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-                         Story of the Aeroplane
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost
-no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
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-Title: Story of the Aeroplane
-
-Author: C. B. Galbreath
-
-Release Date: February 03, 2012 [EBook #38758]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE AEROPLANE ***
-
-
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 38758 ***
 
 Produced by Roger Frank and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
 http://www.bookcove.net.
@@ -1038,375 +1017,4 @@ crowned with his immortal verse the century that is gone:
     furled
     In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.”
 
-
-
-
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-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE AEROPLANE ***
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 38758 ***
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-                         Story of the Aeroplane
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost
-no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Title: Story of the Aeroplane
-
-Author: C. B. Galbreath
-
-Release Date: February 03, 2012 [EBook #38758]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE AEROPLANE ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Roger Frank and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
-http://www.bookcove.net.
-
-                        *Story of the Aeroplane*
-
-                                   By
-
-                         C. B. Galbreath, M. A.
-
-
-
-                          PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY
-
-                 F. A. OWEN PUB. CO., Dansville, N. Y.
-
-                                  and
-
-                     HALL & McCREARY, Chicago, Ill.
-
-                _INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES--No. 253_
-
-                            COPYRIGHT, 1915
-                       F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING CO.
-                        _Story of the Aeroplane_
-
-
-
-
-Table of Contents
-
-
-    The Ocean of Air
-    Early Attempts at Aviation
-    Early Flying Machines
-    Nineteenth Century Experiments
-    Claims of Maxim and Ader
-    Langley's Tandem Monoplane
-    Experiments with Gliders
-    Aviation at the Beginning of the Present Century
-    The Kite
-    The "Plane" Defined
-    Essentials of the Aeroplane
-    The Wright Brothers and Their Problem
-    Balancing the Machine
-    At Kitty Hawk
-    The First Flight
-    Machine Balanced by Warping of Planes
-    Newspaper Reports Verified
-    Trial Flights at Fort Meyer
-    Fatal Accident
-    Wilbur Wright Wins Fame in France
-    Wright Brothers Honored
-    United States Government Requirements Successfully Met
-    Recent Improvements
-    Future of the Aeroplane
-
-                        *Story of the Aeroplane*
-
-
-
-
-The Ocean of Air
-
-
-Around the dry land of the earth are the oceans of water. We may never
-have seen them, but we have knowledge of them and their navigation, and
-their names suggest very definite and concrete objects of thought. We
-sometimes do not realize, however, that we live and move and have our
-being at the bottom of a vaster and deeper ocean that covers to a depth
-of many miles the whole earth, and to the surface of which man nor beast
-nor bird has ever ascended; an ocean with currents and whirlpools and
-waves of more than mountain height; an ocean in which we are as much at
-home as are the finny tribes and the monsters of the deep in their
-watery caverns. This is the ocean of the air. We are about to consider
-man's efforts to rise from the bottom of this ocean and wing his flight
-a little way through the atmosphere above him. His excursions upward are
-limited, for he could not live near the surface heights of this ocean,
-vast and deep and boundless. The art and science of his flight through
-the air, because of its relation to the flight of birds, we call
-aviation. (_Avis_: Latin, a bird.)
-
-
-
-
-Early Attempts at Aviation
-
-
-"The birds can fly and why can't I?"
-
-This query of Darius Green's, in various forms, has suggested itself to
-man since the dawn of history. Born with an inspiration to look upward
-and aspire, the navigation of the air has appealed with peculiar force
-to his imagination and through the centuries has at different times led
-bold and adventurous spirits to attempt what the world long regarded as
-impossible. The heavens seemed reserved for winged insects, birds and
-angels. Audacious man might not venture out upon the impalpable air. Can
-man fly? After more than four thousand years it was left for man to
-answer yes, to rise from the earth on wing and thrill the world "with
-the audacity of his design and the miracle of its execution." Bold
-enterprise! Fitting achievement to usher in a new century! A seeming
-miracle at first, but destined soon to excite no more curiosity than the
-flight of bees and birds. The solution of the problem of human flight
-was no miracle nor was it the swift work of genius accomplished at a
-magic master stroke. It was the result of intelligence and industry
-patiently applied for years till the barriers of difficulty gave way and
-man ventured out with assurance on the highways of the air.
-
-Just when he first attempted to fly is not known. Ancient Greek
-mythology abounds in stories of flying gods and mortals. Kites which
-bear some relation to the aeroplane were toys among the Chinese
-thousands of years ago. A Greek by the name of Achytes is reported to
-have made a wooden dove which flew under the propelling power of heated
-air. Baldad, a tribal king in what is now England, so tradition has it,
-attempted to fly over a city but fell and broke a leg. A similar
-accident is said to have happened to a Benedictine monk in the eleventh
-century and to others attempting like exploits in after years. A fall
-and a broken leg seem to have been the usual results of these early
-attempts at aerial flight.
-
-In the fifteenth century students and inventors gave serious attention
-to the navigation of the air and trustworthy accounts of their labors
-come down to us. Jean Baptiste Dante, a brother of the great Italian
-poet, made a number of gliding flights from high elevations and while
-giving an exhibition at a marriage feast in Perugia, like his
-predecessors in the middle ages, alighted on a roof and broke a leg.
-Leonardo da Vinci, the great painter and sculptor, was an amateur
-aviator of no mean attainment for his day. He invented a machine which
-the operator was to fly by using his arms and legs to set wings into
-flapping motion, like those of birds. This was called an orthopter, or
-ornithopter, a name which may be properly applied to any similar device.
-Another machine invented by him was in the form of a horizontal screw
-ninety-six feet in diameter. By the twisting of this the machine was
-designed to fly upward. This was called a helicopter. Da Vinci's third
-invention in this line was the parachute, with which successful descents
-were made from towers and other elevations. In the early half of the
-eighteenth century the Swedish philosopher, Emanuel Swedenborg, sketched
-in one of his works a flying machine of the orthopter style which he
-knew would not fly but which he suggested as a start, saying "It seems
-easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it
-requires greater force and less weight than exists in the human body."
-
-In 1742 the Marquis di Bacqueville at the age of sixty-two attempted to
-make a gliding flight from the tower of his home in Paris across the
-river Seine to the gardens of the Tuileries, started successfully in the
-presence of a great multitude, but suddenly halted over the river and
-fell into a boat, paying the historic penalty of a broken leg.
-
-At this point it may be well to classify the flying devices thus far
-considered.
-
-
-
-
-Early Flying Machines
-
-
-1. The _orthopters_, or as they are less commonly called, the
-ornithopters. The word "orthopter" means straight wing and the word
-"ornithopter" bird wing. This class of machines includes those designed
-to fly by the flapping of wings, somewhat in imitation of birds.
-
-2. The _helicopters_. The word "helicopter" means spiral wing. Flying
-machines of this class are designed to fly by the rapid horizontal
-rotation of two spiral propellers moving in opposite directions but so
-shaped that their combined effect is to move the machine upward. They
-are like a pair of tractor propellers of the modern aeroplane but
-arranged horizontally to lift the machine instead of drawing it forward
-in a vertical position.
-
-3. The _gliders_. As the name suggests, these were designed to coast or
-glide down the air, to start from a high elevation and by sailing
-through the air in an oblique direction reach a lower elevation at some
-distance from the starting point. Down to the latter part of the
-nineteenth century only the gliders were successfully used in man
-flight. In reality they can scarcely be called flying machines for they
-could not lift their own weight, though late experiments prove that when
-once in air they may rise above their starting point under the influence
-of a strong wind. The glider, however, performed a most important part
-in the evolution of the aeroplane. In coasting the air from hills, sand
-dunes and towers against steady wind currents a number of inventors
-through a series of years learned how to guide and control these gliders
-in their downward flight--an essential preparation for the application
-of motive power to lift the glider against the force of gravity and thus
-make it a veritable flying machine or aeroplane.
-
-
-
-
-Nineteenth Century Experiments
-
-
-In the early part of the last century an Englishman, Sir George Cayley,
-made many experiments with gliders and tabulated with great care the
-results of his investigations. He concluded, like Swedenborg, that man
-has not the power to fly by his own strength through any wing-flapping
-device, or orthopter, but he intimated that with a lighter and more
-powerful engine than had then been invented a plane like those used in
-his gliders, if slightly inclined upward, might be made gradually to
-ascend through the air. The results of his experiments he published in
-1810. They clearly foreshadowed the triumph that came almost a century
-later.
-
-In 1844 two British inventors, Henson and String-fellow, working out the
-suggestions of Cayley, made an aeroplane model equipped with a steam
-engine which is said to have made a flight of forty yards--the first
-real upward flight of a heavier than air machine on record. This model
-was a monoplane, that is, the lifting surface was a single plane like
-the outstretched wings of a bird. Twenty-two years later experiments
-were made with a biplane, that is, an aeroplane with two lifting planes
-or surfaces, one above the other.
-
-
-
-
-Claims of Maxim and Ader
-
-
-While others had made flying models, Sir Hiram Maxim in England
-constructed a multiplane, driven by a powerful steam engine over a track
-and rising at one time, as he declares, a few inches from the ground. He
-claims that his was the first machine to "lift man off the ground by its
-own power." This test was made in 1889.
-
-Clement Ader, a Frenchman, also claims this honor, saying that he was
-the first to make a machine that would rise and lift a passenger. On
-October 9, 1890, his friends say he made a short forward flight of 150
-feet in a monoplane propelled by a forty horse power steam engine. In
-1897 he claims to have made a number of secret flights, but a little
-later, in a test before officers of the French army who had become
-interested in the invention, the machine turned over and was wrecked.
-The support of the army for further experiments was withdrawn and Ader
-in despair abandoned the problem of aerial navigation which had claimed
-long years of study and unremitting effort. He stopped just short of the
-goal "with success almost within his grasp."
-
-
-
-
-Langley's Tandem Monoplane
-
-
-About this time two Americans, Samuel Pierpont Langley, of the
-Smithsonian Institution and Octave Chanute were conducting along
-scientific lines a series of experiments in aviation. On May 6, 1896, a
-steam-propelled model was started in a flight over the Potomac River.
-Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, who was
-present, declared that after a flight of eighty to one hundred feet the
-machine "settled down so softly that it touched the water without the
-least shock and was in fact immediately ready for a second trial." Other
-experiments were tried with success.
-
-Langley's first machine was a tandem monoplane, that is it had two pairs
-of wings, one immediately following the other. The engine and the
-propellers were between the two pairs of wings. In later models he used
-the biplane construction.
-
-Finally the United States government appropriated $50,000 to build a
-machine that would carry a passenger. In constructing this, Langley
-equipped it with a gasoline engine of about three horse power. The
-machine was comparatively light, weighing all told only fifty-eight
-pounds. On August 8, 1903, a public test was made "without a pilot," on
-the Potomac River near Washington. Spectators and reporters
-congratulated the inventor on the success of the experiment, while he
-with modest satisfaction said, "This is the first time in history, so
-far as I know, that a successful flight of a mechanically sustained
-flying machine has been made in public." This statement was no doubt
-true of machines of any considerable size, but as we shall presently
-see, toy flying machines of the _helicopter_ type had long ere this been
-exhibited to the wondering gaze of boys who were ultimately to bring to
-a practical conclusion man's long line of effort to rise triumphant and
-shape his course through the ocean of air.
-
-Langley's machine had flown without a pilot. A little later the inventor
-announced himself ready for the final test. Like his first model, his
-machine was a tandem monoplane. Its weight with pilot was 830 pounds and
-its plane or wing surface was 1040 square feet. It was fifty-two feet
-long and its arched wings measured forty-eight feet from tip to tip. The
-gasoline motor with which it was equipped developed fifty-two horse
-power and with all accessories weighed about 250 pounds.
-
-At Widewater, Virginia, September 7, 1903, the machine was tested. On a
-barge it was carried out into the Potomac River, with Charles M. Manley,
-Professor Langley's assistant, who was to pilot it in its first flight.
-The moment for the supreme test arrived. A mechanical device on the
-barge shot the machine and pilot into the air. To the disappointment and
-dismay of the spectators, the machine plunged front downward into the
-water. It was rescued with the young pilot unharmed. Another attempt was
-made to launch it in the air with a similar result, except that this
-time it dropped into the water rear end downward. The government gave
-the project no further encouragement, and the query ascribed to Darius
-Green remained unanswered. Professor Langley died a few years afterward,
-his life shortened, it is believed, through the blighting of the hope
-that he had long entertained to be the first successfully to navigate
-the air.
-
-
-
-
-Experiments with Gliders
-
-
-Through the latter part of the last century experiments were carried on
-with gliders. Among those who achieved much success in this field was
-the German, Otto Lilienthal, the "flying man," who made remarkable
-glides in the early nineties. He would run along the crest of a hill,
-jump from a precipitous declivity and sail on the wings of his glider
-over the valley below, guiding his course up and down and from side to
-side with a rudder attached to the machine. It was his idea that the
-problem of aviation was to be solved by perfecting the glider so that it
-could be controlled in its downward flight and then adding a propelling
-power that would sustain it and lift it through the air.
-
-After the death of Lilienthal by accident in 1896, others continued
-experiments along similar lines with the same purpose in view. Among
-these were Octave Chanute and A. M. Herring. They tried at first a
-monoplane glider and afterward one of five planes. This number they
-reduced to two. The rudder was made of movable horizontal and vertical
-blades. It was found that the glider with two planes, the biplane, was
-most satisfactory.
-
-Herring made for this a compressed air engine and claimed that with this
-he accomplished a flight of seventy-three feet. There is some doubt,
-however, as to this claim and some question as to whether it was an
-upward flight or a downward glide.
-
-
-
-
-Aviation at the Beginning of the Present Century
-
-
-As briefly outlined here, such was the status of aviation at the
-beginning of the new century. Much progress had been made and
-substantial vantage ground had been gained, but the problem still
-awaited practical solution. At this point it may be well to consider
-some of the features of the problem and the devices thus far evolved by
-long years of investigation and experiment.
-
-
-
-
-The Kite
-
-
-One of the simplest forms of the aeroplane is the common kite. This
-takes various forms. It is usually made of a framework of three light
-strips of wood crossing a little above the center and secured at the
-outer ends by similar strips, or strong cord tautly drawn and making
-when covered with paper a six-sided figure. From the corners of the
-framework cords are drawn to a common point near the center and there
-firmly united. At this point of union is attached the twine which is
-held in the hand of the kite flyer. From the base of the kite is
-suspended a string with light horizontal paper rolls, each about the
-size of a lead pencil, tied at intervals of a few inches, and forming
-the tail which steadies the kite in air. The paper surface of the kite
-is the plane on which the pressure of the air current and the power
-applied to the string is to lift the kite upward. As this simple form of
-the kite has but one plane, it may be considered a monoplane. The box
-kite presents two such surfaces joined together at the sides by the ends
-of the "box," and may therefore be called a biplane.
-
-When the boy flies his kite he first determines the direction of the
-wind and runs in that direction. In other words he flies his kite
-against the wind. The pressure of the moving current against the under
-surface keeps the kite aloft. When the boy runs against the wind, moving
-the kite forward with him, this pressure is increased and the kite tends
-to rise higher and higher. If instead of the long string and the boy
-there could be placed with the kite itself a very light motor that would
-give to it the same forward impulse, the kite would float through the
-air without boy or string and we would have a small aeroplane flying
-machine--a monoplane. If there were two kites, with parallel surfaces a
-few inches apart, united with light framework so that the air would pass
-between them, we should have a biplane. For many years the great problem
-in aviation was to get an engine of sufficient lightness and power to
-propel monoplanes, biplanes and multiplanes at an upward angle through
-the air.
-
-
-
-
-The "Plane" Defined
-
-
-It may not be out of place here to consider what Constitutes a plane, as
-that term is used in aviation. It is that part of the aeroplane, the
-pressure of the air upon the surface of which, lifts and sustains the
-aeroplane aloft. The plane may take a variety of forms; it may be curved
-or its parts may meet in an angle; it may be uniform and unbroken in
-shape or divided into parts. The two wings of a bird would constitute a
-monoplane, when they are in a horizontal position for soaring, or when
-the tips are uplifted and they form an angle like a broad V, called a
-dihedral angle. If the aeroplane has two such planes, one back of the
-other, it is still called a monoplane, or, more definitely, a tandem
-monoplane; but if one of the planes is above the other it is called a
-biplane. A similar arrangement of three planes, one above the other,
-could be called a triplane and one of several planes a multiplane.
-
-
-
-
-Essentials of the Aeroplane
-
-
-_The planes_, as already described are, of course, a necessary part of
-the aeroplane.
-
-_The propeller_ supplies motive power to the aeroplane. This moves in a
-circle much like the blades of the electric fan or the propeller of a
-motor boat or modern stern ship. By driving the air backward it propels
-the aeroplane forward. While the blades of the propeller are of
-considerable length they are usually inconspicuous in photographs, and
-as one who has never seen an aeroplane looks at a photograph he
-naturally asks, "What moves it through the air?" The propeller is driven
-by the engine.
-
-_The engine_ is usually of the gasoline type which develops high power
-with light weight, frequently one horse power for every three pounds of
-weight and in rare instances as high as one horse power for every pound
-of weight. These powerful little engines are marvels of mechanism and
-they have had much to do in the rapid modern progress of aeronautics.
-
-_The rudder_, as its name indicates, guides the aeroplane in its flight.
-It consists in the main of small horizontal and vertical planes under
-the control of the pilot. These may be in the front of the machine, but
-they are usually placed in the rear. By skillful manipulation of these
-the aeroplane can be guided upward, downward, to right or left at will.
-It is also guided and controlled as we shall see, by the "warping" or
-"curving" of the wings or planes.
-
-
-
-
-The Wright Brothers and Their Problem
-
-
-The dawn of the twentieth century was to immortalize new names in the
-annals of aviation. In the city of Dayton, Ohio, two brothers in a
-modest way were conducting a bicycle repair shop. From youth they had
-been inseparable in their aims and work. They were the sons of Bishop
-Milton Wright of the United Brethren Church. They had each a high school
-education but had not attended college. In 1878, when they were boys of
-seven and eleven years respectively, their father brought them one
-evening a little flying toy, a small helicopter, the motive power of
-which was furnished by a rubber band wound around the shafts of two
-propellers so as to drive them, when "wound up" and released, in
-opposite directions. The toy was made of light material to resemble a
-bird. When the father released it in the presence of the wondering boys,
-to their astonishment it flew upward in the room, rose to the ceiling
-and after fluttering there for a little while fell to the floor. They
-did not concern themselves much about the name of the toy, but properly
-called it what to their minds it most closely resembled--"the bat." They
-afterward made other toys like it and discovered that as they were
-increased in size they flew less successfully. They early developed a
-fondness for kite flying and in this were regarded as experts. When they
-grew to manhood, however, they abandoned these boyish sports and devoted
-themselves industriously to their machine and repair shop. "The bat" and
-the kite became memories, but the memories of youth have power to shape
-the thoughts of manhood, and this early observation and experience with
-aerial toys gave to Wilbur and Orville Wright an interest in the
-attempts at aviation that were chronicled in the press from time to time
-through the decade immediately preceding this new century.
-
-In the year 1896 Orville, the younger of the two brothers, was
-convalescing from a serious attack of typhoid fever. Wilbur, who had
-been carefully attending him, was one day reading aloud an account of
-the death of Otto Lilienthal, the German aviator, who was killed while
-experimenting with his glider. The details of the tragic accident,
-together with an account of what he had accomplished by years of
-investigation and experiment, interested the brothers, who resolved as
-soon as possible to apply themselves to the construction of a glider in
-which flights could be made with comparative safety. The enthusiasm of
-Orville over the project ran so high that it almost caused a return of
-the fever. As soon as he had fully recovered, the two brothers returned
-to their bicycle shop and applied themselves with increasing zeal to the
-study of aeronautics, and after a time began the construction of a
-glider.
-
-The Wright brothers were peculiarly well equipped for the work upon
-which they had entered. They were men of unflagging industry, abstemious
-habits, few words and the happy faculty of keeping their own counsel.
-Wilbur was unusually reticent. It is said of him that he spoke only when
-he had something to say and then in a manner singularly brief and
-direct. "He had an unlimited capacity for hard work, nerves of steel and
-the kind of daring that makes the aviator face death with pleasure every
-minute of the time he is in the air." Orville, while much like his
-brother, is more talkative and approachable. Both were modest and
-unassuming when they began their work and continued so when the world
-applauded their achievements.
-
-In the study of the problem upon the solution of which they ventured,
-they had of course the advantage of all that had thus far been achieved
-by those who had preceded them in this field of investigation and
-experiment. Professor Langley had already perfected his first monoplane
-to such an extent that short flights were successfully made with a light
-steam-propelled model. He was continuing his experiments and the Wright
-brothers read with avidity the results of his work. Every scrap of
-information that they could gather from others who had essayed the
-solution of the problem was now collected and made the subject of
-critical study. At first taking up aeronautics merely as a sport, they
-soon afterward with zest began its more serious pursuit. "We reluctantly
-entered upon the scientific side of it." they said, "but we soon found
-the work so fascinating that we were drawn into it deeper and deeper."
-
-In their efforts to construct a practical flying machine they adopted
-the plan of Lilienthal and Chanute. They sought to construct a machine
-which they could control and in which they could make glides with
-safety. This they built in the form of a biplane glider and with it they
-experimented industriously for years. The successful construction of the
-machine required a high degree of skill. The length and width of the
-planes, their distance apart, the materials to be used, the shape, size
-and position of the rudder and numerous other details were to be worked
-out only by patient study and frequent tests. They were now in the field
-of original experiment and soon found that they had to reject as useless
-many theories that had been carefully elaborated by scholarly writers.
-
-The brothers soon learned that a long narrow plane in a position nearly
-horizontal, moved in a direction at right angles to one of its lateral
-edges and inclined or "tipped" slightly upward would develop greater
-lifting power than a square or circular plane. This discovery was not
-indeed original with them, but their experiments confirmed the
-conclusions of their predecessors.
-
-The surface shape of the plane is an important consideration. It has
-been found that a slight upward arch from beneath, making the under
-surface concave, gives the best results. The concavity should reach its
-maximum about one-third of the distance from the front or entering edge
-to the rear edge of the plane and should be the same whether one or more
-planes are used. In flight the forward or entering edges of the planes
-are tipped slightly upward to give the machine lifting power for the
-same reason that the top of a kite is given an angle of elevation so
-that the air will lift it as it is drawn forward by the string.
-
-
-
-
-Balancing the Machine
-
-
-The balancing of a machine in mid-air is one of the most difficult
-problems in aviation. In the balloon this is easily accomplished because
-the principal weight, the basket with the passenger, is below the
-gas-filled sphere or compartment, and the balloon tends to right itself
-after any disturbance by the wind, much like a plummet when swayed out
-of its position.
-
-Professor Langley, Lilienthal and others had sought to take advantage of
-this tendency in the construction of their machines by placing or
-arching the wings above the pilot or heavier portion of the mechanism.
-After a slight disturbance in mid-air the machine would then tend to
-right or balance itself and assume its former position. The practical
-difficulty of this arrangement, however, arose from the fact that when
-once set to swaying the gliders thus constructed continued to sway like
-the pendulum of a clock. The Wright brothers set themselves the task of
-finding some other method of preventing the biplane from dipping
-downward or upward at either side with the shifting of air currents. The
-first device to give steadiness of motion was a small movable horizontal
-plane, supported parallel with and in front of the two main planes, and
-by means of a lever, under control of the pilot.
-
-
-
-
-At Kitty Hawk
-
-
-Having after much study completed their glider, the Wright brothers
-sought a suitable place for their first tests. By correspondence with
-the United States Weather Bureau they learned that at Kitty Hawk, North
-Carolina, the winds are stronger and more constant than at any other
-point in the United States. This treeless waste of sand dunes along the
-solitary shore near the village afforded the privacy where they might
-carry on their work unmolested. Here in October, 1900, they spent their
-vacation testing their biplane glider. They sought to fly it in the face
-of the wind like a kite. This they succeeded in doing but it would not
-support the weight of a man. They then experimented with it, using light
-ropes from below to work the levers and guide it through the air. It was
-sufficiently responsive to encourage them and they went back home to
-make at their leisure a number of improvements.
-
-The year following they returned to the same place with a larger machine
-considerably improved, but it still failed to lift the operator. Octave
-Chanute, of Chicago, with whom they had been in correspondence, came to
-witness their tests and examine their glider. They now decided to
-abandon much of the "scientific data" which they had collected from the
-writings of others and proceeded in the light of their own experience.
-They coasted down the air from the tops of sand dunes and tested with
-satisfaction their devices for guiding their air craft. In 1902, with
-additional improvements, they made almost one thousand gliding flights,
-some of which carried them a little over six hundred feet, more than
-twice the distance attained the previous year. All this time their
-object had been to control the machine while in air. Only after this was
-accomplished did they propose to add motive power to keep it above the
-earth. They wisely reasoned that it would be useless to apply this power
-to a machine that could not be directed and controlled.
-
-
-
-
-The First Flight
-
-
-The Wrights had now reached a point where they felt that they were ready
-to apply motive power, rise like a bird from the earth and direct their
-course through the air. A new machine was built with two planes, each
-six feet six inches wide and measuring forty feet from tip to tip. The
-planes were arranged one directly above the other with an intervening
-space of six feet. An elevating rudder of two horizontal planes ten feet
-in front of the machine, and a rudder of two vertical planes about six
-feet long and one foot apart in the rear of the machine were under
-control by levers close to the hands of the pilot, who, prostrate on the
-lower large plane, directed the course up or down, to the right or left
-at will. But the most remarkable features of all were the gasoline
-engine that was to give motive power and the propellers by which that
-power was to move the machine in its flight through the air. The
-mechanism, the result of patient study and arduous labor, had been
-perfected in the little shop at Dayton and had been brought to the
-barren sand coast of North Carolina for its first practical test. The
-engine, which developed sixteen horse power, was connected by chains
-with the two propellers, each eight feet in diameter at the rear of the
-biplane. The total weight was 750 pounds.
-
-To give the machine a "start" it was driven rapidly along an iron rail
-by a cable attached to a weight of one ton suspended at the top of a
-derrick. When everything was at last in readiness, the engine was
-started, the propellers were set in rapid motion, the weight at the top
-of the derrick was released, the biplane was driven rapidly forward, and
-lo! bearing a man, it skimmed over the sand dunes! It continued only
-eleven seconds but landed without injury to pilot or machine. A small
-beginning indeed, but it proved the practicability of man flight and
-ushered in the era of aviation. A few days earlier in the same month on
-the banks of the Potomac a crowd of witnesses saw with keen
-disappointment the failure of Professor Langley's flying machine, and as
-they turned away said mentally and not a few of them audibly,
-"Impracticable!" "It can't be done." On the sand near Kitty Hawk, in the
-presence only of the inventors and five others, life savers and
-fishermen from Kill Devil Hill Station near by, fortune rewarded two
-brothers unknown to the world and they achieved what had long been
-regarded as impracticable and impossible. Professor Langley worked long
-and patiently on his models and was very properly given $50,000 by the
-government to aid in an enterprise that was to give man dominion of the
-air. The Wright brothers with the same faith and unflagging zeal worked
-secretly in their little shop at Dayton without financial assistance and
-out of their small earnings conducted experiments on the Carolina coast,
-doing their own cooking to lighten expenses, and solved the problem that
-had thwarted the inventive genius of the world. No crowds, appreciating
-the significance of the event were present to applaud, nor did the
-brothers exult over the achievement. It was indeed only what they had
-confidently expected.
-
-On the day of their initial success two other nights of slightly longer
-duration were made. The fourth flight continued fifty-nine seconds,
-almost a minute, and extended over a distance of 853 feet. The machine
-was then carried back to camp. In an unguarded moment it was caught by a
-gust of wind, rolled violently over the ground and was partially
-wrecked. But what mattered the loss? For the first time in the history
-of the world a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its own power
-into the air in free flight, had sailed forward on a level course
-without reduction of speed and had landed without being wrecked.
-
-
-
-
-Machine Balanced by Warping of Planes
-
-
-The Wrights found one of the greatest difficulties to be overcome was
-the balancing of their machine. This was only measurably and
-unsatisfactorily accomplished by the horizontal rudder. They began to
-study the flight of soaring birds for a solution of the difficulty. They
-found that the hawk, the eagle and the gull maintained a horizontal
-position by a slight, almost imperceptible upward or downward bending of
-the extreme tips of their wings. They then began experiments with
-slightly flexible planes that could be bent or warped at will by the
-pilot. This was one of their most important and original contributions
-to the problem of aviation, and it gave the pilot in a marked degree
-control of his machine. The scientific arching of the planes to give
-them the maximum lifting effect was also the result of their
-investigations.
-
-They now removed the field of experiment to Hoffman Prairie near Dayton
-where at first they met with indifferent success. They invited friends
-and reporters from their home city to witness a flight, but the machine
-acted badly in the presence of company. While the spectators were not
-favorably impressed the inventors were in no wise discouraged. Their
-perseverance was later rewarded in 1904 by a flight of three miles in
-five minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The year following a flight of
-24.20 miles was made in thirty-eight minutes, thirteen seconds, at
-heights of seventy-five to one hundred feet. These attracted small
-attention. The inventors fully satisfied with their success and working
-industriously to perfect their machine were also safeguarding the
-results of their labors by carefully patenting every device that helped
-them to the goal of practical aviation. While Europe was applauding the
-achievements of the intrepid and wealthy Brazilian, Santos-Dumont, who
-made public flights near Paris, the world was practically unaware of the
-greater achievements of the Wright brothers a year earlier. Newspaper
-accounts of their flights were received with a degree of incredulity,
-but the indifference of the public was favorable to the modest brothers
-who with tireless energy and slender means triumphed over difficulty
-after difficulty as they moved toward the larger success that they
-ardently desired and the fame that they sought not.
-
-
-
-
-Newspaper Reports Verified
-
-
-In 1907 the United States Government asked for bids for a flying machine
-that would carry two men, remain in the air an hour and make a
-cross-country flight of forty miles an hour. The Wright brothers entered
-into a contract to build such a machine. This fact and rumors of their
-success that reached the large cities from time to time led a party of
-newspaper reporters to organize themselves into a spying party to trace
-the Wrights to their secret retreat and verify the claims made in their
-behalf or publish the deception to the public. After a long and tedious
-journey from Norfolk they finally sighted the rude hut of these birdmen.
-They then secreted themselves until they were rewarded with evidence
-that the reports were true and promptly announced to the world that
-these quiet men had actually solved the problem of aerial flight.
-
-
-
-
-Trial Flights at Fort Meyer
-
-
-In 1908 Orville Wright began trial flights at Fort Meyer preliminary to
-the tests required by the government contracts. A record flight was made
-in June. The morning was still and beautiful; the leaves hung motionless
-on the great plane trees of Washington as Orville Wright and August
-Post, Secretary of the Aero Club of America left the city about six
-o'clock and proceeded by way of Georgetown to Fort Meyer where trial
-flights were to be made with the biplane. It was taken from its shed and
-placed on the starting rail. The weights were lifted into position, the
-engine started, the propellers set in rapid motion and all was in
-readiness for starting. Only a few persons were in sight, including a
-squad of soldiers who were cleaning the guns of a field battery. Mr.
-Wright took his place on the machine. At a signal the weights were
-released, it was drawn forward, and rising gracefully at the end of the
-rail gradually ascended in a circuitous course upward. Mr. Post kept
-time and marked circuits on the back of an envelope. Round and round
-went the machine, rising higher and higher. After a little the
-spectators realized that a record flight was in progress. Ten--twenty
-minutes passed. Higher and higher circled the aeroplane. Now it has been
-aloft on wing for half an hour! The spectators stand rigid and look
-upward. Mr. Taylor, chief mechanic, in almost breathless interest
-exclaims, "Don't make a motion. If you do he'll come down."
-
-In the city, word had reached the newspaper reporters that Mr. Wright
-had gone out for a flight. "Does he intend to fly today?" came the
-question over the telephone. "Yes, he is in the air now and has been
-flying for more than half an hour," was the answer.
-
-Then came the rush for fuller details and the results of the
-record-making trial were flashed over the country and cabled under the
-seas to distant lands. Senators, congressmen, departmental officials and
-representatives of every walk of life in the national capital were a
-little later on their way to witness another exhibition of the wonderful
-flying machine. Mr. Wright in the afternoon made another world's record,
-remaining in the air an hour and seven minutes. In the evening with
-Lieutenant Lahm at his side he performed without accident the greatest
-two-man flight ever made. These achievements awed and thrilled the great
-throng of spectators who greeted the triumphant conclusion of each with
-tumultuous cheers. The problem of the centuries had been solved. The
-"impossible" had been accomplished! The dream of the visionaries had
-become a reality!
-
-
-
-
-Fatal Accident
-
-
-On the 17th of September occurred a sad accident that brought to a close
-for the year the preliminary tests that had been carried on thus far
-with marked success. When Orville Wright and Lieutenant Selfridge were
-flying at a height of about seventy-five feet, one of the propellers
-struck a stray wire which coiled around and broke the blade. This
-precipitated the machine earthward and fatally injured Lieutenant
-Selfridge who died three hours afterward. Orville narrowly escaped the
-same fate with a number of broken bones. Aviation at this time was
-attended with great dangers and the daring spirits who ventured aloft on
-the wings of the wind were in constant peril of their lives.
-
-
-
-
-Wilbur Wright Wins Fame in France
-
-
-Meanwhile Wilbur Wright who had gone to France was making a series of
-record flights. Early in the month of August near Le Mans he flew
-fifty-two miles and was in the air one hour and thirty-one minutes. A
-few days later he broke the previous record for altitude, attaining an
-elevation of 380 feet. On the 31st day of December he won 20,000 francs
-for the longest flight of the year. His modest bearing, simple habits
-and wonderful achievements called forth great praise from the
-impressionable French. When he took up his quarters at Le Mans he
-arranged to prepare his own meals as he had previously done on the coast
-of North Carolina, but the French would not hear to this and furnished
-him a cook. In speaking of this incident afterward Wilbur Wright said in
-a jocular way: "Not knowing enough French to dismiss him or find out who
-sent him, I permitted him to remain."
-
-In January, 1909, Orville Wright, who had recovered from his injuries,
-joined his brother at Pau, France. Here they gave many exhibition
-flights that were witnessed by the great scientists and the nobility of
-Europe. Here their feats were witnessed by the King of England and the
-King of Spain who personally extended hearty congratulations. Wilbur
-took his machine to Rome where King Emanuel attended his exhibition
-flights. Later the two brothers were the guests, in London, of the
-Aeronautical Society of Great Britain and received its gold medal. Their
-bearing and achievements abroad gave them world-wide fame.
-
-
-
-
-Wright Brothers Honored
-
-
-Arriving in Washington June 10th, they received a medal at the hands of
-President Taft from the Aero Club of America. Continuing their journey
-homeward, they were met at Xenia, Ohio, by a delegation from Dayton.
-They at once began to inquire about their fellow townsmen.
-
-"Look here, Wilbur," said one of the committee, "you'll see all those
-folks at the station in a few moments."
-
-"Why, who is at the station?" asked Wright.
-
-"Oh, twenty-five or thirty of the boys" was the reply.
-
-As they entered their home city they saw the streets thronged with
-people.
-
-"I see the twenty-five or thirty," remarked Mr. Wright, "but I thought
-you folks knew better than this."
-
-Later they were honored in their home city with a two-day celebration,
-at the climax of which medals were presented to them from Congress, from
-the State of Ohio and from the city of Dayton. Their fame was world-wide
-and at last their own city had "discovered" them and welcomed them with
-enthusiastic pride.
-
-
-
-
-United States Government Requirements Successfully Met
-
-
-Soon afterward they returned to Fort Meyer to continue their work
-preparatory to the final tests. They had entered into a contract with
-the United States Government which was to pay $25,000 for a machine
-which would carry two men one hour in a circuitous course and perform a
-cross-country flight of ten miles at the rate of forty miles an hour. On
-the day of the final tests the people of Washington came forth in
-greater crowds than ever before. Officialdom, including representatives
-of foreign embassies, army officers, newspaper correspondents and
-civilians, were present to witness the crucial test. Among the
-spectators was Miss Katherine Wright, the scholarly sister of the two
-brothers, who had followed with deep and sympathetic interest every step
-in the progress of her brothers up to this hour.
-
-At a signal, Orville Wright, with Lieutenant Lahm again at his side
-started on his time-test flight. Upward in spiral course they rose. At
-length the hour limit was passed and a mighty cheer from the multitude
-announced the result. Still the machine with its two passengers remained
-aloft. Nine minutes more passed. The world's record made by Wilbur
-Wright was broken.
-
-Wilbur, who was present, announced the result by waving a handkerchief
-and calling aloud, "Give him a cheer, boys." Soon after this the machine
-gently descended, having been in the air an hour, twelve minutes and
-forty seconds, the longest two passenger flight that had been made to
-that date.
-
-Orville Wright was soon overwhelmed with congratulations. Coming forward
-President Taft said:
-
-"I am glad to congratulate you on your achievement. You came down as
-gracefully and as much like a bird as you went up. I hope your passenger
-behaved himself and did not talk to the motorman. It was a wonderful
-performance. I would not have missed it."
-
-The President then shook hands with Wilbur, saying, "Your brother has
-broken your record."
-
-"Yes," replied Wilbur, with a smile, "but it's all in the family."
-
-On August 30 came the speed trial over a course from Ft. Meyer to
-Alexandria five miles distant. This at that time was considered the most
-difficult test of all. The course was over a broken and uneven country,
-valleys, ravines, hills, forests and open fields alternating. Lieutenant
-Benjamin D. Foulois was chosen to accompany Orville Wright on this
-perilous trip. The machine arose and circled between the two flags that
-marked the starting line, and amid cheers of the spectators started on
-its flight toward the two captive balloons that marked the limit of the
-course. Smaller and smaller it grew in the distance as it was swayed
-slightly out of its path by the wind. It at length turned the goal on
-the hill at Alexandria. On the return it was borne downward until it
-disappeared. Would it rise again or would it be swept down by a
-treacherous current and wrecked in the valley? After a moment's suspense
-it again appeared in clearer outline over the treetops. Nearer and
-nearer it came until in the midst of waving handkerchiefs and thunderous
-cheers, it softly alighted near its starting place. The daring aviator
-was heartily congratulated again by the President and other eminent men
-who thronged about him. His sister told him that the glad news had
-already been telegraphed to his aged father in Dayton. The machine had
-successfully met all requirements and had made in the cross-country
-flight 42.6 miles an hour, entitling the brothers in addition to the
-$25,000 to a bonus of $5,000, making in all $30,000. Wonderful as was
-this record at the time, succeeding flights with improved machines now
-make it seem trivial and commonplace.
-
-Later in the year 1909 Orville Wright went back to Europe where he
-achieved distinction in a number of nights while Wilbur remained at home
-to participate in the Hudson-Fulton celebration and thrill his
-countrymen by encircling in a flight the statue of liberty and returning
-to his starting point on Governor's Island.
-
-It is not necessary to follow further the aeronautic achievements of the
-Wright brothers. While they were the first to construct a successful
-aeroplane, inventors in America and abroad quickly followed them and
-machines of various forms and construction but based on the same
-principle were soon making record flights in many lands. The
-simultaneous development of the aeroplane in the United States and
-Europe is explained by the fact that the progress of the experiments of
-the Wright Brothers was promptly reported and eagerly noted on the other
-side of the Atlantic. Octave Chanute immediately after his visit to
-Kitty Hawk made a trip abroad and gave a detailed account of what the
-Wright brothers had accomplished. This account with drawings was
-published and European inventors had this information on which to work.
-In 1909 Louis Bleriot, a French aviator, who had sprung into prominence
-the preceding year, crossed the English Channel in his beautiful
-birdlike monoplane. In 1910 George Chauz, flying upward 7,000 feet,
-crossed the Alps amid the treacherous and frozen winds of the
-snow-capped peaks only to meet a tragic death as he neared the goal in
-sunny Italy. Equally daring and dangerous was the trip of the brilliant
-American aviator Glenn Curtis in his biplane from Albany to New York
-City, followed a few days later by the notable achievement of Charles K.
-Hamilton who in a machine of the same make flew from New York City to
-Philadelphia at the average speed of fifty and one-half miles an hour.
-Aviation meets and record breaking flights in this country and Europe
-now followed in such rapid succession that the long list would only
-weary the reader. In this rapid and spectacular progress that gave man
-dominion over the air and the power to surpass the eagle's flight it is
-interesting to note how well the Wrights kept in the forefront of the
-era that they ushered in. Frequent changes have greatly improved the
-efficiency of their machine. In 1910 it made the greatest altitude
-flight, reaching a height of 11,476 feet. In 1911 C. P. Rodgers, in
-successive stages, flew in one of their biplanes from New York City to
-Long Branch, California, a distance of 4,029 miles, the longest flight
-ever made.
-
-
-
-
-Recent Improvements
-
-
-Improvements are still in rapid progress. The hydroaeroplane has been
-invented. This is a slightly modified aeroplane with equipment that will
-keep it afloat on the water from which it may rise and fly at the will
-of the pilot. Aviators have developed high skill in the control of their
-machines in mid-air. They have at high speed described intricate
-figures, sustained themselves in inverted positions and performed the
-dangerous and thrilling feat of "looping the loop" in their swift
-downward flight. They have ascended high in air, reaching an altitude of
-over 20,000 feet, and increased their speed rate to 126 miles an hour.
-Swifter than flight of bird and outspeeding the winged tempest, man has
-cleft the highways of the air. A long line of fatal accidents has marked
-his progress, but with reckless and audacious courage he has kept his
-course until he has added the "upper deep" to the realm of his dominion.
-
-
-
-
-Future of the Aeroplane
-
-
-Future achievements in this new field are of course matters of
-speculation. Man has flown across the Alps, the Rocky Mountains, the
-English Channel, the Straits of Florida and the Mediterranean Sea. Even
-now there is reported a contemplated airship for the crossing of the
-Atlantic.
-
-Thus far the chief use of the aeroplane has been for sport and armament.
-The leading nations of the world have equipped their armies with flying
-machines from which it will be possible at a safe height to spy out the
-position of the enemy, carry messages across besieging lines and drop
-destructive explosives in the midst of hostile fortifications. What
-effect this will have on the future of war can only be conjectured. Some
-have predicted that when further perfected it will bring to an end this
-era of vast armaments and defenses by making them useless. If it does
-this, it may indeed be hailed as the beneficent invention of this new
-century, for it will have realized the vision of the poet Tennyson who
-crowned with his immortal verse the century that is gone:
-
-    "For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,
-    Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be;
-
-    "Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,
-    Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;
-
-    "Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rained a
-    ghastly dew
-    From the nations' airy navies grappling in the central blue;
-
-    "Far along the world-wide whisper of the south wind rushing
-    warm,
-    With the standards of the peoples plunging through the
-    thunder-storm;
-
-    "Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, and the battle-flags were
-    furled
-    In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world."
-
-
-
-
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE AEROPLANE ***
-
-
-
-
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-   :PG.Title: Story of the Aeroplane

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-   :DC.Creator: C. B. Galbreath

-   :DC.Title: Story of the Aeroplane

-   :DC.Language: en

-   :DC.Created: 1915

-   

-============================================

-          Story of the Aeroplane

-============================================

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-      Title: Story of the Aeroplane

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-      Author: C. B. Galbreath

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-      Release Date: February 03, 2012 [EBook #38758]

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-      Language: English

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-      \*\*\* START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE AEROPLANE \*\*\*

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-   | :xlarge-bold:`Story of the Aeroplane`

-   | 

-   | By

-   | 

-   | :large:`C. B. Galbreath, M. A.`

-   | 

-   |

-   |

-   | PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY

-   | 

-   | F. A. OWEN PUB. CO., Dansville, N. Y.

-   | 

-   | and

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-   | HALL & McCREARY, Chicago, Ill.

-   | 

-   | :small:`INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES--No. 253`

-

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-   .. class:: center

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-   | COPYRIGHT, 1915

-   | F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING CO.

-   | *Story of the Aeroplane*

-

-.. contents:: Table of Contents

-   :backlinks: entry

-   :depth: 1

-

-.. class:: center

-

-   | :big:`Story of the Aeroplane`  

-   

-The Ocean of Air

-================

-

-Around the dry land of the earth are the oceans of

-water. We may never have seen them, but we have

-knowledge of them and their navigation, and their

-names suggest very definite and concrete objects of

-thought. We sometimes do not realize, however, that

-we live and move and have our being at the bottom of

-a vaster and deeper ocean that covers to a depth of

-many miles the whole earth, and to the surface of which

-man nor beast nor bird has ever ascended; an ocean

-with currents and whirlpools and waves of more than

-mountain height; an ocean in which we are as much at

-home as are the finny tribes and the monsters of the

-deep in their watery caverns. This is the ocean of the

-air. We are about to consider man’s efforts to rise from

-the bottom of this ocean and wing his flight a little way

-through the atmosphere above him. His excursions

-upward are limited, for he could not live near the surface

-heights of this ocean, vast and deep and boundless.

-The art and science of his flight through the air, because

-of its relation to the flight of birds, we call aviation.

-(*Avis*: Latin, a bird.)

-

-Early Attempts at Aviation

-===========================

-

-“The birds can fly and why can’t I?”

-

-This query of Darius Green’s, in various forms, has

-suggested itself to man since the dawn of history. Born

-with an inspiration to look upward and aspire, the navigation

-of the air has appealed with peculiar force to his

-imagination and through the centuries has at different

-times led bold and adventurous spirits to attempt what

-the world long regarded as impossible. The heavens

-seemed reserved for winged insects, birds and angels.

-Audacious man might not venture out upon the impalpable

-air. Can man fly? After more than four thousand

-years it was left for man to answer yes, to rise from

-the earth on wing and thrill the world “with the audacity

-of his design and the miracle of its execution.”

-Bold enterprise! Fitting achievement to usher in a new

-century! A seeming miracle at first, but destined soon

-to excite no more curiosity than the flight of bees and

-birds. The solution of the problem of human flight was

-no miracle nor was it the swift work of genius accomplished

-at a magic master stroke. It was the result of

-intelligence and industry patiently applied for years till

-the barriers of difficulty gave way and man ventured

-out with assurance on the highways of the air.

-

-Just when he first attempted to fly is not known.

-Ancient Greek mythology abounds in stories of flying

-gods and mortals. Kites which bear some relation to

-the aeroplane were toys among the Chinese thousands

-of years ago. A Greek by the name of Achytes is reported

-to have made a wooden dove which flew under

-the propelling power of heated air. Baldad, a tribal

-king in what is now England, so tradition has it, attempted

-to fly over a city but fell and broke a leg. A

-similar accident is said to have happened to a Benedictine

-monk in the eleventh century and to others attempting

-like exploits in after years. A fall and a broken

-leg seem to have been the usual results of these early

-attempts at aerial flight.

-

-In the fifteenth century students and inventors gave

-serious attention to the navigation of the air and trustworthy

-accounts of their labors come down to us. Jean

-Baptiste Dante, a brother of the great Italian poet,

-made a number of gliding flights from high elevations

-and while giving an exhibition at a marriage feast in

-Perugia, like his predecessors in the middle ages,

-alighted on a roof and broke a leg. Leonardo da Vinci,

-the great painter and sculptor, was an amateur aviator

-of no mean attainment for his day. He invented a

-machine which the operator was to fly by using his arms

-and legs to set wings into flapping motion, like those of

-birds. This was called an orthopter, or ornithopter, a

-name which may be properly applied to any similar device.

-Another machine invented by him was in the

-form of a horizontal screw ninety-six feet in diameter.

-By the twisting of this the machine was designed to fly

-upward. This was called a helicopter. Da Vinci’s third

-invention in this line was the parachute, with which

-successful descents were made from towers and other elevations.

-In the early half of the eighteenth century the

-Swedish philosopher, Emanuel Swedenborg, sketched

-in one of his works a flying machine of the orthopter

-style which he knew would not fly but which he suggested

-as a start, saying “It seems easier to talk of such

-a machine than to put it into actuality, for it requires

-greater force and less weight than exists in the human

-body.”

-

-In 1742 the Marquis di Bacqueville at the age of sixty-two

-attempted to make a gliding flight from the tower

-of his home in Paris across the river Seine to the gardens

-of the Tuileries, started successfully in the presence

-of a great multitude, but suddenly halted over the

-river and fell into a boat, paying the historic penalty of

-a broken leg.

-

-At this point it may be well to classify the flying devices

-thus far considered.

-

-Early Flying Machines

-=====================

-

-1. The *orthopters*, or as they are less commonly called,

-the ornithopters. The word “orthopter” means straight

-wing and the word “ornithopter” bird wing. This

-class of machines includes those designed to fly by the

-flapping of wings, somewhat in imitation of birds.

-

-2. The *helicopters*. The word “helicopter” means

-spiral wing. Flying machines of this class are designed

-to fly by the rapid horizontal rotation of two spiral propellers

-moving in opposite directions but so shaped that

-their combined effect is to move the machine upward.

-They are like a pair of tractor propellers of the modern

-aeroplane but arranged horizontally to lift the machine

-instead of drawing it forward in a vertical position.

-

-3. The *gliders*. As the name suggests, these were designed

-to coast or glide down the air, to start from a

-high elevation and by sailing through the air in an

-oblique direction reach a lower elevation at some distance

-from the starting point. Down to the latter part

-of the nineteenth century only the gliders were successfully

-used in man flight. In reality they can scarcely

-be called flying machines for they could not lift their

-own weight, though late experiments prove that when

-once in air they may rise above their starting point

-under the influence of a strong wind. The glider, however,

-performed a most important part in the evolution

-of the aeroplane. In coasting the air from hills, sand

-dunes and towers against steady wind currents a number

-of inventors through a series of years learned how

-to guide and control these gliders in their downward

-flight--an essential preparation for the application of

-motive power to lift the glider against the force of

-gravity and thus make it a veritable flying machine or

-aeroplane.

-

-Nineteenth Century Experiments

-==============================

-

-In the early part of the last century an Englishman,

-Sir George Cayley, made many experiments with gliders

-and tabulated with great care the results of his investigations.

-He concluded, like Swedenborg, that man has

-not the power to fly by his own strength through any

-wing-flapping device, or orthopter, but he intimated

-that with a lighter and more powerful engine than had

-then been invented a plane like those used in his gliders,

-if slightly inclined upward, might be made gradually

-to ascend through the air. The results of his experiments

-he published in 1810. They clearly foreshadowed

-the triumph that came almost a century later.

-

-In 1844 two British inventors, Henson and String-fellow,

-working out the suggestions of Cayley, made an

-aeroplane model equipped with a steam engine which is

-said to have made a flight of forty yards--the first real

-upward flight of a heavier than air machine on record.

-This model was a monoplane, that is, the lifting surface

-was a single plane like the outstretched wings of a bird.

-Twenty-two years later experiments were made with a

-biplane, that is, an aeroplane with two lifting planes

-or surfaces, one above the other.

-

-Claims of Maxim and Ader

-========================

-

-While others had made flying models, Sir Hiram

-Maxim in England constructed a multiplane, driven by

-a powerful steam engine over a track and rising at one

-time, as he declares, a few inches from the ground. He

-claims that his was the first machine to “lift man off

-the ground by its own power.” This test was made in

-1889.

-

-Clement Ader, a Frenchman, also claims this honor,

-saying that he was the first to make a machine that

-would rise and lift a passenger. On October 9, 1890,

-his friends say he made a short forward flight of 150

-feet in a monoplane propelled by a forty horse power

-steam engine. In 1897 he claims to have made a number

-of secret flights, but a little later, in a test before

-officers of the French army who had become interested

-in the invention, the machine turned over and was

-wrecked. The support of the army for further experiments

-was withdrawn and Ader in despair abandoned

-the problem of aerial navigation which had claimed long

-years of study and unremitting effort. He stopped just

-short of the goal “with success almost within his grasp.”

-

-Langley’s Tandem Monoplane

-==========================

-

-About this time two Americans, Samuel Pierpont

-Langley, of the Smithsonian Institution and Octave

-Chanute were conducting along scientific lines a series

-of experiments in aviation. On May 6, 1896, a steam-propelled

-model was started in a flight over the Potomac

-River. Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the

-telephone, who was present, declared that after a flight

-of eighty to one hundred feet the machine “settled

-down so softly that it touched the water without the

-least shock and was in fact immediately ready for a second

-trial.” Other experiments were tried with success.

-

-Langley’s first machine was a tandem monoplane, that

-is it had two pairs of wings, one immediately following

-the other. The engine and the propellers were between

-the two pairs of wings. In later models he used the biplane

-construction.

-

-Finally the United States government appropriated

-$50,000 to build a machine that would carry a passenger.

-In constructing this, Langley equipped it with a gasoline

-engine of about three horse power. The machine

-was comparatively light, weighing all told only fifty-eight

-pounds. On August 8, 1903, a public test was

-made “without a pilot,” on the Potomac River near

-Washington. Spectators and reporters congratulated

-the inventor on the success of the experiment, while he

-with modest satisfaction said, “This is the first time in

-history, so far as I know, that a successful flight of a

-mechanically sustained flying machine has been made

-in public.” This statement was no doubt true of machines

-of any considerable size, but as we shall presently

-see, toy flying machines of the *helicopter* type had long

-ere this been exhibited to the wondering gaze of boys

-who were ultimately to bring to a practical conclusion

-man’s long line of effort to rise triumphant and shape

-his course through the ocean of air.

-

-Langley’s machine had flown without a pilot. A little

-later the inventor announced himself ready for the final

-test. Like his first model, his machine was a tandem

-monoplane. Its weight with pilot was 830 pounds and

-its plane or wing surface was 1040 square feet. It was

-fifty-two feet long and its arched wings measured forty-eight

-feet from tip to tip. The gasoline motor with

-which it was equipped developed fifty-two horse power

-and with all accessories weighed about 250 pounds.

-

-At Widewater, Virginia, September 7, 1903, the machine

-was tested. On a barge it was carried out into

-the Potomac River, with Charles M. Manley, Professor

-Langley’s assistant, who was to pilot it in its first flight.

-The moment for the supreme test arrived. A mechanical

-device on the barge shot the machine and pilot into

-the air. To the disappointment and dismay of the spectators,

-the machine plunged front downward into the

-water. It was rescued with the young pilot unharmed.

-Another attempt was made to launch it in the air with

-a similar result, except that this time it dropped into the

-water rear end downward. The government gave the

-project no further encouragement, and the query ascribed

-to Darius Green remained unanswered. Professor

-Langley died a few years afterward, his life shortened,

-it is believed, through the blighting of the hope that he

-had long entertained to be the first successfully to navigate

-the air.

-

-Experiments with Gliders

-========================

-

-Through the latter part of the last century experiments

-were carried on with gliders. Among those who

-achieved much success in this field was the German,

-Otto Lilienthal, the “flying man,” who made remarkable

-glides in the early nineties. He would run along the

-crest of a hill, jump from a precipitous declivity and

-sail on the wings of his glider over the valley below,

-guiding his course up and down and from side to side

-with a rudder attached to the machine. It was his idea

-that the problem of aviation was to be solved by perfecting

-the glider so that it could be controlled in its

-downward flight and then adding a propelling power

-that would sustain it and lift it through the air.

-

-After the death of Lilienthal by accident in 1896,

-others continued experiments along similar lines with

-the same purpose in view. Among these were Octave

-Chanute and A. M. Herring. They tried at first a monoplane

-glider and afterward one of five planes. This

-number they reduced to two. The rudder was made of

-movable horizontal and vertical blades. It was found

-that the glider with two planes, the biplane, was most

-satisfactory.

-

-Herring made for this a compressed air engine and

-claimed that with this he accomplished a flight of seventy-three

-feet. There is some doubt, however, as to

-this claim and some question as to whether it was an

-upward flight or a downward glide.

-

-Aviation at the Beginning of the Present Century

-================================================

-

-As briefly outlined here, such was the status of aviation

-at the beginning of the new century. Much progress

-had been made and substantial vantage ground

-had been gained, but the problem still awaited practical

-solution. At this point it may be well to consider some

-of the features of the problem and the devices thus far

-evolved by long years of investigation and experiment.

-

-The Kite

-========

-

-One of the simplest forms of the aeroplane is the common

-kite. This takes various forms. It is usually made

-of a framework of three light strips of wood crossing a

-little above the center and secured at the outer ends by

-similar strips, or strong cord tautly drawn and making

-when covered with paper a six-sided figure. From the

-corners of the framework cords are drawn to a common

-point near the center and there firmly united. At this

-point of union is attached the twine which is held in the

-hand of the kite flyer. From the base of the kite is suspended

-a string with light horizontal paper rolls, each

-about the size of a lead pencil, tied at intervals of a few

-inches, and forming the tail which steadies the kite in

-air. The paper surface of the kite is the plane on which

-the pressure of the air current and the power applied to

-the string is to lift the kite upward. As this simple

-form of the kite has but one plane, it may be considered

-a monoplane. The box kite presents two such surfaces

-joined together at the sides by the ends of the “box,”

-and may therefore be called a biplane.

-

-When the boy flies his kite he first determines the

-direction of the wind and runs in that direction. In

-other words he flies his kite against the wind. The pressure

-of the moving current against the under surface

-keeps the kite aloft. When the boy runs against the

-wind, moving the kite forward with him, this pressure

-is increased and the kite tends to rise higher and higher.

-If instead of the long string and the boy there could be

-placed with the kite itself a very light motor that would

-give to it the same forward impulse, the kite would float

-through the air without boy or string and we would

-have a small aeroplane flying machine--a monoplane.

-If there were two kites, with parallel surfaces a few

-inches apart, united with light framework so that the

-air would pass between them, we should have a biplane.

-For many years the great problem in aviation was to get

-an engine of sufficient lightness and power to propel

-monoplanes, biplanes and multiplanes at an upward

-angle through the air.

-

-The “Plane” Defined

-===================

-

-It may not be out of place here to consider what Constitutes

-a plane, as that term is used in aviation. It is

-that part of the aeroplane, the pressure of the air upon

-the surface of which, lifts and sustains the aeroplane

-aloft. The plane may take a variety of forms; it may

-be curved or its parts may meet in an angle; it may be

-uniform and unbroken in shape or divided into parts.

-The two wings of a bird would constitute a monoplane,

-when they are in a horizontal position for soaring, or

-when the tips are uplifted and they form an angle like

-a broad V, called a dihedral angle. If the aeroplane has

-two such planes, one back of the other, it is still called

-a monoplane, or, more definitely, a tandem monoplane;

-but if one of the planes is above the other it is called a

-biplane. A similar arrangement of three planes, one

-above the other, could be called a triplane and one of

-several planes a multiplane.

-

-Essentials of the Aeroplane

-===========================

-

-*The planes*, as already described are, of course, a necessary

-part of the aeroplane.

-

-*The propeller* supplies motive power to the aeroplane.

-This moves in a circle much like the blades of the electric

-fan or the propeller of a motor boat or modern stern ship.

-By driving the air backward it propels the aeroplane forward.

-While the blades of the propeller are of considerable

-length they are usually inconspicuous in photographs,

-and as one who has never seen an aeroplane

-looks at a photograph he naturally asks, “What moves it

-through the air?” The propeller is driven by the engine.

-

-*The engine* is usually of the gasoline type which develops

-high power with light weight, frequently one

-horse power for every three pounds of weight and in

-rare instances as high as one horse power for every

-pound of weight. These powerful little engines are

-marvels of mechanism and they have had much to do

-in the rapid modern progress of aeronautics.

-

-*The rudder*, as its name indicates, guides the aeroplane

-in its flight. It consists in the main of small horizontal

-and vertical planes under the control of the pilot.

-These may be in the front of the machine, but they are

-usually placed in the rear. By skillful manipulation of

-these the aeroplane can be guided upward, downward,

-to right or left at will. It is also guided and controlled

-as we shall see, by the “warping” or “curving” of the

-wings or planes.

-

-The Wright Brothers and Their Problem

-=====================================

-

-The dawn of the twentieth century was to immortalize

-new names in the annals of aviation. In the city of

-Dayton, Ohio, two brothers in a modest way were conducting

-a bicycle repair shop. From youth they had

-been inseparable in their aims and work. They were

-the sons of Bishop Milton Wright of the United Brethren

-Church. They had each a high school education but had

-not attended college. In 1878, when they were boys of

-seven and eleven years respectively, their father brought

-them one evening a little flying toy, a small helicopter,

-the motive power of which was furnished by a rubber

-band wound around the shafts of two propellers so as to

-drive them, when “wound up” and released, in opposite

-directions. The toy was made of light material to resemble

-a bird. When the father released it in the presence

-of the wondering boys, to their astonishment it

-flew upward in the room, rose to the ceiling and after

-fluttering there for a little while fell to the floor. They

-did not concern themselves much about the name of the

-toy, but properly called it what to their minds it most

-closely resembled--“the bat.” They afterward made

-other toys like it and discovered that as they were increased

-in size they flew less successfully. They early

-developed a fondness for kite flying and in this were

-regarded as experts. When they grew to manhood,

-however, they abandoned these boyish sports and devoted

-themselves industriously to their machine and repair

-shop. “The bat” and the kite became memories,

-but the memories of youth have power to shape the

-thoughts of manhood, and this early observation and experience

-with aerial toys gave to Wilbur and Orville

-Wright an interest in the attempts at aviation that were

-chronicled in the press from time to time through the

-decade immediately preceding this new century.

-

-In the year 1896 Orville, the younger of the two brothers,

-was convalescing from a serious attack of typhoid

-fever. Wilbur, who had been carefully attending him,

-was one day reading aloud an account of the death of

-Otto Lilienthal, the German aviator, who was killed

-while experimenting with his glider. The details of

-the tragic accident, together with an account of what

-he had accomplished by years of investigation and experiment,

-interested the brothers, who resolved as soon

-as possible to apply themselves to the construction of a

-glider in which flights could be made with comparative

-safety. The enthusiasm of Orville over the project ran

-so high that it almost caused a return of the fever. As

-soon as he had fully recovered, the two brothers returned

-to their bicycle shop and applied themselves with

-increasing zeal to the study of aeronautics, and after a

-time began the construction of a glider.

-

-The Wright brothers were peculiarly well equipped

-for the work upon which they had entered. They were

-men of unflagging industry, abstemious habits, few

-words and the happy faculty of keeping their own counsel.

-Wilbur was unusually reticent. It is said of him

-that he spoke only when he had something to say and

-then in a manner singularly brief and direct. “He had

-an unlimited capacity for hard work, nerves of steel and

-the kind of daring that makes the aviator face death

-with pleasure every minute of the time he is in the

-air.” Orville, while much like his brother, is more

-talkative and approachable. Both were modest and unassuming

-when they began their work and continued so

-when the world applauded their achievements.

-

-In the study of the problem upon the solution of which

-they ventured, they had of course the advantage of all

-that had thus far been achieved by those who had preceded

-them in this field of investigation and experiment.

-Professor Langley had already perfected his first monoplane

-to such an extent that short flights were successfully

-made with a light steam-propelled model. He was

-continuing his experiments and the Wright brothers

-read with avidity the results of his work. Every scrap

-of information that they could gather from others who

-had essayed the solution of the problem was now collected

-and made the subject of critical study. At first

-taking up aeronautics merely as a sport, they soon afterward

-with zest began its more serious pursuit. “We

-reluctantly entered upon the scientific side of it.” they

-said, “but we soon found the work so fascinating that

-we were drawn into it deeper and deeper.”

-

-In their efforts to construct a practical flying machine

-they adopted the plan of Lilienthal and Chanute. They

-sought to construct a machine which they could control

-and in which they could make glides with safety. This

-they built in the form of a biplane glider and with it

-they experimented industriously for years. The

-successful construction of the machine required a high degree

-of skill. The length and width of the planes, their

-distance apart, the materials to be used, the shape, size

-and position of the rudder and numerous other details

-were to be worked out only by patient study and frequent

-tests. They were now in the field of original experiment

-and soon found that they had to reject as useless

-many theories that had been carefully elaborated by

-scholarly writers.

-

-The brothers soon learned that a long narrow plane in

-a position nearly horizontal, moved in a direction at

-right angles to one of its lateral edges and inclined or

-“tipped” slightly upward would develop greater lifting

-power than a square or circular plane. This discovery

-was not indeed original with them, but their experiments

-confirmed the conclusions of their predecessors.

-

-The surface shape of the plane is an important consideration.

-It has been found that a slight upward arch

-from beneath, making the under surface concave, gives

-the best results. The concavity should reach its maximum

-about one-third of the distance from the front or

-entering edge to the rear edge of the plane and should

-be the same whether one or more planes are used. In

-flight the forward or entering edges of the planes are

-tipped slightly upward to give the machine lifting power

-for the same reason that the top of a kite is given an

-angle of elevation so that the air will lift it as it is

-drawn forward by the string.

-

-Balancing the Machine

-=====================

-

-The balancing of a machine in mid-air is one of the

-most difficult problems in aviation. In the balloon this

-is easily accomplished because the principal weight, the

-basket with the passenger, is below the gas-filled sphere

-or compartment, and the balloon tends to right itself

-after any disturbance by the wind, much like a plummet

-when swayed out of its position.

-

-Professor Langley, Lilienthal and others had sought

-to take advantage of this tendency in the construction

-of their machines by placing or arching the wings above

-the pilot or heavier portion of the mechanism. After

-a slight disturbance in mid-air the machine would then

-tend to right or balance itself and assume its former position.

-The practical difficulty of this arrangement,

-however, arose from the fact that when once set to

-swaying the gliders thus constructed continued to sway

-like the pendulum of a clock. The Wright brothers

-set themselves the task of finding some other method of

-preventing the biplane from dipping downward or upward

-at either side with the shifting of air currents.

-The first device to give steadiness of motion was a small

-movable horizontal plane, supported parallel with and

-in front of the two main planes, and by means of a

-lever, under control of the pilot.

-

-At Kitty Hawk

-=============

-

-Having after much study completed their glider, the

-Wright brothers sought a suitable place for their first

-tests. By correspondence with the United States

-Weather Bureau they learned that at Kitty Hawk, North

-Carolina, the winds are stronger and more constant than

-at any other point in the United States. This treeless

-waste of sand dunes along the solitary shore near the

-village afforded the privacy where they might carry on

-their work unmolested. Here in October, 1900, they

-spent their vacation testing their biplane glider. They

-sought to fly it in the face of the wind like a kite. This

-they succeeded in doing but it would not support the

-weight of a man. They then experimented with it,

-using light ropes from below to work the levers and

-guide it through the air. It was sufficiently responsive

-to encourage them and they went back home to make at

-their leisure a number of improvements.

-

-The year following they returned to the same place

-with a larger machine considerably improved, but it

-still failed to lift the operator. Octave Chanute, of

-Chicago, with whom they had been in correspondence,

-came to witness their tests and examine their glider.

-They now decided to abandon much of the “scientific

-data” which they had collected from the writings of

-others and proceeded in the light of their own experience.

-They coasted down the air from the tops of sand

-dunes and tested with satisfaction their devices for

-guiding their air craft. In 1902, with additional improvements,

-they made almost one thousand gliding

-flights, some of which carried them a little over six hundred

-feet, more than twice the distance attained the

-previous year. All this time their object had been to

-control the machine while in air. Only after this was

-accomplished did they propose to add motive power to

-keep it above the earth. They wisely reasoned that it

-would be useless to apply this power to a machine that

-could not be directed and controlled.

-

-The First Flight

-================

-

-The Wrights had now reached a point where they felt

-that they were ready to apply motive power, rise like a

-bird from the earth and direct their course through the

-air. A new machine was built with two planes, each

-six feet six inches wide and measuring forty feet from

-tip to tip. The planes were arranged one directly above

-the other with an intervening space of six feet. An

-elevating rudder of two horizontal planes ten feet in

-front of the machine, and a rudder of two vertical planes

-about six feet long and one foot apart in the rear of the

-machine were under control by levers close to the hands

-of the pilot, who, prostrate on the lower large plane,

-directed the course up or down, to the right or left at

-will. But the most remarkable features of all were the

-gasoline engine that was to give motive power and the

-propellers by which that power was to move the machine

-in its flight through the air. The mechanism,

-the result of patient study and arduous labor, had been

-perfected in the little shop at Dayton and had been

-brought to the barren sand coast of North Carolina for

-its first practical test. The engine, which developed

-sixteen horse power, was connected by chains with the

-two propellers, each eight feet in diameter at the rear

-of the biplane. The total weight was 750 pounds.

-

-To give the machine a “start” it was driven rapidly

-along an iron rail by a cable attached to a weight of one

-ton suspended at the top of a derrick. When everything

-was at last in readiness, the engine was started,

-the propellers were set in rapid motion, the weight at

-the top of the derrick was released, the biplane was

-driven rapidly forward, and lo! bearing a man, it

-skimmed over the sand dunes! It continued only eleven

-seconds but landed without injury to pilot or machine.

-A small beginning indeed, but it proved the practicability

-of man flight and ushered in the era of aviation.

-A few days earlier in the same month on the

-banks of the Potomac a crowd of witnesses saw with

-keen disappointment the failure of Professor Langley’s

-flying machine, and as they turned away said mentally

-and not a few of them audibly, “Impracticable!” “It

-can’t be done.” On the sand near Kitty Hawk, in the

-presence only of the inventors and five others, life

-savers and fishermen from Kill Devil Hill Station near

-by, fortune rewarded two brothers unknown to the

-world and they achieved what had long been regarded

-as impracticable and impossible. Professor Langley

-worked long and patiently on his models and was very

-properly given $50,000 by the government to aid in an

-enterprise that was to give man dominion of the air.

-The Wright brothers with the same faith and unflagging

-zeal worked secretly in their little shop at Dayton without

-financial assistance and out of their small earnings

-conducted experiments on the Carolina coast, doing

-their own cooking to lighten expenses, and solved the

-problem that had thwarted the inventive genius of the

-world. No crowds, appreciating the significance of the

-event were present to applaud, nor did the brothers

-exult over the achievement. It was indeed only what

-they had confidently expected.

-

-On the day of their initial success two other nights

-of slightly longer duration were made. The fourth

-flight continued fifty-nine seconds, almost a minute, and

-extended over a distance of 853 feet. The machine was

-then carried back to camp. In an unguarded moment

-it was caught by a gust of wind, rolled violently over

-the ground and was partially wrecked. But what mattered

-the loss? For the first time in the history of the

-world a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its

-own power into the air in free flight, had sailed forward

-on a level course without reduction of speed and had

-landed without being wrecked.

-

-Machine Balanced by Warping of Planes

-=====================================

-

-The Wrights found one of the greatest difficulties to

-be overcome was the balancing of their machine. This

-was only measurably and unsatisfactorily accomplished

-by the horizontal rudder. They began to study the

-flight of soaring birds for a solution of the difficulty.

-They found that the hawk, the eagle and the gull maintained

-a horizontal position by a slight, almost imperceptible

-upward or downward bending of the extreme

-tips of their wings. They then began experiments with

-slightly flexible planes that could be bent or warped at

-will by the pilot. This was one of their most important

-and original contributions to the problem of aviation,

-and it gave the pilot in a marked degree control of his

-machine. The scientific arching of the planes to give

-them the maximum lifting effect was also the result of

-their investigations.

-

-They now removed the field of experiment to Hoffman

-Prairie near Dayton where at first they met with indifferent

-success. They invited friends and reporters

-from their home city to witness a flight, but the machine

-acted badly in the presence of company. While the

-spectators were not favorably impressed the inventors

-were in no wise discouraged. Their perseverance was

-later rewarded in 1904 by a flight of three miles in five

-minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The year following

-a flight of 24.20 miles was made in thirty-eight minutes,

-thirteen seconds, at heights of seventy-five to one

-hundred feet. These attracted small attention. The

-inventors fully satisfied with their success and working

-industriously to perfect their machine were also safeguarding

-the results of their labors by carefully patenting

-every device that helped them to the goal of practical

-aviation. While Europe was applauding the achievements

-of the intrepid and wealthy Brazilian, Santos-Dumont,

-who made public flights near Paris, the world

-was practically unaware of the greater achievements of

-the Wright brothers a year earlier. Newspaper accounts

-of their flights were received with a degree of incredulity,

-but the indifference of the public was favorable to

-the modest brothers who with tireless energy and slender

-means triumphed over difficulty after difficulty as

-they moved toward the larger success that they ardently

-desired and the fame that they sought not.

-

-Newspaper Reports Verified

-==========================

-

-In 1907 the United States Government asked for bids

-for a flying machine that would carry two men, remain

-in the air an hour and make a cross-country flight of

-forty miles an hour. The Wright brothers entered into

-a contract to build such a machine. This fact and

-rumors of their success that reached the large cities

-from time to time led a party of newspaper reporters to

-organize themselves into a spying party to trace the

-Wrights to their secret retreat and verify the claims

-made in their behalf or publish the deception to the

-public. After a long and tedious journey from Norfolk

-they finally sighted the rude hut of these birdmen.

-They then secreted themselves until they were rewarded

-with evidence that the reports were true and promptly

-announced to the world that these quiet men had actually

-solved the problem of aerial flight.

-

-Trial Flights at Fort Meyer

-===========================

-

-In 1908 Orville Wright began trial flights at Fort

-Meyer preliminary to the tests required by the government

-contracts. A record flight was made in June.

-The morning was still and beautiful; the leaves hung

-motionless on the great plane trees of Washington as

-Orville Wright and August Post, Secretary of the Aero

-Club of America left the city about six o’clock and proceeded

-by way of Georgetown to Fort Meyer where trial

-flights were to be made with the biplane. It was taken

-from its shed and placed on the starting rail. The

-weights were lifted into position, the engine started,

-the propellers set in rapid motion and all was in readiness

-for starting. Only a few persons were in sight,

-including a squad of soldiers who were cleaning the guns

-of a field battery. Mr. Wright took his place on the

-machine. At a signal the weights were released, it

-was drawn forward, and rising gracefully at the end of

-the rail gradually ascended in a circuitous course upward.

-Mr. Post kept time and marked circuits on the

-back of an envelope. Round and round went the machine,

-rising higher and higher. After a little the spectators

-realized that a record flight was in progress.

-Ten--twenty minutes passed. Higher and higher circled

-the aeroplane. Now it has been aloft on wing for

-half an hour! The spectators stand rigid and look upward.

-Mr. Taylor, chief mechanic, in almost breathless

-interest exclaims, “Don’t make a motion. If you do

-he’ll come down.”

-

-In the city, word had reached the newspaper reporters

-that Mr. Wright had gone out for a flight. “Does he

-intend to fly today?” came the question over the telephone.

-“Yes, he is in the air now and has been flying

-for more than half an hour,” was the answer.

-

-Then came the rush for fuller details and the results

-of the record-making trial were flashed over the country

-and cabled under the seas to distant lands. Senators,

-congressmen, departmental officials and representatives

-of every walk of life in the national capital were a little

-later on their way to witness another exhibition of the

-wonderful flying machine. Mr. Wright in the afternoon

-made another world’s record, remaining in the air

-an hour and seven minutes. In the evening with Lieutenant

-Lahm at his side he performed without accident

-the greatest two-man flight ever made. These achievements

-awed and thrilled the great throng of spectators

-who greeted the triumphant conclusion of each with

-tumultuous cheers. The problem of the centuries had

-been solved. The “impossible” had been accomplished!

-The dream of the visionaries had become a reality!

-

-Fatal Accident

-==============

-

-On the 17th of September occurred a sad accident that

-brought to a close for the year the preliminary tests

-that had been carried on thus far with marked success.

-When Orville Wright and Lieutenant Selfridge were

-flying at a height of about seventy-five feet, one of the

-propellers struck a stray wire which coiled around and

-broke the blade. This precipitated the machine earthward

-and fatally injured Lieutenant Selfridge who died

-three hours afterward. Orville narrowly escaped the

-same fate with a number of broken bones. Aviation at

-this time was attended with great dangers and the daring

-spirits who ventured aloft on the wings of the wind

-were in constant peril of their lives.

-

-Wilbur Wright Wins Fame in France

-=================================

-

-Meanwhile Wilbur Wright who had gone to France

-was making a series of record flights. Early in the

-month of August near Le Mans he flew fifty-two miles

-and was in the air one hour and thirty-one minutes. A

-few days later he broke the previous record for altitude,

-attaining an elevation of 380 feet. On the 31st day of

-December he won 20,000 francs for the longest flight of

-the year. His modest bearing, simple habits and wonderful

-achievements called forth great praise from the

-impressionable French. When he took up his quarters

-at Le Mans he arranged to prepare his own meals as he

-had previously done on the coast of North Carolina, but

-the French would not hear to this and furnished him a

-cook. In speaking of this incident afterward Wilbur

-Wright said in a jocular way: “Not knowing enough

-French to dismiss him or find out who sent him, I permitted

-him to remain.”

-

-In January, 1909, Orville Wright, who had recovered

-from his injuries, joined his brother at Pau, France.

-Here they gave many exhibition flights that were witnessed

-by the great scientists and the nobility of

-Europe. Here their feats were witnessed by the King

-of England and the King of Spain who personally extended

-hearty congratulations. Wilbur took his machine

-to Rome where King Emanuel attended his exhibition

-flights. Later the two brothers were the guests,

-in London, of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain

-and received its gold medal. Their bearing and achievements

-abroad gave them world-wide fame.

-

-Wright Brothers Honored

-=======================

-

-Arriving in Washington June 10th, they received a

-medal at the hands of President Taft from the Aero

-Club of America. Continuing their journey homeward,

-they were met at Xenia, Ohio, by a delegation from

-Dayton. They at once began to inquire about their fellow

-townsmen.

-

-“Look here, Wilbur,” said one of the committee,

-“you’ll see all those folks at the station in a few

-moments.”

-

-“Why, who is at the station?” asked Wright.

-

-“Oh, twenty-five or thirty of the boys” was the reply.

-

-As they entered their home city they saw the streets

-thronged with people.

-

-“I see the twenty-five or thirty,” remarked Mr.

-Wright, “but I thought you folks knew better than

-this.”

-

-Later they were honored in their home city with a

-two-day celebration, at the climax of which medals were

-presented to them from Congress, from the State of

-Ohio and from the city of Dayton. Their fame was

-world-wide and at last their own city had “discovered”

-them and welcomed them with enthusiastic pride.

-

-United States Government Requirements Successfully Met

-======================================================

-

-Soon afterward they returned to Fort Meyer to continue

-their work preparatory to the final tests. They

-had entered into a contract with the United States Government

-which was to pay $25,000 for a machine which

-would carry two men one hour in a circuitous course and

-perform a cross-country flight of ten miles at the rate

-of forty miles an hour. On the day of the final tests the

-people of Washington came forth in greater crowds than

-ever before. Officialdom, including representatives of

-foreign embassies, army officers, newspaper correspondents

-and civilians, were present to witness the crucial

-test. Among the spectators was Miss Katherine Wright,

-the scholarly sister of the two brothers, who had followed

-with deep and sympathetic interest every step in

-the progress of her brothers up to this hour.

-

-At a signal, Orville Wright, with Lieutenant Lahm

-again at his side started on his time-test flight. Upward

-in spiral course they rose. At length the hour

-limit was passed and a mighty cheer from the multitude

-announced the result. Still the machine with its two

-passengers remained aloft. Nine minutes more passed.

-The world’s record made by Wilbur Wright was broken.

-

-Wilbur, who was present, announced the result by waving

-a handkerchief and calling aloud, “Give him a cheer,

-boys.” Soon after this the machine gently descended,

-having been in the air an hour, twelve minutes and

-forty seconds, the longest two passenger flight that had

-been made to that date.

-

-Orville Wright was soon overwhelmed with congratulations.

-Coming forward President Taft said:

-

-“I am glad to congratulate you on your achievement.

-You came down as gracefully and as much like a bird

-as you went up. I hope your passenger behaved himself

-and did not talk to the motorman. It was a wonderful

-performance. I would not have missed it.”

-

-The President then shook hands with Wilbur, saying,

-“Your brother has broken your record.”

-

-“Yes,” replied Wilbur, with a smile, “but it’s all in

-the family.”

-

-On August 30 came the speed trial over a course from

-Ft. Meyer to Alexandria five miles distant. This at that

-time was considered the most difficult test of all. The

-course was over a broken and uneven country, valleys,

-ravines, hills, forests and open fields alternating. Lieutenant

-Benjamin D. Foulois was chosen to accompany

-Orville Wright on this perilous trip. The machine arose

-and circled between the two flags that marked the starting

-line, and amid cheers of the spectators started on

-its flight toward the two captive balloons that marked

-the limit of the course. Smaller and smaller it grew in

-the distance as it was swayed slightly out of its path by

-the wind. It at length turned the goal on the hill at

-Alexandria. On the return it was borne downward

-until it disappeared. Would it rise again or would it

-be swept down by a treacherous current and wrecked

-in the valley? After a moment’s suspense it again appeared

-in clearer outline over the treetops. Nearer and

-nearer it came until in the midst of waving handkerchiefs

-and thunderous cheers, it softly alighted near its

-starting place. The daring aviator was heartily congratulated

-again by the President and other eminent

-men who thronged about him. His sister told him that

-the glad news had already been telegraphed to his aged

-father in Dayton. The machine had successfully met

-all requirements and had made in the cross-country flight

-42.6 miles an hour, entitling the brothers in addition to

-the $25,000 to a bonus of $5,000, making in all $30,000.

-Wonderful as was this record at the time, succeeding

-flights with improved machines now make it seem

-trivial and commonplace.

-

-Later in the year 1909 Orville Wright went back to

-Europe where he achieved distinction in a number of

-nights while Wilbur remained at home to participate in

-the Hudson-Fulton celebration and thrill his countrymen

-by encircling in a flight the statue of liberty and

-returning to his starting point on Governor’s Island.

-

-It is not necessary to follow further the aeronautic

-achievements of the Wright brothers. While they were

-the first to construct a successful aeroplane, inventors

-in America and abroad quickly followed them and machines

-of various forms and construction but based on

-the same principle were soon making record flights in

-many lands. The simultaneous development of the

-aeroplane in the United States and Europe is explained

-by the fact that the progress of the experiments of the

-Wright Brothers was promptly reported and eagerly

-noted on the other side of the Atlantic. Octave Chanute

-immediately after his visit to Kitty Hawk made a trip

-abroad and gave a detailed account of what the Wright

-brothers had accomplished. This account with drawings

-was published and European inventors had this

-information on which to work. In 1909 Louis Bleriot,

-a French aviator, who had sprung into prominence the

-preceding year, crossed the English Channel in his beautiful

-birdlike monoplane. In 1910 George Chauz, flying

-upward 7,000 feet, crossed the Alps amid the treacherous

-and frozen winds of the snow-capped peaks only

-to meet a tragic death as he neared the goal in sunny

-Italy. Equally daring and dangerous was the trip of

-the brilliant American aviator Glenn Curtis in his biplane

-from Albany to New York City, followed a few

-days later by the notable achievement of Charles K.

-Hamilton who in a machine of the same make flew from

-New York City to Philadelphia at the average speed of

-fifty and one-half miles an hour. Aviation meets and

-record breaking flights in this country and Europe now

-followed in such rapid succession that the long list

-would only weary the reader. In this rapid and spectacular

-progress that gave man dominion over the air

-and the power to surpass the eagle’s flight it is interesting

-to note how well the Wrights kept in the forefront

-of the era that they ushered in. Frequent changes

-have greatly improved the efficiency of their machine.

-In 1910 it made the greatest altitude flight, reaching a

-height of 11,476 feet. In 1911 C. P. Rodgers, in successive

-stages, flew in one of their biplanes from New

-York City to Long Branch, California, a distance of

-4,029 miles, the longest flight ever made.

-

-Recent Improvements

-===================

-

-Improvements are still in rapid progress. The hydroaeroplane

-has been invented. This is a slightly modified

-aeroplane with equipment that will keep it afloat

-on the water from which it may rise and fly at the will

-of the pilot. Aviators have developed high skill in the

-control of their machines in mid-air. They have at

-high speed described intricate figures, sustained themselves

-in inverted positions and performed the dangerous

-and thrilling feat of “looping the loop” in their

-swift downward flight. They have ascended high in

-air, reaching an altitude of over 20,000 feet, and increased

-their speed rate to 126 miles an hour. Swifter

-than flight of bird and outspeeding the winged tempest,

-man has cleft the highways of the air. A long line of

-fatal accidents has marked his progress, but with reckless

-and audacious courage he has kept his course until he

-has added the “upper deep” to the realm of his dominion.

-

-Future of the Aeroplane

-=======================

-

-Future achievements in this new field are of course

-matters of speculation. Man has flown across the Alps,

-the Rocky Mountains, the English Channel, the Straits

-of Florida and the Mediterranean Sea. Even now there

-is reported a contemplated airship for the crossing of

-the Atlantic.

-

-Thus far the chief use of the aeroplane has been for

-sport and armament. The leading nations of the world

-have equipped their armies with flying machines from

-which it will be possible at a safe height to spy out the

-position of the enemy, carry messages across besieging

-lines and drop destructive explosives in the midst of

-hostile fortifications. What effect this will have on the

-future of war can only be conjectured. Some have predicted

-that when further perfected it will bring to an

-end this era of vast armaments and defenses by making

-them useless. If it does this, it may indeed be hailed

-as the beneficent invention of this new century, for it

-will have realized the vision of the poet Tennyson who

-crowned with his immortal verse the century that is

-gone:

-

-   |   “For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,

-   |   Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be;

-   |

-   |   “Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,

-   |   Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;

-   |

-   |   “Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rained a ghastly dew

-   |   From the nations’ airy navies grappling in the central blue;

-   |

-   |   “Far along the world-wide whisper of the south wind rushing warm,

-   |   With the standards of the peoples plunging through the thunder-storm;

-   |

-   |   “Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, and the battle-flags were furled

-   |   In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world.”

-

-|

-|

-|

-|

-|

-

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-

-\*\*\* END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE AEROPLANE \*\*\*

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diff --git a/38758.txt b/38758.txt
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--- a/38758.txt
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-                         Story of the Aeroplane
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost
-no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Title: Story of the Aeroplane
-
-Author: C. B. Galbreath
-
-Release Date: February 03, 2012 [EBook #38758]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: US-ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE AEROPLANE ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Roger Frank and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
-http://www.bookcove.net.
-
-                        *Story of the Aeroplane*
-
-                                   By
-
-                         C. B. Galbreath, M. A.
-
-
-
-                          PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY
-
-                 F. A. OWEN PUB. CO., Dansville, N. Y.
-
-                                  and
-
-                     HALL & McCREARY, Chicago, Ill.
-
-                _INSTRUCTOR LITERATURE SERIES--No. 253_
-
-                            COPYRIGHT, 1915
-                       F. A. OWEN PUBLISHING CO.
-                        _Story of the Aeroplane_
-
-
-
-
-Table of Contents
-
-
-    The Ocean of Air
-    Early Attempts at Aviation
-    Early Flying Machines
-    Nineteenth Century Experiments
-    Claims of Maxim and Ader
-    Langley's Tandem Monoplane
-    Experiments with Gliders
-    Aviation at the Beginning of the Present Century
-    The Kite
-    The "Plane" Defined
-    Essentials of the Aeroplane
-    The Wright Brothers and Their Problem
-    Balancing the Machine
-    At Kitty Hawk
-    The First Flight
-    Machine Balanced by Warping of Planes
-    Newspaper Reports Verified
-    Trial Flights at Fort Meyer
-    Fatal Accident
-    Wilbur Wright Wins Fame in France
-    Wright Brothers Honored
-    United States Government Requirements Successfully Met
-    Recent Improvements
-    Future of the Aeroplane
-
-                        *Story of the Aeroplane*
-
-
-
-
-The Ocean of Air
-
-
-Around the dry land of the earth are the oceans of water. We may never
-have seen them, but we have knowledge of them and their navigation, and
-their names suggest very definite and concrete objects of thought. We
-sometimes do not realize, however, that we live and move and have our
-being at the bottom of a vaster and deeper ocean that covers to a depth
-of many miles the whole earth, and to the surface of which man nor beast
-nor bird has ever ascended; an ocean with currents and whirlpools and
-waves of more than mountain height; an ocean in which we are as much at
-home as are the finny tribes and the monsters of the deep in their
-watery caverns. This is the ocean of the air. We are about to consider
-man's efforts to rise from the bottom of this ocean and wing his flight
-a little way through the atmosphere above him. His excursions upward are
-limited, for he could not live near the surface heights of this ocean,
-vast and deep and boundless. The art and science of his flight through
-the air, because of its relation to the flight of birds, we call
-aviation. (_Avis_: Latin, a bird.)
-
-
-
-
-Early Attempts at Aviation
-
-
-"The birds can fly and why can't I?"
-
-This query of Darius Green's, in various forms, has suggested itself to
-man since the dawn of history. Born with an inspiration to look upward
-and aspire, the navigation of the air has appealed with peculiar force
-to his imagination and through the centuries has at different times led
-bold and adventurous spirits to attempt what the world long regarded as
-impossible. The heavens seemed reserved for winged insects, birds and
-angels. Audacious man might not venture out upon the impalpable air. Can
-man fly? After more than four thousand years it was left for man to
-answer yes, to rise from the earth on wing and thrill the world "with
-the audacity of his design and the miracle of its execution." Bold
-enterprise! Fitting achievement to usher in a new century! A seeming
-miracle at first, but destined soon to excite no more curiosity than the
-flight of bees and birds. The solution of the problem of human flight
-was no miracle nor was it the swift work of genius accomplished at a
-magic master stroke. It was the result of intelligence and industry
-patiently applied for years till the barriers of difficulty gave way and
-man ventured out with assurance on the highways of the air.
-
-Just when he first attempted to fly is not known. Ancient Greek
-mythology abounds in stories of flying gods and mortals. Kites which
-bear some relation to the aeroplane were toys among the Chinese
-thousands of years ago. A Greek by the name of Achytes is reported to
-have made a wooden dove which flew under the propelling power of heated
-air. Baldad, a tribal king in what is now England, so tradition has it,
-attempted to fly over a city but fell and broke a leg. A similar
-accident is said to have happened to a Benedictine monk in the eleventh
-century and to others attempting like exploits in after years. A fall
-and a broken leg seem to have been the usual results of these early
-attempts at aerial flight.
-
-In the fifteenth century students and inventors gave serious attention
-to the navigation of the air and trustworthy accounts of their labors
-come down to us. Jean Baptiste Dante, a brother of the great Italian
-poet, made a number of gliding flights from high elevations and while
-giving an exhibition at a marriage feast in Perugia, like his
-predecessors in the middle ages, alighted on a roof and broke a leg.
-Leonardo da Vinci, the great painter and sculptor, was an amateur
-aviator of no mean attainment for his day. He invented a machine which
-the operator was to fly by using his arms and legs to set wings into
-flapping motion, like those of birds. This was called an orthopter, or
-ornithopter, a name which may be properly applied to any similar device.
-Another machine invented by him was in the form of a horizontal screw
-ninety-six feet in diameter. By the twisting of this the machine was
-designed to fly upward. This was called a helicopter. Da Vinci's third
-invention in this line was the parachute, with which successful descents
-were made from towers and other elevations. In the early half of the
-eighteenth century the Swedish philosopher, Emanuel Swedenborg, sketched
-in one of his works a flying machine of the orthopter style which he
-knew would not fly but which he suggested as a start, saying "It seems
-easier to talk of such a machine than to put it into actuality, for it
-requires greater force and less weight than exists in the human body."
-
-In 1742 the Marquis di Bacqueville at the age of sixty-two attempted to
-make a gliding flight from the tower of his home in Paris across the
-river Seine to the gardens of the Tuileries, started successfully in the
-presence of a great multitude, but suddenly halted over the river and
-fell into a boat, paying the historic penalty of a broken leg.
-
-At this point it may be well to classify the flying devices thus far
-considered.
-
-
-
-
-Early Flying Machines
-
-
-1. The _orthopters_, or as they are less commonly called, the
-ornithopters. The word "orthopter" means straight wing and the word
-"ornithopter" bird wing. This class of machines includes those designed
-to fly by the flapping of wings, somewhat in imitation of birds.
-
-2. The _helicopters_. The word "helicopter" means spiral wing. Flying
-machines of this class are designed to fly by the rapid horizontal
-rotation of two spiral propellers moving in opposite directions but so
-shaped that their combined effect is to move the machine upward. They
-are like a pair of tractor propellers of the modern aeroplane but
-arranged horizontally to lift the machine instead of drawing it forward
-in a vertical position.
-
-3. The _gliders_. As the name suggests, these were designed to coast or
-glide down the air, to start from a high elevation and by sailing
-through the air in an oblique direction reach a lower elevation at some
-distance from the starting point. Down to the latter part of the
-nineteenth century only the gliders were successfully used in man
-flight. In reality they can scarcely be called flying machines for they
-could not lift their own weight, though late experiments prove that when
-once in air they may rise above their starting point under the influence
-of a strong wind. The glider, however, performed a most important part
-in the evolution of the aeroplane. In coasting the air from hills, sand
-dunes and towers against steady wind currents a number of inventors
-through a series of years learned how to guide and control these gliders
-in their downward flight--an essential preparation for the application
-of motive power to lift the glider against the force of gravity and thus
-make it a veritable flying machine or aeroplane.
-
-
-
-
-Nineteenth Century Experiments
-
-
-In the early part of the last century an Englishman, Sir George Cayley,
-made many experiments with gliders and tabulated with great care the
-results of his investigations. He concluded, like Swedenborg, that man
-has not the power to fly by his own strength through any wing-flapping
-device, or orthopter, but he intimated that with a lighter and more
-powerful engine than had then been invented a plane like those used in
-his gliders, if slightly inclined upward, might be made gradually to
-ascend through the air. The results of his experiments he published in
-1810. They clearly foreshadowed the triumph that came almost a century
-later.
-
-In 1844 two British inventors, Henson and String-fellow, working out the
-suggestions of Cayley, made an aeroplane model equipped with a steam
-engine which is said to have made a flight of forty yards--the first
-real upward flight of a heavier than air machine on record. This model
-was a monoplane, that is, the lifting surface was a single plane like
-the outstretched wings of a bird. Twenty-two years later experiments
-were made with a biplane, that is, an aeroplane with two lifting planes
-or surfaces, one above the other.
-
-
-
-
-Claims of Maxim and Ader
-
-
-While others had made flying models, Sir Hiram Maxim in England
-constructed a multiplane, driven by a powerful steam engine over a track
-and rising at one time, as he declares, a few inches from the ground. He
-claims that his was the first machine to "lift man off the ground by its
-own power." This test was made in 1889.
-
-Clement Ader, a Frenchman, also claims this honor, saying that he was
-the first to make a machine that would rise and lift a passenger. On
-October 9, 1890, his friends say he made a short forward flight of 150
-feet in a monoplane propelled by a forty horse power steam engine. In
-1897 he claims to have made a number of secret flights, but a little
-later, in a test before officers of the French army who had become
-interested in the invention, the machine turned over and was wrecked.
-The support of the army for further experiments was withdrawn and Ader
-in despair abandoned the problem of aerial navigation which had claimed
-long years of study and unremitting effort. He stopped just short of the
-goal "with success almost within his grasp."
-
-
-
-
-Langley's Tandem Monoplane
-
-
-About this time two Americans, Samuel Pierpont Langley, of the
-Smithsonian Institution and Octave Chanute were conducting along
-scientific lines a series of experiments in aviation. On May 6, 1896, a
-steam-propelled model was started in a flight over the Potomac River.
-Dr. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone, who was
-present, declared that after a flight of eighty to one hundred feet the
-machine "settled down so softly that it touched the water without the
-least shock and was in fact immediately ready for a second trial." Other
-experiments were tried with success.
-
-Langley's first machine was a tandem monoplane, that is it had two pairs
-of wings, one immediately following the other. The engine and the
-propellers were between the two pairs of wings. In later models he used
-the biplane construction.
-
-Finally the United States government appropriated $50,000 to build a
-machine that would carry a passenger. In constructing this, Langley
-equipped it with a gasoline engine of about three horse power. The
-machine was comparatively light, weighing all told only fifty-eight
-pounds. On August 8, 1903, a public test was made "without a pilot," on
-the Potomac River near Washington. Spectators and reporters
-congratulated the inventor on the success of the experiment, while he
-with modest satisfaction said, "This is the first time in history, so
-far as I know, that a successful flight of a mechanically sustained
-flying machine has been made in public." This statement was no doubt
-true of machines of any considerable size, but as we shall presently
-see, toy flying machines of the _helicopter_ type had long ere this been
-exhibited to the wondering gaze of boys who were ultimately to bring to
-a practical conclusion man's long line of effort to rise triumphant and
-shape his course through the ocean of air.
-
-Langley's machine had flown without a pilot. A little later the inventor
-announced himself ready for the final test. Like his first model, his
-machine was a tandem monoplane. Its weight with pilot was 830 pounds and
-its plane or wing surface was 1040 square feet. It was fifty-two feet
-long and its arched wings measured forty-eight feet from tip to tip. The
-gasoline motor with which it was equipped developed fifty-two horse
-power and with all accessories weighed about 250 pounds.
-
-At Widewater, Virginia, September 7, 1903, the machine was tested. On a
-barge it was carried out into the Potomac River, with Charles M. Manley,
-Professor Langley's assistant, who was to pilot it in its first flight.
-The moment for the supreme test arrived. A mechanical device on the
-barge shot the machine and pilot into the air. To the disappointment and
-dismay of the spectators, the machine plunged front downward into the
-water. It was rescued with the young pilot unharmed. Another attempt was
-made to launch it in the air with a similar result, except that this
-time it dropped into the water rear end downward. The government gave
-the project no further encouragement, and the query ascribed to Darius
-Green remained unanswered. Professor Langley died a few years afterward,
-his life shortened, it is believed, through the blighting of the hope
-that he had long entertained to be the first successfully to navigate
-the air.
-
-
-
-
-Experiments with Gliders
-
-
-Through the latter part of the last century experiments were carried on
-with gliders. Among those who achieved much success in this field was
-the German, Otto Lilienthal, the "flying man," who made remarkable
-glides in the early nineties. He would run along the crest of a hill,
-jump from a precipitous declivity and sail on the wings of his glider
-over the valley below, guiding his course up and down and from side to
-side with a rudder attached to the machine. It was his idea that the
-problem of aviation was to be solved by perfecting the glider so that it
-could be controlled in its downward flight and then adding a propelling
-power that would sustain it and lift it through the air.
-
-After the death of Lilienthal by accident in 1896, others continued
-experiments along similar lines with the same purpose in view. Among
-these were Octave Chanute and A. M. Herring. They tried at first a
-monoplane glider and afterward one of five planes. This number they
-reduced to two. The rudder was made of movable horizontal and vertical
-blades. It was found that the glider with two planes, the biplane, was
-most satisfactory.
-
-Herring made for this a compressed air engine and claimed that with this
-he accomplished a flight of seventy-three feet. There is some doubt,
-however, as to this claim and some question as to whether it was an
-upward flight or a downward glide.
-
-
-
-
-Aviation at the Beginning of the Present Century
-
-
-As briefly outlined here, such was the status of aviation at the
-beginning of the new century. Much progress had been made and
-substantial vantage ground had been gained, but the problem still
-awaited practical solution. At this point it may be well to consider
-some of the features of the problem and the devices thus far evolved by
-long years of investigation and experiment.
-
-
-
-
-The Kite
-
-
-One of the simplest forms of the aeroplane is the common kite. This
-takes various forms. It is usually made of a framework of three light
-strips of wood crossing a little above the center and secured at the
-outer ends by similar strips, or strong cord tautly drawn and making
-when covered with paper a six-sided figure. From the corners of the
-framework cords are drawn to a common point near the center and there
-firmly united. At this point of union is attached the twine which is
-held in the hand of the kite flyer. From the base of the kite is
-suspended a string with light horizontal paper rolls, each about the
-size of a lead pencil, tied at intervals of a few inches, and forming
-the tail which steadies the kite in air. The paper surface of the kite
-is the plane on which the pressure of the air current and the power
-applied to the string is to lift the kite upward. As this simple form of
-the kite has but one plane, it may be considered a monoplane. The box
-kite presents two such surfaces joined together at the sides by the ends
-of the "box," and may therefore be called a biplane.
-
-When the boy flies his kite he first determines the direction of the
-wind and runs in that direction. In other words he flies his kite
-against the wind. The pressure of the moving current against the under
-surface keeps the kite aloft. When the boy runs against the wind, moving
-the kite forward with him, this pressure is increased and the kite tends
-to rise higher and higher. If instead of the long string and the boy
-there could be placed with the kite itself a very light motor that would
-give to it the same forward impulse, the kite would float through the
-air without boy or string and we would have a small aeroplane flying
-machine--a monoplane. If there were two kites, with parallel surfaces a
-few inches apart, united with light framework so that the air would pass
-between them, we should have a biplane. For many years the great problem
-in aviation was to get an engine of sufficient lightness and power to
-propel monoplanes, biplanes and multiplanes at an upward angle through
-the air.
-
-
-
-
-The "Plane" Defined
-
-
-It may not be out of place here to consider what Constitutes a plane, as
-that term is used in aviation. It is that part of the aeroplane, the
-pressure of the air upon the surface of which, lifts and sustains the
-aeroplane aloft. The plane may take a variety of forms; it may be curved
-or its parts may meet in an angle; it may be uniform and unbroken in
-shape or divided into parts. The two wings of a bird would constitute a
-monoplane, when they are in a horizontal position for soaring, or when
-the tips are uplifted and they form an angle like a broad V, called a
-dihedral angle. If the aeroplane has two such planes, one back of the
-other, it is still called a monoplane, or, more definitely, a tandem
-monoplane; but if one of the planes is above the other it is called a
-biplane. A similar arrangement of three planes, one above the other,
-could be called a triplane and one of several planes a multiplane.
-
-
-
-
-Essentials of the Aeroplane
-
-
-_The planes_, as already described are, of course, a necessary part of
-the aeroplane.
-
-_The propeller_ supplies motive power to the aeroplane. This moves in a
-circle much like the blades of the electric fan or the propeller of a
-motor boat or modern stern ship. By driving the air backward it propels
-the aeroplane forward. While the blades of the propeller are of
-considerable length they are usually inconspicuous in photographs, and
-as one who has never seen an aeroplane looks at a photograph he
-naturally asks, "What moves it through the air?" The propeller is driven
-by the engine.
-
-_The engine_ is usually of the gasoline type which develops high power
-with light weight, frequently one horse power for every three pounds of
-weight and in rare instances as high as one horse power for every pound
-of weight. These powerful little engines are marvels of mechanism and
-they have had much to do in the rapid modern progress of aeronautics.
-
-_The rudder_, as its name indicates, guides the aeroplane in its flight.
-It consists in the main of small horizontal and vertical planes under
-the control of the pilot. These may be in the front of the machine, but
-they are usually placed in the rear. By skillful manipulation of these
-the aeroplane can be guided upward, downward, to right or left at will.
-It is also guided and controlled as we shall see, by the "warping" or
-"curving" of the wings or planes.
-
-
-
-
-The Wright Brothers and Their Problem
-
-
-The dawn of the twentieth century was to immortalize new names in the
-annals of aviation. In the city of Dayton, Ohio, two brothers in a
-modest way were conducting a bicycle repair shop. From youth they had
-been inseparable in their aims and work. They were the sons of Bishop
-Milton Wright of the United Brethren Church. They had each a high school
-education but had not attended college. In 1878, when they were boys of
-seven and eleven years respectively, their father brought them one
-evening a little flying toy, a small helicopter, the motive power of
-which was furnished by a rubber band wound around the shafts of two
-propellers so as to drive them, when "wound up" and released, in
-opposite directions. The toy was made of light material to resemble a
-bird. When the father released it in the presence of the wondering boys,
-to their astonishment it flew upward in the room, rose to the ceiling
-and after fluttering there for a little while fell to the floor. They
-did not concern themselves much about the name of the toy, but properly
-called it what to their minds it most closely resembled--"the bat." They
-afterward made other toys like it and discovered that as they were
-increased in size they flew less successfully. They early developed a
-fondness for kite flying and in this were regarded as experts. When they
-grew to manhood, however, they abandoned these boyish sports and devoted
-themselves industriously to their machine and repair shop. "The bat" and
-the kite became memories, but the memories of youth have power to shape
-the thoughts of manhood, and this early observation and experience with
-aerial toys gave to Wilbur and Orville Wright an interest in the
-attempts at aviation that were chronicled in the press from time to time
-through the decade immediately preceding this new century.
-
-In the year 1896 Orville, the younger of the two brothers, was
-convalescing from a serious attack of typhoid fever. Wilbur, who had
-been carefully attending him, was one day reading aloud an account of
-the death of Otto Lilienthal, the German aviator, who was killed while
-experimenting with his glider. The details of the tragic accident,
-together with an account of what he had accomplished by years of
-investigation and experiment, interested the brothers, who resolved as
-soon as possible to apply themselves to the construction of a glider in
-which flights could be made with comparative safety. The enthusiasm of
-Orville over the project ran so high that it almost caused a return of
-the fever. As soon as he had fully recovered, the two brothers returned
-to their bicycle shop and applied themselves with increasing zeal to the
-study of aeronautics, and after a time began the construction of a
-glider.
-
-The Wright brothers were peculiarly well equipped for the work upon
-which they had entered. They were men of unflagging industry, abstemious
-habits, few words and the happy faculty of keeping their own counsel.
-Wilbur was unusually reticent. It is said of him that he spoke only when
-he had something to say and then in a manner singularly brief and
-direct. "He had an unlimited capacity for hard work, nerves of steel and
-the kind of daring that makes the aviator face death with pleasure every
-minute of the time he is in the air." Orville, while much like his
-brother, is more talkative and approachable. Both were modest and
-unassuming when they began their work and continued so when the world
-applauded their achievements.
-
-In the study of the problem upon the solution of which they ventured,
-they had of course the advantage of all that had thus far been achieved
-by those who had preceded them in this field of investigation and
-experiment. Professor Langley had already perfected his first monoplane
-to such an extent that short flights were successfully made with a light
-steam-propelled model. He was continuing his experiments and the Wright
-brothers read with avidity the results of his work. Every scrap of
-information that they could gather from others who had essayed the
-solution of the problem was now collected and made the subject of
-critical study. At first taking up aeronautics merely as a sport, they
-soon afterward with zest began its more serious pursuit. "We reluctantly
-entered upon the scientific side of it." they said, "but we soon found
-the work so fascinating that we were drawn into it deeper and deeper."
-
-In their efforts to construct a practical flying machine they adopted
-the plan of Lilienthal and Chanute. They sought to construct a machine
-which they could control and in which they could make glides with
-safety. This they built in the form of a biplane glider and with it they
-experimented industriously for years. The successful construction of the
-machine required a high degree of skill. The length and width of the
-planes, their distance apart, the materials to be used, the shape, size
-and position of the rudder and numerous other details were to be worked
-out only by patient study and frequent tests. They were now in the field
-of original experiment and soon found that they had to reject as useless
-many theories that had been carefully elaborated by scholarly writers.
-
-The brothers soon learned that a long narrow plane in a position nearly
-horizontal, moved in a direction at right angles to one of its lateral
-edges and inclined or "tipped" slightly upward would develop greater
-lifting power than a square or circular plane. This discovery was not
-indeed original with them, but their experiments confirmed the
-conclusions of their predecessors.
-
-The surface shape of the plane is an important consideration. It has
-been found that a slight upward arch from beneath, making the under
-surface concave, gives the best results. The concavity should reach its
-maximum about one-third of the distance from the front or entering edge
-to the rear edge of the plane and should be the same whether one or more
-planes are used. In flight the forward or entering edges of the planes
-are tipped slightly upward to give the machine lifting power for the
-same reason that the top of a kite is given an angle of elevation so
-that the air will lift it as it is drawn forward by the string.
-
-
-
-
-Balancing the Machine
-
-
-The balancing of a machine in mid-air is one of the most difficult
-problems in aviation. In the balloon this is easily accomplished because
-the principal weight, the basket with the passenger, is below the
-gas-filled sphere or compartment, and the balloon tends to right itself
-after any disturbance by the wind, much like a plummet when swayed out
-of its position.
-
-Professor Langley, Lilienthal and others had sought to take advantage of
-this tendency in the construction of their machines by placing or
-arching the wings above the pilot or heavier portion of the mechanism.
-After a slight disturbance in mid-air the machine would then tend to
-right or balance itself and assume its former position. The practical
-difficulty of this arrangement, however, arose from the fact that when
-once set to swaying the gliders thus constructed continued to sway like
-the pendulum of a clock. The Wright brothers set themselves the task of
-finding some other method of preventing the biplane from dipping
-downward or upward at either side with the shifting of air currents. The
-first device to give steadiness of motion was a small movable horizontal
-plane, supported parallel with and in front of the two main planes, and
-by means of a lever, under control of the pilot.
-
-
-
-
-At Kitty Hawk
-
-
-Having after much study completed their glider, the Wright brothers
-sought a suitable place for their first tests. By correspondence with
-the United States Weather Bureau they learned that at Kitty Hawk, North
-Carolina, the winds are stronger and more constant than at any other
-point in the United States. This treeless waste of sand dunes along the
-solitary shore near the village afforded the privacy where they might
-carry on their work unmolested. Here in October, 1900, they spent their
-vacation testing their biplane glider. They sought to fly it in the face
-of the wind like a kite. This they succeeded in doing but it would not
-support the weight of a man. They then experimented with it, using light
-ropes from below to work the levers and guide it through the air. It was
-sufficiently responsive to encourage them and they went back home to
-make at their leisure a number of improvements.
-
-The year following they returned to the same place with a larger machine
-considerably improved, but it still failed to lift the operator. Octave
-Chanute, of Chicago, with whom they had been in correspondence, came to
-witness their tests and examine their glider. They now decided to
-abandon much of the "scientific data" which they had collected from the
-writings of others and proceeded in the light of their own experience.
-They coasted down the air from the tops of sand dunes and tested with
-satisfaction their devices for guiding their air craft. In 1902, with
-additional improvements, they made almost one thousand gliding flights,
-some of which carried them a little over six hundred feet, more than
-twice the distance attained the previous year. All this time their
-object had been to control the machine while in air. Only after this was
-accomplished did they propose to add motive power to keep it above the
-earth. They wisely reasoned that it would be useless to apply this power
-to a machine that could not be directed and controlled.
-
-
-
-
-The First Flight
-
-
-The Wrights had now reached a point where they felt that they were ready
-to apply motive power, rise like a bird from the earth and direct their
-course through the air. A new machine was built with two planes, each
-six feet six inches wide and measuring forty feet from tip to tip. The
-planes were arranged one directly above the other with an intervening
-space of six feet. An elevating rudder of two horizontal planes ten feet
-in front of the machine, and a rudder of two vertical planes about six
-feet long and one foot apart in the rear of the machine were under
-control by levers close to the hands of the pilot, who, prostrate on the
-lower large plane, directed the course up or down, to the right or left
-at will. But the most remarkable features of all were the gasoline
-engine that was to give motive power and the propellers by which that
-power was to move the machine in its flight through the air. The
-mechanism, the result of patient study and arduous labor, had been
-perfected in the little shop at Dayton and had been brought to the
-barren sand coast of North Carolina for its first practical test. The
-engine, which developed sixteen horse power, was connected by chains
-with the two propellers, each eight feet in diameter at the rear of the
-biplane. The total weight was 750 pounds.
-
-To give the machine a "start" it was driven rapidly along an iron rail
-by a cable attached to a weight of one ton suspended at the top of a
-derrick. When everything was at last in readiness, the engine was
-started, the propellers were set in rapid motion, the weight at the top
-of the derrick was released, the biplane was driven rapidly forward, and
-lo! bearing a man, it skimmed over the sand dunes! It continued only
-eleven seconds but landed without injury to pilot or machine. A small
-beginning indeed, but it proved the practicability of man flight and
-ushered in the era of aviation. A few days earlier in the same month on
-the banks of the Potomac a crowd of witnesses saw with keen
-disappointment the failure of Professor Langley's flying machine, and as
-they turned away said mentally and not a few of them audibly,
-"Impracticable!" "It can't be done." On the sand near Kitty Hawk, in the
-presence only of the inventors and five others, life savers and
-fishermen from Kill Devil Hill Station near by, fortune rewarded two
-brothers unknown to the world and they achieved what had long been
-regarded as impracticable and impossible. Professor Langley worked long
-and patiently on his models and was very properly given $50,000 by the
-government to aid in an enterprise that was to give man dominion of the
-air. The Wright brothers with the same faith and unflagging zeal worked
-secretly in their little shop at Dayton without financial assistance and
-out of their small earnings conducted experiments on the Carolina coast,
-doing their own cooking to lighten expenses, and solved the problem that
-had thwarted the inventive genius of the world. No crowds, appreciating
-the significance of the event were present to applaud, nor did the
-brothers exult over the achievement. It was indeed only what they had
-confidently expected.
-
-On the day of their initial success two other nights of slightly longer
-duration were made. The fourth flight continued fifty-nine seconds,
-almost a minute, and extended over a distance of 853 feet. The machine
-was then carried back to camp. In an unguarded moment it was caught by a
-gust of wind, rolled violently over the ground and was partially
-wrecked. But what mattered the loss? For the first time in the history
-of the world a machine carrying a man had raised itself by its own power
-into the air in free flight, had sailed forward on a level course
-without reduction of speed and had landed without being wrecked.
-
-
-
-
-Machine Balanced by Warping of Planes
-
-
-The Wrights found one of the greatest difficulties to be overcome was
-the balancing of their machine. This was only measurably and
-unsatisfactorily accomplished by the horizontal rudder. They began to
-study the flight of soaring birds for a solution of the difficulty. They
-found that the hawk, the eagle and the gull maintained a horizontal
-position by a slight, almost imperceptible upward or downward bending of
-the extreme tips of their wings. They then began experiments with
-slightly flexible planes that could be bent or warped at will by the
-pilot. This was one of their most important and original contributions
-to the problem of aviation, and it gave the pilot in a marked degree
-control of his machine. The scientific arching of the planes to give
-them the maximum lifting effect was also the result of their
-investigations.
-
-They now removed the field of experiment to Hoffman Prairie near Dayton
-where at first they met with indifferent success. They invited friends
-and reporters from their home city to witness a flight, but the machine
-acted badly in the presence of company. While the spectators were not
-favorably impressed the inventors were in no wise discouraged. Their
-perseverance was later rewarded in 1904 by a flight of three miles in
-five minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The year following a flight of
-24.20 miles was made in thirty-eight minutes, thirteen seconds, at
-heights of seventy-five to one hundred feet. These attracted small
-attention. The inventors fully satisfied with their success and working
-industriously to perfect their machine were also safeguarding the
-results of their labors by carefully patenting every device that helped
-them to the goal of practical aviation. While Europe was applauding the
-achievements of the intrepid and wealthy Brazilian, Santos-Dumont, who
-made public flights near Paris, the world was practically unaware of the
-greater achievements of the Wright brothers a year earlier. Newspaper
-accounts of their flights were received with a degree of incredulity,
-but the indifference of the public was favorable to the modest brothers
-who with tireless energy and slender means triumphed over difficulty
-after difficulty as they moved toward the larger success that they
-ardently desired and the fame that they sought not.
-
-
-
-
-Newspaper Reports Verified
-
-
-In 1907 the United States Government asked for bids for a flying machine
-that would carry two men, remain in the air an hour and make a
-cross-country flight of forty miles an hour. The Wright brothers entered
-into a contract to build such a machine. This fact and rumors of their
-success that reached the large cities from time to time led a party of
-newspaper reporters to organize themselves into a spying party to trace
-the Wrights to their secret retreat and verify the claims made in their
-behalf or publish the deception to the public. After a long and tedious
-journey from Norfolk they finally sighted the rude hut of these birdmen.
-They then secreted themselves until they were rewarded with evidence
-that the reports were true and promptly announced to the world that
-these quiet men had actually solved the problem of aerial flight.
-
-
-
-
-Trial Flights at Fort Meyer
-
-
-In 1908 Orville Wright began trial flights at Fort Meyer preliminary to
-the tests required by the government contracts. A record flight was made
-in June. The morning was still and beautiful; the leaves hung motionless
-on the great plane trees of Washington as Orville Wright and August
-Post, Secretary of the Aero Club of America left the city about six
-o'clock and proceeded by way of Georgetown to Fort Meyer where trial
-flights were to be made with the biplane. It was taken from its shed and
-placed on the starting rail. The weights were lifted into position, the
-engine started, the propellers set in rapid motion and all was in
-readiness for starting. Only a few persons were in sight, including a
-squad of soldiers who were cleaning the guns of a field battery. Mr.
-Wright took his place on the machine. At a signal the weights were
-released, it was drawn forward, and rising gracefully at the end of the
-rail gradually ascended in a circuitous course upward. Mr. Post kept
-time and marked circuits on the back of an envelope. Round and round
-went the machine, rising higher and higher. After a little the
-spectators realized that a record flight was in progress. Ten--twenty
-minutes passed. Higher and higher circled the aeroplane. Now it has been
-aloft on wing for half an hour! The spectators stand rigid and look
-upward. Mr. Taylor, chief mechanic, in almost breathless interest
-exclaims, "Don't make a motion. If you do he'll come down."
-
-In the city, word had reached the newspaper reporters that Mr. Wright
-had gone out for a flight. "Does he intend to fly today?" came the
-question over the telephone. "Yes, he is in the air now and has been
-flying for more than half an hour," was the answer.
-
-Then came the rush for fuller details and the results of the
-record-making trial were flashed over the country and cabled under the
-seas to distant lands. Senators, congressmen, departmental officials and
-representatives of every walk of life in the national capital were a
-little later on their way to witness another exhibition of the wonderful
-flying machine. Mr. Wright in the afternoon made another world's record,
-remaining in the air an hour and seven minutes. In the evening with
-Lieutenant Lahm at his side he performed without accident the greatest
-two-man flight ever made. These achievements awed and thrilled the great
-throng of spectators who greeted the triumphant conclusion of each with
-tumultuous cheers. The problem of the centuries had been solved. The
-"impossible" had been accomplished! The dream of the visionaries had
-become a reality!
-
-
-
-
-Fatal Accident
-
-
-On the 17th of September occurred a sad accident that brought to a close
-for the year the preliminary tests that had been carried on thus far
-with marked success. When Orville Wright and Lieutenant Selfridge were
-flying at a height of about seventy-five feet, one of the propellers
-struck a stray wire which coiled around and broke the blade. This
-precipitated the machine earthward and fatally injured Lieutenant
-Selfridge who died three hours afterward. Orville narrowly escaped the
-same fate with a number of broken bones. Aviation at this time was
-attended with great dangers and the daring spirits who ventured aloft on
-the wings of the wind were in constant peril of their lives.
-
-
-
-
-Wilbur Wright Wins Fame in France
-
-
-Meanwhile Wilbur Wright who had gone to France was making a series of
-record flights. Early in the month of August near Le Mans he flew
-fifty-two miles and was in the air one hour and thirty-one minutes. A
-few days later he broke the previous record for altitude, attaining an
-elevation of 380 feet. On the 31st day of December he won 20,000 francs
-for the longest flight of the year. His modest bearing, simple habits
-and wonderful achievements called forth great praise from the
-impressionable French. When he took up his quarters at Le Mans he
-arranged to prepare his own meals as he had previously done on the coast
-of North Carolina, but the French would not hear to this and furnished
-him a cook. In speaking of this incident afterward Wilbur Wright said in
-a jocular way: "Not knowing enough French to dismiss him or find out who
-sent him, I permitted him to remain."
-
-In January, 1909, Orville Wright, who had recovered from his injuries,
-joined his brother at Pau, France. Here they gave many exhibition
-flights that were witnessed by the great scientists and the nobility of
-Europe. Here their feats were witnessed by the King of England and the
-King of Spain who personally extended hearty congratulations. Wilbur
-took his machine to Rome where King Emanuel attended his exhibition
-flights. Later the two brothers were the guests, in London, of the
-Aeronautical Society of Great Britain and received its gold medal. Their
-bearing and achievements abroad gave them world-wide fame.
-
-
-
-
-Wright Brothers Honored
-
-
-Arriving in Washington June 10th, they received a medal at the hands of
-President Taft from the Aero Club of America. Continuing their journey
-homeward, they were met at Xenia, Ohio, by a delegation from Dayton.
-They at once began to inquire about their fellow townsmen.
-
-"Look here, Wilbur," said one of the committee, "you'll see all those
-folks at the station in a few moments."
-
-"Why, who is at the station?" asked Wright.
-
-"Oh, twenty-five or thirty of the boys" was the reply.
-
-As they entered their home city they saw the streets thronged with
-people.
-
-"I see the twenty-five or thirty," remarked Mr. Wright, "but I thought
-you folks knew better than this."
-
-Later they were honored in their home city with a two-day celebration,
-at the climax of which medals were presented to them from Congress, from
-the State of Ohio and from the city of Dayton. Their fame was world-wide
-and at last their own city had "discovered" them and welcomed them with
-enthusiastic pride.
-
-
-
-
-United States Government Requirements Successfully Met
-
-
-Soon afterward they returned to Fort Meyer to continue their work
-preparatory to the final tests. They had entered into a contract with
-the United States Government which was to pay $25,000 for a machine
-which would carry two men one hour in a circuitous course and perform a
-cross-country flight of ten miles at the rate of forty miles an hour. On
-the day of the final tests the people of Washington came forth in
-greater crowds than ever before. Officialdom, including representatives
-of foreign embassies, army officers, newspaper correspondents and
-civilians, were present to witness the crucial test. Among the
-spectators was Miss Katherine Wright, the scholarly sister of the two
-brothers, who had followed with deep and sympathetic interest every step
-in the progress of her brothers up to this hour.
-
-At a signal, Orville Wright, with Lieutenant Lahm again at his side
-started on his time-test flight. Upward in spiral course they rose. At
-length the hour limit was passed and a mighty cheer from the multitude
-announced the result. Still the machine with its two passengers remained
-aloft. Nine minutes more passed. The world's record made by Wilbur
-Wright was broken.
-
-Wilbur, who was present, announced the result by waving a handkerchief
-and calling aloud, "Give him a cheer, boys." Soon after this the machine
-gently descended, having been in the air an hour, twelve minutes and
-forty seconds, the longest two passenger flight that had been made to
-that date.
-
-Orville Wright was soon overwhelmed with congratulations. Coming forward
-President Taft said:
-
-"I am glad to congratulate you on your achievement. You came down as
-gracefully and as much like a bird as you went up. I hope your passenger
-behaved himself and did not talk to the motorman. It was a wonderful
-performance. I would not have missed it."
-
-The President then shook hands with Wilbur, saying, "Your brother has
-broken your record."
-
-"Yes," replied Wilbur, with a smile, "but it's all in the family."
-
-On August 30 came the speed trial over a course from Ft. Meyer to
-Alexandria five miles distant. This at that time was considered the most
-difficult test of all. The course was over a broken and uneven country,
-valleys, ravines, hills, forests and open fields alternating. Lieutenant
-Benjamin D. Foulois was chosen to accompany Orville Wright on this
-perilous trip. The machine arose and circled between the two flags that
-marked the starting line, and amid cheers of the spectators started on
-its flight toward the two captive balloons that marked the limit of the
-course. Smaller and smaller it grew in the distance as it was swayed
-slightly out of its path by the wind. It at length turned the goal on
-the hill at Alexandria. On the return it was borne downward until it
-disappeared. Would it rise again or would it be swept down by a
-treacherous current and wrecked in the valley? After a moment's suspense
-it again appeared in clearer outline over the treetops. Nearer and
-nearer it came until in the midst of waving handkerchiefs and thunderous
-cheers, it softly alighted near its starting place. The daring aviator
-was heartily congratulated again by the President and other eminent men
-who thronged about him. His sister told him that the glad news had
-already been telegraphed to his aged father in Dayton. The machine had
-successfully met all requirements and had made in the cross-country
-flight 42.6 miles an hour, entitling the brothers in addition to the
-$25,000 to a bonus of $5,000, making in all $30,000. Wonderful as was
-this record at the time, succeeding flights with improved machines now
-make it seem trivial and commonplace.
-
-Later in the year 1909 Orville Wright went back to Europe where he
-achieved distinction in a number of nights while Wilbur remained at home
-to participate in the Hudson-Fulton celebration and thrill his
-countrymen by encircling in a flight the statue of liberty and returning
-to his starting point on Governor's Island.
-
-It is not necessary to follow further the aeronautic achievements of the
-Wright brothers. While they were the first to construct a successful
-aeroplane, inventors in America and abroad quickly followed them and
-machines of various forms and construction but based on the same
-principle were soon making record flights in many lands. The
-simultaneous development of the aeroplane in the United States and
-Europe is explained by the fact that the progress of the experiments of
-the Wright Brothers was promptly reported and eagerly noted on the other
-side of the Atlantic. Octave Chanute immediately after his visit to
-Kitty Hawk made a trip abroad and gave a detailed account of what the
-Wright brothers had accomplished. This account with drawings was
-published and European inventors had this information on which to work.
-In 1909 Louis Bleriot, a French aviator, who had sprung into prominence
-the preceding year, crossed the English Channel in his beautiful
-birdlike monoplane. In 1910 George Chauz, flying upward 7,000 feet,
-crossed the Alps amid the treacherous and frozen winds of the
-snow-capped peaks only to meet a tragic death as he neared the goal in
-sunny Italy. Equally daring and dangerous was the trip of the brilliant
-American aviator Glenn Curtis in his biplane from Albany to New York
-City, followed a few days later by the notable achievement of Charles K.
-Hamilton who in a machine of the same make flew from New York City to
-Philadelphia at the average speed of fifty and one-half miles an hour.
-Aviation meets and record breaking flights in this country and Europe
-now followed in such rapid succession that the long list would only
-weary the reader. In this rapid and spectacular progress that gave man
-dominion over the air and the power to surpass the eagle's flight it is
-interesting to note how well the Wrights kept in the forefront of the
-era that they ushered in. Frequent changes have greatly improved the
-efficiency of their machine. In 1910 it made the greatest altitude
-flight, reaching a height of 11,476 feet. In 1911 C. P. Rodgers, in
-successive stages, flew in one of their biplanes from New York City to
-Long Branch, California, a distance of 4,029 miles, the longest flight
-ever made.
-
-
-
-
-Recent Improvements
-
-
-Improvements are still in rapid progress. The hydroaeroplane has been
-invented. This is a slightly modified aeroplane with equipment that will
-keep it afloat on the water from which it may rise and fly at the will
-of the pilot. Aviators have developed high skill in the control of their
-machines in mid-air. They have at high speed described intricate
-figures, sustained themselves in inverted positions and performed the
-dangerous and thrilling feat of "looping the loop" in their swift
-downward flight. They have ascended high in air, reaching an altitude of
-over 20,000 feet, and increased their speed rate to 126 miles an hour.
-Swifter than flight of bird and outspeeding the winged tempest, man has
-cleft the highways of the air. A long line of fatal accidents has marked
-his progress, but with reckless and audacious courage he has kept his
-course until he has added the "upper deep" to the realm of his dominion.
-
-
-
-
-Future of the Aeroplane
-
-
-Future achievements in this new field are of course matters of
-speculation. Man has flown across the Alps, the Rocky Mountains, the
-English Channel, the Straits of Florida and the Mediterranean Sea. Even
-now there is reported a contemplated airship for the crossing of the
-Atlantic.
-
-Thus far the chief use of the aeroplane has been for sport and armament.
-The leading nations of the world have equipped their armies with flying
-machines from which it will be possible at a safe height to spy out the
-position of the enemy, carry messages across besieging lines and drop
-destructive explosives in the midst of hostile fortifications. What
-effect this will have on the future of war can only be conjectured. Some
-have predicted that when further perfected it will bring to an end this
-era of vast armaments and defenses by making them useless. If it does
-this, it may indeed be hailed as the beneficent invention of this new
-century, for it will have realized the vision of the poet Tennyson who
-crowned with his immortal verse the century that is gone:
-
-    "For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,
-    Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be;
-
-    "Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,
-    Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales;
-
-    "Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rained a
-    ghastly dew
-    From the nations' airy navies grappling in the central blue;
-
-    "Far along the world-wide whisper of the south wind rushing
-    warm,
-    With the standards of the peoples plunging through the
-    thunder-storm;
-
-    "Till the war-drum throbbed no longer, and the battle-flags were
-    furled
-    In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world."
-
-
-
-
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STORY OF THE AEROPLANE ***
-
-
-
-
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