we do. They are better soldiers abroad than at home.</p>
+
+<p>The red-haired are considered the most handsome in Ireland.
+The women have hanging breasts; and those who are
+freckled, like a trout, are esteemed the most beautiful.</p>
+
+<p>The trade of Ireland consists in salmon and herrings,
+which they take in great numbers. You have one hundred
+and twenty herrings for an English penny, equal to a carolus
+of France, in the fishing time. They import wine and salt
+from France, and sell there strong frize cloths at good prices.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish are fond of strangers, and it costs little to travel
+amongst them. When a traveller of good address enters
+their houses with assurance, he has but to draw a box of
+sinisine, or snuff, and offer it to them; then these people receive
+him with admiration, and give him the best they have
+to eat. They love the Spaniards as their brothers, the French
+as their friends, the Italians as their allies, the Germans as
+their relatives, the English and Scotch as their irreconcileable
+enemies. I was surrounded on my journey from Kilkinik
+[<i>Kilkenny</i>] to Cachel [<i>Cashel</i>] by a detachment of twenty
+Irish soldiers; and when they learned I was a Frankard (it is
+thus they call us), they did not molest me in the least, but
+made me offers of service, seeing that I was neither Sazanach
+[<i>Saxon</i>] nor English.</p>
+
+<p>The Irish, whom the English call savages, have for their
+head-dress a little blue bonnet, raised two fingers-breadth in
+front, and behind covering their head and ears. Their
+doublet has a long body and four skirts; and their breeches
+are a pantaloon of white frize, which they call trousers. Their
+shoes, which are pointed, they call brogues, with a single
+sole. They often told me of a proverb in English, &#8216;Airische
+brogues for Englich dogues&#8217; [<i>Irish brogues for English dogs</i>]
+&#8216;the shoes of Ireland for the dogs of England,&#8217; meaning
+that their shoes are worth more than the English.</p>
+
+<p>For cloaks they have five or six yards of frize drawn round
+the neck, the body, and over the head, and they never quit
+this mantle, either in sleeping, working, or eating. The generality
+of them have no shirts, and about as many lice as
+hairs on their heads, which they kill before each other without
+any ceremony.</p>
+
+<p>The northern Irish have for their only dress a breeches, and
+a covering for the back, without bonnets, shoes, or stockings.
+The women of the north have a double rug, girded round
+their middle and fastened to the throat. Those bordering
+on Scotland have not more clothing. The girls of Ireland,
+even those living in towns, have for their head-dress only
+a ribbon, and if married, they have a napkin on the head in
+the manner of the Egyptians. The body of their gowns
+comes only to their breasts, and when they are engaged in
+work, they gird their petticoat with their sash about the abdomen.
+They wear a hat and mantle very large, of a brown
+colour [<i>couleur minime</i>] of which the cape is of coarse woollen
+frize, in the fashion of the women of Lower Normandy.&#8221;</p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<h2><a name="BARBARITY_OF_THE_LAW_IN_IRELAND_A_CENTURY_AGO" id="BARBARITY_OF_THE_LAW_IN_IRELAND_A_CENTURY_AGO"></a>BARBARITY OF THE LAW IN IRELAND A CENTURY AGO.</h2>
+
+<p>&#8220;Last week, at the assizes of Kilkenny, a fellow who was to
+be tried for robbery, not pleading, a jury was appointed to
+try whether he was wilfully mute, or by the hands of God;
+and they giving a verdict that he was wilfully mute, he was
+condemned to be pressed to death. He accordingly suffered
+on Wednesday, pursuant to his sentence, which was as follows:&mdash;That
+the criminal shall be confined in some low dark
+room, where he shall be laid on his back, with no covering
+except round his loins, and shall have as much weight laid,
+upon him as he can bear, <i>and more</i>; that he shall have no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span>thing
+to live upon but the worst bread and water; and the
+day that he eats he shall not drink, nor the day that he
+drinks he shall not eat; and so shall continue till he dies.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Reilly&#8217;s
+Dublin News Letter, August 9, 1740.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<h2><a name="WHIPS_FOR_A_PENNY" id="WHIPS_FOR_A_PENNY"></a>WHIPS FOR A PENNY.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">BY MARTIN DOYLE.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whips for a Penny!&#8221; This cry attracted my attention;
+I looked about, and saw a stout young man with a bundle of
+children&#8217;s whips under his arm, standing on a flagway in Ludgate-street,
+in the centre of a group of little boys, who if not
+wealthy enough to buy from his stock, were at least unanimously
+disposed to do so. The whips, considering the price,
+were very neatly made, and cracked melodiously, as the man
+took frequent opportunities of proving, for the cadences of
+his almost continuously repeated cry &#8220;Whips for a penny,
+whips for a penny!&#8221; were emphatically marked by a time-keeping
+&#8220;crack, crack,&#8221; to the delight of the juvenile auditors.</p>
+
+<p>Curious to ascertain if this person would meet such a demand
+for these Lilliputian whips as would afford him the
+means of living with reasonable comfort, I watched his movements
+for nearly an hour, during which period he disposed of
+five or six of them. One of the purchasers was a good-natured
+looking woman, with a male child about two years old,
+to whom she presented the admired object. The infant, with
+instinctive perception of its proper use, grasped the handle
+with his tiny fingers, and promptly commenced a smart but
+not very effective course of flagellation on the bosom from
+which he had derived his earlier aliment, to the infinite delight
+of the doting mother. A fine boy, strutting about in
+frock and trousers, was next introduced by his nurse to the
+vender of thongs, and the first application of his lash was
+made to an unfortunate little dog which had been separated
+from his owner, and was at this time roaming about in solicitude
+and terror, and probably with an empty stomach, when
+Master Jack added a fresh pang to his miseries.</p>
+
+<p>A hardier customer came next, and flourished his whip the
+moment he bought it, at some weary and frightened lambs
+which a butcher&#8217;s boy was urging forward through every
+obstacle, with a bludgeon, towards their slaughter-house. A
+half-starved kitten, which had ventured within the threshold
+of a shop, where in piteous posture it seemed to crave protection
+and a drop of milk, caught the quick eye of a fourth
+urchin, just as he had untwisted his lash, and was immediately
+started from its momentary place of refuge by the pursuing
+imp. A fifth came up, a big, knowing-looking chap, about
+twelve years old, who, after a slight and contemptuous examination
+of them, loudly remarked to their owner, &#8220;Vy, these
+ere vhips a&#8217;n&#8217;t no good to urt no vun&mdash;I&#8217;m blowed hif they his.&#8221;
+You young tyrant! thought I to myself. I was moving off in
+disgust, when a benevolent-looking gentleman came up and
+was about to buy one for the happy, open-countenanced boy,
+who called him uncle, when I took the liberty of putting
+one of my forefingers to my nose, as the most ready but quiet
+method of indicating my desire to prevent the completion
+of his purpose. The gentleman took my hint at once, supposing
+in all probability that there was some mystery in
+the matter&mdash;perhaps that I wished to save him from the awkward
+consequences of purchasing stolen goods, and walked
+away. I followed him, and overtaking him, touched the rim
+of my beaver, as nearly as I could imitate the London mode,
+and at once said, &#8220;My dear sir, excuse me for obtruding my
+advice upon you, but as <i>you</i> have the organ of benevolence
+strongly developed, and your little nephew has already indication
+of its future prominence, if duly exercised, I thought
+it better that you should not put a whip into his hands, lest
+his better feelings should be counter-influenced. Look there,&#8221;
+continued I, as we reached the steep part of Holborn-hill,
+&#8220;see that pair of miserable horses endeavouring to keep their
+footing on the steep and slippery pavement; hear the constant
+reverberations of the driver&#8217;s whip, which he applies so
+unmercifully to keep them from falling, by the most forced
+and unnatural efforts; see them straining every muscle to
+drag along their burden, while they pant from pain, terror,
+and exhaustion; look at the frequent welts on their poor
+skins. Depend upon it, the fellow who drives had a penny
+whip for his first plaything!&#8221; The gentleman looked rather
+earnestly at me. &#8220;You are right, sir,&#8221; said he; &#8220;early initiation
+in the modes of cruelty&#8221;&mdash;&mdash;&#8220;Precisely,&#8221; said I.
+&#8220;The boy-child is taught to terrify any animal that comes
+within his reach, as soon as he is able to do so; his parents,
+sponsors, nurses, friends, are severally disposed to give him
+for his first present a toy whip, and he soon acquires dexterity
+in using it. Man, naturally overbearing and cruel, is
+rendered infinitely more so by education. He first flogs his
+wooden horse (the little boy pricked up his ears, and I hope
+will retain the impression of what passed) and then his living
+pony or donkey, as the case may be; he whips every thing
+that crosses his way; and even at the little birds, which are
+happily beyond the reach of his lash, he flings stones, or he
+robs them of their young, for the mere satisfaction of rendering
+them miserable.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Ay, sir,&#8221; said the gentleman, &#8220;and he becomes a sportsman
+in course of time, and flogs his pointers, setters, and
+hounds, for pursuing their instincts&mdash;he becomes their tyrant.
+He goes to one of our universities, perhaps, and drives gigs,
+tandems, and even stage-coaches, without knowing how to
+handle the reins; he blunders, turns corners too sharply, pulls
+the wrong rein, diverts the well-trained horses from their
+proper course, which they would have critically pursued but
+for his interference, nearly oversets the vehicle by his awkwardness,
+and then, as if to persuade the lookers on that the
+fault was not his, he belabours the poor brutes to the utmost
+of his power; or it may be, lays on the thong merely for practice
+until he is proficient enough to apply it <i>knowingly</i>. Are
+the horses tired,&#8221; continued he, &#8220;worn out in service?&mdash;he
+flogs to keep them alive, and makes a boast of his ingenuity in
+forcing a jaded set to their journey&#8217;s end, by establishing a
+&#8216;raw,&#8217; and torturing them there.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Depend upon it,&#8221; said I, &#8220;such a chap had &#8216;whips for a
+penny&#8217; when he was a child.&#8221; &#8220;Quite so,&#8221; said my companion;
+&#8220;you have put this matter before me in a new point of view.&#8221;
+Here we were startled by the familiar sound of the coach whip,
+and saw a stage-driver flogging in the severest style four
+heated, panting, and overpowered horses, coming in with a
+heavily laden coach; the lash was perpetually laid on; even
+the keenest at the draught were flogged, that they might pull
+on the rest, and the less powerful were flogged to keep up with
+them. The coachman, no doubt, when a child, had his share
+of &#8216;whips for a penny.&#8217; When he grew up and entered upon
+his vocation, he perhaps at first compassionated the horses
+which he was obliged to force to their stages in a given time;
+he might have had his favourites among them too, and yet
+often and severely tested their powers of speed or endurance;
+and at length, as they became diseased and stiff in the limbs,
+and broken-winded from overwork, he may have satisfied himself
+with the reflection, that the fault was not his, that his
+employer ought to have given him a better team, and that it
+was a shame for him to ask any coachman to drive such &#8220;rum
+uns.&#8221; Habit renders him callous; he does not now <i>feel</i> for the
+sufferings of the wretched animals he guides and punishes;
+nay, he often coolly takes from the boot-box the short handled
+<i>Tommy</i>, which is merely the well-grown and severer whip of
+the species which his employer and himself had used in childhood,
+when they both bought &#8220;whips for a penny,&#8221; and lays it
+as heavily as his vigorous arm empowers him, on one of the
+worn-out wheelers, which unhappily for themselves are within
+range of its infliction. The hackney-coachmen and cabmen,
+too,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#8220;Though oft I&#8217;ve heard good judges say<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">It costs them more for whips than hay,&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>are not much worse than their more consequential brethren
+of the whip; all of them consider the noble creature, subjugated
+by their power, and abused most criminally through
+their cruelty, as a mere piece of machinery, to be flogged
+along like a top as long as it can be kept going.</p>
+
+<p>We reached the upper end of one of the numerous lanes
+leading from the Thames; five splendid horses were endeavouring
+to draw up a heavy waggon-load of coals; but as the
+two first turned into the street at right angles to the others,
+they were not aiding those behind them. Being stopped in their
+progress for some time, by a crowd of coaches, chaises, cabs,
+carts, and omnibuses, the labour of keeping the waggon on
+the spot it had already attained, and which was steep and
+slippery, rested upon the three hinder horses. At length the
+team was put in motion, all the leading ones being useless in
+succession as they turned to the angle of the street; and just
+at the critical point, when the whole enormous draught rested
+on the shaft horse, the waggoner, taxing its strength beyond
+its capability, struck it with the whip. The noble brute made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+one desperate plunge to execute his tyrant&#8217;s will, and fell&mdash;dead
+upon the pavement. &#8220;I think,&#8221; said my companion,
+&#8220;that we have had a good lesson upon whips to-day; I should
+prefer any other gift for my little boy here; for though it may
+be urged that he, like the rest of his sex at the same age,
+would merely make a noise with a whip, and would inflict no
+serious pain, I am bound to bear in mind the actual fact, that
+with the very sound of a whip is associated in the imagination
+of all domesticated animals, the apprehension of pain; that
+they are <i>terrorized</i> when they hear that sound, even through
+a child&#8217;s hand, and I must therefore conclude that this symbol
+of cruelty should not be his plaything.&#8221; I agreed with him
+fully, and as our business lay in different directions, we parted
+at Blackfriar&#8217;s Bridge, not, however, until my companion of
+the hour had handed me his card of address. This was an
+act of unexpected compliment which I could not return exactly
+in the same way; I told him that I had never written my name
+on a visiting card in my life, but that I was Martin Doyle,
+at his service, and a contributor to the new <i>Irish Penny Journal</i>,
+just started in Dublin. &#8220;Is not Dublin,&#8221; said he,
+&#8220;in Ireland?&#8221; I stared. &#8220;I believe,&#8221; added he, &#8220;that Ireland
+is a pretty place.&#8221; I wished the geographical gentleman
+a rather hasty farewell.</p>
+
+<p>As I walked on, I pondered on the many other instances in
+which the whip is an instrument of terror or tyranny. First,
+I thought of the Russian bride meekly offering a horsewhip
+to her lord, as the token of her submission to the infliction of
+his blows, whenever it might suit his temper to bestow such
+proofs of tenderness upon her, and of the perpetual system of
+flagellation, which, as we are told by travellers, is exercised
+in the dominions of the great autocrat upon wives, children,
+servants, and cattle. I thought of French postilions&mdash;flagellators
+of the first order, at least as far as &#8220;cracking&#8221; without
+intermission testifies; and, finally, of the British horse-racer.</p>
+
+<p>Horses high in mettle, ardent in the course, without a stimulus
+of any kind, struggle neck and neck for victory; they
+approach the winning post; one jockey flogs more powerfully
+than his compeers; the agonized horse, in his fearful
+efforts, is lifted as it were from the ground, by two or three
+desperate twinings (the stabbing at the sides is but a variety
+of the torture) of the cutting whalebone round his flanks; and
+at the critical instant, making a bound, as it were, to escape
+from his half-flayed skin, throws his head forward in his
+effort, half a yard beyond that of his rival, who has had his
+share of torture too, and is declared the winner&mdash;of what?&mdash;a
+gold-handled prize-whip, which is borne away in triumph
+by the owner of the winning horse! To be sure, he pockets
+some of that which is so truly designated &#8220;the root of all evil;&#8221;
+but the acquisition of the whip is the distinguishing honour.</p>
+
+<p>And how does this whip in reality differ from any of the
+&#8220;whips for a penny?&#8221; It is of pure gold and whalebone; the
+others are but of painted stick and the cheapest leather; yet
+they are both but <i>playthings</i>&mdash;the one in the hand of a man who
+has spent, it may be, half his patrimony, and as much of his time
+in the endeavour to win it, while he attaches no real or intrinsic
+value to it afterwards; the other in the hand of the child,
+to whom it appears a real and substantial prize. The jockey-man
+is not a whit more rational in this respect than the boy
+who bestrides his hobby-horse, and flourishes his penny whip.</p>
+
+<p>Then succeeded to my imagination a far more brutal scene,
+the steeple-chase. A horse is overpowered in a deep and
+heavy fallow; he is flogged to press him through it; he reaches
+a break-neck wall; a desperate cut of the whip sends him
+flying over it; again and again he puts forth his strength
+and speed, and falls, and rises again at the instigation of the
+whip. He comes to a brook; it is too wide for his failing
+powers, and there is a rotten and precipitous bank at the
+other side; he shudders, and recoils a moment, but a tremendous
+lash, worse than the dread of drowning, and the goading
+of the spur, force him in desperation to the leap; his hind
+feet give way at the landing side; he falls backward; his spine
+is broken, and at length a pistol bullet ends his miseries.</p>
+
+<p>In a word, the donation of &#8220;whips for a penny&#8221; to any
+child, fairly starts him on the first stage of cruelty; and if, from
+peculiarity of temperament or the restraining influence of the
+beneficent Creator (who, though he has allowed man to have
+dominion, and has put under his feet all sheep and oxen, yea,
+and the beasts of the field, has withheld from him the authority
+to abuse his privilege), the child grows into the man who
+is merciful to his beast, the merit is not due to the injudicious
+person who first presents him with his mimic whip in
+infancy.</p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<h2><a name="THE_WORLDS_CHANGES" id="THE_WORLDS_CHANGES"></a>THE WORLD&#8217;S CHANGES.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;Contarini Fleming wrote merely, <span class="smcap">Time</span>.&#8221;&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="margr20"><i>D&#8217;Israeli the Younger.</i></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">The Solemn Shadow that bears in his hands<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The conquering Scythe and the Glass of Sands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Paused once on his flight where the sunrise shone<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On a warlike city&#8217;s towers of stone;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And he asked of a panoplied soldier near,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&#8220;How long has this fortressed city been here?&#8221;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the man looked up, Man&#8217;s pride on his brow&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&#8220;The city stands here from the ages of old<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And as it was then, and as it is now,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">So will it endure till the funeral knell<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of the world be knolled,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">As Eternity&#8217;s annals shall tell.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">And after a thousand years were o&#8217;er,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">The Shadow paused over the spot once more.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And vestige was none of a city there,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But lakes lay blue, and plains lay bare,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And the marshalled corn stood high and pale,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a Shepherd piped of love in a vale.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">&#8220;How!&#8221; spake the Shadow, &#8220;can temple and tower<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus fleet, like mist, from the morning hour?&#8221;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the Shepherd shook the long locks from his brow&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">&#8220;The world is filled with sheep and corn;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thus was it of old, thus is it now,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Thus, too, will it be while moon and sun<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Rule night and morn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">For Nature and Life are one.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">And after a thousand years were o&#8217;er,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">The Shadow paused over the spot once more.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And lo! in the room of the meadow-lands<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A sea foamed far over saffron sands,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And flashed in the noontide bright and dark,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a fisher was casting his nets from a bark;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">How marvelled the Shadow! &#8220;Where then is the plain?<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And where be the acres of golden grain?&#8221;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the fisher dashed off the salt spray from his brow&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">&#8220;The waters begirdle the earth alway,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The sea ever rolled as it rolleth now:<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">What babblest thou about grain and fields?<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">By night and day<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Man looks for what Ocean yields.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">And after a thousand years were o&#8217;er,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">The Shadow paused over the spot once more.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And the ruddy rays of the eventide<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Were gilding the skirts of a forest wide;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The moss of the trees looked old, so old!<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And valley and hill, the ancient mould<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Was robed in sward, an evergreen cloak;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And a woodman sang as he felled an oak.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Him asked the Shadow&mdash;&#8220;Rememberest thou<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Any trace of a Sea where wave those trees?&#8221;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the woodman laughed: Said he, &#8220;I trow,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">If oaks and pines do flourish and fall,<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">It is not amid seas;&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The earth is one forest all.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i8">And after a thousand years were o&#8217;er,<br /></span>
+<span class="i8">The Shadow paused over the spot once more.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">And what saw the Shadow? A city agen,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But peopled by pale mechanical men,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With workhouses filled, and prisons, and marts,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And faces that spake exanimate hearts.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Strange picture and sad! was the Shadow&#8217;s thought;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And, turning to one of the Ghastly, he sought<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For a clue in words to the When and the How<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Of the ominous Change he now beheld;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">But the man uplifted his care-worn brow&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">&#8220;Change? What was Life ever but Conflict and Change?<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">From the ages of eld<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Hath affliction been widening its range.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Enough! said the Shadow, and passed from the spot<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">At last it is vanished, the beautiful youth<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Of the earth, to return with no To-morrow;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All changes have checquered Mortality&#8217;s lot;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">But this is the darkest&mdash;for Knowledge and Truth<br /></span>
+<span class="i4">Are but golden gates to the Temple of Sorrow!&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; M.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><a name="ANCIENT_MUSIC_OF_IRELAND" id="ANCIENT_MUSIC_OF_IRELAND"></a>ANCIENT MUSIC OF IRELAND.</h2>
+
+<p>A great and truly national work&mdash;the Ancient Music of Ireland&mdash;collected
+and arranged for the piano-forte by Edward
+Bunting, has just issued from the Dublin press; and whether
+we consider its intrinsic merits, the beauty of its typography
+and binding, or the liberal and enterprising spirit of
+its publishers, they are all equally deserving of the highest
+approbation. This is indeed a work of which Ireland may
+feel truly proud, for, though in every respect Irish, we believe
+nothing equal to it in its way has hitherto appeared in
+the British empire, and we trust that all the parties concerned
+in its production will receive the rewards to which
+they are so justly entitled. To all lovers of national melody
+this work will give the most intense pleasure; while by those
+who think there is no melody so sweet and touching as that
+of Ireland, it will be welcomed with feelings of delight which
+no words could adequately express. It is a work which assuredly
+will never die. To its venerable Editor, Ireland owes
+a deep feeling of gratitude, as the zealous and enthusiastic
+collector and preserver of her music in all its characteristic
+beauty; for though our national poet, Moore, has contributed
+by the peculiar charm of his verses to extend the fame
+of our music over the civilised world, it should never be forgotten
+that it is to Bunting that is due the merit of having
+originally rescued from obscurity those touching strains of
+melody, the effect of which, even upon the hearts of those
+most indifferent to Irish interests generally, Moore has so
+feelingly depicted in his well-known lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">&#8220;The stranger shall hear thy lament on his plains;<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">The sighs of thy harp shall be sent o&#8217;er the deep;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Till thy masters themselves, as they rivet thy chains,<br /></span>
+<span class="i2">Shall pause at the song of their captive, and weep.&#8221;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The merits of this work are, however, of a vastly higher
+order than those of either of the former collections which
+Mr Bunting gave to the world; for, while the melodies are
+of equal beauty, they are arranged with such exquisite musical
+feeling and skill as to enhance that beauty greatly; and
+we do not hesitate to express our conviction that there is not
+any musician living who could have harmonized them with
+greater judgment or feeling. This volume contains above
+one hundred and sixty melodies, and of these only a few
+have been previously made known to the public. It also
+contains an interesting preface, and a most valuable dissertation
+on the ancient music of Ireland, in which its characteristic
+peculiarities are admirably analysed; and on the method
+of playing the Harp; the Musical Vocabulary of the old
+Irish Harpers; a Treatise on the Antiquity of the Harp and
+Bagpipe in Ireland by Samuel Ferguson, Esq., M.R.I.A.,
+full of curious antiquarian lore, and in which is comprised an
+account of the various efforts made to revive the Irish Harp;
+a dissertation by Mr Petrie on the true age of the Harp,
+popularly called the Harp of Brian Boru; and, lastly, anecdotes
+of the most distinguished Irish Harpers of the last two
+centuries, collected by the Editor himself. To these are
+added, Remarks on the Antiquity and Authors of the Tunes
+when ascertained, with copious indices, giving their original
+Irish names, as well as the names and localities of the persons
+from whom they were obtained. The work is illustrated
+with numerous wood-cuts, as well as with copperplate engravings
+of the ancient Irish Harp above alluded to. This
+slight notice will, it is hoped, give our readers for the present
+some idea of the value and importance of this delightful
+work; but we shall return to it again and again, for we consider
+it is no less than our duty to make its merits familiar
+to our readers, as our music is a treasure of which all classes
+of our countrymen should feel equally proud, and in the honour
+of extending the celebrity of which they should all feel
+equally desirous to participate. P.</p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<h2><a name="SIMPLICITY_OF_CHARACTER" id="SIMPLICITY_OF_CHARACTER"></a>SIMPLICITY OF CHARACTER.</h2>
+
+<p>Dr Barrett having on a certain occasion detected a student
+walking in the Fellows&#8217; Garden, Trinity College, Dublin,
+asked him how he had obtained admission. &#8220;I jumped over
+the library, sir,&#8221; said the student. &#8220;D&#8217;ye see me now, sir?&mdash;you
+are telling me an infernal lie, sir!&#8221; exclaimed the Vice-Provost.
+&#8220;Lie, sir!&#8221; echoed the student; &#8220;I&#8217;ll do it
+again!&#8221; and forthwith proceeded to button his coat, in apparent
+preparation for the feat; when the worthy doctor, seizing
+his arm, prevented him, exclaiming with horror, &#8220;Stop,
+stop&mdash;you&#8217;ll break your bones if you attempt it!&#8221;</p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<h2><a name="TO_OUR_READERS" id="TO_OUR_READERS"></a>TO OUR READERS.</h2>
+
+<p>The want of a cheap literary publication for the great body
+of the people of this country, suited to their tastes and habits,
+combining instruction with amusement, avoiding the exciting and
+profitless discussion of political or polemical questions, and
+placed within the reach of their humble means, has long been
+matter of regret to those reflecting and benevolent minds who
+are anxious for the advancement and civilization of Ireland&mdash;and
+the reflection has been rather a humiliating one, that while
+England and Scotland abound with such cheap publications&mdash;for
+in London alone there are upwards of twenty weekly periodicals
+sold at one penny each&mdash;Ireland, with a population so extensive,
+and so strongly characterised by a thirst for knowledge,
+has not even one work of this class. It is impossible to believe
+that such an anomaly can have originated in any other
+cause than the want of spirit and enterprise on the part of those
+who ought to have the patriotism to endeavour to enlighten their
+countrymen, and thereby elevate their condition, even although
+the effort should be attended with risk, and trouble to themselves.</p>
+
+<p>It may be objected that some of the cheap publications already
+and for some years in existence, though in all respects fitted for
+the introduction of the people, and enjoying such an extensive
+circulation in the Sister Island as they justly deserve, have never
+obtained that proportionate share of popularity here which
+would indicate a conviction of their usefulness or excellence
+on the part of the Irish people. But the obvious reply to this
+objection is, that, undeniable as the merits of many of these publications
+must be allowed to be, none of them were adapted to
+the intellectual wants of a people, distinguished, as the Irish are,
+by strong peculiarities of mind and temperament, as well as by
+marked national predilections&mdash;and who, being more circumscribed
+in their means than the inhabitants of the Sister Countries,
+necessarily required a stimulus more powerful to excite
+them. A work of a more amusing character, and more essentially
+Irish, was therefore necessary; and such a work it is now
+intended to offer to the Public.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Irish Penny Journal</span> will be in a great degree devoted
+to subjects connected with the history, literature, antiquities,
+and general condition of Ireland, but it will not be devoted
+to such subjects exclusively; it will contain, in a fair proportion,
+articles on home and foreign manufactures, information on the
+arts and sciences, and useful knowledge generally.</p>
+
+<p>All subjects tending in the remotest degree to irritate or offend
+political or religious feelings will be rigidly abstained from, and
+every endeavour will be made to diffuse Sentiments of benevolence
+and mutual good-will through all classes of the community.</p>
+
+<p>The matter will also be, to a considerable extent, original&mdash;and
+to render it so, contributions will, be obtained from a great
+number of the most eminent literary and scientific writers of
+whom Ireland can boast.</p>
+
+<p>A publication thus conducted, and, as may be confidently anticipated,
+displaying merits of a very superior order, while it will
+effect its primary object of conveying instruction to the people
+generally, will at the same time, it is hoped, be found not undeserving
+of the support of the higher and more educated
+classes, while to the inhabitants of Great Britain it will be
+found extremely interesting, as embodying a large amount of information
+respecting Ireland, and the manners of her people as
+they really exist, and not as they have been hitherto too frequently
+misrepresented and caricatured.</p>
+
+<p>To give to such a work a reasonable prospect of success, it is
+indeed essential that it should be patronised by all classes; and
+an appeal is therefore confidently made to the high-minded and
+patriotic people of Ireland in its behalf, as without a very extensive
+circulation it could not be given at so low a price as
+would bring it within the reach of the poorer classes of the
+country, whose limited means would preclude the possibility of
+purchasing a dearer publication.</p>
+
+<p>On their own parts, the Proprietors of the <span class="smcap">Irish Penny
+Journal</span> have only to observe, that no efforts shall be spared
+to render their Work deserving of general support; and that
+as their expectations of immediate success are not extravagant,
+they will not be deterred, by temporary discouragements in the
+commencement of their undertaking, from persevering in their
+exertions to establish, upon a firm basis of popularity, a publication
+of such merit in itself, and so essential, as they conceive, to
+the improvement and advantage of the people of Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>The <span class="smcap">Irish Penny Journal</span> will be published every Saturday
+morning at the Office of the <span class="smcap">General Advertiser</span>, Church-lane,
+College-green. It will be printed upon fine paper and
+each Number will be embellished with at least one wood-cut
+Illustration of high character as a work of art; and in point of
+quality as well as quantity of letter-press, it will be inferior to
+no Publication of the kind that has hitherto appeared.</p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<p>Printed and Published every Saturday by <span class="smcap">Gunn and Cameron</span>, at the Office
+of the General Advertiser, 6 Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.</p>
+
+<hr class="w65" />
+
+<div class="bbox">
+
+<h2><a name="TRANSCRIBERS_NOTES" id="TRANSCRIBERS_NOTES"></a>TRANSCRIBERS&#8217; NOTES</h2>
+
+<p>General: Corrections to punctuation have not been individually noted.</p>
+
+<p>Page 2: skillits corrected to skillets after &#8220;and the cleanest of all&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Page 3: eqally corrected to equally after &#8220;The housemaid is&#8221;</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol.
+1, July 4, 1840, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JULY 4, 1840 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38817-h.htm or 38817-h.zip *****
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+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol. 1,
+July 4, 1840, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol. 1, July 4, 1840
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: February 10, 2012 [EBook #38817]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JULY 4, 1840 ***
+
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+Produced by Brownfox and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team at https://www.pgdp.net ((This file was produced from
+images generously made available by JSTOR
+http://www.jstor.org/stable/i30000991))
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+
+
+THE IRISH PENNY JOURNAL.
+
+NUMBER 1.    SATURDAY, JULY 4, 1840.     VOLUME I.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE CASTLE OF AUGHNANURE.]
+
+THE CASTLE OF AUGHNANURE,
+
+COUNTY OF GALWAY.
+
+
+Not many years since there was an extensive district in the west of
+Ireland, which, except to those inhabiting it, was a sort of terra
+incognita, or unknown region, to the people of the British isles. It had
+no carriage roads, no inns or hotels, no towns; and the only notion
+popularly formed of it was that of an inhospitable desert--the refugium
+of malefactors and Irish savages, who set all law at defiance, and into
+which it would be an act of madness for any civilized man to venture.
+This district was popularly called the Kingdom of Connemara, a name
+applied to that great tract extending from the town of Galway to the
+Killery harbour, bounded on the east by the great lakes called Lough
+Corrib and Lough Mask, and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and
+comprising within it the baronies of Moycullen and Ballinahinch, and the
+half barony of Ross. It is not an unknown region now. It has two
+prosperous towns and several villages, good roads, and comfortable
+hotels. "The Queen's writ will run in it;" and the inhabitants are
+remarkable for their intelligence, quietness, honesty, hospitality, and
+many other good qualities; and in the summer months it is the favourite
+resort of the artist, antiquary, geologist, botanist, ornithologist,
+sportsman--in short, of pleasure tourists of all descriptions, and from
+every quarter of the British empire; for it is a district singularly
+rich in its attractions to all those who look for health and pleasure
+from a summer's ramble, combined with excitable occupation. Of its
+picturesque beauties much has already been written. They have been
+sketched by the practised hand of Inglis, and by the more graphic pencil
+of Caesar Otway; but its history and more important antiquities have been
+as yet but little noticed, and, consequently, generally passed by
+without attracting the attention or exciting any interest in the mind of
+the traveller. We propose to ourselves to supply this defect to some
+extent, and have consequently chosen as the subject of our first
+illustration the ancient castle, of which we have presented our readers
+with a view, and which is the most picturesque, and, indeed, important
+remain of antiquity within the district which we have described.
+
+Journeying along the great road from Galway to Oughterard, and at the
+distance of about two miles from the latter, the attention of the
+traveller will most probably be attracted by a beautiful little river,
+over which, on a natural bridge of limestone rock, the road passes; and
+looking to the right, towards the wide expanse of the waters of Lough
+Corrib, he will perceive the grey tower or keep of an extensive castle,
+once the chief seat or fortress of the O'Flaherties, the hereditary
+lords of West Connaught, or Connemara. This castle is called the Castle
+of Aughnanure, or, properly, _Achaidh-na-n-Jubhar_, Acha-na-n-ure, or
+the field of the yews--an appellation derived from the number of ancient
+trees of that description which grew around it, but of which only a
+single tree now survives. This vestige is, however, the most ancient and
+interesting ruin of the locality. Its antiquity must be great
+indeed--more than a thousand years; and, growing as it does out of a
+huge ledge of limestone rock, and throwing its withered and nearly
+leafless branches in fantastic forms across the little river which
+divides it from the castle, the picturesqueness of its situation is such
+as the painter must look at with feelings of admiration and delight. It
+has also its historical legend to give it additional interest; and
+unfortunately this legend, though quite in harmony with the lone and
+melancholy features of the scene, is but too characteristic of the
+unhappy social and political state of Ireland at the period to which it
+relates--the most unfortunate period, as it may be emphatically called,
+of Ireland's history--that of the civil wars in the middle of the
+seventeenth century. The principle, however, which we propose to
+ourselves in the conducting of our publication, will not permit us to
+give this legend a place in its pages; it may be learned on the spot;
+and we have only alluded to it here, in order to state that it is to the
+religious veneration kept alive by this tradition that the yew tree of
+Aughnanure owes its preservation from the fate which has overtaken all
+its original companions.
+
+The Castle of Aughnanure, though greatly dilapidated by time, and
+probably still more so by the great hurricane of last year, is still in
+sufficient preservation to convey to those who may examine its ruins a
+vivid impression of the domestic habits and peculiar household economy
+of an old Irish chief of nearly the highest rank. His house, a strong
+and lofty tower, stands in an ample court-yard, surrounded by outworks
+perforated with shot-holes, and only accessible through its drawbridge
+gateway-tower. The river, which conveyed his boats to the adjacent lake,
+and supplied his table with the luxuries of trout and salmon, washes the
+rock on which its walls are raised, and forms a little harbour within
+them. Cellars, bake-houses, and houses for the accommodation of his
+numerous followers, are also to be seen; and an appendage not usually
+found in connection with such fortresses also appears, namely, a
+spacious banqueting-hall for the revels of peaceful times, the ample
+windows of which exhibit a style of architecture of no small elegance of
+design and execution.
+
+We shall probably in some early number of our Journal give a
+genealogical account of the noble family to whom this castle belonged;
+but in the mean time it may be satisfactory to the reader to give him an
+idea of the class of persons by whom the chief was attended, and who
+occasionally required accommodation in his mansion. They are thus
+enumerated in an ancient manuscript preserved in the College
+Library:--O'Canavan, his physician; Mac Gillegannan, chief of the horse;
+O'Colgan, his standard-bearer; Mac Kinnon and O'Mulavill, his brehons,
+or judges; the O'Duvans, his attendants on ordinary visitings; Mac
+Gille-Kelly, his ollave in genealogy and poetry; Mac Beolain, his keeper
+of the black bell of St Patrick; O'Donnell, his master of revels;
+O'Kicherain and O'Conlachtna, the keepers of his bees; O'Murgaile, his
+chief steward, or collector of his revenues.
+
+The date of the erection of this castle is not exactly known, though it
+was originally inscribed on a stone over its entrance gateway, which
+existed in the last century. From the style of its architecture,
+however, it may be assigned with sufficient certainty to the middle of
+the sixteenth century, with the exception, perhaps, of the
+banqueting-hall, which appears to be of a somewhat later age.
+
+While the town of Galway was besieged in 1651 by the parliamentary
+forces under the command of Sir Charles Coote, the Castle of Aughnanure
+afforded protection to the Lord Deputy the Marquess of Clanricarde,
+until the successes of his adversaries forced him and many other nobles
+to seek safety in the more distant wilds of Connemara. This event is
+thus stated by the learned Roderick O'Flaherty in 1683:--
+
+"Anno 1651.--Among the many strange and rare vicissitudes of our own
+present age, the Marquis of Clanricarde, Lord Deputy of Ireland, the
+Earl of Castlehaven, and Earl of Clancarty, driven out of the rest of
+Ireland, were entertained, as they landed on the west shore of this lake
+for a night's lodging, under the mean roof of Mortough Boy Branhagh, an
+honest farmer's house, the same year wherein the most potent monarch of
+Great Britain, our present sovereign, bowed his imperial triple crown
+under the boughs of an oak tree, where his life depended on the shade of
+the tree leaves."
+
+There are several of the official letters of the Marquis preserved in
+his Memoirs, dated from Aughnanure, and written during the stormy period
+of which we have made mention.
+
+The Castle of Aughnanure has passed from the family to whom it
+originally belonged; but the representative and the chief of his name,
+Henry Parker O'Flaherty, Esq. of Lemonfield, a descendant in the female
+line from the celebrated Grania Waille, still possesses a good estate in
+its vicinity. P.
+
+
+
+
+THE IRISH IN ENGLAND.
+
+NO. 1.--THE WASHERWOMAN.
+
+BY MRS S. C. HALL.
+
+
+The only regular washerwomen extant in England at this present moment,
+are natives of the Emerald Isle.
+
+We have--I pray you observe the distinction, gentle reader--laundresses
+in abundance. But washerwomen!--all the _washerwomen_ are Irish.
+
+The Irish Washerwoman promises to wash the muslin curtains as white as a
+hound's tooth, and as sweet as "new mown hay;" and she tells the truth.
+But when she promises to "get them up" as clear as a kitten's eyes, she
+tells a story. In nine cases out of ten, the Irish Washerwoman mars her
+own admirable washing by a carelessness in the "getting up." She makes
+her starch in a hurry, though it requires the most patient blending, the
+most incessant stirring, the most constant boiling, and the cleanest of
+all skillets; and she will not understand the superiority of powder over
+stone blue, but snatches the blue-bag (originally compounded from the
+"heel" or "toe" of a stocking) out of the half-broken tea-cup, where it
+lay companioning a lump of yellow soap since last wash--squeezes it into
+the starch (which, _perhaps_, she has been heedless enough to stir with
+a dirty spoon), and then there is no possibility of clear curtains,
+clear point, clear any thing.
+
+"Biddy, these curtains were as white as snow before you starched them."
+
+"Thrue for ye, ma'am dear."
+
+"They are _blue_ now, Biddy."
+
+"Not all out."
+
+"No, Biddy, not all over--only _here_ and _there_."
+
+"Ah, lave off, ma'am, honey, will ye?--'tisn't that I mane; but there's
+a hole worked in the blue-rag, bad luck to it, and more blue nor is
+wanting gets out; and the weary's in the starch, it got lumpy."
+
+"It could not have got 'lumpy' if it had been well blended."
+
+"It was blended like butther; but I just left off stirring one minute to
+look at the soldiers."
+
+"Ah, Biddy, an English laundress would not 'run after the soldiers!'"
+
+Such an observation is sure to offend Biddy's propriety, and she goes
+off in a "huff," muttering that if they didn't go "_look_ afther them,
+they'd _skulk_ afther them; it's the London Blacks does the mischief,
+and the mistress _ought_ to know that herself. English laundresses
+indeed! they haven't power in their elbow to wash white."
+
+Biddy says all this, and more, for she is a stickler for the honour of
+her country, and wonders that I should prefer _any_ thing English to
+_every_ thing Irish. But the fact remains the same.
+
+The actual labour necessary at the wash-tub is far better performed by
+the Irish than the English; but the order, neatness, and exactness
+required in "the getting up," is better accomplished by the English than
+the Irish. This is perfectly consistent with the national character of
+both countries.
+
+Biddy Mahony is without exception the most useful person I know, and
+_she_ knows it also; and yet it never makes her presuming. It is not
+only as a washerwoman that her talent shines forth: she gets through as
+much hard work as two women, though, as she says herself, "the mistress
+always finds fault with her _finishing touches_." There she stands, a
+fine-looking woman still, though not young; her large mouth ever ready
+with its smile; her features expressive of shrewd good humour; and her
+keen grey eyes alive and about, not resting for a moment, and withal
+cunning, if not keen; the borders of her cap are twice as deep as they
+need be, and flap untidily about her face; she wears a coloured
+handkerchief inside a dark blue spotted cotton gown, which wraps loosely
+in front, where it is confined by the string of her apron; her hands and
+wrists have a half-boiled appearance, which it is painful to look
+at--not that she uses as much soda as an English laundress, but she does
+not spare her personal exertions, and rubs most unmercifully. One bitter
+frosty day last winter, I saw Biddy standing near the laundry window,
+stitching away with great industry.
+
+"What are you doing, Biddy?" "Oh, never heed me, ma'am, honey."
+
+"Why, Biddy, what a state your left wrist is in!--it is positively
+bleeding; you have rubbed all the skin off." "And ain't I going to put
+a skin on it?" she said, smiling through the tears which positive pain
+had drawn from her eyes, in spite of her efforts to conceal them, and
+showing me a double piece of wash leather which she was sewing together
+so as to cover the torn flesh. Now, was not _that_ heroism? But Biddy
+_is_ a heroine, without knowing it.
+
+And in common with many others of her sex and country, her heroism is of
+that patient, self-denying character which "passeth show." She is
+uniformly patient--can bear an extraordinary quantity of abuse and
+unkindness, and knows quite well that to a certain degree she is in an
+enemy's country. Half the bad opinion of the "low Irish," as they are
+often insultingly termed, arises from old national prejudices; the other
+half is created by themselves, for many of them are provokingly
+uproarious, and altogether heedless of the manners and opinions of those
+among whom they live. This is not the case with Biddy; she has a great
+deal of what we are apt to call "cunning" in the poor, but which we
+genteelly denominate "tact" in the rich. While you imagine she is only
+pulling out the strings of her apron, she is all eye, ear, and
+understanding; she is watchful as a cat; and if she indulges in an
+_aside_ jest, which sometimes never finds words, on the peculiarities of
+her employers, there is nothing very atrocious in the fact. Poor Biddy's
+betters do the same, and term it "badinage." It is not always that we
+judge the poor and rich by the same law.
+
+With young servants the Irish Washerwoman is always a favourite: she is
+cheerful, tosses a cup to read a fortune in perfection, and not
+unfrequently, I am sorry to say, has half of a dirty torn pack of cards
+in her pocket for the same purpose. She sings at her work, and through
+the wreath of curling steam that winds from the upraised skylight of the
+laundry, comes some old time-honoured melody, that in an instant brings
+the scenes and sounds of Ireland around us. She will rend our hearts
+with the "Cruskeen laun," or "Gramachree," and then strike into
+"Garryowen" or "St Patrick's Day," with the ready transition of interest
+and feeling that belongs only to her country.
+
+Old English servants regard the Irish Washerwoman with suspicion; they
+think she does too much for the money, that she gives "Missus" a bad
+habit; and yet they are ready enough to put their own "clothes" into the
+month's wash, and expect Biddy to "pass them through the tub;" a favour
+she is too wise to refuse.
+
+Happily for the _menage_ of our English houses, the temptation to
+thievery which must exist where, as in Dublin, servants are allowed what
+is termed "breakfast money," which means that they are not to eat of
+their employers' bread, but "find themselves," and which restriction,
+all who understand human nature know is the greatest possible inducement
+to picking and stealing; happily, I say, English servants have no
+temptation to steal the _necessaries_ of life; they are fed and treated
+as human beings; and consequently there is not a tithe of the
+extravagance, the waste, the pilfering, which is to be met with in Irish
+kitchens.
+
+For all this I blame the system rather than the servant; and it is quite
+odd how Biddy accommodates herself to every modification of system in
+every house she goes to. The only thing she cannot bear is to hear her
+country abused; even a jest at its expense will send the blood mounting
+to her cheek; and some years ago (for Biddy and I are old acquaintances)
+I used to tease her most unmercifully on that head. There is nothing
+elevates the Irish peasant so highly in my esteem as his earnest love
+for his country when absent from it. Your well-bred Irishman, in nine
+cases out of ten, looks disconcerted when you allude to his country, and
+with either a _brogue_ or a _tone_, an oily, easy, musical swing of the
+voice, which is never lost, begs to inquire "how you knew he was Irish?"
+and has sometimes the audacity to remark, "that people cannot help their
+misfortunes."
+
+But the peasant-born have none of this painful affectation. Hear Biddy
+when challenged as to her country: the questioner is a lady.
+
+"Thrue for ye, madam, I am Irish, sure, and my people before me, God be
+praised for it! I'd be long sorry to disgrace my counthry, my lady. Fine
+men and women stays in it and comes out of it, the more's the pity--that
+last, I mane; it's well enough for the likes of me to lave it; I could
+do it no good. But, as to the gentry, the _sod_ keeps them, and _sure
+they might keep on the sod_! Ye needn't be afraid of me, my lady; I
+scorn to disgrace my counthry; I'm not afraid of my character, or
+work--it's all I have to be proud of in the wide world."
+
+How much more respect does this beget in every right-thinking mind, than
+the mean attempt to conceal a fact of which we all, as well as poor
+Biddy, have a right to be proud! The greatest hero in the world was
+unfortunate, but he was not less a hero; the most highly favoured
+country in the world has been in the same predicament, but it is not
+less a great country.
+
+Biddy's reply, however, to any one in an inferior grade of society, is
+very different.
+
+"Is it Irish?--to be sure I am. Do ye think I'm going to deny my
+counthry, God bless it! Throth and it's myself that is, and proud of
+that same. Irish! what else would I be, I wonder?"
+
+Poor Biddy! her life has been one long-drawn scene of incessant, almost
+heart-rending labour. From the time she was eight years old, she earned
+her own bread; and any, ignorant of the wild spirit-springing outbursts
+of glee, that might almost be termed "the Irish epidemic," would wonder
+how it was that Biddy retained her habitual cheerfulness, to say nothing
+of the hearty laughter she indulges in of an evening, and the Irish jig
+she treats the servants to at the kitchen Christmas merry-making.
+
+Last Christmas, indeed, Biddy was not so gay as usual. Our pretty
+housemaid had for two or three years made it a regular request that
+Biddy should put _her own_ wedding ring in the kitchen pudding--I do not
+know why, for Jessie never had the luck to find it in her division. But
+so it was. A merry night is Christmas eve in our cheerful English
+homes--The cook puffed out with additional importance, weighing her
+ingredients according to rule, for "a one-pound or two-pound pudding;"
+surveying her larded turkey, and pronouncing upon the relative merits of
+the sirloin which is to be "roast for the parlour," and "the ribs" that
+are destined for the kitchen; although she has a great deal to do, like
+all English cooks she is in a most sweet temper, because there is a
+great deal to eat; and she exults over the "dozens" of mince pies, the
+soup, the savoury fish, the huge bundles of celery, and the rotund
+barrel of oysters, in a manner that must be seen to be understood. The
+housemaid is equally busy in _her_ department. The groom smuggles in the
+mistletoe, which the old butler slyly suspends from one of the bacon
+hooks in the ceiling, and then kisses the cook beneath. The
+green-grocer's boy gets well rated for not bringing "red berries on all
+the holly." The evening is wound up with potations, "pottle deep," of
+ale and hot elderberry wine, and a loud cheer echoes through the house
+when the clock strikes twelve. Poor must the family be, who have not a
+few pounds of meat, a few loaves of bread, and a few shillings, to
+distribute amongst some old pensioners on Christmas eve.
+
+In our small household, Biddy has been a positive necessary for many
+Christmas days, and as many Christmas eves. She was never told to
+come--it was an understood thing. Biddy rang the gate bell every
+twenty-fourth of December, at six o'clock, and even the English cook
+returned her national salutation of "God save all here," with
+cordiality.
+
+Jessie, as I have said, is her great ally; I am sure she has found her
+at least a score of husbands, _in the tea cups_, in as many months.
+
+The morning of last Christmas eve, however, Biddy came not. Six o'clock,
+seven o'clock, eight o'clock, and the maids were not up.
+
+"How did they know the hour?--Biddy never rang." The house was in a
+state of commotion. The cook declaring, bit by bit, "that she knew how
+it would _hend_!--it was _halways_ the way with them _Hirish_. Oh,
+dirty, ungrateful!--very pretty! Who _was_ to _eat_ the copper, or boil
+the _am_, or see after the _sallery_, or butter the tins, or _old_ the
+pudding cloth?"--while Jessie whimpered, "_or drop the ring in the
+kitchen pudding_!"
+
+Instead of the clattering domestic bustle of old Christmas, every one
+looked sulky, and, as usual when a household is not astir in the early
+morning, every thing went wrong. I got out of temper myself, and,
+resolved if possible never to speak to a servant when angry, I put on my
+furs, and set forth to see what had become of my poor industrious
+countrywoman.
+
+She lived at the corner of Gore Lane!--the St Giles's of our respectable
+parish of Kensington; and when I entered her little room--which, by the
+way, though never orderly, was always clean--Biddy, who had been sitting
+over the embers of the fire, instead of sending the beams of her
+countenance to greet me, turned away, and burst into tears.
+
+This was unexpected, and the ire which had in some degree arisen at the
+disappointment that had disturbed the house, vanished altogether. I
+forgot to say that Biddy had been happily relieved from the blight of a
+drunken husband about six years ago, and laboured to support three
+little children without ever having entertained the remotest idea of
+sending them to the parish.
+
+She had "her families," for whom she washed at their own houses, and at
+over hours "took in" work at her small cottage.
+
+To assist in this, and also from motives of charity, she employed a
+young girl distinguished by the name of Louisa, whom she preserved from
+worse than death. This creature she found _starving_; and although she
+brought fever amongst her children, and her preserver lost much
+employment in consequence, Biddy "saw her through the sickness, and, by
+the goodness of Almighty God, would be nothing the worse or the poorer
+for having befriended a motherless child."
+
+Those who bestow from the treasures of their abundance, deserve praise;
+but those who, like the poor Irish Washerwoman, bestow half of their
+daily bread, and suffer the needy to shelter beneath their roof, deserve
+blessings.
+
+The cause of Biddy's absence, and the cause of Biddy's tears, I will
+endeavour to repeat in her own words:--
+
+"I come home last night, as usual, more dead than alive, until I got
+sitting down with the childre; for, having put two or three potatoes, as
+usual, my lady, to heat, just on the bar, I thought, tired as I was, I'd
+iron out the few small things 'Loo' had put in blue, particularly a
+clane cap and handkercher, and the aprons for to-day, as yer honor likes
+to see me nice; and the boy got a prize at school; for, let me do as I
+would, I took care they should have the _edication_ that makes the poor
+rich. Well, I noticed that Loo's hair was hanging in ringlets down her
+face, and I says to her, 'My honey,' I says, 'if Annie was you, and
+she's my own, I'd make her put up her hair plain; the way her Majesty
+wears it is good enough, I should think, for such as you, Louisa;' and
+with that she says, 'It might do for Annie; but for her part, _her_
+mother was a tradeswoman.' Well, I bit my tongue to hinder myself from
+hurting her feelings by telling her _what_ her mother was, _for the
+blush of shame is the only one that misbecomes a woman's cheek_.
+
+But I waited till our work was over, and, _picking her out the two mealy
+potatoes_, and sharing, as I always did, my half pint of beer with her,
+when I had it, I raisoned with her, as I often did before; and looking
+to where my three sleeping childre lay, little Jemmy's cheek _blooming
+like a rose_, on his prize book, which he took into bed with him, I
+called God to witness, that though nature, like, would draw my heart
+more to my own flesh and blood, yet I'd see to her as I would to them.
+
+She made me no answer, but put the potatoes aside, and said, 'Mother, go
+to bed.' I let her call me mother," continued Biddy, "it's such a sweet
+sound, and hinders one, _when one has it to call_, from feeling lonesome
+in the world; it's the shelter for many a breaking heart, and the home
+of many a wild one; ould as I am, I miss my mother still! 'Louisa,' I
+says, 'I've heard my own childre their prayers--kneel down, a'lanna,
+there, and get over them.'
+
+'My throat's so sore,' she says, 'I can't say 'em out. Don't ye see I
+could not eat the potatoes?' This was about half past twelve, and I had
+spoke to the po-lis to give me a call at five. But when I woke, the grey
+of the morning was in the room with me; and knowing where I ought to
+have been, I hustled on my things, and hearing a po-lis below the window
+(we know them by the steady tramp they have, as if they'd rather go slow
+than fast), I says, 'If you plaise, what's the clock, and why didn't you
+call me?' 'It's half past seven,' he says; 'and sure the girl, when she
+went out at half past five, said you war up.'
+
+'My God!--what girl?' I says, turning all over like a _corpse_; and then
+I missed my bonnet and shawl, and saw my box empty; she had even taken
+the book from under the child's cheek. But that wasn't all. I'd have
+forgiven her for the loss of the clothes, and the tears she forced from
+the eyes of my innocent child; I'd forgive her for making my heart grow
+oulder in half an hour, than it had grown in its whole life before; _but
+my wedding ring_, ma'am!--her head had often this shoulder for its
+pillow, and I'd throw this arm over her, so. Oh, ma'am darlint, could
+you believe it?--she stole my wedding ring aff my hand--the hand that
+had saved and slaved for her! The ring! oh, many's the tear I've shed on
+it; and many a time, when I've been next to starving, and it has
+glittered in my eyes, I've been tempted to part with it, but I couldn't.
+It had grown thin, _like myself_, with the hardship of the world; and
+yet when I'd look at it twisting on my poor wrinkled finger, I'd think
+of the times gone by, of him who had put it on, and _would_ have kept
+his promise but for the temptation of drink, and what it lades to; and
+those times, when throuble would be crushing me into the earth, I'd
+think of what I heard onct--that a ring was a thing like etarnity,
+having no beginning nor end; and I'd turn it, and turn it, and turn it!
+and find comfort in _believing_ that the little penance here was nothing
+in comparison to that without a beginning or an end that we war to go to
+hereafter--it might be in heaven, or it might (God save us!) be in the
+other place; and," said poor Biddy, "I drew a dale of consolation from
+_that_, and _she_ knew it--she, the sarpint, that I shared my children's
+food with--_she_ knew it, and, while I slept _the heavy sleep of hard
+labour_, she had the heart to rob me!--to rob me of the only treasure
+(barring the childre) I had in the world! I'm a great sinner; I can't
+say, God forgive her; nor I can't work; and it's put me apast doing my
+duty; and Jessie, the craythur, laid ever so much store by it, on
+account of the little innocent charrums; and, altogether, it's the
+sorest Christmas day that ever came to me. Oh, sure, I wouldn't have
+that girl's heart in my breast for a goolden crown--the ingratitude of
+her bates the world!"
+
+It really was a case of the most hardened ingratitude I had ever
+known--the little wretch! to rob the only friend she ever had, while
+sleeping in the very bed where she had been tended, and tendered, and
+cared for, so unceasingly. "She might take all I had in the world, if
+she had only left me _that_" she repeated continually, while rocking
+herself backwards and forwards over the fire, after the fashion of her
+country; "the thrifle of money, the _rags_, and the child's
+book--all--and I'd have had a _clane breast_. I could forgive her from
+my heart, but I can't forgive her for taking my ring--for taking my
+wedding ring!"
+
+This was not all. The girl was traced and captured; and the same day
+Biddy was told she must go to Queen-square to identify the prisoner.
+
+"Me," she exclaimed, "who never was in the place of the law before, what
+can I say but that she tuck it?"
+
+An Irish cause always creates a sensation in a police-office. The
+magistrates smile at each other, the reporter cuts his pencil and
+arranges his note-book, and the clerk covers the lower part of his face
+with his hand, to conceal the expression that plays around his mouth.
+
+Biddy's curtsey--a genuine Irish dip--and her opening speech, which she
+commenced by wishing their honours "a merry Christmas and plenty of
+them, and that they might have the power of doing good to the end of
+their days, and never meet with ingratitude for that same," was the only
+absurdity connected with her deposition.
+
+When she saw the creature with whom her heart had dwelt so long, in the
+custody of the police, she was completely overcome, and intermingled her
+evidence with so many entreaties that mercy should be shown the hardened
+delinquent, that the magistrate was sensibly affected. Short as was the
+time that had elapsed between Louisa's elopement and discovery, she had
+spent the money and pawned the ring: and twenty hands at least were
+extended to the Irish Washerwoman with money to redeem the pledge.
+
+Poor Biddy had never been so rich before in all her life; but that did
+not console her for the sentence passed upon her protege, and it was a
+long time before she was restored to her usual spirits. She flagged and
+pined; and when the spring began to advance a little, and the sun to
+shine, her misery became quite troublesome, her continual wail being
+"for the poor sinful craythur who was shut up among stone walls, and
+would be sure to come out worse than she went in!"
+
+The old cook lived to grow thoroughly ashamed of the reproaches she cast
+on Biddy, and Jessie shows her off on all occasions as a specimen of an
+Irish Washerwoman.
+
+
+
+
+QUICK SENSES OF THE ARAB.--Their eyesight is peculiarly sharp and keen.
+Almost before I could on the horizon discern more than a moving speck,
+my guides would detect a stranger, and distinguish upon a little nearer
+approach, by his garb and appearance, the tribe to which he
+belonged.--_Wellsted's City of the Caliphs._
+
+
+
+
+THE IRISH IN 1644:
+
+AS DESCRIBED BY A FRENCHMAN OF THAT PERIOD.
+
+
+We are indebted to our talented countryman, Crofton Croker, for the
+translation of the tour of a French traveller, M. de la Boullaye Le
+Gouz, in Ireland in 1644. Its author journeyed from Dublin to the
+principal cities and towns in Ireland, and sketches what he saw in a
+very amusing manner. The value of the publication, however, is greatly
+enhanced by the interesting notes appended to it by Mr Croker and some
+of his friends; and as the work is less known in Ireland than it should
+be, we extract from it the Frenchman's sketch of the habits and customs
+of the Irish people as they prevailed two centuries back, in the belief
+that they will be acceptable to our readers.
+
+"Ireland, or Hibernia, has always been called the Island of Saints,
+owing to the number of great men who have been born there. The natives
+are known to the English under the name of Iriche, to the French under
+that of Hibernois, which they take from the Latin, or of Irois, from the
+English, or Irlandois from the name of the island, because land
+signifies ground. They call themselves Ayrenake, in their own language,
+a tongue which you must learn by practice, because they do not write it;
+they learn Latin in English characters, with which characters they also
+write their own language; and so I have seen a monk write, but in such a
+way as no one but himself could read it.
+
+Saint Patrick was the apostle of this island, who according to the
+natives blessed the land, and gave his malediction to all venomous
+things; and it cannot be denied that the earth and the timber of
+Ireland, being transported, will contain neither serpents, worms,
+spiders, nor rats, as one sees in the west of England and in Scotland,
+where all particular persons have their trunks and the boards of their
+floors of Irish wood; and in all Ireland there is not to be found a
+serpent or toad.
+
+The Irish of the southern and eastern coasts follow the customs of the
+English; those of the north, the Scotch. The others are not very
+polished, and are called by the English savages. The English colonists
+were of the English church, and the Scotch were Calvinists, but at
+present they are all Puritans. The native Irish are very good Catholics,
+though knowing little of their religion; those of the Hebrides and of
+the North acknowledge only Jesus and St Colombe [_Columkill_], but their
+faith is great in the church of Rome. Before the English revolution,
+when an Irish gentleman died, his Britannic majesty became seised of the
+property and tutellage of the children of the deceased, whom they
+usually brought up in the English Protestant religion. Lord Insequin
+[_Inchiquin_] was educated in this manner, to whom the Irish have given
+the name of plague or pest of his country.
+
+The Irish gentlemen eat a great deal of meat and butter, and but little
+bread. They drink milk, and beer, into which they put laurel leaves, and
+eat bread baked in the English manner. The poor grind barley and peas
+between two stones, and make it into bread, which they cook upon a small
+iron table heated on a tripod; they put into it some oats, and this
+bread, which in the form of cakes they call haraan, they eat with great
+draughts of buttermilk. Their beer is very good, and the eau de vie,
+which they call brandovin [_brandy_] excellent. The butter, the beef,
+and the mutton, are better than in England.
+
+The towns are built in the English fashion, but the houses in the
+country are in this manner:--Two stakes are fixed in the ground, across
+which is a transverse pole to support two rows of rafters on the two
+sides, which are covered with leaves and straw. The cabins are of
+another fashion. There are four walls the height of a man, supporting
+rafters over which they thatch with straw and leaves. They are without
+chimneys, and make the fire in the middle of the hut, which greatly
+incommodes those who are not fond of smoke. The castles or houses of the
+nobility consist of four walls extremely high, thatched with straw; but,
+to tell the truth, they are nothing but square towers without windows,
+or at least having such small apertures as to give no more light than
+there is in a prison. They have little furniture, and cover their rooms
+with rushes, of which they make their beds in summer, and of straw in
+winter. They put the rushes a foot deep on their floors, and on their
+windows, and many of them ornament the ceilings with branches.
+
+They are fond of the harp, on which nearly all play, as the English do
+on the fiddle, the French on the lute, the Italians on the guitar, the
+Spaniards on the castanets, the Scotch on the bagpipe, the Swiss on the
+fife, the Germans on the trumpet, the Dutch on the tambourine, and the
+Turks on the flageolet.
+
+The Irish carry a scquine [_skein_] or Turkish dagger, which they dart
+very adroitly at fifteen paces distance; and have this advantage, that
+if they remain masters of the field of battle, there remains no enemy;
+and if they are routed, they fly in such a manner that it is impossible
+to catch them. I have seen an Irishman with ease accomplish twenty-five
+leagues a day. They march to battle with the bagpipes instead of fifes;
+but they have few drums, and they use the musket and cannon as we do.
+They are better soldiers abroad than at home.
+
+The red-haired are considered the most handsome in Ireland. The women
+have hanging breasts; and those who are freckled, like a trout, are
+esteemed the most beautiful.
+
+The trade of Ireland consists in salmon and herrings, which they take in
+great numbers. You have one hundred and twenty herrings for an English
+penny, equal to a carolus of France, in the fishing time. They import
+wine and salt from France, and sell there strong frize cloths at good
+prices.
+
+The Irish are fond of strangers, and it costs little to travel amongst
+them. When a traveller of good address enters their houses with
+assurance, he has but to draw a box of sinisine, or snuff, and offer it
+to them; then these people receive him with admiration, and give him the
+best they have to eat. They love the Spaniards as their brothers, the
+French as their friends, the Italians as their allies, the Germans as
+their relatives, the English and Scotch as their irreconcileable
+enemies. I was surrounded on my journey from Kilkinik [_Kilkenny_] to
+Cachel [_Cashel_] by a detachment of twenty Irish soldiers; and when
+they learned I was a Frankard (it is thus they call us), they did not
+molest me in the least, but made me offers of service, seeing that I was
+neither Sazanach [_Saxon_] nor English.
+
+The Irish, whom the English call savages, have for their head-dress a
+little blue bonnet, raised two fingers-breadth in front, and behind
+covering their head and ears. Their doublet has a long body and four
+skirts; and their breeches are a pantaloon of white frize, which they
+call trousers. Their shoes, which are pointed, they call brogues, with a
+single sole. They often told me of a proverb in English, 'Airische
+brogues for Englich dogues' [_Irish brogues for English dogs_] 'the
+shoes of Ireland for the dogs of England,' meaning that their shoes are
+worth more than the English.
+
+For cloaks they have five or six yards of frize drawn round the neck,
+the body, and over the head, and they never quit this mantle, either in
+sleeping, working, or eating. The generality of them have no shirts, and
+about as many lice as hairs on their heads, which they kill before each
+other without any ceremony.
+
+The northern Irish have for their only dress a breeches, and a covering
+for the back, without bonnets, shoes, or stockings. The women of the
+north have a double rug, girded round their middle and fastened to the
+throat. Those bordering on Scotland have not more clothing. The girls of
+Ireland, even those living in towns, have for their head-dress only a
+ribbon, and if married, they have a napkin on the head in the manner of
+the Egyptians. The body of their gowns comes only to their breasts, and
+when they are engaged in work, they gird their petticoat with their sash
+about the abdomen. They wear a hat and mantle very large, of a brown
+colour [_couleur minime_] of which the cape is of coarse woollen frize,
+in the fashion of the women of Lower Normandy."
+
+
+
+
+BARBARITY OF THE LAW IN IRELAND A CENTURY AGO.
+
+
+"Last week, at the assizes of Kilkenny, a fellow who was to be tried for
+robbery, not pleading, a jury was appointed to try whether he was
+wilfully mute, or by the hands of God; and they giving a verdict that he
+was wilfully mute, he was condemned to be pressed to death. He
+accordingly suffered on Wednesday, pursuant to his sentence, which was
+as follows:--That the criminal shall be confined in some low dark room,
+where he shall be laid on his back, with no covering except round his
+loins, and shall have as much weight laid, upon him as he can bear, _and
+more_; that he shall have nothing to live upon but the worst bread and
+water; and the day that he eats he shall not drink, nor the day that he
+drinks he shall not eat; and so shall continue till he dies."--_Reilly's
+Dublin News Letter, August 9, 1740._
+
+
+
+
+WHIPS FOR A PENNY.
+
+BY MARTIN DOYLE.
+
+
+"Whips for a Penny!" This cry attracted my attention; I looked about,
+and saw a stout young man with a bundle of children's whips under his
+arm, standing on a flagway in Ludgate-street, in the centre of a group
+of little boys, who if not wealthy enough to buy from his stock, were at
+least unanimously disposed to do so. The whips, considering the price,
+were very neatly made, and cracked melodiously, as the man took frequent
+opportunities of proving, for the cadences of his almost continuously
+repeated cry "Whips for a penny, whips for a penny!" were emphatically
+marked by a time-keeping "crack, crack," to the delight of the juvenile
+auditors.
+
+Curious to ascertain if this person would meet such a demand for these
+Lilliputian whips as would afford him the means of living with
+reasonable comfort, I watched his movements for nearly an hour, during
+which period he disposed of five or six of them. One of the purchasers
+was a good-natured looking woman, with a male child about two years old,
+to whom she presented the admired object. The infant, with instinctive
+perception of its proper use, grasped the handle with his tiny fingers,
+and promptly commenced a smart but not very effective course of
+flagellation on the bosom from which he had derived his earlier aliment,
+to the infinite delight of the doting mother. A fine boy, strutting
+about in frock and trousers, was next introduced by his nurse to the
+vender of thongs, and the first application of his lash was made to an
+unfortunate little dog which had been separated from his owner, and was
+at this time roaming about in solicitude and terror, and probably with
+an empty stomach, when Master Jack added a fresh pang to his miseries.
+
+A hardier customer came next, and flourished his whip the moment he
+bought it, at some weary and frightened lambs which a butcher's boy was
+urging forward through every obstacle, with a bludgeon, towards their
+slaughter-house. A half-starved kitten, which had ventured within the
+threshold of a shop, where in piteous posture it seemed to crave
+protection and a drop of milk, caught the quick eye of a fourth urchin,
+just as he had untwisted his lash, and was immediately started from its
+momentary place of refuge by the pursuing imp. A fifth came up, a big,
+knowing-looking chap, about twelve years old, who, after a slight and
+contemptuous examination of them, loudly remarked to their owner, "Vy,
+these ere vhips a'n't no good to urt no vun--I'm blowed hif they his."
+You young tyrant! thought I to myself. I was moving off in disgust, when
+a benevolent-looking gentleman came up and was about to buy one for the
+happy, open-countenanced boy, who called him uncle, when I took the
+liberty of putting one of my forefingers to my nose, as the most ready
+but quiet method of indicating my desire to prevent the completion of
+his purpose. The gentleman took my hint at once, supposing in all
+probability that there was some mystery in the matter--perhaps that I
+wished to save him from the awkward consequences of purchasing stolen
+goods, and walked away. I followed him, and overtaking him, touched the
+rim of my beaver, as nearly as I could imitate the London mode, and at
+once said, "My dear sir, excuse me for obtruding my advice upon you, but
+as _you_ have the organ of benevolence strongly developed, and your
+little nephew has already indication of its future prominence, if duly
+exercised, I thought it better that you should not put a whip into his
+hands, lest his better feelings should be counter-influenced. Look
+there," continued I, as we reached the steep part of Holborn-hill, "see
+that pair of miserable horses endeavouring to keep their footing on the
+steep and slippery pavement; hear the constant reverberations of the
+driver's whip, which he applies so unmercifully to keep them from
+falling, by the most forced and unnatural efforts; see them straining
+every muscle to drag along their burden, while they pant from pain,
+terror, and exhaustion; look at the frequent welts on their poor skins.
+Depend upon it, the fellow who drives had a penny whip for his first
+plaything!" The gentleman looked rather earnestly at me. "You are right,
+sir," said he; "early initiation in the modes of cruelty"----"Precisely,"
+said I. "The boy-child is taught to terrify any animal that comes within
+his reach, as soon as he is able to do so; his parents, sponsors, nurses,
+friends, are severally disposed to give him for his first present a toy
+whip, and he soon acquires dexterity in using it. Man, naturally
+overbearing and cruel, is rendered infinitely more so by education. He
+first flogs his wooden horse (the little boy pricked up his ears, and I
+hope will retain the impression of what passed) and then his living pony
+or donkey, as the case may be; he whips every thing that crosses his way;
+and even at the little birds, which are happily beyond the reach of his
+lash, he flings stones, or he robs them of their young, for the mere
+satisfaction of rendering them miserable."
+
+"Ay, sir," said the gentleman, "and he becomes a sportsman in course of
+time, and flogs his pointers, setters, and hounds, for pursuing their
+instincts--he becomes their tyrant. He goes to one of our universities,
+perhaps, and drives gigs, tandems, and even stage-coaches, without
+knowing how to handle the reins; he blunders, turns corners too sharply,
+pulls the wrong rein, diverts the well-trained horses from their proper
+course, which they would have critically pursued but for his
+interference, nearly oversets the vehicle by his awkwardness, and then,
+as if to persuade the lookers on that the fault was not his, he
+belabours the poor brutes to the utmost of his power; or it may be, lays
+on the thong merely for practice until he is proficient enough to apply
+it _knowingly_. Are the horses tired," continued he, "worn out in
+service?--he flogs to keep them alive, and makes a boast of his
+ingenuity in forcing a jaded set to their journey's end, by establishing
+a 'raw,' and torturing them there."
+
+"Depend upon it," said I, "such a chap had 'whips for a penny' when he
+was a child." "Quite so," said my companion; "you have put this matter
+before me in a new point of view." Here we were startled by the familiar
+sound of the coach whip, and saw a stage-driver flogging in the severest
+style four heated, panting, and overpowered horses, coming in with a
+heavily laden coach; the lash was perpetually laid on; even the keenest
+at the draught were flogged, that they might pull on the rest, and the
+less powerful were flogged to keep up with them. The coachman, no doubt,
+when a child, had his share of 'whips for a penny.' When he grew up and
+entered upon his vocation, he perhaps at first compassionated the horses
+which he was obliged to force to their stages in a given time; he might
+have had his favourites among them too, and yet often and severely
+tested their powers of speed or endurance; and at length, as they became
+diseased and stiff in the limbs, and broken-winded from overwork, he may
+have satisfied himself with the reflection, that the fault was not his,
+that his employer ought to have given him a better team, and that it was
+a shame for him to ask any coachman to drive such "rum uns." Habit
+renders him callous; he does not now _feel_ for the sufferings of the
+wretched animals he guides and punishes; nay, he often coolly takes from
+the boot-box the short handled _Tommy_, which is merely the well-grown
+and severer whip of the species which his employer and himself had used
+in childhood, when they both bought "whips for a penny," and lays it as
+heavily as his vigorous arm empowers him, on one of the worn-out
+wheelers, which unhappily for themselves are within range of its
+infliction. The hackney-coachmen and cabmen, too,
+
+    "Though oft I've heard good judges say
+    It costs them more for whips than hay,"
+
+are not much worse than their more consequential brethren of the whip;
+all of them consider the noble creature, subjugated by their power, and
+abused most criminally through their cruelty, as a mere piece of
+machinery, to be flogged along like a top as long as it can be kept
+going.
+
+We reached the upper end of one of the numerous lanes leading from the
+Thames; five splendid horses were endeavouring to draw up a heavy
+waggon-load of coals; but as the two first turned into the street at
+right angles to the others, they were not aiding those behind them.
+Being stopped in their progress for some time, by a crowd of coaches,
+chaises, cabs, carts, and omnibuses, the labour of keeping the waggon on
+the spot it had already attained, and which was steep and slippery,
+rested upon the three hinder horses. At length the team was put in
+motion, all the leading ones being useless in succession as they turned
+to the angle of the street; and just at the critical point, when the
+whole enormous draught rested on the shaft horse, the waggoner, taxing
+its strength beyond its capability, struck it with the whip. The noble
+brute made one desperate plunge to execute his tyrant's will, and
+fell--dead upon the pavement. "I think," said my companion, "that we
+have had a good lesson upon whips to-day; I should prefer any other gift
+for my little boy here; for though it may be urged that he, like the
+rest of his sex at the same age, would merely make a noise with a whip,
+and would inflict no serious pain, I am bound to bear in mind the actual
+fact, that with the very sound of a whip is associated in the
+imagination of all domesticated animals, the apprehension of pain; that
+they are _terrorized_ when they hear that sound, even through a child's
+hand, and I must therefore conclude that this symbol of cruelty should
+not be his plaything." I agreed with him fully, and as our business lay
+in different directions, we parted at Blackfriar's Bridge, not, however,
+until my companion of the hour had handed me his card of address. This
+was an act of unexpected compliment which I could not return exactly in
+the same way; I told him that I had never written my name on a visiting
+card in my life, but that I was Martin Doyle, at his service, and a
+contributor to the new _Irish Penny Journal_, just started in Dublin.
+"Is not Dublin," said he, "in Ireland?" I stared. "I believe," added he,
+"that Ireland is a pretty place." I wished the geographical gentleman a
+rather hasty farewell.
+
+As I walked on, I pondered on the many other instances in which the whip
+is an instrument of terror or tyranny. First, I thought of the Russian
+bride meekly offering a horsewhip to her lord, as the token of her
+submission to the infliction of his blows, whenever it might suit his
+temper to bestow such proofs of tenderness upon her, and of the perpetual
+system of flagellation, which, as we are told by travellers, is exercised
+in the dominions of the great autocrat upon wives, children, servants,
+and cattle. I thought of French postilions--flagellators of the first
+order, at least as far as "cracking" without intermission testifies; and,
+finally, of the British horse-racer.
+
+Horses high in mettle, ardent in the course, without a stimulus of any
+kind, struggle neck and neck for victory; they approach the winning
+post; one jockey flogs more powerfully than his compeers; the agonized
+horse, in his fearful efforts, is lifted as it were from the ground, by
+two or three desperate twinings (the stabbing at the sides is but a
+variety of the torture) of the cutting whalebone round his flanks; and
+at the critical instant, making a bound, as it were, to escape from his
+half-flayed skin, throws his head forward in his effort, half a yard
+beyond that of his rival, who has had his share of torture too, and is
+declared the winner--of what?--a gold-handled prize-whip, which is borne
+away in triumph by the owner of the winning horse! To be sure, he
+pockets some of that which is so truly designated "the root of all
+evil;" but the acquisition of the whip is the distinguishing honour.
+
+And how does this whip in reality differ from any of the "whips for a
+penny?" It is of pure gold and whalebone; the others are but of painted
+stick and the cheapest leather; yet they are both but _playthings_--the
+one in the hand of a man who has spent, it may be, half his patrimony,
+and as much of his time in the endeavour to win it, while he attaches no
+real or intrinsic value to it afterwards; the other in the hand of the
+child, to whom it appears a real and substantial prize. The jockey-man
+is not a whit more rational in this respect than the boy who bestrides
+his hobby-horse, and flourishes his penny whip.
+
+Then succeeded to my imagination a far more brutal scene, the
+steeple-chase. A horse is overpowered in a deep and heavy fallow; he is
+flogged to press him through it; he reaches a break-neck wall; a
+desperate cut of the whip sends him flying over it; again and again he
+puts forth his strength and speed, and falls, and rises again at the
+instigation of the whip. He comes to a brook; it is too wide for his
+failing powers, and there is a rotten and precipitous bank at the other
+side; he shudders, and recoils a moment, but a tremendous lash, worse
+than the dread of drowning, and the goading of the spur, force him in
+desperation to the leap; his hind feet give way at the landing side; he
+falls backward; his spine is broken, and at length a pistol bullet ends
+his miseries.
+
+In a word, the donation of "whips for a penny" to any child, fairly
+starts him on the first stage of cruelty; and if, from peculiarity of
+temperament or the restraining influence of the beneficent Creator (who,
+though he has allowed man to have dominion, and has put under his feet
+all sheep and oxen, yea, and the beasts of the field, has withheld from
+him the authority to abuse his privilege), the child grows into the man
+who is merciful to his beast, the merit is not due to the injudicious
+person who first presents him with his mimic whip in infancy.
+
+
+
+
+THE WORLD'S CHANGES.
+
+"Contarini Fleming wrote merely, TIME."--
+
+     _D'Israeli the Younger._
+
+
+    The Solemn Shadow that bears in his hands
+    The conquering Scythe and the Glass of Sands,
+    Paused once on his flight where the sunrise shone
+    On a warlike city's towers of stone;
+    And he asked of a panoplied soldier near,
+    "How long has this fortressed city been here?"
+    And the man looked up, Man's pride on his brow--
+    "The city stands here from the ages of old
+    And as it was then, and as it is now,
+      So will it endure till the funeral knell
+        Of the world be knolled,
+      As Eternity's annals shall tell."
+
+            And after a thousand years were o'er,
+            The Shadow paused over the spot once more.
+
+    And vestige was none of a city there,
+    But lakes lay blue, and plains lay bare,
+    And the marshalled corn stood high and pale,
+    And a Shepherd piped of love in a vale.
+    "How!" spake the Shadow, "can temple and tower
+    Thus fleet, like mist, from the morning hour?"
+    But the Shepherd shook the long locks from his brow--
+      "The world is filled with sheep and corn;
+    Thus was it of old, thus is it now,
+      Thus, too, will it be while moon and sun
+        Rule night and morn,
+      For Nature and Life are one."
+
+            And after a thousand years were o'er,
+            The Shadow paused over the spot once more.
+
+    And lo! in the room of the meadow-lands
+    A sea foamed far over saffron sands,
+    And flashed in the noontide bright and dark,
+    And a fisher was casting his nets from a bark;
+    How marvelled the Shadow! "Where then is the plain?
+    And where be the acres of golden grain?"
+    But the fisher dashed off the salt spray from his brow--
+      "The waters begirdle the earth alway,
+    The sea ever rolled as it rolleth now:
+      What babblest thou about grain and fields?
+        By night and day
+      Man looks for what Ocean yields."
+
+            And after a thousand years were o'er,
+            The Shadow paused over the spot once more.
+
+    And the ruddy rays of the eventide
+    Were gilding the skirts of a forest wide;
+    The moss of the trees looked old, so old!
+    And valley and hill, the ancient mould
+    Was robed in sward, an evergreen cloak;
+    And a woodman sang as he felled an oak.
+    Him asked the Shadow--"Rememberest thou
+      Any trace of a Sea where wave those trees?"
+    But the woodman laughed: Said he, "I trow,
+      If oaks and pines do flourish and fall,
+        It is not amid seas;--
+      The earth is one forest all."
+
+            And after a thousand years were o'er,
+            The Shadow paused over the spot once more.
+
+    And what saw the Shadow? A city agen,
+    But peopled by pale mechanical men,
+    With workhouses filled, and prisons, and marts,
+    And faces that spake exanimate hearts.
+    Strange picture and sad! was the Shadow's thought;
+    And, turning to one of the Ghastly, he sought
+    For a clue in words to the When and the How
+      Of the ominous Change he now beheld;
+    But the man uplifted his care-worn brow--
+      "Change? What was Life ever but Conflict and Change?
+        From the ages of eld
+      Hath affliction been widening its range."
+
+    Enough! said the Shadow, and passed from the spot
+      At last it is vanished, the beautiful youth
+        Of the earth, to return with no To-morrow;
+    All changes have checquered Mortality's lot;
+      But this is the darkest--for Knowledge and Truth
+        Are but golden gates to the Temple of Sorrow!      M.
+
+
+
+
+ANCIENT MUSIC OF IRELAND.
+
+
+A great and truly national work--the Ancient Music of Ireland--collected
+and arranged for the piano-forte by Edward Bunting, has just issued from
+the Dublin press; and whether we consider its intrinsic merits, the
+beauty of its typography and binding, or the liberal and enterprising
+spirit of its publishers, they are all equally deserving of the highest
+approbation. This is indeed a work of which Ireland may feel truly
+proud, for, though in every respect Irish, we believe nothing equal to
+it in its way has hitherto appeared in the British empire, and we trust
+that all the parties concerned in its production will receive the
+rewards to which they are so justly entitled. To all lovers of national
+melody this work will give the most intense pleasure; while by those who
+think there is no melody so sweet and touching as that of Ireland, it
+will be welcomed with feelings of delight which no words could
+adequately express. It is a work which assuredly will never die. To its
+venerable Editor, Ireland owes a deep feeling of gratitude, as the
+zealous and enthusiastic collector and preserver of her music in all its
+characteristic beauty; for though our national poet, Moore, has
+contributed by the peculiar charm of his verses to extend the fame of
+our music over the civilised world, it should never be forgotten that it
+is to Bunting that is due the merit of having originally rescued from
+obscurity those touching strains of melody, the effect of which, even
+upon the hearts of those most indifferent to Irish interests generally,
+Moore has so feelingly depicted in his well-known lines:--
+
+    "The stranger shall hear thy lament on his plains;
+      The sighs of thy harp shall be sent o'er the deep;
+    Till thy masters themselves, as they rivet thy chains,
+      Shall pause at the song of their captive, and weep."
+
+The merits of this work are, however, of a vastly higher order than
+those of either of the former collections which Mr Bunting gave to the
+world; for, while the melodies are of equal beauty, they are arranged
+with such exquisite musical feeling and skill as to enhance that beauty
+greatly; and we do not hesitate to express our conviction that there is
+not any musician living who could have harmonized them with greater
+judgment or feeling. This volume contains above one hundred and sixty
+melodies, and of these only a few have been previously made known to the
+public. It also contains an interesting preface, and a most valuable
+dissertation on the ancient music of Ireland, in which its
+characteristic peculiarities are admirably analysed; and on the method
+of playing the Harp; the Musical Vocabulary of the old Irish Harpers; a
+Treatise on the Antiquity of the Harp and Bagpipe in Ireland by Samuel
+Ferguson, Esq., M.R.I.A., full of curious antiquarian lore, and in which
+is comprised an account of the various efforts made to revive the Irish
+Harp; a dissertation by Mr Petrie on the true age of the Harp, popularly
+called the Harp of Brian Boru; and, lastly, anecdotes of the most
+distinguished Irish Harpers of the last two centuries, collected by the
+Editor himself. To these are added, Remarks on the Antiquity and Authors
+of the Tunes when ascertained, with copious indices, giving their
+original Irish names, as well as the names and localities of the persons
+from whom they were obtained. The work is illustrated with numerous
+wood-cuts, as well as with copperplate engravings of the ancient Irish
+Harp above alluded to. This slight notice will, it is hoped, give our
+readers for the present some idea of the value and importance of this
+delightful work; but we shall return to it again and again, for we
+consider it is no less than our duty to make its merits familiar to our
+readers, as our music is a treasure of which all classes of our
+countrymen should feel equally proud, and in the honour of extending the
+celebrity of which they should all feel equally desirous to participate.
+P.
+
+
+
+
+SIMPLICITY OF CHARACTER.
+
+
+Dr Barrett having on a certain occasion detected a student walking in
+the Fellows' Garden, Trinity College, Dublin, asked him how he had
+obtained admission. "I jumped over the library, sir," said the student.
+"D'ye see me now, sir?--you are telling me an infernal lie, sir!"
+exclaimed the Vice-Provost. "Lie, sir!" echoed the student; "I'll do it
+again!" and forthwith proceeded to button his coat, in apparent
+preparation for the feat; when the worthy doctor, seizing his arm,
+prevented him, exclaiming with horror, "Stop, stop--you'll break your
+bones if you attempt it!"
+
+
+
+
+TO OUR READERS.
+
+
+The want of a cheap literary publication for the great body of the
+people of this country, suited to their tastes and habits, combining
+instruction with amusement, avoiding the exciting and profitless
+discussion of political or polemical questions, and placed within the
+reach of their humble means, has long been matter of regret to those
+reflecting and benevolent minds who are anxious for the advancement and
+civilization of Ireland--and the reflection has been rather a
+humiliating one, that while England and Scotland abound with such cheap
+publications--for in London alone there are upwards of twenty weekly
+periodicals sold at one penny each--Ireland, with a population so
+extensive, and so strongly characterised by a thirst for knowledge, has
+not even one work of this class. It is impossible to believe that such
+an anomaly can have originated in any other cause than the want of
+spirit and enterprise on the part of those who ought to have the
+patriotism to endeavour to enlighten their countrymen, and thereby
+elevate their condition, even although the effort should be attended
+with risk, and trouble to themselves.
+
+It may be objected that some of the cheap publications already and for
+some years in existence, though in all respects fitted for the
+introduction of the people, and enjoying such an extensive circulation
+in the Sister Island as they justly deserve, have never obtained that
+proportionate share of popularity here which would indicate a conviction
+of their usefulness or excellence on the part of the Irish people. But
+the obvious reply to this objection is, that, undeniable as the merits
+of many of these publications must be allowed to be, none of them were
+adapted to the intellectual wants of a people, distinguished, as the
+Irish are, by strong peculiarities of mind and temperament, as well as
+by marked national predilections--and who, being more circumscribed in
+their means than the inhabitants of the Sister Countries, necessarily
+required a stimulus more powerful to excite them. A work of a more
+amusing character, and more essentially Irish, was therefore necessary;
+and such a work it is now intended to offer to the Public.
+
+The IRISH PENNY JOURNAL will be in a great degree devoted to subjects
+connected with the history, literature, antiquities, and general
+condition of Ireland, but it will not be devoted to such subjects
+exclusively; it will contain, in a fair proportion, articles on home and
+foreign manufactures, information on the arts and sciences, and useful
+knowledge generally.
+
+All subjects tending in the remotest degree to irritate or offend
+political or religious feelings will be rigidly abstained from, and
+every endeavour will be made to diffuse Sentiments of benevolence and
+mutual good-will through all classes of the community.
+
+The matter will also be, to a considerable extent, original--and to
+render it so, contributions will, be obtained from a great number of the
+most eminent literary and scientific writers of whom Ireland can boast.
+
+A publication thus conducted, and, as may be confidently anticipated,
+displaying merits of a very superior order, while it will effect its
+primary object of conveying instruction to the people generally, will at
+the same time, it is hoped, be found not undeserving of the support of
+the higher and more educated classes, while to the inhabitants of Great
+Britain it will be found extremely interesting, as embodying a large
+amount of information respecting Ireland, and the manners of her people
+as they really exist, and not as they have been hitherto too frequently
+misrepresented and caricatured.
+
+To give to such a work a reasonable prospect of success, it is indeed
+essential that it should be patronised by all classes; and an appeal is
+therefore confidently made to the high-minded and patriotic people of
+Ireland in its behalf, as without a very extensive circulation it could
+not be given at so low a price as would bring it within the reach of the
+poorer classes of the country, whose limited means would preclude the
+possibility of purchasing a dearer publication.
+
+On their own parts, the Proprietors of the IRISH PENNY JOURNAL have only
+to observe, that no efforts shall be spared to render their Work
+deserving of general support; and that as their expectations of
+immediate success are not extravagant, they will not be deterred, by
+temporary discouragements in the commencement of their undertaking, from
+persevering in their exertions to establish, upon a firm basis of
+popularity, a publication of such merit in itself, and so essential, as
+they conceive, to the improvement and advantage of the people of
+Ireland.
+
+The IRISH PENNY JOURNAL will be published every Saturday morning at the
+Office of the GENERAL ADVERTISER, Church-lane, College-green. It will be
+printed upon fine paper and each Number will be embellished with at
+least one wood-cut Illustration of high character as a work of art; and
+in point of quality as well as quantity of letter-press, it will be
+inferior to no Publication of the kind that has hitherto appeared.
+
+
+Printed and Published every Saturday by GUNN AND CAMERON, at the Office
+of the General Advertiser, 6 Church Lane, College Green, Dublin.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBERS' NOTES
+
+General: Corrections to punctuation have not been individually noted.
+
+Page 2: skillits corrected to skillets after "and the cleanest of all"
+
+Page 3: eqally corrected to equally after "The housemaid is"
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Irish Penny Journal, No. 1, Vol.
+1, July 4, 1840, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IRISH PENNY JOURNAL, JULY 4, 1840 ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38817.txt or 38817.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
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