initial commit of ebook 38740HEADmain

48 files changed, 27381 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/38740-8.txt b/38740-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9ee488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8614 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Louisville, from the
+Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852, by Ben Casseday
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The History of Louisville, from the Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852
+
+Author: Ben Casseday
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2012 [EBook #38740]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Casseday's History of Louisville.
+
+
+  THE
+  HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE,
+  FROM ITS
+  EARLIEST SETTLEMENT
+  TILL THE YEAR 1852.
+
+
+  BY BEN CASSEDAY
+
+
+  LOUISVILLE, KY.
+  HULL AND BROTHER.
+  1852.
+
+
+
+
+  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852,
+  BY BEN. CASSEDAY,
+  In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United
+  States for the District of Kentucky.
+
+
+  HULL & BROTHER,
+  PRINTERS AND BINDERS.
+  83 & 85 Fourth St., Louisville, Ky.
+
+
+
+
+  To My Father,
+  At whose Instance it was Undertaken.
+  AND
+  By whose Assistance it was Completed,
+  This Book Is
+  AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Very little need be said by way of Preface to the present volume. Cities,
+like individuals, have ever found the utility of giving publicity to the
+advantages they possess. The respective claims to public consideration of
+almost all the larger American cities have already been set forth, and no
+inconsiderable sagacity has been displayed in the preparation and issue of
+these advertisements. It cannot be denied that Louisville has equal claim
+upon the community for a fair hearing with many of these cities, and this
+may serve as the apology which custom seems to render necessary for the
+publication of this volume.
+
+Louisville has attained her present rank and position without having
+resorted to any of the factitious means so generally employed to promote
+the progress of cities. A singular apathy in this regard has always
+pervaded this community, and the present prosperity of the city is the
+result only of fortuitous circumstances, of individual and unorganized
+effort, or of local causes. The following extract from one of a series of
+very able articles, published several years ago in the Louisville Journal,
+conveys a very caustic and severe, but, at the same time, a very just and
+merited rebuke of this apathetic indifference to political progress which
+has been characteristic of this city. The author says: "In the recent book
+of Judge Hall entitled "_The West--its commerce and navigation_," it is
+stated that "Louisville keeps no account of its business." Such is really
+the fact; we have no business organization--no chamber of commerce, no
+mercantile clubs--no Exchange, no place "where merchants most do
+congregate." Our city Fathers keep no record of our increase or doings,
+and it is doubted whether the Mayor or Council, with the Assessors and
+Collectors to advise with, can either guess or reckon our present
+population within 4,000, or the number of respectable tenements erected
+last year within 200 of the truth. There is not a series of our newspapers
+or price currents to which a stranger has the right of access; if, indeed,
+there be an entire series of either to be found in our city. Occasionally
+a Directory is got up and contains a few statistics gathered without
+system or concert, and necessarily imperfect, and these even are rarely
+set before the public eye. Other cities have had for years the most
+skillful trumpeters and gazetteers; their men of influence and wealth have
+contributed largely of money and time (more important than money) not only
+to make their city attractive but to show off those attractions. Does
+anything agitate the public mind, whether religious, political, or
+financial--whether it relates to the commerce of the lakes, famine in
+Ireland, or an armory or hospital on the western rivers, they seek to be
+the first to write and the first to speak; they raise one committee to
+gather and another to publish every fact and argument which will make the
+excitement enure to their benefit. All this is unobjectionable. Other
+cities have great attractions, and there is no reason why these should not
+be known; the gospel itself requires publication; but in this _democratic_
+country are we to allow any other city to take a higher position than that
+to which she is entitled by her skill, strength and capacity? Is it not
+high time to advertise the cheapness and goodness of our wares? If
+Cincinnati send a special agent to Germany with the cards of her
+lot-holders and a map of this country, represented as a narrow strip with
+New York at one terminus and Cincinnati at the other, can we not extend
+the survey to Louisville, and add the name of this city to the catalogue
+published in Europe."
+
+These remarks are hardly less merited now than at the time when they were
+published. The last two years, it is true, have awakened new energies and
+brought about a greater disposition to prompt and efficient action in
+promoting a useful business organization and in setting forth the claims
+of Louisville in a properly attractive light. Much time, however, has been
+wasted and much valuable material has been lost by the long delay in this
+matter. To endeavor to restore this lost time and to replace a part at
+least of this valuable material, is one of the prominent objects had in
+view in the preparation of this history.
+
+The want of interest which is generally felt in mere statistical details,
+even if ever so carefully compiled, coupled with the fact that there is
+really much in the history of Louisville which is capable of interesting
+the general reader, have induced me to prefer offering to the public a
+historical detail of the rise, progress and present position of the city,
+instead of following the course which has been pursued by most writers of
+local history. It is no part of the design of this volume to eulogize
+Louisville beyond its deserts. The greatest care has been taken to prevent
+any tendency to exaggeration in all the statistical parts of the work, and
+the object constantly had in view has been to present both to citizens and
+strangers an authentic and reliable statement of all that is useful or
+interesting in the past and present history of the city. It is due to
+myself to state, that, as may readily be supposed from what has been said
+above, I have found great difficulty in procuring the necessary data for
+even this unpretending volume. And if the town reader should find any
+errors or omissions in these pages I cannot help but hope for some
+leniency at his hands in view of the fact that this is the history of a
+city which has never possessed an official record of any kind, and that
+even the material which has been procured at divers times and in distant
+places has cost no inconsiderable amount both of time and trouble in the
+search.
+
+The present statistics of the city were carefully collected by personal
+application and investigation; and I desire to express my profoundest
+acknowledgments for the kindness and interest with which my wishes were
+met and forwarded. With but one single exception, every information which
+I could have desired was freely furnished, and many valuable suggestions
+were offered which I have since found extremely useful. I also desire to
+express my acknowledgments to Mr. R. Harlan, of Frankfort, for his kind
+assistance in the tedious and laborious work of examining the census
+reports.
+
+In closing a task which has occupied such moments of leisure as I could
+reclaim from the more serious pursuits of life for about eighteen months,
+I cannot but hope that the result of this tedious labor may really compass
+the end for which it was intended. I can claim nothing for the book on the
+score of literary merit; the style is one entirely different from anything
+which I have heretofore attempted, and the volume does not seek to claim
+rank as a literary production. If, however, it will serve to contribute a
+moiety to the prosperity of my native city; if it will serve to add one
+industrious and enterprising man to the number of her citizens, I shall be
+satisfied that this labor has not been in vain, nor this exertion spent
+for naught.
+
+BEN. CASSEDAY.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  Position of Louisville--Falls of the Ohio                       15
+  Advent of Captain Bullitt                                       16
+  Bullitt's Interview with the Indians                            17
+  Campbell's and Conally's Patents                                21
+  Advent of General Geo. R. Clark                                 22
+  Clark's Expedition to Virginia                                  23
+    "  Secret orders from Patrick Henry                           25
+    "  Arrival at the Falls                                       28
+  Account of a social party in 1779                               31
+  Account of life on the Frontier                                 32
+  The Hard Winter                                                 43
+  Act for establishing the town                                   44
+  Early surveys of the town                                       47
+  Reminiscences of the Ponds                                      50
+  Advent of Colonel Geo. Slaughter                                53
+  Incidents of the Indian Wars                                    54
+  Division of the State into Counties                             58
+  Building of Fort Nelson                                         60
+  Battle of Blue Licks                                            61
+  Barge Navigation                                                62
+  The Boatwreckers--Colonel Plug                                  67
+  The Bargemen--Mike Fink                                         71
+  Peace declared                                                  81
+  First Store in Louisville                                       83
+  Tom Paine's book                                                84
+  First Kentucky Convention                                       85
+  Clark's Treaty at Fort McIntosh                                 86
+    "  Expedition to Vincennes                                    89
+  Mississippi Troubles                                            90
+  First newspaper in Kentucky                                     97
+  Act in relation to the Trustees--Major Quirey                   98
+  Kentucky erected into a State                                  102
+  First Paper Mill--Tax list                                     103
+  Office of Falls Pilot created--Fire companies established      104
+  Acts of Assembly--1800                                         107
+  Anecdote                                                       109
+  Jeffersonville--Shippingport                                   110
+  First Canal Company chartered                                  112
+  First newspaper in Louisville                                  115
+  Second tax list                                                116
+  Theater                                                        117
+  Establishment of a Police                                      118
+  Courthouse built--Early Steam Navigation                       119
+  Earthquakes, description of, and table                         121
+  Western Courier (newspaper) established                        126
+  List of Steamboats up to 1819                                  128
+  First Catholic Church                                          134
+  First Bank--Foundry                                            135
+  Paving the Streets                                             136
+  First Methodist Church--Portland laid out--New Albany          137
+  Manifest of Barges--Unhealthiness of Louisville                139
+  List of Stores &c.                                             140
+  Trip of the Enterprize--First boat built                       141
+  Shinplaster currency                                           142
+  Hope Distillery                                                143
+  Fearon's account of Louisville                                 144
+  Branch Bank of the United States                               146
+  First Presbyterian Church built--burned                        147
+  Hospital Company incorporated                                  148
+  Dinner to Captain Shreve                                       150
+  Death of General Geo. R. Clark                                 151
+  Price Current--1818--Commercial Bank--Public Advertiser        152
+  Dr. McMurtrie's Sketches of Louisville                         153
+  J. J. Audubon--Visit of President                              155
+  Purchase of Fire Engines                                       159
+  Tax list and Census for 1821                                   160
+  Commonwealth Bank established                                  162
+  Issue of Town Notes--Epidemic of 1822                          163
+  First Episcopal Church--Lafayette's Visit                      165
+  Building a Wharf--Louisville and Portland Canal                166
+  The Focus--Resolutions for a Charter                           173
+  Louisville becomes a City                                      174
+  First City Officers                                            177
+  Bank Robbery--New Methodist Church--City School                179
+  Second Presbyterian Church--Daily Journal                      182
+  Bank of Kentucky built--Louisville Lyceum                      184
+  Flood of '32--Unitarian Church--Directory &c.                  185
+  Bank of Louisville chartered--Museum                           187
+  Government Deposites removed                                   188
+  Water Works                                                    189
+  Comical Guards                                                 190
+  Death of Lafayette                                             191
+  Tax List--Table of Exports &c. 1830                            192
+  Bridge over the Ohio--Panic of '37                             194
+  Notice of Amelia's Poems                                       195
+  Medical College                                                197
+  Portland Railroad                                              198
+  Newsletter--Historical Society--Provident Society              199
+  Visit of America Vespucci                                      200
+  Introduction of Gas                                            202
+  Great Fire                                                     203
+  Statistics of '45                                              205
+  Opening of Louisville and Frankfort Railroad                   206
+  New Charter                                                    208
+  Louisville and its environs                                    209
+  Society of Louisville                                          210
+  Churches, Streets, &c.                                         216
+  Public Education                                               219
+  Health                                                         225
+  Markets--Periodicals                                           227
+  Table of Occupations                                           228
+  Commercial Statistics                                          230
+  Louisville as a Market for Tobacco                             234
+      "       "     "     "  Cotton                              237
+      "       "     "     "  Pork                                240
+  Manufacturing Statistics                                       241
+  Conclusion                                                     247
+  Appendix
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+The utility and profit of the local history of cities is no longer a
+matter of doubt. Whether considered solely as objects of interest or
+amusement, or as having the still wider utility of making known abroad the
+individuality of the places they describe, these records are worthy of
+high consideration. And although in a country like ours this department of
+history can claim to chronicle no great events, nor to relate any of those
+local traditions that make many of the cities of the Old World so famous
+in story and song, yet they can fulfil the equal use of directing the
+attention of those abroad to the rise, progress and present standing of
+places which may fairly claim, in the future, what has made others great
+in the past. And in an age when every energy of the whole brotherhood of
+man is directed to the future, and when mere utilitarianism has taken the
+place of romance, or of deeds of high renown, it is a matter of more than
+ordinary interest and value to all, to note the practical advancement, and
+so to calculate upon the basis of the past, the probable results of the
+future of those cities in the New World, which seem to present advantages,
+either social or pecuniary, to that large class of foreigners and others,
+who are constantly seeking for homes or means of occupation among us. Nor
+is it to these alone, that such local history is of value. The country is
+beginning already to possess much unemployed capital seeking for
+investment; while many, having already procured the means of living well,
+are seeking for homes more congenial to their tastes than the places where
+they have lived but for pecuniary profit. To both of these, the history of
+individual cities is an invaluable aid in helping the one to discover a
+means of advantageously employing his surplus money, and in aiding the
+other to find a home possessing those social advantages which will render
+him comfortable and happy.
+
+But it is to the emigrant foreigner that local history is of the greatest
+benefit. Leaving a country with whose resources, social, moral, and
+political, he is intimately acquainted for one of which he knows almost
+nothing, such works, carefully and authentically written, are to him what
+the guide-books of the Old World are to the wonder-seeking traveler; they
+present him at once with a daguerreotype view of the land of his adoption
+and point out to him every advantage and disadvantage, every chance of
+profit or of pleasure, every means of gain, every hope of gratification
+that is anywhere to be afforded.
+
+Impressed with these opinions, it is proposed to present the reader with
+an authentic and impartial history of Louisville; one which may be
+implicitly relied on in its calculations and statistical details and which
+shall present as accurate and faithful a historical survey as can be
+obtained from any data known to the writer or attainable by him.
+
+Louisville lies on the Southern bank of the Ohio river at the falls or
+rapids of that stream, in longitude 85° 30' west of Greenwich, and
+latitude 38° 3' north. Its position is one of peculiar excellence,
+situated at a point where the navigation of the stream is naturally
+obstructed by the rapids, and where, for six miles above the site of the
+city, the river stretches out into a broad, smooth sheet of water a mile
+in width, almost without a current, and presents a safe and beautiful
+harbor for a great distance along the Kentucky shore; embracing too within
+its limits the debouchure of Beargrass Creek, which also affords a
+convenient and accessible resting place for barges, keel, and flatboats,
+sheltering them from all the dangers to which an open harbor would render
+them liable, it presents advantages which at once mark it to the sagacious
+eye as a proper location for a town of the greatest importance. Aside from
+all these advantages, the immense surface of level country which spreads
+out on either side of the rapids for so great a distance, is of itself
+worthy of consideration. The term "falls" which has been and is so
+commonly applied to the obstruction in the river at this point, is apt to
+produce an incorrect idea in the mind of one who does not know exactly how
+to apply the term. The falls are not a precipitous descent of water, but
+simply "an obstruction in the course of the river caused by a ledge of
+limestone rock running obliquely across its bed, with channels or chutes
+through the mound, produced or modified by the force of the water." This
+however is so serious an obstacle to the navigation of the stream as to
+create the necessity, which always exists, except at the highest stage of
+the water, for the debarkation and re-shipment of goods above and below
+this point, thus affording great commercial advantages to the city
+situated beside these rapids.
+
+The peculiar attractions of such a location as this could not long go
+unheeded, and accordingly as early as 1770 parties came from Fort Pitt,
+now Pittsburgh, probably sent by Lord Dunmore, then Governor of Virginia,
+and surveyed the lands adjacent to the falls, with a view of distributing
+them as bounty lands. The earliest account, however, which we have of
+anything like a settlement here is that of Capt. Thomas Bullitt, who in
+1773, deputed by a special commission from William and Mary College in
+Virginia, came to survey lands and effect settlements in the then
+_territory_ of Kentucky. His practiced eye perceived the advantages of
+this port and he moored his traveling barge in the safe and beautiful
+harbor of Beargrass, and here established a camp to protect his men from
+the weather and to shelter his stores. From this point he made surveys of
+much of the adjacent country as far down as Salt river, to which he gave
+its present title from his having there found the salt lick still known by
+his name. He estimated the advantages of his new settlement at their full
+worth, and purposed to return at once to his friends and procure the
+means of re-visiting and establishing it. But Death sought him in the
+midst of his well laid plans, and it was left for another to complete what
+his sagacity and enterprise had commenced.
+
+To show that Bullitt's plans had been well matured, and also to give some
+idea of the prudence and intelligence of the man, it is only necessary to
+cite, from Marshall's History of Kentucky, the following not uninteresting
+facts:
+
+"On his way to Kentucky," says this historian, "Bullitt made a visit to
+Chillicothe, a Shawnee town, to hold a friendly talk with those Indians on
+the subject of his intended settlement; and for the particular purpose of
+obtaining their assent to the measure. He knew they claimed the right of
+hunting in the country--a right to them of the utmost importance, and
+which they had not relinquished. He also knew they were brave, and
+indefatigable; and that if they were so disposed, could greatly annoy the
+inhabitants of the intended settlement. It was, therefore, a primary
+object in his estimation to obtain their consent to his projected
+residence, and cultivation of the lands. To accomplish this, he left his
+party on the Ohio and traveled out to the town unattended, and without
+announcing his approach by a runner. He was not discovered until he got
+into the midst of Chillicothe, when he waved his white flag as a token of
+peace. The Indians saw with astonishment a stranger among them in the
+character of ambassador, for such he assumed by the flag, and without any
+intimation of his intended visit. Some of them collected about him, and
+asked him, What news? Was he from the Long Knife? and why, if he was an
+ambassador, he had not sent a runner?"
+
+Bullitt, not in the least intimidated, replied that he had no bad news--he
+was from the Long Knife--and as the red men and white men were at peace,
+he had come among his brothers to have a friendly talk with them about
+living on the other side of the Ohio; that he had no runner swifter than
+himself, and that he was in haste and could not wait the return of a
+runner. 'Would you,' said he, 'if you were very hungry and had killed a
+deer, send your squaw to town to tell the news, and wait her return before
+you eat?' This put the bystanders in high good humor, and gave them a
+favorable opinion of their interlocutor. And upon his desiring that the
+warriors should be called together, they were forthwith convened, and he
+promptly addressed them in the following speech, extracted from his
+journal:
+
+"BROTHERS:
+
+"I am sent by my people, whom I left on the Ohio, to settle the country on
+the other side of that river, as low down as the falls. We come from
+Virginia. The king of my people has bought from the nations of red men
+both north and south all the land; and I am instructed to inform you and
+all the warriors of this great country, that the Virginians and the
+English are in friendship with you. This friendship is dear to them, and
+they intend to keep it sacred. The same friendship they expect from you,
+and from all the nations to the lakes. We know that the Shawnees and the
+Delawares are to be our nearest neighbors, and we wish them to be our best
+friends as we will be theirs.
+
+"Brothers, you did not get any of the money or blankets given for the land
+which I and my people are going to settle. This was hard for you. But it
+is agreed by the great men who own the land, that they will make a present
+both to the Delawares and the Shawnees the next year and the year
+following that shall be as good.
+
+"Brothers, I am appointed to settle the country, to live in it, to raise
+corn, and to make proper rules and regulations among my people. There will
+be some principal men from my country very soon, and then much more will
+be said to you. The Governor desires to see you, and will come out this
+year or the next. When I come again I will have a belt of wampum. This
+time I came in haste and had not one ready.
+
+"My people only want the country to settle and cultivate. They will have
+no objection to your hunting and trapping there. I hope you will live by
+us as brothers and friends.
+
+"You now know my heart, and as it is single towards you, I expect you will
+give me a kind talk; for I shall write to my Governor what you say to me
+and he will believe all I write."
+
+This speech was received with attention, and Bullitt was told that the
+next day he should be answered.
+
+The Indians are in the habit of proceeding with great deliberation in
+matters of importance, and all are such to them which concern their
+hunting.
+
+On the morrow, agreeably to promise, they were assembled at the same
+place, and Bullitt being present they returned an answer to his speech as
+follows:
+
+"OLDEST BROTHER--_The Long Knife_:
+
+"We heard you would be glad to see your brothers, the Shawnees and
+Delawares, and talk with them. But we are surprised that you sent no
+runner before you, and that you came quite near us through the trees and
+grass a hard journey without letting us know until you appeared among us.
+
+"Brother, we have considered your talk carefully, and we are glad to find
+nothing bad in it, nor any ill meaning. On the contrary you speak what
+seems kind and friendly, and it pleased us well. You mentioned to us your
+intention of settling the country on the other side of the Ohio with your
+people. And we are particularly pleased that they are not to disturb us in
+our hunting. For we must hunt to kill meat for our women and children, and
+to have something to buy our powder and lead with, and to get us blankets
+and clothing.
+
+"All our young brothers are pleased with what you said. We desire that you
+will be strong in fulfilling your promises towards us, as we are
+determined to be very straight in advising our young men to be kind and
+peaceable to you.
+
+"This spring we saw something wrong on the part of our young men. They
+took some horses from the white people. But we have advised them not to do
+so again, and have cleared their hearts of all bad intentions. We expect
+they will observe our advice as they like what you said."
+
+"This speech, delivered by Girty, was interpreted by Richard Butler, who,
+during the stay of Captain Bullitt, had made him his guest and otherwise
+treated him in the most friendly manner. But having executed his mission
+very much to his own satisfaction, Bullitt took his leave and rejoined his
+party, who were much rejoiced to see him return.
+
+"He made report of his progress and success, and his comrades with light
+hearts and high expectations launched their keels on the stream which
+conveyed them to the shore of Kentucky and the landing before spoken of."
+
+Capt. Bullitt had high testimonials of his eminent fitness for the
+position he had assumed. General Washington himself, than whom no one was
+at once a better judge and a more valuable authority in such matters,
+spoke in the highest terms of his capacity in the exercise of the
+multifarious duties of surveyor, navigator and trader. Had not a premature
+death taken him away in the midst of his labors, it is certainly to him
+that we should have owed the earliest prosperity of the city.
+
+Even previous to the arrival of Capt. Bullitt, however, these lands at the
+falls had been patented and were owned, most probably as bounty lands, by
+John Campbell and Dr. John Conally. Of Campbell we know little, if
+anything; but Conally played a somewhat important part in the early
+history of the West. He was the nephew of Colonel Croghan and the friend
+of Lord Dunmore, and was by him dispatched in 1774 to assert the claims of
+Virginia upon Fort Pitt, where he was arrested, before he had taken more
+than the initiatory step in his proceeding, by Arthur St. Clair, the
+representative of the proprietors of Pennsylvania in the West, and only
+released on his own recognizance. He did not, however, choose to return
+into the custody of the law, but, collecting a band of followers, he came
+again in March of the same year and took possession, in Lord Dunmore's
+name, of Fort Pitt; rebuilt it and called it Fort Dunmore. It was he who
+occasioned the bloody fights known in the history of border warfare as
+Logan's or Cresap's war. He afterwards, in 1775, formed a plot against the
+government, which was discovered, and this notoriously tyrannical and
+wicked man was thrown into prison and remained an unpitied captive till
+1781. After the revolution he became a Tory and thus his lands, at the
+falls and elsewhere, became forfeit to the State of Virginia. It was,
+however, for him and Campbell that Bullitt surveyed the lands adjacent to
+the falls. The extent of their tract was about 4000 acres.
+
+After Bullitt's expedition had received this final check, the falls were
+visited only by a few hunters and traders; and it was not until 1778 that
+any new attempt was made toward a permanent settlement on this site. The
+enterprising and gallant COL. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK, whose name is so well
+known to all readers of the early history of Kentucky or of the West,
+comes now to be associated with this history. This city is so deeply
+indebted to him, not only for its earlier prosperity, but for its very
+existence, that it becomes alike agreeable and useful to inquire something
+as to the circumstances of his settlement here. He was born in Albemarle
+county, Virginia, and, like our great Washington, was in early life a land
+surveyor, and, like him too, a man of unusual talent, discrimination and
+forethought. He came first to Kentucky in 1772. But his history becomes
+first associated with that of the State in 1774 when he served in
+Dunmore's war. In the latter part of 1775, having gained the rank of
+Major, he returned to his native State in order to prepare for his
+permanent removal to Kentucky, which took place in the Spring following.
+Up to this time Kentucky had been held to be a part of Fincastle county,
+in Virginia; but its inhabitants had no rights or protection as citizens
+of that State. Upon Clark's removal to Kentucky he readily saw the
+advantages of the new settlement, but his sagacity at the same time taught
+him that a State whose very title was in dispute, and which was so far
+beyond the old lines of civilization, and so removed from the protection
+of the elder commonwealths would not attract settlers with that rapidity
+to which its immensely superior natural advantages entitled it. He
+perceived that the future prosperity of his adopted home depended upon its
+being under the aid and protection of Virginia, or upon its being made a
+separate State. The result of this deliberation and of his promulgation of
+these views was that he was chosen a member of the Virginia assembly and
+carried to them a petition for admission into their commonwealth. He had
+the misfortune, however, after having walked the whole distance, to find
+this body adjourned. This did not, however, deter him from prosecuting his
+plan for the good of Kentucky. He visited the Governor, Patrick Henry, and
+laid his case before that wise and patriotic man. The Governor
+acknowledged the justness of his claim, and gave him a letter to the
+Executive Council. This body, fearful of exceeding its powers, could or
+would do little for him. He demanded powder which they promptly offered
+to lend him on his individual security; an offer which Clark peremptorily
+refused, and so intimidated them by his dauntless manner and his threats
+of consequences that finally the order was issued for the powder to be
+supplied to Clark at Fort Pitt. And, on the re-assembling of the
+delegates, after much warm discussion, Kentucky was erected into a county
+of Virginia. Both these objects accomplished, Clark returned to Pittsburg,
+procured the powder and with great difficulty and danger succeeded in
+bringing it down to the present site of Maysville, where he carefully
+concealed it and then went to the fort at Harrodsburg and sent a convoy
+for the buried treasure, where it finally arrived in safety. This slight
+outline sketch shows the first of a series of events which led Col. Clark
+to the falls of Ohio. The second event which bears upon this point is
+alike creditable to him. And here we must be indebted to Mr. Perkins'
+Annals of the West for a condensed narration of this affair.
+
+"Clark understood," says this excellent compilation, "the whole game of
+the British. He saw that it was through their possession of Detroit,
+Vincennes, Kaskaskia and the other western posts--which gave them easy and
+constant access to the Indian tribes of the north-east--that the British
+hoped to effect such a union of the wild men as would annihilate the
+frontier fortresses. He knew that the Delawares were divided in feeling,
+and the Shawnees but imperfectly united in favor of England, ever since
+the murder of Comstalk. He was convinced that could the British in the
+north-west be defeated and expelled, the natives might be easily awed or
+bribed into neutrality; and by spies sent for the purpose, and who were
+absent from April 20th to June 22d, he had satisfied himself that an
+enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having
+made up his mind, on the 1st of October he left Harrodsburg for the East,
+and reached the capital of Virginia November the 5th. Opening his mind to
+no one he watched with care the state of feeling among those in power,
+waiting the proper moment to present his scheme. Fortunately, while he was
+upon his road, on the 17th of October, Burgoyne had surrendered, and hope
+was again predominant in the American councils. When, therefore, the
+western soldier, upon the 10th of December, broke the subject of his
+proposed expedition against the forts on the far distant Mississippi to
+Patrick Henry, who was still governor, he met with a favorable hearing,
+and though doubts and fears arose by degrees, yet so well digested were
+his plans, that he was able to meet each objection and remove every
+seeming impossibility."
+
+Having thus satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan,
+he received on the 22d of January two sets of instructions--the one open,
+authorizing him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to
+his orders, and to serve for three months from their arrival in the West;
+the other set secret, and drawn as follows:
+
+"_Virginia: Sct. In Council, Williamsburg, Jan. 22d, 1778._
+
+"LIEUTENANT COLONEL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK:
+
+"You are to proceed, with all convenient speed, to raise seven companies of
+soldiers, to consist of fifty men each, officered in the usual manner, and
+armed most properly for the enterprise; and with this force attack the
+British post at Kaskaskia.
+
+"It is conjectured that there are many pieces of cannon and military
+stores to a considerable amount at that place, the taking and preservation
+of which would be a valuable acquisition to the State. If you are so
+fortunate therefore, as to succeed in your expedition, you will take every
+possible measure to secure the artillery and stores and whatever may
+advantage the State.
+
+"For the transportation of the troops, provisions, &c., down the Ohio, you
+are to apply to the commanding officer at Fort Pitt for boats; and during
+the whole transaction you are to take especial care to keep the true
+destination of your force secret; its success depends upon this. (Orders
+are therefore given to Capt. Smith to secure the two men from Kaskaskia.)
+Similar conduct will be proper in similar cases.
+
+"It is earnestly desired that you show humanity to such British subjects
+and other persons as fall in your hands. If the white inhabitants at that
+post and the neighborhood, will give undoubted evidence of their
+attachment to this State, (for it is certain they live within its limits,)
+by taking the test prescribed by law, and by every other way and means in
+their power, let them be treated as fellow citizens, and their persons and
+property duly secured. Assistance and protection against all enemies
+whatever, shall be afforded them; and the Commonwealth of Virginia is
+pledged to accomplish it. But if these people will not accede to these
+reasonable demands, they must feel the miseries of war, under the
+direction of that humanity that has hitherto distinguished Americans, and
+which it is expected you will ever consider as the rule of your conduct,
+and from which you are in no instance to depart.
+
+"The corps you are to command are to receive the pay and allowance of
+militia, and to act under the laws and regulations of this State, now in
+force, as militia. The inhabitants of this post will be informed by you,
+that in case they accede to the offers of becoming citizens of this
+Commonwealth, a proper garrison will be maintained among them, and every
+attention bestowed to render their commerce beneficial; the fairest
+prospects being opened to the dominions of both France and Spain.
+
+"It is in contemplation to establish a post near the mouth of the Ohio.
+Cannon will be wanted to fortify it. Part of those at Kaskaskia will be
+easily brought thither, or otherwise secured, as circumstances will make
+necessary.
+
+"You are to apply to General Hand, at Pittsburgh, for powder and lead
+necessary for this expedition. If he cannot supply it, the person who has
+that which Capt. Lynn brought from New Orleans can. Lead was sent to
+Hampshire by my orders, and that may be delivered you. Wishing you
+success, I am, Sir, your humble servant.
+
+  P. HENRY.
+
+"With these instructions and twelve hundred pounds in the depreciated
+currency of the time, Colonel Clark, (for such was now his title,) on the
+4th of February started for Pittsburgh. It had been thought best to raise
+the troops needed beyond the mountains, as the colonies were in want of
+all the soldiers they could muster east of the Alleghanies, to defend
+themselves against the British forces. Clark therefore proposed to enlist
+men about Pittsburg, while Maj. W. B. Smith, for the same purpose went to
+the Holston, and other officers to other points. None, however, succeeded
+as they hoped to; at Pittsburg Clark found great opposition to the
+intention of carrying men away to defend the outposts in Kentucky, while
+their own citadel and the whole region about it was threatened by the
+savage allies of England; and Smith, though he nominally succeeded in
+raising four companies, was unable essentially to aid his superior officer
+after all. With three companies and several private adventurers, Clark at
+length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the
+Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, opposite the
+spot now occupied by Louisville."
+
+It is only necessary to state here that Clark's success in this expedition
+was complete and perfect, and that a more brilliant campaign has probably
+never been performed by any general. More than this does not immediately
+concern this history.
+
+It is estimated that Col. Clark left in his new fort on this island about
+thirteen families, when he proceeded on his journey to Kaskaskia. And so
+brave, hardy and resolute were these pioneers, that, notwithstanding they
+were separated from the nearest of their countrymen by four hundred miles
+of hostile country, filled with savages whose dearest hunting grounds they
+were about to occupy; notwithstanding they knew that these relentless
+savages were not only inimical on account of the invasion of their
+choicest territory, but were aided by all the arts, the presents and the
+favors of the British in seeking to destroy their settlements;
+notwithstanding all these terrifying circumstances, those dauntless
+pioneers went quietly to work, and with the rifle in one hand and the
+implements of agriculture in the other, deliberately set about planting,
+and actually succeeded in raising a crop of corn on their little island.
+It is thus that Corn Island derived its name. And truly so bold and heroic
+an act as this of that feeble band deserves a perpetuity beyond what the
+mere name of the island will give it. Columns have been reared and statues
+erected, festivals have been instituted and commemorations held of deeds
+far less worthy of renown than was this little settlement's crop of corn.
+But like many other deeds of true heroism, it is forgotten, for there was
+wanted the pen and the lyre to make it live forever. The founders of the
+parent colony themselves did never greater deeds of heroism than did these
+pioneers of Louisville. And yet the very historians of the fact speak of
+it without a word of wonder or of admiration. Even in Louisville herself,
+now in her palmiest days, the Pilgrim's Landing is commemorated each
+returning year, while the equal daring, danger and victory of the Western
+Pioneer has sunk into oblivion. But it is ever so. Men may live for a
+hundred years within the very roar of Niagara, and yet live uninspired
+until the same sound falls upon the ear or the same sight greets the eye
+on the far-off shores of the Evelino or the Arno. Erin's Bard has ever
+told the praises of the Oriental Clime; the Lord of English verse has
+tuned his lyre under a foreign sky; the Mantuan Bard has sung "_arma
+virumque Trojæ_" and the Poet of Italy has soared even beyond the bounds
+of space in search of novelty; so must we wait for a stranger hand to
+weave the magic charm around the pioneers of our forest land. Let this
+frail record, at least, lend its little quota toward the honorable
+preservation of the names of Captain JAMES PATTON, who piloted the first
+boat over the falls, RICHARD CHENOWETH, JOHN TUEL, WM. FAITH, and JOHN
+MCMANUS, the only names that history or tradition has given us of those
+earliest settlers of our native city.
+
+The chief subsistance of this little band had of course to be derived from
+the products of the chase, for the Indians would never have allowed them
+to attain a sufficiency of food by the slow and laborious processes of
+agriculture. Indeed one of the historians of this period roundly states
+that Kentucky could never have been settled had the products of the soil
+been the only resource of its pioneer inhabitants. Fortunately the woods
+of Kentucky so abounded in game, that it was easy for its early settlers
+to supply themselves with abundance of food from these sources. But the
+difficulty of carrying their game at all seasons of the year and all
+stages of the water to their insulated home, and the various annoyances of
+their constrained position on the island, united with the encouragement
+they derived from the wonderful success of their old commander in
+Illinois, soon determined the little colony to remove to the main bank of
+the river. And accordingly in the fall of 1778, or more probably in the
+spring of 1779, having built a fort on the eastern side of the large
+ravine which formerly entered the river at the present termination of
+Twelfth Street, they emigrated thither and thus laid the first permanent
+foundation of the present city of Louisville.
+
+It was about this time that we have the first record of a social party in
+our city now so celebrated for its elegant entertainments and luxurious
+repasts. The bill of fare on that memorable occasion had at least the
+great and unusual merit of novelty to recommend it. We give the account of
+the event in the words of its own historian: "It is related," says he,
+"that when the first patch of wheat was raised about this place, after
+being ground in a rude and laborious hand-mill, it was sifted through a
+_gauze neckerchief_, belonging to the mother of the gallant man who gave
+us the information, as the best bolting cloth to be had. It was then
+shortened, as the housewife phrases it, with _Raccoon fat_, and the whole
+station invited to partake of a sumptuous feast upon a _flour cake_!" How
+little of a prophet would he have been accounted who had then predicted
+that, in less than sixty years, the inhabitants of the very spot where
+they then stood should have at their command all the fruits and viands of
+every quarter of the globe!
+
+It may not be inappropriate at this period of our history, and while upon
+this subject of parties and feasts, to extract, partly from Mr. Marshall,
+and partly from Doddridge and others, some account of the habits of life
+among our progenitors here. To many, especially to those who have long
+been intimate with Western Frontier Life, a few of the succeeding pages
+may present nothing that is either novel or interesting; but to those to
+whom the country and its social institutions are alike new, we are sure
+that nothing more could be offered likely to excite their interest or to
+promote their amusement than this vivid and life-like description of the
+manners and customs of the inhabitants of Louisville seventy years ago. We
+copy the account in full:--
+
+"Then the women did the offices of the household; milked the cows, cooked
+the mess, prepared the flax, spun, wove, and made the garment of linen or
+linsey; the men hunted, and brought in the meat; they planted, ploughed,
+and gathered the corn; grinding it into meal at a handmill, or pounding it
+into hominy in the mortar, was occasionally the work of either, or the
+joint labor of both. The men exposed themselves alone to danger; they
+fought the Indians, they cleared the land, they reared the hut or built
+the fort, in which the women were placed for safety. There might
+incidentally be a few articles brought to the country for sale, in a
+private way; but there was no store for supply. Wooden vessels, either
+_turned_ or _coopered_ were in common use as table furniture. A tin cup
+was an article of delicate luxury almost as rare as an iron fork. Every
+hunter carried his knife; it was no less the implement of a warrior; not
+unfrequently the rest of the family was left with but one or two for the
+use of all. A like workmanship composed the table or the stool; a slab
+hewed with the axe, and sticks of a similar manufacture, set in for legs,
+supported both. When the bed was, by chance or refinement, elevated above
+the floor, and given a fixed place, it was often laid on slabs placed
+across poles, supported on forks set in the earthen floor; or where the
+floor was puncheons, the bedstead was hewed pieces, pinned on upright
+posts, or let into them by auger holes. Other utensils and furniture were
+of a corresponding description, applicable to the time.
+
+"The food was of the most wholesome and nutritive kind. The richest milk,
+the finest butter, and best meat that ever delighted man's palate, were
+here eaten with a relish which health and labor only know. These were
+shared by friend and stranger in every cabin with profuse hospitality.
+
+"Hats were made of the native fur; and the buffalo wool employed in the
+composition of cloth, as was also the bark of the wild nettle.
+
+"There was some paper money in the country, which had not depreciated one
+half nor even a fourth as much as it had at the seat of government. If
+there was any gold or silver its circulation was suppressed. The price of
+a beaver was five hundred dollars.
+
+"The hunting shirt was universally worn. This was a kind of loose frock,
+reaching half way down the thighs, with large sleeves, open before, and so
+wide as to lap over a foot or more when belted. The cape was large and
+sometimes handsomely fringed with a ravelled piece of cloth of a different
+color from that of the hunting shirt itself. The bosom of his dress served
+as a wallet to hold a chunk of bread, cakes, jerk, tow for wiping the
+barrel of his rifle, or any other necessary for the hunter or warrior. The
+belt which was always tied behind, answered several purposes besides that
+of holding the dress together. In cold weather the mittens, and sometimes
+the bullet-bag occupied the front part of it. To the right side was
+suspended the tomahawk, and to the left was the scalping knife in its
+leathern sheath. The hunting shirt was generally made of linsey, sometimes
+of coarse linen, and a few of dressed deer skins. These last were very
+cold and uncomfortable in wet weather. The shirt and jacket were of the
+common fashion. A pair of drawers or breeches and leggins, were the dress
+of the thighs and legs; a pair of moccasins answered for the feet much
+better than shoes.--These were made of dressed deer skin. They were mostly
+made of a single piece, with a gathering seam along the top of the foot,
+and another from the bottom of the heel, without gathers, as high as the
+ankle joint or a little higher. Flaps were left on each side to reach some
+distance up the legs. These were nicely adapted to the ankles and lower
+part of the leg by thongs of deerskin, so that no dust, gravel, or snow,
+could get within the moccasin.
+
+"The moccasins in ordinary use cost but a few hours labor to make them.
+This was done by an instrument denominated a moccasin awl, which was made
+of the back spring of an old clasp knife. This awl with its buck-horn
+handle, was an appendage of every shot pouch strap, together with a roll
+of buckskin for mending the moccasins. This was the labor of almost every
+evening. They were sewed together and patched with deerskin thongs, or
+whangs as they were commonly called.
+
+"In cold weather the moccasins were well stuffed with deer's hair, or dry
+leaves so as to keep the feet comfortably warm; but in wet weather it was
+usually said that wearing them was 'a decent way of going barefooted;'
+and such was the fact, owing to the spongy texture of the leather of which
+they were made.
+
+"Owing to this defective covering of the feet, more than to any other
+circumstance, the greater number of our warriors and hunters were
+afflicted with the rheumatism in their limbs. Of this disease they were
+all apprehensive in cold or wet weather, and therefore always slept with
+their feet to the fire to prevent or cure it as well as they could. This
+practice unquestionably had a very salutary effect, and prevented many of
+them from becoming confirmed cripples in early life.
+
+"The fort consisted of cabins, blockhouses, and stockades. A range of
+cabins commonly formed one side at least of a fort. Divisions, or
+partitions of logs, separated the cabins from each other. The walls on the
+outside were ten or twelve feet high, the slope of the roof being turned
+wholly inward. A very few of these cabins had puncheon floors, the greater
+part were earthen.
+
+"The blockhouses were built at the angles of the fort. They projected
+about two feet beyond the outer walls of the cabins and stockades. The
+upper stories were about eighteen inches every way larger in dimension
+than the under one, leaving an opening at the commencement of the second
+story to prevent the enemy from making a lodgment under their walls. In
+some forts instead of blockhouses, the angles of the fort were furnished
+with bastions. A large folding gate, made of thick slabs nearest the
+spring closed the fort. The stockades, bastions, cabins and blockhouse
+walls were furnished with port holes at proper heights and distances. The
+whole of the outside was made completely bullet proof.
+
+"It may be truly said that necessity is the mother of invention; for the
+whole of this work was made without the aid of a single nail or spike of
+iron; and for this reason, such things were not to be had.
+
+"In some places, less exposed, a single blockhouse, with a cabin or two,
+constituted the whole fort.
+
+"For a long time after the first settlement of this country, the
+inhabitants in general married young. There was no distinction of rank,
+and very little of fortune. On these accounts the first impression of love
+resulted in marriage; and a family establishment cost but a little labor
+and nothing else.
+
+"In the first years of the settlement of this country, a wedding engaged
+the attention of a whole neighborhood, and the frolic was anticipated by
+old and young with eager expectation. This is not to be wondered at when
+it is told that a wedding was almost the only gathering which was not
+accompanied with the labor of reaping, log rolling, building a cabin or
+planning some scout or campaign.
+
+"In the morning of the wedding day, the groom and his attendants assembled
+at the house of his father for the purpose of reaching the mansion of his
+bride by noon, which was the usual time for celebrating the nuptials;
+which for certain must take place before dinner.
+
+"Let the reader imagine an assemblage of people, without a store, tailor,
+or mantuamaker within a hundred miles; and an assemblage of horses,
+without a blacksmith or saddler within an equal distance. The gentlemen
+dressed in shoe-packs, moccasins, leather breeches, leggins, linsey
+hunting shirts, and all homemade. The ladies dressed in linsey
+petticoats, and linsey or linen bed gowns, coarse shoes, stockings,
+handkerchiefs and buckskin gloves, if any. If there were any buckles,
+rings, buttons or ruffles, they were the relics of old times, family
+pieces from parents or grandparents. The horses are caparisoned with old
+saddles, old bridles or halters, and pack-saddles, with a bag or blanket
+thrown over them; a rope or string as often constituted the girth as a
+piece of leather.
+
+"The march in double file, was often interrupted by the narrowness and
+obstructions of our horsepaths as they were called, for we had no roads:
+and these difficulties were often increased, sometimes by the good and
+sometimes by the ill will of neighbors, by falling trees and tying grape
+vines across the way. Sometimes an ambuscade was formed by the wayside,
+and an unexpected discharge of several guns took place, so as to cover the
+wedding party with smoke. Let the reader imagine the scene which followed
+this discharge: the sudden spring of the horses, the shrieks of the girls,
+and the chivalric bustle of their partners to save them from falling.
+Sometimes, in spite of all that could be done to prevent it, some were
+thrown to the ground. If a wrist, elbow, or ankle happened to be sprained,
+it was tied with a handkerchief, and little more was thought or said about
+it.
+
+Another ceremony commonly took place before the party reached the house of
+the bride, after the practice of making whisky began, which was at an
+early period; when the party were about a mile from the place of their
+destination, two young men would single out to run for the bottle; the
+worse the path, the more logs, brush, and deep hollows the better, as
+these obstacles afforded an opportunity for the greater display of
+intrepidity and horsemanship. The English fox chase, in point of danger to
+the riders and their horses, is nothing to this race for the bottle. The
+start was announced by an Indian yell; logs, brush, muddy hollows, hill
+and glen, were speedily passed by the rival ponies. The bottle was always
+filled for the occasion, so that there was no use for judges; for the
+first who reached the door was presented with the prize, with which he
+returned in triumph to the company. On approaching them he announced his
+victory over his rival by a shrill whoop. At the head of the troop, he
+gave the bottle first to the groom and his attendants, and then to each
+pair in succession to the rear of the line, giving each a dram; and then
+putting the bottle in the bosom of his hunting shirt, took his station in
+the company.
+
+The ceremony of the marriage preceded the dinner, which was a substantial
+backwoods feast of beef, pork, fowls, and sometimes venison and bear meat,
+roasted and boiled, with plenty of potatoes, cabbage, and other
+vegetables. During the dinner the greatest hilarity always prevailed,
+although the table might be a large slab of timber, hewed out with a
+broad-axe, supported by four sticks set in auger holes, and the furniture
+some old pewter dishes and plates, the rest wooden bowls and trenchers; a
+few pewter spoons, much battered about the edges, were to be seen at some
+tables. The rest were made of horn. If knives were scarce, the deficiency
+was made up by the scalping knives which were carried in sheaths
+suspended to the belt of the hunting shirt.
+
+After dinner the dancing commenced, and generally lasted till the next
+morning. The figures of the dances were three and four handed reels, or
+square sets, and jigs. The commencement was always a square four, which
+was followed by what was called jigging it off; that is, two of the four
+would single out for a jig, and were followed by the remaining couple. The
+jigs were often accompanied with what was called cutting out; that is,
+when either of the parties became tired of the dance, on intimation the
+place was supplied by some one of the company without any interruption of
+the dance. In this way a dance was often continued till the musician was
+heartily tired of his situation. Toward the latter part of the night, if
+any of the company, through weariness, attempted to conceal themselves for
+the purpose of sleeping, they were hunted up, paraded on the floor, and
+the fiddler ordered to play "Hang on till tomorrow morning."
+
+About nine or ten o'clock a deputation of the young ladies stole off the
+bride and put her to bed. In doing this it frequently happened that they
+had to ascend a ladder instead of a pair of stairs, leading from the
+dining and ball room to the loft, the floor of which was made of
+clapboards lying loose and without nails. This ascent, one might think,
+would put the bride and her attendants to the blush; but as the foot of
+the ladder was commonly behind the door, which was purposely opened for
+the occasion, and its rounds at the inner ends were well hung with hunting
+shirts, petticoats, and other articles of clothing, the candles being on
+the opposite side of the house, the exit of the bride was noticed but by
+few. This done, a deputation of young men in like manner stole off the
+groom, and placed him snugly by the side of his bride. The dance still
+continued; and if seats happened to be scarce, which was often the case,
+every young man, when not engaged in the dance, was obliged to offer his
+lap as a seat for one of the girls; and the offer was sure to be accepted.
+In the midst of this hilarity the bride and groom were not forgotten.
+Pretty late in the night some one would remind the company that the new
+couple must stand in need of some refreshment; black Betty, which was the
+name of the bottle, was called for, and sent up the ladder; but sometimes
+black Betty did not go alone. I have many times seen as much bread, beef,
+pork and cabbage sent along with her, as would afford a good meal for half
+a dozen hungry men. The young couple were compelled to eat and drink more
+or less of whatever was offered them.
+
+It often happened that some neighbors or relatives, not being asked to the
+wedding, took offense; and the mode of revenge adopted by them on such
+occasions was that of cutting off the manes, foretops and tails of the
+horses of the wedding company.
+
+I will proceed to state the usual manner of settling a young couple in the
+world.
+
+A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents, for their
+habitation. A day was appointed, shortly after their marriage, for
+commencing the work of building their cabin. The fatigue party consisted
+of choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut them off at
+proper lengths; a man with a team for hauling them to the place and
+arranging them, properly assorted, at the sides and ends of the building;
+a carpenter, if such he might be called, whose business it was to search
+the woods for a proper tree for making clapboards for the roof. The tree
+for this purpose must be straight grained and from three to four feet in
+diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with a large frow, and as
+wide as the timber would allow. They were used without planeing or
+shaving. Another division was employed in getting puncheons for the floor
+of the cabin; this was done by splitting trees, about eighteen inches in
+diameter, and hewing the faces of them with a broad-axe. They were half
+the length of the floor they were intended to make.
+
+The materials for the cabin were mostly prepared on the first day, and
+sometimes the foundation laid in the evening. The second day was allotted
+for the raising.
+
+In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the raising.
+The first thing to be done was the election of four corner men, whose
+business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company
+furnished them with the timbers. In the mean time the boards and puncheons
+were collecting for the floor and roof, so that by the time the cabin was
+a few rounds high the sleepers and floor began to be laid. The door was
+made by sawing or cutting the logs in one side so as to make an opening
+about three feet wide. This opening was secured by upright pieces of
+timber about three inches thick, through which holes were bored into the
+ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them fast. A similar opening
+but wider was made at the end for the chimney. This was built of logs, and
+made large to admit of a back and jams of stone. At the square, two end
+logs projected a foot or eighteen inches beyond the wall to receive the
+butting poles, as they were called, against which the ends of the first
+row of clapboards was supported. The roof was formed by making the end log
+shorter until a single log formed the comb of the roof; on these logs the
+clapboards were placed, the ranges of them lapping some distance over
+those next below them, and kept in their places by logs, placed at proper
+distances upon them.
+
+"The roof, and sometimes the floor, were finished on the same day of the
+raising. A third day was commonly spent by a few carpenters in leveling
+off the floor, making a clapboard door and table. This last was made of a
+spilt slab, and supported by four round legs set in auger holes. Some
+three legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins stuck in the
+logs at the back of the house supported some clapboards which served for
+shelves for the table furniture. A single fork, placed with its lower end
+in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a joist, served for
+a bedstead, by placing a pole in the fork with one end through a crack
+between the logs of the wall. This front pole was crossed by a shorter one
+within the fork, with its outer end through another crack. From the front
+pole, through a crack between the logs of the end of the house, the boards
+were put on, which formed the bottom of the bed. Sometimes other poles,
+were pinned to the fork a little distance above these, for the purpose of
+supporting the front and foot of the bed, while the walls were the
+supports of its back and head. A few pegs around the walls for a display
+of the coats of the women, and hunting shirts of the men, and two small
+forks or bucks' horns to a joist for the rifle and shot pouch, completed
+the carpenter's work.
+
+"The cabin being finished, the ceremony of house-warming took place,
+before the young couple were permitted to move into it. The house-warming
+was a dance of a whole night's continuance, made up of the relations of
+the bride and groom, and their neighbors. On the day following the young
+couple took possession of their new mansion."
+
+This mansion, slight, inefficient and hastily erected as it was, must have
+afforded but poor shelter against the severity of a season which is
+everywhere referred to as one of the coldest ever known. It is asserted
+that during the winter of 1779-80, still remembered by some as "_The Hard
+Winter_," the wild animals were "starved and frozen in the forests, while
+the domestic ones fared no better in the settlements." The rigors of the
+season, however, did not prevent the influx of immigration; although
+several families were compelled to endure its severity on their route
+through the wilderness from Cumberland Gap, and were even delayed in their
+march till the opening of the Spring. As soon however as the rivers were
+freed from ice and the intense cold had yielded to the softer airs of the
+new season, we hear of the arrival of no less than three hundred family
+boats at the Falls. The causes which influenced so large an immigration
+hither were various, not the least among them being the security insured
+at this fort by the presence of Col. Clark. So entire and perfect had been
+the success of this gallant officer in every expedition, even against the
+most fearful odds, that to be under his command had come to be reckoned as
+holding a place among the Invincibles. Let the circumstances be what they
+might, it is certain that Louisville with her then population of six
+hundred souls, was growing to be a place worthy of high consideration, and
+accordingly we find that in May of this year (1780) the legislature of
+Virginia passed the following
+
+"_Act for establishing the town of Louisville at the Falls of Ohio._"
+
+"Whereas, sundry inhabitants of the county of Kentucky have, at great
+expense and hazard, settled themselves upon certain lands at the falls of
+Ohio, said to be the property of John Conally, and have laid off a
+considerable part thereof into half acre lots for a town, and having
+settled thereon, have prefered petitions to this general assembly to
+establish the said town, _Be it therefore enacted_, That one thousand
+acres of land, being the forfeited property of said John Conally,
+adjoining to the lands of John Campbell and ---- Taylor, be, and the same
+is hereby vested in John Todd Jr., Stephen Trigg, George Slaughter, John
+Floyd, William Pope, George Merriweather, Andrew Hines, James Sullivan and
+Marshall Brashiers, gentlemen, trustees, to be by them or any four of them
+laid off into lots of an half acre each, with convenient streets and
+public lots, which shall be, and the same is hereby established a town by
+the name of Louisville. _And be it further enacted_, That after the said
+lands shall be laid off into lots and streets, the said trustees or any
+four of them, shall proceed to sell the said lots, or so many of them as
+they shall judge expedient, at public auction, for the best price that can
+be had, the time and place of sale being advertised two months, at the
+court houses of adjacent counties; the purchasers respectively to hold
+their said lots subject to the condition of building on each a dwelling
+house, sixteen feet by twenty at least, with a brick or stone chimney, to
+be finished within two years from the day of sale. And the said trustees
+or any four of them shall and they are hereby empowered to convey the said
+lots to the purchasers thereof in fee simple, subject to the condition
+aforesaid, on payment of the money arising from such sale to the said
+trustees for the uses hereafter mentioned, that is to say: If the money
+arising from such sale shall amount to Thirty Dollars per acre, the whole
+shall be paid by the said trustees into the treasury of this commonwealth,
+and the overplus, if any, shall be lodged with the court of the county of
+Jefferson to enable them to defray the expenses of erecting the publick
+buildings of the said county. _Provided_, That the owners of lots already
+drawn shall be entitled to the preference therein, upon paying to the
+trustees the sum of thirty dollars for such half acre lot, and shall be
+thereafter subject to the same obligations of settling as other lot
+holders within the said town. _And be it further enacted_, That the said
+trustees or the major part of them shall have power, from time to time, to
+settle and determine all disputes concerning the bounds of the said lots,
+to settle such rules and orders for the regular building thereon as to
+them shall seem best and most convenient. And in case of death or removal
+from the county of any of the said trustees, the remaining trustees shall
+supply such vacancies by electing of others from time to time, who shall
+be vested with the same powers as those already mentioned.--_And be it
+further enacted_, That the purchasers of the lots in the said town, so
+soon as they shall have saved the same according to their respective deeds
+of conveyance, shall have and enjoy all the rights, privileges and
+immunities, which the freeholders and inhabitants of other towns in this
+state, not incorporated by charter, have, hold and enjoy.
+
+"_And be it further enacted_, That if the purchaser of any lot shall fail
+to build thereon within the time before limited, the said trustees or a
+major part of them, may thereupon enter into such lot, and may either sell
+the same again and apply the money towards repairing the streets, or in
+any other way for the benefit of the said town, or appropriate such lot to
+publick uses for the benefit of said town. _Provided_, That nothing herein
+contained shall extend to affect or injure the title of lands claimed by
+John Campbell, gentleman, or those persons whose lots have been laid off
+on his lands, but their titles be and remain suspended until the said John
+Campbell shall be released from his captivity."[1]
+
+The survey of the town under this act, as also the second survey made by
+Peyton and Sullivan, have been in some unaccountable manner destroyed. It
+is believed, however, that the spirit of these surveys is preserved in
+Jared Brooke's plat, which was adopted in 1812. Previous to this the
+absence of any official document of this kind produced much annoyance,
+dispute and litigation, in regard to titles and boundaries. The out
+courses of this survey, as represented by Dr. McMurtrie, are "from 35
+poles above the mouth of Beargrass Creek, on the bank of the Ohio river,
+S. 83, W. 35 poles to the mouth of the creek, thence N. 87, W. 120 poles,
+N. 50, W. 110 poles to a heap of stones and a square hole cut in the flat
+rock, thence (the division line) S. 88, E. 769 to a white oak, poplar and
+beech, N. 37, W. 390 to the beginning; no variation." This was divided
+into six streets, running East and West, and twelve streets crossing these
+others at right angles. The squares so made were, up to Green Street,
+divided into lots of a little more than half an acre, and South of that
+into five, ten and twenty acre lots. In all the earlier proceedings of the
+legislature in regard to the new town we find constant mention made of
+public squares and grounds; and in the original plat, a slip of 180 feet
+South of Green Street, and running from First to Twelfth Streets, was
+reserved for a public promenade and pleasure ground. It is a matter of
+great regret that this reservation was not really made. An immense common
+like this, with the forest trees which were then upon it left standing,
+would now be an invaluable addition to the town, and would enable us to
+boast of having the most beautiful city in America. We cannot help but
+wonder that the early inhabitants of the city should have permitted those
+in authority to commit this gross outrage upon taste and propriety. Had
+this slip continued in reserve, how beautiful might it now have become! As
+taste, aided by wealth, began to have its hold among the citizens, it
+would have been upon the fronts of this great artery that those beautiful
+churches, public buildings and dwellings, now scattered over so large a
+space, would have been erected. Here for a distance of more than a mile
+would have been placed a continuous range of palace-like structures; and
+here, under the shade of trees "the growth of quite a century" would the
+gay, the brave and the fair have sat, walked or rode. What a picture would
+have been presented here on a midsummer night, or at the close of an
+autumn day! Groups of merry children disporting around, gaily dressed
+ladies and dashing beaux, a throng of proud equipages and horsemen, the
+sound of the infant's prattle, girlhood's ringing laugh, the mingling of
+joyous voices, and above all and beyond all the tall and sombre forms of
+majestic trees raised in relief against the sky, the green carpeted earth
+and smiling little flowers, and all this in the very heart of a great
+city--all forms a picture upon which the fancy loves to dwell, and a
+picture which might readily have been realized had not that inordinate and
+purely American worship of Gain blotted it from the canvass almost before
+the designer had expressed it with his pencil.
+
+Nor was a flagrant want of taste the worst feature in this. The whole of
+the present site of the city at that early day was intersected with ponds
+of stagnant water. The second bank had something of a descent towards the
+interior, and the soil, though alluvious, was of sufficient tenacity to
+retain the water which fell in rain. The result was that the whole of this
+valley from Beargrass to Salt river was filled with these ponds; and, as a
+necessary consequence, miasmata were bred, which produced a great deal of
+sickness, more especially with strangers. So great indeed was the
+influence thus induced that acclimation was then considered as necessary
+here as it now is in New Orleans or on the coast of Africa. Many of the
+present citizens of Louisville will be surprised to know that this very
+city, now so celebrated for its healthiness as to make its salubrity an
+inducement to immigration from all parts of the country, was once known as
+"the Graveyard of the Ohio." The city worthies who took upon themselves to
+sell "the Slip" in lots, had at that time no data to induce them to
+believe in the future healthfulness of their place and yet they must have
+perceived the increasing prosperity of the town; hence it became almost
+criminal in them to put away what then seemed the only barrier to disease,
+and almost to invite its approaches by allowing the city to be compactly
+built without room for the pure and wholesome circulation of air, but
+shutting up, as it were, disease and death within their very walls. As the
+value of property began to increase, however, these gentlemen, actuated
+only by a desire for present gain, put aside all these considerations and,
+having divided the slip into four parts exposed it for sale. It comprised
+all that part of the city now embraced between the north side of Green and
+the south side of Grayson Streets, but extended, as before said, up to
+First Street. It is true that great blame was attached to the trustees
+for their action in this matter at the time, and some movement was made
+toward trying to destroy the sale by legal means, this however was never
+actually resorted to, and possession has long since confirmed the titles
+to all lots lying within its limits. Thus was lost to the city one of the
+most valuable, if not the very most valuable of all its possessions. The
+earliest purchasers of this property were Messrs. Johnson, Croghan,
+Anderson and Campbell.
+
+As we have already referred to the numerous ponds scattered throughout the
+city, it may not be improper at this point to recall the site of some of
+them, if only to show how completely the natural disadvantages of the
+place have been overcome by the energy of its inhabitants. The first and
+most important of these was called the "Long Pond." It commenced at the
+present corner of Sixth and Market Streets, and inclining a little toward
+the South-West, extended as far as the old Hope Distillery, on or near
+Sixteenth Streets. The indentation in the ground, still observable, in the
+alley which commences at Seventh Street and lies between Market and
+Jefferson Streets, was the former bed of this pond. In the winter, when it
+was frozen over, this little lake was the scene of many a merry party. On
+the moonlight evenings, numbers of ladies and gentlemen were to be seen
+skimming over its surface, the gentlemen on skates and the ladies in
+chairs, the backs of which were laid upon the ice and the chairs fastened
+by ropes to the waists of the skaters. And thus they dashed along at
+furious speed over the glassy surface; beaux and belles, with loud voices
+and ringing laugh--and the merriment of the occasion was only increased
+when some dashing fellow, in his endeavors to surpass in agility and
+daring all his compeers, fell prostrate to the ice, or broke through it
+into the water beneath.
+
+The next in importance to the one above referred to, was known as
+Gwathmey's or Grayson's Pond. It began on Centre Street just in the rear
+of the First Presbyterian church, and extended Westwardly half way to
+Seventh Street. Its form was that of a long elipse; and it was carefully
+kept by its owners for fish.--Its margin was surrounded by lofty trees and
+the turf grew to the very edge of the water, which, fed by some internal
+spring, was always clear and pure. This pond was really a beautiful spot
+and formed a delightful lounging-place for the idle or the meditative, and
+one which neither of these classes neglected. It was the scene of all the
+baptisms performed here in an early day, and no place could be better
+adapted for this purpose. Its grassy edges afforded an agreeable
+resting-place for the spectators, while its shape allowed every one to
+see, hear and partake in the exercises.
+
+Beside these two principal lakes, there were innumerable others, some
+containing water only after heavy rains and others standing full at all
+times. Market Street from the corner of Third down was the site of one of
+these; Third Street between Jefferson and Green of another; Jefferson
+Street near the corner of Fourth of another, and so on almost _ad
+infinitum_. A map of the city as it was sixty or even thirty years ago,
+would present somewhat the appearance of an archipelago, a sea full of
+little islands. Whereas now, from the Woodland Garden to the foot of
+Fifteenth Street, a distance of nearly three miles, not one of these lakes
+is to be seen. It is not to be wondered at that, as the trees were removed
+from the surface and the face of these ponds exposed to the burning sun,
+they should spread the seeds of death all around them. As long as life was
+precarious from a hundred other causes, this one remained unnoticed, but
+as soon as the settlements began to be relieved from other fears for life
+and property, this was taken up, and in 1805 the Legislature authorised
+the Trustees to remove "those nuisances in such a manner as the majority
+of them should prescribe." But the means in the treasury being incompetent
+to this purpose, any efficient action in relation to it was delayed until
+after the fearful epidemics of 1822 and 1823, of which we shall have
+occasion to speak hereafter, when the Board of Health appointed to examine
+into the causes of the diseases and the means of removing the same, urged
+the prompt and immediate removal of these ponds. The Legislature during
+the latter year also authorised the raising of $40,000 by lottery to be
+applied to draining not only the ponds in Louisville, but also all those
+between the town and the mouth of Salt River. Under this act these ponds
+were drained, but those below the city were then left untouched. Many of
+them however have been since removed under a recent renewal of the act.
+
+But we have been led beyond the era of which we were speaking, and must
+now return, in another chapter, to the history of the town from its
+establishment by law in 1780.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+1780--During the same year in which the town was established Kentucky
+received many valuable additions to its inhabitants; among these several
+persons of wealth or of talent came from the Atlantic States to settle
+among the "wild countries of the West," and they were accompanied by many
+others without either of these requisites, ready at once to seek any and
+every means of existence. Col. George Slaughter accompanied by 150 State
+troops descended to the falls and took up his quarters there during this
+year. This accession placed the inhabitants in comparative security, but
+it was only comparative, for, emboldened by the knowledge that their
+fortress was impregnable to the attacks of their foes, men became more
+careless and unguarded, and the Indians were the very foe to take
+advantage of this fancied security; so that, as the historian of the
+period says, the very strength of the settlement and the security of its
+inhabitants "had the effect of apparently drawing the Indians into that
+quarter." The fact, too, that the Ohio formed the natural boundary
+separating friend and foe was advantageous to the Indians. "They could
+approach its banks upon their own ground; they might cross it when
+convenient, reach the settlement, strike a blow and recross the river
+before a party could be collected or brought to pursue them. The river
+always presented an object of difficulty and very often an insuperable
+obstacle to further pursuit. In this state of things it is no matter of
+surprise that soldiers were shot near the fort, or that in the settlements
+of Beargrass lives were lost, prisoners taken and horses stolen, with
+frequent impunity, or but sometimes retaliated."[2] Connected with these
+predatory incursions of the Indians, a great many wonderful stories are
+told of "hair-breadth 'scapes by field and flood." Histories of incidents
+in the Indian wars are, however, so similar in their character and so
+often told and widely known that we shall limit ourselves to the relation
+of only those that seem in their nature to demand admission here. The
+first of these presents one of those rare instances of magnanimity and
+true heroism that ever demands the attention of the chronicler. The
+station where Shelbyville now stands was a weak and inefficient one, and
+becoming alarmed by the presence of Indians in their vicinity, its
+inhabitants determined to remove to Beargrass. In this attempted
+emigration, however, they were attacked by their foes near Floyd's Fork,
+defeated and scattered. Col. John Floyd, hearing of this, immediately
+started to their relief. In his party was Capt. Samuel Wells who had been
+on very unfriendly and even inimical terms with his superior officer.
+Arrived near the point, Col. Floyd separated his men and cautiously
+approached the enemy. But despite his skill and caution, he fell into an
+ambuscade and was in his turn defeated with great loss. He himself must
+have fallen into the hands of the victors but for the magnanimity of
+Wells. Floyd had dismounted and was nearly exhausted, being closely
+pursued, when Wells, who had not quitted his horse, rode up and
+dismounting, helped his old enemy into the saddle and running by his side,
+supported and protected him till out of the reach of danger. This noble
+and generous action resulted in the fast and lasting friendship of the two
+men.
+
+Another incident will show the education, even in boyhood, which the
+nature of the times demanded. Four young lads, two of them named Linn,
+accompanied by Wells and Brashears, went on a hunting party to a pond
+about six miles South-West of Louisville. They succeeded well in their
+sport, having killed among other game, a small cub bear. While they were
+assisting the elder Linn to strap the bear on his shoulders, and had laid
+down their guns, they were surprised by a party of Indians, and hurried
+over to the White river towns, where they remained in captivity several
+months. One of the party had in the mean time been carried to another
+town; and late in the fall the remaining three determined to effect their
+escape. When night had come, they rose quietly, and having stunned the old
+squaw, in whose hut they were living, by repeated blows with a small axe,
+they stole out of the lodge and started for Louisville. After daybreak,
+they concealed themselves in a hollow log, where they were frequently
+passed by the Indians who were near them everywhere; and at night they
+resumed their march, guided only by the stars and their knowledge of
+woodcraft. After several days, during which they subsisted on the game
+they could procure, they reached the river at Jeffersonville. Arrived
+here they halooed for their friends, but did not succeed in making
+themselves heard. They had however no time to lose; the Indians were
+behind them and if they were retaken, they knew their doom. Accordingly,
+as two of them could not swim, they constructed a raft of the drift-logs
+about the shore and tied it together with grape vines, and the two
+launched upon it, while Brashears plunged into the water, pushing the raft
+with one hand and swimming with the other. Before they had arrived at the
+other shore, and when their raft was in a sinking condition from having
+taken up so much water, they were descried from this side, and boats went
+out and returned them safely to their friends.[3]
+
+Only a few months ago, some gentlemen traveling near the south-eastern
+boundary of the city, discovered in an old tree the name of _D. Boone_ and
+the date 1779, appended. Considering this a great curiosity, one of them
+removed it from the tree and attempted to confirm the authenticity of the
+date by counting the circles in the wood of the tree. Finding these to
+agree with the date marked, he carefully preserved the block containing
+this record, which is now to be seen in the library of the Kentucky
+Historical Society. This circumstance is mentioned here only still further
+to confirm the authenticity of this block by stating a similar case which
+occurred in 1811. In the spring of 1779, Squire Boone, the brother of
+Daniel, in company with two others, went from the falls to Bullitt's Lick
+to shoot buffalo. After finishing their sport, they were returning home,
+when night overtook them at Stewart's Spring. The young men proposed to
+remain here for the night, but Boone objected, fearing an attack from the
+Indians. They accordingly turned off some 300 yards to the West, where
+they encamped for the night. There, while Boone and another of the party
+were arranging for the encampment, the third, being idle, amused himself
+by cutting a name and a few words on the bark of the tree. Afterwards, in
+1811, during some legal investigation about lands, Boone testified to the
+existence of these marks near Stewart's Spring, and upon examination they
+were found just as he had stated, although 32 years had elapsed since the
+cut was made. This fact is placed upon record in the Court of Appeals and
+does not admit of a doubt. The instance before referred to is of a
+precisely similar character, and the marks are probably equally authentic
+as those of the last.
+
+It would be easy to relate numerous instances, similar to those already
+given, both as to the wonderful skill of the pioneers in woodcraft, and
+their daring, danger and miraculous escapes in the Indian fights, but, as
+has already been said, these anecdotes, often incorrect, and always
+difficult to narrate without embellishment, are so familiar to the
+majority of readers, and possess such similarity of outline that they
+would be interesting here only to those who have some personal knowledge
+of the actors in those scenes. There will be occasion hereafter, in
+speaking of some of the distinguished men of another period of this
+history, to refer again to subjects kindred to those above narrated.
+
+In May of this year, still 1780, the Legislature of Virginia, on account
+of the difficulties attending the proper administration of justice, and
+for other similar causes occasioned by the sparseness of the settlements
+in so large an extent of territory, passed an act dividing the county of
+Kentucky into three counties. Of these, the first was thus defined: "All
+that part of the South side of the Kentucky river which lies West and
+North of a line beginning at the mouth of Benson's Big Creek and running
+up the same and its main fork to the head, thence South to the nearest
+waters of Hammond's Creek, and down the same to its junction with the town
+fork of Salt river, thence South to Green river and down the same to its
+junction with the Ohio;" and was ordered to be known by the name of
+Jefferson. The other two counties were called Fayette and Lincoln.
+
+Beside this there were few occurrences worthy of note during the year,
+which bear directly upon the subject of this history. Col. Clark had not
+only made his successful expedition against Pickway, but had built Fort
+Jefferson, five miles below the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi
+rivers and in the territory of the Chickasaws, thus adding that tribe to
+the already numerous foes of his adopted State. It was however soon
+evacuated and this evacuation accepted and acted upon by both parties as a
+tacit treaty of peace.
+
+Early in the next year--1781--Col. Clark received his commission as
+Brigadier General. He now began to feel the necessity for some new display
+of activity in defending the frontier and accordingly he built a sort of
+row-galley upon which he placed some four-pound cannon. This galley was
+kept plying between the Falls and the mouth of Licking, and is by some
+believed to have been of very great service in keeping off the attacks of
+the Indians; while others are of opinion that it was entirely valueless.
+Be that as it may; the galley was abandoned by the General before the
+close of the year. The Indians are said never to have attacked it and but
+seldom to have crossed that part of the river in which it moved. Various
+as are the opinions in regard to the utility of Clark's barge, the fact of
+its having been so soon abandoned by the very projectors of the enterprise
+certainly does not speak much in its favor.
+
+Another of the most important features of this year, perhaps indeed the
+very most important, was one which will now produce a smile. At that time,
+however, it was a subject of serious congratulation to the inhabitants of
+the new country. This was no less than the large immigration of young
+unmarried women into this region, abounding in young unmarried men. One of
+the historians of the time, in chronicling this event, remarks, with all
+the soberness and propriety due to the most solemn subject, that "the
+necessary consequence of this large influx of girls was the rapid and
+wonderful increase of population." Whether this increase was produced by
+purely natural means or by foreign immigration is left by him in the
+profoundest doubt. Perhaps that worthy individual known as "The Oldest
+Inhabitant" could elucidate this point.
+
+The only other circumstance worthy of notice during the year, was the
+building at the falls of a new fort. History gives us no information
+either as to the name or location of this position of defense. Its very
+name and history is swallowed up in that of Fort Nelson which must have
+been built very soon after, if it was not commenced at the same time as
+this nameless fort.
+
+Fort Nelson was built in 1782 by the regular troops, assisted by all the
+militia of the State. It was situated between Sixth and Eighth Streets on
+the North side of Main, immediately upon the "second bank" of the river.
+Its name was derived, as some say from Capt. Nelson, an influential
+citizen of Louisville in that day, but more probably was named in honor of
+the third republican governor of Virginia. It contained about an acre of
+ground and was surrounded by a ditch eight feet wide and ten feet deep,
+intersected in the middle by a sharp row of pickets. This ditch was
+surmounted by a breast work of log pens filled with the earth obtained
+from the ditch, with pickets ten feet high planted on the top of the
+breast work. Next to the river, pickets were deemed sufficient, aided by
+the long slope of the bank. There was artillery likewise in the fort. Col.
+Slaughter had brought with him several very small cannon, and Gen. Clark
+had placed here a double fortified six-pounder, which he had captured at
+Vincennes. This last piece played no inconsiderable part both in the
+previous and subsequent expeditions of this General. The present site of
+Seventh Street passed directly through the gate of the fort opposite the
+head quarters of Gen. Clark. The pickets and various other parts of this
+fort have been from time to time, since 1830, dug up in excavating cellars
+at the place formerly occupied by the post. Many of the pickets thus
+excavated have been made into walking canes and are valued as memorials of
+the past.
+
+This year was perhaps one of the most disastrous and dreadful in the
+annals of Kentucky. Although the settlements at the Falls were
+comparatively free from danger of attack, yet the older stations were
+suffering all the horrors of a bloody war. Several white men, impelled
+either by a love of the licentiousness and freedom from restraint of the
+savage life or by fear of punishment for their crimes, had united
+themselves with the Indians and constantly urged them against the Whites.
+The most celebrated of these were Girty and McKee, who had risen to a
+commanding rank among the red men, and their knowledge of the settlements
+enabled them to direct their new friends in all their expeditions.
+Previous to the great battle in which these renegadoes figured so largely,
+was the defeat and death of Captain Estill on Hinckston's Fork of Licking
+and also a bloody fight at or near Hoy's station. The great battle of the
+year however was at Blue Licks, and it was here that these renegadoes,
+whose names deserve and will receive perpetual execration, were
+successful. The result of this battle is well known to all readers of
+western history. Its effect upon the inhabitants of the new State was
+disheartening in the extreme. Gen. Clark, who was still at the Falls,
+seeing the necessity for rousing the people from their despondence and
+desirous of punishing the foe, proposed to a council of officers an
+expedition against the Indian towns on Miami and Scioto. And accordingly
+nearly one thousand men made rendezvous at the mouth of Licking and
+started for the towns. The Indians discovered their approach too soon for
+anything like a decisive battle, and they found only deserted towns and
+straggling Indians on their march. The result of this invasion however
+convinced both sides of the superiority of the Whites, and restored the
+drooping spirits in the settlements. After this expedition the country
+remained quiet during the year, nor did any considerable party of Indians
+ever again invade the State.
+
+In the winter of this year commenced the first of anything like
+intercourse between this part of the Ohio and New Orleans. Messrs.
+Tardiveau and Honore, the latter of whom resided in this city until within
+a few years, made the earliest trip from Brownsville to that port, and
+subsequently continued to make regular trips from Louisville to the French
+and Spanish ports on the Mississippi. Even previous to this, Col. Richard
+Taylor and his brother Hancock Taylor, had descended from Pittsburg to the
+mouth of the Yazoo; and Messrs. Gibson and Linn, in 1776, had made a trip
+from Pittsburg to New Orleans with a view to procuring military stores for
+the troops stationed at the former place. These gentlemen succeeded in
+their expedition, having obtained 156 kegs of powder, which arrived at the
+Falls in 1777, was carried around them by hand, and finally delivered at
+Pittsburg.
+
+These early attempts at navigation were soon succeeded by the constant and
+regular trips of the Barges. Perhaps the most stirring and exciting scenes
+of western adventure were connected with the voyages of these peculiar
+craft. The bargemen were a distinct class of people whose fearlessness of
+character, recklessness of habits and laxity of morals rendered them a
+marked people. Their history will hereafter form the groundwork of many a
+heroic romance or epic poem. In the earlier stages of this sort of
+navigation, their trips were dangerous, not only on account of the Indians
+whose hunting-grounds bounded their track on either side, but also because
+the shores of both rivers were infested with organized banditti, who
+sought every occasion to rob and murder the owners of these boats. Beside
+all this the Spanish Government had forbidden the navigation of the lower
+Mississippi by the Americans, and thus, hedged in every way by danger, it
+became these boatmen to cultivate all the hardihood and wiliness of the
+Pioneer, while it led them also into the possession of that recklessness
+and independent freedom of manner, which even after the causes that
+produced it had ceased, still clung to and formed an integral part of the
+character of the Western Bargeman. It is a matter of no little surprise
+that something like an authentic history of these wonderful men has never
+been written. Certainly it is desirable to preserve such a history, and no
+book could have been undertaken which would be likely to produce more both
+of pleasure and profit to the writer and none which would meet with a
+larger circle of delighted readers. The traditions on the subject are,
+even at this recent period, so vague and contradictory that it would be
+difficult to procure anything like reliable or authentic data in regard to
+them. No story in which the bargemen figure is too improbable to be
+narrated, nor can one determine what particular person is the hero of an
+incident which is in turn laid at the door of each distinguished member of
+the whole fraternity. Some of these incidents however will serve so well
+to give an idea of the peculiar characteristics of the bargemen, and
+possess so much merit in themselves, that they cannot be omitted here.
+Previous to referring to any of these anecdotes, however, it may be
+interesting to introduce the following excellent description of the manner
+of navigating the Ohio and Mississippi prior to the introduction of
+steamboats. It is from the pen of Audubon, the celebrated ornithologist,
+whose death has been recently announced and has caused a feeling of deep
+regret in all who know how to admire that union of simple goodness of
+character with greatness of mind and untiring energy of study, which he,
+perhaps more than any other American, possessed.
+
+"The keelboats and barges were employed," says this extract, "in conveying
+produce of different kinds, such as lead, flour, pork and other articles.
+These returned laden with sugar, coffee and dry goods, suited for the
+markets of Genevieve and St. Louis on the upper Mississippi or branched
+off and ascended the Ohio to the foot of the falls at Louisville. A
+keelboat was generally manned by ten hands, principally Canadian French,
+and a patroon or master. These boats seldom carried more than from twenty
+to thirty tons. The barges had frequently forty or fifty men, with a
+patroon, and carried fifty or sixty tons. Both these kind of vessels were
+provided with a mast, a square sail, and coils of cordage known by the
+name of cordelles. Each boat or barge carried its own provisions. We shall
+suppose one of these boats under way, and, having passed Natchez, entering
+upon what were called the difficulties of their ascent. Wherever a point
+projected so as to render the course or bend below it of some magnitude,
+there was an eddy, the returning current of which was sometimes as strong
+as that of the middle of the great stream. The bargemen, therefore, rowed
+up pretty close under the bank, and had merely to keep watch in the bow
+lest the boat should run against a planter or sawyer. But the boat has
+reached the point, and there the current is to all appearance of double
+strength and right against it. The men, who have rested a few minutes, are
+ordered to take their stations and lay hold of their oars, for the river
+must be crossed, it being seldom possible to double such a point and
+proceed along the same shore. The boat is crossing, its head slanting to
+the current, which is, however, too strong for the rowers, and when the
+other side of the river has been reached, it has drifted perhaps a quarter
+of a mile. The men are by this time exhausted, and, as we shall suppose it
+to be 12 o'clock, fasten the boat to a tree on the shore. A small glass of
+whiskey is given to each, when they cook and eat their dinner, and after
+resting from their fatigue for an hour, re-commence their labors. The boat
+is again seen slowly advancing against the stream. It has reached the
+lower end of a sandbar, along the edge of which it is propelled by means
+of long poles, if the bottom be hard. Two men, called bowsmen, remain at
+the prow to assist, in concert with the steersman, in managing the boat
+and keeping its head right against the current. The rest place themselves
+on the land side of the footway of the vessel, put one end of their poles
+on the ground and the other against their shoulders and push with all
+their might. As each of the men reaches the stern, he crosses to the other
+side, runs along it and comes again to the landward side of the bow, when
+he re-commences operations. The barge in the mean time is ascending at a
+rate not exceeding one mile in the hour.
+
+"The bar is at length passed, and as the shore in sight is straight on
+both sides and the current uniformly strong, the poles are laid aside, and
+the men being equally divided, those on the river side take to their oars,
+while those on the land-side lay hold of the branches of willows or other
+trees, and thus slowly propel the boat. Here and there, however, the trunk
+of a fallen tree, partly lying on the bank and partly projecting beyond
+it, impedes their progress and requires to be doubled. This is performed
+by striking into it the iron points of the poles and gaff-hooks, and so
+pulling around it. The sun is now quite low, and the barge is again
+secured in the best harbor within reach for the night, after having
+accomplished a distance of perhaps fifteen miles. The next day the wind
+proves favorable, the sail is set, the boat takes all advantages, and,
+meeting with no accident, has ascended thirty miles--perhaps double that
+distance. The next day comes with a very different aspect. The wind is
+right ahead, the shores are without trees of any kind, and the canes on
+the bank are so thick and stout that not even the cordelles can be used.
+This occasions a halt. The time is not altogether lost, as most of the
+men, being provided with rifles, betake themselves to the woods and search
+for the deer, the bears or the turkeys that are generally abundant there.
+Three days may pass before the wind changes, and the advantages gained on
+the previous five days are forgotten. Again the boat proceeds, but in
+passing over a shallow place, runs on a log, swings with the current, but
+hangs fast with her lea-side almost under water. Now for the poles! all
+hands are on deck, bustling and pushing. At length, towards sunset, the
+boat is once more afloat, and is again taken to the shore where the
+wearied crew pass another night.
+
+"I could tell you of the crew abandoning the boat and cargo and of
+numberless accidents and perils, but be it enough to say, that advancing
+in this tardy manner, the boat that left New Orleans on the 1st of March,
+often did not reach the Falls of Ohio until the month of July, sometimes
+not until October; and after all this immense trouble, it brought only a
+few bags of coffee and at most one hundred hogsheads of sugar. Such was
+the state of things as late as 1808. The number of barges at that period
+did not amount to more than 25 or 30, and the largest probably did not
+exceed one hundred tons burden. To make the best of this fatiguing
+navigation, I may conclude by saying that a barge which came up in three
+months, had done wonders, for I believe few voyages were performed in that
+time."
+
+In this little history, Mr. Audubon has said nothing of what was by far
+the most "dangerous danger" to which the crews of these craft were
+exposed. This was the attack, open and fearless as well as sneaking and
+treacherous, of the Boatwreckers. The country on both sides of the river
+from Louisville to the mouth of the Ohio was an almost unpeopled
+wilderness. On the north side of the river from Fort Massac to the
+Mississippi, there lived a gang of these desperadoes, whose exploits need
+only the genius of a Schiller to render them the wonder of the world and
+the admiration of those who love to gloat over tales of blood. There was
+an impudence and recklessness of life and of danger connected with these
+fellows, coupled with a dash of spirit and humor, that would render them
+excellent _materiel_ in the hands of a skillful novelist; but they lacked
+that high sense of honor and that gentlemanly bearing which made heroes of
+the robbers of the Rhine, of Venice or of Mexico.
+
+Their plan of action was to induce the crew of the passing "broad-horn" to
+land, to play a game of cards, (the favorite passion of the boatmen) and
+to cheat them unmercifully. If this scheme failed, they would pilot the
+boats into a difficult place, or, in pretended friendship, give them from
+the shores such directions as would not fail to run them on a snag or dash
+them to pieces against some hidden obstruction. If they were outwitted in
+all this, they would creep into the boats as they were tied up at night,
+and bore holes in the bottom or dig out the caulking. When the boat was
+sinking, they would get out their skiffs and craft of all kinds, and in
+the most philanthropic manner come to save the goods from the wreck. And
+save them they did, for they would row them up the little creeks that led
+from swamps in the interior and no trace of them could afterwards be seen.
+Or if some hardy fellow dared to go in pursuit of his _saved_ cargo, he
+was sure to find an unknown grave in the morasses.
+
+One of the most famous of these boatwreckers was Col. Fluger of New
+Hampshire, who is better known in the West as Col. Plug. This worthy
+gentleman long held undisputed sway over the quiet boatwreckers about the
+mouth of Cash Creek. He was supposed to possess keys to every warehouse
+between that place and Louisville, and to have used them for his own
+private purposes on many occasions. He was a married man and became the
+father of a family. His wife's soubriquet was Pluggy and like many others
+of her sex, her charms were a sore affliction to the Colonel's peace of
+mind. Plug's lieutenant was by him suspected of undue familiarity with
+Mrs. Col. Plug. The Colonel's nice sense of honor was outraged, his family
+pride aroused--he called Lieutenant Nine-Eyes to the field.
+
+"Dern your soul," said he, "do you think this sort of candlestick ammer
+(clandestine amour he meant,) will pass? If you do, by gosh, I will put it
+to you or you shall put it to me."
+
+They used rifles, the ground was measured, the affair settled in the most
+proper and approved style. And they did put it to each other. Each
+received a ball in some fleshy part, and each admitted that "he was
+satisfied."
+
+"You are all grit!" said Col. Plug.
+
+"And you waded in like a raal Kaintuck," rejoined Nine-Eyes.
+
+Col. Plug's son and heir, who very possibly was the real subject-matter of
+dispute, and who was upon the ground, was ordered to place a bottle of
+whisky midway between the disputants. Up to this they limped and over it
+they embraced, swearing that "they were too well used to these things to
+be phazed by a little cold lead;" and Pluggy's virtue having been thus
+proved immaculate, the duel as well as the animosity of the parties
+ceased. Col. Plug, man of honor as he was, sometimes met with very rough
+treatment from the boatmen, whose half savage natures could ill appreciate
+a gentleman of his birth and breeding. An instance of this is recorded by
+the same historian upon whom we have drawn for the greater part of the
+above account of the duel.[4] A broad-horn from Louisville had received
+rough usage from Plug's men the year before, and accordingly, on their
+next descent, they laid their scheme of revenge. Several of their crew
+left the boat before arriving at Plug's domain, and quietly stole down the
+river bank to its place of landing. The boat with its small crew was
+quietly harbored, the men hospitably received and invited to sit down to a
+game of cards. They were scarcely seated and had placed their money before
+them, when Plug's signal whistle for an onset sounded in their ears. The
+reserve corps of boatmen also heard it, knew its import and rushed to the
+rescue. The battle was quickly over. Three of Plug's men were thrown into
+the river and the rest fled, leaving their brave commander on the field.
+Resistance did not avail him. Those ruthless boatmen stripped him to the
+skin, and forcing him to embrace a sapling about the size of his dear
+Pluggy's waist, they bound him immovably in this loving squeeze. Then
+seizing the cowhide each applied it till he was tired, and so they left
+him alone with his troublesome thoughts and with a yet more troublesome
+and sanguinary host of musquitoes, which, lured by the ease with which
+they could now get a full meal of that blood which had before been
+effectually preserved from their attacks by a thick epidermis, sallied
+forth to the feast by myriads. Pluggy, finding her bower lonely without
+its lord, came forth to seek him. Closely embracing the tree and covered
+from any immodest exposure of his person by a gauzy cloud of musquito
+wings, she found him. Clasping her hands, with a Siddons-like start and
+air, she cried, in her peculiarly elegant but somewhat un-English dialect:
+"Yasu Cree! O carissimo sposo, what for, like von dem fool, you hug zat
+tree and let ze marengoes eat up all your sweet brud?"
+
+The historian is pained to record that all the answer she obtained to this
+tender solicitude was a curse. Plug cursed her, but Plug's evil spirit was
+aroused. Let the reader suppose himself in Plug's position and he will not
+blame that gentleman for the ungenerous reply that forced itself to his
+lips.
+
+Not very long after this, Col. Plug came to his untimely end. Just as a
+squall was coming up, Col. Plug was in a boat whose crew had left it for
+an hour or so, engaged in the exercise of his profession; that is, he was
+digging the caulking out of the bottom, when the squall came on rather
+prematurely and broke the fastenings of the boat. It began to sink, and
+Col. Plug after vain endeavors to reach the shore, sank with it and was
+seen no more. Whether Pluggy still bewails her lost lord or has followed
+him in sorrow to the other shore, history does not tell us.
+
+This sketch of the character of the boat wreckers will prepare the reader
+for forming some idea of the boatmen who were their prey. Among the most
+celebrated of these, every reader of western history will at once
+remember MIKE FINK, the hero of his class. So many and so marvellous are
+the stories told of this man that numbers of persons are inclined
+altogether to disbelieve his existence. That he did live however does not
+admit of a doubt. Many are yet living who knew him personally. As it is to
+him that all the more remarkable stories of western river adventure are
+attributed, his history will form the only example here given to
+illustrate the character of the western bargemen. It is however necessary
+to observe, that while Mike possessed all the characteristics of his
+class, a history of the various adventures attributed to him would present
+these characteristics in an exaggerated degree. Even the slight sketch
+here drawn cannot pretend to authenticity; for, aside from the fact, that,
+like other heroes, Mike has suffered from the exuberant fancy of his
+historians, he has also had in his own person to atone to posterity for
+many acts which never came from under his hand and seal. As the
+representative, however, of an extinct class of men, his ashes will not
+rise in indignation even if he is again made the "hero of fields his valor
+never won."
+
+Mike Fink was born in or near Pittsburg, where certain of his relatives
+still reside. In his earlier life he acted in the capacity of an Indian
+spy, and won great renown for himself by the wonderful facility with
+which, while yet a boy, he gained a knowledge of every act and movement of
+the foe. But while in the exercise of this calling, the free, wild and
+adventurous life of the boatmen attracted his youthful fancy, and the
+enchanting music of the boat-horn soon lured him away from Pittsburg to
+try his fortunes on the broad Ohio. He had learned to mimic all the tones
+of the boatman's horn, and he longed to go to New Orleans where he heard
+that the people spoke French and wore their Sunday clothes every day. He
+went, and from an humble pupil in his profession soon became a glorious
+master. When the river was too low to be navigable, Mike spent his time in
+the practice of rifle-shooting, then so eminently useful and desirable an
+accomplishment; and in this, as in all his serious undertakings, he soon
+surpassed his compeers. His skill with the rifle was so universally
+acknowledged, that whenever Mike was present at a Shooting-Match for Beef,
+such as were then of common occurrence all over the country, he was always
+allowed the fifth quarter, i. e. the hide and the tallow, without a shot.
+This was a perquisite of Mike's skill, and one which he always claimed,
+always obtained and always sold for whisky with which to "treat the
+crowd." His capacity as a drinker was enormous; he could drink a gallon in
+twenty-four hours without its effect being perceptible in his language or
+demeanor. Mike was a bit of a wag, too, and had a singular way of
+enforcing his jests. He used to say that he told his jokes on purpose to
+be laughed at, and no man should "make light" of them. The consequence
+was, that whoever had the temerity to refuse a laugh where Mike intended
+to raise one, received a sound drubbing and an admonition for the future,
+which was seldom neglected. His practical jokes, for so he and his
+associates called their predations on the inhabitants of the shores along
+which they passed, were always characterized by a boldness of design and a
+sagacity of execution that showed no mean talent on Mike's part. One of
+the most ingenious of these tricks, and one which affords a fair idea of
+the spirit of them all, is told as follows: Passing slowly down the river,
+Mike observed a very large and beautiful flock of sheep grazing on the
+shore, and being in want of fresh provisions, but scorning to buy them,
+Mike hit upon the following expedient. He noticed that there was an eddy
+near to the shore, and, as it was about dusk, he landed his boat in the
+eddy and tied her fast. In his cargo there were some bladders of
+scotch-snuff. Mike opened one of these and taking out a handful of the
+contents, he went ashore and catching five or six of the sheep, rubbed
+their faces very thoroughly with the snuff. He then returned to his boat
+and sent one of his men in a great hurry to the sheep-owner's house to
+tell him that he "had better come down and see what was the matter with
+his sheep." Upon coming down hastily in answer to Mike's summons, the
+gentleman saw a portion of his flock very singularly affected; leaping,
+bleating, rubbing their noses against the ground and against each other,
+and performing all manner of undignified and unsheeplike antics. The
+gentleman was sorely puzzled and demanded of Mike "if he knew what was the
+matter with the sheep."
+
+"You don't know?" answered Mike very gravely.
+
+"I do not," replied the gentleman.
+
+"Did you ever hear of the black murrain?" asked Mike in a confidential
+whisper.
+
+"Yes," said the sheep owner in a terrified reply.
+
+"Well, that's it!" said Mike. "All the sheep up river's got it dreadful.
+Dyin' like rotten dogs--hundreds a day."
+
+"You don't say so," answered the victim, "and is there no cure for it?"
+
+"Only one as I knows on," was the reply. "You see the murrain's dreadful
+catchin', and ef you don't git them away as is got it, they'll kill the
+whole flock. Better shoot 'em right-off; they've got to die any way."
+
+"But no man could single out the infected sheep and shoot them from among
+the flock," said the gentleman.
+
+"My name's Mike Fink!" was the curt reply.
+
+And it was answer enough. The gentleman begged Mike to shoot the infected
+sheep and throw them into the river. This was exactly what Mike wanted,
+but he pretended to resist. "It mought be a mistake," he said; "they'll
+may be git well. He didn't like to shoot Manny's sheep on his own say so.
+He'd better go an' ask some of the neighbors ef it was the murrain sure
+'nuf." The gentleman insisted, and Mike modestly resisted, until finally
+he was promised a couple of gallons of old Peach Brandy if he would
+comply. His scruples thus finally overcome, Mike shot the sheep, threw
+them into the eddy and got the brandy. After dark, the men jumped into the
+water, hauled the sheep aboard, and by daylight had them neatly packed
+away and were gliding merrily down the stream.[5]
+
+Another story, of a rather different character, is told to illustrate the
+recklessness of the man. It occurred on the Mississippi river. A negro had
+come down to the bank to gaze at the passing boat, who had the singularly
+projecting heel peculiar to some races of Africans. This peculiarity
+caught Mike's eye, and so far outraged his ideas of symmetry that he
+determined to correct it. Accordingly he raised his rifle to his shoulder
+and fired, carrying away the offensive projection. The negro fell crying
+murder, believing himself mortally wounded. Mike was apprehended for this
+trick, at St. Louis, and found guilty, but we do not hear of the
+infliction of any punishment. A writer in the Western Monthly Review for
+July, 1829, in a letter to the editor of that magazine, asserts that he
+has himself seen the records of this case in the books of the court, and
+that Mike's only defense was that "the fellow couldn't wear a genteel boot
+and he wanted to fix it so that he could."
+
+One of his feats with the rifle which Mike most loved to boast of occurred
+somewhere in Indiana. Mike's boat was lying to, from some cause, and he
+had gone ashore in pursuit of game. "As he was creeping along with the
+stealthy tread of a cat, his eye fell upon a beautiful buck, browsing on
+the edge of a barren spot a little distance off. Repriming his gun and
+picking his flint, Mike made his approach in his usual noiseless manner.
+At the moment he reached the spot from which he meant to take aim, he
+observed a large Indian intent upon the same object, advancing from a
+direction little different from his own. Mike shrank behind a tree with
+the quickness of thought, and keeping his eye fixed upon the hunter,
+waited the result with patience. In a few moments the Indian halted within
+fifty paces and leveled his piece at the deer. Instantly Mike presented
+his rifle at the body of the savage, and at the moment smoke issued from
+the gun of the latter, the bullet of Fink passed through the red man's
+breast. He uttered a yell and fell dead at the same instant with the deer.
+Mike re-loaded his rifle and remained in covert some minutes to ascertain
+whether any more enemies were at hand. He then stepped up to the prostrate
+savage, and having satisfied himself that life was extinct, turned his
+attention to the buck, took from the carcass the pieces suited to jerking
+and retraced his steps in high glee to the boat."[6] He used to say that
+was what he called "killing two birds with one stone."
+
+In all his little tricks, as Mike called them, he never displayed any very
+accurate respect to the laws either of propriety or property, but he was
+so ingenious in his predations that it is impossible not to laugh at his
+crimes. The stern rigor of Justice, however, did not feel disposed to
+laugh at Mike, but on the contrary offered a reward for his capture. For a
+long time Mike fought shy and could not be taken, until an old friend of
+his, who happened to be a constable, came to his boat when she was moored
+at Louisville and represented to Mike the poverty of his family; and,
+presuming on Mike's known kindness of disposition, urged him to allow
+himself to be taken, and so procure for his friend the promised reward. He
+showed Mike the many chances of escape from conviction, and withal plead
+so strongly that Mike's kind heart at last overcame him and he
+consented--_but upon one condition_! He felt at home nowhere but in his
+boat and among his men: let them take him and his men in the yawl and
+they would go. It was the only hope of procuring his appearance at court
+and the constable consented. Accordingly a long-coupled wagon was
+procured, and with oxen attached it went down the hill, at Third Street
+for Mike's yawl. The road, for it was not then a street, was very steep
+and very muddy at this point. Regardless of this, however, the boat was
+set upon the wagon, and Mike and his men, with their long poles ready, as
+if for an aquatic excursion, were put aboard, Mike in the stern. By dint
+of laborious dragging the wagon had attained half the height of the hill,
+when out shouted the stentorian voice of Mike calling to his men--SET
+POLES!--and the end of every long pole was set firmly in the thick
+mud--BACK HER!--roared Mike, and down the hill again went wagon, yawl, men
+and oxen. Mike had been revolving the matter in his mind and had concluded
+that it was best not to go; and well knowing that each of his men was
+equal to a moderately strong ox, he had at once conceived and executed
+this retrograde movement. Once at the bottom, another parley was held and
+Mike was again overpowered. This time they had almost reached the top of
+the hill, when _Set poles!--Back her!_ was again ordered and again
+executed. A third attempt, however, was successful, and Mike reached the
+court house in safety; and, as his friend, the constable, had endeavored
+to induce him to believe, he was acquitted for lack of sufficient
+evidence. Other indictments, however, were found against him, but Mike
+preferred not to wait to hear them tried; so, at a given signal he and his
+men boarded their craft again and stood ready to weigh anchor. The dread
+of the long poles in the hands of Mike's men prevented the _posse_ from
+urging any serious remonstrance against his departure. And off they
+started with poles "tossed." As they left the court house yard Mike waved
+his red bandanna, which he had fixed on one of the poles, and promising to
+"_call again_" was borne back to his element and launched once more upon
+the waters.
+
+After the introduction of steamboats on the Western rivers, Mike's
+occupation was gone. He could not consent, however, altogether to quit his
+free, wild life of adventure; and accordingly in 1822, he, together with
+Carpenter and Talbot, who were his firmest friends, joined Henry and
+Ashley's company of Missouri trappers, and with this company they
+proceeded in the same year up to the mouth of the Yellow Stone river. Here
+a fort was built and from this point parties of hunters were sent out in
+all directions. Mike with his two friends and nine others formed one of
+these parties, and preferring to live to themselves, they dug a hole in
+the river bluff and here spent the winter. While here, Mike Fink and
+Carpenter had a fierce quarrel, caused probably by rivalry in the favors
+of a certain squaw. Previous to this time the friendship of these two men
+had been unbounded. Carpenter was equally as good a shot as Mike and it
+had been their custom to place a tin cup of whisky on each other's head by
+turns and shoot it off at the distance of seventy yards with their rifles.
+This feat they had often performed and always successfully.
+
+After the quarrel, and when spring had returned, they re-visited the fort
+and over a cup of whisky they talked over their difficulty and rendered
+their vows of amity, which were to be ratified by the usual trial of
+shooting at the cup. They "skyed a copper" for the first shot and Mike won
+it. Carpenter, who knew Mike thoroughly, declared he was going to be
+killed, but scorned to refuse the test. He prepared himself for the worst.
+He bequeathed his gun, pistols, wages, &c., to Talbot, in case he should
+be killed. They went to the field, and while Mike loaded his gun and
+prepared for the shot, Carpenter filled a tin cup to the brim, and,
+without moving a feature, placed it on his devoted head. At this target
+Mike levelled his piece. After fixing his aim, however, he took down his
+gun, and laughingly cried, "Hold your noddle steady, Carpenter, and don't
+spill the whisky, for I shall want some presently." Then raising his rifle
+again, he pulled the trigger, and in an instant Carpenter fell and expired
+without a groan. The ball had penetrated the center of his forehead about
+an inch and a half above the eyes. Mike coolly set down his rifle and blew
+the smoke out of it, keeping his eye fixed on the prostrate body of his
+quondam friend. "Carpenter," said he, "have you spilt the whisky?" He was
+told that he had killed Carpenter. "It is all an accident," said he, "I
+took as fair a bead on the black spot on the cup as ever I took on a
+squirrel's eye. How could it happen?" And he fell to cursing powder, gun,
+bullet and himself.
+
+In the wild country where they then were, the hand of justice could not
+reach Mike and he went unmolested. But Talbot had determined to avenge
+Carpenter, and one day, after several months had elapsed, when Mike, in a
+drunken fit of boasting, swore in Talbot's presence that he had killed
+Carpenter intentionally and that he was glad of it, Talbot drew out one of
+the pistols which had been left him by the murdered man and shot Mike
+through the heart. In less than four months after this Talbot was himself
+drowned in attempting to swim the Titan river, and with him perished "the
+last of the boatmen."
+
+Mike Fink's person is thus described by the writer in the Western Monthly
+before referred to. "His weight was about 180 pounds; height about five
+feet, nine inches; broad, round face, pleasant features, brown skin,
+tanned by sun and rain; blue, but very expressive eyes, inclining to grey;
+broad, white teeth, and square brawny form, well proportioned; and every
+muscle of the arms, thighs and legs, was fully developed, indicating the
+greatest strength and activity. His person, taken altogether, was a model
+for a Hercules, except as to size." Of his character, Mike has himself
+given the best epitome. He used to say, "I can out-run, out-hop, out-jump,
+throw down, drag out and lick any man in the country. I'm a Salt-river
+roarer; I love the wimming and I'm chock full of fight."
+
+The early history of steamboat navigation will appear in its proper
+place.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+Having passed over these pleasant and exciting histories of personal
+adventure, the reader now returns to the soberer chronicles of general
+history. In the spring of 1783 it became known in Kentucky that peace had
+been declared, and this joyous news could not have arrived at a more
+opportune time. The people had been harrassed by war until they were sick
+and disheartened, and although the news of peace did not drive off all
+fear of attack from the Indians, yet the consciousness that the posts
+formerly held by the British, which had been the chief depot of supplies
+for the Indians, would now fall into the possession of their countrymen,
+and consequently, that, although not yet arrived, the time would come when
+even the Indian hostility would cease; all this put a new life into the
+settlements of Kentucky.
+
+Peace with Great Britain having been declared, the necessity for an army
+on the borders of Virginia no longer existed; and as that State was
+pressed for means, this army was disbanded, and the commission of Gen.
+Clark withdrawn, with many thanks to this gentleman "for his very great
+and singular services." This was soon followed by a much more substantial
+testimony of the favor in which he was held by his native State, for
+during the same year he and his soldiers received a grant of one hundred
+and fifty thousand acres of land lying north of the Ohio, to be located
+where they chose. They selected the region opposite to the falls, and thus
+was founded the town of Clarksville, which still remains in a state
+scarcely more improved than it then was.
+
+Something like security and confidence was now established, and
+consequently the immigration here was constant and large. Factories for
+supplying the necessities of the household were established, schools were
+opened, the products of the soil were carefully attended to, and abundant
+crops were collected; several fields of wheat were gathered near
+Louisville, and the whole country changed its character from that of a
+series of military outposts to the more peaceful and more attractive one
+of a newly settled, but rich and fruitful territory, where industry met
+its reward, and where every one could live who was not too proud or too
+indolent to work. It was during this year that a new era was opened to the
+citizens of Louisville. A lot of merchandise, all the way from
+Philadelphia, arrived at the falls, and Daniel Brodhead opened there a
+retail store. The young ladies could now throw aside all the homely
+products of their own looms, take the wooden skewers from their ill-bound
+tresses, and, on festive occasions, shine in all the glories of flowered
+calico and real horn combs. It is not known whether it was this worthy Mr.
+Brodhead who was the first to introduce the luxury of glass window-lights,
+but it is certain that previous to this time such an extravagance was
+unknown; and there is an incident connected with the first window pane
+which deserves a place here, and which is recorded in the words of an
+author who is not more celebrated for his many public virtues, than for
+his unceasing and incurable exercise of the private vice of punning. After
+referring to the introduction of this innovation, this gentleman says: "A
+young urchin who had seen glass spectacles on the noses of his elders, saw
+this spectacle with astonishment, and running home to his mother
+exclaimed, 'O, Ma! there's a house down here with specs on!" "This," he
+adds, "may be considered a very precocious manifestation of the power of
+generalization in the young Kentuckian."
+
+Another curious incident of the times will close the record of this year.
+The notorious Tom Paine had written a book ridiculing the right of
+Virginia to this State, and urging Congress to take possession of the
+whole territory. Among the disciples of this absurd production were two
+Pennsylvanians, named Galloway and Pomeroy. The latter of these came to
+the falls and produced considerable annoyance to some of the landholders
+there by the dissemination of his doctrines, which induced others to pay
+no respect to the titles of their neighbors. This was an exigency which
+the laws had never contemplated, and although it was everywhere admitted
+that the man deserved punishment, it was difficult to find a law bearing
+upon his case. Legal investigation, however, soon drew to light an old law
+of Virginia which enforced a penalty in tobacco upon "the propagation of
+false news, to the disturbance of the good people of the colony." Under
+this law, in May of the next year, Pomeroy was tried and sentenced to pay
+2,000 pounds of tobacco, and had also to give security for his good
+behavior in the sum of £3,000, pay costs, &c. A similar fate awaited
+Galloway, who had gone to Lexington and had there advocated these same
+doctrines. It was impossible for either of these men to procure the amount
+of tobacco required; and accordingly, when it was hinted to them that they
+would not be pursued if they left the country, they gladly embraced the
+offer and departed. And thus perished the effects of Mr. Paine's wonderful
+book.
+
+The next year, 1784, does not present in its annals anything of much
+importance in relation to Louisville. It was at this time that the first
+convention was held at Danville, where the subject of the separation of
+Kentucky and its erection into an independent State was first broached. It
+was not, however, thought advisable by this convention to make any serious
+movement in this matter until the following year, inasmuch as the people
+generally had not heard of the proposed separation, or had had no time to
+debate upon its feasibility. As yet no press had been established in the
+territory, and oral news was not readily or speedily disseminated through
+the State. On these accounts no action was had by the convention at this
+time, but a new convention was appointed for the following May, at which
+this subject was to be seriously considered.
+
+We find by the report of a traveler in this year, that Louisville
+contained "63 houses finished, 37 partly finished, 22 raised but not
+covered, and more than 100 cabins."
+
+In the year 1785 the convention again met, first on the 23d of May, and
+afterwards on the 8th of August, to take action in relation to the
+formation of the new State. An address to Virginia and another to
+Kentucky, together with resolutions in favor of the proposed separation,
+were unanimously passed in the earlier of these meetings. These addresses,
+however, were not deemed strong enough by the third or August convention,
+and that meeting accordingly changed them to a new and still stronger form
+of petition or remonstrance, and sent them forward for the action of the
+parent State. Accordingly in January of 1786, Virginia passed a law
+allowing independence to Kentucky, on this, among other conditions, that
+the separation should not take place until Congress should assent thereto,
+which assent of Congress was not gained until 1791.
+
+In January of this year the county of Nelson was erected out of all that
+part of Jefferson county south of Salt river.
+
+In the early part of 1785 Gen. Clark, together with Messrs. Lee and
+Butler, had held a treaty with the Western Indians at Fort McIntosh; but
+later in the year an Indian council of a hostile character had also been
+held on the Wabash, and the Indians had annoyed the settlers greatly
+during the latter part of the year. It was therefore thought advisable to
+enter into another treaty with the Indians on the Wabash, and accordingly
+Gen. Clark and Messrs. Butler and Parsons met those tribes at the mouth of
+the Great Miami in January of 1786. It was with great difficulty that the
+various tribes could be brought to treat at all, and, but for Gen. Clark's
+knowledge of their character, and for the high estimation in which he was
+held by them, these commissioners would have been murdered outright. Judge
+Hall, of Cincinnati, has given a glowing and vivid description of this
+meeting, which is here inserted. After noticing their abrupt and scornful
+manner of entering the council, he says: "The commissioners, without
+noticing the disorderly conduct of the other party, or appearing to have
+discovered their meditated treachery, opened the council in due form. They
+lighted the peace-pipe, and after drawing a few whiffs, passed it to the
+chiefs, who received it. Col. Clark then rose to explain the purpose for
+which the treaty was ordered. With an unembarrassed air, with the tone of
+one accustomed to command, and an easy assurance of perfect security and
+self-possession, he stated that the Commissioners had been sent to offer
+peace to the Shawnees; that the President had no wish to continue the war;
+he had no resentment to gratify; and, if the red men desired peace, they
+could have it on reasonable terms. 'If such be the will of the Shawnees,'
+he concluded, 'let some of their wise men speak.'
+
+"A chief arose, drew up his tall person to its full height, and assuming a
+haughty attitude, threw his eye contemptuously over the commissioners and
+their small retinue, as if to measure their insignificance in comparison
+with his own numerous train, and then stalking to the table, threw upon it
+two belts of wampum, of different colors--the war and the peace belt.
+
+"'We come here,' he exclaimed, 'to offer you two pieces of wampum; they
+are of different colors; you know what they mean; you can take which you
+like!' and turning upon his heel, he resumed his seat.
+
+"The chiefs drew themselves up, in consciousness of having hurled defiance
+in the teeth of the white men. They had offered an insult to the renowned
+leader of the Long Knives, to which they knew it would be hard for him to
+submit, while they did not suppose he dared resent it. The council-pipe
+was laid aside. Those fierce wild men gazed intently at Clark. The
+Americans saw that the crisis had arrived; they could no longer doubt that
+the Indians understood the advantage they possessed, and were disposed to
+use it; and a common sense of danger caused each eve to be turned on the
+leading commissioner. He sat undisturbed and apparently careless until the
+chief who had thrown the belts upon the table had taken his seat; then
+with a small cane which he held in his hand, he reached, as if playfully,
+toward the war belt, entangled the end of the stick in it, drew it towards
+him, and then with a switch of the cane threw the belt into the midst of
+the chiefs. The effect was electric. Every man in the council of each
+party sprang to his feet, the savage with a loud exclamation of
+astonishment, "Hugh!" the Americans in expectation of a hopeless conflict
+against overwhelming numbers. Every hand grasped a weapon.
+
+"Clark alone was unawed. The expression of his countenance changed to a
+ferocious sternness and his eye flashed, but otherwise he was unmoved. A
+bitter smile was perceptible upon his compressed lips as he gazed upon
+that savage band, whose hundred eyes were bent fiercely and in horrid
+exultation upon him as they stood like a pack of wolves at bay thirsting
+for blood, and ready to rush upon him whenever one bolder than the rest
+should commence the attack. It was one of those moments of indecision when
+the slightest weight thrown into either scale will make it preponderate;
+a moment in which a bold man conversant with the secret springs of human
+action, may seize upon the minds of all around him and sway them at his
+will.
+
+"Such a man was the intrepid Virginian. He spoke, and there was no man
+bold enough to gainsay him; none that could return the fierce glance of
+his eye. Raising his arm and waving his hand toward the door, he
+exclaimed, "_Dogs, Begone!_" The Indians hesitated for a moment, and then
+rushed tumultuously out of the council-room." To this a writer of the
+Encyclopædia Americana adds that the Indians were heard all that night
+debating in the bushes near the fort; a part of them for war and a part of
+them for peace. The latter prevailed, and the next morning they came back
+and sued for peace. All this, however, did not remove the annoyances
+experienced from the attacks of the more distant Indians. These annoyances
+were of such a character as to induce the general government to send two
+companies of military to the Falls, to authorize the raising of militia in
+Kentucky and the invasion of the hostile territory. In pursuance of the
+spirit of this authority, if not in direct consonance with it, a body of a
+thousand men had rendezvous at Louisville, and marched thence in September
+toward Vincennes. At this point the little army waited, contrary to the
+advice of Gen. Clark, their commanding officer, for nine days, expecting
+provisions and ammunition. This delay was fatal. The soldiers became
+weary, and seeing the frequent inebriety of their general, lost their
+confidence in him, and refused their obedience. A body of about three
+hundred, dissatisfied that their wishes in regard to their officers were
+not attended to, actually returned homeward, regardless of the earnest
+pleadings and almost the tears of their general; and the rest soon
+followed them. This expedition was a sad blow to Clark, for it put into
+the hands of his enemies a powerful weapon against him; and one which they
+remorselessly used. Had his advice been heeded before the delay was
+determined upon, he would never have become inebriated or exposed himself
+in an undignified light to his soldiery, and the expedition might have
+been successful. Palliated as may be his fault, it cannot be denied that,
+in this sortie, he was not what he had been. The sun of his military glory
+had not sunk below the horizon, but it was obscured by clouds whose thick
+shadows promised long to hide its beams.
+
+The troubles in relation to the navigation of the Mississippi river were
+now the topics of all absorbing interest in every part of the West. We
+have not before alluded to these troubles, preferring to connect them
+entirely with the period of which we are now writing. A brief retrospect
+of the question will enable the reader readily to understand the subject
+in dispute and its bearing on the residents on the western waters. In
+1781, Spain, having previously declared herself mistress of the Great
+Mississippi, took possession of the North-West in the name of her king.
+Mr. Jay, then in Madrid, had received instructions not to insist upon the
+American claim to this river, if he could not effect a treaty without
+yielding it. The Spanish Government, during the whole of 1782, was
+laboring to induce the United States not only to yield the Mississippi,
+but also to give up a part of her actual possessions in the West; and her
+pretensions to these asserted rights were upheld by France. In this
+condition matters rested till 1785, when a representative of the Spanish
+Government appeared before Congress. Mr. Jay was at once authorized to
+negociate with him, and these negociations came again before Congress in
+May 1786; Mr. Jay having asked the guidance of that body in the matter. He
+showed them the importance of a treaty in commerce with a people so
+intimately connected with them as was Spain, and explained the difficulty
+in forming this treaty, owing to the unwillingness of Spain either to
+yield the river or to decrease her boundary claims. He could see no safer
+plan than, as a sort of compromise, to yield for a term of twenty-five or
+thirty years, the navigation of the river below the boundaries of the
+United States. This plan was vehemently opposed by Southern Congressmen
+and an attempt was made to take the negociations out of the hands of Mr.
+Jay altogether. In this attempt they were defeated, and Mr. Jay was not
+only retained in office, but was authorized to continue his negociations
+without being bound to insist on the immediate use of the river. The rumor
+of these movements at the capitol soon reached the West, but in the
+distorted form which rumor ever employs. Mr. Jay's position was
+represented as positive and as having been assumed without reference to
+Congress. This news created great indignation in the West and led to the
+first dream of secession. The people felt that if the navigation of the
+Mississippi was denied them on the one hand, and in case of a quarrel
+with Spain, the protection of the General Government on the other,
+secession was inevitable. Either they must conquer Spain or unite with
+her. And as if to show that they were in earnest in the matter, "a board
+of field-officers at Vincennes determined to garrison that point, to raise
+supplies by impressment, and to enlist new troops. Under this
+determination Spanish property was seized, soldiers were enrolled, and
+steps were taken to hold a peace-council with the natives; all under the
+direction of Gen. Clark. Soon after this, Thomas Green wrote from
+Louisville to the Governor and Legislature of Georgia, which State was
+involved in the boundary quarrel with Spain, that Spanish property had
+been seized in the North-West as a hostile measure, and not merely to
+procure necessaries for the troops, which Clark afterward declared was the
+case, and added that the General was ready to go down the river with
+'troops sufficient' to take possession of the lands in dispute, if Georgia
+would countenance him." The following extract from another letter written
+from Louisville, professedly to some one in New England, and probably also
+written by Green, will serve as additional evidence to prove that the
+people were seriously deliberating upon their position. It reads thus:
+
+"'Our situation is as bad as it possibly can be, therefore every exertion
+to retrieve our circumstances must be manly, eligible and just.
+
+"'We can raise 20,000 troops this side of the Alleghany and Apalachian
+Mountains, and the annual increase of them by emigration from other parts
+is from two to four thousand.
+
+"'We have taken all the goods belonging to the Spanish merchants at post
+Vincennes and the Illinois; and are determined they shall not trade up the
+river, provided they will not let us trade down it. Preparations are now
+making here (if necessary) to drive the Spaniards from their settlements,
+at the mouth of the Mississippi. In case we are not countenanced or
+succored by the United States, (if we need it,) our allegiance will be
+thrown off and some other power applied to. Great Britain stands ready
+with open arms to receive and support us. They have already offered to
+open their resources for our supplies. When once re-united to them,
+'farewell, a long farewell to all your boasted greatness.' The province of
+Canada and the inhabitants of these waters, of themselves, in time, will
+be able to conquer you. You are as ignorant of this country as Great
+Britain was of America. These are hints which if rightly improved may be
+of some service; if not, blame yourselves for the neglect.'
+
+"This letter was shown by the bearer of it to several persons at Danville,
+who caused copies to be taken of it, and enclosed these to the Executive
+of Virginia. Early in 1787, the Council of this State had action on this
+subject, condemned Gen. Clark's conduct, disavowed the powers assumed by
+him, ordered the prosecution of the persons concerned in the seizure of
+property, and laid the matter before Congress. It was presented in detail
+to that body upon the 13th of April, and upon the 24th of that month, it
+was resolved that the troops of the United States be employed to
+dispossess the unauthorized intruders who had taken possession of St.
+Vincents."[7]
+
+The full details of the Mississippi troubles belong rather to a history of
+the State or of the United States than to that of a single city. What has
+already been stated in regard to them has been written to show the feeling
+that existed on the subject among the earlier residents of the city and of
+the State, as well as to display the part which was had in these
+difficulties by the prominent men of Louisville years ago. It would be
+foreign to the purposes of the present volume to go further into all these
+details, wherein the celebrated names of Wilkinson, Sebastian, Brown,
+Innis and Burr, are so involved, wherein so many splendid intellects were
+led astray from the paths pointed out by honor and patriotism, and
+sacrificed at the sordid shrine, of love of self and love of gain. Not to
+leave the unhistorical reader without any knowledge as to the issue of
+these troubles, it will however be necessary to point out as briefly as
+may be, the ultimate results of all the scheming, plotting and unlawful
+machinations against established government which for so long disturbed
+and disgraced Kentucky.
+
+Passing over, then, all the intermediate space, we come to the fact that
+in 1795, a treaty was concluded with Spain by which not only the right to
+navigate the Mississippi was conceded to the United States, but a right to
+deposit at New Orleans was also yielded them. This, in effect, was all
+that Kentucky needed. This grant of a right to deposit, however, was only
+guaranteed by the treaty for three years; but with the proviso that,
+should the grant be withdrawn at the end of the three years, some other
+place than New Orleans should be afforded for the same purpose, near the
+mouth of the river. In 1802 this right was withdrawn by the Spanish
+Intendant and no other place of deposit allowed. Spain had evidently
+violated her treaty, and the whole West was again thrown into a state of
+fearful excitement and commotion. Nor was this at all lessened when it
+became known that Louisiana had been ceded to France, and that it was now
+in possession of the dreaded Napoleon. Mr. Monroe was immediately
+dispatched to France to have an interview with the First Consul on this
+subject. Napoleon, then upon the eve of a rupture with England, plainly
+foresaw that it would be impossible for him to retain possession of so
+distant and isolated a colony as Louisiana while Great Britain was
+mistress of the seas. His sagacity had therefore determined him to get rid
+of so unprofitable a place as this. And much to the surprise of Mr.
+Monroe, "when he expected simply to negotiate for a place of deposite at
+the mouth of the river, he was informed that for the trifling sum of
+fifteen millions, he could purchase a magnificent empire. No time was lost
+in closing this extraordinary sale, as Bonaparte evidently apprehended
+that Louisiana would be taken by the British fleet within six months after
+hostilities commenced. And thus the first great annexation of territory to
+the United States was accomplished."[8] And thus ended a long series of
+difficulties which had, in their course, blotted the escutcheon of
+Kentucky and tempted so many of her noblest intellects to forget their
+greatness in vain attempts at personal aggrandizement.
+
+The following extracts from the records of the court during this year
+will not give a very favorable idea of the high degree of enlightenment
+among our ancestors in 1786. On the 21st day of October in this year, it
+is recorded that "negro Tom, a slave, the property of Robert Daniel," was
+condemned to death for stealing "two and three-fourth yards of cambric,
+and some ribbon and thread, the property of Jas. Patten." This theft,
+small as it now appears, if estimated in the currency of the times would
+produce an astonishing sum, as will appear by the following inventory
+rendered to the court of the property of a deceased person:
+
+  To a coat and waistcoat £250; an old blue do. and do. £50     £300
+  To pocket book £6; part of an old shirt £3                       9
+  To old blanket 6s; 2 bushels salt £480                         480 6s.
+                                                                --------
+                                                                £789 6s.
+
+These were the times when the price of whisky was fixed by law at $30 the
+pint, and hotel-keepers were allowed and expected to charge $12 for a
+breakfast and $6 for a bed. Payment however was always expected in the
+depreciated continental money, then almost the only currency.
+
+In the latter part of this year, the legislature of Virginia again passed
+an act giving three years more time to the purchasers of lots in
+Louisville to complete their titles by building houses in consonance with
+the terms of the original purchase. The act offers as a reason for this
+extension, "the frequent incursions of the Indians and the difficulty of
+procuring materials for building."
+
+In the next year--1787--a new feature was exhibited to the people of
+Kentucky. Mr. John Bradford established at Lexington a weekly newspaper,
+printed at first on a demy sheet and called the Kentucky Gazette. The
+politicians of the State had now an opportunity to address themselves to
+the people in a new and easy way, and they fully availed themselves of it.
+But the establishment of a newspaper was not the only proof of advancement
+among the Kentuckians, though it seemed the herald of progress; for, in
+one year after the first issue of the Gazette, a grammar school was
+opened, an almanac published, and a dancing school established, all in
+Lexington; while still a year later (1789) the first brick house was built
+in Louisville. This structure was erected by Mr. Kaye, an ancestor of our
+well known citizen and former Mayor, on Market street, between Fifth and
+Sixth streets; the second brick building in Louisville was erected by Mr.
+Eastin, on the North side of Main, below the corner of Fifth street; and
+the third by Mr. Reed at the North Western corner of Main and Sixth
+streets. It was about this time that the present city of Cincinnati was
+laid out. It was first called Losantiville, a name which is thus
+fancifully derived. _Ville_--the town--_anti_--opposite--_os_--the
+mouth--_L_--of Licking. This name was invented by a Mr. Filson, whose
+philological acuteness deserves immortality.
+
+The three years given to the owners of lots in Louisville by the Act of
+'86, being now expired, the legislature again passed an act granting yet
+other three years for the same purpose; and at the same time appointed
+eleven new trustees for the town. The number of trustees was now so large
+that it was neither agreeable to the citizens, nor did it facilitate the
+business of the town. Accordingly the very next meeting of the Assembly
+(in 1790) passed a new act with the following preamble:--"Whereas, It is
+represented to this present General Assembly that inconveniences have
+arisen on account of the powers given to the Trustees and Commissioners of
+the Town of Louisville, in the County of Jefferson, not being sufficiently
+defined, for remedy whereof, &c."--This Act deposed from office all the
+former Trustees of the town, and in lieu of them, appointed the following
+persons: "J. F. Moore, Abraham Hite, Abner M. Donne, Basil Prather and
+David Standiford, gentlemen;" as sole Trustees, with power to sell and
+convey lots, levy taxes, improve the town by means of taxes so levied, and
+fill vacancies in their own body by election. Under their regime the
+records of the council show quite an improvement in the prosperity of the
+embryo city.
+
+Early in April of the year now spoken of, Louisville received an accession
+to the number of her citizens in the person of the renowned Major Quirey.
+This man's immense muscular power; his daring and activity have made him a
+scarcely less remarkable personage than was the celebrated Peter
+Francisco, of Virginia. Arriving here at a period when physical power was
+far more appreciated, and held in far higher reverence than mental
+capacity, Quirey soon gained a strong hold on the affections of the people
+around him. He was a native of Pennsylvania, but married at nineteen years
+of age, and soon thereafter removed to Kentucky. He was six feet and two
+inches in height, and weighed 250 pounds; he had no inclination to
+embonpoint but was muscular and robust. The palm of his enormous hand
+would easily have served a modern fine lady for a
+writing-desk.--Physiologists may feel inclined to doubt the truth of the
+assertion, but it is nevertheless confidently believed that his breast was
+a solid plate of bone, no appearance of the usual separation of the ribs
+being discernable, even after his death. Like all the men of his day,
+Quirey was a good hater alike of Indians and of cowards. A proof of this
+latter aversion occurred as he was descending the Ohio to Louisville. The
+Indians had recently been very successful in their battles with the
+emigrant boats, and were emboldened to attack all within their reach.
+Accordingly, Quirey's boat, containing beside himself and his family, only
+a single individual, whose name is not remembered, came in for its share
+of the hostility. A large party of Indians made an attack upon them
+somewhere above the present site of Maysville. Quirey fought bravely, but
+the other man became dreadfully alarmed, and running into the boat,
+concealed himself among the cargo. Quirey, still standing upon his boat,
+received the guns as they were loaded by his wife, and handed to him, and
+fired on either not missing his comrade or supposing him dead. After the
+engagement, in which, despite the fearful odds, Quirey was victorious,
+they found their trembling and cowardly companion who was slowly sneaking
+from his place of concealment. With an impulse quick as thought, Quirey
+seized him with one hand around the waist, and bearing him above his head,
+would in another moment have dashed him into the waves, but the tears and
+entreaties of Mrs. Quirey saved him for the time. With so cowardly a
+disposition, however, it might have spared the poor wretch much agony had
+he perished then; for Quirey set him ashore in the forest near Limestone,
+pointing him the way to the fort and there left him, surrounded on every
+side by objects to him of terror, there to "do or die." History is silent
+as to his fate.
+
+After reaching Louisville, Quirey soon established his reputation for
+strength in a way that none dared gainsay it. One Peter Smith, who had
+long held undisputed sway as the most expert fighter and the strongest man
+in Louisville, and who was withal what is more pertinently than politely
+called a _bully_, the terror of his whole neighborhood, having heard that
+a very large and strong man had arrived from Pennsylvania, determined, as
+he said, "either to whip Quirey, or if Quirey proved too much for him to
+leave the country." He accordingly found his man, and proposed a trial at
+a fisty-cuff. This Quirey declined, urging that it would be better for
+them to turn their strength against the common enemy, and professing that
+he was willing to admit Smith to be his superior. Finding that this only
+made his antagonist the more determined, Quirey proposed a trial of skill
+in lifting or in some athletic game. Smith, however, was not to be thus
+appeased, but stripping the upper part of his body to the skin and
+tightening his belt, he advanced urging Quirey to get ready for the fight.
+Quirey replied that if he would have a fight, he was already prepared for
+it--and as Smith continued to advance upon him, Quirey, without moving
+from his steps, dealt him a single blow with open hand upon the ear. Smith
+fell several paces off with the blood gushing from eyes, nose and ears.
+But the trial did not end here, for on Smith's recovering from the blow,
+he protested that it was an unlucky and accidental hit, and demanded a
+new trial. Quirey again tried to avoid the quarrel, but seeing that a
+fight was inevitable, he told Smith that if he made a new attack upon him,
+he would be severely punished. Smith continued to advance toward him, and
+as he came within reach Quirey dealt him at the same instant two terrible
+blows, one with the hand and the other with the foot. Smith fell as if
+dead, was taken up and carried to Patton's Tavern where he lay six weeks.
+At the end of that time, being sufficiently recovered, he kept his
+promise, leaving the State never to return.
+
+Major Quirey was a valuable officer and a prompt and efficient soldier.
+During the war, he enlisted about 6000 men. Soon after his appointment as
+Captain in the 17th Regiment, U. S. A., an incident occurred which came
+near consigning him to an inglorious death. He had as pets a pair of large
+bears, and having occasion one day to pass near them he was suddenly
+seized from behind by the male bear and drawn under him, the animal
+sinking his nails into the cavity of the body. In the scuffle, however, he
+managed to get hold of the tongue of the bear, and drawing it across its
+teeth, forced the animal to bite off its own tongue. This feat he
+performed with one hand, while with the other he relieved the bear of one
+of his eyes. The pain he thus occasioned enabled him to extricate himself
+from his formidable foe, not, however, without detriment to himself. The
+Surgeon who dressed his wounds estimated his loss of flesh from off the
+left hip at _nearly 12 pounds_![9] On recovering from his wounds, Quirey
+returned to service and continued in office till the disbanding of his
+Regiment in 1815. In two years afterward he died. His widow whose life is
+full of romantic incident, survived him many years, having died only two
+or three years ago. She is still remembered with regret by many who have
+so lately listened to her well-told recollections of early days in
+Louisville.
+
+In July of this year, still 1790, the ninth and last Kentucky Convention
+met. It will be recollected that the first Convention had been held in
+1784, and since that time, each returning year had seemed only to add to
+the difficulties experienced by Kentucky in attaining an honorable and
+independent position in the confederacy. This last Convention, however,
+saw an end to all the troubles experienced by its predecessors. The terms
+offered by Virginia were agreed to, and the 1st June 1792, was determined
+as the date of Independence. During the month of December succeeding the
+action of this Convention, Gen. Washington brought before Congress the
+subject of the admission of Kentucky as a State, and on the 14th of
+February in the next year, 1791, the long sought and anxiously hoped-for
+boon was granted. The ensuing December was chosen as the date of election
+for the framers of a Constitution for the New State, and in April 1792,
+that instrument was prepared, and Kentucky took her position among her
+sister States. Nor was this the only good which time had wrought for the
+new State. For the next year, 1793, brought with it the last incursions of
+the Indians into their once loved hunting-ground. Their twenty years'
+struggle was over. Their best and bravest blood had been poured in vain;
+the force of an irresistible destiny was against them; stern experience
+had taught them that right was not might, and, the contest ended, they
+quietly yielded to the all-conquering hand of the white man the soil that
+his axe, his plow, and his gun had redeemed from them forever.
+
+The succeeding years, till 1800, however rich they may be in material for
+the historian of Kentucky, afford little that bears directly upon the
+subject before us. The Indians having ceased to be an aggressive foe, it
+was thought necessary that the Whites should, in their turn, provoke
+hostility, and accordingly, several expeditions were made against them.
+The Indian fights of Scott, St. Clair, Wayne, and others, belong to this
+period.
+
+In 1796 the first paper-mill was built in Kentucky. It was situated near
+Georgetown, and is said to have been a very productive investment. It is
+here alluded to as a promising mark of social progress.
+
+With the next year, 1797, we get the first clearly established estimate of
+the town of Louisville. In the records of the Trustees, the first list of
+taxes occurs. These were assessed on the 3d day of July, "on all who
+reside within the limits of the half-acre lots," and one Dr. Hall, was
+appointed to fill the double office of assessor and collector. The
+following is his list of assessments:
+
+  "50 Horses at 6d per head, is        £1  5s 0d.
+  65 Negroes at 1s per head, is         3  5  0
+  2 Billiard Tables at 20s each         2  0  0
+  5 Tavern licenses at 6s each          1 10  0
+  5 retail Stores at 10s each           2 10  0
+  Carriages: 6 wheels at 2s per wheel     12  0
+  Town Lots at 6d per £100 is           8 13  6
+  80 Tithables at 3s each              12  0  0
+                                       --------
+      Making the startling total of   £31 15s 6d."
+
+And even this sum Hall found it very difficult to collect, for, nearly two
+years afterward he reports a list of delinquents amounting to £12. That
+the progress of the town was rapid and healthy from the first year of
+Kentucky Independence, is everywhere demonstrated. And no greater proof of
+this is needed than the fact that while the assessment of 1797 amounted to
+scarcely more than $150, that of 1809, 12 years later, reached the sum of
+$991. The town was now clearly and firmly established, it had within
+itself the elements of prosperity and it was seen that it must one day
+become great. Its history is less identified with that of the State, and
+it comes now to claim consideration on its own merit.
+
+It was during this year that the office of Falls Pilot was created by law,
+in consonance with the following preamble to the act: "Whereas great
+inconveniences have been experienced and many boats lost in attempting to
+pass the rapids of the Ohio for want of a Pilot, and from persons offering
+their services to strangers to act as Pilots, by no means qualified for
+this business," &c. The office was appointed by the Jefferson County
+Court, and the rate of pilotage fixed by the act was two dollars for each
+boat, while all other persons were forbidden to attempt to perform this
+service under a penalty of ten dollars.
+
+During the next year--1798--the Assembly passed an act allowing the
+formation of fire companies by any number of persons exceeding forty, who
+should record their names and subscriptions in the County Court. These
+companies were allowed to form their own regulations, impose fines to the
+amount of £5, and collect the same by suit before a single magistrate,
+which fines were to be applied to the purposes of their institution.
+
+Previous to this time there had existed no impediment to the clandestine
+importation of goods by the way of Louisville; New Orleans being in
+possession of a foreign nation. In 1799, therefore, Congress passed an act
+by which Louisville was declared to be a port of entry, and a collector
+was established at this point.
+
+The history of Louisville has thus been brought up to a period when it
+occupied a deservedly prominent position among western towns. Nature had
+fitted it to take the first rank, and its rapid improvement demonstrated
+its power and capacity to assume that position. Thirty years before the
+time of which we are now writing, the compass of the white man for the
+first time broke the soil of Kentucky; the spot whereon this great city
+now rests was a trackless wilderness. The smooth waters of the broad Ohio
+mirrored in their bosom only the dark branches of the waving forest. The
+axe of the woodman had not yet awakened the echoes of the grove. The deer,
+the bear and the buffalo by day, and the wolf and the panther by night
+were the only inhabitants of the spot. Less than thirty years elapsed and
+the wand of the magician had changed the scene. The forest had been
+felled, the trowel of the builder had been wielded, the streets and alleys
+of a civilized town occupied the spot where the deer had sported in frolic
+play, and hundreds of merry voices shouted where only the howl of the wolf
+had been heard. That a civilized town with a population of eight hundred
+souls, governed by wise laws, possessing the usages of society, enjoying
+the luxuries of life and moving onward in its daily walk with the calm
+stability of its fellows, the growth of a century; that such a town should
+exist where less than thirty years before the beast and the savage had
+held undisputed sway, is surely an evidence of progress to which no other
+country in the world can find a parallel. It is a fact before which the
+wild romance of the Slave of Lamp almost ceases to be fiction.
+
+Louisville having now arrived at an importance of its own, separate and
+apart from the State, the remainder of this history will be more strictly
+confined to matters of a purely local character. And beginning a new
+chapter with a new century, the rest of these annals will be as rapidly
+and strictly detailed as justice to the claims of each event will allow.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+The opening of a new century found Louisville with a population of 800
+souls, with power to elect her own Trustees, with a revenue arising from
+her own taxes, and in the enjoyment of all the social and political
+privileges which were possessed by any of the towns within the Western
+country. Early in the next year the Legislature of the State, after
+granting power to the Trustees of Louisville to make deeds and conveyances
+of the town lots and providing abundantly for the levying and collecting
+of taxes, proceeded to exempt the citizens from working on roads out of
+the town, except the road leading from Louisville to the lower landing,
+and ordered the appointment of a street Surveyor whose duty it should be
+from time to time to call upon the inhabitants of the town "to meet
+together on a certain day at a certain place for the purpose of working
+upon the streets." And every person failing to obey such call was liable
+to a fine of six shillings for every such failure. The same Act also set
+aside the sum of twenty-five pounds (being part of the annual tax) to be
+appropriated toward the building of a market house on the public ground in
+said town, under the superintendence of the board of Trustees; and as if
+still further to show its confidence in the capacity of the town to manage
+its own growing interests, it also placed the harbor at the mouth of
+Beargrass entirely under the direction of the Trustees.
+
+Reference to the old books of the town show the prices of half acre lots
+on the principal streets at this time to have ranged from seven to
+fourteen hundred dollars.
+
+The original plan and survey of the town having been lost or destroyed,
+and property being rapidly increasing in value, the Legislature found it
+necessary during the second year of the new century to order a new survey
+and plat to be made out. It also changed the term of office of the
+Trustees from one to two years, and gave them the power to fill vacancies
+in their body by an election among themselves. It also repealed an act
+which, although it had been the subject of repeated legislation, had
+proved a dead letter. This was the act in reference to the forfeiture of
+lots for want of improvements, which has been before quoted. The
+Legislature of this year, seeing the futility of further action in regard
+to this matter very properly ordered the act to be altogether repealed in
+all the towns under their jurisdiction, and ordered the Trustees of the
+several towns to make deeds to all purchasers of lots who could produce
+them receipts for the purchase money of their several properties.
+
+The next year brought with it a new act of assembly ordering a repeal of
+the act of 1800 in relation to the building of a Market house on the
+public grounds in Louisville. The reason of this repeal consisted in the
+fact that public grounds were nowhere to be found, these valuable adjuncts
+to the town having been already disposed of by the sagacious governors of
+the place. Their unwise and illegal action in this matter has heretofore
+occupied the attention of the reader. Their "worshipful wisdoms" thinking
+only of to-day and careless of a future, were guilty of frequent
+excessions of their duty, which are still felt and still regretted. A
+striking instance of this is exemplified in the single fact that a half
+acre lot on Main street, near Fourth, was disposed of by their order at
+public auction for a horse valued at twenty dollars. This, however, may
+cease to be thought so flagrant a breach of trust when it is compared with
+another sale which occurred at or about the same time, whereto neither of
+the parties occupied an official capacity and wherein the article sold,
+though not generally classed as real estate, is supposed to possess great
+value to the owner. A worthy citizen of Louisville about this period was
+in the habit of entertaining a great deal of company; and among others
+there came to his hospitable roof one who professed to be a Methodist
+preacher, but who proved to be a wolf in sheep's clothing; for, after
+enjoying all the comforts his host's kindness could afford him for several
+weeks, he started off one fine summer's morning, taking with him, probably
+through mistake or inadvertence, his _friend's wife_! The host missing
+this article of domestic furniture upon his return home, and suspecting
+whither it might have gone, put boot in stirrup and dashed off in pursuit.
+He soon overtook the soi-disant Reverend Gentleman and demanded his
+property. His right to take his own was not denied, but his Reverend
+friend proposed that as he fancied the subject matter of dispute, if his
+worthy host would withdraw his claim and leave him in peaceable
+possession, he would give him right, title and interest to and in the mare
+on which he rode. To this, after some slight hesitation, the husband
+consented, on condition that the bridle and saddle of the mare were added
+to his friend's offer. This trifling difference was readily yielded by the
+opposite party, and for many years after this good old man was seen pacing
+through the streets, mounted upon his mare, the two ambling along far more
+quietly than he and his former partner had ever done.
+
+Returning, however to the requisitions of the act, we find that, repealing
+so much of the ordinance as related to the location of the market house,
+it enjoins upon the Trustees "to fix upon some proper place, such as shall
+seem most convenient to the inhabitants of the town, and there to erect a
+suitable market house."
+
+It was also during this year that the first of a series of smaller towns,
+attracted by the growing position of Louisville and hoping soon to rival
+it, began to spring up. Jeffersonville, situated nearly opposite
+Louisville, on a high bank of the Ohio, and in the State of Indiana, was
+laid out in November of this year. Its progress until recently has not
+been rapid, but it has gradually gained ground until within the last seven
+or eight years, during which it has come to be a very useful and valuable
+suburb to the city. More will be said of its history in a proper place.
+
+Within the next year we come to the earliest organization of the town of
+Shippingport. This place, now so utterly decayed, once promised not only
+to rival but to surpass Louisville. The site occupied by it belonged to
+Campbell's division of the two thousand acres mentioned in the earlier
+pages of this history, and was by him sold during this year to a Mr.
+Berthoud. Upon coming into the possession of this latter gentleman it was
+surveyed, a plan of the town drawn and the lots advertised for sale. Its
+progress however was not rapid until 1806, when the Messrs. Terascons
+purchased the greater part of the lots embraced in the survey, and to
+their enterprizing endeavors did the town owe its rise. Its present
+importance is so trifling compared with its past greatness, and the
+probabilities of its future eminence among towns are so small that we
+shall probably not have occasion again to refer to it; and as its brief
+history belongs rather to this than to a later era it will be as well to
+close this account of it in the words of one who wrote when it was at the
+apex of its fame.
+
+"This _important_ place," says Dr. McMurtrie in his sketches of Louisville
+published in 1819; "is situated two miles below Louisville, immediately at
+the foot of the rapids, and is built upon the beautiful plain or bottom
+which commences at the mouth of Beargrass creek, through which, under the
+brow of the second bank, the contemplated canal will in all probability be
+cut."[10] The town originally consisted of forty-five acres, but it has
+since received considerable additions. The lots are 75 by 144 feet, the
+average price of which at present (1819) is from forty to fifty dollars
+per foot, according to the advantages of its situation. The streets are
+all laid out at right angles, those that run parallel to the river, or
+nearly so, are eight in number and vary from 30 to 90 feet in width. These
+are all intersected by twelve feet allies, running parallel to them, and
+by fifteen cross streets at right angles, each sixty feet wide.
+
+The population of Shippingport may be estimated at 600 souls, including
+strangers. Some taste is already perceptible in the construction of their
+houses, many of which are neatly built and ornamented with galleries, in
+which, of a Sunday, are displayed all the beauty of the place. It is, in
+fact, the _Bois de Boulogne_ of Louisville, it being the resort of all
+classes on high days and holydays.
+
+"At these times, it exhibits a spectacle at once novel and interesting.
+The number of steamboats in the port, each bearing one or two flags, the
+throng of horses, carriages, and gigs, and the contented appearance of a
+crowd of pedestrians, all arrayed in their "Sunday's best" produce an
+effect it would be impossible to describe."
+
+The reason of the sudden decay of this once flourishing place is found in
+the fact that its utility as a point of embarkation and debarkation for
+goods, ceased with the building of the Canal. Previous to this time it had
+been, during three parts of the year, the head of the navigation of the
+lower Ohio. Even as early as this, however, the necessity for overcoming
+the impediment to navigation occasioned by the falls was recognized and
+acted upon; and in the year 1804, a Canal Company was chartered; but
+nothing was done beyond surveys until long after this time. The subject of
+the Canal, however, was one of absorbing interest with the citizens of
+Louisville from this time forward, and various plans were proposed,
+adopted, rejected and discussed, until the incorporation of the present
+Canal Company in 1825. The movement toward removing the obstruction in the
+river in any form had its opponents, who urged that the sole commercial
+advantage to be possessed by the city consisted in the necessity for
+numerous commission and forwarding houses to receive and reship the vast
+quantities of merchandise which were to pass up and down this great
+artery. Among the many plans suggested for overcoming the break in the
+navigation of the river, one of the earliest and most strongly urged was
+one which has yet its warm and earnest adherents,--this is the
+construction of a Canal on the Indiana shore,--a plan which the citizens
+of Louisville have long since ceased to look upon except with aversion,
+but which the residents in a sister city are still urging with a violence
+which proves, contemptuously as they may speak of Louisville, that their
+fears of her as a rival city are strong enough to induce them to wish to
+cripple, if not to destroy her. Former surveys have all long since proved
+the Kentucky shore to be best suited to the purposes of a Canal, and the
+inadequacy of the present construction to the growing trade of the river
+does not seem to demonstrate the necessity for still further obstructing
+its course, even during high water, by an additional ditch on the other
+bank.
+
+Another of the plans suggested at this time, proposed the blasting of a
+channel which would unite all the water into one stream at low stages. The
+bed of the river was also surveyed to ascertain the expediency of making a
+slack water navigation by means of one or more dams or locks. All of these
+and various others were however merged in the construction of the present
+Canal, which will be noticed at the appropriate period of this history.
+
+With the next year comes another enactment of Assembly with the following
+amusing preamble:--"Whereas it is represented to the present General
+Assembly that a number of persons residing in the town of Louisville, are
+in the habit of raising, and are now possessed of large _numbers of
+Swine_, to the great injury of the citizens generally; and that there are
+a number of ponds of water in said town, which are nuisances, and
+injurious to the health of the city and the prosperity of the town: Be it
+therefore enacted--That the present Trustees of the said town, and their
+successors, or a majority of them, shall have full power and authority to
+remove the same &c." The latter of these nuisances has disappeared under
+the efforts of the "said successors," but even the distinguished Mr.
+Dickens will bear us witness that the law against the former remains to
+this day a dead letter.
+
+Another of the provisions of this same act invests the Trustees with power
+to levy a sum not exceeding eight hundred dollars for the purpose of
+repairing the streets, and in consideration thereof exempts those citizens
+from working on the streets, who shall pay an equivalent of 75 cents in
+money. It also gives the Trustees power to make regulations and by-laws
+for the proper preservation of order, to appoint a tax collector &c., and
+extends the privilege of voting for Trustees to the residents of the ten
+and twenty acre lots, thereby increasing the purlieus of the town to the
+present site of Chestnut street.
+
+In speaking of the navigation and commerce of this period, Dr. McMurtrie
+tells us that in 1806 "six keel boats and two barges; the one of thirty
+tons, belonging to Reed, of Cincinnati; the other of forty, owned by
+Instone, of Frankfort; sufficed for the carrying trade of Louisville and
+Shippingport." The rapid and almost magical increase of trade in less than
+fifty years after this will at once suggest itself to every reader.
+
+Mr. T. Cumming, the first European traveler who passed through Louisville,
+of whose record we have any knowledge, thus states his impressions of the
+town during this year. He says:--"I had thought Cincinnati one of the most
+beautiful towns I had seen in America, but Louisville, which is almost as
+large, equals it in beauty, and in the opinion of many exceeds it. It was
+considered as unhealthy, which impeded its progress until three or four
+years ago, when, probably in consequence of the country being more opened,
+bilious complaints ceased to be so frequent, and it is now considered by
+the inhabitants as healthy as any town on the river. There is a Market
+House, where is a good market every Wednesday and Saturday. Great retail
+business is done here, and much produce shipped to New Orleans."
+
+In the year 1807, we get the first mention of a newspaper published in
+Louisville. We are not able however to give any account of its origin,
+ownership or history. It is known only from an enactment of Assembly
+requiring certain laws to be published in its columns. It was called the
+"Farmer's Library." Similar mention is also made during the next year of a
+paper called "The Louisville Gazette." Whether it succeeded the "Farmer's
+Library," as the acts of Assembly would seem to show, or was cotemporary
+with it is not known; a bare mention of its name is all that is left to
+posterity. In America, the presence of the newspaper is ever the mark of
+peace, and quiet, and comfort. What to those of other nations is the
+luxury of affluent ease is to the American the earliest of necessities.
+The moment the rifle is laid aside, the newspaper is taken up. It is
+incident upon his every conquest, whether of man or of nature. The click
+of his rifle is succeeded by that of his types, and the roar of his cannon
+has hardly ceased till we hear the roll of his press.
+
+Ten years having now elapsed since a statistical table of the town has
+been examined it may not be uninteresting to furnish another list of the
+taxable property within its limits. It will be recollected that the entire
+list of 1797 amounted to £31 15s 6d. Let us now turn to the list for the
+present year as shown by the assessor's books, and mark the rapid increase
+of these ten years.
+
+  $74,000 value of lots at 10 per cent           $740 00
+  113 White Tythes at 50c                          56 50
+  82 Black    "    over 16 years, at 25c           20 50
+  83   "      "    under 16  "    at 12-1/2c       10 38
+  11 Retail Stores at $5                           55 00
+  3 Tavern Licenses at $2                           6 0
+  30 Carriage Wheels at 12-1/2c per wheel           3 75
+  2 Billiard Tables at $2 50                        5 00
+  131 Horses at 12-1/2                             16 37
+                                                 -------
+      Total                                      $913 50
+
+Without pausing to remark further on this comparative statement, we pass
+on to the next event worthy of a place in this brief chronicle. This was
+the erection of a Theater in Louisville, which occurred early in 1808. We
+have no means of ascertaining who were the original projectors of this
+enterprise, but we have the authority of Dr. McMurtrie for stating that
+until 1818, it was "but little better than a barn." At that time,
+however, it fell into the hands of the celebrated Mr. Drake, under whose
+auspices was established the golden era of the Drama in the West. Not only
+did this gentleman please the taste and gratify the judgment of his
+audience, but he absolutely created a high standard of taste and judgment
+among them, the effects of which are still perceptible here. It is chiefly
+to the education received under his management that the critical talent of
+our Theatrical audiences of to-day, so well known and so generally
+acknowledged by the profession, is owing. Many whose names are now
+prominent in histrionic art took the initiatory steps in their career
+under Mr. Drake's regime here. This Theater stood upon the North side of
+Jefferson street, between Third and Fourth, and was destroyed by fire in
+1843. For a long time previous to its destruction, however, it had ceased
+to be the resort of any but the most profligate members of society. Even
+before the destruction of the City Theater, Mr. Coleman undertook the
+erection of a new dramatic temple at the South-east corner of Green and
+Fourth streets, but from some cause did not proceed further than the
+erection of the outer walls. This unfinished building was afterwards
+purchased by Mr. Bates of Cincinnati, and was by him opened for the first
+time early in the year 1846, since when it has been regularly opened
+during a part of every year, and performances creditable alike to the
+judgement of its manager, and the taste of its audiences have been
+regularly given.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+The series of details, mostly of an uninteresting and dry nature, which
+were so hastily passed over in the last chapter seem to have been but the
+precursors to events of a character far more important to the interests of
+the city and far more agreeable to the reader. Before we approach,
+however, the one great event which opened a new theater of action to the
+city, and developed resources before undreamed of--the steam navigation of
+the Ohio. It will be necessary, to preserve the order in which this
+history has been written, to stop to notice two or three lesser matters.
+
+Louisville, having become, from her peculiar position as a half-way house
+between the North and the South, the resort of numbers of strangers, it
+became necessary establish a police for the security of persons and
+property. This was done in 1810 by the appointment of two Watchmen, John
+Ferguson and Edward Dowler, at a salary of $250 per annum; and the records
+of the time do not show that these persons held their office as a
+sinecure.
+
+The rogues having been thus placed under supervision, it became necessary
+to have a proper place for the administration of justice to them. In
+pursuance of this idea a Court House was erected in the centre of a large
+square now bounded by Fifth, Seventh, Market and Jefferson Streets. This
+building was made of brick after a plan drawn by John Gwathmey and was
+finished in 1811. The precise site of the house is now occupied by a part
+of the present Jail. It fronted on Sixth Street, and consisted of a main
+building with two wings attached. In front of the main building was a
+lofty Ionic portico, supported by four columns. Long before this building
+was removed, these columns, which were built of wood, gave convincing and
+thoroughly American proof that they had been consigned to other uses than
+those intended by their projectors. Notwithstanding their great size, the
+attacks made upon them by the _pen-knives_ of the attacheés of the court
+had actually severed one of them, and the wood within convenient reach of
+a man's hand which remained in the other three, would hardly have served
+for one day's good _whittling_. This edifice was, in its earlier days, the
+handsomest of its kind in the western country. It was pulled down in 1836,
+in order to make room for the new structure undertaken, but never
+completed, in 1837.
+
+This sublime monument of the city's folly, was begun on a scale of
+unexampled magnificence, and had it been possible to complete it, would
+have been one of the most beautiful buildings in the West. It still stands
+an almost mouldering ruin, its half-finished grandeur constantly recalling
+the parable of the foolish man who "began to build and was not able to
+finish."
+
+We come now to notice an event of vital importance, not only to
+Louisville, but to the whole West. This was the commencement of Steam
+Navigation on the western rivers. In October of 1811, Fulton's steamboat
+called the "New Orleans," intended to run from the port of that name to
+Natchez, left Pittsburg for its point of destination. At this time there
+were but two steamboats on this continent; these were the North River and
+The Clermont, and they were occupied on the Hudson River. The New Orleans
+on her first trip took neither freight nor passengers. Her inmates "were
+Mr. Roosevelt, an associate of Fulton, with his wife and family, Mr.
+Baker, the engineer, Andrew Jack, the pilot, and six hands with a few
+domestics." Her landing at Louisville is thus described in Latrobe's
+Rambler in America.
+
+"Late at night on the fourth day after quitting Pittsburg, they arrived in
+safety at Louisville, having been but seventy hours descending upwards of
+seven hundred miles. The novel appearance of the vessel, and the fearful
+rapidity with which it made its passage over the broad reaches of the
+river, excited a mixture of terror and surprise among many of the settlers
+on the banks, whom the rumor of such an invention had never reached; and
+it is related that on the unexpected arrival of the boat before
+Louisville, in the course of a fine still moonlight night, the
+extraordinary sound which filled the air as the pent-up steam was suffered
+to escape from the valves on rounding to, produced a general alarm, and
+multitudes in the town rose from their beds to ascertain the cause. I have
+heard that the general impression among the Kentuckians was, that the
+comet had fallen into the Ohio; but this does not rest upon the same
+foundation as the other facts which I lay before you, and which, I may at
+once say, I had directly from the lips of the parties themselves."
+
+The water on the falls did not allow the Orleans to pass on to Natchez and
+she consequently made use of her time of detention by making several trips
+to and from Cincinnati. Toward the last of November she was enabled to
+pass the rapids, and after having weathered out the earthquakes, reached
+Natchez about the 1st of January, 1812. This boat was finally wrecked near
+Baton Rouge, where she struck on her upward passage from New Orleans.
+
+From this event we may date the prosperity of Louisville as a fixed fact.
+At the head of ascending and the foot of descending navigation, all the
+wealth of the western country must pass through her hands. Such advantages
+as were here presented could not go unheeded. It became only necessary for
+the people to be convinced of the efficacy of steamboat navigation, and
+the opportunities held out to the capitalist by Louisville must be seen
+and embraced.
+
+But as if to counterbalance the dawning of this great good, there came
+with it a great evil; for it was in December of this year that the first
+of a series of terrible and violent earthquakes was felt at Louisville;
+these carried consternation to the hearts of all her citizens; and during
+the four months of their almost constant recurrance there was little
+either of leisure or inclination for political progress. The first of the
+shocks was felt on the 16th of December at 2 h. 15 m. in the morning. Mr.
+Jared Brookes says of it: "It seems as if the surface of the earth was
+afloat and set in motion by a slight application of immense power, but
+when this regularity is broken by a sudden cross shove, all order is
+destroyed, and a boiling action is produced, during the continuance of
+which the degree of violence is greatest, and the scene most dreadful;
+houses and other objects oscillate largely, irregularly and in different
+directions. A great noise is produced by the agitation of all the loose
+matter in town, but no other sound is heard; the general consternation is
+great, and the damage done considerable; gable ends, parapets, and
+chimneys of many houses are thrown down." The whole duration of this shock
+from the earliest tremor to the last oscillation was about four minutes.
+This shock was succeeded during the same day by two others of almost equal
+power. It is related that when it was felt, several gentlemen were amusing
+themselves with cards when some one rushed in crying, "Gentlemen, how can
+you be engaged in this way when the world is so near its end?" The
+card-table was immediately deserted for the street, where from the
+vibratory motion the very stars seemed toppling to a fall. "What a pity,"
+philosophized one of the party, "that so beautiful a world should be thus
+destroyed!" "Almost every one of them," says a historian of the incident,
+"believed that mother Earth, as she heaved and struggled, was in her last
+agony."
+
+During the prevalence of the earthquakes, it was customary to suspend some
+object so as to act as a pendulum in all the rooms and by the degree of
+its motion to determine the probable amount of danger. If the pendulum
+began to vibrate freely, the house was instantly deserted. Those who
+inhabited the loftier and statelier mansions were, at least for the time
+being, free from the envy of their humble neighbors, with whom they would
+then have freely exchanged tenements. The possession of a princely edifice
+would then have been a source of regret rather than of pride or of
+congratulation. It is said, that unlike the great calamities of other
+times, this one had a good effect upon the public morals. The reason of
+this may probably be found in the fact that while this was a source of
+constant terror and alarm, it was yet not of a character to produce that
+despair which leads men to seek to drown all thoughts of a future in the
+reckless pursuit of pleasure or of forgetfulness.
+
+Mr. Jared Brooks who preserved a faithful scientific account of these
+earthquakes refers to that of the 7th of February, 1812, as the most
+violent endured at any period during their continuance. It occurred at 3
+h. 15 m. in the morning and, as this gentleman's account says, "was
+preceded by frequent slight motions for several minutes; duration of great
+violence at least 4 minutes, then gradually moderated by exertions of
+lessening strength, but continued a constant motion more than two hours;
+then followed a succession of distinct tremors or jarrings at short
+intervals until 10 h. A. M., when, for a few seconds, a shock of some
+degree of severity, after which frequent jarrings and slight tremors
+during the day, once, at least in ten minutes. At 8 h. 10 m. P. M. a shock
+of second-rate violence, and during some minutes two others at equal
+periods, connected by continual tremor of considerable severity; the last
+shock was violent in the first degree, but of too short duration to do
+much injury. At 10 h. 10 m. P. M, after frequent considerable motions, the
+shock comes on violent in the second degree, strengthens to tremendous,
+holds at that about seven seconds, then trembles away, severe about five
+minutes; frequent tremors follow, and a shock of third-rate violence. The
+action then ceases for a time." With one more extract from Mr. Brooks, we
+shall conclude this account of the celebrated earthquakes of 1811. This is
+a table showing the number and relative value of all the earthquakes
+experienced here. It is preceded by a lucid explanation of the degrees of
+violence referred to in the table, and shows at a glance the number and
+intensity of the shocks.
+
+"_First-Rate._--Most tremendous, so as to threaten the destruction of the
+town, and which would soon effect it, should the action continue with the
+same degree of violence; buildings oscillate largely and irregularly, and
+grind against each other; the walls split and begin to yield; chimneys,
+parapets and gable ends break in various directions and topple to the
+ground.
+
+"_Second-Rate._--Less violent, but very severe.
+
+"_Third-Rate._--Moderate, but alarming to people generally.
+
+"_Fourth-Rate._--Perceptible to the feeling of those who are still and not
+subject to other motion or sort of jarring, that may resemble this.
+
+"_Sixth-Rate._--Although often causing a strange sort of sensation,
+absence, and sometimes gidiness, the motion is not to be ascertained
+positively; but by the vibrators or other objects placed for that
+purpose.
+
+TABLE.
+
+  +----------------------------------------------------------------+
+  |End of each Week| 1st | 2d | 3d | 4th | 5th | 6th Rate.| Total. |
+  |----------------|-----|----|----|-----|-----|----------|--------|
+  | December 22    |  3  |  2 |  3 |  1  |  12 |      66  |    87  |
+  |     "    29    |  0  |  0 |  0 |  0  |   6 |     150  |   156  |
+  | January   5    |  0  |  1 |  2 |  9  |   3 |     119  |   134  |
+  |    "     12    |  0  |  1 |  0 | 10  |   0 |     150  |   161  |
+  |    "     19    |  0  |  0 |  0 |  4  |   6 |      55  |    65  |
+  |    "     26    |  1  |  1 |  7 |  2  |   2 |      78  |    91  |
+  | February  2    |  1  |  0 |  4 |  6  |   7 |     191  |   209  |
+  |      "    9    |  3  |  5 |  7 |  5  |  15 |     140  |   175  |
+  |      "   16    |  0  |  0 |  3 |  6  |  12 |      65  |    86  |
+  |      "   23    |  0  |  0 |  4 |  6  |   4 |     278  |   292  |
+  | March     1    |  0  |  0 |  1 |  4  |   8 |     126  |   139  |
+  |   "       8    |  0  |  0 |  2 |  9  |   8 |      39  |    58  |
+  |   "      15    |  0  |  0 |  2 |  3  |   6 |     210  |   221  |
+  |----------------|-----|----|----|-----|-----|----------|--------|
+  |       Total    |  8  | 10 | 35 | 65  |  89 |    1667  |  1874  |
+  +----------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+The good effect which, as before mentioned, was produced upon the morals
+of the town by this succession of dangers does not seem to have been of
+permanent value if we may credit a writer in the Bedford Pa. Gazette, in
+the year 1814, who makes himself very merry over what he is pleased to
+term the "devout paroxisms" of the good citizens of this place, as will
+appear by the following communication.
+
+He says: "At Louisville, in the State of Kentucky, a town about four times
+as large as Bedford, they have no church. When the earthquake gave them
+the first shock, they grew very devout in one night; and on the next day
+with long faces, they subscribed a thousand dollars to build a house of
+public worship. Thus the matter rested until the second shock came, when
+another devout paroxism produced another thousand dollars. It rested again
+till a third earthquake and devout fit produced another subscription to
+the same amount. There was no more of the matter. The earthquake did not
+return, and the Louisvillians concluded the devil would not send for them
+for a few years more, and in the mean time determined to be merry. They
+immediately built a theater, which cost them seven thousand dollars, and
+employed a company of actors, the offscourings of maratime city theaters.
+To this company they gave about five hundred dollars per week, till at
+length the actors, instead of raising the curtain, broke through it and
+broke each other's heads with sticks, and the heads of some of the
+auditors who interfered. The earthquakes have lately begun to shake
+Louisville again, but whether they laugh or pray I have not heard."
+
+The Western Courier, published at Louisville, copies this article, with
+some stringent remarks upon its contents; and attributes the authorship of
+it to some actor whose efforts in his profession had not been duly honored
+by the people whom he villifies. Who is in the right in this matter it is
+now impossible to say; but it is certain that the author of the article in
+question is guilty of an anachronism, for it will be remembered that the
+theater was built previous to the commencement of the earthquakes. It is,
+however, unquestionably true that the theater was built several years
+before a church edifice of any kind was attempted.
+
+The newspaper from which this article was copied was commenced here in
+October or November of 1810, by Nicholas Clarke. It was published weekly
+at three dollars per annum, and contained for the most part little else
+than news of the wars, acts of Assembly and of Congress, and
+advertisements. In 1814, Mann Butler joined Mr. Clarke in the editorship
+of the paper, but did not continue long in his chair. The Louisville
+Correspondent was issued at about the same time, and edited by Col. E. C.
+Barry. It was discontinued in 1817. It is believed that there are no files
+of it in existence now.
+
+Reference to all the early files of newspapers published at this day, will
+show how gradual and yet how certain was the progress of steamboat
+navigation on the Ohio. The arrival of every boat was carefully noted and
+always accompanied with a great flourish of trumpets and a renewed eulogy
+on the wonders of the new invention. Much credit is due to Capt. H. M.
+Shreve, lately of St. Louis, for his indefatigable and successful
+endeavors to improve as well as to enlarge this prominent branch of
+commerce. As is well known, Fulton and Livingston held a patent for the
+entire right to navigate all the rivers in the United Stages for a certain
+number of years. But Mr. Shreve, seeing the injustice of this grant and
+doubting its legality, openly defied it; and finally, after much effort
+and not a little pecuniary loss, succeeded in 1816 in removing the grant
+and throwing open the navigation of the public highways to all. It will
+not be uninteresting to the reader, while upon this fruitful topic, to
+glance at a list of all the steamboats employed upon the western waters
+until 1819. This list is copied from Dr. McMurtrie, whose data is not
+always implicitly reliable. It has however been corrected as far as was
+practicable at this remote period. The present tense, whenever employed,
+is meant to refer to the year 1819.
+
+STEAMBOATS EMPLOYED ON THE WESTERN WATERS FROM 1812 TO 1819.
+
+1st. _The Orleans_--the first boat built at Pittsburg, owned by and
+constructed under the superintendence of Mr. Fulton. Sailed from Pittsburg
+in October, 1811, and arrived at her destination, Natchez, about the 1st
+January, 1812. She ran between New Orleans and Natchez about two years,
+making her voyages to average seventeen days; was wrecked near Baton
+Rouge, where she sunk on the upward bound passage; 400 tons burthen.
+
+2d. _The Comet_--owned by Samuel Smith; built at Pittsburg by Daniel
+French; stern-wheel and vibrating cylinder; on French's patent granted in
+1809. The Comet made a voyage to Louisville in the summer of 1813; and
+descended to New Orleans in the Spring of 1814; made two voyages to
+Natchez, and was sold; the engine put up in a cotton gin; 45 tons burthen.
+
+3d. The _Vesuvius_--built at Pittsburg by Fulton, and owned by a company
+of gentlemen belonging to New York and New Orleans. Sailed from New
+Orleans in the Spring of 1814, commanded by Captain Frank Ogden. She was
+then employed some months between New Orleans and Natchez, under the
+command of Captain Clemmont, who was succeeded by Captain John DeHart;
+shortly after she took fire, near the city of New Orleans and burned to
+the water's edge; having a valuable cargo on board. She was afterwards
+raised and built upon at New Orleans. She has since been in the Louisville
+trade, and has lately been sold to a company at Natchez; 390 tons burthen.
+
+4th. The _Enterprise_--built at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, on the
+Monongahela, by Daniel French, on his patent, and owned by a company at
+that place. She made two voyages to Louisville in the summer of 1814,
+under the command of Captain J. Gregg. On the first of December she took
+in a cargo of ordinance stores at Pittsburg, and sailed for New Orleans,
+commanded by Captain H. M. Shreve, and arrived at New Orleans on the 14th
+of the same month. She made one voyage to the Gulf of Mexico as a cartel;
+one voyage to the rapids of Red River with troops; nine voyages to
+Natchez; set out for Pittsburgh on the 6th May, and arrived at
+Shippingport on the 30th, (25 days out,) being the first steamboat that
+ever arrived at that port from New Orleans. From thence she proceeded on
+to Pittsburgh, and the command was given to Captain D. Wooley, who lost
+her about twelve months after in Rock harbor at Shippingport; 45 tons
+burthen.
+
+5th. _Etna_--built at Pittsburg, and owned by the same company as the
+_Vesuvius_; sailed from Pittsburg for New Orleans in March, 1815, under
+the command of Captain A. Gale, and arrived in April following; continued
+in the Natchez trade. Was then commanded by Captain R. De Hart, who made
+six voyages in her to Louisville; and is now commanded by Captain A. Gale
+in the same trade.
+
+6th. The _Dispatch_--built at Brownsville, on French's patent, and owned
+by the same company as the _Enterprise_. She made several voyages from
+Pittsburg to Louisville, and one from New Orleans to Shippingport, where
+she now lies a wreck, her engine out; was commanded by Captain J. Gregg;
+25 tons burthen.
+
+7th and 8th. The _Buffalo_, 300 tons; and _James Monroe_, 90 tons; built
+at Pittsburg by Latrobe, for a company at New York, but failed in
+finishing them. They were sold at Sheriff's sale, and fell into the hands
+of Mr. Whiting, and finished by him with engines; both dull sailers.
+
+9th. _Washington_--a two-decker; built at Wheeling, Virginia; constructed
+and partly owned by Captain H. M. Shreve; her engine was made at
+Brownsville, under the immediate direction of Captain Shreve. Her boilers
+are on the upper deck, being the first boat on that plan, and is a
+valuable improvement by Captain Shreve, which is now generally in use. The
+Washington crossed the falls in September, 1816, commanded by Captain
+Shreve, went to New Orleans, and returned to Louisville in the winter. In
+the month of March, 1817, she left Shippingport a second time, proceeded
+to New Orleans, and returned to Shippingport, being absent but 45 days.
+This was the trip that convinced the despairing public that steamboat
+navigation would succeed on the western waters. She has since been running
+with similar success in the same trade; 400 tons burthen.
+
+10th. The _Franklin_--built at Pittsburg, by Messrs. Shires and Cromwell;
+engine built by George Evans; sailed from Pittsburg in December 1816; was
+sold at New Orleans, and has been in the Louisville and St. Louis trade
+since that time; she was sunk in the Mississippi near St. Genevieve a few
+months since, under the command of Captain Reed, on her way to St. Louis;
+150 tons burthen.
+
+11th. The _Oliver Evans_; (now the _Constitution_,) 75 tons; was built at
+Pittsburg by Mr. George Evans; engine his patent. She left Pittsburg in
+December, 1816, for New Orleans; in 1817 she burst one of her boilers, off
+Coupee, by which eleven men lost their lives, principally passengers. Has
+done but little since. Is now owned by Mr. George Sutton and others of
+Pittsburg; 75 tons burthen.
+
+12th. The _Harriet_--built at Pittsburg; owned and constructed by Mr.
+Armstrong, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. She sailed from Pittsburg,
+October, 1816, for New Orleans, and crossed the falls in March, 1817; made
+one voyage to New Orleans, and has since run between that place and the
+Muscle Shoals; 40 tons burthen.
+
+13th. The _Pike_--a small boat built by Mr. Prentiss, of Henderson,
+Kentucky; run some time from Louisville to St. Louis; from thence in the
+Red River trade. Was lost on a sawyer, March, 1818; 25 tons burthen.
+
+14th. The _Kentucky_--built at Frankfort, Kentucky, and owned by Hanson
+and Boswell; in the Louisville trade; 80 tons burthen.
+
+15th. The _Gov. Shelby_--built at Louisville, Kentucky, by Messrs. Gray,
+Gwathmey and Gretsinger; Bolton and Watt's engine. Now performing very
+successfully in the Louisville trade; 120 tons burthen.
+
+16th. The _New Orleans_--built at Pittsburg in 1817, by Fulton and
+Livingston; in the Natchez trade. Near Baton Rouge, she was sunk and
+raised again, and sunk at New Orleans in Feb. 1819, about two months after
+her sinking near Baton Rouge; 300 tons burthen.
+
+17th. The _George Madison_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, by Messrs.
+Voorhies, Mitchell, Rodgers, and Todd, of Frankfort, Kentucky; in the
+Louisville trade: 200 tons burthen.
+
+18th. The _Ohio_--built at New Albany by Messrs. Shreve and Blair; in the
+Louisville trade; 443 tons burthen.
+
+19th. The _Napoleon_--built at Shippingport in 1818, by Messrs. Shreve,
+Miller, and Breckenridge, of Louisville; in the Louisville trade; 332 tons
+burthen.
+
+20th. The _Volcano_--built at New Albany, by Messrs. John and Robertson De
+Hart, in 1808; in the Louisville trade; 250 tons burthen.
+
+21st. The _Gen. Jackson_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+R. Whiting of Pittsburg, and Gen. Carroll of Tennessee; in the Nashville
+trade; 200 tons burthen.
+
+22d. The _Eagle_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, owned by Messrs. James
+Berthoud and Son, of Shippingport, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 70
+tons burthen.
+
+23d. The _Hecla_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs. Honore
+and Barbaroux, of Louisville, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 70 tons
+burthen.
+
+24th. The _Henderson_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Bowens, of Henderson, Kentucky; in the Henderson and Louisville trade; 85
+tons burthen.
+
+25th. The _Johnson_--built at Wheeling in 1818, by George White, and owned
+by Messrs. J. and R. Johnson, of Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 90
+tons burthen.
+
+26th. The _Cincinnati_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Peniwit and Burns, of Cincinnati, and Messrs. Paxton and Co. of New
+Albany; in the Louisville trade; 120 tons burthen.
+
+27th. The _Exchange_--built at Louisville in 1818, and owned by David L.
+Ward, of Jefferson county, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 200 tons
+burthen.
+
+28th. The _Louisiana_--built at New Orleans in 1818, and owned by Mr.
+Duplissa of New Orleans; in the Natchez trade; 45 tons burthen.
+
+29th. The _James Ross_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Whiting and Stackpole, of Pittsburg; in the Louisville trade. This boat
+has lately made a trip from New Orleans to Shippingport, in sixteen days
+and a half, having lost sixty one hours and eight minutes in discharging
+cargo on the way. Had on board 200 tons cargo; 330 tons burthen.
+
+30th. The _Frankfort_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Voorhies and Mitchell of Frankfort, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 320
+tons burthen.
+
+31st. The _Tamerlane_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Boggs and Co., of New York; in the Louisville trade; 320 tons burthen.
+
+32d. The _Cedar Branch_--built in 1818, and owned at Maysville, Kentucky;
+in the Louisville trade; 250 tons burthen.
+
+33d. The _Experiment_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned at that
+place; 40 tons burthen.
+
+34th The _St Louis_--built at Shippingport in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Hewes, Douglass, Johnson and others; in the St. Louis trade; 220 tons
+burthen.
+
+35th. The _Vesta_--built at Cincinnati in 1817, and owned by Captain
+Jenkins of that place; in the Louisville trade; 100 tons burthen.
+
+36th. The _Rifleman_--built at Louisville in 1819, and owned by Messrs.
+Butler and Barners, of Russelville, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 250
+tons burthen.
+
+37th. The _Alabama_--a small boat, built on Lake Ponchetrane in 1818; in
+the Red River trade.
+
+38th. The _Rising States_--built at Pittsburg in 1819, and owned by W. F.
+Peterson and Co., of Louisville; in the Louisville trade.
+
+39th. The _General Pike_--built at Cincinnati in 1819, intended to ply
+between Louisville, Cincinnati, and Maysville, as a packet, and owned by a
+company in Cincinnati.
+
+40th. The _Independence_--owned by Captain Nelson, and intended to ply
+between Louisville and St. Louis.
+
+41st. The _United States_--built at Jeffersonville, Indiana, in 1819;
+owned by Hart and others, and has two separate engines, made in England.
+She is doubtless the finest merchant steamboat in the universe, drawing
+but little water, and capable of carrying 3000 bales of cotton; in the
+Louisville trade; 700 tons burthen.
+
+The interest of this subject and the quantity of material which presses
+upon us in regard to it have for awhile led us to forget the proper order
+of our history, to which it will be necessary now to revert. Commencing
+then with 1811 we have first to record the erection of a Catholic Chapel
+by the Rev. Mr. Badin. This building was situated upon a lot given by Mr.
+Tarascon, near the present corner of Eleventh and Main streets. It was
+built in the Gothic style, and was a small edifice. The lot upon which it
+stood was used as the cemetery of the church, and many years afterward in
+digging out Eleventh street; skulls, bones, and portions of bodies were
+thrown up from this graveyard.
+
+With the opening of the year 1812, was commenced the first Bank ever
+instituted in Louisville. This was the branch of the Bank of Kentucky.
+Previous to this, there was an unincorporated establishment named the
+Louisville Bank, whose capital of about 75,000 dollars was thrown into
+this Bank, with an addition of 25,000 dollars, making for the first
+incorporated Bank a capital of 100,000 dollars. This bank was situated on
+the North side of Main street, near the corner of Fifth, and was under the
+direction of Thomas Prather,[11] President, and John Bustard, Cashier. An
+additional impetus was also given to the commercial prosperity of the town
+by the establishment, during this year, of an iron foundry by Mr. Paul
+Skidmore. The attention of this foundry was directed to casting gudgeons
+for water and horse mills, dog and smoothing irons, and odd oven lids.
+From this small beginning arose that branch of industry now so large and
+of so vital importance to the city. A brief sketch of the progress of
+foundries since that time may be interesting to the reader. Mr. Skidmore
+was succeeded by Joshua Headington, who continued the same description of
+business with little if any improvement until 1817, when he was in his
+turn succeeded by Prentiss and Bakewell, who undertook the building of
+Steam engines, getting a part of the machinery from Philadelphia, and a
+part from Pittsburg, but they did not succeed very satisfactorily until
+1825, when they built some engines for small boats which performed
+respectably. These gentlemen dissolved their connection about 1826. Mr.
+Prentiss continued the business a short time alone, and then sold one half
+of his establishment to Jacob Keffer, who was to superintend the foundry.
+In 1831, this foundry ceased operations, and Messrs. D. L. Beatty, John
+Curry, and Jacob Beckwith built a foundry and carried on successfully the
+casting and steam engine business. These gentlemen erected the first air
+furnace which ever proved of any value; built the first regular
+boring-mill, and substituted the blowing cylinder instead of the common
+wood and leather bellows. There are now six foundries for building
+steam-engines and machinery of all kinds in full operation, beside six
+extensive Stove Foundries.
+
+The legislature of the State passed an act during this year ordering Main
+street to be paved from cross No. 3 to cross No. 6, at the expense of the
+owners of lots fronting on said street. While the paving was progressing
+agreeably to this order, an honest Scotchman came by from the vicinity
+with a loaded wagon. "What'll ye be doin' there?" was his salutation to
+the superintendent of the work. "Paving the street," was the answer.
+"Pavin', do ye say, weel, weel, when it's done, I'll willinly pay my peart
+o' it, for I hae had awfu' wark gettin' through it a' before." It is not
+recorded whether this honest gentleman was called on for his "peart," but
+it is presumed he was enabled to enjoy these advantages gratis.
+
+It was also about this period that a Methodist church was built in this
+place. This church is the one referred to in the communication published a
+few pages previous. It was the second church of any kind ever built in the
+city, and was erected by the subscriptions of all the citizens. It was
+under the direction of the Methodists, but was opened to ministers of all
+denominations. It was situated on the North side of Market street between
+Seventh and Eighth. The house has since been converted into a dwelling and
+is still standing. It was soon found to be too small to accommodate the
+growing population of the town and was accordingly sold, and the present
+Fourth street Methodist Church built with the proceeds of that sale,
+assisted by the subscriptions of the citizens. This latter building was
+erected in 1815.
+
+In 1814 the town of Portland was laid out by Alexander Ralston, for the
+proprietor William Lytle. It was originally divided into Portland proper,
+and the enlargement of Portland. The lots in Portland proper were all half
+acre lots, and when laid out, were sold for two hundred dollars each. In
+1819 they had advanced to about one thousand dollars. The lots in the
+enlargement were three-fourths of an acre, and were sold at three hundred
+dollars each. This town was not established by law until 1834, and in 1837
+it was adjoined to the city. It has fulfilled the office of a suburb to
+Louisville, but has never at any time held prominent importance among
+towns, and is chiefly worthy of notice now as a point of landing for the
+largest class of New Orleans boats at seasons when the stage of the river
+will not allow them to pass over the rapids. Although it was at one time
+predicted that "its future destinies might be regarded as those of a
+highly flourishing and important town," it has never equalled the least
+sanguine hopes of its friends. It has no history of its own worthy of
+relation.
+
+During the same year the town of New Albany, in the State of Indiana,
+opposite to Portland, was laid out by its proprietors, the Messrs.
+Scribner. Its progress at first was slow, but the many advantages which it
+presented (firstly its extremely healthy location, and secondly the great
+quantity and excellent quality of ship timber in its vicinity,) soon
+established its prosperity. In 1819 it contained a population of about
+1000 souls, and had 150 dwelling houses. A historian of this latter period
+asserts that the inhabitants are _all_ either Methodists or Presbyterians.
+It has now grown to be one of the most important towns in Indiana, and
+still promises renewed and increased prosperity. It would be hardly fair
+to class this flourishing city as a suburb of Louisville, and yet the two
+are so intimately connected that the prosperity or adversity of the one
+cannot but affect the other. The value of those relations will be shown
+hereafter.
+
+Some idea may be formed of the commercial prosperity of the town at this
+period by reference to the following manifest of the Barges and Keel
+boats, arrived at this port during the three months, ending July 18th,
+1814. There arrived during that period, 12 barges, in all 524 tons
+burthen, and 7 keel boats, in all 132 tons. The following is a manifest of
+cargoes delivered by these boats during that period.
+
+  813 bales Cotton,
+  26 bbls. and kegs fish,
+  28 cases Wine,
+  1 bbl.    "
+  1 bag and 1 bbl. Allspice,
+  6 ceroons Cochineal,
+  1 demij. and 1 bbl. lime juice,
+  1 Bale Bear Skins,
+  28 boxes Steel,
+  438 hhds. Sugar,
+  1267 bbls. Sugar,
+  12 Boxes     "
+  1 bbl. Fish Oil,
+  2 bags Pepper,
+  28 bales Wool,
+  21   "   Hides,
+  453  "     "  dry,
+  1 bbl. Rice,
+  5 bbls. Molasses,
+  128 bbls. Coffee,
+  339 bags    "
+  5 cases Preserves,
+  29 bbls. Indigo,
+  2 ceroons  "
+  6 tons Logwood,
+  18000 lbs. pig cop'r,
+  1 box Crockery,
+  The probable value of these articles was estimated at $266,015.
+
+It was during the same year that Messrs. Jacob and Hikes put into
+successful operation a paper mill at this point. The Western Courier was
+issued on paper manufactured at this mill.
+
+A very great barrier to the progress of the town at this period consisted
+in its great unhealthiness. Owing to the vast reservoirs of standing water
+which still remained in and about the town, there was a great deal of
+bilious and remittent fever, "often sufficiently aggravated to entitle it
+to the name of _yellow fever_." It will be recollected that reference has
+been heretofore made to this subject. At this period, a new alarm was
+raised, and it was found difficult to get people even to bring produce to
+the markets of the town. Acclimation was considered, and indeed _was_
+absolutely necessary. The newspapers of the day teem with indignation at
+the course pursued by the neighboring and rival towns in circulating
+aggravated accounts of the progress of disease here. But even the warmest
+friends of Louisville did not pretend to deny that it was extremely
+unhealthy. One of these writing soon after this date, says: "To affirm
+that Louisville is a healthy place would be absurd, but it is much more so
+than the thousand tongues of fame would make us believe; and as many of
+the causes which prevent it from becoming perfectly so, can be removed, a
+few years hence may find the favorable alterations accomplished, and so do
+away with the general impression of its being the grave-yard of the
+Western country." As is well known, this prediction has been verified, and
+from the reputation of a grave-yard, Louisville has now everywhere
+attained the title of the most healthy city in America.
+
+With the commencement of the next year, 1815, we are again enabled to give
+the following very accurate tabular view of the political position of the
+city. The following table will clearly show its past growth, and give an
+accurate idea of its size, commerce, and manufactures at that time.
+
+  24 Merchantile Stores,
+  1 Book           do,
+  1 Auction and Commission, store,
+  1 Clothing store,
+  1 Leather    do,
+  1 Druggist's do,
+  1 Plan maker,
+  1 Carding and Spinning factory,
+  1 Tin Shop,
+  4 Bazars,
+  4 Rope Walks,
+  4 High Schools,
+  1 Theater,
+  5 Medicine shops,
+  8 Boot makers,
+  4 Cabinet makers,
+  2 Coach    do,
+  1 Gun Smith,
+  1 Silver do,
+  2 Printing offices,
+  1 Soap factory,
+  1 Air foundry,
+  4 Bakers,
+  2 Tobacco factories,
+  6 Brick Yards,
+  1 Tan Yard,
+  3 House Painters,
+  4 Chair makers,
+  5 Tailors,
+  5 Hatters,
+  3 Saddlers,
+  2 Coppersmiths,
+  1 Steam Saw mill,
+  1 Nail factory,
+  6 Blacksmiths,
+  1 Brewer,
+  1 Bagging factory,
+  1 Stone ware, do,
+  1 Meth. church,
+  2 Taverns, (inferior to none in the Western country, and several
+      others of less note.)
+
+The only other event belonging to this year which may be considered worthy
+of note was the arrival on the 1st of June of the steamboat Enterprize,
+Captain Shreve, _only 25 days from New Orleans_! This trip then so
+astonishingly speedy is made the subject of remark in the newspapers of
+the day, and Captain Shreve is every where congratulated on "the _celerity
+and safety_ with which his boat ascends and descends the currents of these
+mighty waters." These congratulations or at least a part of them were
+received just in time, for in about a year afterwards, this same gentleman
+proved that his navigation was not always alike _safe_ and speedy. On the
+3d June, 1816, he was in command of the steamer Washington, bound from
+Pittsburg for Louisville, when she met with the first serious disaster
+which had ever occurred in the steamboat navigation of the Ohio. When near
+Wheeling this boat burst her cylinder-head, killing seven persons and
+injuring several others, Capt. Shreve among the latter number. This
+accident elicited a degree of sympathy and occasioned an amount of alarm,
+which a much more severe steamboat disaster would now fail to produce.
+
+The following announcement from one of the newspapers of the day, gives an
+account of the launching of the first steamboat ever built at this point;
+and shows that despite of accident and danger, the citizens had fairly
+embarked in a business that has since been so productive to the interests
+of the city. "On Monday the 3d of July, was safely launched from her
+stocks, at the mouth of Beargrass into her destined element, the elegant
+new steamboat Gov. Shelby, owned by Messrs. Gray, Gwathmey, Gretsinger
+and Ruble of this town. The Gov. Shelby is intended as a regular trader
+between this place and New Orleans, is of 122 tons burden, and is thought
+by judges to be one of the handsomest models, which does great credit to
+her constructors, Messrs. Desmarie and McClary."
+
+It was at this period that the old banking system was in the zenith of its
+power. The whole country was flooded with paper money of all kinds and of
+all denominations. Specie currency was almost entirely out of circulation,
+having been supplanted by private bills, worthless bank notes, and all
+other kinds of "shin plasters." This sort of currency was the occasion of
+innumerable disasters; all confidence was destroyed in the community, and
+pecuniary transactions were of course limited. The scarcity of silver was
+the subject of much merriment as well as the cause of grievous distress.
+At one time a specie Spanish dollar is advertised as a curiosity, and the
+citizens are invited to witness an exhibition of it; at another, a
+merchant promises to show, gratis, four silver Spanish coins to all who
+will call and purchase at his store. The tradesmen generally, however,
+took a more serious view of the matter; and on the 29th August, 1816,
+called upon the Merchants and Mechanics of the town "to assemble at the
+Union Hotel on Saturday afternoon at 6 P. M., to take into consideration
+the measures necessary to be adopted to check the circulation of private
+bills, &c." The result of this meeting, however, never transpired; and as
+the shin-plaster currency continued its baleful operations for many years
+afterward, it is to be supposed that the Merchants and Mechanics of
+Louisville either could not concert, or could not execute the aforesaid
+"necessary measures."
+
+Notwithstanding, however, all the disadvantages accruing from this state
+of disordered currency, the year did not pass by without adding another to
+the increasing list of manufactories in the town. This other was an
+immense distillery, organized by a company formed in New England, and
+incorporated by the legislature of this State. It was called the "Hope
+Distillery," and had a capital of $100,000 dollars, with the liberty of
+increasing it to double that amount. This Company purchased one hundred
+acres of ground at the lower end of Main street, opposite to the
+commencement of Portland Avenue, and erected immense buildings thereon,
+intending to conduct their business on a more extensive scale than any
+before established in the United States. This enormous establishment
+however did not realize the expectations of its proprietors, and the
+project was abandoned. The buildings remained almost tenantless and
+useless for many years. They were finally burned.
+
+As if to counterbalance the prospective evil likely to be produced by this
+enormous manufactory of "poison for soul and body," there was established
+about the same time the first Presbyterian Church in Louisville. It was
+organized by exactly sixteen members, but it was not until the next year
+that a building was erected for them. The acts of the legislature of this
+year also incorporated a Louisville Library Company.
+
+The account of the year 1816 will be closed with an extract from the
+travels of Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon, the title-page of whose book
+represents him as deputed by thirty-nine English families to ascertain
+whether any or what parts of the United States would be agreeable to them
+as a future residence. His account of the town is of course honest, so far
+as he is concerned, and unprejudiced, and as such is entitled to its share
+of consideration. At any rate he treats the subject more in detail than
+most foreign travelers have done. He says: "Having been twice in
+Louisville, I boarded at both hotels; Allen's Washington Hall, and
+Gwathing's [Gwathmey's] Indian Queen. They are similar establishments, and
+both on a very large scale; the former averages 80 boarders per diem; and
+the latter 140. The hotels are conducted differently here from those with
+which you are acquainted. The place for washing is in the open yard, where
+there is a large cistern, several towels, and a negro in attendance. The
+sleeping rooms commonly contain from 4 to 8 bedsteads, having matresses
+upon them, but frequently no feather beds, sheets of calico, two blankets
+and a quilt, (either a cotton counterpane or a patchwork quilt.) The
+bedsteads have no curtains, and the rooms are generally unprovided with
+any conveniences. The public rooms are the news room, boot room, in which
+the bar is situated, and the dining room. The fires are generally
+surrounded by parties of six, who get and keep possession of them. The
+usual custom is to pace up and down the bar room as people walk the deck
+at sea. Smoking cigars is practised by all without exception, and at every
+hour of the day. Argument is of rare occurrence, and social intercourse
+seems still more unusual. Conversation on general topics, or the taking
+enlarged or enlightened views of things rarely occurs; each man is in
+pursuit of his own individual interest, and follows it in an
+individualized manner. But to return to the taverns; at half past seven
+o'clock the first bell rings for collecting the boarders; at eight the
+second bell rings, breakfast is then set, the dining room is unlocked, a
+general rush commences, and some activity as well as dexterity is
+essentially necessary to obtain a seat at the table. A boy, as clerk,
+attends to take down the names, in order that when the bills are settled
+no improper deduction should be made. The breakfast consists of a profuse
+supply of fish, flesh, and fowl, which is consumed with a rapidity truly
+extraordinary. Often before I had finished my first cup of tea, the room,
+before crowded to suffocation, was empty. The dinner which takes place at
+2 o'clock, and the supper which is eaten at six is conducted in the same
+manner as the breakfast. At table there is no conversation and no
+drinking. The latter is effected by individuals taking their solitary
+eye-openers, toddy, or phlegm dispersers at the bar, the keeper of which
+is in full employ from sunrise till bed-time which is always at ten
+o'clock. Liquor here is never drunk _neat_ or with sugar and warm water."
+
+Speaking of the society of Louisville, the same Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon
+takes it upon himself to say: "I do not feel myself competent to confirm
+or to deny the general claim of the people of this town to generosity and
+warmth of character. Of their habits I would also wish to speak with equal
+diffidence, [and here is a proof of it!] but that they drink a great deal,
+swear a great deal, and gamble a great deal, is very apparent to a very
+brief resident. There is a great lack of amusement in Louisville; the
+only one I saw was called 'Gander Pulling,' which is thus conducted. Tie a
+live gander to a tree or pole and grease its neck, then ride past at full
+gallop, and he who succeeds in pulling off the head of the victim,
+receives the victory, the reward of which is the body of the gander. I
+think I have heard of a similar _pastime_ as practiced in Holland. But
+these," generously adds Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon, "are not to be taken as
+unmixed characteristics."
+
+By dint of great exertions on the part of the inhabitants of the town,
+they at last succeeded in procuring the location of a branch bank of the
+United States at this point. This bank was opened in 1817 under the
+auspices of the following gentlemen: Stephen Ormsby, President; Wm.
+Cochran, Cashier; G. C. Gwathmey, Teller; Alfred Thruston, First
+Bookkeeper; Thomas Bullitt, D. L. Ward, Richard Furguson, M. D., Norburn,
+B. Beale, Thomas Prather, John H. Clark, Henry Massie, Charles S. Todd,
+Wm. S. Vernon, James C. Johnson, M. D., John Gwathmey and James D.
+Breckinridge, Directors. It was situated at the north-east corner of Fifth
+and Main Streets. This bank does not however seem to have been more
+agreeable to the citizens than were its predecessors. "It is very
+evident," says the first historian of the city, "that the people of this
+country are ruining themselves by banking institutions as fast as they
+cleverly can." The history of this bank does not present any different
+features from that of its sister branches.
+
+The next important event in this year was the building of the Presbyterian
+Church. This edifice was erected on the west side of Fourth Street,
+between Market and Jefferson, on the north-west corner of the alley. It
+was a neat, plain, but spacious building. The interior was divided into
+three rows of pews, and was furnished with galleries on three sides; the
+exterior was brick, and was adorned with a steeple in which was a belfry
+and a superb bell. Its first pastor was Rev. D. C. Banks. This church was
+destroyed by fire in 1836. All who were residents in the city at that time
+will remember this conflagration. The building took fire in the evening
+during a meeting of the church. The efforts of the citizens to preserve it
+from destruction were energetic and continued, but unavailing. When it was
+found that it was no longer possible to save the building, all efforts
+were directed toward the preservation of the bell. This splendid
+instrument, the first large bell ever in the city, was esteemed and
+venerated to a degree far beyond that which is usually felt for inanimate
+objects; it had a hold upon the affections of all ages, sexes and classes
+of people, as well the inhabitants as those who visited the city
+periodically. It was used to announce all public tidings, whether of
+meetings, fires, or deaths. Its clear and silvery notes were heard for
+miles around, and brought joy, or terror, or wo to a thousand hearts; all
+within the sound of its mighty tongue had learned to know and love its
+voice; and now, that its destruction was threatened, a thousand hearts
+thrilled with fear of its loss or throbbed with hope of its salvation.
+Still the devouring element crept on apace, and still, like the old
+sacristan of Saint Nicholas, stood the ringer at his post, and still went
+on the loud clanging alarum of the bell. Soon the pillars which supported
+the dome of the belfry were wrapt in sheets of flame, but the alarm peal
+still rang on as if the imprisoned monster was yet undespairing, and cried
+aloud "to the rescue!" Then the falling timbers and flakes of fire drove
+the ringer from his post. For a while the bell still pealed on "in a
+clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire," till at last the wheel on
+which it hung was wrapped in flames. Then came its despair, and as spoke
+after spoke burnt from the wheel, it slowly tolled--tolled its own
+death-knell; heedless it was of the brilliant coruscations of flame that
+fell in showers around it, as the covering of the dome broke from its
+fastenings and shot upward in the light and then fell, leaving a train of
+fire to mark its path; heedless of the soaring flames, of the upgazing
+crowd; thinking only of its approaching dissolution. Slowly and solemnly
+it tolled the funeral knell, and with the last stroke of its hammer, and
+the last dazzling off-shoot from the dome, tower, bell, and dome all came
+down with a tremendous crash. The crowd had ceased to work, had ceased to
+speak; all eyes were upon the self-ringing bell, and all felt the poetic
+power and beauty of the incident. And now that it was fallen, no single
+voice sent up the hurrah, no rude sound desecrated the moment. The engines
+again began their combat, and all went on as before. The bell was the next
+day exhumed from its bed and carried away by piecemeal to be kept as
+relics of the incident of its death-struggle.
+
+The second event of this year was the incorporation of a hospital company
+which consisted of twelve prominent citizens, who were authorized to
+obtain a sum not exceeding $50,000, to be applied to this purpose. Mr.
+Thos. Prather contributed five, and Mr. Cuthbert Bullitt two acres of land
+as a site for the institution. This establishment was supported by a duty
+of two per cent, on auction sales in Louisville. Its interests are fully
+set forth in the wretchedly written preamble of the act incorporating it,
+which is as follows:
+
+"Whereas it is represented, that of those engaged in navigating the Ohio
+and Mississippi rivers, many persons, owing to the fatigue and exposure
+incident to long voyages, become sick and languish at the town of
+Louisville, where the commerce in which they are engaged sustains a pause,
+occasioned by the falls of the Ohio river; that the charity of the
+citizens of that town and county is no longer able to minister to those
+poor unfortunate persons, the support and attention which the necessities
+of the latter, and the humanity of the former would seem to demand and
+prescribe; that the growing character of Louisville, as a place as well of
+import as of export, and the growing commerce of this State and of the
+western country connected with that place threatens to throw an increased
+mass of sick upon the citizens of that town and country, to the comfort
+and support of whom the resources subject to the exactions of charity
+would be unequal, and applied as individual sympathy might dictate,
+unavailing; and that it would be wise and humane to incorporate an
+institution at that place, for the relief, sustenance, comfort and
+restoration of the poor and the afflicted of the description aforesaid:
+Wherefore, &c." In 1811, the Legislature made a donation of $10,000, and
+in 1822 a similar gift of $7,500 to this hospital. It is now in the hands
+of the city, and is used as a clinique by the medical schools here. The
+original building yet stands, but has been remodeled and improved.
+
+In this year the small-pox made fearful ravages in the town, and, "owing,"
+as Dr. McMurtrie says, "to the slothful negligence of the civil
+authorities, it was impossible to prevent its innoculating the place for
+several years."
+
+The last incident which will be mentioned in connection with this year was
+a dinner given on the 27th of April, 1817, to Capt. H. M. Shreve, as a
+testimony of the consideration in which he was held as a steamboat
+navigator, and particularly with a view to congratulate him on the very
+expeditious voyage he had performed from Louisville to New Orleans and
+back. This voyage was made by the steamer Washington, and, as will be seen
+by reference to the list of steamboats published in the earlier part of
+this volume, was performed in the very brief period of _forty-five days_!
+Capt. De Hart was also invited to partake of this dinner, the committee
+assuring him of their highest respect, and that they would have been early
+to make him public testimonials of this respect but for fear that it would
+be construed into a countenance of the course the concern to which he was
+attached, has been, and is pursuing. Reference is here had to the Fulton
+and Livingston Company, who were still seeking to monopolize the
+navigation of the western rivers. Mr. Norborn B. Beale was President, and
+Maj. C. P. Luckett Vice President, on this occasion. The Committee of
+Invitation consisted of J. Headington, Levi Tyler and Jas. A. Pearce.
+Toasts were drunk to several of the Presidents, to the 19 United States,
+to the Ohio and Mississippi, to the State of Louisiana, to New York, to
+Fulton, Shreve, De Hart and others. The following toast shows that
+Louisville had yet some fears of the rivalry of her neighbors: 12th. "_Our
+Sister-towns of Lexington and Frankfort_--let us have equal privileges in
+a fair competition, that local advantages and individual enterprise may
+insure pre-eminence." It is said that at this dinner, Mr. Shreve predicted
+that a trip from New Orleans to Louisville would be effected in ten or
+twelve days, but this was looked upon rather as the dream of an enthusiast
+than as the sober calculations of a sagacious man. Mr. Shreve, however,
+and many of his hosts lived to see the prediction more than fulfilled.
+
+The earliest event in the next year which deserves notice here, was the
+death of General George Rogers Clarke. The remains of this distinguished
+man, who was so intimately connected with the earlier history of
+Louisville, were interred at his residence at Locust Grove on the 15th
+February, 1818. The members of the bar and a large assemblage of persons
+attended. Rev. Mr. Banks officiated on the occasion, and John Rowan, Esq.,
+delivered the funeral oration. Minute guns were fired during the ceremony
+under the direction of Capt. Minor Sturgus, and the whole procession was
+conducted in a very solemn manner. The members of the bar of the Circuit
+Court, and the few remaining officers of the revolution in the
+neighborhood, resolved to wear crape on the left arm for thirty days, as a
+testimony of respect to the deceased hero. The spot where his remains now
+rest is yet unmarked by a stone.
+
+We are enabled to present the reader with a price current published during
+this year. No document could be offered which would give a more definite
+idea of the state of commerce at this period. It is as follows:
+
+  BAGGING--30c.
+  COTTON--33@35c.
+  WHEAT--60@75c.
+  COFFEE--35@37c. No demand--scarce.
+  TEAS--$2 25@2 50.
+  WHISKY--62@75c.
+  GLASS--8x10, $14@15.
+  WHITE LEAD--$6.
+  CORN--42@62.
+  MOLASSES--$1 50.
+  TOBACCO--$4 75@5.
+  SUGAR--16@18c.
+  OATS--42@50c.
+
+FREIGHTS.
+
+  Tobacco, 1c per lb.
+  Flour, $1 50 per bbl.
+  Pork and Whisky, $2 per bbl.
+  Light Freight, 6c per lb.
+  Heavy Freight, 4-1/2c per lb.
+
+By the assessment of this year the value of lots in the town is computed
+at $3,131,463.
+
+About the 24th of November, Louisville boasted another Bank. This was the
+Commercial Bank of Louisville. Its officers were: Levi Tyler, President;
+Abijah Bayless, Cashier; J. C. Blair, Clerk. Its paper is said by Dr.
+McMurtrie, to have been in as good credit as that of the United States
+Bank. Its capital is computed by him at $1,000,000. More recent accounts
+however, do not speak so favorably of its affairs.
+
+On the 1st of July, still of this year, Mr. S. Penn commenced the
+publication of the Public Advertiser here; a paper which for editorial
+talent and skill, as well as for political influence, has been equalled by
+few and exceeded by none in the United States.
+
+In 1819, Dr. McMurtrie, of whom mention has been so often made in these
+pages, published his Sketches of Louisville. That part of his book which
+refers directly to the city is comprised in about one hundred pages. The
+whole book however contains about two hundred and fifty pages, 16mo; it
+was published by Mr. S. Penn, and is a very creditable specimen of the art
+of book-making. The greater part of the volume is filled with scientific
+researches, and in an appendix there is placed an account of the
+earthquakes by Jared Brooks, Esq. There is also a scientific catalogue of
+the plants found in the vicinity of the city, and a history of the
+geological and antiquarian remains of this part of the country. Of the
+value of this information in a scientific point of view, we are not
+prepared to speak; the "Sketches" present, doubtless a very correct view
+of Louisville, as it was in 1819. Notwithstanding this book has been so
+often drawn upon for isolated facts in the course of this history, it will
+not be considered unfair to offer the reader still another extract,
+showing a sort of daguerreotype view of the city as it then was; and this
+will be the more pardonable as the book itself is no longer "in print."
+Dr. McMurtrie says: "There are at this time in Louisville six hundred and
+seventy dwelling houses, principally brick ones, some of which would
+suffer little by being compared with any of the most elegant private
+edifices of Philadelphia or New York. It was calculated pretty generally
+that from two hundred and fifty to three hundred brick buildings would
+have been erected during the last summer, but such was the scarcity of
+money, that not more than twelve to fourteen were completed; preparations,
+however, are making to proceed rapidly in the business in the ensuing
+season, the influx of strangers being so great, that many of them can
+scarcely find shelter. The population now amounts to 4500 souls; so rapid
+is the increase of this number that in all probability, it will be trebled
+in less than ten years.
+
+"Commercial cities of all newly settled countries, whose inhabitants are
+gathered from every corner of the earth, who have immigrated thither with
+but one single object in view, that of acquiring money, are stamped with
+no general character, except that of frugality, attention to business, and
+an inordinate attachment to money. Absorbed in this great interest of
+adding dollar upon dollar, no time is devoted to literature or the
+acquirement of those graceful nothings which, of no value in themselves,
+still constitute one great charm of polished society. Such is the
+character of the inhabitants of this place in general, 'ma ogni medaglio
+ha il suo reverso.' There is a circle, small 'tis true, but within whose
+magic round abounds every pleasure that wealth, regulated by taste, or
+urbanity can bestow. There the 'red heel' of Versailles may imagine
+himself in the emporium of fashion, and whilst leading beauty through the
+mazes of the dance, forget that he is in the wilds of America. The
+theater, public and private balls, a sober game of whist, or the more
+scientific one of billiards, with an occasional re-union of friends around
+the festive board, constitute the principal amusements; and it is with
+pleasure I am able to assert, without fear of contradiction, that gaming
+forms no part of them. Whatever may have been the case _formerly_, there
+is hardly at the present day, a vestige to be seen of this ridiculous and
+disgraceful practice; and if it exists at all, it is only to be found in
+the secret dens of midnight swindlers, within whose walls once to enter
+is dishonor, infamy, and ruin."
+
+The prices of lots at this time were about $300 per foot for those
+occupying the best situations.
+
+The following list if compared with the similar one for 1815, published a
+few pages earlier, will give the reader a very correct idea of the ratio
+of progress here for four years. There were at this time in Louisville:
+
+  3 Banks,
+  3 Bookstores,
+  1 Nail Factory,
+  2 Hotels,
+  10 Blacksmiths,
+  8 Tailors,
+  3 Watchmakers,
+  1 Stone Cutter,
+  4 Turners,
+  30 Plasterers,
+  12 Lawyers,
+  6 Brickyards,
+  2 Breweries,
+  1 Music store,
+  36 Wholesale & Retail Stores,
+  3 Printing Offices,
+  28 Groceries,
+  4 good Taverns,
+  6 Saddlers,
+  1 Silver Plater,
+  10 Cabinetmakers,
+  1 Upholsterer,
+  5 Hatters,
+  6 Shoemakers,
+  22 Physicians,
+  1 Air Foundry,
+  2 Steam Saw Mills,
+  5 Tobacco Factories,
+  14 Wholesale & Com'n Stores,
+  3 Drugstores,
+  2 Confectioner's Shops,
+  6 Bakehouses,
+  2 Carriagemakers,
+  1 Gunsmith,
+  3 Chair Factories,
+  1 Potter,
+  200 Carpenters,
+  150 Bricklayers,
+  1 Brass Foundry,
+  1 Steam Engine Factory,
+  2 Distilleries,
+  1 Sugar Refinery.
+
+We find by an advertisement in the Courier of February 12th, in this year,
+that J. J. Audubon, the world-renowned ornithologist, was at that time
+endeavoring to procure a class in drawing, and was offering to paint
+portraits here, which his advertisement promises shall be "strong
+likenesses." This gentleman was for some time a resident of this city. His
+son was for many years employed as a clerk in the store of Mr. N. Berthoud
+at Shippingport.
+
+On the 23d of June, 1819, the President of the United States and suite,
+accompanied by Gen. Jackson and suite, arrived in Louisville, where they
+remained until the following Saturday. A public dinner and a ball was
+given to these distinguished persons, and general hilarity and good
+feeling distinguished the occasion.
+
+This chapter, as well as the history of this year will be concluded with a
+string of rhymes which, though not highly meritorious in themselves, still
+serve to show the feelings of the people in regard to the much-talked-of
+apathy of their rulers, and let us into the history of the times as fully
+as would the graver chroniclers. These versicles are said to be extracts
+from a letter.
+
+  "You know I informed you when I landed here,
+  This town was not handsome, and living darned dear,
+  The streets were all ponds, and I'm told the Trustees
+  Had sooner wade thro' them, quite up to the knees,
+  Than incur the expense to have them drained off.
+  Complain to their honors, they sneer, laugh or scoff,
+  And say, we've no money; and you very well know,
+  Without this intercessor the mare will not go.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  'Tis whispered about, how true I shan't say,
+  The people's oft taxed, and always made pay;
+  And who handles the cash? the Lord only knows,
+  Or what road it travels--for what, it all goes--
+  Is a mystery to all; no improvements they see,
+  'Tis sarcastically said, there never will be.
+  If the great men of fortune don't aid or direct
+  The improvement of town, it will ne'er take effect.
+  Alas, these poor souls, if they secure their own health,
+  Let us wallow in _mud_, while they're rolling in wealth!
+  Could you see these _great folks_, I protest you would laugh,
+  And swear on each _body_ stuck the head of a calf.
+  I'd say you were right--with hearts hard as a stone;
+  When applied to for _alms_ or asked for a _loan_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Before I left home, one night at aunt Kate's
+  A confab we had concerning new States,
+  I then said what since to my sorrow proved true,
+  When settled in old States never emigrate to new,
+  You called me false prophet, said to Louisville hie,
+  Which for beauty and commerce would with Boston soon vie,
+  And moreover you said a _great man_ I could be,
+  If I'd take for my text: boys, huzza, we're all free.
+
+  Dear sir, how you erred, Kentucky's quite changed;
+  If you say here, we're free, folks vow you deranged,
+  For our keen wealthy Yankees located here,
+  Rule the natives by art, it cannot be fear;
+  For I've seen them so rave, curse and swear so uncivil;
+  'Twould shake '_steady habits_' quite as much as the d----l.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Now you'll own without money man _here_ has less chance
+  Than Don Quixote in combat, deprived of his lance.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+The next ten years of this history do not promise to be as rich in
+incident for the historian, or as full of practical value to the city, as
+were the few years just chronicled. A number of causes were operating at
+this time to retard the prosperity of the town, and but for the vigor with
+which it was endued, it must have sunk under the misfortunes which
+surrounded it. Evil reports, prejudicial to its health; garbled accounts
+from rival cities of the mortality here; a lamentably disordered state of
+currency, a Board of Trustees whose inefficiency was constantly complained
+of, were all opposing the growth of the town; and had it not, as has been
+before said, inherently possessed the elements of its own progress, it
+must have faded, and might have been entirely destroyed by the pressure of
+these untoward circumstances. For about two years the western country had
+been laboring under the operations of shaving and brokerage; there was not
+at this time a single bank west of the mountains whose paper could be
+passed at a fair value, except in the immediate neighborhood of the bank
+itself, and there were not more than three or four that pretended to pay
+their notes in money. The paper of the Bank of Kentucky was at a discount,
+and there was no hope of its improving. Tennessee and Ohio were in a
+similar, if not a worse condition. The paper of the United States Bank was
+alone merchantable at its value, and upon Louisville, as the great
+commercial mart of the western country, must these circumstances weigh
+most heavily. Despite all these disadvantages, however, the town did
+progress, not so rapidly as its past course would have promised, but with
+a rational and steady improvement. One of the drawbacks mentioned above
+was beginning to be removed. The new Trustees of the town began to
+prosecute their measures of improvement with some degree of energy. Wells
+were dug; pavements laid; streets graded; ponds drained; and a general
+activity prevailed which showed some attention toward making the town more
+desirable as a residence, both in point of comfort and of health. The
+removal of the causes o£ disease, however, could not be instantaneous, and
+even if they had been it would have required time to convince those
+disposed to emigrate hither of the fact.
+
+The first act of the Trustees in the year 1820 was to order the purchase
+of two or three fire-engines. Conflagrations had recently become of not
+uncommon occurrence, and the means for combating them were so few in
+number, and so incompetent in character, that this measure had become
+entirely necessary to the safety of the town. Accordingly, Thomas Prather,
+Cuthbert Bullitt and Peter B. Orsmby were appointed a committee to
+purchase suitable fire-engines for the use of the city. This being done,
+the town was laid off into three wards, and Coleman Daniel, Daniel
+McAllister and Peter Wolford were appointed, one to each ward, to obtain
+each 40 members to work these engines. These members were to elect each a
+Captain of the engine and such other officers as might be necessary, and
+to adopt rules for their own government. Public cisterns, or other like
+conveniences for the use of firemen, were then unknown. Each citizen was
+required to keep two or more leather fire-buckets on his premises, while a
+larger number of the same were kept at the engine houses. These were taken
+to the fire, and two lines of men formed from the engine, which was
+stationed near the fire, to the nearest water. One of these lines was
+occupied in passing buckets filled with water, which, when they arrived at
+the engine, were poured into it; and the other in passing back the empty
+buckets to be refilled, it was by this tedious process alone that they
+were enabled successfully to combat a fire.
+
+Although tables of various sorts, showing the progressive increase of the
+town, have been from time laid before the reader, yet the events of
+thirteen years have been passed over without offering to his inspection
+that most conclusive of documentary evidence, the tax list. It may be
+remembered that the assessment of 1807 amounted to $913 50. The following
+list for 1821 will give a clear idea of the increased value of property
+since that time.
+
+VALUATION OF GROUND AND IMPROVEMENTS, $1,189,664 00.
+
+  Assessed Taxes on same                   $4,637 68
+  On 14 1st rate Retail Stores at $30         420 00
+     24 2d   "     "      "       $20         540 00
+      7 3d   "     "      "       $10          70 00
+     26 Tavern Licenses           $10         260 00
+     70 Carriage Wheels           50c          35 00
+      2 Billiard Tables           $17          34 00
+                                            --------
+              Total                        $5 996 68
+
+The following is a census of the population, taken at this period:[12]
+
+  Free white males to 10 years of age         346
+     "         "      10 to 16                152
+     "         "      16 to 26                498
+     "         "      26 to 45                707
+     "         "      45 and upwards          121
+                                             ----1324
+
+  Free white females to 10 years of age:      356
+     "         "        10 to 16              132
+     "         "        16 to 26              273
+     "         "        26 to 45              232
+     "         "        45 and upwards         69
+                                             ----1062
+                                                 ----
+        Total White Population                   1886
+  Blacks, including free persons of color        1126
+                                                 ----
+        Total                                    4012
+  Of whom there are engaged in Commerce       128
+     "         "       "       Manufactures   591
+  Foreigners                                   94
+
+On the 3d of March in this year Mr. Nicholas Clarke associated with him,
+in the publication of the Western Courier, Messrs. S. H. Bullen and A. G.
+Merriweather. After this period the name of the paper was changed to The
+Emporium and Commercial Advertiser, and it was issued semi-weekly instead
+of weekly. This connection, however, was not of long duration, for in
+February '22, Messrs. Clarke & Merriweather left the establishment,
+transferring their interest to Mr. Bullen and Mr. F. E. Goddard. The paper
+finally came into the hands of this latter gentleman alone, and its
+publication was stopped while under his management. Mr. Goddard will be
+remembered by most of the citizens of Louisville. He was the preceptor of
+a great many of the younger men now here, and was universally beloved and
+respected. His genial humor, his extraordinary scholarship and his fine
+qualities of heart made him the admiration of his friends, while his
+faithful discharge of all his duties and his firm and unwaving efforts to
+improve the minds and morals of his numerous pupils, cause them to respect
+his memory, and call forth alike their gratitude and their veneration. No
+man has ever occupied Mr. Goddard's position who enjoyed more universally
+or more meritedly the regard of his fellow citizens.
+
+In May, still of this year, a branch bank of the Commonwealth was located
+here. From an article in the Emporium it would seem that this bank was
+established without one dollar of specie capital and hence its notes were
+sold at very large rates of discount. The paper of this bank and that of
+the Bank of Kentucky formed almost the only currency at the time, and as
+merchants, in order to pay their calls abroad, were obliged to buy specie
+or Eastern funds at a great advance, they naturally enough refused these
+bills at par value. This seems to have been a grievous trouble to the
+management of the bank at Frankfort, and it was suggested by them that the
+Legislature should remove the branch established here to "some other
+situation where love of country, love of truth and love of general
+prosperity might overcome the combinations of the weak and wicked." This
+removal, however, was not effected.
+
+It was also during this year that a night watch was established, who were
+paid by a subscription of the citizens and not from the treasury of the
+town. B. Morgan, C. Sly and M. Woolston were the first persons elected to
+this office.
+
+1822--The first event of the next year was the authorization by the
+Trustees of the issue of town notes, varying in denomination from twelve
+and a half cents to one dollar, the aggregate value of all of which was
+not to exceed four thousand dollars. These notes, however, did not meet
+with the usual fate of the shinplaster currency, for in about a year
+afterward we find an order of the Trustees for counting and destroying
+them, leaving the impression either that they were not put into
+circulation or were redeemed and so withdrawn from a market already
+glutted with such trash.
+
+It was during the year 1822 that the town was visited by a dreadful
+epidemic. Dr. John P. Harrison, late of Cincinnati and formerly of this
+city, a physician of distinguished ability, has published a minute and
+highly valuable account of this epidemic in the Philadelphia Medical
+Journal, Vol. 8. The disease was a highly aggravated bilious fever, so
+terrible as to deserve the dreaded name of yellow fever. The mortality was
+very great and the alarm existing on account of it throughout the whole
+interior of the neighboring States was of the most exciting character. The
+season was an unhealthy one throughout the West, but the scourge fell most
+heavily upon Louisville, probably on account of the miasma from her many
+ponds. The scourge here, as Dr. Drake says in his valuable history of the
+diseases of the Valley of North America, amounted almost to depopulation.
+The Trustees were by it awakened from their lethargy. A Board of Health,
+consisting of Drs. Gait, Smith, Harrison, Wilson and Tompkins, were
+appointed to examine into the causes of disease and report the same to the
+Trustees, together with the mode or practicability of removing the same.
+This first Board of Health was appointed too late. Had they been ordered
+to examine into this matter years before, much might have been effected,
+but the time for such action was now passed, and this fearful malady, now
+inevitable, became the most terrible blow ever given to the prosperity of
+the rising town. The news spread far and wide, and the neighboring towns,
+instead of seeking to publish only the truth, assisted largely in
+circulating garbled intelligence and extravagant reports of a fact which
+tended to their advantage by destroying the fair fame of their rival.
+Emigrants from abroad as well as from this and neighboring States, for
+years afterward, dreaded even to pass through the town, and of those who
+had already determined to locate here, many were dissuaded from their
+purpose by the assertion that it was but rushing upon death to make the
+attempt. This occurred, too, just at a period when the resources of the
+town, beginning to develop themselves, were attracting the attention of
+capitalists. It was this alone which gave a temporary semblance of
+superiority to the neighboring towns, and, for a time, retarded the usual
+prosperity of this. Had the feeling of alarm ceased with the disease, it
+would have been less of a blow, but for years after it was referred to as
+a warning against emigration hither.
+
+The next two years present nothing of interest to the reader, save the
+building in the winter of 1824-5 of an Episcopalian Church on Second
+Street, between Green and Walnut, the present Christ's Church, the first
+rector of which was the Rev. Mr. Shaw.
+
+On the 8th of May, in the year 1825, Lafayette visited Louisville. His
+reception here, as everywhere else, was enthusiastic in the extreme. The
+Trustees of the city paid into the hands of John Rowan, the chairman of
+the committee of arrangements for the reception, a considerable sum of
+money, to be expended in such manner as the committee might direct for
+this purpose. The resolution authorizing this expenditure was passed with
+a single dissenting voice, that of _Richard Hall_. The meeting of
+Lafayette with some of the old officers of the revolution, particularly
+that with Col. Anderson, is said to have been extremely affecting. The
+whole city turned out to receive this distinguished patriot; processions
+were formed, arches erected, bevies of young girls strewed his pathway
+with flowers and the whole town was a scene of festivity and rejoicing.
+Whether the dissenting Mr. Richard Hall was with those who were thus
+showing their sense of gratitude to him who had left home, country and
+friends, and faced the thundering cannon's mouth to aid them in their hour
+of direst peril, history does not tell us.
+
+The Legislature of these years made very considerable additions to the
+power of the Trustees; allowing them to borrow money on the credit of the
+town, to purchase and hold real estate for erecting market-houses, wharfs,
+&c., to levy a tax on exchange brokers, to tax hacks, drays, &c., to
+appoint harbor and wharf masters, and make rules governing the lading and
+unlading of vessels, to collect wharfage fees, to appoint inspectors of
+flour, &c. The first use made of this new power was the purchase of ground
+for a wharf. Rowan owned a slip of ground lying north of Water Street,
+commencing at Second and terminating at Seventh Street. A similar slip,
+lying between Seventh and Eighth streets, was already the property of the
+city. This slip the city agreed to add to Rowan's, and also to pave the
+whole as a wharf, using the stone in Rowan's quarry, situated on the
+premises, and for the wharf so constructed they agreed to give to Rowan
+and to his heirs _forever_, in semi-annual payments, one-half the receipts
+of this wharf. They also agreed that, if at any time Gray's wharf, lying
+east of Second Street, should be bought, both parties might unite in the
+purchase and Rowan should receive as before one half the profits of the
+entire wharf. This contract; made with but a single dissenting voice on
+the part of the Trustees, that of Jeremiah Diller, must have been the
+result of either a very low state of finances or of very injudicious
+precipitation. Rowan's heirs, it is understood, now get but one fourth of
+the wharfage, but even this would have been a sum better gained to the
+city than lost by a want of proper judgment or foresight.
+
+On the 12th of January, in this year, the Louisville & Portland Canal
+Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, with a capital of
+$600,000, in shares of $100 each, with perpetual succession. 3665 of these
+shares were in the hands of about 70 individuals, residing in different
+States, and the remaining 2335 shares belonged to the government of the
+United States. In December contracts were entered into to complete the
+work of the canal within two years for about $375,000, and the work was
+actually commenced in March 1826. Many unforeseen difficulties retarded it
+until the close of the year 1828. At this time the contractors failed, new
+contracts were made at advanced prices, and the canal was finally opened
+for navigation, December 5th, 1830. When completed, it cost about
+$750,000. It is about two miles in length and is intended to overcome a
+fall of twenty-four feet, occasioned by an irregular ledge of lime-stone
+rock, through which the entire bed of the canal is excavated, a part to
+the depth of 12 feet, overlaid with earth. There is one guard and three
+lift locks combined, all of which have their foundation on the rock. One
+bridge of stone 240 feet long, with an elevation of 68 feet to the top of
+the parapet wall, and three arches, the centre one of which is
+semi-elliptical, with a transverse diameter of 66, and a semi-conjugate
+diameter of 22 feet. The two arches are segments of 40 feet span. The
+guard lock is 190 feet long in the clear, with semi-circular heads of 26
+feet in diameter, 50 feet wide and 42 feet high, and contains 21,775
+perches of mason work. The solid contents of this lock are equal to 15
+common locks, such as are built on the Ohio and New York canals. The lift
+locks are of the same width with the guard lock, 20 feet high and 183 feet
+long in the clear, and contain 12,300 perches of mason work. The entire
+length of the walls from the head of the guard lock to the end of the
+outlet lock is 921 feet. In addition to the amount of mason work above,
+there are three culverts to drain off the water from the adjacent lands,
+the mason work of which, when added to the locks and bridge, gives the
+whole amount of mason work 41,989 perches, equal to about 30 common canal
+locks. The cross section of the canal is 200 feet at top of banks, 50 feet
+at bottom and 42 feet high, having a capacity equal to that of 25 common
+canals; and if we keep in view the unequal quantity of mason work,
+compared to the length of the canal, the great difficulties of excavating
+earth and rock from so great a depth and width, together with the
+contingencies attending its construction from the fluctuations of the Ohio
+river, it may not be considered as extravagant in drawing the comparison
+between the work in this, and in that of 70 or 75 miles of common
+canaling.
+
+In the upper sections of the canal, the alluvial earth to the average
+depth of 20 feet being removed, trunks of trees were found, more or less
+decayed, and so imbedded as to indicate a powerful current towards the
+present shore, some of which were cedar, which is not now found in this
+region. Several _fire-places_ of a rude construction, with partially burnt
+wood, were discovered near the rock, as well as the bones of a variety of
+small animals, and several human skeletons; rude implements formed of bone
+and stone were also frequently seen, as also several well wrought
+specimens of hematite of iron, in the shape of plummets or sinkers
+displaying a knowledge in the arts far in advance of the present race of
+Indians.
+
+The first stratum of rock was light, friable slate in close contact with
+the limestone, and difficult to disengage from it; this slate did not
+however extend over the whole surface of the rock, and was of various
+thicknesses from three inches to four feet.
+
+The stratum next to the slate was a close compact lime stone, in which
+petrified sea shells, and an infinite variety of coraline formations were
+embedded, and frequent cavities of crystaline encrustations were seen,
+many of which still contained petroleum of a highly fetid smell, which
+gives the name of this description of lime stone. This description of rock
+is on an average of five feet, covering a substratum of a species of cias
+limestone of a bluish color, embedding nodules of horn stone, and organic
+remains. The fracture of this stone has in all instances been found to be
+irregularly conchoidal, and on exposure to the atmosphere and subjection
+to fire it crumbled to pieces. When burnt and ground, and mixed with a due
+proportion of silicious sand, it has been found to make a most superior
+kind of hydraulic cement or water lime.
+
+The discovery of this valuable lime stone, has enabled the canal company
+to construct their masonry more solidly than any other known in the United
+States.
+
+A manufactory of this hydraulic cement or water lime is now established on
+the bank of the canal, on a scale capable of supplying the United States
+with this much valued material for all works in contact with water or
+exposed to moisture; the nature of this cement being to harden in the
+water, the grout used on the locks of the canal is already _harder_ than
+the _stone_ used in their construction.
+
+After passing through the stratum which was commonly called the water
+lime, about ten feet in thickness, the workmen came to a more compact mass
+of primitive grey limestone, which however was not penetrated to any great
+depth. In many parts of the excavation, masses of bluish white flint and
+horn stone were found enclosed in, or encrusting the fetid limestone. And
+from the large quantities of arrow heads and other rude formations of this
+flint stone, it is evident that it was made much use of by the Indians in
+forming their weapons of war and hunting; in one place a magazine of arrow
+heads was discovered, containing many hundreds of those rude implements,
+carefully packed together, and buried below the surface of the ground.
+
+The existence of iron ore in considerable quantities was exhibited in the
+progress of excavation of the canal by numerous highly charged chalybeate
+springs, that gushed out and continued to flow during the time that the
+rock was exposed, chiefly in the upper strata of limestone.[13] The canal
+when built was intended for the largest class of boats, but the facilities
+for navigation have so far improved and the size of vessels increased so
+far beyond the expectations of the projectors of this enterprise that it
+is now found much too small to answer the demands of navigation. The
+consequence is that the canal is looked upon as, equally with the falls, a
+barrier to navigation. The larger lower-river boats refuse to sign bills
+of lading, compelling them to deliver their goods above the falls, and as
+this class of boats is increasing, it promises soon to be as difficult to
+pass this point as before this immense work was completed. As previous to
+the undertaking of this canal, so there are now numerous plans proposed
+for overcoming the impediment; and these do not differ materially from
+those suggested and noticed in 1804. The only ground upon which all
+parties agree is, that whatever is done should be effected by the general
+government, and not left to be completed by individual enterprise.
+
+The government, as has before been said, owns a very large part of the
+stock in this canal, say three-fifths, and it is strongly urged by a part
+of the community that nothing would better serve the interests of western
+navigation than a movement on the part of the United States, making it
+free. The question of internal improvement is not within the province of
+this history to discuss, but certainly a deaf ear should not be turned by
+the general government to the united voice of so many of its children, all
+alike demanding to be relieved from their embarrassments, and the more
+particularly so, as it has already heard and answered the supplications of
+a part of its numerous family. Any semblance of favoritism in a government
+is a sure means of alienating the trust and affection of a part of its
+dependants. Whatever means may be most advisable to effect the removal of
+the impediment to navigation here should at once be adopted. And if the
+opening of the canal freely to all could tend to effect this object, the
+government has already had from it revenue sufficient to warrant it in
+taking off the tax from navigation. Up to the year 1843, there had passed
+through this canal, 13,776 steamboats, and 4701 flats and keels, making in
+all 2,425,567 tons, the tolls of which amounted to $1,227,625 50. It
+would not be an unfair calculation to rate the expenses of keeping up the
+canal at $30,000 per annum, or $390,000 for the thirteen years above
+referred to. Supposing the government to possess three-fifths of this
+profit, it would amount to $502,575, or nearly enough to build a new
+canal. It is not to be wondered at, then, that western people should feel
+disposed to murmur at having these large sums of money taken from their
+waters and applied to improving the Balize or Sandy Hook, or any other
+distant part of the Union. And the matter is the more grievous when it is
+remembered that these tolls are not only not free but are enormously and
+disproportionately high. Whether laden or not, each boat is obliged to pay
+at the rate of 50 cts per ton, in proportion to her capacity, as a toll!
+The whole subject is one deserving immediate and earnest attention, as
+involving interests in which not only Louisville, but the whole South and
+West is intimately concerned.
+
+With the next year--1826--we come to the establishment of another
+newspaper here. This was called the Focus, and was edited by Dr. Buchanan,
+assisted by Mr. W. W. Worsley, and published weekly by Morton & Co. It
+contained a very large amount of reading matter on literary, scientific,
+political and commercial subjects. It was violently anti-Jackson in
+politics, but still found room in its columns for an unusual quantity of
+interesting literary matter. It was conducted with great ability by these
+gentlemen for a period of about three years, when, after the death of Dr.
+Buchanan, it was sold to Messrs. J. T. Cavins and G. S. Robinson. It was
+afterwards merged into the Louisville Journal, and placed, under the name
+of the Journal and Focus, in the hands of Mr. Geo. D. Prentice, as editor.
+This was in the year 1832. Since that time its history is too well known
+wherever the knowledge of American newspapers has penetrated to need any
+furthur notice here. It has been the lot of the gentleman who is at the
+head of it, and who is distinguished alike as a poet and a politician, as
+a wit and a sage, to wield an influence such as few men in any station
+have ever exercised; an influence which is not only political but also
+literary and social, and which has been exerted alike at the birth of a
+true poet and at the death of a false patriot or a foolish politician.
+
+By the census of the next year--1827--we find the population of Louisville
+to have reached 7063, showing an increase of nearly double since 1821. The
+attention of the people began now to be turned toward effecting an
+incorporation of the town and placing themselves in a condition for
+self-government, and accordingly on the 3d of November, of this year, a
+very large meeting of the citizens was held at the court house for this
+purpose, Levi Tyler having been appointed chairman and Garnett Duncan
+secretary, the following resolutions were adopted:
+
+1st. Resolved, That public convenience renders it important that we ask
+for the passage of an act incorporating Louisville with its enlargements,
+and giving a city court for the speedy punishment of crimes and the speedy
+trial of civil suits.
+
+2d. Resolved, That a committee of five citizens be appointed to draft an
+act of incorporation and to submit the same at an adjournment of this
+meeting.
+
+3d. Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to confer with the
+inhabitants of Shippingport and Portland, and the enlargements of
+Louisville, and to request them to unite with us in this subject.
+
+4th. Resolved, That we esteem the erection of a permanent bridge across
+the Ohio river, at the most convenient point across the Falls, of the
+greatest utility to the public, and calculated to enhance the commerce and
+prosperity of our town, and that we respectfully solicit the legislature
+of this State to incorporate a company with competent powers and capital
+to effect the erection of such a bridge, and that the city of Louisville,
+when incorporated, should be authorised to raise funds, by loan or
+otherwise, and to subscribe for ---- dollars of stock in said company.
+
+5th. Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed to draft a charter
+for that purpose, and that our representatives be requested to use their
+best exertions to effect the passage of such charter.
+
+Committee under the second resolution, Daniel Wurtz, Thos. Anderson, S. S.
+Goodwin, S. S. Nicholas, Garnett Duncan.
+
+Committee under the third resolution, J. H. Tyler, W. D. Payne, W. S.
+Vernon.
+
+Committee under the fifth resolution, J. H. Tyler, J. Guthrie, J. S.
+Snead, J. I. Jacob, G. W. Merriweather, D. R. Poignard, Geo. Keats.
+
+These committees having duly reported, their memorials were sent forward
+to the legislature, and on the 13th day of February, 1828, the act of
+incorporation passed and Louisville became a city. Portland had refused
+to become annexed to the city as yet, but Shippingport had consented to
+the compact. The act of incorporation defines the limits of the city as
+follows: Beginning at the stone bridge over Bear Grass creek, near
+Geiger's mills, thence on a straight line to the upper corner of Jacob
+Geiger's land on the Ohio river, and thence by a straight line down the
+Ohio river, so as to include Corn Island and the quarry adjacent thereto,
+and thence to the upper boundary of Shippingport to the back line thereof,
+and the same course continued until it intersects the back line of the
+town of Louisville, when extended westwardly far enough to meet the said
+line extending out from the river with the upper boundary of Shippingport,
+thence from the said intersection to the south or back line of the present
+town of Louisville, and with the said back line to the south fork of Bear
+Grass creek, thence down the middle thereof to the beginning. The usual
+powers of a municipal body were vested in a Mayor and City Council,
+consisting of ten persons. The city was divided into five wards, each
+entitled to two councilmen, who were to be elected annually. These
+elections were to be held on the first Monday in every March. On election,
+the Mayor and Councilmen were to take an oath of office and these oaths
+were recorded. They were to choose a clerk annually, whose duty it should
+be to keep a record of the proceedings of the board, sign all warrants
+issued by them and to deliver over to his successor all books and papers
+entrusted to him. Five Councilmen and the Mayor or six Councilmen should
+constitute a quorum. The meetings of the board were to be public, and the
+Mayor's salary should be fixed by the Councilmen. The Major was not
+allowed any judicial authority in civil matters, but had the power of a
+justice of the peace over slaves and free negroes, and similar powers to
+require surety for good behavior and for the peace; and the power assigned
+to two Justices of the Peace in committing criminal offenders and sending
+them on for trial; he also had the casting vote in case of a tie in the
+board over which he presided, but had no vote otherwise. The powers before
+delegated to the Trustees were now vested in the Mayor and Council, and in
+addition to these were granted power to prohibit the erection of wooden
+buildings within certain limits, to erect suitable buildings for a poor
+and work-house, to establish one or more free schools in each ward, to
+elect all subordinate officers, and to pass by-laws with adequate
+penalties for their infraction. The office of City Marshal was also
+created by the act. He was to be chosen annually by the people, and, if
+required by the Council, he was to have a resident deputy in each ward of
+the city. His duties were to preserve order at all sessions of the Mayor
+and Council, and to execute all processes emanating from the Mayor. He was
+to be appointed City Collector and State Collector within the city. He was
+to execute bond, with sufficient security, before the Mayor and Council,
+to the State, for the performance of his duties, and a lien was retained
+on all his lands and slaves, and on those of his sureties, for all sums of
+money which came into his hands. He had the same powers and duties within
+the city as a Sheriff and received the same fees. Not less than two
+persons were to be voted for as Mayor, and the two having the highest vote
+for this office were to be certified to the Governor, one of whom was by
+him to be commissioned and submitted to the Senate for their advice and
+consent. This charter was to be in force for five years from and after its
+passage, and no longer, and upon the dissolution of the corporation, all
+property was to revert to the Trustees of the town, to be chosen or
+appointed as heretofore directed by law.
+
+The first election under this charter was held on the fourth day of March,
+1828. Mr. J. C. Bucklin was elected Mayor, by a small majority over Mr. W.
+Tompkins, and W. A. Cocke was elected Marshal by a large majority. The
+following gentlemen were elected Councilmen: Messrs. John M. Talbott, W.
+D. Payne, G. W. Merriweather, Richard Hall, Jas. Harrison, J. McGilly
+Cuddy, John Warren, Elisha Applegate, Daniel McAllister and Fred. Turner.
+Samuel Dickinson was appointed Clerk.
+
+A writer in the Focus, for January 20, 1829, gives an idea of the commerce
+of Louisville in regard to certain leading articles at this period. He
+says that "from 1st of January, 1828, to 1st of January, 1829, there were
+received and sold in this place 4144 hogsheads of sugar and 8607 bags and
+barrels of coffee, amounting in value to $584,681. He also fixes the
+inspections of tobacco in Louisville at 2050 hhds. for 1826, 4354 hhds.
+for 1827, and 4075 hhds. for 1828. The average price of these was, for
+1826, $2 67, for 1827, $2 59, and for 1828, $1 98-1/3. The whole value of
+these for the three years was $468,672 88. 1140 of these were shipped to
+Pittsburg, 3048 to New Orleans, 320 manufactured here and 458 were
+stemmed. In this article sugars are quoted at $7 04 to $7 02, by the
+barrel, gunpowder tea at $1 20 to $1 25; and it also states that groceries
+of all kinds can be had here at as cheap rates as they can be procured
+either in New York or New Orleans. A writer in the Kentucky Reporter also
+adds to this information the following statement: The store rooms of the
+principal wholesale merchants are larger and better adapted to business
+purposes than any to be found in the commercial cities of the East. Not a
+few of them are from 100 to 130 feet in depth, by 30 feet wide, and from
+three to four stories high, and furnished with fire proof vaults for the
+preservation of books and papers in case of fire. The wholesale business
+has increased very rapidly of late, perhaps doubled in the course of two
+years. There has also been a proportionate increase in the shipping and
+forwarding business. Mechanics of all sorts have full employment and good
+wages."
+
+An excellent criterion to judge of the commerce of a place and to show the
+increase of its business, is its exchange operations. The following
+statement of Domestic Bills of Exchange, derived from the official
+documents of the bank of the U. S., being the amount on hand and unpaid on
+the 1st January of each year, will give some idea of the amount and
+increase of the business of Louisville:
+
+  Jan. 1, 1826--Bills of Exchange on hand    $46,392
+   "      1827,      "      "       "        108,287
+   "      1828,      "      "       "        184,144
+   "      1829,      "      "       "        350,354
+
+The aggregate of business, as ascertained by a personal application and
+inspection of the books of the principal houses, was ascertained to be
+about $13,000,000.
+
+On the 17th of September, in this year, the branch of the Commonwealth's
+Bank was robbed of $25,000 in its own notes. The robbery took place before
+9 o'clock in the evening. The door communicating with an entry was opened
+by a false key, the iron chest quietly unlocked, the notes taken, and the
+front door opened without any alarm being given. A reward of one thousand
+dollars in specie was offered for the apprehension of the robber and also
+a similar reward of $1500 for the recovery of the money. These rewards did
+not, however, produce the desired result and neither the money nor the
+robber was ever discovered.
+
+During this year there was a secession of about fifty members from the
+Methodist Episcopal church here, who formed and established the first
+Methodist Reformed church. They constructed an edifice at the corner of
+Green and Fourth Streets, of which Mr. N. Snethen was the pastor. This
+church was afterwards used by the congregation of the First Presbyterian
+church, was then sold to the negroes, and finally torn down to make room
+for the immense Masonic Hall now being built on that spot.
+
+The last event of this year which will be noticed here is the erection of
+the first city school house. This building, still standing at the
+south-west corner of Walnut and Fifth Streets, was then an extremely
+creditable ornament to the city. It is capable of containing seven or
+eight hundred pupils and is divided into a male and female department,
+which are entirely distinct from each other. It was superintended by the
+Mayor and six Trustees, annually chosen by the Council. The first board of
+Trustees was composed of the following gentlemen: Jas. Guthrie, Jas. H.
+Overstreet, Wm. Sale, Samuel Dickinson, F. Cosby and Dr. J. P. Harrison.
+The standard of education pursued was as high as that of any private
+school and the terms were only from one dollar to one dollar and a half
+per quarter. The annual expense of this school to the city was $5,682.
+Several equally large schools have been since erected and the system of
+free-schools somewhat changed. These will be noticed at greater length in
+another part of this history.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+The opening of the next year--1830--found the young city in a highly
+prosperous and thriving position. The security and permanence given to
+enterprise by the charter had its effect on all departments of business.
+Arrangements were made at the beginning of the season for the erection of
+not less than five hundred substantial brick houses, and, according to the
+report of a prominent resident of a sister city, there was not another
+place in the United States which was improving and increasing in
+population more rapidly than this. The number of inhabitants, as
+ascertained by census, had reached 10,336, and was still rapidly
+increasing. The friends of Louisville had every reason to congratulate
+themselves upon her position. The pecuniary troubles which soon after
+involved the place were not foreseen, and, with buoyant hopes and high
+expectations, the citizens looked forward to a continuance of their
+unexampled prosperity. How these hopes were wrecked and these expectations
+reduced, the history of the next decade will show.
+
+The first act to be noticed in connection with the city was an amendment
+to the charter, which prevented the Council from borrowing or
+appropriating money without the consent of a majority of their body. As
+the project of a bridge over the Ohio was then talked of, and as the
+Lexington and Ohio Railroad had been suggested, and the city in her
+corporate capacity had been warmly urged to make large subscriptions of
+stock to these enterprises, this provision was probably thought necessary
+to prevent too great lavishness in expenditure.
+
+The next event of the year was the organization of another Presbyterian
+church under the Rev. Mr. Sawtell. It was commenced in April with 12
+members who seceded from the First Presbyterian church. A building for
+worship was erected on Third Street, between Green and Walnut, and the
+church rapidly increased in numbers. It is at present in charge of Rev.
+Dr. Humphrey.
+
+The last circumstance to be noticed in this rapid sketch of the year 1830,
+is the establishment of the Daily Journal by Prentice & Buxton, afterward
+Prentice & Johnston, then Prentice & Weissinger, and finally Prentice &
+Henderson. It was first published on an imperial sheet at $10 per annum.
+Although commenced by an entire stranger, as Mr. Prentice then was, the
+power of its articles and the exquisite vein of humor and irony displayed
+in its columns, soon gave it such popularity, that, even before its union
+with the Focus in 1832, it had risen to a firm and enviable position. In
+December Mr. Edwin Bryant became an associate editor of the paper, but did
+not remain in that position for more than six months. Soon after the
+establishment of the Journal the newspaper war with the Advertiser, so
+well remembered here and so widely known abroad as having given birth to a
+fund of wit and of satire heretofore unparalleled in the annals of
+newspapers, was commenced. Even the distant English journals had each
+their column headed--"Prenticeana"--and the paper was sought after far
+and near by every lover of fun or of humor in the land. It is to be
+regretted that the shifting character of American politics has rendered so
+many of the happiest of these allusions and witticisms obscure to the
+unpolitical or to the distant reader; a collected volume of them would
+else afford a delightful compendium for a leisure hour. To the older
+resident of Louisville, it may be interesting to recall the commencement
+of this long and hard-fought battle. Mr. Penn of the Advertiser, who had
+deservedly maintained since 1819 the most prominent rank as an editor in
+the West, was kind enough to furnish the Journal, at its commencement,
+with all its exchanges. This favor is repeatedly acknowledged by the
+Journal with great courtesy, but does not blind that paper to the fact
+that it is about to be attacked by the opposite party. Whereupon, after
+some time, the following article was published: "We assure the editor of
+the Advertiser that we shall never under any circumstances covet a
+personal controversy with him. We do not believe that his readers would be
+willing to pay him $10 a year for dissertations upon our private
+character, however bad it may be; and we are quite sure that ours would be
+loth to pay that sum for daily disquisitions on him, whatever may be his
+excellencies. We have due respect for the Jackson editors in the West, but
+we trust to be believed when we say our respect is undebased by fear. We
+prefer that they should accept our hand open and ungloved, but if they
+would rather have it in the shape of a fist, it is still at their
+service." The Advertiser, seeming to prefer it in the latter form,
+hereupon commences anew its attack, when the war is opened in earnest by
+the Journal, which, at the end of a somewhat long and rather tart
+paragraph, let off in reply the following first _coup de canon_: "We
+believe he (Mr. Penn) has not had an article since we came here that was
+not made up of hints taken from the Journal. Well, we have one
+consolation--'_he that giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord_.'" This is
+followed up by a series of well directed blows, which are vigorously
+replied to till the eleventh or twelfth "round," when one of the parties
+left the field, still, however, refusing to consider himself vanquished.
+
+With the year 1831 came another amendment to the charter, which provides
+that the real estate in Louisville and the personal estate of all persons
+dying therein shall be subject to escheat to the Commonwealth, vested in
+the Mayor and Council, for the use of public schools. Also that all fines
+inflicted in Jefferson county shall be vested in the same manner, the fund
+arising therefrom to be expended in the purchase of a lot and erecting
+buildings thereon for said schools. It also provides that Jailor's fees
+for commitments for offenses in Louisville shall be paid out of the city
+fund. These amendments to the charter are so numerous and of such frequent
+recurrence that we shall hereafter be content with a mere allusion to
+them.
+
+It was also during this year that the present bank of Kentucky was built,
+with a view to the uses of the bank of the United States. A Louisville
+Lyceum was also established under the patronage of some of the most
+distinguished citizens of Louisville. This literary association continued
+in being for several years but finally was obliged, like all its fellows,
+to sink beneath the careless inattention of a purely commercial community.
+
+In 1832 a new calamity came upon the city. This was an unparalleled flood
+in the Ohio. It commenced on the 10th of February and continued until the
+21st of that month, having risen to the extraordinary height of 51 feet
+above low-water mark. The destruction of property by this flood was
+immense. Nearly all the frame buildings near the river were either floated
+off or turned over and destroyed. An almost total cessation in business
+was the necessary consequence; even farmers from the neighborhood were
+unable to get to the markets, the flood having so affected the smaller
+streams as to render them impassable. The description of the sufferings by
+this flood is appalling. This calamity, however, great as it was, could
+have but a temporary effect on the progress of the city, as will be seen
+hereafter.
+
+On the 27th of May the first Unitarian church was dedicated. It is
+situated at the corner of Walnut and Fifth streets, and was under the
+direction of the Rev. Geo. Chapman, of Mass. The building of the
+Louisville Hotel, and the issue of the first Directory ever printed here,
+were also events of this period. This Directory was published by R. W.
+Otis, and contains, beside much other valuable matter, a brief sketch of
+the history of the city, from the pen of Mr. Mann Butler, the accomplished
+historian of Kentucky. From it we get the following commercial table of
+Imports from Dec. 1st, 1831, to Aug. 4th, 1832, which will prove
+interesting to the reader of statistics:
+
+  Bale Rope                26,830 coils.
+  Bagging                  33,411 pieces.
+  China, &c.                1,170 p'ckgs.
+  Coffee                   18,289 bags.
+  Cotton                    4,913 bales.
+  Mackerel                 12,037 bbls.
+  Salt, Kan. and Cone      16,729   "
+  Salt, Turk's Island      18,146 bags.
+  Tea                      63,500 lbs.
+  Flour                    48,470 bbls.
+  Hides                    19,121
+  Iron                        631 tons.
+  Lead                        231  "
+  Molasses                  6,309 bbls.
+  Nails                    10,395 kegs.
+  Sugar, N. O.              7,717 hhds.
+    "    Loaf               4,318 bbls.
+  Tin Plate                 3,108 boxes.
+
+The inspection of whiskey during this time amounted to 14,627 barrels.
+This Directory also gives the following as the statistics of manufactures:
+
+One steam woolen factory, employs 30 hands and consumes 25,000 pounds of
+wool per annum.
+
+One cotton factory, employs 80 hands and consumes 500 bales annually;
+works 1,056 spindles.
+
+Two potteries.
+
+One steam grist mill.
+
+Two foundries, employing together 155 hands and consuming 1,200 tons of
+iron per annum.
+
+Sixteen brick yards.
+
+One steam planing mill, with two machines and two circular saws; planes,
+tongues, grooves, &c., about 2,000 feet of boards to each machine per day.
+
+Three breweries.
+
+Two white lead factories consume 600 tons lead annually.
+
+Four rope walks, which work up 600 tons of hemp per annum.
+
+Passing on as rapidly as may be, we come first to the chartering of the
+Bank of Louisville. The books were opened for subscription to this bank in
+March, 1833, and closed on the third day, $1,500,000 having been
+subscribed in that brief period. By the act of incorporation the capital
+was fixed at $2,000,000, but the commissioners were allowed to close the
+books at any time after $500,000 were subscribed. Each director was
+required to take oath not to permit any violation of this charter.
+
+The next event in order was another amendment to the city charter, which
+provides that no street or alley can be laid out without consent of
+Council--that a jury shall assess what damages shall be awarded, and what
+paid by persons injured or benefitted by opening streets or alleys--that
+it shall not be necessary for the Council to have alphabetical lists of
+the voters made out, except for the tax collectors and judges of the
+election--that those only shall be eligible to office who are
+house-keepers or free-holders and have paid taxes the preceding year in
+the city of Louisville--that the removal of a councilman from the ward in
+which he was elected shall cause his office to be vacant, and that any
+vacancy occurring either in this way or by resignation shall be sup-plied
+by the Council out of the said ward.
+
+A museum was opened here at this period by a number of gentlemen as
+stockholders, under the direction of J. R. Lambdin; the collection of
+objects of natural history, of curiosity, and of vertu was extremely good.
+A Savings' Bank was also established during the year, under the direction
+of Ed. Crow, President; and E. D. Hobbs, Treasurer.
+
+The editor of a Frankfort paper, giving an account of his visit to
+Louisville about this time, says: "Whoever visits this city leaves it with
+the conviction that all the elements are at work, which must advance it to
+a great commercial town, and urge it on till it has passed all the towns
+of the Ohio in the race for supremacy." It is not to be wondered at that
+the thriving appearance of the city at this time should have attracted the
+attention and notice of strangers, and the more particularly as all the
+neighboring towns and cities were now suffering from the visitations of
+that dreaded and dreadful scourge, the Cholera, while Louisville hardly
+knew of its presence. The causes of disease here had been in a great
+measure removed, and notwithstanding the fears which the approach of the
+plague had inspired in a city which had before suffered so severely from
+contagion, the cholera passed lightly over it, not making sufficient
+impression to produce any effect against its prosperity. This was the more
+a cause of congratulation to the city as it afforded an opportunity to
+prove the falsity of the reports prejudicial to its health, which were
+still industriously circulated. But though exempt from this visitation,
+the city did not pass another year without its share of calamity. The
+government deposites which had heretofore been placed in the banks here
+and used by them as banking capital, were now removed, and as a consequent
+there arrived another disastrous period of pecuniary distress. This was so
+severe as to call for a meeting of the citizens, which took place at the
+court house in 1834, and the object of which was to memorialize the
+government upon the subject of their troubles. Of this meeting, T.
+Gwathmey was President, D. Smith and E. Crow, Vice Presidents, and C. M.
+Thruston and F. A. Kaye, Secretaries. In the words of the memorial, "all
+is gloom and despondence, all uncertainty and suspense, all apprehension
+and foreboding. Prices here have fallen beyond any former example. Flour
+has sunk from $4 to $3, or even $2 50 per barrel. Hemp, pork, and every
+other commodity has decreased in an equal degree. Real property has fallen
+in many instances 50 per cent. It is believed that there will not be
+employment during the ensuing season for one-fourth of the mechanics and
+working men of Louisville. Few contracts for building have been or are
+likely to be made. In the opinion of the memorialists, the first remedy
+for this state of things is the restoration of the deposites. They
+therefore pray that the deposites be restored, and such measures taken in
+relation to a National Bank as shall be most likely to afford relief to
+the country." This crisis does not seem to have produced very disastrous
+results here, but was probably more severe in anticipation than in
+reality. It is even possible that, as political excitement ran very high,
+and as this removal of the deposites was very obnoxious to one of the
+political parties, that the evil was a foreboding induced by their own
+fears, and of such a character as actually to produce a temporary
+depression in business. And this opinion is supported by the fact that no
+material change seems to have taken place in the onward progress of the
+city. The policy and propriety of establishing water works had been for
+some time under discussion, and in this year the city went so far as to
+purchase a site for a reservoir on Main above Clay Street. This project
+was very soon abandoned, but whether from the pressure of the times or
+from the opposition of many of the citizens does not appear in any record
+of the period. The incorporation and survey of two turnpike companies,
+the Bardstown and Louisville, and Elizabethtown and Louisville, during the
+same year, would however seem to incline us to believe that it was not
+given up for the want of means. The state of affairs, even if as bad as
+represented in the memorial, does not seem to have thrown a very deep or
+settled gloom over the community; on the contrary an incident of the
+period would seem to show a light-heartedness and freedom from care not
+common in times of distress. This incident was the sudden appearance in
+the streets of the city of a very singular procession, since known as the
+_Comical Guards_. They were introduced as a burlesque of the militia
+drills, then of biennial occurrence here. The procession was headed by an
+enormous man, rivaling Daniel Lambert in his superabundance of flesh,
+mounted on an equally overgrown ox, on whose hide was painted the
+following descriptive motto, "_The Bull-works of our Country_." This
+heroic captain also wore a sword of mighty proportions, on whose trenchant
+blade was written in letters of scarlet the savage inscription, "_Blood or
+Guts_!" This leader was followed by a band of equally singular character;
+long men on short horses, little boys on enormous bony Rozinantes, picked
+up from off the commons; men enclosed in hogsheads, with only head, feet
+and arms visible; men encased even to helmet and visor in wicker-work
+armour, and a thousand other knights of fanciful costume, and all marching
+with heroic step to the martial clangor of tin pans, the braying of
+milkhorns, the shrill sound of whistles, the piping of cat-calls, and the
+ceaseless din of penny-trumpets and cornstalk fiddles. This procession
+halted in its progress through the streets in front of the residences of
+the officers of the militia, and after saluting them with a flourish of
+music, made them a speech, and cheered them with a chorus of groans. After
+marching bravely through the principal streets, this procession suddenly
+disappeared from public view never again to greet the sunlight.
+
+Toward the last of June, the news of the death of Lafayette reached the
+city, and on the first of July a meeting was held, and resolutions passed
+recommending the stores to be closed, and the day spent in exercises
+suitable to the occasion. A procession, in which the trades and
+professions were all represented, and which was the largest ever seen in
+the city, was formed, and after passing through the principal streets,
+stopped in the lot occupied by Mr. Jacob, where a eulogy was delivered by
+Mr. M. R. Wigginton. All who had joined in the procession, wore crape on
+the left arm for thirty days. The whole proceedings of the day were highly
+creditable to the city, and highly worthy of the occasion. Another event
+of the year was the establishment of a new paper called the Louisville
+Notary and published weekly by D. C. Banks and A. E. Drapier. This paper
+however never rose to any eminence in the city.
+
+During 1833 and 1834 two new amendments had been made to the charter. One
+of them authorizes some trifling change in the boundary of the city, and
+the other allows the borrowing of money to erect Water-Works, and compels
+the inspector of liquors to mark the degree of proof on the head of each
+barrel. The next year--1835--also shows similar amendments: first,
+requiring the valuation of property to be made on the 10th of January in
+each year; second, authorizing the city marshall to collect his bills for
+summoning juries; and third authorizing the city to subscribe for stock in
+the Lexington and Ohio Railroad Company. This road was this year opened to
+Frankfort. The building of the Galt House also dates from this period, as
+does the first movement toward lighting the city with gas.
+
+It will be recollected that in 1830 the population was given at 10,336, in
+1835 it had reached by actual census 19,967, giving an increase of nearly
+one hundred per cent, in less than five years! The Tax list for this year
+will also show a similar increase:
+
+  Real estate and Improvements valued at                 $10,425,446
+  Personal Property                                          644,250
+  Tythables, white and black, 4,960 at $150                    7,440
+  34 1st rate stores at $80                                    2,720
+  42 2d   "     "        60                                    2,520
+  57 3d   "     "        40                                    2,880
+  62 4th  "     "        20                                    1,240
+  68 Hacks, 132 Drays, 53 Waggons, $4; 124 Carts $2            1,260
+  50 Coffee-Houses at $50                                      2,500
+  10 Taverns at $50                                              500
+  60 Groceries and Spirits at $50                              3,000
+  96 Spirits alone at 40                                       3,840
+  20 Groceries alone, and 20 Confectioners at 15                 720
+
+A table of the imports of the city has been so recently given, that it may
+be more interesting to offer now a list of exports, for the six months
+succeeding January 1st, 1835, which is as follows:
+
+  Tobacco       1,337 hhds.
+     "            114 boxes.
+  Bacon     2,813,560 lbs.
+  Tallow          149 bbls.
+  Whisky       14,643 bbls.
+  Flour        19,999  "
+  Lard         60,713 kegs.
+  Hemp             38 tons.
+  Bagging      65,348 p's.
+  Bale Rope    42,030 cls.
+  Pork         14,419 bbl.
+  Linseed Oil      72 bbl.
+
+To this list may be added the amount of goods sold during the next
+year--1836--by 47 of the largest wholesale dry good and grocery houses,
+which is officially stated at $12,128,666 16. There were also built during
+the summer of this latter year 110 stores and 114 dwelling houses, all of
+the better class. Rents were steadily advancing on the stores, and "as for
+dwellings it would be impossible to rent one, finished or unfinished. And
+these improvements resulted from the natural advantages of the place, and
+not from the completion of any of the works, to which the city had always
+looked as the precursors of greatness." These statistics require no
+additional demonstration to prove the progress of the town. The first
+thing worthy of notice in this year was a ninth amendment to the charter,
+which abolishes the Mayor's Court and establishes a Police Court in lieu
+thereof. This court was to be a court of record; its judge to be appointed
+as other judges, and to receive a salary of $1200. The prosecuting
+attorney to be elected by the Council. The City Court, as far as it is a
+Police Court, should always be open, and for the trial of pleas of the
+Commonwealth, there were to be monthly terms of said court, to commence on
+the first Monday in each month. It might summon grand juries. This act
+also fixed the salary of the Mayor at $2,000, and compelled all insurance
+offices to file with the Mayor a certified copy of their charters; it also
+extended the city boundary 300 feet above Geiger's Ferry landing. Two more
+newspapers were in this year added to the growing list of the city. The
+first of these was the Louisville City Gazette, a daily, published by John
+J. & Jas. B. Marshall; and the second, the Western Messenger, a monthly,
+under the care of the Rev. J. F. Clark. This last was originally published
+in Cincinnati, but was this year transferred to Louisville.
+
+As will be remembered a motion had been made several years before this
+time toward the erection of a bridge over the Ohio. This project had been
+discussed from time to time ever since that period, and finally in this
+year, the contracts were entered into and the corner stone of the bridge
+was laid with all due ceremony, at the foot of Twelfth Street. The work
+however never progressed beyond this, the contractor having failed to
+perform his duty, beside which the next year brought with it by far the
+most terrible calamity that had ever affected the city. The last few years
+had been years of such unexampled prosperity; confidence had become so
+thoroughly established, credit was so plenty, and luxury so courted, that,
+when the unexpected reverse came, the blow was indeed terrible. On the
+19th of April, the Banks of Louisville and of Kentucky suspended specie
+payment, by a resolution of the citizens so authorizing them. Previous to
+this, the Banks all over the country had stopped; another awful commercial
+crisis had arrived, and one which Louisville felt far more severely than
+she had felt the former. Instead of passing lightly over her, as before,
+the full force of the blow was felt throughout the whole community. House
+after house, which had easily rode out the former storm, now sunk beneath
+the waves of adversity, until it seemed as if none would be left to tell
+the sad story. A settled gloom hung over the whole mercantile community.
+Main Street was like an avenue in some deserted city. Whole rows of houses
+were tenantless, and expectation was upon the tiptoe every day to see who
+would be the next to close. Each feared the other; all confidence was
+gone; mercantile transactions were at an end; and everything, before so
+radiant with the spring-time of hope and of promise, was changed to the
+sad autumn hues of a fruitless year.
+
+It was in the midst of this gloom and despondence which prevaded one part
+of the community, that the ears of another part were astonished and
+gladdened with a strain of melody, such as had not before stolen through
+the glades and groves of this western land. A young girl, modest and
+unpretending, unknown to all but her little circle, inspired by some
+unseen power, tremblingly warbled forth a few verses of melody, but of
+such enchanting power, beauty and harmony, that all the literary world
+were confounded, and all eagerly inquired who it was that under the simple
+signature of "AMELIA," and away off in the distant West had struck her
+lyre "with an angel's art, and with the power of the fabled Orpheus," and
+whose "strains had been caught up by melody-lovers throughout the Union,
+and sung in every peopled valley, and echoed from every sunny hillside of
+our vast domain."[14] Such genius could not long remain unknown; and soon
+the name of its possessor was proclaimed through the columns of the
+Louisville Journal, but the name gave no clue to the source whence this
+mighty power had been derived. For the many, the ten days wonder soon
+passed away. The genius of the writer was acknowledged and forgotten by
+them. But the true lovers of her art followed her for many years with
+looks of admiration, regard and affection; and still, though her harp has
+long lain untouched, await with anxiety and hope for new strains from the
+lyre they have loved so well.[15]
+
+It is not for the historian to dwell at any length upon subjects kindred
+to this, agreeable as the theme may be. We must then revert again to the
+usual details of the year. The first of these was the reception here of
+the distinguished Mr. Webster, who was met some twelve miles from the city
+by a large number of citizens. On his arrival he was welcomed by the Mayor
+and invited to meet the citizens at a barbacue near the city. The season
+was one of great festivity, and nearly four thousand persons were present
+at the barbacue. Mr. Webster addressed the citizens in his usual
+felicitous manner.
+
+An important event of the year was the addition of the town of Portland to
+the limits of the city. The building of the First Presbyterian, and of St.
+Paul's (Episcopal) Church, and of the bank of Louisville, as well as the
+selection of this point as the site for the government hospital, and the
+incorporation of the Louisville Manufacturing Company, are among the
+events of this year. A paper called the Western Journal of Education, was
+also issued from the Journal office, under the editorship of the Rev. B.
+O. Peers, but was soon discontinued for want of sufficient patronage.
+
+For some time previous to this period the removal of the medical
+department of Transylvania University at Lexington to this city had
+occupied much attention, and had created some bitterness of feeling
+between the two cities. In this year this vexed question was finally
+decided by the Legislature against the removal; no less to the
+gratification of Lexington than to the serious annoyance of this city. The
+examination of the subject however brought to light an old charter, passed
+in 1833 and amended in 1835, which sufficed to enable a new school of
+medicine to be established here. The city accordingly set apart four acres
+of ground and the sum of $50,000 in money for its use, and so organized a
+medical school here, of which Messrs. Caldwell, Cooke, Cobb, Flint,
+Yandell, Miller and Locke were the professors. In February of the next
+year, the corner stone of the building to be erected by the city for this
+use was laid, and soon after Dr. Flint, with the money appropriated for
+that purpose, visited Europe, and purchased a fine library and apparatus
+for the Institution. Few, if any medical schools in the United States,
+have ever risen as rapidly in public favor, or as speedily attained as
+high position in public estimation as this. The first course of lectures
+was delivered to 80 students, the second to 120, the third to 205, the
+fifth to 262; and since that time the classes have reached 400 pupils. It
+has attained the rank of the first school of medicine in the West, and is
+second to few in the country. There is now another medical school in this
+city, which will be noticed at the proper place.
+
+The next year--1838--brings us to the opening of a railroad to Portland.
+This road was intended to connect with the Lexington and Ohio railroad. It
+was kept in employ but a very short time, the citizens on Main Street
+below the depot at Sixth were violently opposed to the road, and used
+every effort to impair its usefulness. After the establishment of the
+Blind Asylum here, the profits of this road were transferred to that
+institution; but it did not long enjoy the advantages so offered, for the
+road was discontinued by an application to court from some of the
+citizens, as offensive to some, and unprofitable to all.
+
+A glance at the population of the city for this year will show, that in
+spite of the commercial difficulties of the time, the city still grew with
+astonishing rapidity. It had now reached a population of 27,000, showing a
+gain of 7,033 in three years.
+
+The only other event worthy of remembrance was the robbery of the Savings
+Bank. This was effected in the daytime, by a man named Clarendon E. Dix,
+who entered the bank about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Soon after this
+time, Mr. Julien, the cashier of the bank, entered the establishment and
+found Dix, who had still in his hand the large bank hammer, with which he
+had killed the clerk whom he found there. Finding that he should be
+vanquished in the struggle with Mr. Julien, Dix drew a pistol and shot
+himself. He was believed to be insane.
+
+The Literary Newsletter, a paper under the charge of Ed. Flagg, editor,
+was issued from the Journal office in December of this year. Its existence
+was limited to about thirty months. It was however eminently deserving of
+a much greater success than attended its issue.
+
+The Kentucky Historical Society was also incorporated at this time, under
+the direction of Hon. J. Rowan, President; Hon. Geo. M. Bibb and Hon.
+Henry Pirtle, Vice Presidents; D. C. Banks, Recording Secretary; and
+Edward Jarvis, Corresponding Secretary and Librarian. Its library which
+was amassed by the indefatigable zeal of Dr. Jarvis, is now incorporated
+with the Louisville Library. The Society itself is not now in active
+existence.
+
+Early in 1839, there was established a Ladies' Provident Society, for the
+benefit of the poor. This society was organized in the best possible
+manner, and was of very great value to the city. A depot for the reception
+of donations of food, clothing, &c., was established, where also work was
+provided for such indigent females as failed to find employment elsewhere.
+The city was divided into wards, to each of which two female and one male
+visitor was apportioned, and the poor in each district were carefully and
+judiciously attended to. No better scheme for ameliorating the distress
+which is ever to be found in cities, could have been invented, and it is
+greatly to be regretted that this noble monument of charity no longer
+exists. The present form of provision for the destitute, though good, is
+far less effective than was this; and it is believed that if the
+Provident Society were now re-established, the increase both of wealth and
+population in the city would prevent its second failure. The Scotch
+Benevolent Society, which is an association of Scotchmen for the purpose
+of relieving any necessitous persons of their own countrymen who may be in
+Louisville, was also instituted at this time, and is still in active
+operation.
+
+The well remembered visit to this city of the beautiful and accomplished
+America, descendant of Amerigo Vespucci, the voyager whose name is so
+closely identified with the discovery of this continent, occurred during
+this year. It will be recollected that she was an exile, and in distress;
+and that she had visited this country with the hope of obtaining some aid
+from the government, which she solicited in view of her ancestor's name
+and services. A private subscription was commenced for her at the office
+of the Journal, which, however, she declined, saying: "A national boon
+will ever honor the memory and the descendant of Amerigo Vespucci, but
+America, even as an exile in the United States, cannot accept an
+individual favor, however courteous and delicate may be the manner in
+which it is proffered."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+This history now approaches a period so recent, that it will hardly be
+necessary to chronicle the events of the next decade with as much
+minuteness as has heretofore been attempted. The reader will doubtless
+long ago have perceived the difficulty of stringing together incidents,
+interesting in themselves, yet having so little bearing upon each other,
+as frequently to present more the dryness of a chronological table of
+events, than to offer the interest of a consecutive history. It is
+believed however, that in preparing a book of this character, this
+difficulty could not well be avoided, especially if intended, as this is,
+to be used as a work of general reference. The events of the next ten
+years are however so entirely within the memory of all, that the same
+attention to minutiæ need not be preserved, such things possessing
+interest less from their inherent value, than from the period of their
+occurrence. It will, however, be still necessary to notice all that
+pertains absolutely to the interests or prosperity of the city.
+
+Commencing then with the year 1840, and keeping in view the fact that the
+effects of the disastrous crisis of 1837 were not yet passed away, the
+first thing claiming notice, is some account of the state of the city as
+it then was. The census of the United States for this year assigns to
+Louisville: 1 commercial, and 11 commission houses, [a somewhat indefinite
+phraseology,] in foreign trade, with a capital of $191,800; 270 retail
+stores, with a capital of $2,128,400; 3 lumber yards, with a capital of
+$52,000; 2 flouring mills; 2 tanneries; 2 breweries; 1 glass cutting
+works; 1 pottery; 2 ropewalks; 7 printing offices; 2 binderies; 5 daily, 7
+weekly, and 3 semi-weekly newspapers; and 1 periodical; total capital
+employed in manufactures, $713,675. One college, 80 students; 10
+academies, 269 students; 14 schools, 388 scholars. The aggregate of
+population by this census was 21,210; of which 9,282 white males, 7,889
+white females; 609 free colored persons, and 3,420 slaves. This census is
+not considered authentic, as many transparent errors were found in various
+parts of it. Other computations made from reliable data at the same
+period, give to the city 23,000 to 24,000 inhabitants. As the former
+number, however, has received official sanction, it would be idle to
+dispute its correctness.
+
+Two events belong also to this year which were of vital importance. Of
+these, the first was the lighting of the city with gas. This was done by a
+corporate company, established by charter in 1839, having a capital of
+$1,200,000, with power also to erect water-works and with banking
+privileges, except the issue of bills. The city is better supplied with
+gas, and better lighted than any in the United States, if not in the
+world; most of the wealthier citizens use it in their dwellings, and all
+the shops are lighted with gas. The perspective view of the miles of
+brilliant lamps stretching away in the distance is very beautiful, and
+very attractive to strangers. Before the introduction of this sort of
+light, the city had been for two or three years greatly infested by
+robbers, who favored by the darkness, made nightly attacks upon
+passengers through the streets, striking and disabling them with colts,
+and in no few instances murdering them outright. Residents were seldom
+attacked by these banditti, but the streets were considered unsafe for
+strangers. Finding it impossible to pursue their avocation where every
+street was brilliantly illuminated, these gentry changed their place of
+operations immediately on the lighting of the town, much to the relief of
+the citizens as well as the re-establishment of the fair fame of the city.
+
+The second of the events above alluded to was the conflagration which will
+be long known as the Great Fire in Louisville. It originated about
+midnight, on Third Street, between Main and Market, in the chair factory
+of John Hawkins, and burned south within one door of the Post Office,
+(then at the corner of Market and Third Streets,) and north to Main
+Street. It then took a westwardly direction down Main Street, destroying
+all the houses to within two doors of the Bank of Louisville. Its further
+progress having been arrested here, the flames crossed the street, and
+coming back upon their course destroyed nine large stores and one boarding
+house on the north side of Main, east of the middle of the square. Upwards
+of thirty houses were consumed, and the loss was estimated at more than
+$300,000. The houses destroyed were chiefly large importing and commercial
+stores; many of the goods were saved, but all the buildings were entirely
+destroyed. This conflagration however, proved in the end rather a gain
+than a loss to the city in general, as the site of the fire was speedily
+rebuilt in a much better style than before.
+
+The friends of the city were at this time urging the propriety of
+establishing manufactures here, a want not felt less at that time than
+now. In an article upon this subject in one of the daily papers, the
+following statistics of the sale of cotton goods were elicited, in which
+reference is had to the year 1841. "At this time there were sold, brown
+cottons to the value of $276,095; prints amounting to $249,824; cotton
+yarns to $224,819; bleached cottons $89,589, and checks and tickings
+$68,180, making a total of $908,772 taken from the city, which, it was
+urged, could have been easily and profitably furnished on the spot." It
+was then said and may be now repeated that too little attention is paid to
+the vast advantages to be derived from the establishment of manufactures,
+especially at this point where the necessary power could and can be so
+easily and so cheaply attained. It is somewhat remarkable that this
+population has depended and still depends so entirely upon commerce as a
+means of gain. No other city perhaps in the world has so large a
+commercial business in proportion to its population. This is probably
+accounted for in the fact that the increase of commerce has been so rapid
+and the difficulty of overdoing the business so apparently impossible that
+every temptation has been offered to the capitalist to prefer this mode of
+investment. The time, however, cannot be far distant when the advantages
+offered to the manufacturer will be acknowledged and embraced. Indeed the
+commencement of what must before long become a very large branch of
+prosperity here was already established, but it has not grown with a
+rapidity commensurate with the increase of other departments of trade. A
+few foundries and manufactories of bagging and rope were established about
+this period. These, with the addition of a lard oil factory, begun by C.
+C. P. Crosby, in 1842, may be said to embrace the whole manufacturing
+business of the city in that year. Future statistics will show how it has
+increased, and will demonstrate the value of this addition to the trade;
+and to these we will now turn.
+
+The Louisville Directory for 1844-1845, compiled by N. Peabody Poor, and
+the best directory ever published here, gives a very complete and
+interesting view of the city for that year. As no events in any degree
+connected with the public interests, or of any especial political value,
+are referable to the period between this year and 1840, it will be as well
+to pass on at once to a notice of the results of these five years of
+steady progress. Beginning then with the population, which, it will be
+remembered, amounted in 1840 to 21,210, we find that in September, 1845,
+an actual census shows it to have reached 37,218 souls. Of these 32,602
+were whites, 560 free blacks, and 4,056 slaves. The increase of five years
+is thus shown to amount to 16,008. Nor was it alone in the matter of
+population that such rapid progress had been made. The number of houses
+engaged in the wholesale and retail trade had increased from 270 to
+upwards of 500, and in addition to these purely commercial houses, there
+were then "12 large foundries for the construction of steam machinery; 1
+large rolling and slitting mill; 2 extensive steam bagging factories,
+capable of producing about 2,000,000 of yards annually; 6 cordage and rope
+factories, some of which produced 900,000 pounds of bale rope annually,
+beside which there were several smaller rope walks for the making of sash
+cord, twine, &c.; 1 cotton factory; 1 woolen factory; 4 flouring mills,
+producing about 400 barrels daily; 4 lard oil factories; 1 white lead
+factory; 3 potteries; 6 extensive tobacco stemmeries, employing a large
+capital, where the leaf is stripped from the stem and re-packed for the
+English market; several tobacco manufactories; 2 glass cutting
+establishments; a large oil cloth factory; 2 surgical instrument makers; 2
+lithographic presses; 1 paper mill; 1 star candle factory; 4 pork houses,
+which will slaughter and pack about 70,000 hogs annually; 3 piano forte
+manufactories; 3 breweries; 8 brick yards; 1 ivory black maker; 6
+tanneries; 2 tallow rendering houses, rendering about 1,000,000 pounds
+annually; 8 soap and candle factories; 3 planing machines; 2 scale
+factories; 2 glue factories; 3 large ship yards, at which have been built
+some of the fastest running boats on the river; besides several factories
+of less note."[16] The simple statement of these facts furnishes a more
+convincing demonstration of the rapid and healthy progress of the city,
+than whole volumes of argument could afford.
+
+Another event bearing directly upon the prosperity of the city during the
+rest of this decade was the opening of the Louisville and Frankfort
+Railroad. The subject of this road had for a long time agitated the city;
+many surveys had been made, and indeed the work had at one time progressed
+to the actual digging and embankment of several miles of the track. The
+opening of the road was finally effected by the subscription of one
+million of dollars by the city herself, which was paid by a tax of one
+per cent, for four years on all real estate within her limits, and this
+tax was re-paid to the owners in shares of stock. Although sanctioned by
+the vote of a very large majority of the citizens, this measure was for a
+while a very unpopular one; but the malcontents have lately found that the
+present loss was to them in the end a gain, and they are ready once more
+to submit to similar taxation, if by so doing other roads can be
+constructed. Indeed the subject of railroads was now eagerly taken up, and
+a just and most effective feeling in their favor was taking the place of
+the former apathy and indifference. The Louisville and Lexington Railroad
+had opened so many new sources of wealth and developed such advantages
+before unthought of, that the policy of stretching out iron arms to
+embrace in their circle all possible resources was no longer doubted.
+Acting upon this feeling, the people of Louisville united with those of
+Jeffersonville in building a road from that point to Columbus, and with
+those of New Albany in uniting that growing city with Salem. The purpose
+had in view in the construction of these roads is the ultimate and not
+very distant connection of Louisville, Jeffersonville and New Albany with
+Lake Erie, St. Louis and Lake Michigan. The entire line of the first of
+these roads is now in progress of construction, and the greater part of
+the other is under contract. Beside these, a railroad hence to Nashville,
+Tenn., is now being surveyed, which will unite with roads already partly
+under operation leading to some point on the Atlantic coast, near
+Charleston, S. C. The Louisville and Nashville end of this route will be
+put under contract as soon as proper surveys can be established. Other
+roads are had in contemplation, but nothing has yet been done toward their
+construction. The effect of these improvements will be the subject of
+notice in another chapter.
+
+With the opening of the year 1850, was commenced the first of a series of
+movements which led to the formation of a new charter for the city. This
+document makes all city officers elective by the people, and places the
+government in the hands of a Mayor, a Board of Common Council, and a Board
+of Aldermen. Many of the provisions of this charter are found healthful
+and wise in their operation, while many others are incomprehensible or
+impracticable. The first Mayor under this new charter felt himself obliged
+to resign his office, on the plea of incompetence to perform the duties
+assigned to him by the instrument. The Council, however, unwilling to
+dispense with so efficient an officer as he had proved himself, continued
+him in place as "_Mayor pro tem._," until the end of his term. Experience
+and the necessities of the city government will doubtless, as time
+progresses, so modify this instrument as to make its provisions work well
+and harmoniously.
+
+The annals of the city up to the year 1852 having now been presented to
+the reader, it only remains to offer a view of its present state in regard
+to population, commerce, manufactures and social position; which, together
+with a chapter on its future destiny, will conclude this history. It is
+not the intention of this work purposely to mislead any, as to the actual
+position of the city, and therefore, instead of embracing with the
+statistics of Louisville those of all the suburban villages and cities in
+the vicinity, as has universally been done by other western places, we
+purpose to give such statistics as belong exclusively to this city. If,
+however, it is ever honest for a city to aggrandize to itself all the
+prosperity of its suburban neighbors, it is eminently so with Louisville.
+The towns immediately around the falls are as ready to concede, as
+Louisville is to claim a perfect identity of interests. The pre-eminence
+which it has already gained over the neighboring towns forbids all hope of
+rivalry on their part, and compels them to unite their interests with
+those of Louisville as a means of their own prosperity. In certain
+branches of trade, New Albany or Jeffersonville may and do successfully
+compete with this city, but it is idle to imagine that this partial
+success can benefit them in such a way as to afford them any superiority
+in point of fact. On the contrary, this very success is owing entirely to
+their proximity to Louisville. Those branches of manufacture or of trade
+in which they excel find encouragement just so far as they are part and
+parcel of the manufactures or commerce of Louisville; and they would find
+no market for such wares, and no sale for such manufactures, did they
+depend only on their own resources of trade. It is the immediate
+contiguity of the large city which is their stimulus to exertion, and
+their means of preservation or of prosperity. They cannot but be
+considered as identical in interest with their elder sister. Nor, on the
+other hand, can it be denied that these places are of immense advantage to
+Louisville. Firstly, because they are situated in a free state, and hence
+can offer freedom from the disadvantages of slavery; secondly, because,
+as smaller towns, they are cheaper residences for those whose means
+require attention to careful economy; thirdly, because they claim for
+Louisville the sympathy and encouragement of the State in which they are
+situated; and finally, because they extend the area of the trade and
+manufactures of the city. It is probable that if the same advantages which
+have made Louisville great had been offered to New Albany or to
+Jeffersonville, either of those places might have exceeded their more
+fortunate compeer. But now the supremacy once gained, cannot but be
+maintained; and the growth and prosperity, or the decay and adversity of
+Louisville, must either make or mar the fortunes of her sister towns.
+
+Before entering upon the commercial statistics of Louisville, it may be
+well to consider its social position, and to endeavor to convey some idea
+of the advantages offered by this city as a place of residence, aside from
+its character as a commercial emporium. It is believed that there are few
+commercial cities on this continent which possess the same characteristics
+as this. The restlessness, the turmoil and the eagerness in the pursuit of
+wealth which is ever the characteristic of large commercial cities, has
+generally produced a littleness of feeling, and a selfishness of manner
+which does not at all tend to elevate the social position of those places,
+but rather causes them to lack that feature which in other countries is
+known and valued by the name "_tone_." In Louisville, this does not
+appear. Indeed it is difficult to reconcile the manner of pursuing traffic
+here with its results. As will be seen hereafter, the business of the
+city is of great extent, and yet the stranger in its midst would perceive
+nothing to indicate such prosperity. Business is pursued quietly and
+without ostentation; no efforts are made by any to convince others of
+their successes; no factitious means are employed to display the results
+of labor, no hurry or restlessness or confusion attends even the largest
+and most prosperous houses. Trade is pursued as a means of gain, but is
+not allowed to blind its votaries to every other pursuit of life: business
+closes with the close of the day, and is forgotten in other things, until
+it is revived on the morrow. While pursued, it is pursued with all the
+avidity that is consistent with the dignity of manhood; but it is never
+allowed to obtrude where it does not belong, nor is it permitted to make
+any forget that there are other duties than those of the merchant, and
+other pleasures than that of adding dollar to dollar. Yet it is believed
+that there is no city in the Union where the aggregate amount of sales in
+any one department of business, divided by the number of houses engaged in
+that business, will show so large a result. Doubtless this state of things
+is in a great measure caused by the peculiarities of character which
+belong to the Kentuckian, and which are so essential an element in the
+society of this city, which society comes now to be considered in its
+proper form.
+
+There are certain traits in the Kentucky character which are everywhere
+spoken of with approbation. A manly independence, a generous frankness,
+and a careless but attractive freedom of manner, united with unbounded
+hospitality, and that true politeness and deference, which proceeds
+rather from natural instinct than from a knowledge of the rules of
+etiquette, are perhaps the chief of these characteristics. All these, and
+much more which will elude description, and which can be appreciated only
+by acquaintance, go to make up that praiseworthy trait of character which
+has always and everywhere distinguished the Kentuckian, as fully as the
+most elaborate description could do, we mean his _chivalry_.
+
+Despising alike the narrow prejudices, the suspicious reserve, the silly
+dignity, the proud self-gratulation of the Yankee; and the pride of birth
+and of purse, the ostentation of manner and the foppish pretension of the
+Southerner, he takes from the first his respect for talent, his patriotism
+and his spirit of enterprise, and from the last his genial warmth of
+heart, his worship of the beautiful, his deference for the other sex, and
+his manly independence of heart. Add to these a bold and reckless
+frankness, an easy confidence, a love of adventure, a scorn of oppression,
+a noble intolerance of even seeming insult, and an almost criminal
+indifference of life when duty or honor seems to call it into peril, and
+you have a fair picture of the true Kentuckian, of the character which
+forms the basis of the society now under consideration. Perhaps the most
+distinguishing feature of this society is the readiness with which it
+receives and swallows up all those sectional differences which in other
+cities remain intact. Society here is generalized; the spirit of
+_cliqueism_ does not prevail, social distinctions are marked in broad,
+plain lines, but the highest class is open to all who merit a place. The
+test of position is neither wealth, birth, nor pretension;
+_respectability_ as readily enters the higher circles, and receives as
+ready encouragement as either of these. In other cities, society divides
+into numerous little circles, each claiming superior position to the
+other, each ridiculing the pretension and refusing the association of the
+other. Here, all are honored in their respective spheres, and few claim a
+position to which they are not entitled.
+
+Society here has also the power of generalization to the extent that
+sectional differences are lost by its members, and the Northern, Eastern
+or Southern man, as well as the native of another country, seems to lose
+all identity of manner, and becomes only an integral part of one great
+circle. The fashionable world acts as if with one common impulse, while
+the other, the larger and better class of respectable people, who do not
+aspire to this title, but who could claim it by the mere exercise of their
+will, are neither led by the _beau monde_, on the one hand, nor, on the
+other, do they make a virtue of opposing this class. Society is correct in
+its outline and harmonious in detail. Distinctions of class, though
+plainly marked, are never offensively shown.
+
+Perhaps the worst feature of society is its lack of a proper reverence for
+the intellectual, its tendency to frivolity. The amusements most prized by
+all classes are of a frivolous character. The song, the play or the dance,
+are valued far above the lecture or the conversation. The pleasures of the
+intellect are considered dull and tame, when compared with those which
+excite but for a moment, and are then forgotten. That the power of the
+intellectual man is acknowledged is true, but the acknowledgment is not
+practical, it is merely theoretical. While a high respect is had for the
+man of letters, he does not command that _sympathy_ which should be
+accorded him. The great singer or actor receives far more at the hands of
+society than the profound philosopher or the elegant essayist. People of
+all ranks are bent upon attaining pleasure with the least possible
+intellectual exertion. Libraries are little patronized; public amusements
+of all sorts meet with unbounded success.
+
+Another glaring defect of a certain part of society is found in a desire
+for notoriety, even if purchased at the expense of good taste. This
+feeling is one hardly deserving the name of ambition, for ambition has
+ever a laudable object in view, while this purposes to itself no more than
+merely having one's name coupled with some eccentric freak, or being
+pitied as the victim of _outre_ tastes in dress or manner. It has resulted
+from the thoughtless admission of very young persons into terms of social
+equality, and will doubtless be corrected as these grow mature or pass
+over the stage, and admit a new group to the places they have just yielded
+up.
+
+The first of these defects is by far the worst in its general tendencies;
+for it reduces the educational standard, causing daughters to be educated
+merely with a view to shine in society, and leading young men to eschew
+pursuits which they find do not advantage them with their daily
+companions. It is in society that the young man first feels the promptings
+of ambition; and if excellence in the Redowa or the Mazourka gain for him
+more admiration than skill with the pen or the pallet; if genius in
+ball-room prattle make him more friends than learning or philosophy, it is
+easy to see that the Redowa and the ball-room will carry the day. Nor, on
+the other hand, can it be doubted that if young ladies were so educated as
+to show their appreciation of useful talent; if their tastes would lead
+them to smile on the endeavor of merit, and to frown on him who had
+neglected the graces of the mind to bestow his time and attention on those
+of the person, a very great social change would ensue. Men would then have
+a proper point for their ambition to aim at; the parlor or the ball-room
+would become a place of real and rational enjoyment, and society would
+take a rank far above that held by the ballet girls and singers of the
+conservatoire.
+
+But society here has its virtues as well as its defects. It is singularly
+free from absolute vice of all sorts. It discourages gaming, drunkenness
+and sensuality; its prevailing tone is virtuous and moral; and, while
+people are hedged in by few conventionalities, yet a character for
+respectability is imperatively demanded from all who knock at its portals
+for admission. No society could be more agreeable to the stranger than
+that of Louisville. Its unbounded hospitality, and generous, confiding
+frankness are characteristics which are to him a screen against any minor
+defects.
+
+It is not to be argued from anything which has been previously said that
+this city can boast of no prominent intellectual men. On the contrary few
+cities of corresponding size in the country can show as many widely known
+and respected names connected with the world of letters. There are now
+living in Louisville eighteen authors who have each contributed one or
+more successful volumes to the literature of the day. But authorship and
+intellectual exertion, like business or physical labor, seems to form no
+part of the every day life of society.
+
+The next subject which presents itself as connected with the social review
+of the city is a glance at the religious statistics of Louisville. This is
+offered to the reader in the following
+
+TABLE OF CHURCHES.
+
+  --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     |Congregations.
+                     |         +--------------------------------------
+                     |         |Communications.
+                     |         |        +-----------------------------
+                     |         |        |Number in Congregation.
+                     |         |        |  (Attendance.)
+                     |         |        |        +--------------------
+                     |         |        |        |Church Accomodations
+                     |         |        |        |  for
+                     |         |        |        |        +-----------
+                     |         |        |        |        |Value of
+    CHURCHES.        |         |        |        |        | Property.
+  -------------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|-----------
+  BAPTIST            |    5    |  1,729 |  2,200 |  2,650 |   80,000
+  EPISCOPAL          |    3    |    431 |  1,425 |  2,150 |   76,000
+  METHODIST          |   17    |  3,036 |  5,900 |  8,250 |  109,000
+  PRESBYTERIAN       |    5    |    913 |  2,225 |  3,300 |  128,000
+  GERMAN EVANGELICAL |    4    |        |  1,200 |  2,150 |   21,700
+     "   LUTHERAN    |    1    |        |    100 |    100 |
+     "   REFORMED    |    1    |     75 |    200 |    200 |    2,250
+  DISCIPLE           |    2    |    410 |    520 |    950 |   18,000
+  UNITARIAN          |    1    |     63 |    240 |    320 |   12,000
+  UNIVERSALIST       |    1    |     70 |    200 |    500 |    8,000
+  ROMAN CATHOLIC     |    4    |  5,000 |  5,000 |  3,540 |  125,000
+  JEWS               |    2    |        |    400 |    400 |   11,000
+                     |---------|--------|--------|--------|-----------
+       Total         |   46    | 11,727 | 19,610 | 24,510 |  590,900
+  --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The tasteful and elegant structures which many of these churches have
+erected are great additions to the beauty of the city. Those most worthy
+of note are the Walnut Street Baptist, First Presbyterian, Catholic
+Cathedral, St. Paul's (Episcopal) and the Synagogue; the last mentioned of
+which is the most elegant building in the city, although it is probably
+less expensive than either of the others. The pulpit of Louisville is
+eminently well supplied. Some of the most distinguished divines of the
+country are among its members; and few, if any, of the clergy are men
+whose talents do not rank above mediocrity.
+
+Beside the churches above mentioned, Louisville has also many beautiful
+public and private buildings. The city is perhaps more thoroughly
+classified and better arranged, both for business and for comfortable
+residence, than any other western place. The wholesale business of the
+city is entirely confined to Main Street, which is more than four miles
+long, is perfectly straight, and is built up on either side with good
+substantial brick buildings for more than half its entire length. The
+stores, taken as a whole, are the largest and finest ware-houses anywhere
+to be seen; having fronts of from twenty to thirty feet and running back
+from one hundred and ten to two hundred feet, and three to five stories in
+height. The houses thus referred to occupy the most central part of the
+business street and extend from First to Sixth cross streets, a distance
+of 5,040 feet in a direct line. On the north side of Main Street,
+throughout this whole extent, there are but two retail stores of any kind,
+and even these only sell their goods at retail because they are enabled to
+do so without interference with their wholesale trade. On the south side
+of the same street are about twenty of the fashionable shops side by side
+with many of the largest wholesale houses. Market Street is exclusively
+devoted to the retail business. It is on this street that the principal
+small transactions in country produce are made. With the exception of the
+squares bounded by Third and Fifth Streets, where most of the retail
+dry-goods business is done, the entire extent of this street is given up
+to the retail grocers, provision dealers and clothiers. Jefferson is
+recently beginning to be used as a fashionable street for the retailers,
+but yet contains many handsome residences. The streets south of Jefferson
+are all entirely occupied with dwelling houses. No business is done on any
+of them except an occasional family grocery or drug store. The fashionable
+shops are fitted up in a style of unexampled magnificence and contain the
+most beautiful products of human ingenuity. No city in the Union is better
+supplied with or finds more ready sale for the finest class of articles of
+every description than Louisville. The city south of Jefferson Street is
+very beautiful. The streets are lined on either side with large and
+elegant shade trees, the houses are all provided with little green yards
+in front, and are cleanly kept, presenting a graceful and home-like
+appearance. An impression of elegant ease every where characterizes this
+part of the city. The houses seem to be more the places for retirement,
+comfort and enjoyment than, as is customary in most cities, either the
+ostentatious discomforts of display, or the hot, confined residences of
+those whose life of ease is sacrificed to the pursuit of gain. There is
+little appearance of poverty and little display of wealth; every house
+seems the abode of modest competence that knows how to enjoy a little with
+content, careless of producing a display of wealth to feast the eyes of a
+passing idler. Even the more ambitious residences on Chestnut and Broadway
+Streets are constructed rather for the comfort of the inmates than to
+produce an impression on the stranger. This latter is the most beautiful
+street in the city. It is one hundred and twenty feet in width from front
+to front and is perfectly straight. The side-walks are twenty-five feet
+wide. The view up and down this street is extended and beautiful. It is
+destined to become the fashionable street for residence. Already many
+beautiful buildings are being erected upon it and the former less elegant
+houses are being removed to more remote situations.
+
+The subject of Public Education comes now to claim its share of
+consideration. The free school system is the same in its outline here as
+in other cities. The city schools are under the direction of a Board of
+trustees, who are elected by the people, and are open to all those persons
+who are not able to pay for the tuition of their wards; children of all
+ages and of both sexes are placed under the care of competent instructors,
+and educated in all the ordinary branches of learning without any charge
+to the pupil. The sexes are kept separate and male and female teachers are
+employed. The standard of study is as high as in other unclassical
+schools, and every pupil has equal advantages of improvement. A high
+school is about to be established where all the branches of study usually
+employed in colleges will be taught to those pupils who have successfully
+passed through the lower schools, also without any charge. By this
+magnificent educational scheme, the children even of the poorest and
+humblest member of society are afforded all the advantages which the
+wealthiest person could purchase. The attendance at the public schools of
+Louisville has not been so large as it should have been; firstly, because
+there are comparatively few parents who are not able to pay for the
+tuition of their children; and secondly, because of a foolish pride which
+prevents parents from accepting this education as a gratuity. The number
+of children taught in private schools as compared with those who embrace
+the free school privileges show that these reasons have immense weight
+with the people. It is probable, however, that the opening of the new high
+school will bring about a change in this regard. The advantages which will
+then be offered to the pupil will be so great as to overcome, in a great
+measure, the absurd prejudices which have existed in the city against the
+common school. There are twenty-four free schools in the city, having
+thirty-one female and twenty-five male teachers, whose salaries range from
+two hundred and fifty to seven hundred dollars. The number of pupils
+entered for the year reaches about three thousand, six hundred and fifty,
+while the number in attendance does not exceed one thousand, eight hundred
+and fifty. This affords an average of only thirty-three pupils to each
+teacher; so that all the pupils are able to receive every requisite
+attention.
+
+The city also has control of a Medical and of a Law school, which are
+recognized as departments of the Louisville University. The first of these
+is one of the most distinguished schools of its class in the United
+States. Something has been said of its history in a previous part of this
+volume. Three thousand, eight hundred and sixty-one young men have been
+attendants on this school since its commencement. The names of its
+Professors are well known in the medical world and afford a sure guarantee
+for its position. They are as follows:
+
+Charles W. Short, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Materia Medica and Medical
+Botany.
+
+[17]Jedediah Cobb, M. D., Professor of Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy.
+
+Lunsford P. Yandell, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathalogical
+Anatomy.
+
+Samuel D. Gross, M. D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of
+Surgery.
+
+Henry Miller, M. D., Professor of Obstetric Medicine.
+
+Lewis Rogers, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.
+
+Benjamin Silliman, Jr., M. D., Professor of Medical Chemistry and
+Toxicology.
+
+[17]Daniel Drake, M. D., Professor of the Theory and
+
+T. G. Richardson, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.
+
+The venerated name of CHARLES CALDWELL, M. D., was also, for a long time,
+associated with this school, and much of its earlier success is
+attributable to his exertion.
+
+The law department of the University has been in active operation only
+since the winter of 1847. It has, however, obtained a wide spread and
+deservedly great reputation as a school. The number of pupils educated in
+this department since its commencement is one hundred and ninety-six.
+
+The Professors of the Law Department of the University are as follows:
+
+Hon. Henry Pirtle, L. L. D., Professor of Constitutional Law, Equity and
+Commercial Law.
+
+Hon. Wm, F. Bullock, Professor of the Law of Real Property and of the
+Practice of Law, including Pleading and Evidence.
+
+Hon. James Pryor, Professor of the History and Science of Law, including
+the Common Law and International Law.
+
+The prospects of this school for the ensuing year are more flattering than
+they have ever been. The distinguished gentlemen who are at the head of
+this institution have reason to congratulate themselves as well on their
+past success as on their brilliant prospects for the future.
+
+Besides these two schools under the immediate control of the city, the
+Medical Department of the Masonic University of Kentucky is also located
+here. This school has been in operation for a very short time, having been
+organized in 1850, but its claims seem already to be recognized throughout
+the West. The institution opened with a class of 103 young gentlemen,
+which number was increased in the second year of its existence to 110.
+With so auspicious a commencement, and under the direction of its
+distinguished faculty, there seems to be no reason why it should not soon
+equal in point of numbers and utility the other and older college. The
+advantages of Louisville over other western cities as a location for
+medical schools does not need any further notice than these statistics
+will afford. What has already been accomplished by these institutions will
+establish its advantages with the reader more fully than any deliberate
+reasoning could do. The faculty of the Kentucky School of Medicine is
+composed of the following gentlemen:
+
+Benj. W. Dudley, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Anatomy and Surgery.
+
+Robert Peter, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology.
+
+Thos. D. Mitchell, Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine.
+
+Joshua B. Flint, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery.
+
+James M. Bush, M. D., and Ethelbert L. Dudley, M. D., Professors of
+Special and Surgical Anatomy and Operative Surgery.
+
+Henry M. Bullitt, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathology.
+
+Llewellyn Powell, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and
+Children.
+
+Erasmus D. Foree, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Clinical
+Medicine.
+
+David Cummings, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.
+
+St. Aloysius college, under the care of the Jesuits, is an academical
+institution of some celebrity. It has six professors and several tutors.
+The Kentucky Institution for the Education of the Blind is also located
+here. This noble monument of philanthropy has been the means of much good
+to the class for whom it was intended. It has had an average attendance of
+about twenty pupils. The course of instruction is ample and the results
+have been in the highest degree creditable to the teachers. The
+proficiency of many of the pupils is truly wonderful; and their aptitude
+in learning many of the branches taught them, more especially that great
+solace of the blind, music, is everywhere noted. They are also instructed
+in various kinds of handicraft, by which they are enabled to earn an
+honorable support after leaving the school. The price of board and tuition
+for those who are able to pay is only one hundred dollars per annum; while
+indigent children, resident in the State, are educated gratuitously. The
+spacious building erected for the use of this school was recently
+destroyed by fire, but will be speedily rebuilt on a more favorable site
+and in a better manner than before.
+
+Beside the schools above mentioned there are a great number of private
+schools of various grades of excellence. Among these the Young Ladies'
+Schools of BISHOP SMITH and of PROF. NOBLE BUTLER are perhaps the most
+widely known. They offer advantages for the education of young ladies
+which are not surpassed in any city. Indeed the educational opportunities
+afforded by the many excellent public and private schools of Louisville
+are in the highest degree creditable to the city and have attracted and
+still continue to attract to it many families from distant parts of the
+country. To those who know how properly to estimate the value of
+educational privileges, the training of their children is an all-important
+consideration; and, as nothing can supply the want of parental care, it is
+not uncommon for families to seek as a residence those places which at
+once possess great facilities for instruction, and are free from the
+dangers of ill-health. Louisville has both these advantages, and hence
+this city owes to these facts much of her best population.
+
+The healthiness of Louisville is everywhere a subject of remark. Its past
+reputation for insalubrity is long since forgotten, and its singular
+exemption from those epidemic diseases whose ravages have been so terrible
+in other places, have gained for it a very enviable distinction among
+cities. The following recent report of the Committee on Public Health of
+the Louisville Medical Society will tend still further to confirm what has
+just been said: "Since the years 1822 and 1823," says this document, "the
+endemic fevers of summer and autumn have become gradually less frequent,
+until within the last five or six years they have almost ceased to
+prevail, and those months are now as free from disease as those of any
+part of the year. Typhoid fever is a rare affection here, and a majority
+of the cases seen occur in persons recently from the country. Some
+physicians residing in the interior of this State see more of the disease
+than comes under the joint observation of all the practitioners of the
+city, if we exclude those treated in the Hospital.
+
+"Tubercular disease, particularly pulmonary consumption, is not so much
+seen as in the interior of Kentucky. Our exemption from pulmonary
+consumption is remarkable, and it would be a matter of much interest if a
+registration could be made of all the deaths from it, so that we could
+compare them with those of other places.
+
+"For the truth of the remarks as to the extent and frequency of the
+diseases enumerated we rely solely upon what we have observed ourselves,
+and upon what we have verbally gathered from our professional friends.
+
+"This exemption of Louisville from disease, can be accounted for in no
+other way than from its natural situation, and from what has been done in
+grading, in building, and in laying off the streets.
+
+"Louisville is situated on an open plain, where the wind has access from
+every direction; upon a sandy soil, which readily absorbs the water that
+falls upon it; susceptible of adequate drainings; supplied bountifully
+with pure lime stone water, which is filtered through a depth of thirty or
+forty feet of sand; its streets are wide and laid off at right
+angles--north and south, east and west--giving the freest ventilation; and
+the buildings compact, comfortable, and generally so constructed as to be
+dry and to admit freely the fresh air. It is situated upon the border of
+the beautiful Ohio, and environed by one of the richest agricultural
+districts in the world, supplying it with abundance of food, and all the
+comforts and luxuries of life. It must, under the guidance of science and
+wise legislation, become, if it is not already, one of the healthiest
+cities in the world. Its proximity to the rapids of the Ohio may add to
+its salubrity, and it is certain that the evening breezes wafted over
+them, produce an exhilarating effect, beyond what is derived from the
+perpetual music of the roar of the falls."
+
+It may be proper to add the following table of the comparative statistics
+of annual mortality of the resident population as ascertained from
+official sources.
+
+  In Louisville the deaths are one to 50.
+     Philadelphia     do       do     36.
+     New York         do       do     37.
+     Boston           do       do     38.
+     Cincinnati       do       do     35.
+     Naples           do       do     28.
+     Paris            do       do     33.
+     London           do       do     39.
+     Glasgow          do       do     44.
+
+The _Market Houses_ of Louisville, five in number and all located upon
+Market Street, are profusely supplied with every production of this
+latitude. Markets are held every day, and prices are much lower than in
+Eastern cities. The Kentucky beef and pork which is everywhere so
+celebrated, is here found in its true perfection. The vegetables and
+fruits peculiar to this climate, are also offered in excellent order and
+in great abundance. Irish and sweet potatoes, green peas, corn, cucumbers,
+lettuce, radishes, asparagus, celery, salsafie, pie plant, melons,
+peaches, apples, cherries, strawberries, and many other vegetables and
+fruits are plentifully supplied. The Irish potato is sold at from
+twenty-five to forty cents per bushel, green peas command about twenty
+cents per peck, strawberries fifty cents per gallon. The choice pieces of
+beef can be had at from six to eight cents per pound, less desirable
+pieces bring three and four cents. Pork is bought at about five cents per
+pound. Turkies bring fifty to seventy-five cents each. Spring chickens,
+from seventy-five to one dollar and fifty cents per dozen. Ducks, fifteen
+to twenty-five cents each. Eggs are sold at four to eight cents per dozen.
+Butter, fifteen to twenty cents per pound. The lamb and mutton sold in
+this market, cannot be surpassed in point of quality in the United States.
+The extreme fertility of the country around Louisville, and its perfect
+adaptation to the wants of the gardener and the stockraiser, must always
+give to this city the advantage of an excellent and cheap provision
+market.
+
+The following is a list of all the publications issued from this city:
+
+  Journal               Daily and Weekly     Whig.
+  Courier                 "         "          "
+  Times                   "         "        Democrat.
+  Democrat                "         "           "
+  Beobachter am Ohio      "         "           "
+  Louisville Anzeiger     "         "           "
+  Union                      Daily           Neutral.
+  Bulletin                     "                "
+  Sunday Varieties           Weekly             "
+  Presbyterian Herald          "             Presbyterian.
+  Western Recorder             "             Baptist.
+  Watchman and Evangelist      "             Cumb. Presby.
+  Christian Advocate           "             Methodist.
+  Kentucky New Era        Semi-Monthly       Temperance.
+  Christian Repository       Monthly         Baptist.
+  Indian Advocate               "               "
+  Bible Advocate                "            Neutral.
+  Theological Medium            "            Cumb. Presby.
+  Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery  Monthly.
+  Transylvania Medical Journal                "
+
+This review of the social statistics of Louisville will be concluded with
+a notice of the number of persons engaged in the various avocations of
+life, as shows in the following:
+
+  Agents                            58
+  Agricultural Implement Makers      5
+  Apothecaries                     113
+  Architects                         6
+  Artificial Flower Makers           2
+  Artists                           10
+  Auctioneers                       26
+  Barbers                          198
+  Bakers                           362
+  Bar Keepers                      231
+  Basket Makers                     15
+  Bellows Makers                     5
+  Blind Makers                       5
+  Blacking Makers                    4
+  Blacksmiths                      251
+  Bird Stuffers                      2
+  Brush Makers                      15
+  Brokers                           28
+  Bricklayers                      265
+  Brick Makers                      45
+  Brewers                           37
+  Bristle Cleaners                   4
+  Book Sellers                      18
+  Boot and Shoe Dealers             58
+  Book Binders                     102
+  Butchers                         201
+  Candle and Soap Makers            38
+  Caulkers                          18
+  Carpet Weavers                     8
+  Carvers                           13
+  Cartmen                          452
+  Carpenters                       874
+  Camphine Makers                    4
+  Cabinet Makers                   275
+  Cement Maker                       1
+  Clerks                          1130
+  Clothing Dealers                  57
+  Cigar Makers                     159
+  Composition Roofers                2
+  Cotton Packers                    22
+  Cotton Caulk Makers                3
+  Collectors                        22
+  Confectionaries                   96
+  Coach Makers                      78
+  Coopers                          116
+  Comb Makers                        3
+  Dancing Teachers                  10
+  Daguerreotypists                  23
+  Dentists                          13
+  Distiller                          1
+  Doctors                          162
+  Druggists                         75
+  Dry Goods Dealers                275
+  Dyers                             11
+  Editors                           18
+  Edge Tool Makers                  11
+  Egg Packers                        4
+  Engravers                         15
+  Engineers                        139
+  Farmers                           17
+  Feed Dealers                      15
+  Fishermen                         10
+  File Cutters                       3
+  Foundrymen                       369
+  Fringe Makers                      4
+  Gardeners                         31
+  Gentlemen                         36
+  Gilders                            8
+  Glass Setters                      3
+  Glass Cutters                      2
+  Glass Stainer                      1
+  Glass Blowers                     21
+  Glue Makers                        2
+  Grocers                          504
+  Guagers                            3
+  Gunsmiths                         17
+  Hatters                          117
+  Hackmen                           95
+  Hardware Dealers                  34
+  Hucksters                         45
+  Hose Makers                        2
+  Ice Dealers                        6
+  Ink Makers                         6
+  Insurance Agencies                27
+  Iron Safe Maker                    1
+  Lamp Makers                        2
+  Laborers                        1920
+  Last Makers                        3
+  Leather Finders                   16
+  Lawyers                          125
+  Liquor Dealers                    45
+  Locksmiths                        47
+  Livery Keepers                    43
+  Lightning Rod Maker                1
+  Lathe Makers                       2
+  Match Makers                      12
+  Machinists                        33
+  Marble Cutters                    21
+  Merchants                         85
+  Millers                           37
+  Milliners                        186
+  Milkmen                            8
+  Millwrights                       17
+  Midwives                          23
+  Music Dealers                      9
+  Music Teachers                    30
+  Music Publishers                   3
+  No Occupation                    127
+  Oil Cloth Makers                  15
+  Oyster Brokers                     5
+  Organ Builders                     4
+  Oil Stone Makers                  10
+  Opticians                          2
+  Oil Makers                        27
+  Paper Makers                      22
+  Paper Box Makers                   8
+  Painters                         267
+  Pedlars                           47
+  Plasterers                        94
+  Plane Makers                      26
+  Planing Mill and Lumbermen        33
+  Piano Makers                      36
+  Printers                         201
+  Paper Hangers                     48
+  Potters                           17
+  Professors                        26
+  Pump Makers                       16
+  Pickle Dealer                      1
+  Plumbers                           9
+  Pork Packers                      25
+  Preachers                         57
+  Presidents Company                45
+  Policemen                         32
+  Queensware Dealers                26
+  Railroad Car Makers                6
+  Refrigerator Makers                6
+  River Men                        330
+  Rope Makers                       65
+  Saddlers                         195
+  Semptresses                      311
+  Scale Makers                       7
+  Silver Platers                     5
+  Silversmiths                      63
+  Shoemakers                       356
+  Ship Carpenters                  133
+  Soda Makers                        8
+  Speculators                       43
+  Starch Makers                     10
+  Stereotypers                       3
+  Stone Cutters                    219
+  Stocking Weavers                   2
+  Surveyors                         13
+  Students                         638
+  Saw Millers                        8
+  Stucco Workers                     4
+  Stove Makers                       4
+  Sail Makers                        2
+  Surgical Instrument Makers         4
+  Tailors                          375
+  Tanners                           42
+  Tavern keepers                   275
+  Teachers                          67
+  Telescopic Instrument Makers       1
+  Tinners                          115
+  Turners                           22
+  Tobacconists                      61
+  Trunk Makers                      35
+  Upholsterers                      29
+  Umbrella Makers                    5
+  Variety Dealers                   46
+  Vinegar Makers                     8
+  Wig Makers                         3
+  Wire Workers                      12
+  Wagon Makers                     144
+  Whip Makers                        3
+  Wood and Coal Dealers             30
+  White Lead Makers                  2
+  Wall Paper Makers                  1
+
+The commercial and manufacturing statistics of Louisville come next to be
+considered. And it is well to state here, however discreditable such
+statement may be to the city, that no business organization of any kind
+has ever been attempted and no statistical tables have ever been kept
+either by the city government, by societies or individuals. The only means
+left to the statistician, therefore, have been the tedious and often
+incomplete process of personal application and investigation. The
+statistics which are here offered to the reader are derived from the best
+authority and are believed to be correct, but are necessarily far less
+complete than could have been wished. This outline will, however, serve to
+give some idea of the general business character of the city.
+
+All departments of business in Louisville are transacted upon a very large
+scale. It is perhaps the greatest fault in the commercial character of the
+city that everything is conducted upon too large a scale. There is, to
+use a painter's phrase, too much of outline and too little in detail. The
+wealth and importance of cities depends less upon the great than upon the
+small dealers and manufacturers; these latter are content with doing each
+a small and careful business which may gradually rise to be of vast
+extent, and which will thus really improve and profit the city more than
+the mighty efforts of the large dealer. In Louisville, however, none are
+contented to do a little business. The feeling seems to exist that
+mercantile or manufacturing pursuits are respectable just in proportion to
+the capital employed in them, and the desire of every one seems to be to
+attain a high point of respectability. Louisville greatly lacks that class
+of inhabitants, so useful to a city, who are content to attain wealth by
+careful and laborious means, who can commence with the basket of apples
+and gradually work up to the proud proprietorship of extensive ware-houses
+or factories. There is everywhere prevalent among those who should seek to
+rise gradually, a desire to place themselves at once in a rank with the
+largest dealers. It is the small dealer and the small manufacturer, who is
+content to rise by his own efforts, unaided by factitious means of any
+sort, who is needed here. There is abundant room and abundant work for
+such, their advent is courted; and, if they will avoid the characteristic
+desire for extensive business relations and be content to seek their
+fortunes by pains-taking progress, their success is infallibly certain.
+
+It has already been remarked that the aggregate amount of sales in any one
+department of business divided by the number of houses engaged in that
+business would show a very large result. In this statement reference is
+had only to those exclusively wholesale houses, whose sales are made to
+dealers. No exclusively retail houses of any sort are placed in the
+enumeration, though the sales of many of the retail stores would fully
+equal, if indeed they did not exceed, some of the wholesale houses. The
+difficulty of reaching any proper account of the retail business will,
+however, prevent any notice being taken of it in this volume.
+
+Louisville contains _twenty-five_ exclusively wholesale DRY GOODS houses,
+whose sales are made only to dealers and whose market reaches from
+Northern Louisiana to Northern Kentucky and embraces a large part of the
+States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama, Illinois, Mississippi and
+Arkansas. The aggregate amount of annual sales by these houses is _five
+million, eight hundred_ and _fifty-three thousand_ (5,853,000) _dollars_,
+or an average of _two hundred_ and _thirty-four thousand_ (234,000)
+_dollars_ to each house. The sales of three of the largest of these houses
+amount in the aggregate to _one million, seven hundred_ and _eighty-nine
+thousand_ (1,789,000) _dollars_. Neither this statement nor those which
+follow include any auction houses.
+
+In BOOTS & SHOES, the sales of the _eight_ houses of the above description
+reach _one million, one hundred_ and _eighty-four thousand_ (1,184,000)
+_dollars_, or _one hundred_ and _forty-eight thousand_ (148,000) _dollars_
+to each house. The sales of the three largest houses in this business
+reach _six hundred_ and _thirty thousand_ (630,000) _dollars_.
+
+The aggregate amount of annual sales by _eight houses_ in DRUGS, &c., is
+_one million, one hundred_ and _twenty-three thousand_ (1,123,000)
+_dollars_, or _one hundred_ and _forty thousand, three hundred_ and
+_seventy-five_ (140,375) _dollars_ to each house; and the sales of the
+three largest houses amount to _seven hundred_ and _fifty-three thousand_
+(753,000) _dollars_.
+
+The sales of HARDWARE by _nine houses_ amount annually to _five hundred_
+and _ninety thousand_ (590,000) _dollars_, being an average of _sixty-five
+thousand, five hundred_ and _fifty-five_ (65,555) _dollars_ to each house.
+
+The sales of SADDLERY reach _nine hundred_ and _eighty thousand_ (980,000)
+_dollars_, of which nearly one-half are of domestic manufacture.
+
+The sales of HATS and CAPS, necessarily including sales at retail, amount
+to _six hundred_ and _eighty-three thousand_ (683,000) _dollars_.
+
+The sales of QUEENSWARE, less reliably taken, reach _two hundred_ and
+_sixty-five thousand_ (265,000) _dollars_.
+
+There are _thirty-nine_ wholesale GROCERY houses, whose aggregate sales
+reach _ten millions, six hundred_ and _twenty-three thousand, four
+hundred_ (10,623,400) _dollars_, which gives an average of _two hundred_
+and _seventy-two thousand, four hundred_ (272,400) _dollars_ to each
+house. A brief statement of some of the principal annual imports in the
+Grocery line will perhaps give a better idea of this business. The figures
+refer to the year 1850:
+
+  Louisiana Sugar          15,615 hhds.
+  Refined     "            10,100 p'ckgs.
+  Molasses                 17,500 bbls.
+  Coffee                   42,500 bags.
+  Rice                      1,275 tierces.
+  Cotton Yarns             17,925 bags.
+  Cheese                   25,250 boxes.
+  Flour                    80,650 bbls.
+  Bagging                  70,160 pieces.
+  Rope                     65,350 coils.
+  Salt, Kanawha           110,250 bbls.
+    "   Turk's Island      50,525 bags.
+
+The following Recapitulatory Table will enable the reader to see at a
+glance all that has just been stated:
+
+TABLE.
+
+  ------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Description of Business.| No of |Aggregate Annual|Average Sales to
+                          |Houses.|     Sales.     |   each house.
+  ------------------------|-------|----------------|----------------
+  Groceries               |   39  |   $10,623,400  |     $272,400
+  Dry Goods               |   25  |     5,853,000  |      234,000
+  Boots and Shoes         |    8  |     1,184,000  |      148,000
+  Drugs                   |    8  |     1,123,000  |      140,375
+  Hardware                |    9  |       590,000  |       65,555
+  Queensware              |    6  |       265,000  |       44,166
+  Hats, Furs, &c.         |    8  |       683,000  |       85,375
+  ------------------------|-------|----------------|----------------
+      Total               |  103  |   $20,321,400  |     $197,295
+  ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+It will be seen that these tables do not include many of the largest
+departments of business. Beside the houses already mentioned are many
+commission houses, whose sales in cotton, tobacco, rope, bagging, hemp,
+provisions &c., would very greatly increase the amounts above stated. The
+impossibility of procuring accurate and reliable statistics of the amount
+of sales by these houses will prevent any attempt to fix the exact ratio
+of their business. The Western reader who is at all connected with
+commerce does not, however, need to be told that the trade in these
+articles in Louisville is of immense extent. The great superiority of this
+city as a market for hemp and its products, bagging and rope, is so
+obvious, so well known and so widely acknowledged, that any dissertation
+upon these merits is unnecessary here.
+
+As a TOBACCO MARKET, Louisville possesses advantages which are not
+afforded by any other Western or Southern city. The rapid and healthful
+increase in the receipts and sales of this article during the last few
+years is of itself sufficient evidence of this fact. Even as early as the
+year 1800 the prospects of the city in this regard, though in the distant
+future, were looked upon as highly flattering. A Mr. Campbell had at that
+time a tobacco ware-house, which was situated opposite Corn Island. This
+ware-house was suppressed by the legislature in 1815, and a new one
+ordered to be erected at "the mouth of Beargrass." The building thus
+directed was located on Pearl Street, about one hundred feet from Main,
+and the salary of the Inspector was fixed at £25, currency, per annum.
+This inspector resided at some distance from the city, and when a
+sufficient quantity of tobacco had been collected at the ware-house to
+make it an object, he was sent for to come and perform his duties. The
+entire crop did not then exceed 500 hogsheads. There are at present in the
+city three large tobacco ware-houses, all receiving and selling daily
+immense quantities of this article. Speculators are attracted to this
+market from great distances and the receipts are continually upon the
+increase. The following table of receipts since 1837 will show how
+steadily and securely this increase has been effected:
+
+  1837       2,133 hhds.
+  1838       2,783  "
+  1839[18]   1,295  "
+  1840       3,113  "
+  1841       4,031  "
+  1842       5,131  "
+  1843       5,424  "
+  1844              "
+  1845       8,454  "
+  1846       9,700  "
+  1847       7,070  "
+  1848       4,937  "
+  1849       8,906  "
+  1850       7,155  "
+  1851      11,300  "
+  1852      16,176  "
+
+These figures are of themselves a strong argument in favor of this city as
+a market for tobacco. The reasons for the steady and rapid increase in
+the receipts of this article, as well as for the opinion that this is the
+best market for tobacco in the United States, are very simple, very
+convincing and very easily stated. In the first place, it is a fact well
+known to all tobacco dealers, that in the three divisions of
+Kentucky--to-wit: the Northern, Southern and Middle--a variety of leaf,
+suitable to _all_ the purposes of the manufacturer, is grown. In no other
+State is so great and so complete a variety of leaf produced. The cigar
+maker, the lump manufacturer and the stemmer all find in this State the
+article just suited to their various purposes. These tobaccos all
+naturally find their way to Louisville as a market, and, of a necessary
+consequence, attract buyers to this place. Beside this advantage, another
+important point is gained in the presence of the numerous manufacturers of
+tobacco in Louisville. These persons, having to compete with the
+established markets of older States, offer large prices to the planter and
+so attract here great quantities of the article. It is well known that
+really fine tobacco, for manufacturing purposes, has brought and will
+always command here as high rates as can be had for it at any other point
+in the United States. The number of manufacturers is rapidly increasing,
+the character of the article which they produce is steadily growing into
+favor, and the market for its sale is enlarging every day, so that
+planters cannot be so blinded to their interests as to seek foreign
+markets for an article which will pay them so handsomely at their own
+doors. Again: the facilities for the shipment of the article from this
+point to the various Eastern markets are recently so increased that an
+entirely new demand has sprung up for Louisville tobacco. Western New
+York, Western Pennsylvania, Northern Illinois, Ohio and Michigan, all of
+which were formerly obliged to look to New York City for their supplies of
+this article, have recently turned their faces westwardly, for the simple
+reason that they can now get the same article at less rates of freight and
+without the former numerous and onerous commissions. Nor is this the only
+benefit procured to these purchasers in choosing this market. It is well
+known that, unless tobacco is in unusually excellent order, it is always
+seriously injured by being confined on shipboard in its passage through
+the warm climate of the Gulf of Mexico and along the coast of the Southern
+States. And as Louisville is the only other prominent shipping point for
+the article, it has, of course, this great advantage over rival markets.
+The facts above enumerated indicate only the prominent and leading reasons
+for believing Louisville to be the best tobacco market in the Union. Many
+other advantages might be enumerated, but these, which are all
+acknowledged and have been demonstrated over and over again, are
+considered sufficient to establish the proposition. However much
+Louisville has gained in regard to this article, there is yet much to
+gain. Her destiny is but beginning to be unfolded, and only a few years
+will elapse until the largest of the receipts above quoted will appear
+quite insignificant and worthless beside the swollen columns of the
+statistician of a future period.
+
+The assertion that Louisville is destined very soon to become
+distinguished also as a COTTON MARKET may excite some surprise among
+those who have not had their attention called to this matter. But that
+this is a fact can readily be shown to the most skeptical. The consumption
+of cotton in the West amounts to 35,000 bales, and heretofore this has
+constituted the entire demand of this section of the country. But the
+recent opening up of new means of communication with the Atlantic coast at
+the East has begun and will complete an entirely new state of affairs in
+this regard. Let us look for a moment at the effect of these new
+facilities of transport. By the 1st of January, 1853, an uninterrupted
+communication with the Atlantic at the North will be effected by the lake
+route, continuing from 1st of May to 1st of November. At the same time the
+Jeffersonville Railroad will have established connection with other
+railroads reaching to New York. Beside all of which, the Baltimore and
+Ohio Railroad will have been completed from Wheeling to Baltimore, from
+which point all descriptions of Western produce can reach Philadelphia and
+New York, either by railroad, or, more cheaply, by means of propellers,
+steamers and sail-vessels. The completion of this latter road will be the
+signal for the establishment of a line of steam-packets from Louisville to
+Wheeling, another to Memphis, and yet another to Nashville. These lines
+are already established and merely wait the completion of the Baltimore
+and Ohio Railroad to go at once into operation. A line of packets to
+Tuscumbia and Florence is already in successful operation. The facts above
+stated are well known to the community both East and West. It only
+remains, therefore, to examine how they will affect Louisville as a
+market for cotton. New Orleans, it cannot be denied, has heretofore been
+considered the only proper point of shipment for this article, but if both
+the seller and the buyer can be benefited by a change of markets, surely
+that change will ensue. New Orleans is certainly the natural depot for
+Southern cotton, but if the cotton raised in Alabama, Tennessee and North
+Mississippi, or that which finds its way to market down the Cumberland and
+Tennessee rivers, can be placed in Louisville at less rates of freight
+than would be charged to New Orleans, and thence can reach the Eastern
+markets in less time and at less rates than from that city, it is surely
+the interest of both seller and buyer to make Louisville their market. Now
+it is certain that from these points cotton will be carried to Louisville
+at one dollar per bale less than to New Orleans; it is equally certain
+that insurance can be had via Louisville to New York at _one-half_ the
+rates charged via New Orleans, and that freight, after the 1st of January
+next, from this city onward, will be the same as from New Orleans; beside
+which the time of transit will be thirty days less, thus saving no
+inconsiderate sum in interest. Again, the trade of North Alabama,
+Tennessee and North Mississippi with this city is ascertained to reach two
+and a half millions of dollars. To pay this debt seventy thousand bales of
+cotton, valued at seven cents per pound, would be required. Here is
+presented another reason why this cotton should seek Louisville as its
+natural market. One of our most sagacious and enterprising merchants has
+recently returned from the East, where, with laudable energy, he had been
+presenting the claims of this market to Eastern buyers. And the result of
+this mission is, that reliable arrangements have been made for buying
+whatever cotton may come to this market at New Orleans quotations. It is
+perfectly safe then to predict from January of next year a spirited and
+regular demand for all the cotton which may be sent here. The 140,000
+bales produced in Tennessee, or finding its way to market from Tennessee
+river, will find ready sale in Louisville and at the regular New Orleans
+prices. Can it be doubted, in view of all these facts, that Louisville is
+entirely certain to attain prominence as a market for cotton. This has
+long been the natural market for the article, and only waited the
+completion of lines of connection with the East, which, now they are about
+to go into operation, must of necessity make it the _first cotton market
+of the Western country_.
+
+Louisville also deserves consideration as a market for pork. This market,
+though perhaps less in extent here than in some other Western cities, is
+steadily increasing in the amount of its operations and rapidly growing
+into favor with the dealers. In 1827 there were but two pork houses in the
+city; one of which was owned by Patrick Maxcy and the other by Colmesnil
+and O'Beirne. It was then the custom to buy the hog in small lots from the
+farmers by means of agents who traveled through the State. These hogs so
+procured were concentrated at some point and corn was bought and fed to
+them until the time for slaughtering arrived, when they were driven to
+this city and here butchered. The number of hogs killed by these two
+houses did not then exceed fifteen thousand, while at the end of the pork
+season in 1851, this amount had been increased to one hundred and
+ninety-five thousand, four hundred and fourteen. It is fully calculated by
+the packers that this number will be exceeded ten per cent in the ensuing
+year. Both the farmer and the buyer have reasons for prefering this city
+as a pork market. The farmer, because it is not the custom here to
+"_scale_" the hog--that is, to make a standard weight for which the market
+price is given, while all below that point are taken at reduced
+figures--and the buyer, because pork is here packed under the same roof
+where it is butchered. This last may be considered a small inducement; but
+when it is remembered that where the butchering and packing are carried on
+by different individuals and in different parts of the city, the hog is
+obliged to be transported at all seasons and in all states of weather from
+house to house at considerable labor and cost and with danger of damage to
+the meat, it will be found an item worthy the serious consideration of the
+buyer. The meat put up here is surpassed in quality by none in the world,
+and when the facilities of transportation referred to in the above remarks
+upon cotton are established, the growth of this city as a pork market will
+be yet more rapid than it has before been. There are at present eight
+large pork houses in the city. The importance of Louisville as a pork
+market is well enough known to need no further elaboration of its merits
+in these pages.
+
+The manufacturing interests of Louisville come now to claim their share of
+attention. And it is somewhat singular that, with the resources and
+capacity of this city as a place for manufactures, there should be so
+little to boast of in this regard. Of her commercial statistics, as has
+already been shown, Louisville has abundant cause to be proud, but she has
+at the same time reason to regret the little use which has heretofore been
+made of her immense advantages as a manufacturing point. It is not to be
+denied that there are many excellent manufacturing establishments in and
+around the city, but the number is greatly below what is needed and
+greatly disproportioned to the advantages offered here. There are many
+reasons why this city should hold prominent rank as a place for
+manufactures. The facilities in the way of water-power, the immense
+surface of level and highly productive country by which it is surrounded,
+the cheapness of rents and of building lots, and the advantages for
+placing the manufactured article in market, are among the most prominent
+of these reasons. There is, perhaps, no city in the Union where similarly
+great inducements are offered to the judicious and enterprising
+manufacturer. And yet the results of commercial enterprise of other sorts
+have been so successful and so rapidly produced as to lead away from the
+manufacturing interests much capital which would otherwise have been
+invested in them. The brilliant success of any one department of trade in
+a city has usually led to precisely similar results as are alluded to
+here. Of this Cincinnati furnishes a notable example. Her earliest success
+was effected by means of her manufactures, and persons seeking investment
+for their capital naturally gave it the direction which had already proved
+productive. Louisville, on the contrary, owing to her peculiar location,
+found her earliest and most promising evidences of prosperity in
+commerce, and consequently all the capital seeking employment was
+naturally drawn into this channel. And it is unfortunate for Louisville
+that this has been true, for however important commercial prosperity may
+be to a city, it is far inferior in point of utility and universal profit
+to the advantages conferred by successful manufactures. During the last
+four or five years this matter has begun to engage the attention of
+capitalists and a proper and healthful feeling is rapidly gaining ground
+in favor of this branch of trade. Many new factories have already sprung
+up, and several more are on the eve of establishment. The public mind is
+fully awakened to the necessity for building up and for encouraging the
+products of home industry, and the producer has taken new rank in public
+estimation. The prejudice which may once have existed against mechanical
+employments of all sorts is no longer felt, but the manufacturer and his
+employees are held alike high in favor and in social rank.
+
+The following table of manufactures in Louisville is chiefly taken from
+the census report of 1850. Additions have been made to the more important
+branches of manufacture as far as reliable data could be obtained, so as
+to enable the reader to have a comprehensive view of the subject up to the
+present time. It is believed that the figures in this table are under the
+actual amounts; it is certain, at any rate, that they do not in any
+instance exceed the truth. A more extended and special notice of the
+principal manufacturing establishments of the city will be given in an
+appendix to this volume, to which all who feel an interest in the state of
+manufactures here are especially referred.
+
+TABLE OF MANUFACTURES.
+
+  Kind of Manufacture.        No. of          No. of           Annual
+                            Factories.        hands.          product.
+
+  Animal Charcoal                 2             12            $15,000
+  Awnings and Tents               2             12              7,500
+  Artificial Flowers              1              3              6,000
+  Bagging Factories               3            120            184,000
+  Bakers                         96            332            469,200
+  Bandboxes                       3              9              3,800
+  Baskets                         3              7              5,400
+  Bellows                         2              7             15,000
+  Blacking                        3             12              7,500
+  Blacksmiths                    49            254            163,400
+  Blinds, Venitian                3             12             14,200
+  Blocks and Spars                2             12              7,500
+  Bootmakers                     63            302            375,100
+  Brewers                         6             30            108,600
+  Brushes                         2              9              5,813
+  Bricks                         36            339            224 000
+  Bristle Dressers                1              3              2,500
+  Burr Stones                     1              8             12,000
+  Boiler Makers                   4             30             64,200
+  Candy                           9             56            184,800
+  Camphine, &c.                   1              3             31,500
+  Carpenters                    144            916          1,027,600
+  Cars, &c.                       1            100
+  Carpet Weavers                  2             14              6,000
+  Coach Makers                    9             98            123.300
+  Cotton and Wool                 3            135            173,500
+  Clothing                       45          1,157            941,500
+  Composition Roofing             1
+  Combs                           6             18              9,800
+  Coopers                        20             60             56,800
+  Cement                          1              4             10,000
+  Edge Tools                      2              9             16,000
+  Feed and Flour Mills            9             47            283,800
+  Flooring and Saw Mills         14            190            420,200
+  Fringes, Tassels, &c.           1              6              8,700
+  Furniture                      25            446            638,000
+  Foundries                      15            930          1,392 200
+  Glass Cutters                   1              3             $2,500
+  Glue                            2              6              5,000
+  Gunsmiths                       4              8             14,000
+  Glass                           1             50             50,000
+  Hats                            6             68            201,700
+  Last Makers                     1              2              2,500
+  Lath Makers                     1              4              5,000
+  Lock Makers                     6             38             37,400
+  Leather Splitter                1              1              1,000
+  Lithographers                   2              9             20,000
+  Looking Glass, &c.              2             11             12,000
+  Machinists[19]                  2              5              6,200
+  Marble Workers                  4             41             35,000
+  Mathematical Inst. Makers       1              3              6,500
+  Mustard                         2             13             21,000
+  Musical Inst. Makers            3             60
+  Millinery                      35            344            340,000
+  Oil Cloth                       2             12             11,500
+  Oil Stones                      1              6             22,900
+  Oil, Lard and Linseed           3             16            140,000
+  Nail                            1              2              3,000
+  Paper Mill                      1             36            113,000
+  Plane                           3              8             13,000
+  Platform Scale                  1             11             12,000
+  Patent Medicines               24            127            467,400
+  Printing Offices               12            201            214,000
+  Plows                           4             32             35,000
+  Perfumery                       2             10              8,000
+  Pottery                         2             14             11,500
+  Pork Houses                     4            475          1,370,000
+  Pumps                           3             16             15,100
+  Rope                           11            166            460,000
+  Saddlery                       17            114            236,000
+  Saddle Trees                    1              7              7,500
+  Soap and Candles                6             59            409,000
+  Starch                          1              8             20,000
+  Steamboat Carpenters[20]        4             75           $235,000
+  Stocking Weavers                1             10              5,000
+  Silversmiths                    4             18             34,500
+  Stucco                          1              5              7,000
+  Tobacco and Segars             82          1,050          1,347,500
+  Tin, Copper, &c.               17             87            122,300
+  Tanners                         9             64            176,000
+  Trunks                          3             27             29,500
+  Turners[21]                     4              8             11,600
+  Upholsterers                    5             21             56,000
+  White Lead                      1              8             12,600
+  Wigs                            1              4              8,000
+  Whips                           1              2              1,500
+  Wire Workers                    2             12             12,500
+  Wagons                         20            144            184,800
+
+To this list may be added the following memoranda of steamboats for 1850.
+It has been found impossible to bring this list forward as far as 1852. In
+the former year there were employed on 53 steamboats, owned in Louisville,
+1,903 hands. The amount of capital invested in these boats was $1,293,300,
+and the annual product for freight and passage reached $2,549,200.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+In concluding this history it will be well to look back and examine the
+ratio of its progress for the last half century, as well in population as
+in pecuniary value. This may be done: first, in the following table
+showing the increase in numbers of every ten years; and second, in a
+tabular view of the assessment of real estate at the end of each similar
+term of years. The population of Louisville then, commencing with the year
+1800, may be stated as follows:
+
+  1800       600
+  1810     1,300
+  1820     4,000
+  1830    10,090
+  1840    21,000
+  1850    43,217
+  1852    51,726
+
+It will be seen from this table that the city has never shown as rapid an
+increase as has been effected in the last two years. This is the result
+chiefly of the impulse which has been given to Louisville by her action in
+reference to lines of railroad, and other facilities of communication with
+distant points, as well as of the fact that a new energy has been infused
+into the commercial circles, and more vigorous efforts have consequently
+been made to afford to this city that reputation as a commercial mart,
+which she has long deserved.
+
+Of the present population of Louisville, no less than 18,000 are Germans,
+and this number is daily being augmented by arrivals from the fatherland.
+It would perhaps be no more than just to say that these foreigners form,
+as a body, one of the best classes of our population. They are a careful,
+pains-taking and industrious people, of quiet, unobtrusive and inoffensive
+manners; and are, in a majority of instances, men of some education and
+ability. The better class of this population are rapidly rising in public
+estimation, and while they are becoming in a measure identified with the
+native citizens, and so Americanized, the influence of their philosophic
+habits of mind, of their thoughtfulness, and of their love of the
+beautiful in nature and in art, is gradually incorporating itself into the
+social life of the city, and so adding to each some of the advantages
+possessed by the other. The German character, in its higher developements,
+displays many attributes which are wanting, in more senses than one to our
+native population. From the educated German, we may learn that
+enthusiastic love and reverence for the intellectual and for the beautiful
+in all its phases, whether of nature, of sentiment, or of art, which is
+inherent in his character, and which gives to life so much of its charm;
+while by us he is taught that practicality must be the basis of his
+philosophy, and that without a certain admixture of utilitarianism his
+sentiment is mawkish and unmanly, and his theories are idly speculative
+and puerile. Thus each class imbibes from the other what it most needs,
+and society reaps the benefits of the union. The German population is also
+useful to the city in a political point of view. They serve as the
+"filling up" to the picture. As has been recently said: "The bulk of the
+population of every city, perhaps two out of three, are small
+manufacturers or artisans of some description or other, and those
+dependent on them; of the sewers together of clothing, the makers of toys,
+confectionary, and jewelry, the compounders of materials used in medicine
+and the arts, the furnishers of the toilet, the parlor, and the kitchen,
+the fabricators of iron, wood, and stone into forms required by the uses
+or fancies of man. Think of the amount of our yearly purchases of Boston
+bonnets, New York caps, and Philadelphia shoes, and of the thousand, the
+innumerable articles that our retail and fancy dealers pick up in the
+lanes, alleys, and cellars of those cities, articles which were made for
+Western demand, for the very market of which this is the natural, and
+ought to be the commercial center. To this kind of population we are to
+look for increase, these hand workers are to cover our vacant lots, and
+consume the products of our surrounding agriculturists; they come in
+silently, and go to work unnoticed; the grocer at the corner, the baker,
+and the brewer, build higher houses, and are men of more noise and note,
+and we forget that for every one of the latter there must be one hundred
+of the former."[22]
+
+It is precisely the class spoken of in the foregoing extract that is being
+built up, and is yet to be built up by the German citizens in Louisville.
+And, notwithstanding the number already here, there is yet room and work
+for many more. As has already been said the advent of artizans of this
+class is desired by the city, and, if they can be content to rise to
+wealth by slow and steady increase rather than by rapid strides of
+progress, their success is infallibly certain. Other inducements will
+also be offered to this and to other classes of people, seeking homes and
+investments, in considering the value of real estate in Louisville. Let us
+first look at the progress of property valuation during the last half
+century, as shown in the following table. The assessment valuation of
+property was, in
+
+  1800           $91,183
+  1810           210,475
+  1820         1,655,226
+  1830         4,316,432
+  1840[23]    13,340,164
+  1850        13,350,566
+  1852        16,350,052
+
+This valuation is much smaller than that of the same quantity of property
+would be in any other American city, and this very fact has been urged
+against Louisville by her rival neighbors. They insist that the low price
+of property here is a proof that the trade of the city is not progressive,
+that hence no inducements are offered, either to the emigrant or to the
+capitalist. A slight examination of the subject, however, will show why
+property has not advanced here in the same ratio as in other cities, and
+will also demonstrate the fact that the very argument which is urged
+against Louisville, is really a matter of serious congratulation to her.
+It is not denied that land can be had within one mile south of the center
+of the city at from two to three hundred dollars per acre, whereas land
+similarly situated either in Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. Louis or New
+Orleans would command nearly, if not quite four times that price. On the
+contrary, it is urged that this should be and that it is at once claimed
+as a strong recommendation both to the capitalist and to the emigrant, in
+favor of this city. The reason why this difference exists in favor of
+Louisville, is thus plainly shown. If the reader will take up the map of
+Kentucky and Indiana, and, commencing at the mouth of Harrod's Creek,
+which empties into the Ohio river eight miles above the city, will draw a
+line down to a point five miles below the mouth of Salt river, and another
+line thence southwardly for a distance of sixteen miles; and from this
+point draw a gradually decreasing arc back to the point of beginning, he
+will have enclosed a space of country, every foot of which is entirely
+level, is delightfully watered, abounds in building material of every
+description, and is equally as well suited to all purposes of building, as
+are the best lots now within the city limits. Nor is this all; crossing
+the Ohio river at the foot of the Indiana Knobs, one mile below New
+Albany, and going north-east a distance of sixteen miles, and thence back
+to the Ohio river at or near Utica, a triangle is formed whose base is
+twelve miles long, and whose other legs reach about twenty miles to the
+apex. The space embraced within this triangle possesses precisely the same
+characteristics as that contained in the arc above mentioned. When it is
+remembered, as has been said by another writer upon the same subject, that
+we have "no need to encroach on arms of the sea as at Boston or New York,
+or to raze hills in the rear as at Pittsburg and Cincinnati, or to make
+embankments and to reclaim swamps as at New Orleans," but on the
+contrary, that we possess a location where building lots equally good,
+both as to site and material, may be had at one mile and at ten miles
+distant from the center of the city, the mystery of our cheap lots begins
+to be evolved. Here is a space of level country beyond the reach of any
+flood, all parts of which are equally well adapted to the purposes of the
+builder, sufficiently large to contain within its limits the cities of
+London, Paris, and St. Petersburg, with the foundation for a large city
+already laid, with a location which, in reference to facilities of
+intercourse with the rest of the United States, is unsurpassed; at the
+only point of obstruction in a continuous line of two thousand miles of
+inland navigation; a half-way house between North and South; a point
+through which all the great railroad arteries must of necessity pass; in
+the center of the most fertile and productive agricultural lands in the
+Union; in a State distinguished for the nobility and chivalry of character
+of its inhabitants, with every advantage which nature can give to the
+merchant, the manufacturer or the idle man of wealth and fashion; what is
+there, in view of all these circumstances, to prevent it from becoming the
+Great City of the West? What other inducements could be asked either by
+the capitalist at home or the emigrant from abroad? Does the cheapness of
+property or do the low prices of rents prove obstacles to either of these
+classes of people? Does the fertility of the surrounding country, and the
+consequent cheapness of the markets draw away any who might otherwise be
+attracted hither? Is one of these present the reason why Louisville is not
+already what she must inevitably become, the first city in the West. The
+reason is contained in the fact, not that these things are true, but that
+being true, they are not known. It is to her own supineness, to her
+indifference and lack of ambition to attain the rank to which she is
+entitled, that she is indebted for her second-rate position. Had the
+energy of the last two years been invested ten years ago, and been
+continued till now, the population of Louisville would to-day have been
+one hundred thousand souls. But she has been content to sit languidly down
+to the enjoyment of the passing hour, while her competitors were bracing
+every nerve and straining every muscle, not only to surpass her in the
+race for supremacy, but to disable and destroy her. She has at last
+awakened to a sense of her position, her lethargy is at last thrown off,
+and now the struggle begins in earnest. If it be continued in earnest it
+is easy to see that she can rapidly regain her place, and easily bear off
+the palm.
+
+Let us look for a moment at the geographical position of Louisville, and
+her facilities of intercourse with other portions of the country. The
+following table of distances, time, conveyance and cost will readily show
+this:
+
+  +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+  |From Louisville to|Dist'ce.|  Time.    |     Conveyance.     | Cost. |
+  |------------------|--------|-----------|---------------------|-------|
+  |Pittsburg         |     608|  60 Hours.|     Steamboat.      | $7 50 |
+  |Cincinnati        |     150|  14   "   |          "          |  2 50 |
+  |Memphis           |     643|  60   "   |          "          |  8 00 |
+  |New Orleans       |    1365| 240   "   |          "          | 20 00 |
+  |St. Louis         |     535|  40   "   |          "          |  8 00 |
+  |Nashville         |     176|  33   "   |       Stage.        | 12 00 |
+  |New York          |    1080|  60   "   |Steamboat & Railroad.| 22 00 |
+  |Boston            |    1135|  62   "   |     "         "     | 25 00 |
+  |Philadelphia      |     793|  54   "   |     "         "     | 20 00 |
+  |Washington        |     736|  52   "   |     "         "     | 19 00 |
+  |Baltimore         |     696|  50   "   |     "         "     | 17 50 |
+  +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+In a very few years, Cincinnati, Nashville and St. Louis, will be
+connected with us by railroads, which are already partly completed, and so
+reduce the time to those cities to six, eight, and twelve hours
+respectively. These communications once established, Louisville becomes
+the very center of a vast network of roads, connecting different climates,
+the products of different soils and regions of every diversity of wealth.
+The railroad to Nashville connects immediately with Charleston, and thence
+opens roads to New Orleans and Mobile; while in another direction it
+reaches Richmond, Va., passing through immense tracts of rich agricultural
+and mineral lands. The railroad to Cincinnati opens to us the whole North
+and East; while that to St. Louis will ultimately bring to our doors the
+products of the Pacific Coast and the treasures of the modern El Dorado.
+Add to all these advantages the unavoidable effects of these railroads, in
+bringing to light all the possible wealth of the countries through which
+they pass, and then say if anything but the most criminal neglect of the
+advantages which Nature has given her, can prevent Louisville from
+arriving at the most prominent rank among Western cities. Does the
+capitalist desire an investment? Where can he better find it than near a
+city thus situated, and one where lands are sold at less prices, and
+building materials are cheaper and are more accessible than in any other
+city of the Union? Does the emigrant desire a home? Where can he better
+find it than near a city thus situated, one where the whole of his little
+fortune is not required to buy him a shelter from the winds and the rain,
+one that is yet unfilled with eager competitors in the struggle for
+wealth, one where the products of his industry are needed and will be
+eagerly taken from his hands at their fair value, one where he can have
+not only a field for his own struggle with the world, but a place and a
+circle of friends possessing all those attributes which make a home happy?
+It cannot be but that as publicity is given to these advantages possessed
+by this city, she will attract to her thousands of emigrants from abroad,
+and thousands of capitalists and adventurers from other parts of our
+country. While other cities have been spending time and means and
+influence in advocating their claims to consideration, Louisville has been
+silent. She gives publicity to her merits now for the first time, and, by
+this humble little missive, she begs only for a fair hearing and for an
+unbiassed consideration of her claims to public favor, satisfied that if
+these can be secured her, she need have no fear that the highest dreams of
+ambition which have ever been presented to her will be fully realized.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+  LOUISVILLE ROLLING MILL COMPANY,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  BOILER, BAR, AND SHEET IRON,
+  (CHARCOAL AND PUDDLED.)
+  Flue Plates; Railroad Axles, Chairs and Spikes,
+  PLOW SLABS, WINGS, BOLTS, &C.
+  Office and Store 640 Main street, corner Fifth.
+  J. C. COLEMAN, President.
+
+This establishment is one of the largest in the city and forms a very
+important branch of Louisville manufactures; not only in the way of
+affording employment and the means of living to a large number of persons,
+but also by attracting from every part of this Great Valley an important
+branch of its trade. The company is organized in the best possible manner;
+the mill contains all the scientific improvements in this description of
+manufacture, and the energetic President of the company possesses all the
+requisites which could tend to guarantee the success of the concern. The
+Iron made here has been fully tested all over the West and commands every
+market into which it is introduced. The company have testimonials of the
+most flattering character from all the iron-workers of Louisville, who
+pronounce it "_fully equal if not superior to any Iron they have ever
+worked_, and more uniform in its quality than any other Iron." Similar
+testimonials have been received from the superintendents of the Louisville
+and Frankfort, the New Albany and Salem, the Jeffersonville, the Vicksburg
+and Jackson, and other Railroads, as well as from Col. Long,
+superintendent of the U. S. Marine Hospital. The following letter is a
+fair specimen of the favor with which the company's Iron is everywhere
+regarded, and is only one of many such constantly received by them. It is
+dated
+
+  CLEVELAND, OHIO, May 1, 1852.
+
+We are now using, and have, within the past year, used some fifty tons of
+the Louisville Rolling Mill Iron, for large Bolts for Railroad Bridges in
+Indiana. The Iron for this work must be of very superior quality, uniting
+great strength and tenacity. All the Iron we received of the Louisville
+Rolling Mill was of that character, and gave great satisfaction.
+
+  THATCHER, BURT & CO.,
+  Railroad Bridge Contractors.
+
+
+  FULTON FOUNDRY.
+  GLOVER, GAULT & CO.
+  (SUCCESSORS TO INMAN, GAULT & CO.)
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STEAM ENGINES
+  For Marine and Land purposes, and
+  MACHINE CASTINGS OR ALL DESCRIPTIONS,
+  Main street, near corner of Ninth.
+
+This is believed to be the oldest Foundry in Louisville, and one of the
+largest and most extensive in the Western country. Their engines have a
+wide-spread reputation in the West and South, and are well known and
+highly prized by Southern boat builders. Their fidelity in materials and
+workmanship, their promptness in the execution of orders, and their
+extensive assortment of the latest and most improved style of tools and
+patterns, combined with the well-known enterprise of the gentlemen who
+compose the firm, have all contributed to build up for this establishment
+a business and a reputation which reflects credit upon this branch of
+manufacture in the city. Steam engines are built by them in complete
+running order and ready for use, the purchaser not being required to go to
+any other factory for any of his order. Their business relations extend
+over a very large surface of country, and bring to the city much foreign
+trade. Besides their engines for boats, they also manufacture machinery of
+all kinds, Car wheels, Axles and Car castings of all descriptions,
+together with Iron and Brass castings and Wrought Iron work.
+
+This foundry employs one hundred and twenty hands, and uses six hundred
+tons of pig iron annually, besides other materials in proportion.
+
+
+  UNION FOUNDRY.
+
+  ROACH & LONG,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STEAM MACHINERY
+  OF EVERY DESCRIPTION,
+  SUGAR MILLS, COTTON GINS, &C., &C.
+  Main street, near Ninth.
+
+This concern, although not so old as many of its class is yet one
+deserving especial notice. The description of the business of this foundry
+differs very little, if at all, from some of those already noticed. The
+quality of work is in the highest degree creditable to the proprietors and
+profitable to this department of manufactures in the city. Both members of
+the firm are thorough practical workmen, having been regularly brought up
+to the business, and hence the work which proceeds from this foundry
+compares favorably, not only with any in the city, but with similar kinds
+of manufactures in any part of the country. Like most of our large machine
+foundries, the Union has extensive connection with the Southern
+markets.--They have frequently forwarded as many as seven cotton-gins
+within a fortnight, to different ports on the Mississippi river. Their
+Sugar Mills, wherever they have been used, are eminently successful in
+their operation. The casting of Chairs and Frogs for Railroads has also
+been extensively carried on at this foundry. In the great department of
+their business, the manufacture of Steam Engines for Boats, the Union
+Foundry enjoys a reputation which cannot be anywhere surpassed. They have
+built all sizes of engines, and are at present engaged upon a pair of
+engines with thirty inch cylinder and ten foot stroke. Indeed the heaviest
+castings of all sorts are constructed as readily and perfectly as the
+lightest, and are made to work with equal ease and precision.
+
+The Union Foundry employs eighty-four hands the "year round," and consumes
+six hundred tons of metal.
+
+
+  KENTUCKY
+  BRASS FOUNDRY
+  AND MACHINE SHOP.
+
+  LAWSON & FRANK.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STEAM AND FIRE ENGINES,
+  BAGGING MACHINERY, &C.
+  Main street, near Ninth.
+
+This well known Brass Foundry, now in the fifteenth year of its existence,
+is another of those factories which are ornaments to the city. It has
+never attempted the heavy steamboat castings, rather choosing the lighter
+machinery; and the reputation of the establishment is derived chiefly from
+the excellent finish and completeness of the work turned out. The most
+complex machinery is carefully and accurately made and fitted together.
+All work requiring nicety of construction and careful attention to detail,
+is here manufactured, and in a manner which has always given entire
+satisfaction.
+
+Every article is made under the immediate supervision of the proprietors,
+who are practical workmen and whose past reputation is a sure guarantee
+for the quality of every piece of work. The Fire Engines, and machinery
+for Hemp manufacture made at this establishment are deservedly
+celebrated.--
+
+Some of the most effective fire engines of this city and vicinity, have
+been constructed at this foundry. The Brass work made there is also
+creditable.
+
+From thirty-five to forty hands are employed constantly; the business,
+unlike that of most foundries, being equally good at all seasons of the
+year.
+
+
+  HYDRAULIC FOUNDRY.
+
+  TEVIS & BARBAROUX,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  CAST IRON SCREW PIPE,
+  IRON RAILING, ORNAMENTAL CASTINGS,
+  PATENT PUMPS, &C., &C.
+  WASHINGTON ST. COR. FLOYD.
+
+This foundry possesses many features which are peculiar to it alone. It is
+only here that Cast Iron Screw pipes are made; no other manufactory of
+this article exists in the Western States. The machinery used in this
+manufacture is beautiful in its construction, and perfectly adapted to the
+use for which it is intended. All the Gas pipes for the city, as well the
+main, as the smaller service pipes are made at this establishment. Many of
+these screw pipes are used in the Southern sugar houses, and their
+cheapness and durability, as well as the convenience with which they are
+put up, especially recommend them for that purpose. For supplying rail
+road stations, distilleries and tan yards they are also largely used. The
+demand for this article of so universal use is of course very great, and
+attracts much attention to Louisville manufacture. This foundry also
+manufactures a pump, well known to be the best forcing and lift pump in
+existence. Many hundreds of them are annually sold in New Orleans, and
+their reputation and sale all over the South is of the very first
+character. Tobacco Screws and Presses for Cotton, Tobacco and Hay as well
+as machinery generally, are also made here. Iron Railing is another large
+branch of their manufacture. The patterns for this railing are almost
+endless in variety, and few foundries in the country can offer so many
+inducements to the purchasers of all sorts of ornamental Castings as this.
+Their latest novelty is a Morticing machine, which is worthy of the
+special attention of mechanics. This establishment employs fifty hands,
+and is the only one of the kind in the city.
+
+
+  NOVELTY WORKS
+
+  BEATTY & HAWLEY,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STEAM-MADE COCKS AND FAUCETS
+  AND
+  BRASS FOUNDERS,
+  North side Main Street between Eighth and Ninth.
+
+This factory, which has been but recently put into operation, is the
+deliberate result of several years consideration and study. Messrs. Beatty
+and Hawley, the former of whom has been long and well known in Louisville
+as a sagacious practical manufacturer and man of business, have finally
+completed all the arrangements which are necessary to the establishment of
+this foundry on thoroughly scientific principles, and have possessed
+themselves of all the advantages to be derived from a complete study of
+the business. The concern is by no means an ordinary brass foundry. The
+West has heretofore sadly needed an establishment of this kind, those
+already in operation being incompetent to the wants of the people. The
+factory is now thoroughly organized, the best workmen have been employed,
+the most recent and useful tools and machinery have been provided and
+everything has been done with reference to a permanent and valuable
+business. Cylinder, Pump, Guage and Oil Cocks, Oil Cups, Fawcetts,
+Couplings and all like requirements of the Steam Engine builder are made
+here and warranted fully equal to any made in the United States. The same
+may be said with reference to articles used by the house plummer. Their
+planing machines, lathes, &c., are of the very best quality, and their
+machines for screw-cutting and for punching nuts and washers are also very
+perfect. Bells, Steam-Whistles, and in fine every variety of article
+manufactured from brass or bell metal will be made at this foundry. Babbet
+metal and such other like compositions as are useful to the machinest or
+brass founder are also sold at this establishment.
+
+
+  MARKET STREET FOUNDRY.
+
+  C. S. SNEAD, AGENT,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF
+  ORNAMENTAL AND ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORK,
+  Market Street, between Eighth and Ninth.
+
+This Foundry directs its attention more particularly to a new branch of
+business, in which it also has been eminently successful. It adds yet a
+greater number to the already large variety of uses to which iron is
+applied. Mr. Snead is the pioneer of this business in Louisville, and his
+is the only establishment in the West where ornamental work is the chief
+business of the foundry. It is well known that Iron can be applied to
+almost all work of this description, and furnished at less price than any
+other kind of material. The city abounds with proofs of the taste
+displayed by this gentleman in his manufacture. His efforts have been
+constantly directed toward attaining the highest degree of excellence,
+both in design and execution, and he is constantly preparing novelties and
+adapting his pliant material to new and valuable uses. Among the latest of
+these novelties may be mentioned a cast-iron Pavement for the sidewalk,
+which is composed of nicely fitting plates of Iron, in various forms of
+mosaic work, ornamented with graceful designs. This pavement, which will
+soon be exhibited, will doubtless at once take the place of the present
+destructible and uncomfortable footways, as it is not only more beautiful
+but far more durable. Iron counters for fancy stores form another
+improvement proceeding from this foundry. Cast Girders for the builder is
+also a novel article. The patterns for this establishment, already greater
+than would readily be credited, are daily augmented by additional designs
+from competent and tasteful hands. Store-fronts, Porticos for churches and
+private dwellings, Corinthian, Ionic, Doric, Composite and Gothic columns,
+cast Lintels and Sills for windows and doors, Brackets and Trusses of the
+most ornamental designs, Flue Covers, Chimney Covers, Vault Gratings, Air
+Grates, Stair Plates, Bedsteads, Window Frames and Sash, Hat Racks, Caps
+and bases for columns of any order, and numerous other like articles, are
+made at this foundry. Spittoons, Grate-bars, Hollow-ware, Tea-Kettles,
+&c., also form a part of their work. The continued success of this foundry
+is a proof of the existence of a high order of taste in the city.
+
+
+  LOUISVILLE
+  STOVE & GRATE
+  FOUNDRY.
+
+  D. & J. WRIGHT & Co.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STOVES, GRATES,
+  COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON WARE.
+  NO. 432 MAIN STREET.
+
+This immense establishment was organized by Messrs. Bridgeford & Holbrook
+as early as 1837, and was the first foundry for stoves in the city. The
+articles manufactured at this establishment, are well known as bearing a
+high reputation all over the West. The gentlemen who compose the firm are
+men of enterprise, and are always the first to present the latest
+novelties in patterns or workmanship. They manufacture a large part of the
+sheet iron steamboat stoves which are used on the western rivers, and have
+a deservedly great name among steamboat furnishers. The large and
+commodious building erected by them as a foundry, is a proof of the
+prosperity which has attended their endeavors. The work sent from this
+establishment, whether of the most ordinary kinds or of the finest and
+most elegant enamelled ware, will compare very favorably with that of any
+other establishment in the West. They consume annually in their foundry
+about twelve hundred tons of iron, and employ one hundred hands; while the
+tin and copper factory uses and vends three thousand boxes of tin plate,
+and from $15,000 to $20,000 worth of sheet copper, wire, block tin, sheet
+zinc, lead, lead pipe, &c. Two thousand bundles of sheet and rod iron are
+also annually employed. The establishment is one which reflects great
+credit upon its proprietors, and forms an important part of Louisville
+Manufactures.
+
+
+  EAGLE FOUNDRY.
+
+  WALLACE, LITHGOW & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STOVES, GRATES,
+  HOLLOW WARE,
+  COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON WORK.
+  NO. 536 MAIN STREET.
+
+This foundry may be regarded as having been the first to introduce into
+the city the manufacture of the present extensive and complete variety of
+the finer sorts of stove work. The principals of the establishment,
+themselves practical workmen, have used much well-directed exertion to
+produce quite a revolution in the style of manufacture of the articles
+which come from their foundry. They have not only been early to introduce
+novelties from abroad, but have themselves patented many valuable
+articles. Among them the Eclipse Range, a cooking stove possessing
+numerous advantages over most of those now known, is deserving of especial
+mention. This range is in very common use all over the city, and is highly
+prized wherever it is known. They are also manufacturers of a great
+variety of elegant enamelled grates, garden vases and ornamental figures
+for gardens and yards. These latter articles have recently been introduced
+by these gentlemen, and they are being rapidly transferred from their
+warehouses to the many beautiful grounds of our wealthier citizens.
+
+Their foundry and buildings cover about half a square of ground; they
+employ one hundred and twelve hands, and melt daily seven tons of iron.
+Their importation of tin plate reaches four thousand three hundred and
+fifty boxes. Copper, zinc, wire, sheet iron, &c., are also used in immense
+quantities. The latest novelty of this establishment is Chilson's Air
+Warming and Ventilating Furnace for public and private buildings.
+
+
+  FALLS CITY
+  Stove & Grate Foundry.
+
+  McDERMOTT, McGRAIN & Co.,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STOVES, GRATES AND CASTINGS,
+  COPPER, TIN AND SHEET IRON WARE,
+  No. 73 Fourth Street.
+
+This foundry, begun by Meadows & McGrain, is another well known
+establishment. The castings made by these gentlemen bear an equally high
+reputation with those already noticed. The firm has since its commencement
+been constantly improving in the quantity of its manufactured articles,
+and has added many valuable improvements to the stock of the stove
+founder. Among these may be noticed three new styles of cooking stove, all
+of which have attained a deserved celebrity. These are called "_The
+Stove_," "_Durable Kentuckian_," and the "_Queen Premium_." The first of
+these is suited to the wants of the city, being economical in the use of
+its fuel, and having attached to it a "summer arrangement," which does
+away with the extreme heat of the ordinary cooking stove. The oven is also
+so arranged that both bread and meat may be baked at the same time without
+imparting the taste of the one to the other. The second stove, the
+Kentuckian, is particularly adapted to the wants of the farmers, being
+large, roomy, and of unusual weight and durability. All of these stoves
+have met the entire approbation of those who have used them. Large
+quantities of Hollow Ware, such as pots, kettles, skillets, ovens, odd
+lids, &c., are cast at this foundry, and sold as well to the city as to
+country dealers. The common stoves made at the Falls City Foundry, are of
+excellent patterns and unusual weight; it not being the custom of this
+establishment in any case to sacrifice utility to ornament. All the
+articles usually made by the tinner also form a branch of their
+manufactory. These gentlemen receive large quantities of job-work, which,
+as is well known, they execute in a superior manner.
+
+
+  HOPE FOUNDRY.
+
+  GEO. MEADOWS,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  STOVES, GRATES, HOLLOW WARE,
+  TEA KETTLES, SAD IRONS,
+  ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER CASTINGS.
+  Foundry, Main Street between Thirteenth and Fourteenth.
+  Ware House, 367 Main Street.
+
+This Foundry, although recently established, is under the charge of a
+gentleman who is well known as having been long connected with this
+business in the city, and as bearing a very high reputation as a
+master-workman. The details of this business differ little from those
+already noticed. The quality of the work which proceeds from the Hope
+Foundry is surpassed by none in any part of the country. The sole
+difference between this and the stove foundries, already noticed, is found
+in the fact that great attention is here paid to architectural and
+job-work. Mr. M's skill in the operations of the foundry, and his constant
+presence and attention to all his work, recommend this establishment, in
+the highest manner, to all who desire to get up any novelty or to prepare
+any peculiar work. This foundry is as yet in its infancy, having been
+organized less than a year ago. It has already acquired an excellent
+business, and now finds ready sale for all the articles which can be
+produced. It is entirely safe to predict for it a speedy rise to great
+eminence. The factory is so arranged as to be readily extended to any
+capacity which may be desired, and the constantly increasing demand for
+this species of manufacture in the city, and its dependancies, will
+doubtless soon bring about this increase. It will be seen that Louisville
+is abundantly supplied with Foundries, and that the extent of work done in
+this line is of very great importance to her interests.
+
+
+  HAYS & COOPER,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  WAGONS, PLOWS, CULTIVATORS, AND CASTINGS
+  FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES,
+  Corner Main and Hancock Streets.
+
+This is the largest establishment of the kind in the western country, and
+is alike a credit to its proprietors and an honor to the city. The
+machinery used is of the most perfect order, and the concern is indebted
+to its own inventive powers for a great part of its completeness. The
+proprietors are both practical workmen, and they give their constant
+attention to all the details of their manufacture. The consequences of
+this care and attention are shown in the widely spread reputation of their
+manufactured articles. The chief market of these articles is found in the
+southern States and in Texas. It is greatly to the credit of this factory
+that their articles are so readily taken up by the planters, for it is
+well known that inferior agricultural machines and implements find no
+buyers among this class of consumers. In Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas
+and Tennessee, the machines and implements of this firm are universally
+known, and possess an enviable reputation. Messrs. H. & C. have introduced
+machinery by which one man can produce as many iron axles in a day as can
+usually be made by thirty hands, and the article so made is far more
+perfect than the old and tediously constructed one. They have also a small
+and ingenious saw of their own invention, for cutting felloes, and for
+sawing crooked lines, which for rapidity and precision cannot be anywhere
+surpassed. They also manufacture on their premises every article and every
+part of every article, which they sell. Plows, wagons, carts, timber
+wheels, harrows, cultivators, and other articles are made entirely on the
+premises, from the raw material into the perfect and finished article.
+They employ thirty hands, and produce from eighty to one hundred thousand
+dollars worth of work annually. Beside this establishment there are four
+other plow manufacturers, and twenty-one other wagon makers.
+
+
+  BENJ. F. AVERY,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  PLOWS
+  AND
+  CULTIVATORS.
+  Main St. bet. Floyd & Preston.
+
+It is a proof of the prosperity of a city when manufactories of so
+exclusive a character as the one before us not only exist but are
+handsomely sustained. Some five years ago Messrs. B. F. & D. H. Avery
+commenced the manufacture of the since celebrated Livingston County Plow.
+It was with difficulty that the prejudices of the agricultural community
+in favor of other instruments were overcome, but by dint of industrious
+exertion the plow slowly gained the confidence of the community until it
+now holds, in several of the Southern and Western States, the very first
+rank as a plow. It is worthy of notice, as a proof of the enterprise of
+this firm, that each year since it was first introduced they have been
+obliged to double the number of plows made the preceding year. A few
+months since Messrs. B. F. & D. H. Avery dissolved their firm and Mr. B.
+F. Avery has now sole charge of the establishment. He has recently made
+some valuable improvements upon his plow, which will make its utility
+still more general. The new plow is found excellent for after-cultivation,
+and in connection with the old one makes his stock of plows fully adequate
+to every variety of American soil. Mr. B. F. Avery has spent some
+twenty-five years in this species of manufacture, and his experience is
+alone a proof of the value of his invention. His business, though already
+very large, is growing rapidly every year.
+
+
+  EDWARD HOLBROOK,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  CHEWING TOBACCO,
+  CIGARS, &c.
+  No. 474 MAIN STREET.
+
+This extensive tobacco factory, established some twelve years ago, is one
+of the most important in the city. It was commenced at a time when
+Kentucky manufactured tobacco found very little market in the cities of
+the United States, but has grown with astonishing rapidity and vigor. Mr.
+Holbrook is an old dealer in tobacco, and has acquired great sagacity in
+the selection of the article suited to the various departments of
+manufacture. His skill as a manufacturer is also worthy of notice. For
+many years he has been employed in testing the value of the various
+methods of producing the finest qualities of Chewing Tobacco, and has
+added many valuable improvements to the ordinary methods of manufacturing
+the article. By the industry and enterprise of this gentleman and his
+fellow tobacconists, the Louisville-made article has driven entirely out
+of market all the medium and lower brands of Virginia tobacco, and readily
+competes with even the higher brands of this favorite manufacture. The
+business of this factory is extended over a large surface of country. From
+the Lakes at the North to New Orleans, this tobacco is not only rapidly
+bought up, but is eagerly inquired for. Barker & Co., of Detroit, Mich.,
+write to Mr. H.: "We have orders _daily_, which we cannot fill for want of
+your tobacco." Preston & Bros., of Evansville, write: "This tobacco gives
+good satisfaction." Twitty & Smith, of New Orleans, say: "We doubt not,
+speedy satisfactory sales may be made of several hundred boxes by 1st of
+September." Rawson, Wilby & Co., of Cincinnati, under date of June 7,
+1852, write: "_We have a market for all the tobacco you can manufacture_."
+Hundreds of similar letters could be shown from various points. These
+however will be sufficient to establish the character of the article.
+
+
+  UNION FACTORY.
+
+  MUSSELMAN & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  CHEWING TOBACCO,
+  Sixth Street, near Main.
+
+This is the oldest tobacco factory in the city, and was the first which
+managed successfully to introduce this article. Previous to the
+establishment of this factory, all descriptions of chewing tobacco were
+brought from Virginia. Almost any other manufacturers would have sunk
+under the distrust and ill-will evinced by dealers of every class against
+this tobacco in the earliest years of its introduction. It was difficult
+at first to persuade the dealers even to receive the article on
+commission--and prodigious efforts were then required to overcome the
+prejudice against western made tobacco. The gentlemen who are at the head
+of the firm, however, fully persuaded of the value of their manufacture,
+and knowing it needed only to be known to be appreciated, continued their
+exertions, and finally succeeded in reaching the market. The results were
+great beyond their expectation. In 1832, the first iron tobacco press was
+brought by them to this city; ten years have elapsed, and nearly two
+hundred presses are now in full operation. The Union Factory merited and
+has received its full share of the benefit of this increase. The tobacco
+made by them competes with the best Virginia article, and has completely
+supplanted all the inferior qualities of that tobacco. The city dealers
+are almost entirely supplied by this factory, and hundreds of boxes are
+daily sent abroad. Their tobacco has found a market even in the distant
+California. Several hundred boxes were recently shipped to that point by
+the way of New York. A great revolution has been effected in this article
+by these gentlemen, thousands of dollars have been added to the trade of
+the city, and an entirely new market has been created by them. They have
+not only richly merited the success which has awaited them, but they also
+deserve much at the hands of the friends of the city for their sagacity
+and enterprise in this regard.
+
+
+  J. F. BAST,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  FINE CIGARS,
+  SMOKING TOBACCOS
+  AND
+  SNUFFS,
+  Main Street, between Second and Third.
+
+This is an old and well established firm, and one of those which have
+risen to eminence from small beginnings. The manufacture of cigars, Mr.
+Bast shares in common with some hundreds of others, though his
+establishment is by far the largest in the city, but in the making of
+snuff he is without a rival. The attention of this factory is principally
+directed to the manufacture of the finer quality of cigars, though many
+common cigars are made here. Mr. B. is himself an accomplished workman,
+and his articles may be entirely depended upon. There are about three
+millions of cigars made and sold here annually. The smoking tobacco from
+this factory is eagerly sought for wherever it is known; its superior
+quality and cheapness making a ready market for it wherever introduced.
+Mr. B.'s manufacture of snuff also forms a large branch of this business.
+The peculiar quality of this article consists in its entire adaptation to
+every climate, and its capacity for withstanding the influences of time.
+It may be transported everywhere, and kept for any length of time without
+receiving injury. Mr. B.'s sales at wholesale are not confined merely to
+the usual country trade; many of his articles find their way in large
+quantities to the great cities, and many of his brands receive
+distinguished preference in these places. Beside his own manufactured
+articles Mr. B. imports choice pipes, snuff boxes, cigar cases, and
+similar fancy articles. As a retailer, his store is celebrated as the
+resort of all the connoisseurs in smoking, snuffing, and their various
+equipments.
+
+
+  CHRISTOPHER & STANCLIFF,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  RAIL ROAD CARS,
+  AND OF
+  SASH, BLINDS, DOORS, &C.
+  CORNER OE EIGHTH AND GREEN.
+
+This factory was organized three years ago on a very extensive scale, with
+a view to supplying the demand for Sashes, Doors, and other like articles
+for the builder or the house carpenter. Since its commencement, however,
+it has constantly increased both in the amount and variety of work, until
+it has come to be one of the largest establishments in the city. Enormous
+buildings have been put up at great expense, new machinery of various
+kinds has been added to the original supply, experienced workmen have been
+brought from the older cities, and everything has been effected which
+could contribute to place the concern on an equality in point of capacity
+with any similar establishment in the country. The manufacture of railroad
+cars is a new department of the business; created by the growing necessity
+for procuring such work at home. The cars made by these gentlemen have all
+the new improvements known to the car builder, and are beautiful specimens
+of handicraft. In this immense factory, the painter, the turner, the
+blacksmith, the cabinet maker, the car builder, the upholsterer, and the
+carpenter, all find employment at their various trades. All the screws,
+nuts, &c., used in the factory, are made on the premises by machinery. The
+gentlemen who compose the firm, are entirely competent to the management
+of their diversified business, and great credit is due them for the
+promptness and excellence with which they execute all descriptions of
+their work.
+
+
+  J. N. BREEDEN & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  DOORS, BLINDS, SASH,
+  FLOORING
+  AND
+  DRESSED PLANK,
+  No. 622 MAIN STREET.
+
+This large and well organized mill is well known to western builders. It
+is one of those conveniences which are found only in large cities, where
+the builder can find ready made to his hand all that is necessary for the
+interior and exterior wood work of his house. Boards are taken from the
+lumber yard, and by machinery planed and moulded into all the forms
+necessary for the house carpenter, thus saving all the tedious hand labor,
+and reducing the enormous expense which has attended the building of
+houses. The majority of planing mills have never attempted more than the
+preparation of work for cheap houses; but this establishment before us has
+specimens of its manufacture in some of the finest residences in and about
+the city. The proprietors of this mill are devoting much attention to the
+finer departments of work, and their success is at once complete and
+merited. The feeling which once existed against the work of the planing
+mill, is rapidly disappearing before the exertions of these gentlemen;
+they have supplied such large quantities of work of all sorts, and have so
+entirely the confidence of the community, that their work is eagerly
+sought after, and they are constantly full of orders. They employ about
+seventy-five hands, and have machines, which plane about twenty-three
+thousand feet of lumber per day. They also manufacture large quantities of
+Packing Boxes, which they furnish to the stores at small prices. This
+department of their business is of itself of considerable extent. Lumber
+in the rough is also sold in large quantities.
+
+
+  BEN. F. CAWTHON,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  FURNITURE
+  AT
+  WHOLESALE,
+  Corner of Ninth, and Jefferson.
+
+This establishment is among the largest factories of its class in the
+western country. Although but a short time has elapsed since the
+manufacture of furniture by machinery was adopted in this part of the
+country, this factory has come to supply the wants of a great part of the
+West. In factories of this sort the manufacture of the most elegant
+classes of furniture is not attempted; attention being directed only to
+the staples of the trade, in the production of which machinery can be used
+to advantage. This machinery beautiful in its adaptation, and perfect in
+its application, is well worthy of notice. There are comparatively few of
+the operations of this establishment to which the machinery does not
+apply. All the separate parts of each piece of furniture are got out by
+machinery and cleaned up, veneered, and put together by hand workmen. Mr.
+C. thoroughly comprehends the business which he pursues, and has entirely
+the confidence of those with whom he has commercial relations. Large
+quantities of lumber are kept upon the premises, so that all the wood used
+in manufacture, is thoroughly seasoned; the workmen employed in the
+factory are mechanics of the best order, and the establishment has a high
+reputation for honesty and fair dealing, not only in the quality of work
+but in the equality of prices. Mr. C. has a regular printed price current
+by which he is governed, and according to which all dealers are equally
+served. His trade extends over a great part of the West and South,
+embracing the States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama,
+Mississippi; Louisiana, Arkansas and Missouri. As will readily be seen, a
+manufactory of this kind, so useful in its interests, and so large in its
+extent, is of great importance to the city; bringing, as it does, large
+amounts of money from other and distant points, and disbursing them at
+home; as well as offering inducements to the immigration hither, (which
+are and have been eagerly embraced,) of a valuable class of citizens.
+
+
+  JOHN M. STOKES,
+  MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF
+  CABINET
+  FURNITURE,
+  533 Main Street, between 2nd & 3rd.
+
+The manufacture of furniture in large quantities and with the aid of
+machinery has but lately been introduced into the western country, and
+however it may have reduced the prices or extended the sale of the
+articles so manufactured, it has by no means destroyed or even interfered
+with the sale of articles manufactured by hand. Of the finer class of
+furniture, of all those articles which are used merely as luxuries, as
+well as of such as are required to stand the test of severe use, those
+manufactured by hand are yet preferred; and the growing desire in the West
+for the best articles of furniture has rendered the class of manufactures
+under consideration of great value and importance. Louisville contains a
+very large number of establishments for the manufacture of fine as well as
+of durable and substantial common furniture. The largest of these and the
+one best calculated to display this branch of business is the well-known
+establishment of John M. Stokes, now in the 22d year of its existence.
+There is scarcely a finely furnished parlor in Louisville or its vicinity,
+scarcely an elegant steamer in the southern trade, that does not show the
+capacity of this firm to rival any similar establishment in the country.
+And while in some other branches of manufacture, Louisville may be
+exceeded by other western cities, it is only fair to say, that a visit to
+the immense establishment of Mr. Stokes will readily convince any one that
+in this department of trade, Louisville cannot be exceeded either in
+quality of work or in its price. Mr. S. has now in process of erection a
+large four story building, where he purposes to add very considerably to
+his already large manufacture.
+
+
+  ISAAC CROMIE,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  PRINTING PAPER,
+  NEWS, BOOK,
+  AND COLORED,
+  Mill, Main Street between Tenth and Eleventh,
+  Store, No. 477 Main St.
+
+This is the largest Paper Mill in the Western country, and fully equal in
+point of capacity and advantages with any in the Union. It was established
+in 1846, and passed into the hands of its present proprietor in 1848. The
+mill is furnished with every desirable improvement in the machinery used
+for paper making; the building is very commodious and well arranged, and
+is under the immediate supervision of Mr. Kellogg, a gentleman in every
+way qualified for his office. It is in constant operation, night and day,
+being lighted up by gas, which is also manufactured on the premises. This
+mill has advantages over most western mills in the fact that an abundant
+supply of rags is furnished in this market, that it is situated in a fine
+hemp growing region, where this article can readily be procured, bleached
+and reduced to the finest texture for strengthening paper; that this is an
+admirable location for making shipments of the manufactured article, and
+that the most excellent water is brought from wells on the premises in any
+quantity which may be desired. A very large amount of capital is invested
+in this establishment, and no expense has been spared in effecting every
+improvement known to the paper maker, and the results of this outlay of
+capital, and of the sagacity and enterprise of its proprietor are now
+evident. Not only does this paper find a ready market, but orders have so
+multiplied upon the factory that, even with the immense product, they have
+been unable until lately to complete their contracts for delivery. The
+stack for the furnace of this mill is 140 feet high, and can be seen from
+all the avenues of approach to the city.
+
+
+  HAYES, CRAIG & CO.
+  WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS
+  IN
+  HATS, CAPS,
+  STRAW GOODS, FURS, &C.
+  485 Main Street.
+
+But a few years have elapsed since all the hats sold in this market were
+the produce of eastern factories; and this department was not considered
+of sufficient value to be detached from other branches of trade. In latter
+years however, it has reached a position which makes it equal in
+importance to most other branches. Western merchants are fully aware of
+the value of Louisville as a market for hats, and even where many other
+articles are purchased elsewhere, this market is always selected and
+preferred by the buyer for his bill of hats.
+
+Few firms have as rapidly grown into the favor and confidence of the
+community as the one referred to above. They possess an enviable
+reputation throughout the South and West, both as elegant manufacturers,
+and as prompt and efficient men of business. Neither Beebe of New York,
+nor Rousto of Paris, are better known or more prized as hatters by the
+residents in the valley of the Mississippi. This is proven in the fact
+that their sales at wholesale reach the amount of one hundred thousand
+dollars, while their retail trade adds to this the sum of fifty thousand
+dollars more. Their manufacture is chiefly confined to the finest quality
+of hats. They employ from twenty-five to thirty hands.
+
+This house also deals largely in furs, their purchases in this article
+amount to about thirty-five thousand dollars annually. Their market for
+these furs is found in London and Leipsie.
+
+
+  POLLARD, PRATHER & SMITH,
+  LATELY P. S. BARBER & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN
+  HATS, CAPS, FURS,
+  AND
+  STRAW GOODS,
+  No. 455 MAIN STREET.
+
+This establishment, the oldest in the city, also commands a very prominent
+position in the western country. What has before been said with reference
+to the hat business, applies equally well to this establishment. The
+energy and promptness of this firm as manufacturers, the extended
+character of their business relations, and the high position which they
+occupy at home as well as abroad, have not only insured their own
+prosperity beyond any usual contingency but have added to the fame, the
+business and the resources of the city.
+
+Some idea may be formed of the increase in this department of business,
+when it is asserted that the sales of this house alone now reaches an
+amount greatly beyond what five years ago were the entire sales of the
+city. Hats made in Louisville always find the preference with western and
+southern purchasers over those made elsewhere. Not only are the qualities
+greatly superior, but the styles are far preferable; and for a similar
+class of goods, the prices are equally as low as those of any other
+market. In these remarks, reference is of course had to the best quality
+of hats. There is no department of trade which has increased, and still
+promises to increase more rapidly than this.
+
+The purchase and export of furs and peltries is also extensively carried
+on by this house.
+
+The two examples of this business given in this volume will bear favorable
+comparison with any other hat houses in the West; if indeed they do not
+surpass all their compeers.
+
+
+  NEEDHAM'S
+  MARBLE SHOP
+  AND
+  WARE ROOMS,
+  Jefferson St. between 3rd & 4th, North Side.
+
+This establishment has been in permanent and successful operation for the
+last seventeen years, and is, we believe, the oldest one of the kind in
+the city. The greater portion of the marble used; is imported directly
+from Italy in the block, via New Orleans. The foreign and domestic marble
+business has been a rapidly increasing one from the period of its first
+introduction, and our workmen have readily availed themselves of all the
+improved manufacturing processes. They are therefore prepared to furnish
+all articles in their line at as low a price, as the same articles can be
+furnished at any point in the West. Fine articles of manufactured marble
+are now _cheaper in the city of Louisville than in the city of London_.
+
+At Needham's Marble Warerooms may be found a well arranged stock of marble
+Mantles, varying in price from twenty-five to one hundred and fifty
+dollars. They are made of Italian, Egyptian, Irish, and the Sienna
+marbles. He also makes to order the various descriptions of furniture
+marble work.
+
+In the department of monuments, tombs, tablets, and general cemetery work,
+his stock and designs are said to be the largest in the West. All work
+sent from the city is carefully packed, and warranted free from breakage.
+The aim and object of the proprietor is to establish a permanent business
+by doing good work at moderate prices.
+
+
+  HUGH WILKINS,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  MATTRASSES, CARPETS,
+  CURTAINS, FLAGS
+  And all articles appertaining to the business of the
+  UPHOLSTERER,
+  Wall Street, four doors below Main.
+
+In Louisville, the business of upholsterer is one of great importance. The
+large number of steamboats which are built and furnished at this point
+gives a great deal of work in this department of manufacture. The
+reputation of this city as an admirable place for procuring articles of
+this description has attracted much trade from other points. The factory
+of Mr. Wilkins, now in the twelfth year of its existence, is one of the
+best and most favorably known in Louisville and in the West. It is perhaps
+more in this than in any other department of manufacture that the
+purchaser is compelled to depend on the honesty as well as the taste and
+judgment of the workman. The reputation of this factory is a sure
+guarantee for the first of these qualities, and the many specimens of work
+to be seen all over the city and in most of our steamboats, will readily
+establish the other. A very large trade has been built up for this concern
+by the fidelity and carefulness of its proprietor. The whole interior
+fitting of steamboats and houses is undertaken here. Beds, carpets and
+curtains of all descriptions and qualities are made and fitted up in a
+style of superior excellence. The spring-mattrasses made at this factory
+have a wide spread and deservedly great reputation. Some of those
+mattrasses have not only been used during the life of one boat, but have
+been removed from one steamer to its successor several times. The use of
+spring mattrasses on steamers is probably the severest test to which they
+can be subjected.
+
+
+  METCALFE'S BREWERY.
+
+  METCALFE & GRAINGER,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  ALE, BEER, PORTER,
+  AND
+  BROWN STOUT.
+  Market Street, between Sixth and Seventh.
+
+This brewery, organized in 1832, is the oldest in the city, and is equal
+in point of size and capacity to any in the West. The long practice in
+this manufacture which the senior partner of this firm has had, and the
+well-known reputation of the establishment are sufficient proofs of the
+quality of articles manufactured here. Situated in the centre of a
+splendid grain market, with water equal to any in the world, and with
+thoroughly practiced and competent workmen, the Louisville Ales, Beer,
+Brown-Stout, &c., cannot be anywhere surpassed. The Brown-Stout from
+Metcalfe's Brewery is fully equal in every respect to the London article;
+and the experiment of placing it, in Byass' bottles, before the best
+connoisseurs has been frequently attempted, and always with success. It
+has, however, a reputation of its own and does not therefore need a
+foreign stamp to make it currently received. Beside furnishing the
+interior of most of the western States, Messrs. M. & G. find a very
+extended and ready market for articles of their manufacture in the larger
+cities. Memphis and St. Louis receive and sell large quantities of these
+articles, and scarcely a boat leaves for the Tennessee or Cumberland
+rivers without having among her freight more or less of the products of
+this brewery. Cards announcing the presence of these articles for sale are
+every where shown out as inducements to the lovers of these delightful
+beverages. In Louisville the brewings of Messrs. M. & G. are highly valued
+by all.
+
+
+  CLARK BRADLEY,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  COACHES, CARRIAGES,
+  BUGGIES, &C.
+  Main Street, between Brook and First.
+
+The manufacture of carriages is not carried on as extensively by any
+single firm in the West as in the East. The business is however one
+embracing a large amount of capital, but the number of manufactories
+prevents any single house from doing a very large amount of work. Carriage
+building in Louisville has, however, recently partaken of the impulse
+which has been given to every department of manufactures. There are fully
+three times as many carriages built in Louisville now, as there were three
+years ago. The smaller establishments in the interior places have been
+obliged to resign to the superior quality and price of Louisville work.
+There is no city in the Union where there are so many private vehicles
+used, in proportion to the population, as in Louisville. This fact has led
+to the endeavor on the part of carriage makers here to compete with
+foreign workmen. And with the single exception of heavy carriages,
+Louisville builders are at any time ready to furnish carriages at the same
+price as they can be had in the East.
+
+Mr. Bradley's establishment will afford a very fair example of this
+business. It is one of the oldest in the city, and has a fine reputation.
+The quality of work manufactured here cannot be surpassed, and Mr. B.'s
+thorough knowledge, long experience, and personal attention to his
+business, have done credit to him, and tended to advance the interests of
+this business in the city. His sales extend to Kentucky, Tennessee, North
+Alabama, Arkansas, and even to Mississippi and Louisiana. Fully one third
+of the sales of this factory are made out of the State. Mr. Bradley
+employs about twenty hands, who receive about ten thousand dollars
+annually. His sales amount to about thirty thousand dollars. The value of
+this as a market for this species of manufacture, is fast beginning to be
+felt: and it cannot be doubted that it will become ere long the very best
+market of the country.
+
+
+  BAKER & RUBEL,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  CARRIAGES, ROCKAWAYS,
+  BUGGIES, &C.
+  No. 650 Main Street.
+
+This manufactory, though not so old as many of our carriage shops, is
+still one deserving especial notice. The proprietors are themselves
+constantly employed in the details of their work, and the result of their
+knowledge, attention and experience is plainly observable in the work
+which proceeds from their establishment. They possess the entire
+confidence of the community, and, for the short time they have been
+employed in their business, have been in every way very successful
+workmen. Although the greater part of their sales are made in and around
+the city, they yet send their carriages over a large part of the southern
+and south-western States. It is idle for western and southern buyers any
+longer to indulge the foolish opinion, that better, more durable, or more
+elegant carriages can be bought in the eastern markets, than can be had at
+home. Such an opinion was held until recently in regard to fine furniture,
+but that has disappeared under the earnest endeavor of Louisville
+manufacturers, and it is time for western purchasers to learn to depend on
+their own workmen for supplies of every sort. Messrs. B. & R. have now in
+their establishment carriages of all sorts which will favorably compare in
+point of elegance with those made in any part of the Union, and will far
+exceed any others in point of durability. This matter is one deserving the
+attention of carriage buyers, and if they can only be persuaded to make a
+trial of Louisville work, the fame of the city in this regard will be
+easily established.
+
+
+  DR. JOHN BULL,
+  MANUFACTURER OF THE
+  FLUID EXTRACT
+  OF
+  SARSAPARILLA.
+  Office on 5th Street, below Main.
+
+Dr. John Bull has used in the manufacture of his Sarsaparilla within the
+last year 3,648 gross of bottles, 27,744 packing boxes at a cost of $6,885
+50, and affords constant employment to about 55 hands. Amount of sales for
+the year ending this date, $255,700 90. Dr. Bull commenced the manufacture
+of this article exclusively about five years since, and the full amount of
+sales at that time was about $5,500, which amount was entirely consumed in
+advertising and printing of various kinds. The second year sales about
+$38,600. Third year, $89,200 50. Fourth year, $157,030 70. Fifth year,
+$255,700 90, as per above statement. The demand for his Sarsaparilla is
+greater now than it has been at any time previously, and its reputation is
+becoming more extended. He has received large orders from California, New
+Mexico, and the island of Cuba. Wherever it has been tried, the sales of
+it have increased, which is a sufficient guarrantee of its efficacy and
+standing in all places where it has been introduced.
+
+
+  THOMAS WILLIAMS & Co.
+  GAS FITTERS,
+  AND
+  PLUMBERS,
+  No. 462 MARKET STREET.
+
+This establishment is the only one of the kind in the city, and since its
+commencement a little more than a year ago, it has rapidly grown into
+favor. Few persons are perhaps aware of the fact that all those minor
+elegancies and luxuries which follow the establishment of water works in a
+city can be procured and put in operation by this firm as readily and
+completely, as in cities ever so abundantly supplied with water. Water
+closets, bath houses, wash basins, pumps, boilers, and all the
+appurtenances of an elegant mansion are here manufactured and furnished in
+complete order. Most of the residences built since the existence of this
+firm, have taken advantage of these furnishings, and many of the older
+dwellings have added a part at least of these conveniences. These
+gentlemen also import a great variety of gas fixtures of all descriptions,
+as well as wrought iron welded tubes for steam, gas and water, which they
+put up in a superior style. They also manufacture brass work of all the
+lighter descriptions. The Beer-Pumps which are seen upon the counters of
+our coffee houses, are also from this factory. These pumps are of a very
+superior quality, and are exported from the city in large quantities.
+Steamboat plumber's work also forms an important part of this business.
+The well-known steamer Eclipse was furnished from this establishment. All
+the work done by this firm is of the very best quality. These gentlemen
+are thorough and accomplished workmen, and attend in person to the details
+of their business. There are few plumbing establishments in this country
+with which this will not bear favorable comparison.
+
+
+  MILNE & BRUDER.
+  LITHOGRAPHERS,
+  No. 44 Third Street.
+
+Lithographic printing is a very important branch of the Art, and one in
+which excellence is rarely attained. It is applicable to a very great
+variety of work, and hence is worthy of much consideration. Few persons
+are probably aware of the utility of the art referred to. Maps,
+landscapes, cards, bill heads, labels, drawings for the Patent Office,
+anatomical plates, and in fine all the work of the ordinary printer as
+well as of the draftsman and of the engraver, can be executed by the
+lithographer. To do all these things well, an office requires to be
+thoroughly organized, to possess artists of ability, and to be in the
+hands of men of artistic taste as well as of business capacity. In all
+these respects, the office of Messrs. Milne & Bruder is complete. In all
+those classes of work which come within their province, these gentlemen
+enjoy a high reputation. Prompt and efficient in their business relations,
+tasteful and artistic in the execution of the work entrusted to them, they
+are enabled to command a large amount of patronage, not only in
+Louisville, but all over the West and South. The new map of Kentucky
+lately issued from their press, is of itself a sufficient guarantee for
+the character of the work executed at this establishment. This map is the
+best ever published, and its authenticity is in no whit inferior to its
+mere artistic excellence. It is steadily growing into public favor, and is
+deservedly appreciated wherever it is known. There is no lithographic
+establishment in the West, which can and does execute a greater variety or
+a better quality of work than that under consideration.
+
+
+  G. W. BRAINARD & CO.
+  PUBLISHERS OF
+  SHEET MUSIC.
+  AND DEALERS IN EVERY DESCRIPTION OF
+  MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS,
+  AGENTS FOR
+  JONAS CHICKERING'S
+  PIANO-FORTES.
+  No. 117 Fourth Street, Mozart Hall.
+
+But little more than a year has elapsed since the publication of sheet
+music was begun by this firm. Their catalogue however already embraces a
+large number and a great variety of excellent music. The success of their
+publishing house is by the practical talent and fine taste of the
+proprietors, already placed beyond a contingency of failure, and only
+needs the necessary lapse of time to become complete. As is well known,
+Louisville numbers a great many accomplished musicians and musical
+amateurs among her population. There is perhaps no other American city of
+equal size where this art is so much cultivated and so high in favor with
+the whole people. Music publishing, the necessary consequence of this
+state of affairs, becomes therefore an important branch of business.
+Messrs. B. & Co. are high in favor with our musical people, have published
+a good deal of Louisville composition, and are rapidly finding a large
+market abroad as well as at home for their production. These gentlemen are
+also agents for Chickering's celebrated Pianos, as well as for other
+favorite brands. Their attention is also particularly directed to
+supplying Brass Instruments for bands. And they offer excellent security
+for the quality of the articles which they keep. As a music store, their
+establishment is a favorite resort with the amateurs of this delightful
+art.
+
+
+  PETERS, WEBB & CO.
+  Publishers of Music,
+  Main Street, bet. 2d and 3d, Opposite Bank of Ky.
+
+  PETERS, CRAGG & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  PIANO FORTES,
+  Main Street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth.
+
+  J. WEKERLE & CO.
+  ORGAN MANUFACTURERS.
+
+The publishing house of Peters, Webb & Co., perhaps the oldest
+establishment of the kind, and certainly the most favorably known in the
+West, employs one title engraver, three music engravers, and about six
+printers. They keep three copper-plate presses constantly employed, and
+issue from seven to ten thousand pages of music per week.
+
+The piano-forte manufactory of Peters, Cragg & Co., was organized only a
+few years ago, but its success has been so constant and rapid, that they
+are not now able to supply the demand for their instruments. They have
+embarked a very large capital in this business, and are now erecting a
+large three story factory on Main Street, where they will be enabled to do
+a still greater amount of work. They are prepared with all the most recent
+useful improvements in manufacture and will employ in their new factory
+about thirty hands. This firm is ready at any moment to duplicate any bill
+of wholesale prices, which may be had from any respectable eastern house,
+either in sheet music or pianos.
+
+P. W. & Co., in company with J. Wekerle, a practical organ builder,
+commenced the manufacture of these instruments in Louisville a little less
+than three years ago, since which time they have built several instruments
+for western churches, in Louisville and elsewhere. These have been
+pronounced by competent judges equal to any made in the country. Five
+workmen are constantly employed in this department.
+
+
+  CHARLES DUFFIELD & CO.'S
+  HAM CURING ESTABLISHMENT,
+  Water Street, between 5th and 6th, Entrance on 6th.
+
+This is the largest establishment exclusively devoted to the curing of
+hams, not only in the United States, but in the world. The buildings are
+of brick and are three stories in height. The curing-house is 66 feet wide
+and 350 feet long, embracing over 52,000 square feet of floor. The smoking
+house is 35 feet in width by 65 in length, and will hold 40,000 hams at
+one smoking. One to two hundred thousand hams are cured here in one
+season, and thirty to fifty men are employed nearly six months in the year
+in preparing the hams for market and summer keeping. The details of the
+curing process are not made public.
+
+Mr. Duffield was the _first_ to establish and make permanent the business
+of ham curing, as a separate and distinct branch of the provision trade,
+which he did by _persevering_ in making fine hams for years without
+profit--and he has thus became the PIONEER in giving character to our
+western hams, which now stand unequalled in the markets of the United
+States. It is to this perseverance that we are indebted for all the fine
+hams, by whomsoever cured, that now fill our markets.
+
+Mr. Duffield was the _first_ to cure in Cincinnati, in 1835, as many as
+20,000 hams, and from this _beginning_, the business is believed to have
+now reached the grand aggregate of from six to eight hundred thousand
+hams, cured in an _extra_ style, in all the western cities. Mr. D.'s hams,
+however, still stand pre-eminent. The demand for them increases yearly.
+His brand is, "DUFFIELD'S AMERICAN WESTPHALIA HAMS." The reason for the
+term "American Westphalia" is contained in the fact, that the only hams
+celebrated in the United States markets, when Mr. D. commenced curing,
+were those imported from Westphalia, in Germany, (which were then and
+still are sold at 25 and 30 cents per pound,) hence the propriety and
+boldness of the term "_American_ Westphalia." It is certain that Mr.
+Duffield's cure will not be found _inferior_ to the best _imported_ from
+Westphalia, and will not cost the consumer one-half the price of that
+article.
+
+The following list of diplomas, medals, &c., which have been awarded at
+different times to the hams cured by Mr. Duffield, will corroborate this
+opinion. By Ohio Mechanics' Institute, in 1844; by Hamilton County
+Agricultural Society, in 1846; by Ohio State Fair, held in Cincinnati, in
+1850; by The London Industrial Exhibition, and World's Fair Prize Medal,
+in 1850. We are proud of Mr. D.'s reputation, and glad to be able to say
+that Louisville has _the largest ham curing establishment in the world_.
+
+
+  A. McBRIDE,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  PLANES AND EDGE TOOLS,
+  No. 69 Third Street.
+
+The manufacture of Planes and Edge-Tools in Louisville is not and has not
+been considered a very prominent branch of trade. It is well known that
+the skillful manufacture of these articles has long been a difficulty hard
+to overcome. Mr. McBride, who has been a practical workman with the plane,
+has successfully combatted all the difficulties in the way of producing a
+perfect article. Wherever the tools from this factory have been used, they
+have achieved that most difficult of results, the entire approbation of
+the mechanic. Mr. B.'s business is one of those the steady growth of which
+indicates real merit and ultimate success. Every article produced is made
+by the hands of skillful workmen, and under the immediate eye of the
+proprietor; hence all may be sure of procuring a far more valuable article
+than can be had from the steam factories. Mr. McBride has in addition to
+his manufactory, a fine stock of Hardware and Cutlery.
+
+
+  HENRY HUNTER,
+  GLASS CUTTING ESTABLISHMENT,
+  No. 69 Third Street.
+
+This useful establishment is one of those minor factories which are
+indispensible to a great city. Necessary of small extent as compared with
+many other branches of manufacture, it is yet an important and useful
+concern. Mr. Hunter is the foreman of his own factory, and is a thorough
+and accomplished workman. It is at his shop that those elegant cuttings on
+tinted and white glass, which adorn the windows of our southern
+steamboats, and add so much to their magnificence, are done. In this
+department of his business he is without a rival in the city and, it is
+believed, in the West. Beside this, Mr. H. is a fitter of glasses for
+jeweller's work, such as rings, breast-pins, miniatures, &c. He also
+replaces parts of broken sets of glass and performs, in a superior manner,
+all the work done at the glass cutters. A good stock of cut glass-ware is
+also to be found at this factory.
+
+
+  KENTUCKY LOCK FACTORY.
+
+  HARIG & STOY,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  SAFE, BANK, VAULT, JAIL AND DOOR LOCKS.
+  No. 97 Third Street.
+
+The Kentucky Lock Factory is another establishment deserving especial
+notice. The work made at this factory is surpassed in quality by none in
+the West. Locks of every description from those of the prison, the Bank
+and the safe, to the smallest mortise latch, are manufactured with equal
+care and fidelity. The Fire-Proof Safe, which has a well established
+reputation everywhere, is also made here. Iron doors and frames for bank
+vaults and prisons us well as sliding door locks and trimmings also form a
+part of the daily work of the factory. This concern, under the charge of
+Mr. Aug. C. Harig has for a long time enjoyed the confidence and patronage
+of this community, and it will doubtless, under its present management,
+continue to increase in public favor. In addition to articles of their own
+manufacture, Messrs. H. & S. offer for sale an excellent assortment of
+Builders Hardware.
+
+
+  A. TIENSCH,
+  Manufacturer of Mathematical and Philosophical Instruments,
+  NO. 97 THIRD STREET.
+
+In the same building with the factory noticed above, may be found the
+instrument shop of Mr. Tiensch. In this exceedingly complex and scientific
+manufacture, this gentleman is very eminent. The most delicate
+manipulations of his art are performed by him with singular accuracy and
+facility. Manufactories of this kind are rare in the American cities, nor
+is the demand for these articles very great. Mr. T. is therefore able to
+furnish the proceeds of his manufacture to buyers who are scattered ever a
+large surface of country. He keeps on hand a stock of the instruments in
+most common use and is thoroughly competent to the successful manufacture
+of any article in his line which may be desired by the scientific man. His
+factory will doubtless grow with the growing wants for articles of this
+description in this great city. The curious in such matters will find his
+shop well worthy of a visit.
+
+
+  HULL & BROTHER,
+  Book & Job Printers, Binders,
+  AND PUBLISHERS,
+  83 & 85 Fourth Street, between Main and Market.
+
+This firm commenced business in this city in the year 1844. It has
+gradually grown, from a small beginning, until it stands second to no
+establishment in the West, either for facilities or workmanship. Although
+its principal business is that of Book, and the finer kinds of Job
+Printing, yet at this office are issued two weekly papers, and three
+monthly periodicals--making an average of over _ten thousand periodicals
+weekly_.
+
+The Proprietors being both practical men, (having been all their lives
+engaged in the business, and understanding thoroughly every department of
+it,) they have been enabled to carry the Art of Printing to a perfection
+that would surprise and astonish the spirits of Faust and Guttemberg, were
+they to arise from their graves, as much as it pleases and attracts the
+lovers of the beautiful of the present day.
+
+In connection with this establishment there is a well assorted Bindery,
+under the direction of Mr. J. A. IRWIN, who, in this department, is
+connected with the Messrs. Hull. He also is a practical workman, well
+acquainted with every part of his business.
+
+Every branch and variety of the business is here carried on. From the
+mill, the paper passes to the wetting trough, thence to the printing
+press; from the press to the drying boards, then into the hands of the
+Folder, and so successively, to the Forwarder, the Embosser, and the
+Finisher, until the perfect book is produced.
+
+The Messrs H. employ about forty hands in their Establishment and are
+supplied, both in their Printing and Binding departments, with the very
+best materials and machinery that have been invented.
+
+Altogether it is an Establishment that does credit to our city, and gives
+additional evidence of its increasing prosperity.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Campbell had been taken prisoner by the British and Indians and was
+then in captivity in Canada.
+
+[2] MARSHALL, Vol. I, p. 104.
+
+[3] Directory for 1832.
+
+[4] Western Review for January, 1830.
+
+[5] This incident is by some accredited to William Creasy, a bargeman of
+the James River.
+
+[6] Morgan Neville, in Western Souvenir for 1829.
+
+[7] PERKINS' Annals, pp. 280 to 282.
+
+[8] John A. McClung in Collins' Kentucky, p. 57.
+
+[9] This statement is given on the authority of Major Quirey's own son.
+
+[10] This prediction, as is well known, has been verified.
+
+[11] This gentleman was one among the most distinguished of the early
+citizens of Louisville. His untiring energy, his inflexible honesty of
+purpose, and his fine mental ability, all contributed to render him
+conspicuous in every position to which he was called. An excellent epitome
+of his character is contained in a remark made by him upon the occasion of
+his resignation of the Presidency of the Bank referred to. The directory
+of the Bank having determined to stop payment, Mr. Prather resigned his
+seat with these memorable words:--"I can preside over no institution which
+fails to meet its engagements promptly and to the letter." Mr. Prather was
+long connected in business with Mr. John I. Jacob, whose recent death has
+been so much deplored; and the firm of Prather & Jacob is one of the best
+and most favorably known among the early merchants of this city.
+
+[12] This census does not include the residents in Preston's or Campbell's
+enlargements, nor does it refer either to Portland or Shippingport.
+
+[13] This is extracted from Mr. Maum Butler's account of the Canal.
+
+[14] Gallagher's Review of Amelia in the Hesperian for 1839.
+
+[15] This hope is now destined never to be gratified, for, since the above
+was written, this accomplished poetess and estimable woman has been called
+away to join her voice with the angelic choir, whose harmonies are the
+delight and the glory of the celestial world. On a bright May morning,
+such as her own songs have taught us to love, when the earth was redolent
+of beauty, and the flowers were sending up to heaven the incense of their
+perfumes, when all rejoicing nature was pouring out its mourning orison to
+its Creator, the angels sent by her Heavenly Father, came and bore her
+spirit to its home in the skies. And so
+
+  "She has passed like a bird from the minstrel throng,
+  She has gone to the land where the lovely belong."
+
+[16] Haldeman's Directory for 1844-5.
+
+[17] These gentlemen having recently resigned, the chairs so vacated are
+now occupied by Drs. Palmer and Austin Flint, of Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+[18] "In this year, a line of 46 hhds brought $3,390 84, averaging $73 73
+per hhd. The crop was short, and speculation ran high. Dealers in the
+article were heavy losers."--_Directory for 1845._
+
+[19] Most of the machinists are connected with the foundries.
+
+[20] This does not include all steamboat builders.
+
+[21] Most of the turners are connected with various factories.
+
+[22] From "Louisville and the Elements of her Prosperity," by H. Smith,
+Esq., in the Louisville Journal.
+
+[23] Speculation in city lots ran very high at this time, and property
+bore an enormous fictitious value. As will be remembered, this feeling was
+not confined to Louisville, but was prevalent all over the western
+country. This was the era of speculations in western town lots, an era
+which will not be recalled with pleasure by most western men.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Louisville, from the
+Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852, by Ben Casseday
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38740-8.txt or 38740-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/7/4/38740/
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/38740-8.zip b/38740-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4c2421
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-8.zip
diff --git a/38740-h.zip b/38740-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20e18df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h.zip
diff --git a/38740-h/38740-h.htm b/38740-h/38740-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..174338b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/38740-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,10137 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The History of Louisville, from Its Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852, by Ben Casseday&mdash;A Project Gutenberg eBook
+    </title>
+
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+
+    body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;}
+
+    .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;}
+
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;}
+
+    hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;}
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+    .bt {border-top: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .btr {border-top: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .btl {border-top: solid 1px; border-left: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .br {border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .bl {border-left: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .btlr {border-top: solid 1px; border-left: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .blr {border-left: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .bb {border-bottom: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .bbr {border-bottom: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .bbl {border-bottom: solid 1px; border-left: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .bblr {border-bottom: solid 1px; border-left: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+
+    .dent {padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;}
+    .botbor {border-bottom: solid 1px;}
+
+    .giant {font-size: 200%}
+    .huge {font-size: 150%}
+    .large {font-size: 125%}
+
+    .poem {margin-left: 15%;}
+
+    .right {text-align: right;}
+    .center {text-align: center;}
+
+    .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none}
+    a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none}
+
+    .spacer {padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;}
+    .spacer2 {padding-left: .25em; padding-right: .25em;}
+    .spacer3 {padding-left: .2em;}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Louisville, from the
+Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852, by Ben Casseday
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The History of Louisville, from the Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852
+
+Author: Ben Casseday
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2012 [EBook #38740]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1>Casseday&#8217;s History of Louisville.</h1>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">THE</span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE,</span></p>
+<p class="center"><small>FROM ITS</small></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="huge">EARLIEST SETTLEMENT</span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">TILL THE YEAR 1852.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center"><span class="large">BY BEN CASSEDAY</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">LOUISVILLE, KY.<br />
+HULL AND BROTHER.<br />
+1852.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852,<br />
+<span class="smcap">By</span> BEN. CASSEDAY,<br />
+In the Clerk&#8217;s office of the District Court of the United States for the District<br />
+of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">HULL &amp; BROTHER,<br />
+PRINTERS AND BINDERS.<br />
+83 &amp; 85 Fourth St., Louisville, Ky.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">To My Father,<br />
+At whose Instance it was Undertaken.<br />
+AND<br />
+By whose Assistance it was Completed,<br />
+This Book Is<br />
+AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+<h2>PREFACE.</h2>
+
+<p>Very little need be said by way of Preface to the present volume. Cities,
+like individuals, have ever found the utility of giving publicity to the
+advantages they possess. The respective claims to public consideration of
+almost all the larger American cities have already been set forth, and no
+inconsiderable sagacity has been displayed in the preparation and issue of
+these advertisements. It cannot be denied that Louisville has equal claim
+upon the community for a fair hearing with many of these cities, and this
+may serve as the apology which custom seems to render necessary for the
+publication of this volume.</p>
+
+<p>Louisville has attained her present rank and position without having
+resorted to any of the factitious means so generally employed to promote
+the progress of cities. A singular apathy in this regard has always
+pervaded this community, and the present prosperity of the city is the
+result only of fortuitous circumstances, of individual and unorganized
+effort, or of local causes. The following extract from one of a series of
+very able articles, published several years ago in the Louisville Journal,
+conveys a very caustic and severe, but, at the same time, a very just and
+merited rebuke of this apathetic indifference to political progress which
+has been characteristic of this city. The author says: &#8220;In the recent book
+of Judge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> Hall entitled &#8220;<i>The West&mdash;its commerce and navigation</i>,&#8221; it is
+stated that &#8220;Louisville keeps no account of its business.&#8221; Such is really
+the fact; we have no business organization&mdash;no chamber of commerce, no
+mercantile clubs&mdash;no Exchange, no place &#8220;where merchants most do
+congregate.&#8221; Our city Fathers keep no record of our increase or doings,
+and it is doubted whether the Mayor or Council, with the Assessors and
+Collectors to advise with, can either guess or reckon our present
+population within 4,000, or the number of respectable tenements erected
+last year within 200 of the truth. There is not a series of our newspapers
+or price currents to which a stranger has the right of access; if, indeed,
+there be an entire series of either to be found in our city. Occasionally
+a Directory is got up and contains a few statistics gathered without
+system or concert, and necessarily imperfect, and these even are rarely
+set before the public eye. Other cities have had for years the most
+skillful trumpeters and gazetteers; their men of influence and wealth have
+contributed largely of money and time (more important than money) not only
+to make their city attractive but to show off those attractions. Does
+anything agitate the public mind, whether religious, political, or
+financial&mdash;whether it relates to the commerce of the lakes, famine in
+Ireland, or an armory or hospital on the western rivers, they seek to be
+the first to write and the first to speak; they raise one committee to
+gather and another to publish every fact and argument which will make the
+excitement enure to their benefit. All this is unobjectionable. Other
+cities have great attractions, and there is no reason why these should not
+be known; the gospel itself requires publication; but in this <i>democratic</i>
+country are we to allow any other city to take a higher position than that
+to which she is entitled by her skill, strength and capacity? Is it not
+high time to advertise the cheapness and goodness<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> of our wares? If
+Cincinnati send a special agent to Germany with the cards of her
+lot-holders and a map of this country, represented as a narrow strip with
+New York at one terminus and Cincinnati at the other, can we not extend
+the survey to Louisville, and add the name of this city to the catalogue
+published in Europe.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>These remarks are hardly less merited now than at the time when they were
+published. The last two years, it is true, have awakened new energies and
+brought about a greater disposition to prompt and efficient action in
+promoting a useful business organization and in setting forth the claims
+of Louisville in a properly attractive light. Much time, however, has been
+wasted and much valuable material has been lost by the long delay in this
+matter. To endeavor to restore this lost time and to replace a part at
+least of this valuable material, is one of the prominent objects had in
+view in the preparation of this history.</p>
+
+<p>The want of interest which is generally felt in mere statistical details,
+even if ever so carefully compiled, coupled with the fact that there is
+really much in the history of Louisville which is capable of interesting
+the general reader, have induced me to prefer offering to the public a
+historical detail of the rise, progress and present position of the city,
+instead of following the course which has been pursued by most writers of
+local history. It is no part of the design of this volume to eulogize
+Louisville beyond its deserts. The greatest care has been taken to prevent
+any tendency to exaggeration in all the statistical parts of the work, and
+the object constantly had in view has been to present both to citizens and
+strangers an authentic and reliable statement of all that is useful or
+interesting in the past and present history of the city. It is due to
+myself to state, that, as may readily be supposed from what has been said
+above, I have found great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> difficulty in procuring the necessary data for
+even this unpretending volume. And if the town reader should find any
+errors or omissions in these pages I cannot help but hope for some
+leniency at his hands in view of the fact that this is the history of a
+city which has never possessed an official record of any kind, and that
+even the material which has been procured at divers times and in distant
+places has cost no inconsiderable amount both of time and trouble in the
+search.</p>
+
+<p>The present statistics of the city were carefully collected by personal
+application and investigation; and I desire to express my profoundest
+acknowledgments for the kindness and interest with which my wishes were
+met and forwarded. With but one single exception, every information which
+I could have desired was freely furnished, and many valuable suggestions
+were offered which I have since found extremely useful. I also desire to
+express my acknowledgments to Mr. R. Harlan, of Frankfort, for his kind
+assistance in the tedious and laborious work of examining the census
+reports.</p>
+
+<p>In closing a task which has occupied such moments of leisure as I could
+reclaim from the more serious pursuits of life for about eighteen months,
+I cannot but hope that the result of this tedious labor may really compass
+the end for which it was intended. I can claim nothing for the book on the
+score of literary merit; the style is one entirely different from anything
+which I have heretofore attempted, and the volume does not seek to claim
+rank as a literary production. If, however, it will serve to contribute a
+moiety to the prosperity of my native city; if it will serve to add one
+industrious and enterprising man to the number of her citizens, I shall be
+satisfied that this labor has not been in vain, nor this exertion spent
+for naught.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">BEN. CASSEDAY.</span></p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Position of Louisville&mdash;Falls of the Ohio</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Advent of Captain Bullitt</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bullitt&#8217;s Interview with the Indians</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Campbell&#8217;s and Conally&#8217;s Patents</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Advent of General Geo. R. Clark</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Clark&#8217;s Expedition to Virginia</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">Secret orders from Patrick Henry</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">Arrival at the Falls</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Account of a social party in 1779</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Account of life on the Frontier</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Hard Winter</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Act for establishing the town</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Early surveys of the town</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Reminiscences of the Ponds</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Advent of Colonel Geo. Slaughter</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Incidents of the Indian Wars</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Division of the State into Counties</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Building of Fort Nelson</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Battle of Blue Licks</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Barge Navigation</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Boatwreckers&mdash;Colonel Plug</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Bargemen&mdash;Mike Fink</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Peace declared</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First Store in Louisville</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tom Paine&#8217;s book</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First Kentucky Convention</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Clark&#8217;s Treaty at Fort McIntosh</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">Expedition to Vincennes</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mississippi Troubles</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>First newspaper in Kentucky</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Act in relation to the Trustees&mdash;Major Quirey</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kentucky erected into a State</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First Paper Mill&mdash;Tax list</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Office of Falls Pilot created&mdash;Fire companies established</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Acts of Assembly&mdash;1800</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Anecdote</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Jeffersonville&mdash;Shippingport</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First Canal Company chartered</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First newspaper in Louisville</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Second tax list</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Theater</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Establishment of a Police</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Courthouse built&mdash;Early Steam Navigation</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Earthquakes, description of, and table</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Western Courier (newspaper) established</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>List of Steamboats up to 1819</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First Catholic Church</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First Bank&mdash;Foundry</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paving the Streets</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First Methodist Church&mdash;Portland laid out&mdash;New Albany</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Manifest of Barges&mdash;Unhealthiness of Louisville</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>List of Stores &amp;c.</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Trip of the Enterprize&mdash;First boat built</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Shinplaster currency</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hope Distillery</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_143">143</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fearon&#8217;s account of Louisville</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Branch Bank of the United States</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First Presbyterian Church built&mdash;burned</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hospital Company incorporated</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dinner to Captain Shreve</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Death of General Geo. R. Clark</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Price Current&mdash;1818&mdash;Commercial Bank&mdash;Public Advertiser</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dr. McMurtrie&#8217;s Sketches of Louisville</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>J. J. Audubon&mdash;Visit of President</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Purchase of Fire Engines</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tax list and Census for 1821</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Commonwealth Bank established</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Issue of Town Notes&mdash;Epidemic of 1822</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>First Episcopal Church&mdash;Lafayette&#8217;s Visit</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Building a Wharf&mdash;Louisville and Portland Canal</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_166">166</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>The Focus&mdash;Resolutions for a Charter</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisville becomes a City</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>First City Officers</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bank Robbery&mdash;New Methodist Church&mdash;City School</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Second Presbyterian Church&mdash;Daily Journal</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bank of Kentucky built&mdash;Louisville Lyceum</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flood of &#8217;32&mdash;Unitarian Church&mdash;Directory &amp;c.</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bank of Louisville chartered&mdash;Museum</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Government Deposites removed</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Water Works</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Comical Guards</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Death of Lafayette</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tax List&mdash;Table of Exports &amp;c. 1830</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bridge over the Ohio&mdash;Panic of &#8217;37</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Notice of Amelia&#8217;s Poems</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Medical College</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Portland Railroad</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Newsletter&mdash;Historical Society&mdash;Provident Society</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Visit of America Vespucci</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Introduction of Gas</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Great Fire</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Statistics of &#8217;45</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Opening of Louisville and Frankfort Railroad</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>New Charter</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_208">208</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisville and its environs</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Society of Louisville</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Churches, Streets, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Public Education</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Health</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Markets&mdash;Periodicals</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_227">227</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Table of Occupations</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Commercial Statistics</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisville as a Market for Tobacco</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">Cotton</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_237">237</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">Pork</span></td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Manufacturing Statistics</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Conclusion</td>
+    <td align="right"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Appendix</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center"><span class="giant">HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE.</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The utility and profit of the local history of cities is no longer a
+matter of doubt. Whether considered solely as objects of interest or
+amusement, or as having the still wider utility of making known abroad the
+individuality of the places they describe, these records are worthy of
+high consideration. And although in a country like ours this department of
+history can claim to chronicle no great events, nor to relate any of those
+local traditions that make many of the cities of the Old World so famous
+in story and song, yet they can fulfil the equal use of directing the
+attention of those abroad to the rise, progress and present standing of
+places which may fairly claim, in the future, what has made others great
+in the past. And in an age when every energy of the whole brotherhood of
+man is directed to the future, and when mere utilitarianism has taken the
+place of romance, or of deeds of high renown, it is a matter of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> more than
+ordinary interest and value to all, to note the practical advancement, and
+so to calculate upon the basis of the past, the probable results of the
+future of those cities in the New World, which seem to present advantages,
+either social or pecuniary, to that large class of foreigners and others,
+who are constantly seeking for homes or means of occupation among us. Nor
+is it to these alone, that such local history is of value. The country is
+beginning already to possess much unemployed capital seeking for
+investment; while many, having already procured the means of living well,
+are seeking for homes more congenial to their tastes than the places where
+they have lived but for pecuniary profit. To both of these, the history of
+individual cities is an invaluable aid in helping the one to discover a
+means of advantageously employing his surplus money, and in aiding the
+other to find a home possessing those social advantages which will render
+him comfortable and happy.</p>
+
+<p>But it is to the emigrant foreigner that local history is of the greatest
+benefit. Leaving a country with whose resources, social, moral, and
+political, he is intimately acquainted for one of which he knows almost
+nothing, such works, carefully and authentically written, are to him what
+the guide-books of the Old World are to the wonder-seeking traveler; they
+present him at once with a daguerreotype view of the land of his adoption
+and point out to him every advantage and disadvantage, every chance of
+profit or of pleasure, every means of gain, every hope of gratification
+that is anywhere to be afforded.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>Impressed with these opinions, it is proposed to present the reader with
+an authentic and impartial history of Louisville; one which may be
+implicitly relied on in its calculations and statistical details and which
+shall present as accurate and faithful a historical survey as can be
+obtained from any data known to the writer or attainable by him.</p>
+
+<p>Louisville lies on the Southern bank of the Ohio river at the falls or
+rapids of that stream, in longitude 85&deg; 30&prime; west of Greenwich, and
+latitude 38&deg; 3&prime; north. Its position is one of peculiar excellence,
+situated at a point where the navigation of the stream is naturally
+obstructed by the rapids, and where, for six miles above the site of the
+city, the river stretches out into a broad, smooth sheet of water a mile
+in width, almost without a current, and presents a safe and beautiful
+harbor for a great distance along the Kentucky shore; embracing too within
+its limits the debouchure of Beargrass Creek, which also affords a
+convenient and accessible resting place for barges, keel, and flatboats,
+sheltering them from all the dangers to which an open harbor would render
+them liable, it presents advantages which at once mark it to the sagacious
+eye as a proper location for a town of the greatest importance. Aside from
+all these advantages, the immense surface of level country which spreads
+out on either side of the rapids for so great a distance, is of itself
+worthy of consideration. The term &#8220;falls&#8221; which has been and is so
+commonly applied to the obstruction in the river at this point, is apt to
+produce an incorrect idea in the mind of one who does not know exactly how
+to apply the term. The falls are not a precipitous <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>descent of water, but
+simply &#8220;an obstruction in the course of the river caused by a ledge of
+limestone rock running obliquely across its bed, with channels or chutes
+through the mound, produced or modified by the force of the water.&#8221; This
+however is so serious an obstacle to the navigation of the stream as to
+create the necessity, which always exists, except at the highest stage of
+the water, for the debarkation and re-shipment of goods above and below
+this point, thus affording great commercial advantages to the city
+situated beside these rapids.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar attractions of such a location as this could not long go
+unheeded, and accordingly as early as 1770 parties came from Fort Pitt,
+now Pittsburgh, probably sent by Lord Dunmore, then Governor of Virginia,
+and surveyed the lands adjacent to the falls, with a view of distributing
+them as bounty lands. The earliest account, however, which we have of
+anything like a settlement here is that of Capt. Thomas Bullitt, who in
+1773, deputed by a special commission from William and Mary College in
+Virginia, came to survey lands and effect settlements in the then
+<i>territory</i> of Kentucky. His practiced eye perceived the advantages of
+this port and he moored his traveling barge in the safe and beautiful
+harbor of Beargrass, and here established a camp to protect his men from
+the weather and to shelter his stores. From this point he made surveys of
+much of the adjacent country as far down as Salt river, to which he gave
+its present title from his having there found the salt lick still known by
+his name. He estimated the advantages of his new settlement at their full
+worth, and purposed to return at once to his friends and procure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> the
+means of re-visiting and establishing it. But Death sought him in the
+midst of his well laid plans, and it was left for another to complete what
+his sagacity and enterprise had commenced.</p>
+
+<p>To show that Bullitt&#8217;s plans had been well matured, and also to give some
+idea of the prudence and intelligence of the man, it is only necessary to
+cite, from Marshall&#8217;s History of Kentucky, the following not uninteresting
+facts:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;On his way to Kentucky,&#8221; says this historian, &#8220;Bullitt made a visit to
+Chillicothe, a Shawnee town, to hold a friendly talk with those Indians on
+the subject of his intended settlement; and for the particular purpose of
+obtaining their assent to the measure. He knew they claimed the right of
+hunting in the country&mdash;a right to them of the utmost importance, and
+which they had not relinquished. He also knew they were brave, and
+indefatigable; and that if they were so disposed, could greatly annoy the
+inhabitants of the intended settlement. It was, therefore, a primary
+object in his estimation to obtain their consent to his projected
+residence, and cultivation of the lands. To accomplish this, he left his
+party on the Ohio and traveled out to the town unattended, and without
+announcing his approach by a runner. He was not discovered until he got
+into the midst of Chillicothe, when he waved his white flag as a token of
+peace. The Indians saw with astonishment a stranger among them in the
+character of ambassador, for such he assumed by the flag, and without any
+intimation of his intended visit. Some of them collected about him, and
+asked him, What news? Was he from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> the Long Knife? and why, if he was an
+ambassador, he had not sent a runner?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Bullitt, not in the least intimidated, replied that he had no bad news&mdash;he
+was from the Long Knife&mdash;and as the red men and white men were at peace,
+he had come among his brothers to have a friendly talk with them about
+living on the other side of the Ohio; that he had no runner swifter than
+himself, and that he was in haste and could not wait the return of a
+runner. &#8216;Would you,&#8217; said he, &#8216;if you were very hungry and had killed a
+deer, send your squaw to town to tell the news, and wait her return before
+you eat?&#8217; This put the bystanders in high good humor, and gave them a
+favorable opinion of their interlocutor. And upon his desiring that the
+warriors should be called together, they were forthwith convened, and he
+promptly addressed them in the following speech, extracted from his
+journal:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Brothers</span>:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I am sent by my people, whom I left on the Ohio, to settle the country on
+the other side of that river, as low down as the falls. We come from
+Virginia. The king of my people has bought from the nations of red men
+both north and south all the land; and I am instructed to inform you and
+all the warriors of this great country, that the Virginians and the
+English are in friendship with you. This friendship is dear to them, and
+they intend to keep it sacred. The same friendship they expect from you,
+and from all the nations to the lakes. We know that the Shawnees and the
+Delawares are to be our nearest neighbors, and we wish them to be our best
+friends as we will be theirs.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>&#8220;Brothers, you did not get any of the money or blankets given for the land
+which I and my people are going to settle. This was hard for you. But it
+is agreed by the great men who own the land, that they will make a present
+both to the Delawares and the Shawnees the next year and the year
+following that shall be as good.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Brothers, I am appointed to settle the country, to live in it, to raise
+corn, and to make proper rules and regulations among my people. There will
+be some principal men from my country very soon, and then much more will
+be said to you. The Governor desires to see you, and will come out this
+year or the next. When I come again I will have a belt of wampum. This
+time I came in haste and had not one ready.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My people only want the country to settle and cultivate. They will have
+no objection to your hunting and trapping there. I hope you will live by
+us as brothers and friends.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You now know my heart, and as it is single towards you, I expect you will
+give me a kind talk; for I shall write to my Governor what you say to me
+and he will believe all I write.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This speech was received with attention, and Bullitt was told that the
+next day he should be answered.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians are in the habit of proceeding with great deliberation in
+matters of importance, and all are such to them which concern their
+hunting.</p>
+
+<p>On the morrow, agreeably to promise, they were assembled at the same
+place, and Bullitt being present they returned an answer to his speech as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Oldest Brother</span>&mdash;<i>The Long Knife</i>:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;We heard you would be glad to see your brothers, the Shawnees and
+Delawares, and talk with them. But we are surprised that you sent no
+runner before you, and that you came quite near us through the trees and
+grass a hard journey without letting us know until you appeared among us.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Brother, we have considered your talk carefully, and we are glad to find
+nothing bad in it, nor any ill meaning. On the contrary you speak what
+seems kind and friendly, and it pleased us well. You mentioned to us your
+intention of settling the country on the other side of the Ohio with your
+people. And we are particularly pleased that they are not to disturb us in
+our hunting. For we must hunt to kill meat for our women and children, and
+to have something to buy our powder and lead with, and to get us blankets
+and clothing.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;All our young brothers are pleased with what you said. We desire that you
+will be strong in fulfilling your promises towards us, as we are
+determined to be very straight in advising our young men to be kind and
+peaceable to you.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This spring we saw something wrong on the part of our young men. They
+took some horses from the white people. But we have advised them not to do
+so again, and have cleared their hearts of all bad intentions. We expect
+they will observe our advice as they like what you said.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This speech, delivered by Girty, was interpreted by Richard Butler, who,
+during the stay of Captain Bullitt, had made him his guest and otherwise
+treated him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> in the most friendly manner. But having executed his mission
+very much to his own satisfaction, Bullitt took his leave and rejoined his
+party, who were much rejoiced to see him return.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;He made report of his progress and success, and his comrades with light
+hearts and high expectations launched their keels on the stream which
+conveyed them to the shore of Kentucky and the landing before spoken of.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Capt. Bullitt had high testimonials of his eminent fitness for the
+position he had assumed. General Washington himself, than whom no one was
+at once a better judge and a more valuable authority in such matters,
+spoke in the highest terms of his capacity in the exercise of the
+multifarious duties of surveyor, navigator and trader. Had not a premature
+death taken him away in the midst of his labors, it is certainly to him
+that we should have owed the earliest prosperity of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Even previous to the arrival of Capt. Bullitt, however, these lands at the
+falls had been patented and were owned, most probably as bounty lands, by
+John Campbell and Dr. John Conally. Of Campbell we know little, if
+anything; but Conally played a somewhat important part in the early
+history of the West. He was the nephew of Colonel Croghan and the friend
+of Lord Dunmore, and was by him dispatched in 1774 to assert the claims of
+Virginia upon Fort Pitt, where he was arrested, before he had taken more
+than the initiatory step in his proceeding, by Arthur St. Clair, the
+representative of the proprietors of Pennsylvania in the West, and only
+released on his own recognizance. He did not, however, choose to return
+into the custody of the law,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> but, collecting a band of followers, he came
+again in March of the same year and took possession, in Lord Dunmore&#8217;s
+name, of Fort Pitt; rebuilt it and called it Fort Dunmore. It was he who
+occasioned the bloody fights known in the history of border warfare as
+Logan&#8217;s or Cresap&#8217;s war. He afterwards, in 1775, formed a plot against the
+government, which was discovered, and this notoriously tyrannical and
+wicked man was thrown into prison and remained an unpitied captive till
+1781. After the revolution he became a Tory and thus his lands, at the
+falls and elsewhere, became forfeit to the State of Virginia. It was,
+however, for him and Campbell that Bullitt surveyed the lands adjacent to
+the falls. The extent of their tract was about 4000 acres.</p>
+
+<p>After Bullitt&#8217;s expedition had received this final check, the falls were
+visited only by a few hunters and traders; and it was not until 1778 that
+any new attempt was made toward a permanent settlement on this site. The
+enterprising and gallant <span class="smcap">Col. George Rogers Clark</span>, whose name is so well
+known to all readers of the early history of Kentucky or of the West,
+comes now to be associated with this history. This city is so deeply
+indebted to him, not only for its earlier prosperity, but for its very
+existence, that it becomes alike agreeable and useful to inquire something
+as to the circumstances of his settlement here. He was born in Albemarle
+county, Virginia, and, like our great Washington, was in early life a land
+surveyor, and, like him too, a man of unusual talent, discrimination and
+forethought. He came first to Kentucky in 1772. But his history becomes
+first associated with that of the State in 1774<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> when he served in
+Dunmore&#8217;s war. In the latter part of 1775, having gained the rank of
+Major, he returned to his native State in order to prepare for his
+permanent removal to Kentucky, which took place in the Spring following.
+Up to this time Kentucky had been held to be a part of Fincastle county,
+in Virginia; but its inhabitants had no rights or protection as citizens
+of that State. Upon Clark&#8217;s removal to Kentucky he readily saw the
+advantages of the new settlement, but his sagacity at the same time taught
+him that a State whose very title was in dispute, and which was so far
+beyond the old lines of civilization, and so removed from the protection
+of the elder commonwealths would not attract settlers with that rapidity
+to which its immensely superior natural advantages entitled it. He
+perceived that the future prosperity of his adopted home depended upon its
+being under the aid and protection of Virginia, or upon its being made a
+separate State. The result of this deliberation and of his promulgation of
+these views was that he was chosen a member of the Virginia assembly and
+carried to them a petition for admission into their commonwealth. He had
+the misfortune, however, after having walked the whole distance, to find
+this body adjourned. This did not, however, deter him from prosecuting his
+plan for the good of Kentucky. He visited the Governor, Patrick Henry, and
+laid his case before that wise and patriotic man. The Governor
+acknowledged the justness of his claim, and gave him a letter to the
+Executive Council. This body, fearful of exceeding its powers, could or
+would do little for him. He demanded powder which they promptly offered
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> lend him on his individual security; an offer which Clark peremptorily
+refused, and so intimidated them by his dauntless manner and his threats
+of consequences that finally the order was issued for the powder to be
+supplied to Clark at Fort Pitt. And, on the re-assembling of the
+delegates, after much warm discussion, Kentucky was erected into a county
+of Virginia. Both these objects accomplished, Clark returned to Pittsburg,
+procured the powder and with great difficulty and danger succeeded in
+bringing it down to the present site of Maysville, where he carefully
+concealed it and then went to the fort at Harrodsburg and sent a convoy
+for the buried treasure, where it finally arrived in safety. This slight
+outline sketch shows the first of a series of events which led Col. Clark
+to the falls of Ohio. The second event which bears upon this point is
+alike creditable to him. And here we must be indebted to Mr. Perkins&#8217;
+Annals of the West for a condensed narration of this affair.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Clark understood,&#8221; says this excellent compilation, &#8220;the whole game of
+the British. He saw that it was through their possession of Detroit,
+Vincennes, Kaskaskia and the other western posts&mdash;which gave them easy and
+constant access to the Indian tribes of the north-east&mdash;that the British
+hoped to effect such a union of the wild men as would annihilate the
+frontier fortresses. He knew that the Delawares were divided in feeling,
+and the Shawnees but imperfectly united in favor of England, ever since
+the murder of Comstalk. He was convinced that could the British in the
+north-west be defeated and expelled, the natives might be easily awed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> or
+bribed into neutrality; and by spies sent for the purpose, and who were
+absent from April 20th to June 22d, he had satisfied himself that an
+enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having
+made up his mind, on the 1st of October he left Harrodsburg for the East,
+and reached the capital of Virginia November the 5th. Opening his mind to
+no one he watched with care the state of feeling among those in power,
+waiting the proper moment to present his scheme. Fortunately, while he was
+upon his road, on the 17th of October, Burgoyne had surrendered, and hope
+was again predominant in the American councils. When, therefore, the
+western soldier, upon the 10th of December, broke the subject of his
+proposed expedition against the forts on the far distant Mississippi to
+Patrick Henry, who was still governor, he met with a favorable hearing,
+and though doubts and fears arose by degrees, yet so well digested were
+his plans, that he was able to meet each objection and remove every
+seeming impossibility.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Having thus satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan,
+he received on the 22d of January two sets of instructions&mdash;the one open,
+authorizing him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to
+his orders, and to serve for three months from their arrival in the West;
+the other set secret, and drawn as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;<i>Virginia: Sct. In Council, Williamsburg, Jan. 22d, 1778.</i></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<span class="smcap">Lieutenant Colonel George Rogers Clark</span>:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You are to proceed, with all convenient speed, to raise seven companies of
+soldiers, to consist of fifty men each, officered in the usual manner, and
+armed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> most properly for the enterprise; and with this force attack the
+British post at Kaskaskia.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is conjectured that there are many pieces of cannon and military
+stores to a considerable amount at that place, the taking and preservation
+of which would be a valuable acquisition to the State. If you are so
+fortunate therefore, as to succeed in your expedition, you will take every
+possible measure to secure the artillery and stores and whatever may
+advantage the State.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;For the transportation of the troops, provisions, &amp;c., down the Ohio, you
+are to apply to the commanding officer at Fort Pitt for boats; and during
+the whole transaction you are to take especial care to keep the true
+destination of your force secret; its success depends upon this. (Orders
+are therefore given to Capt. Smith to secure the two men from Kaskaskia.)
+Similar conduct will be proper in similar cases.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is earnestly desired that you show humanity to such British subjects
+and other persons as fall in your hands. If the white inhabitants at that
+post and the neighborhood, will give undoubted evidence of their
+attachment to this State, (for it is certain they live within its limits,)
+by taking the test prescribed by law, and by every other way and means in
+their power, let them be treated as fellow citizens, and their persons and
+property duly secured. Assistance and protection against all enemies
+whatever, shall be afforded them; and the Commonwealth of Virginia is
+pledged to accomplish it. But if these people will not accede to these
+reasonable demands, they must feel the miseries of war, under the
+direction of that humanity that has hitherto distinguished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> Americans, and
+which it is expected you will ever consider as the rule of your conduct,
+and from which you are in no instance to depart.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The corps you are to command are to receive the pay and allowance of
+militia, and to act under the laws and regulations of this State, now in
+force, as militia. The inhabitants of this post will be informed by you,
+that in case they accede to the offers of becoming citizens of this
+Commonwealth, a proper garrison will be maintained among them, and every
+attention bestowed to render their commerce beneficial; the fairest
+prospects being opened to the dominions of both France and Spain.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;It is in contemplation to establish a post near the mouth of the Ohio.
+Cannon will be wanted to fortify it. Part of those at Kaskaskia will be
+easily brought thither, or otherwise secured, as circumstances will make
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You are to apply to General Hand, at Pittsburgh, for powder and lead
+necessary for this expedition. If he cannot supply it, the person who has
+that which Capt. Lynn brought from New Orleans can. Lead was sent to
+Hampshire by my orders, and that may be delivered you. Wishing you
+success, I am, Sir, your humble servant.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">P. HENRY.</span></p>
+
+<p>&#8220;With these instructions and twelve hundred pounds in the depreciated
+currency of the time, Colonel Clark, (for such was now his title,) on the
+4th of February started for Pittsburgh. It had been thought best to raise
+the troops needed beyond the mountains, as the colonies were in want of
+all the soldiers they could muster<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> east of the Alleghanies, to defend
+themselves against the British forces. Clark therefore proposed to enlist
+men about Pittsburg, while Maj. W. B. Smith, for the same purpose went to
+the Holston, and other officers to other points. None, however, succeeded
+as they hoped to; at Pittsburg Clark found great opposition to the
+intention of carrying men away to defend the outposts in Kentucky, while
+their own citadel and the whole region about it was threatened by the
+savage allies of England; and Smith, though he nominally succeeded in
+raising four companies, was unable essentially to aid his superior officer
+after all. With three companies and several private adventurers, Clark at
+length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the
+Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, opposite the
+spot now occupied by Louisville.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It is only necessary to state here that Clark&#8217;s success in this expedition
+was complete and perfect, and that a more brilliant campaign has probably
+never been performed by any general. More than this does not immediately
+concern this history.</p>
+
+<p>It is estimated that Col. Clark left in his new fort on this island about
+thirteen families, when he proceeded on his journey to Kaskaskia. And so
+brave, hardy and resolute were these pioneers, that, notwithstanding they
+were separated from the nearest of their countrymen by four hundred miles
+of hostile country, filled with savages whose dearest hunting grounds they
+were about to occupy; notwithstanding they knew that these relentless
+savages were not only inimical on account of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>invasion of their
+choicest territory, but were aided by all the arts, the presents and the
+favors of the British in seeking to destroy their settlements;
+notwithstanding all these terrifying circumstances, those dauntless
+pioneers went quietly to work, and with the rifle in one hand and the
+implements of agriculture in the other, deliberately set about planting,
+and actually succeeded in raising a crop of corn on their little island.
+It is thus that Corn Island derived its name. And truly so bold and heroic
+an act as this of that feeble band deserves a perpetuity beyond what the
+mere name of the island will give it. Columns have been reared and statues
+erected, festivals have been instituted and commemorations held of deeds
+far less worthy of renown than was this little settlement&#8217;s crop of corn.
+But like many other deeds of true heroism, it is forgotten, for there was
+wanted the pen and the lyre to make it live forever. The founders of the
+parent colony themselves did never greater deeds of heroism than did these
+pioneers of Louisville. And yet the very historians of the fact speak of
+it without a word of wonder or of admiration. Even in Louisville herself,
+now in her palmiest days, the Pilgrim&#8217;s Landing is commemorated each
+returning year, while the equal daring, danger and victory of the Western
+Pioneer has sunk into oblivion. But it is ever so. Men may live for a
+hundred years within the very roar of Niagara, and yet live uninspired
+until the same sound falls upon the ear or the same sight greets the eye
+on the far-off shores of the Evelino or the Arno. Erin&#8217;s Bard has ever
+told the praises of the Oriental Clime; the Lord of English verse has
+tuned his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> lyre under a foreign sky; the Mantuan Bard has sung &#8220;<i>arma
+virumque Troj&aelig;</i>&#8221; and the Poet of Italy has soared even beyond the bounds
+of space in search of novelty; so must we wait for a stranger hand to
+weave the magic charm around the pioneers of our forest land. Let this
+frail record, at least, lend its little quota toward the honorable
+preservation of the names of Captain <span class="smcap">James Patton</span>, who piloted the first
+boat over the falls, <span class="smcap">Richard Chenoweth</span>, <span class="smcap">John Tuel</span>, <span class="smcap">Wm. Faith</span>, and <span class="smcap">John
+McManus</span>, the only names that history or tradition has given us of those
+earliest settlers of our native city.</p>
+
+<p>The chief subsistance of this little band had of course to be derived from
+the products of the chase, for the Indians would never have allowed them
+to attain a sufficiency of food by the slow and laborious processes of
+agriculture. Indeed one of the historians of this period roundly states
+that Kentucky could never have been settled had the products of the soil
+been the only resource of its pioneer inhabitants. Fortunately the woods
+of Kentucky so abounded in game, that it was easy for its early settlers
+to supply themselves with abundance of food from these sources. But the
+difficulty of carrying their game at all seasons of the year and all
+stages of the water to their insulated home, and the various annoyances of
+their constrained position on the island, united with the encouragement
+they derived from the wonderful success of their old commander in
+Illinois, soon determined the little colony to remove to the main bank of
+the river. And accordingly in the fall of 1778, or more probably in the
+spring of 1779, having built a fort on the eastern side of the large
+ravine which formerly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> entered the river at the present termination of
+Twelfth Street, they emigrated thither and thus laid the first permanent
+foundation of the present city of Louisville.</p>
+
+<p>It was about this time that we have the first record of a social party in
+our city now so celebrated for its elegant entertainments and luxurious
+repasts. The bill of fare on that memorable occasion had at least the
+great and unusual merit of novelty to recommend it. We give the account of
+the event in the words of its own historian: &#8220;It is related,&#8221; says he,
+&#8220;that when the first patch of wheat was raised about this place, after
+being ground in a rude and laborious hand-mill, it was sifted through a
+<i>gauze neckerchief</i>, belonging to the mother of the gallant man who gave
+us the information, as the best bolting cloth to be had. It was then
+shortened, as the housewife phrases it, with <i>Raccoon fat</i>, and the whole
+station invited to partake of a sumptuous feast upon a <i>flour cake</i>!&#8221; How
+little of a prophet would he have been accounted who had then predicted
+that, in less than sixty years, the inhabitants of the very spot where
+they then stood should have at their command all the fruits and viands of
+every quarter of the globe!</p>
+
+<p>It may not be inappropriate at this period of our history, and while upon
+this subject of parties and feasts, to extract, partly from Mr. Marshall,
+and partly from Doddridge and others, some account of the habits of life
+among our progenitors here. To many, especially to those who have long
+been intimate with Western Frontier Life, a few of the succeeding pages
+may present nothing that is either novel or interesting; but to those to
+whom the country and its social institutions are alike<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> new, we are sure
+that nothing more could be offered likely to excite their interest or to
+promote their amusement than this vivid and life-like description of the
+manners and customs of the inhabitants of Louisville seventy years ago. We
+copy the account in full:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Then the women did the offices of the household; milked the cows, cooked
+the mess, prepared the flax, spun, wove, and made the garment of linen or
+linsey; the men hunted, and brought in the meat; they planted, ploughed,
+and gathered the corn; grinding it into meal at a handmill, or pounding it
+into hominy in the mortar, was occasionally the work of either, or the
+joint labor of both. The men exposed themselves alone to danger; they
+fought the Indians, they cleared the land, they reared the hut or built
+the fort, in which the women were placed for safety. There might
+incidentally be a few articles brought to the country for sale, in a
+private way; but there was no store for supply. Wooden vessels, either
+<i>turned</i> or <i>coopered</i> were in common use as table furniture. A tin cup
+was an article of delicate luxury almost as rare as an iron fork. Every
+hunter carried his knife; it was no less the implement of a warrior; not
+unfrequently the rest of the family was left with but one or two for the
+use of all. A like workmanship composed the table or the stool; a slab
+hewed with the axe, and sticks of a similar manufacture, set in for legs,
+supported both. When the bed was, by chance or refinement, elevated above
+the floor, and given a fixed place, it was often laid on slabs placed
+across poles, supported on forks set in the earthen floor; or where the
+floor was puncheons, the bedstead was hewed pieces,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> pinned on upright
+posts, or let into them by auger holes. Other utensils and furniture were
+of a corresponding description, applicable to the time.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The food was of the most wholesome and nutritive kind. The richest milk,
+the finest butter, and best meat that ever delighted man&#8217;s palate, were
+here eaten with a relish which health and labor only know. These were
+shared by friend and stranger in every cabin with profuse hospitality.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Hats were made of the native fur; and the buffalo wool employed in the
+composition of cloth, as was also the bark of the wild nettle.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;There was some paper money in the country, which had not depreciated one
+half nor even a fourth as much as it had at the seat of government. If
+there was any gold or silver its circulation was suppressed. The price of
+a beaver was five hundred dollars.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The hunting shirt was universally worn. This was a kind of loose frock,
+reaching half way down the thighs, with large sleeves, open before, and so
+wide as to lap over a foot or more when belted. The cape was large and
+sometimes handsomely fringed with a ravelled piece of cloth of a different
+color from that of the hunting shirt itself. The bosom of his dress served
+as a wallet to hold a chunk of bread, cakes, jerk, tow for wiping the
+barrel of his rifle, or any other necessary for the hunter or warrior. The
+belt which was always tied behind, answered several purposes besides that
+of holding the dress together. In cold weather the mittens, and sometimes
+the bullet-bag occupied the front part of it.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> To the right side was
+suspended the tomahawk, and to the left was the scalping knife in its
+leathern sheath. The hunting shirt was generally made of linsey, sometimes
+of coarse linen, and a few of dressed deer skins. These last were very
+cold and uncomfortable in wet weather. The shirt and jacket were of the
+common fashion. A pair of drawers or breeches and leggins, were the dress
+of the thighs and legs; a pair of moccasins answered for the feet much
+better than shoes.&mdash;These were made of dressed deer skin. They were mostly
+made of a single piece, with a gathering seam along the top of the foot,
+and another from the bottom of the heel, without gathers, as high as the
+ankle joint or a little higher. Flaps were left on each side to reach some
+distance up the legs. These were nicely adapted to the ankles and lower
+part of the leg by thongs of deerskin, so that no dust, gravel, or snow,
+could get within the moccasin.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The moccasins in ordinary use cost but a few hours labor to make them.
+This was done by an instrument denominated a moccasin awl, which was made
+of the back spring of an old clasp knife. This awl with its buck-horn
+handle, was an appendage of every shot pouch strap, together with a roll
+of buckskin for mending the moccasins. This was the labor of almost every
+evening. They were sewed together and patched with deerskin thongs, or
+whangs as they were commonly called.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In cold weather the moccasins were well stuffed with deer&#8217;s hair, or dry
+leaves so as to keep the feet comfortably warm; but in wet weather it was
+usually said that wearing them was &#8216;a decent way of going<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> barefooted;&#8217;
+and such was the fact, owing to the spongy texture of the leather of which
+they were made.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Owing to this defective covering of the feet, more than to any other
+circumstance, the greater number of our warriors and hunters were
+afflicted with the rheumatism in their limbs. Of this disease they were
+all apprehensive in cold or wet weather, and therefore always slept with
+their feet to the fire to prevent or cure it as well as they could. This
+practice unquestionably had a very salutary effect, and prevented many of
+them from becoming confirmed cripples in early life.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The fort consisted of cabins, blockhouses, and stockades. A range of
+cabins commonly formed one side at least of a fort. Divisions, or
+partitions of logs, separated the cabins from each other. The walls on the
+outside were ten or twelve feet high, the slope of the roof being turned
+wholly inward. A very few of these cabins had puncheon floors, the greater
+part were earthen.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The blockhouses were built at the angles of the fort. They projected
+about two feet beyond the outer walls of the cabins and stockades. The
+upper stories were about eighteen inches every way larger in dimension
+than the under one, leaving an opening at the commencement of the second
+story to prevent the enemy from making a lodgment under their walls. In
+some forts instead of blockhouses, the angles of the fort were furnished
+with bastions. A large folding gate, made of thick slabs nearest the
+spring closed the fort. The stockades, bastions, cabins and blockhouse
+walls were furnished with port holes at proper heights and distances. The
+whole of the outside was made completely bullet proof.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>&#8220;It may be truly said that necessity is the mother of invention; for the
+whole of this work was made without the aid of a single nail or spike of
+iron; and for this reason, such things were not to be had.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In some places, less exposed, a single blockhouse, with a cabin or two,
+constituted the whole fort.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;For a long time after the first settlement of this country, the
+inhabitants in general married young. There was no distinction of rank,
+and very little of fortune. On these accounts the first impression of love
+resulted in marriage; and a family establishment cost but a little labor
+and nothing else.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the first years of the settlement of this country, a wedding engaged
+the attention of a whole neighborhood, and the frolic was anticipated by
+old and young with eager expectation. This is not to be wondered at when
+it is told that a wedding was almost the only gathering which was not
+accompanied with the labor of reaping, log rolling, building a cabin or
+planning some scout or campaign.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;In the morning of the wedding day, the groom and his attendants assembled
+at the house of his father for the purpose of reaching the mansion of his
+bride by noon, which was the usual time for celebrating the nuptials;
+which for certain must take place before dinner.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Let the reader imagine an assemblage of people, without a store, tailor,
+or mantuamaker within a hundred miles; and an assemblage of horses,
+without a blacksmith or saddler within an equal distance. The gentlemen
+dressed in shoe-packs, moccasins, leather breeches, leggins, linsey
+hunting shirts, and all <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>homemade. The ladies dressed in linsey
+petticoats, and linsey or linen bed gowns, coarse shoes, stockings,
+handkerchiefs and buckskin gloves, if any. If there were any buckles,
+rings, buttons or ruffles, they were the relics of old times, family
+pieces from parents or grandparents. The horses are caparisoned with old
+saddles, old bridles or halters, and pack-saddles, with a bag or blanket
+thrown over them; a rope or string as often constituted the girth as a
+piece of leather.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The march in double file, was often interrupted by the narrowness and
+obstructions of our horsepaths as they were called, for we had no roads:
+and these difficulties were often increased, sometimes by the good and
+sometimes by the ill will of neighbors, by falling trees and tying grape
+vines across the way. Sometimes an ambuscade was formed by the wayside,
+and an unexpected discharge of several guns took place, so as to cover the
+wedding party with smoke. Let the reader imagine the scene which followed
+this discharge: the sudden spring of the horses, the shrieks of the girls,
+and the chivalric bustle of their partners to save them from falling.
+Sometimes, in spite of all that could be done to prevent it, some were
+thrown to the ground. If a wrist, elbow, or ankle happened to be sprained,
+it was tied with a handkerchief, and little more was thought or said about
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Another ceremony commonly took place before the party reached the house of
+the bride, after the practice of making whisky began, which was at an
+early period; when the party were about a mile from the place of their
+destination, two young men would single out to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> run for the bottle; the
+worse the path, the more logs, brush, and deep hollows the better, as
+these obstacles afforded an opportunity for the greater display of
+intrepidity and horsemanship. The English fox chase, in point of danger to
+the riders and their horses, is nothing to this race for the bottle. The
+start was announced by an Indian yell; logs, brush, muddy hollows, hill
+and glen, were speedily passed by the rival ponies. The bottle was always
+filled for the occasion, so that there was no use for judges; for the
+first who reached the door was presented with the prize, with which he
+returned in triumph to the company. On approaching them he announced his
+victory over his rival by a shrill whoop. At the head of the troop, he
+gave the bottle first to the groom and his attendants, and then to each
+pair in succession to the rear of the line, giving each a dram; and then
+putting the bottle in the bosom of his hunting shirt, took his station in
+the company.</p>
+
+<p>The ceremony of the marriage preceded the dinner, which was a substantial
+backwoods feast of beef, pork, fowls, and sometimes venison and bear meat,
+roasted and boiled, with plenty of potatoes, cabbage, and other
+vegetables. During the dinner the greatest hilarity always prevailed,
+although the table might be a large slab of timber, hewed out with a
+broad-axe, supported by four sticks set in auger holes, and the furniture
+some old pewter dishes and plates, the rest wooden bowls and trenchers; a
+few pewter spoons, much battered about the edges, were to be seen at some
+tables. The rest were made of horn. If knives were scarce, the deficiency
+was made up by the scalping knives which were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> carried in sheaths
+suspended to the belt of the hunting shirt.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner the dancing commenced, and generally lasted till the next
+morning. The figures of the dances were three and four handed reels, or
+square sets, and jigs. The commencement was always a square four, which
+was followed by what was called jigging it off; that is, two of the four
+would single out for a jig, and were followed by the remaining couple. The
+jigs were often accompanied with what was called cutting out; that is,
+when either of the parties became tired of the dance, on intimation the
+place was supplied by some one of the company without any interruption of
+the dance. In this way a dance was often continued till the musician was
+heartily tired of his situation. Toward the latter part of the night, if
+any of the company, through weariness, attempted to conceal themselves for
+the purpose of sleeping, they were hunted up, paraded on the floor, and
+the fiddler ordered to play &#8220;Hang on till tomorrow morning.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>About nine or ten o&#8217;clock a deputation of the young ladies stole off the
+bride and put her to bed. In doing this it frequently happened that they
+had to ascend a ladder instead of a pair of stairs, leading from the
+dining and ball room to the loft, the floor of which was made of
+clapboards lying loose and without nails. This ascent, one might think,
+would put the bride and her attendants to the blush; but as the foot of
+the ladder was commonly behind the door, which was purposely opened for
+the occasion, and its rounds at the inner ends were well hung with hunting
+shirts, petticoats, and other articles<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> of clothing, the candles being on
+the opposite side of the house, the exit of the bride was noticed but by
+few. This done, a deputation of young men in like manner stole off the
+groom, and placed him snugly by the side of his bride. The dance still
+continued; and if seats happened to be scarce, which was often the case,
+every young man, when not engaged in the dance, was obliged to offer his
+lap as a seat for one of the girls; and the offer was sure to be accepted.
+In the midst of this hilarity the bride and groom were not forgotten.
+Pretty late in the night some one would remind the company that the new
+couple must stand in need of some refreshment; black Betty, which was the
+name of the bottle, was called for, and sent up the ladder; but sometimes
+black Betty did not go alone. I have many times seen as much bread, beef,
+pork and cabbage sent along with her, as would afford a good meal for half
+a dozen hungry men. The young couple were compelled to eat and drink more
+or less of whatever was offered them.</p>
+
+<p>It often happened that some neighbors or relatives, not being asked to the
+wedding, took offense; and the mode of revenge adopted by them on such
+occasions was that of cutting off the manes, foretops and tails of the
+horses of the wedding company.</p>
+
+<p>I will proceed to state the usual manner of settling a young couple in the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents, for their
+habitation. A day was appointed, shortly after their marriage, for
+commencing the work of building their cabin. The fatigue party consisted
+of choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> them off at
+proper lengths; a man with a team for hauling them to the place and
+arranging them, properly assorted, at the sides and ends of the building;
+a carpenter, if such he might be called, whose business it was to search
+the woods for a proper tree for making clapboards for the roof. The tree
+for this purpose must be straight grained and from three to four feet in
+diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with a large frow, and as
+wide as the timber would allow. They were used without planeing or
+shaving. Another division was employed in getting puncheons for the floor
+of the cabin; this was done by splitting trees, about eighteen inches in
+diameter, and hewing the faces of them with a broad-axe. They were half
+the length of the floor they were intended to make.</p>
+
+<p>The materials for the cabin were mostly prepared on the first day, and
+sometimes the foundation laid in the evening. The second day was allotted
+for the raising.</p>
+
+<p>In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the raising.
+The first thing to be done was the election of four corner men, whose
+business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company
+furnished them with the timbers. In the mean time the boards and puncheons
+were collecting for the floor and roof, so that by the time the cabin was
+a few rounds high the sleepers and floor began to be laid. The door was
+made by sawing or cutting the logs in one side so as to make an opening
+about three feet wide. This opening was secured by upright pieces of
+timber about three inches thick, through which holes were bored into the
+ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them fast.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> A similar opening
+but wider was made at the end for the chimney. This was built of logs, and
+made large to admit of a back and jams of stone. At the square, two end
+logs projected a foot or eighteen inches beyond the wall to receive the
+butting poles, as they were called, against which the ends of the first
+row of clapboards was supported. The roof was formed by making the end log
+shorter until a single log formed the comb of the roof; on these logs the
+clapboards were placed, the ranges of them lapping some distance over
+those next below them, and kept in their places by logs, placed at proper
+distances upon them.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The roof, and sometimes the floor, were finished on the same day of the
+raising. A third day was commonly spent by a few carpenters in leveling
+off the floor, making a clapboard door and table. This last was made of a
+spilt slab, and supported by four round legs set in auger holes. Some
+three legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins stuck in the
+logs at the back of the house supported some clapboards which served for
+shelves for the table furniture. A single fork, placed with its lower end
+in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a joist, served for
+a bedstead, by placing a pole in the fork with one end through a crack
+between the logs of the wall. This front pole was crossed by a shorter one
+within the fork, with its outer end through another crack. From the front
+pole, through a crack between the logs of the end of the house, the boards
+were put on, which formed the bottom of the bed. Sometimes other poles,
+were pinned to the fork a little distance above these, for the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>purpose of
+supporting the front and foot of the bed, while the walls were the
+supports of its back and head. A few pegs around the walls for a display
+of the coats of the women, and hunting shirts of the men, and two small
+forks or bucks&#8217; horns to a joist for the rifle and shot pouch, completed
+the carpenter&#8217;s work.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The cabin being finished, the ceremony of house-warming took place,
+before the young couple were permitted to move into it. The house-warming
+was a dance of a whole night&#8217;s continuance, made up of the relations of
+the bride and groom, and their neighbors. On the day following the young
+couple took possession of their new mansion.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>This mansion, slight, inefficient and hastily erected as it was, must have
+afforded but poor shelter against the severity of a season which is
+everywhere referred to as one of the coldest ever known. It is asserted
+that during the winter of 1779-80, still remembered by some as &#8220;<i>The Hard
+Winter</i>,&#8221; the wild animals were &#8220;starved and frozen in the forests, while
+the domestic ones fared no better in the settlements.&#8221; The rigors of the
+season, however, did not prevent the influx of immigration; although
+several families were compelled to endure its severity on their route
+through the wilderness from Cumberland Gap, and were even delayed in their
+march till the opening of the Spring. As soon however as the rivers were
+freed from ice and the intense cold had yielded to the softer airs of the
+new season, we hear of the arrival of no less than three hundred family
+boats at the Falls. The causes which influenced so large an immigration
+hither were various, not the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> least among them being the security insured
+at this fort by the presence of Col. Clark. So entire and perfect had been
+the success of this gallant officer in every expedition, even against the
+most fearful odds, that to be under his command had come to be reckoned as
+holding a place among the Invincibles. Let the circumstances be what they
+might, it is certain that Louisville with her then population of six
+hundred souls, was growing to be a place worthy of high consideration, and
+accordingly we find that in May of this year (1780) the legislature of
+Virginia passed the following</p>
+
+<p class="center">&#8220;<i>Act for establishing the town of Louisville at the Falls of Ohio.</i>&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whereas, sundry inhabitants of the county of Kentucky have, at great
+expense and hazard, settled themselves upon certain lands at the falls of
+Ohio, said to be the property of John Conally, and have laid off a
+considerable part thereof into half acre lots for a town, and having
+settled thereon, have prefered petitions to this general assembly to
+establish the said town, <i>Be it therefore enacted</i>, That one thousand
+acres of land, being the forfeited property of said John Conally,
+adjoining to the lands of John Campbell and &mdash;&mdash; Taylor, be, and the same
+is hereby vested in John Todd Jr., Stephen Trigg, George Slaughter, John
+Floyd, William Pope, George Merriweather, Andrew Hines, James Sullivan and
+Marshall Brashiers, gentlemen, trustees, to be by them or any four of them
+laid off into lots of an half acre each, with convenient streets and
+public lots, which shall be, and the same is hereby established a town by
+the name of Louisville. <i>And be it further<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> enacted</i>, That after the said
+lands shall be laid off into lots and streets, the said trustees or any
+four of them, shall proceed to sell the said lots, or so many of them as
+they shall judge expedient, at public auction, for the best price that can
+be had, the time and place of sale being advertised two months, at the
+court houses of adjacent counties; the purchasers respectively to hold
+their said lots subject to the condition of building on each a dwelling
+house, sixteen feet by twenty at least, with a brick or stone chimney, to
+be finished within two years from the day of sale. And the said trustees
+or any four of them shall and they are hereby empowered to convey the said
+lots to the purchasers thereof in fee simple, subject to the condition
+aforesaid, on payment of the money arising from such sale to the said
+trustees for the uses hereafter mentioned, that is to say: If the money
+arising from such sale shall amount to Thirty Dollars per acre, the whole
+shall be paid by the said trustees into the treasury of this commonwealth,
+and the overplus, if any, shall be lodged with the court of the county of
+Jefferson to enable them to defray the expenses of erecting the publick
+buildings of the said county. <i>Provided</i>, That the owners of lots already
+drawn shall be entitled to the preference therein, upon paying to the
+trustees the sum of thirty dollars for such half acre lot, and shall be
+thereafter subject to the same obligations of settling as other lot
+holders within the said town. <i>And be it further enacted</i>, That the said
+trustees or the major part of them shall have power, from time to time, to
+settle and determine all disputes concerning the bounds of the said lots,
+to settle such rules and orders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> for the regular building thereon as to
+them shall seem best and most convenient. And in case of death or removal
+from the county of any of the said trustees, the remaining trustees shall
+supply such vacancies by electing of others from time to time, who shall
+be vested with the same powers as those already mentioned.&mdash;<i>And be it
+further enacted</i>, That the purchasers of the lots in the said town, so
+soon as they shall have saved the same according to their respective deeds
+of conveyance, shall have and enjoy all the rights, privileges and
+immunities, which the freeholders and inhabitants of other towns in this
+state, not incorporated by charter, have, hold and enjoy.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>And be it further enacted</i>, That if the purchaser of any lot shall fail
+to build thereon within the time before limited, the said trustees or a
+major part of them, may thereupon enter into such lot, and may either sell
+the same again and apply the money towards repairing the streets, or in
+any other way for the benefit of the said town, or appropriate such lot to
+publick uses for the benefit of said town. <i>Provided</i>, That nothing herein
+contained shall extend to affect or injure the title of lands claimed by
+John Campbell, gentleman, or those persons whose lots have been laid off
+on his lands, but their titles be and remain suspended until the said John
+Campbell shall be released from his captivity.&#8221;<a name='fna_1' id='fna_1' href='#f_1'><small>[1]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>The survey of the town under this act, as also the second survey made by
+Peyton and Sullivan, have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> in some unaccountable manner destroyed. It
+is believed, however, that the spirit of these surveys is preserved in
+Jared Brooke&#8217;s plat, which was adopted in 1812. Previous to this the
+absence of any official document of this kind produced much annoyance,
+dispute and litigation, in regard to titles and boundaries. The out
+courses of this survey, as represented by Dr. McMurtrie, are &#8220;from 35
+poles above the mouth of Beargrass Creek, on the bank of the Ohio river,
+S. 83, W. 35 poles to the mouth of the creek, thence N. 87, W. 120 poles,
+N. 50, W. 110 poles to a heap of stones and a square hole cut in the flat
+rock, thence (the division line) S. 88, E. 769 to a white oak, poplar and
+beech, N. 37, W. 390 to the beginning; no variation.&#8221; This was divided
+into six streets, running East and West, and twelve streets crossing these
+others at right angles. The squares so made were, up to Green Street,
+divided into lots of a little more than half an acre, and South of that
+into five, ten and twenty acre lots. In all the earlier proceedings of the
+legislature in regard to the new town we find constant mention made of
+public squares and grounds; and in the original plat, a slip of 180 feet
+South of Green Street, and running from First to Twelfth Streets, was
+reserved for a public promenade and pleasure ground. It is a matter of
+great regret that this reservation was not really made. An immense common
+like this, with the forest trees which were then upon it left standing,
+would now be an invaluable addition to the town, and would enable us to
+boast of having the most beautiful city in America. We cannot help but
+wonder that the early inhabitants of the city should have <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>permitted those
+in authority to commit this gross outrage upon taste and propriety. Had
+this slip continued in reserve, how beautiful might it now have become! As
+taste, aided by wealth, began to have its hold among the citizens, it
+would have been upon the fronts of this great artery that those beautiful
+churches, public buildings and dwellings, now scattered over so large a
+space, would have been erected. Here for a distance of more than a mile
+would have been placed a continuous range of palace-like structures; and
+here, under the shade of trees &#8220;the growth of quite a century&#8221; would the
+gay, the brave and the fair have sat, walked or rode. What a picture would
+have been presented here on a midsummer night, or at the close of an
+autumn day! Groups of merry children disporting around, gaily dressed
+ladies and dashing beaux, a throng of proud equipages and horsemen, the
+sound of the infant&#8217;s prattle, girlhood&#8217;s ringing laugh, the mingling of
+joyous voices, and above all and beyond all the tall and sombre forms of
+majestic trees raised in relief against the sky, the green carpeted earth
+and smiling little flowers, and all this in the very heart of a great
+city&mdash;all forms a picture upon which the fancy loves to dwell, and a
+picture which might readily have been realized had not that inordinate and
+purely American worship of Gain blotted it from the canvass almost before
+the designer had expressed it with his pencil.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was a flagrant want of taste the worst feature in this. The whole of
+the present site of the city at that early day was intersected with ponds
+of stagnant water. The second bank had something of a descent towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> the
+interior, and the soil, though alluvious, was of sufficient tenacity to
+retain the water which fell in rain. The result was that the whole of this
+valley from Beargrass to Salt river was filled with these ponds; and, as a
+necessary consequence, miasmata were bred, which produced a great deal of
+sickness, more especially with strangers. So great indeed was the
+influence thus induced that acclimation was then considered as necessary
+here as it now is in New Orleans or on the coast of Africa. Many of the
+present citizens of Louisville will be surprised to know that this very
+city, now so celebrated for its healthiness as to make its salubrity an
+inducement to immigration from all parts of the country, was once known as
+&#8220;the Graveyard of the Ohio.&#8221; The city worthies who took upon themselves to
+sell &#8220;the Slip&#8221; in lots, had at that time no data to induce them to
+believe in the future healthfulness of their place and yet they must have
+perceived the increasing prosperity of the town; hence it became almost
+criminal in them to put away what then seemed the only barrier to disease,
+and almost to invite its approaches by allowing the city to be compactly
+built without room for the pure and wholesome circulation of air, but
+shutting up, as it were, disease and death within their very walls. As the
+value of property began to increase, however, these gentlemen, actuated
+only by a desire for present gain, put aside all these considerations and,
+having divided the slip into four parts exposed it for sale. It comprised
+all that part of the city now embraced between the north side of Green and
+the south side of Grayson Streets, but extended, as before said, up to
+First Street. It is true<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> that great blame was attached to the trustees
+for their action in this matter at the time, and some movement was made
+toward trying to destroy the sale by legal means, this however was never
+actually resorted to, and possession has long since confirmed the titles
+to all lots lying within its limits. Thus was lost to the city one of the
+most valuable, if not the very most valuable of all its possessions. The
+earliest purchasers of this property were Messrs. Johnson, Croghan,
+Anderson and Campbell.</p>
+
+<p>As we have already referred to the numerous ponds scattered throughout the
+city, it may not be improper at this point to recall the site of some of
+them, if only to show how completely the natural disadvantages of the
+place have been overcome by the energy of its inhabitants. The first and
+most important of these was called the &#8220;Long Pond.&#8221; It commenced at the
+present corner of Sixth and Market Streets, and inclining a little toward
+the South-West, extended as far as the old Hope Distillery, on or near
+Sixteenth Streets. The indentation in the ground, still observable, in the
+alley which commences at Seventh Street and lies between Market and
+Jefferson Streets, was the former bed of this pond. In the winter, when it
+was frozen over, this little lake was the scene of many a merry party. On
+the moonlight evenings, numbers of ladies and gentlemen were to be seen
+skimming over its surface, the gentlemen on skates and the ladies in
+chairs, the backs of which were laid upon the ice and the chairs fastened
+by ropes to the waists of the skaters. And thus they dashed along at
+furious speed over the glassy surface; beaux and belles,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> with loud voices
+and ringing laugh&mdash;and the merriment of the occasion was only increased
+when some dashing fellow, in his endeavors to surpass in agility and
+daring all his compeers, fell prostrate to the ice, or broke through it
+into the water beneath.</p>
+
+<p>The next in importance to the one above referred to, was known as
+Gwathmey&#8217;s or Grayson&#8217;s Pond. It began on Centre Street just in the rear
+of the First Presbyterian church, and extended Westwardly half way to
+Seventh Street. Its form was that of a long elipse; and it was carefully
+kept by its owners for fish.&mdash;Its margin was surrounded by lofty trees and
+the turf grew to the very edge of the water, which, fed by some internal
+spring, was always clear and pure. This pond was really a beautiful spot
+and formed a delightful lounging-place for the idle or the meditative, and
+one which neither of these classes neglected. It was the scene of all the
+baptisms performed here in an early day, and no place could be better
+adapted for this purpose. Its grassy edges afforded an agreeable
+resting-place for the spectators, while its shape allowed every one to
+see, hear and partake in the exercises.</p>
+
+<p>Beside these two principal lakes, there were innumerable others, some
+containing water only after heavy rains and others standing full at all
+times. Market Street from the corner of Third down was the site of one of
+these; Third Street between Jefferson and Green of another; Jefferson
+Street near the corner of Fourth of another, and so on almost <i>ad
+infinitum</i>. A map of the city as it was sixty or even thirty years ago,
+would present somewhat the appearance of an archipelago, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> sea full of
+little islands. Whereas now, from the Woodland Garden to the foot of
+Fifteenth Street, a distance of nearly three miles, not one of these lakes
+is to be seen. It is not to be wondered at that, as the trees were removed
+from the surface and the face of these ponds exposed to the burning sun,
+they should spread the seeds of death all around them. As long as life was
+precarious from a hundred other causes, this one remained unnoticed, but
+as soon as the settlements began to be relieved from other fears for life
+and property, this was taken up, and in 1805 the Legislature authorised
+the Trustees to remove &#8220;those nuisances in such a manner as the majority
+of them should prescribe.&#8221; But the means in the treasury being incompetent
+to this purpose, any efficient action in relation to it was delayed until
+after the fearful epidemics of 1822 and 1823, of which we shall have
+occasion to speak hereafter, when the Board of Health appointed to examine
+into the causes of the diseases and the means of removing the same, urged
+the prompt and immediate removal of these ponds. The Legislature during
+the latter year also authorised the raising of $40,000 by lottery to be
+applied to draining not only the ponds in Louisville, but also all those
+between the town and the mouth of Salt River. Under this act these ponds
+were drained, but those below the city were then left untouched. Many of
+them however have been since removed under a recent renewal of the act.</p>
+
+<p>But we have been led beyond the era of which we were speaking, and must
+now return, in another chapter, to the history of the town from its
+establishment by law in 1780.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+
+<p>1780&mdash;During the same year in which the town was established Kentucky
+received many valuable additions to its inhabitants; among these several
+persons of wealth or of talent came from the Atlantic States to settle
+among the &#8220;wild countries of the West,&#8221; and they were accompanied by many
+others without either of these requisites, ready at once to seek any and
+every means of existence. Col. George Slaughter accompanied by 150 State
+troops descended to the falls and took up his quarters there during this
+year. This accession placed the inhabitants in comparative security, but
+it was only comparative, for, emboldened by the knowledge that their
+fortress was impregnable to the attacks of their foes, men became more
+careless and unguarded, and the Indians were the very foe to take
+advantage of this fancied security; so that, as the historian of the
+period says, the very strength of the settlement and the security of its
+inhabitants &#8220;had the effect of apparently drawing the Indians into that
+quarter.&#8221; The fact, too, that the Ohio formed the natural boundary
+separating friend and foe was advantageous to the Indians. &#8220;They could
+approach its banks upon their own ground; they might cross it when
+convenient, reach the settlement, strike a blow and recross the river
+before a party could be collected or brought to pursue them. The river
+always<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> presented an object of difficulty and very often an insuperable
+obstacle to further pursuit. In this state of things it is no matter of
+surprise that soldiers were shot near the fort, or that in the settlements
+of Beargrass lives were lost, prisoners taken and horses stolen, with
+frequent impunity, or but sometimes retaliated.&#8221;<a name='fna_2' id='fna_2' href='#f_2'><small>[2]</small></a> Connected with these
+predatory incursions of the Indians, a great many wonderful stories are
+told of &#8220;hair-breadth &#8217;scapes by field and flood.&#8221; Histories of incidents
+in the Indian wars are, however, so similar in their character and so
+often told and widely known that we shall limit ourselves to the relation
+of only those that seem in their nature to demand admission here. The
+first of these presents one of those rare instances of magnanimity and
+true heroism that ever demands the attention of the chronicler. The
+station where Shelbyville now stands was a weak and inefficient one, and
+becoming alarmed by the presence of Indians in their vicinity, its
+inhabitants determined to remove to Beargrass. In this attempted
+emigration, however, they were attacked by their foes near Floyd&#8217;s Fork,
+defeated and scattered. Col. John Floyd, hearing of this, immediately
+started to their relief. In his party was Capt. Samuel Wells who had been
+on very unfriendly and even inimical terms with his superior officer.
+Arrived near the point, Col. Floyd separated his men and cautiously
+approached the enemy. But despite his skill and caution, he fell into an
+ambuscade and was in his turn defeated with great loss. He himself must
+have fallen into the hands of the victors but for the magnanimity of
+Wells. Floyd<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> had dismounted and was nearly exhausted, being closely
+pursued, when Wells, who had not quitted his horse, rode up and
+dismounting, helped his old enemy into the saddle and running by his side,
+supported and protected him till out of the reach of danger. This noble
+and generous action resulted in the fast and lasting friendship of the two
+men.</p>
+
+<p>Another incident will show the education, even in boyhood, which the
+nature of the times demanded. Four young lads, two of them named Linn,
+accompanied by Wells and Brashears, went on a hunting party to a pond
+about six miles South-West of Louisville. They succeeded well in their
+sport, having killed among other game, a small cub bear. While they were
+assisting the elder Linn to strap the bear on his shoulders, and had laid
+down their guns, they were surprised by a party of Indians, and hurried
+over to the White river towns, where they remained in captivity several
+months. One of the party had in the mean time been carried to another
+town; and late in the fall the remaining three determined to effect their
+escape. When night had come, they rose quietly, and having stunned the old
+squaw, in whose hut they were living, by repeated blows with a small axe,
+they stole out of the lodge and started for Louisville. After daybreak,
+they concealed themselves in a hollow log, where they were frequently
+passed by the Indians who were near them everywhere; and at night they
+resumed their march, guided only by the stars and their knowledge of
+woodcraft. After several days, during which they subsisted on the game
+they could procure, they reached the river at Jeffersonville.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> Arrived
+here they halooed for their friends, but did not succeed in making
+themselves heard. They had however no time to lose; the Indians were
+behind them and if they were retaken, they knew their doom. Accordingly,
+as two of them could not swim, they constructed a raft of the drift-logs
+about the shore and tied it together with grape vines, and the two
+launched upon it, while Brashears plunged into the water, pushing the raft
+with one hand and swimming with the other. Before they had arrived at the
+other shore, and when their raft was in a sinking condition from having
+taken up so much water, they were descried from this side, and boats went
+out and returned them safely to their friends.<a name='fna_3' id='fna_3' href='#f_3'><small>[3]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Only a few months ago, some gentlemen traveling near the south-eastern
+boundary of the city, discovered in an old tree the name of <i>D. Boone</i> and
+the date 1779, appended. Considering this a great curiosity, one of them
+removed it from the tree and attempted to confirm the authenticity of the
+date by counting the circles in the wood of the tree. Finding these to
+agree with the date marked, he carefully preserved the block containing
+this record, which is now to be seen in the library of the Kentucky
+Historical Society. This circumstance is mentioned here only still further
+to confirm the authenticity of this block by stating a similar case which
+occurred in 1811. In the spring of 1779, Squire Boone, the brother of
+Daniel, in company with two others, went from the falls to Bullitt&#8217;s Lick
+to shoot buffalo. After finishing their sport, they were returning home,
+when night overtook them at Stewart&#8217;s Spring. The young<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> men proposed to
+remain here for the night, but Boone objected, fearing an attack from the
+Indians. They accordingly turned off some 300 yards to the West, where
+they encamped for the night. There, while Boone and another of the party
+were arranging for the encampment, the third, being idle, amused himself
+by cutting a name and a few words on the bark of the tree. Afterwards, in
+1811, during some legal investigation about lands, Boone testified to the
+existence of these marks near Stewart&#8217;s Spring, and upon examination they
+were found just as he had stated, although 32 years had elapsed since the
+cut was made. This fact is placed upon record in the Court of Appeals and
+does not admit of a doubt. The instance before referred to is of a
+precisely similar character, and the marks are probably equally authentic
+as those of the last.</p>
+
+<p>It would be easy to relate numerous instances, similar to those already
+given, both as to the wonderful skill of the pioneers in woodcraft, and
+their daring, danger and miraculous escapes in the Indian fights, but, as
+has already been said, these anecdotes, often incorrect, and always
+difficult to narrate without embellishment, are so familiar to the
+majority of readers, and possess such similarity of outline that they
+would be interesting here only to those who have some personal knowledge
+of the actors in those scenes. There will be occasion hereafter, in
+speaking of some of the distinguished men of another period of this
+history, to refer again to subjects kindred to those above narrated.</p>
+
+<p>In May of this year, still 1780, the Legislature of Virginia, on account
+of the difficulties attending the proper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> administration of justice, and
+for other similar causes occasioned by the sparseness of the settlements
+in so large an extent of territory, passed an act dividing the county of
+Kentucky into three counties. Of these, the first was thus defined: &#8220;All
+that part of the South side of the Kentucky river which lies West and
+North of a line beginning at the mouth of Benson&#8217;s Big Creek and running
+up the same and its main fork to the head, thence South to the nearest
+waters of Hammond&#8217;s Creek, and down the same to its junction with the town
+fork of Salt river, thence South to Green river and down the same to its
+junction with the Ohio;&#8221; and was ordered to be known by the name of
+Jefferson. The other two counties were called Fayette and Lincoln.</p>
+
+<p>Beside this there were few occurrences worthy of note during the year,
+which bear directly upon the subject of this history. Col. Clark had not
+only made his successful expedition against Pickway, but had built Fort
+Jefferson, five miles below the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi
+rivers and in the territory of the Chickasaws, thus adding that tribe to
+the already numerous foes of his adopted State. It was however soon
+evacuated and this evacuation accepted and acted upon by both parties as a
+tacit treaty of peace.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the next year&mdash;1781&mdash;Col. Clark received his commission as
+Brigadier General. He now began to feel the necessity for some new display
+of activity in defending the frontier and accordingly he built a sort of
+row-galley upon which he placed some four-pound cannon. This galley was
+kept plying between the Falls and the mouth of Licking, and is by some
+believed to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> have been of very great service in keeping off the attacks of
+the Indians; while others are of opinion that it was entirely valueless.
+Be that as it may; the galley was abandoned by the General before the
+close of the year. The Indians are said never to have attacked it and but
+seldom to have crossed that part of the river in which it moved. Various
+as are the opinions in regard to the utility of Clark&#8217;s barge, the fact of
+its having been so soon abandoned by the very projectors of the enterprise
+certainly does not speak much in its favor.</p>
+
+<p>Another of the most important features of this year, perhaps indeed the
+very most important, was one which will now produce a smile. At that time,
+however, it was a subject of serious congratulation to the inhabitants of
+the new country. This was no less than the large immigration of young
+unmarried women into this region, abounding in young unmarried men. One of
+the historians of the time, in chronicling this event, remarks, with all
+the soberness and propriety due to the most solemn subject, that &#8220;the
+necessary consequence of this large influx of girls was the rapid and
+wonderful increase of population.&#8221; Whether this increase was produced by
+purely natural means or by foreign immigration is left by him in the
+profoundest doubt. Perhaps that worthy individual known as &#8220;The Oldest
+Inhabitant&#8221; could elucidate this point.</p>
+
+<p>The only other circumstance worthy of notice during the year, was the
+building at the falls of a new fort. History gives us no information
+either as to the name or location of this position of defense. Its very
+name and history is swallowed up in that of Fort Nelson<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> which must have
+been built very soon after, if it was not commenced at the same time as
+this nameless fort.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Nelson was built in 1782 by the regular troops, assisted by all the
+militia of the State. It was situated between Sixth and Eighth Streets on
+the North side of Main, immediately upon the &#8220;second bank&#8221; of the river.
+Its name was derived, as some say from Capt. Nelson, an influential
+citizen of Louisville in that day, but more probably was named in honor of
+the third republican governor of Virginia. It contained about an acre of
+ground and was surrounded by a ditch eight feet wide and ten feet deep,
+intersected in the middle by a sharp row of pickets. This ditch was
+surmounted by a breast work of log pens filled with the earth obtained
+from the ditch, with pickets ten feet high planted on the top of the
+breast work. Next to the river, pickets were deemed sufficient, aided by
+the long slope of the bank. There was artillery likewise in the fort. Col.
+Slaughter had brought with him several very small cannon, and Gen. Clark
+had placed here a double fortified six-pounder, which he had captured at
+Vincennes. This last piece played no inconsiderable part both in the
+previous and subsequent expeditions of this General. The present site of
+Seventh Street passed directly through the gate of the fort opposite the
+head quarters of Gen. Clark. The pickets and various other parts of this
+fort have been from time to time, since 1830, dug up in excavating cellars
+at the place formerly occupied by the post. Many of the pickets thus
+excavated have been made into walking canes and are valued as memorials of
+the past.</p>
+
+<p>This year was perhaps one of the most disastrous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> and dreadful in the
+annals of Kentucky. Although the settlements at the Falls were
+comparatively free from danger of attack, yet the older stations were
+suffering all the horrors of a bloody war. Several white men, impelled
+either by a love of the licentiousness and freedom from restraint of the
+savage life or by fear of punishment for their crimes, had united
+themselves with the Indians and constantly urged them against the Whites.
+The most celebrated of these were Girty and McKee, who had risen to a
+commanding rank among the red men, and their knowledge of the settlements
+enabled them to direct their new friends in all their expeditions.
+Previous to the great battle in which these renegadoes figured so largely,
+was the defeat and death of Captain Estill on Hinckston&#8217;s Fork of Licking
+and also a bloody fight at or near Hoy&#8217;s station. The great battle of the
+year however was at Blue Licks, and it was here that these renegadoes,
+whose names deserve and will receive perpetual execration, were
+successful. The result of this battle is well known to all readers of
+western history. Its effect upon the inhabitants of the new State was
+disheartening in the extreme. Gen. Clark, who was still at the Falls,
+seeing the necessity for rousing the people from their despondence and
+desirous of punishing the foe, proposed to a council of officers an
+expedition against the Indian towns on Miami and Scioto. And accordingly
+nearly one thousand men made rendezvous at the mouth of Licking and
+started for the towns. The Indians discovered their approach too soon for
+anything like a decisive battle, and they found only deserted towns and
+straggling Indians on their march. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> result of this invasion however
+convinced both sides of the superiority of the Whites, and restored the
+drooping spirits in the settlements. After this expedition the country
+remained quiet during the year, nor did any considerable party of Indians
+ever again invade the State.</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of this year commenced the first of anything like
+intercourse between this part of the Ohio and New Orleans. Messrs.
+Tardiveau and Honore, the latter of whom resided in this city until within
+a few years, made the earliest trip from Brownsville to that port, and
+subsequently continued to make regular trips from Louisville to the French
+and Spanish ports on the Mississippi. Even previous to this, Col. Richard
+Taylor and his brother Hancock Taylor, had descended from Pittsburg to the
+mouth of the Yazoo; and Messrs. Gibson and Linn, in 1776, had made a trip
+from Pittsburg to New Orleans with a view to procuring military stores for
+the troops stationed at the former place. These gentlemen succeeded in
+their expedition, having obtained 156 kegs of powder, which arrived at the
+Falls in 1777, was carried around them by hand, and finally delivered at
+Pittsburg.</p>
+
+<p>These early attempts at navigation were soon succeeded by the constant and
+regular trips of the Barges. Perhaps the most stirring and exciting scenes
+of western adventure were connected with the voyages of these peculiar
+craft. The bargemen were a distinct class of people whose fearlessness of
+character, recklessness of habits and laxity of morals rendered them a
+marked people. Their history will hereafter form the groundwork of many a
+heroic romance or epic poem. In the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> earlier stages of this sort of
+navigation, their trips were dangerous, not only on account of the Indians
+whose hunting-grounds bounded their track on either side, but also because
+the shores of both rivers were infested with organized banditti, who
+sought every occasion to rob and murder the owners of these boats. Beside
+all this the Spanish Government had forbidden the navigation of the lower
+Mississippi by the Americans, and thus, hedged in every way by danger, it
+became these boatmen to cultivate all the hardihood and wiliness of the
+Pioneer, while it led them also into the possession of that recklessness
+and independent freedom of manner, which even after the causes that
+produced it had ceased, still clung to and formed an integral part of the
+character of the Western Bargeman. It is a matter of no little surprise
+that something like an authentic history of these wonderful men has never
+been written. Certainly it is desirable to preserve such a history, and no
+book could have been undertaken which would be likely to produce more both
+of pleasure and profit to the writer and none which would meet with a
+larger circle of delighted readers. The traditions on the subject are,
+even at this recent period, so vague and contradictory that it would be
+difficult to procure anything like reliable or authentic data in regard to
+them. No story in which the bargemen figure is too improbable to be
+narrated, nor can one determine what particular person is the hero of an
+incident which is in turn laid at the door of each distinguished member of
+the whole fraternity. Some of these incidents however will serve so well
+to give an idea of the peculiar characteristics of the bargemen,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> and
+possess so much merit in themselves, that they cannot be omitted here.
+Previous to referring to any of these anecdotes, however, it may be
+interesting to introduce the following excellent description of the manner
+of navigating the Ohio and Mississippi prior to the introduction of
+steamboats. It is from the pen of Audubon, the celebrated ornithologist,
+whose death has been recently announced and has caused a feeling of deep
+regret in all who know how to admire that union of simple goodness of
+character with greatness of mind and untiring energy of study, which he,
+perhaps more than any other American, possessed.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The keelboats and barges were employed,&#8221; says this extract, &#8220;in conveying
+produce of different kinds, such as lead, flour, pork and other articles.
+These returned laden with sugar, coffee and dry goods, suited for the
+markets of Genevieve and St. Louis on the upper Mississippi or branched
+off and ascended the Ohio to the foot of the falls at Louisville. A
+keelboat was generally manned by ten hands, principally Canadian French,
+and a patroon or master. These boats seldom carried more than from twenty
+to thirty tons. The barges had frequently forty or fifty men, with a
+patroon, and carried fifty or sixty tons. Both these kind of vessels were
+provided with a mast, a square sail, and coils of cordage known by the
+name of cordelles. Each boat or barge carried its own provisions. We shall
+suppose one of these boats under way, and, having passed Natchez, entering
+upon what were called the difficulties of their ascent. Wherever a point
+projected so as to render the course or bend below it of some magnitude,
+there was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> an eddy, the returning current of which was sometimes as strong
+as that of the middle of the great stream. The bargemen, therefore, rowed
+up pretty close under the bank, and had merely to keep watch in the bow
+lest the boat should run against a planter or sawyer. But the boat has
+reached the point, and there the current is to all appearance of double
+strength and right against it. The men, who have rested a few minutes, are
+ordered to take their stations and lay hold of their oars, for the river
+must be crossed, it being seldom possible to double such a point and
+proceed along the same shore. The boat is crossing, its head slanting to
+the current, which is, however, too strong for the rowers, and when the
+other side of the river has been reached, it has drifted perhaps a quarter
+of a mile. The men are by this time exhausted, and, as we shall suppose it
+to be 12 o&#8217;clock, fasten the boat to a tree on the shore. A small glass of
+whiskey is given to each, when they cook and eat their dinner, and after
+resting from their fatigue for an hour, re-commence their labors. The boat
+is again seen slowly advancing against the stream. It has reached the
+lower end of a sandbar, along the edge of which it is propelled by means
+of long poles, if the bottom be hard. Two men, called bowsmen, remain at
+the prow to assist, in concert with the steersman, in managing the boat
+and keeping its head right against the current. The rest place themselves
+on the land side of the footway of the vessel, put one end of their poles
+on the ground and the other against their shoulders and push with all
+their might. As each of the men reaches the stern, he crosses to the other
+side, runs along it and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> comes again to the landward side of the bow, when
+he re-commences operations. The barge in the mean time is ascending at a
+rate not exceeding one mile in the hour.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The bar is at length passed, and as the shore in sight is straight on
+both sides and the current uniformly strong, the poles are laid aside, and
+the men being equally divided, those on the river side take to their oars,
+while those on the land-side lay hold of the branches of willows or other
+trees, and thus slowly propel the boat. Here and there, however, the trunk
+of a fallen tree, partly lying on the bank and partly projecting beyond
+it, impedes their progress and requires to be doubled. This is performed
+by striking into it the iron points of the poles and gaff-hooks, and so
+pulling around it. The sun is now quite low, and the barge is again
+secured in the best harbor within reach for the night, after having
+accomplished a distance of perhaps fifteen miles. The next day the wind
+proves favorable, the sail is set, the boat takes all advantages, and,
+meeting with no accident, has ascended thirty miles&mdash;perhaps double that
+distance. The next day comes with a very different aspect. The wind is
+right ahead, the shores are without trees of any kind, and the canes on
+the bank are so thick and stout that not even the cordelles can be used.
+This occasions a halt. The time is not altogether lost, as most of the
+men, being provided with rifles, betake themselves to the woods and search
+for the deer, the bears or the turkeys that are generally abundant there.
+Three days may pass before the wind changes, and the advantages gained on
+the previous five days are forgotten. Again the boat proceeds, but in
+passing over a shallow place,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> runs on a log, swings with the current, but
+hangs fast with her lea-side almost under water. Now for the poles! all
+hands are on deck, bustling and pushing. At length, towards sunset, the
+boat is once more afloat, and is again taken to the shore where the
+wearied crew pass another night.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I could tell you of the crew abandoning the boat and cargo and of
+numberless accidents and perils, but be it enough to say, that advancing
+in this tardy manner, the boat that left New Orleans on the 1st of March,
+often did not reach the Falls of Ohio until the month of July, sometimes
+not until October; and after all this immense trouble, it brought only a
+few bags of coffee and at most one hundred hogsheads of sugar. Such was
+the state of things as late as 1808. The number of barges at that period
+did not amount to more than 25 or 30, and the largest probably did not
+exceed one hundred tons burden. To make the best of this fatiguing
+navigation, I may conclude by saying that a barge which came up in three
+months, had done wonders, for I believe few voyages were performed in that
+time.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In this little history, Mr. Audubon has said nothing of what was by far
+the most &#8220;dangerous danger&#8221; to which the crews of these craft were
+exposed. This was the attack, open and fearless as well as sneaking and
+treacherous, of the Boatwreckers. The country on both sides of the river
+from Louisville to the mouth of the Ohio was an almost unpeopled
+wilderness. On the north side of the river from Fort Massac to the
+Mississippi, there lived a gang of these desperadoes, whose exploits need
+only the genius of a Schiller to render them<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> the wonder of the world and
+the admiration of those who love to gloat over tales of blood. There was
+an impudence and recklessness of life and of danger connected with these
+fellows, coupled with a dash of spirit and humor, that would render them
+excellent <i>materiel</i> in the hands of a skillful novelist; but they lacked
+that high sense of honor and that gentlemanly bearing which made heroes of
+the robbers of the Rhine, of Venice or of Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Their plan of action was to induce the crew of the passing &#8220;broad-horn&#8221; to
+land, to play a game of cards, (the favorite passion of the boatmen) and
+to cheat them unmercifully. If this scheme failed, they would pilot the
+boats into a difficult place, or, in pretended friendship, give them from
+the shores such directions as would not fail to run them on a snag or dash
+them to pieces against some hidden obstruction. If they were outwitted in
+all this, they would creep into the boats as they were tied up at night,
+and bore holes in the bottom or dig out the caulking. When the boat was
+sinking, they would get out their skiffs and craft of all kinds, and in
+the most philanthropic manner come to save the goods from the wreck. And
+save them they did, for they would row them up the little creeks that led
+from swamps in the interior and no trace of them could afterwards be seen.
+Or if some hardy fellow dared to go in pursuit of his <i>saved</i> cargo, he
+was sure to find an unknown grave in the morasses.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most famous of these boatwreckers was Col. Fluger of New
+Hampshire, who is better known in the West as Col. Plug. This worthy
+gentleman long<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> held undisputed sway over the quiet boatwreckers about the
+mouth of Cash Creek. He was supposed to possess keys to every warehouse
+between that place and Louisville, and to have used them for his own
+private purposes on many occasions. He was a married man and became the
+father of a family. His wife&#8217;s soubriquet was Pluggy and like many others
+of her sex, her charms were a sore affliction to the Colonel&#8217;s peace of
+mind. Plug&#8217;s lieutenant was by him suspected of undue familiarity with
+Mrs. Col. Plug. The Colonel&#8217;s nice sense of honor was outraged, his family
+pride aroused&mdash;he called Lieutenant Nine-Eyes to the field.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Dern your soul,&#8221; said he, &#8220;do you think this sort of candlestick ammer
+(clandestine amour he meant,) will pass? If you do, by gosh, I will put it
+to you or you shall put it to me.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>They used rifles, the ground was measured, the affair settled in the most
+proper and approved style. And they did put it to each other. Each
+received a ball in some fleshy part, and each admitted that &#8220;he was
+satisfied.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You are all grit!&#8221; said Col. Plug.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;And you waded in like a raal Kaintuck,&#8221; rejoined Nine-Eyes.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Plug&#8217;s son and heir, who very possibly was the real subject-matter of
+dispute, and who was upon the ground, was ordered to place a bottle of
+whisky midway between the disputants. Up to this they limped and over it
+they embraced, swearing that &#8220;they were too well used to these things to
+be phazed by a little cold lead;&#8221; and Pluggy&#8217;s virtue having been thus
+proved immaculate,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> the duel as well as the animosity of the parties
+ceased. Col. Plug, man of honor as he was, sometimes met with very rough
+treatment from the boatmen, whose half savage natures could ill appreciate
+a gentleman of his birth and breeding. An instance of this is recorded by
+the same historian upon whom we have drawn for the greater part of the
+above account of the duel.<a name='fna_4' id='fna_4' href='#f_4'><small>[4]</small></a> A broad-horn from Louisville had received
+rough usage from Plug&#8217;s men the year before, and accordingly, on their
+next descent, they laid their scheme of revenge. Several of their crew
+left the boat before arriving at Plug&#8217;s domain, and quietly stole down the
+river bank to its place of landing. The boat with its small crew was
+quietly harbored, the men hospitably received and invited to sit down to a
+game of cards. They were scarcely seated and had placed their money before
+them, when Plug&#8217;s signal whistle for an onset sounded in their ears. The
+reserve corps of boatmen also heard it, knew its import and rushed to the
+rescue. The battle was quickly over. Three of Plug&#8217;s men were thrown into
+the river and the rest fled, leaving their brave commander on the field.
+Resistance did not avail him. Those ruthless boatmen stripped him to the
+skin, and forcing him to embrace a sapling about the size of his dear
+Pluggy&#8217;s waist, they bound him immovably in this loving squeeze. Then
+seizing the cowhide each applied it till he was tired, and so they left
+him alone with his troublesome thoughts and with a yet more troublesome
+and sanguinary host of musquitoes, which, lured by the ease with which
+they could now get a full meal of that blood which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> had before been
+effectually preserved from their attacks by a thick epidermis, sallied
+forth to the feast by myriads. Pluggy, finding her bower lonely without
+its lord, came forth to seek him. Closely embracing the tree and covered
+from any immodest exposure of his person by a gauzy cloud of musquito
+wings, she found him. Clasping her hands, with a Siddons-like start and
+air, she cried, in her peculiarly elegant but somewhat un-English dialect:
+&#8220;Yasu Cree! O carissimo sposo, what for, like von dem fool, you hug zat
+tree and let ze marengoes eat up all your sweet brud?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The historian is pained to record that all the answer she obtained to this
+tender solicitude was a curse. Plug cursed her, but Plug&#8217;s evil spirit was
+aroused. Let the reader suppose himself in Plug&#8217;s position and he will not
+blame that gentleman for the ungenerous reply that forced itself to his
+lips.</p>
+
+<p>Not very long after this, Col. Plug came to his untimely end. Just as a
+squall was coming up, Col. Plug was in a boat whose crew had left it for
+an hour or so, engaged in the exercise of his profession; that is, he was
+digging the caulking out of the bottom, when the squall came on rather
+prematurely and broke the fastenings of the boat. It began to sink, and
+Col. Plug after vain endeavors to reach the shore, sank with it and was
+seen no more. Whether Pluggy still bewails her lost lord or has followed
+him in sorrow to the other shore, history does not tell us.</p>
+
+<p>This sketch of the character of the boat wreckers will prepare the reader
+for forming some idea of the boatmen who were their prey. Among the most
+celebrated of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> these, every reader of western history will at once
+remember <span class="smcap">Mike Fink</span>, the hero of his class. So many and so marvellous are
+the stories told of this man that numbers of persons are inclined
+altogether to disbelieve his existence. That he did live however does not
+admit of a doubt. Many are yet living who knew him personally. As it is to
+him that all the more remarkable stories of western river adventure are
+attributed, his history will form the only example here given to
+illustrate the character of the western bargemen. It is however necessary
+to observe, that while Mike possessed all the characteristics of his
+class, a history of the various adventures attributed to him would present
+these characteristics in an exaggerated degree. Even the slight sketch
+here drawn cannot pretend to authenticity; for, aside from the fact, that,
+like other heroes, Mike has suffered from the exuberant fancy of his
+historians, he has also had in his own person to atone to posterity for
+many acts which never came from under his hand and seal. As the
+representative, however, of an extinct class of men, his ashes will not
+rise in indignation even if he is again made the &#8220;hero of fields his valor
+never won.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mike Fink was born in or near Pittsburg, where certain of his relatives
+still reside. In his earlier life he acted in the capacity of an Indian
+spy, and won great renown for himself by the wonderful facility with
+which, while yet a boy, he gained a knowledge of every act and movement of
+the foe. But while in the exercise of this calling, the free, wild and
+adventurous life of the boatmen attracted his youthful fancy, and the
+enchanting music of the boat-horn soon lured him away from Pittsburg to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+try his fortunes on the broad Ohio. He had learned to mimic all the tones
+of the boatman&#8217;s horn, and he longed to go to New Orleans where he heard
+that the people spoke French and wore their Sunday clothes every day. He
+went, and from an humble pupil in his profession soon became a glorious
+master. When the river was too low to be navigable, Mike spent his time in
+the practice of rifle-shooting, then so eminently useful and desirable an
+accomplishment; and in this, as in all his serious undertakings, he soon
+surpassed his compeers. His skill with the rifle was so universally
+acknowledged, that whenever Mike was present at a Shooting-Match for Beef,
+such as were then of common occurrence all over the country, he was always
+allowed the fifth quarter, i. e. the hide and the tallow, without a shot.
+This was a perquisite of Mike&#8217;s skill, and one which he always claimed,
+always obtained and always sold for whisky with which to &#8220;treat the
+crowd.&#8221; His capacity as a drinker was enormous; he could drink a gallon in
+twenty-four hours without its effect being perceptible in his language or
+demeanor. Mike was a bit of a wag, too, and had a singular way of
+enforcing his jests. He used to say that he told his jokes on purpose to
+be laughed at, and no man should &#8220;make light&#8221; of them. The consequence
+was, that whoever had the temerity to refuse a laugh where Mike intended
+to raise one, received a sound drubbing and an admonition for the future,
+which was seldom neglected. His practical jokes, for so he and his
+associates called their predations on the inhabitants of the shores along
+which they passed, were always characterized by a boldness of design and a
+sagacity of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>execution that showed no mean talent on Mike&#8217;s part. One of
+the most ingenious of these tricks, and one which affords a fair idea of
+the spirit of them all, is told as follows: Passing slowly down the river,
+Mike observed a very large and beautiful flock of sheep grazing on the
+shore, and being in want of fresh provisions, but scorning to buy them,
+Mike hit upon the following expedient. He noticed that there was an eddy
+near to the shore, and, as it was about dusk, he landed his boat in the
+eddy and tied her fast. In his cargo there were some bladders of
+scotch-snuff. Mike opened one of these and taking out a handful of the
+contents, he went ashore and catching five or six of the sheep, rubbed
+their faces very thoroughly with the snuff. He then returned to his boat
+and sent one of his men in a great hurry to the sheep-owner&#8217;s house to
+tell him that he &#8220;had better come down and see what was the matter with
+his sheep.&#8221; Upon coming down hastily in answer to Mike&#8217;s summons, the
+gentleman saw a portion of his flock very singularly affected; leaping,
+bleating, rubbing their noses against the ground and against each other,
+and performing all manner of undignified and unsheeplike antics. The
+gentleman was sorely puzzled and demanded of Mike &#8220;if he knew what was the
+matter with the sheep.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You don&#8217;t know?&#8221; answered Mike very gravely.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;I do not,&#8221; replied the gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Did you ever hear of the black murrain?&#8221; asked Mike in a confidential
+whisper.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Yes,&#8221; said the sheep owner in a terrified reply.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Well, that&#8217;s it!&#8221; said Mike. &#8220;All the sheep up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> river&#8217;s got it dreadful.
+Dyin&#8217; like rotten dogs&mdash;hundreds a day.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;You don&#8217;t say so,&#8221; answered the victim, &#8220;and is there no cure for it?&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Only one as I knows on,&#8221; was the reply. &#8220;You see the murrain&#8217;s dreadful
+catchin&#8217;, and ef you don&#8217;t git them away as is got it, they&#8217;ll kill the
+whole flock. Better shoot &#8217;em right-off; they&#8217;ve got to die any way.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;But no man could single out the infected sheep and shoot them from among
+the flock,&#8221; said the gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;My name&#8217;s Mike Fink!&#8221; was the curt reply.</p>
+
+<p>And it was answer enough. The gentleman begged Mike to shoot the infected
+sheep and throw them into the river. This was exactly what Mike wanted,
+but he pretended to resist. &#8220;It mought be a mistake,&#8221; he said; &#8220;they&#8217;ll
+may be git well. He didn&#8217;t like to shoot Manny&#8217;s sheep on his own say so.
+He&#8217;d better go an&#8217; ask some of the neighbors ef it was the murrain sure
+&#8217;nuf.&#8221; The gentleman insisted, and Mike modestly resisted, until finally
+he was promised a couple of gallons of old Peach Brandy if he would
+comply. His scruples thus finally overcome, Mike shot the sheep, threw
+them into the eddy and got the brandy. After dark, the men jumped into the
+water, hauled the sheep aboard, and by daylight had them neatly packed
+away and were gliding merrily down the stream.<a name='fna_5' id='fna_5' href='#f_5'><small>[5]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>Another story, of a rather different character, is told to illustrate the
+recklessness of the man. It occurred on the Mississippi river. A negro had
+come down to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> bank to gaze at the passing boat, who had the singularly
+projecting heel peculiar to some races of Africans. This peculiarity
+caught Mike&#8217;s eye, and so far outraged his ideas of symmetry that he
+determined to correct it. Accordingly he raised his rifle to his shoulder
+and fired, carrying away the offensive projection. The negro fell crying
+murder, believing himself mortally wounded. Mike was apprehended for this
+trick, at St. Louis, and found guilty, but we do not hear of the
+infliction of any punishment. A writer in the Western Monthly Review for
+July, 1829, in a letter to the editor of that magazine, asserts that he
+has himself seen the records of this case in the books of the court, and
+that Mike&#8217;s only defense was that &#8220;the fellow couldn&#8217;t wear a genteel boot
+and he wanted to fix it so that he could.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>One of his feats with the rifle which Mike most loved to boast of occurred
+somewhere in Indiana. Mike&#8217;s boat was lying to, from some cause, and he
+had gone ashore in pursuit of game. &#8220;As he was creeping along with the
+stealthy tread of a cat, his eye fell upon a beautiful buck, browsing on
+the edge of a barren spot a little distance off. Repriming his gun and
+picking his flint, Mike made his approach in his usual noiseless manner.
+At the moment he reached the spot from which he meant to take aim, he
+observed a large Indian intent upon the same object, advancing from a
+direction little different from his own. Mike shrank behind a tree with
+the quickness of thought, and keeping his eye fixed upon the hunter,
+waited the result with patience. In a few moments the Indian halted within
+fifty paces and leveled his piece at the deer. Instantly Mike presented
+his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> rifle at the body of the savage, and at the moment smoke issued from
+the gun of the latter, the bullet of Fink passed through the red man&#8217;s
+breast. He uttered a yell and fell dead at the same instant with the deer.
+Mike re-loaded his rifle and remained in covert some minutes to ascertain
+whether any more enemies were at hand. He then stepped up to the prostrate
+savage, and having satisfied himself that life was extinct, turned his
+attention to the buck, took from the carcass the pieces suited to jerking
+and retraced his steps in high glee to the boat.&#8221;<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a> He used to say that
+was what he called &#8220;killing two birds with one stone.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In all his little tricks, as Mike called them, he never displayed any very
+accurate respect to the laws either of propriety or property, but he was
+so ingenious in his predations that it is impossible not to laugh at his
+crimes. The stern rigor of Justice, however, did not feel disposed to
+laugh at Mike, but on the contrary offered a reward for his capture. For a
+long time Mike fought shy and could not be taken, until an old friend of
+his, who happened to be a constable, came to his boat when she was moored
+at Louisville and represented to Mike the poverty of his family; and,
+presuming on Mike&#8217;s known kindness of disposition, urged him to allow
+himself to be taken, and so procure for his friend the promised reward. He
+showed Mike the many chances of escape from conviction, and withal plead
+so strongly that Mike&#8217;s kind heart at last overcame him and he
+consented&mdash;<i>but upon one condition</i>! He felt at home nowhere but in his
+boat and among his men: let<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> them take him and his men in the yawl and
+they would go. It was the only hope of procuring his appearance at court
+and the constable consented. Accordingly a long-coupled wagon was
+procured, and with oxen attached it went down the hill, at Third Street
+for Mike&#8217;s yawl. The road, for it was not then a street, was very steep
+and very muddy at this point. Regardless of this, however, the boat was
+set upon the wagon, and Mike and his men, with their long poles ready, as
+if for an aquatic excursion, were put aboard, Mike in the stern. By dint
+of laborious dragging the wagon had attained half the height of the hill,
+when out shouted the stentorian voice of Mike calling to his men&mdash;<span class="smcap">Set
+Poles!</span>&mdash;and the end of every long pole was set firmly in the thick
+mud&mdash;<span class="smcap">Back Her!</span>&mdash;roared Mike, and down the hill again went wagon, yawl, men
+and oxen. Mike had been revolving the matter in his mind and had concluded
+that it was best not to go; and well knowing that each of his men was
+equal to a moderately strong ox, he had at once conceived and executed
+this retrograde movement. Once at the bottom, another parley was held and
+Mike was again overpowered. This time they had almost reached the top of
+the hill, when <i>Set poles!&mdash;Back her!</i> was again ordered and again
+executed. A third attempt, however, was successful, and Mike reached the
+court house in safety; and, as his friend, the constable, had endeavored
+to induce him to believe, he was acquitted for lack of sufficient
+evidence. Other indictments, however, were found against him, but Mike
+preferred not to wait to hear them tried; so, at a given signal he and his
+men boarded their craft again and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> stood ready to weigh anchor. The dread
+of the long poles in the hands of Mike&#8217;s men prevented the <i>posse</i> from
+urging any serious remonstrance against his departure. And off they
+started with poles &#8220;tossed.&#8221; As they left the court house yard Mike waved
+his red bandanna, which he had fixed on one of the poles, and promising to
+&#8220;<i>call again</i>&#8221; was borne back to his element and launched once more upon
+the waters.</p>
+
+<p>After the introduction of steamboats on the Western rivers, Mike&#8217;s
+occupation was gone. He could not consent, however, altogether to quit his
+free, wild life of adventure; and accordingly in 1822, he, together with
+Carpenter and Talbot, who were his firmest friends, joined Henry and
+Ashley&#8217;s company of Missouri trappers, and with this company they
+proceeded in the same year up to the mouth of the Yellow Stone river. Here
+a fort was built and from this point parties of hunters were sent out in
+all directions. Mike with his two friends and nine others formed one of
+these parties, and preferring to live to themselves, they dug a hole in
+the river bluff and here spent the winter. While here, Mike Fink and
+Carpenter had a fierce quarrel, caused probably by rivalry in the favors
+of a certain squaw. Previous to this time the friendship of these two men
+had been unbounded. Carpenter was equally as good a shot as Mike and it
+had been their custom to place a tin cup of whisky on each other&#8217;s head by
+turns and shoot it off at the distance of seventy yards with their rifles.
+This feat they had often performed and always successfully.</p>
+
+<p>After the quarrel, and when spring had returned, they re-visited the fort
+and over a cup of whisky they talked<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> over their difficulty and rendered
+their vows of amity, which were to be ratified by the usual trial of
+shooting at the cup. They &#8220;skyed a copper&#8221; for the first shot and Mike won
+it. Carpenter, who knew Mike thoroughly, declared he was going to be
+killed, but scorned to refuse the test. He prepared himself for the worst.
+He bequeathed his gun, pistols, wages, &amp;c., to Talbot, in case he should
+be killed. They went to the field, and while Mike loaded his gun and
+prepared for the shot, Carpenter filled a tin cup to the brim, and,
+without moving a feature, placed it on his devoted head. At this target
+Mike levelled his piece. After fixing his aim, however, he took down his
+gun, and laughingly cried, &#8220;Hold your noddle steady, Carpenter, and don&#8217;t
+spill the whisky, for I shall want some presently.&#8221; Then raising his rifle
+again, he pulled the trigger, and in an instant Carpenter fell and expired
+without a groan. The ball had penetrated the center of his forehead about
+an inch and a half above the eyes. Mike coolly set down his rifle and blew
+the smoke out of it, keeping his eye fixed on the prostrate body of his
+quondam friend. &#8220;Carpenter,&#8221; said he, &#8220;have you spilt the whisky?&#8221; He was
+told that he had killed Carpenter. &#8220;It is all an accident,&#8221; said he, &#8220;I
+took as fair a bead on the black spot on the cup as ever I took on a
+squirrel&#8217;s eye. How could it happen?&#8221; And he fell to cursing powder, gun,
+bullet and himself.</p>
+
+<p>In the wild country where they then were, the hand of justice could not
+reach Mike and he went unmolested. But Talbot had determined to avenge
+Carpenter, and one day, after several months had elapsed, when Mike,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> in a
+drunken fit of boasting, swore in Talbot&#8217;s presence that he had killed
+Carpenter intentionally and that he was glad of it, Talbot drew out one of
+the pistols which had been left him by the murdered man and shot Mike
+through the heart. In less than four months after this Talbot was himself
+drowned in attempting to swim the Titan river, and with him perished &#8220;the
+last of the boatmen.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Mike Fink&#8217;s person is thus described by the writer in the Western Monthly
+before referred to. &#8220;His weight was about 180 pounds; height about five
+feet, nine inches; broad, round face, pleasant features, brown skin,
+tanned by sun and rain; blue, but very expressive eyes, inclining to grey;
+broad, white teeth, and square brawny form, well proportioned; and every
+muscle of the arms, thighs and legs, was fully developed, indicating the
+greatest strength and activity. His person, taken altogether, was a model
+for a Hercules, except as to size.&#8221; Of his character, Mike has himself
+given the best epitome. He used to say, &#8220;I can out-run, out-hop, out-jump,
+throw down, drag out and lick any man in the country. I&#8217;m a Salt-river
+roarer; I love the wimming and I&#8217;m chock full of fight.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The early history of steamboat navigation will appear in its proper place.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Having passed over these pleasant and exciting histories of personal
+adventure, the reader now returns to the soberer chronicles of general
+history. In the spring of 1783 it became known in Kentucky that peace had
+been declared, and this joyous news could not have arrived at a more
+opportune time. The people had been harrassed by war until they were sick
+and disheartened, and although the news of peace did not drive off all
+fear of attack from the Indians, yet the consciousness that the posts
+formerly held by the British, which had been the chief depot of supplies
+for the Indians, would now fall into the possession of their countrymen,
+and consequently, that, although not yet arrived, the time would come when
+even the Indian hostility would cease; all this put a new life into the
+settlements of Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Peace with Great Britain having been declared, the necessity for an army
+on the borders of Virginia no longer existed; and as that State was
+pressed for means, this army was disbanded, and the commission of Gen.
+Clark withdrawn, with many thanks to this gentleman &#8220;for his very great
+and singular services.&#8221; This was soon followed by a much more substantial
+testimony of the favor in which he was held by his native State, for
+during the same year he and his soldiers received a grant of one hundred
+and fifty thousand acres of land lying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> north of the Ohio, to be located
+where they chose. They selected the region opposite to the falls, and thus
+was founded the town of Clarksville, which still remains in a state
+scarcely more improved than it then was.</p>
+
+<p>Something like security and confidence was now established, and
+consequently the immigration here was constant and large. Factories for
+supplying the necessities of the household were established, schools were
+opened, the products of the soil were carefully attended to, and abundant
+crops were collected; several fields of wheat were gathered near
+Louisville, and the whole country changed its character from that of a
+series of military outposts to the more peaceful and more attractive one
+of a newly settled, but rich and fruitful territory, where industry met
+its reward, and where every one could live who was not too proud or too
+indolent to work. It was during this year that a new era was opened to the
+citizens of Louisville. A lot of merchandise, all the way from
+Philadelphia, arrived at the falls, and Daniel Brodhead opened there a
+retail store. The young ladies could now throw aside all the homely
+products of their own looms, take the wooden skewers from their ill-bound
+tresses, and, on festive occasions, shine in all the glories of flowered
+calico and real horn combs. It is not known whether it was this worthy Mr.
+Brodhead who was the first to introduce the luxury of glass window-lights,
+but it is certain that previous to this time such an extravagance was
+unknown; and there is an incident connected with the first window pane
+which deserves a place here, and which is recorded in the words of an
+author who is not more celebrated for his many public<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> virtues, than for
+his unceasing and incurable exercise of the private vice of punning. After
+referring to the introduction of this innovation, this gentleman says: &#8220;A
+young urchin who had seen glass spectacles on the noses of his elders, saw
+this spectacle with astonishment, and running home to his mother
+exclaimed, &#8216;O, Ma! there&#8217;s a house down here with specs on!&#8221; &#8220;This,&#8221; he
+adds, &#8220;may be considered a very precocious manifestation of the power of
+generalization in the young Kentuckian.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Another curious incident of the times will close the record of this year.
+The notorious Tom Paine had written a book ridiculing the right of
+Virginia to this State, and urging Congress to take possession of the
+whole territory. Among the disciples of this absurd production were two
+Pennsylvanians, named Galloway and Pomeroy. The latter of these came to
+the falls and produced considerable annoyance to some of the landholders
+there by the dissemination of his doctrines, which induced others to pay
+no respect to the titles of their neighbors. This was an exigency which
+the laws had never contemplated, and although it was everywhere admitted
+that the man deserved punishment, it was difficult to find a law bearing
+upon his case. Legal investigation, however, soon drew to light an old law
+of Virginia which enforced a penalty in tobacco upon &#8220;the propagation of
+false news, to the disturbance of the good people of the colony.&#8221; Under
+this law, in May of the next year, Pomeroy was tried and sentenced to pay
+2,000 pounds of tobacco, and had also to give security for his good
+behavior in the sum of &pound;3,000, pay costs, &amp;c. A<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> similar fate awaited
+Galloway, who had gone to Lexington and had there advocated these same
+doctrines. It was impossible for either of these men to procure the amount
+of tobacco required; and accordingly, when it was hinted to them that they
+would not be pursued if they left the country, they gladly embraced the
+offer and departed. And thus perished the effects of Mr. Paine&#8217;s wonderful
+book.</p>
+
+<p>The next year, 1784, does not present in its annals anything of much
+importance in relation to Louisville. It was at this time that the first
+convention was held at Danville, where the subject of the separation of
+Kentucky and its erection into an independent State was first broached. It
+was not, however, thought advisable by this convention to make any serious
+movement in this matter until the following year, inasmuch as the people
+generally had not heard of the proposed separation, or had had no time to
+debate upon its feasibility. As yet no press had been established in the
+territory, and oral news was not readily or speedily disseminated through
+the State. On these accounts no action was had by the convention at this
+time, but a new convention was appointed for the following May, at which
+this subject was to be seriously considered.</p>
+
+<p>We find by the report of a traveler in this year, that Louisville
+contained &#8220;63 houses finished, 37 partly finished, 22 raised but not
+covered, and more than 100 cabins.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1785 the convention again met, first on the 23d of May, and
+afterwards on the 8th of August, to take action in relation to the
+formation of the new State. An address to Virginia and another to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>Kentucky, together with resolutions in favor of the proposed separation,
+were unanimously passed in the earlier of these meetings. These addresses,
+however, were not deemed strong enough by the third or August convention,
+and that meeting accordingly changed them to a new and still stronger form
+of petition or remonstrance, and sent them forward for the action of the
+parent State. Accordingly in January of 1786, Virginia passed a law
+allowing independence to Kentucky, on this, among other conditions, that
+the separation should not take place until Congress should assent thereto,
+which assent of Congress was not gained until 1791.</p>
+
+<p>In January of this year the county of Nelson was erected out of all that
+part of Jefferson county south of Salt river.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of 1785 Gen. Clark, together with Messrs. Lee and
+Butler, had held a treaty with the Western Indians at Fort McIntosh; but
+later in the year an Indian council of a hostile character had also been
+held on the Wabash, and the Indians had annoyed the settlers greatly
+during the latter part of the year. It was therefore thought advisable to
+enter into another treaty with the Indians on the Wabash, and accordingly
+Gen. Clark and Messrs. Butler and Parsons met those tribes at the mouth of
+the Great Miami in January of 1786. It was with great difficulty that the
+various tribes could be brought to treat at all, and, but for Gen. Clark&#8217;s
+knowledge of their character, and for the high estimation in which he was
+held by them, these commissioners would have been murdered outright. Judge
+Hall, of Cincinnati, has given a glowing and vivid description<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> of this
+meeting, which is here inserted. After noticing their abrupt and scornful
+manner of entering the council, he says: &#8220;The commissioners, without
+noticing the disorderly conduct of the other party, or appearing to have
+discovered their meditated treachery, opened the council in due form. They
+lighted the peace-pipe, and after drawing a few whiffs, passed it to the
+chiefs, who received it. Col. Clark then rose to explain the purpose for
+which the treaty was ordered. With an unembarrassed air, with the tone of
+one accustomed to command, and an easy assurance of perfect security and
+self-possession, he stated that the Commissioners had been sent to offer
+peace to the Shawnees; that the President had no wish to continue the war;
+he had no resentment to gratify; and, if the red men desired peace, they
+could have it on reasonable terms. &#8216;If such be the will of the Shawnees,&#8217;
+he concluded, &#8216;let some of their wise men speak.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;A chief arose, drew up his tall person to its full height, and assuming a
+haughty attitude, threw his eye contemptuously over the commissioners and
+their small retinue, as if to measure their insignificance in comparison
+with his own numerous train, and then stalking to the table, threw upon it
+two belts of wampum, of different colors&mdash;the war and the peace belt.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;We come here,&#8217; he exclaimed, &#8216;to offer you two pieces of wampum; they
+are of different colors; you know what they mean; you can take which you
+like!&#8217; and turning upon his heel, he resumed his seat.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;The chiefs drew themselves up, in consciousness of having hurled defiance
+in the teeth of the white men.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> They had offered an insult to the renowned
+leader of the Long Knives, to which they knew it would be hard for him to
+submit, while they did not suppose he dared resent it. The council-pipe
+was laid aside. Those fierce wild men gazed intently at Clark. The
+Americans saw that the crisis had arrived; they could no longer doubt that
+the Indians understood the advantage they possessed, and were disposed to
+use it; and a common sense of danger caused each eve to be turned on the
+leading commissioner. He sat undisturbed and apparently careless until the
+chief who had thrown the belts upon the table had taken his seat; then
+with a small cane which he held in his hand, he reached, as if playfully,
+toward the war belt, entangled the end of the stick in it, drew it towards
+him, and then with a switch of the cane threw the belt into the midst of
+the chiefs. The effect was electric. Every man in the council of each
+party sprang to his feet, the savage with a loud exclamation of
+astonishment, &#8220;Hugh!&#8221; the Americans in expectation of a hopeless conflict
+against overwhelming numbers. Every hand grasped a weapon.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Clark alone was unawed. The expression of his countenance changed to a
+ferocious sternness and his eye flashed, but otherwise he was unmoved. A
+bitter smile was perceptible upon his compressed lips as he gazed upon
+that savage band, whose hundred eyes were bent fiercely and in horrid
+exultation upon him as they stood like a pack of wolves at bay thirsting
+for blood, and ready to rush upon him whenever one bolder than the rest
+should commence the attack. It was one of those moments of indecision when
+the slightest weight thrown<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> into either scale will make it preponderate;
+a moment in which a bold man conversant with the secret springs of human
+action, may seize upon the minds of all around him and sway them at his
+will.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Such a man was the intrepid Virginian. He spoke, and there was no man
+bold enough to gainsay him; none that could return the fierce glance of
+his eye. Raising his arm and waving his hand toward the door, he
+exclaimed, &#8220;<i>Dogs, Begone!</i>&#8221; The Indians hesitated for a moment, and then
+rushed tumultuously out of the council-room.&#8221; To this a writer of the
+Encyclop&aelig;dia Americana adds that the Indians were heard all that night
+debating in the bushes near the fort; a part of them for war and a part of
+them for peace. The latter prevailed, and the next morning they came back
+and sued for peace. All this, however, did not remove the annoyances
+experienced from the attacks of the more distant Indians. These annoyances
+were of such a character as to induce the general government to send two
+companies of military to the Falls, to authorize the raising of militia in
+Kentucky and the invasion of the hostile territory. In pursuance of the
+spirit of this authority, if not in direct consonance with it, a body of a
+thousand men had rendezvous at Louisville, and marched thence in September
+toward Vincennes. At this point the little army waited, contrary to the
+advice of Gen. Clark, their commanding officer, for nine days, expecting
+provisions and ammunition. This delay was fatal. The soldiers became
+weary, and seeing the frequent inebriety of their general, lost their
+confidence in him, and refused their obedience. A body of about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> three
+hundred, dissatisfied that their wishes in regard to their officers were
+not attended to, actually returned homeward, regardless of the earnest
+pleadings and almost the tears of their general; and the rest soon
+followed them. This expedition was a sad blow to Clark, for it put into
+the hands of his enemies a powerful weapon against him; and one which they
+remorselessly used. Had his advice been heeded before the delay was
+determined upon, he would never have become inebriated or exposed himself
+in an undignified light to his soldiery, and the expedition might have
+been successful. Palliated as may be his fault, it cannot be denied that,
+in this sortie, he was not what he had been. The sun of his military glory
+had not sunk below the horizon, but it was obscured by clouds whose thick
+shadows promised long to hide its beams.</p>
+
+<p>The troubles in relation to the navigation of the Mississippi river were
+now the topics of all absorbing interest in every part of the West. We
+have not before alluded to these troubles, preferring to connect them
+entirely with the period of which we are now writing. A brief retrospect
+of the question will enable the reader readily to understand the subject
+in dispute and its bearing on the residents on the western waters. In
+1781, Spain, having previously declared herself mistress of the Great
+Mississippi, took possession of the North-West in the name of her king.
+Mr. Jay, then in Madrid, had received instructions not to insist upon the
+American claim to this river, if he could not effect a treaty without
+yielding it. The Spanish Government, during the whole of 1782, was
+laboring to induce the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> United States not only to yield the Mississippi,
+but also to give up a part of her actual possessions in the West; and her
+pretensions to these asserted rights were upheld by France. In this
+condition matters rested till 1785, when a representative of the Spanish
+Government appeared before Congress. Mr. Jay was at once authorized to
+negociate with him, and these negociations came again before Congress in
+May 1786; Mr. Jay having asked the guidance of that body in the matter. He
+showed them the importance of a treaty in commerce with a people so
+intimately connected with them as was Spain, and explained the difficulty
+in forming this treaty, owing to the unwillingness of Spain either to
+yield the river or to decrease her boundary claims. He could see no safer
+plan than, as a sort of compromise, to yield for a term of twenty-five or
+thirty years, the navigation of the river below the boundaries of the
+United States. This plan was vehemently opposed by Southern Congressmen
+and an attempt was made to take the negociations out of the hands of Mr.
+Jay altogether. In this attempt they were defeated, and Mr. Jay was not
+only retained in office, but was authorized to continue his negociations
+without being bound to insist on the immediate use of the river. The rumor
+of these movements at the capitol soon reached the West, but in the
+distorted form which rumor ever employs. Mr. Jay&#8217;s position was
+represented as positive and as having been assumed without reference to
+Congress. This news created great indignation in the West and led to the
+first dream of secession. The people felt that if the navigation of the
+Mississippi was denied them on the one hand, and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> case of a quarrel
+with Spain, the protection of the General Government on the other,
+secession was inevitable. Either they must conquer Spain or unite with
+her. And as if to show that they were in earnest in the matter, &#8220;a board
+of field-officers at Vincennes determined to garrison that point, to raise
+supplies by impressment, and to enlist new troops. Under this
+determination Spanish property was seized, soldiers were enrolled, and
+steps were taken to hold a peace-council with the natives; all under the
+direction of Gen. Clark. Soon after this, Thomas Green wrote from
+Louisville to the Governor and Legislature of Georgia, which State was
+involved in the boundary quarrel with Spain, that Spanish property had
+been seized in the North-West as a hostile measure, and not merely to
+procure necessaries for the troops, which Clark afterward declared was the
+case, and added that the General was ready to go down the river with
+&#8216;troops sufficient&#8217; to take possession of the lands in dispute, if Georgia
+would countenance him.&#8221; The following extract from another letter written
+from Louisville, professedly to some one in New England, and probably also
+written by Green, will serve as additional evidence to prove that the
+people were seriously deliberating upon their position. It reads thus:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;Our situation is as bad as it possibly can be, therefore every exertion
+to retrieve our circumstances must be manly, eligible and just.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;&#8216;We can raise 20,000 troops this side of the Alleghany and Apalachian
+Mountains, and the annual increase of them by emigration from other parts
+is from two to four thousand.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>&#8220;&#8216;We have taken all the goods belonging to the Spanish merchants at post
+Vincennes and the Illinois; and are determined they shall not trade up the
+river, provided they will not let us trade down it. Preparations are now
+making here (if necessary) to drive the Spaniards from their settlements,
+at the mouth of the Mississippi. In case we are not countenanced or
+succored by the United States, (if we need it,) our allegiance will be
+thrown off and some other power applied to. Great Britain stands ready
+with open arms to receive and support us. They have already offered to
+open their resources for our supplies. When once re-united to them,
+&#8216;farewell, a long farewell to all your boasted greatness.&#8217; The province of
+Canada and the inhabitants of these waters, of themselves, in time, will
+be able to conquer you. You are as ignorant of this country as Great
+Britain was of America. These are hints which if rightly improved may be
+of some service; if not, blame yourselves for the neglect.&#8217;</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This letter was shown by the bearer of it to several persons at Danville,
+who caused copies to be taken of it, and enclosed these to the Executive
+of Virginia. Early in 1787, the Council of this State had action on this
+subject, condemned Gen. Clark&#8217;s conduct, disavowed the powers assumed by
+him, ordered the prosecution of the persons concerned in the seizure of
+property, and laid the matter before Congress. It was presented in detail
+to that body upon the 13th of April, and upon the 24th of that month, it
+was resolved that the troops of the United States be employed to
+dispossess the unauthorized intruders who had taken possession of St.
+Vincents.&#8221;<a name='fna_7' id='fna_7' href='#f_7'><small>[7]</small></a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>The full details of the Mississippi troubles belong rather to a history of
+the State or of the United States than to that of a single city. What has
+already been stated in regard to them has been written to show the feeling
+that existed on the subject among the earlier residents of the city and of
+the State, as well as to display the part which was had in these
+difficulties by the prominent men of Louisville years ago. It would be
+foreign to the purposes of the present volume to go further into all these
+details, wherein the celebrated names of Wilkinson, Sebastian, Brown,
+Innis and Burr, are so involved, wherein so many splendid intellects were
+led astray from the paths pointed out by honor and patriotism, and
+sacrificed at the sordid shrine, of love of self and love of gain. Not to
+leave the unhistorical reader without any knowledge as to the issue of
+these troubles, it will however be necessary to point out as briefly as
+may be, the ultimate results of all the scheming, plotting and unlawful
+machinations against established government which for so long disturbed
+and disgraced Kentucky.</p>
+
+<p>Passing over, then, all the intermediate space, we come to the fact that
+in 1795, a treaty was concluded with Spain by which not only the right to
+navigate the Mississippi was conceded to the United States, but a right to
+deposit at New Orleans was also yielded them. This, in effect, was all
+that Kentucky needed. This grant of a right to deposit, however, was only
+guaranteed by the treaty for three years; but with the proviso that,
+should the grant be withdrawn at the end of the three years, some other
+place than New Orleans should be afforded for the same purpose, near the
+mouth of the river. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> 1802 this right was withdrawn by the Spanish
+Intendant and no other place of deposit allowed. Spain had evidently
+violated her treaty, and the whole West was again thrown into a state of
+fearful excitement and commotion. Nor was this at all lessened when it
+became known that Louisiana had been ceded to France, and that it was now
+in possession of the dreaded Napoleon. Mr. Monroe was immediately
+dispatched to France to have an interview with the First Consul on this
+subject. Napoleon, then upon the eve of a rupture with England, plainly
+foresaw that it would be impossible for him to retain possession of so
+distant and isolated a colony as Louisiana while Great Britain was
+mistress of the seas. His sagacity had therefore determined him to get rid
+of so unprofitable a place as this. And much to the surprise of Mr.
+Monroe, &#8220;when he expected simply to negotiate for a place of deposite at
+the mouth of the river, he was informed that for the trifling sum of
+fifteen millions, he could purchase a magnificent empire. No time was lost
+in closing this extraordinary sale, as Bonaparte evidently apprehended
+that Louisiana would be taken by the British fleet within six months after
+hostilities commenced. And thus the first great annexation of territory to
+the United States was accomplished.&#8221;<a name='fna_8' id='fna_8' href='#f_8'><small>[8]</small></a> And thus ended a long series of
+difficulties which had, in their course, blotted the escutcheon of
+Kentucky and tempted so many of her noblest intellects to forget their
+greatness in vain attempts at personal aggrandizement.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts from the records of the court<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> during this year
+will not give a very favorable idea of the high degree of enlightenment
+among our ancestors in 1786. On the 21st day of October in this year, it
+is recorded that &#8220;negro Tom, a slave, the property of Robert Daniel,&#8221; was
+condemned to death for stealing &#8220;two and three-fourth yards of cambric,
+and some ribbon and thread, the property of Jas. Patten.&#8221; This theft,
+small as it now appears, if estimated in the currency of the times would
+produce an astonishing sum, as will appear by the following inventory
+rendered to the court of the property of a deceased person:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>To a coat and waistcoat &pound;250; an old blue do. and do. &pound;50</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">&pound;300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To pocket book &pound;6; part of an old shirt &pound;3</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>To old blanket 6s; 2 bushels salt &pound;480</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">480</td>
+    <td class="botbor"><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">6s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">&pound;789</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6s.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>These were the times when the price of whisky was fixed by law at $30 the
+pint, and hotel-keepers were allowed and expected to charge $12 for a
+breakfast and $6 for a bed. Payment however was always expected in the
+depreciated continental money, then almost the only currency.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of this year, the legislature of Virginia again passed
+an act giving three years more time to the purchasers of lots in
+Louisville to complete their titles by building houses in consonance with
+the terms of the original purchase. The act offers as a reason for this
+extension, &#8220;the frequent incursions of the Indians and the difficulty of
+procuring materials for building.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the next year&mdash;1787&mdash;a new feature was exhibited to the people of
+Kentucky. Mr. John Bradford established at Lexington a weekly newspaper,
+printed at first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> on a demy sheet and called the Kentucky Gazette. The
+politicians of the State had now an opportunity to address themselves to
+the people in a new and easy way, and they fully availed themselves of it.
+But the establishment of a newspaper was not the only proof of advancement
+among the Kentuckians, though it seemed the herald of progress; for, in
+one year after the first issue of the Gazette, a grammar school was
+opened, an almanac published, and a dancing school established, all in
+Lexington; while still a year later (1789) the first brick house was built
+in Louisville. This structure was erected by Mr. Kaye, an ancestor of our
+well known citizen and former Mayor, on Market street, between Fifth and
+Sixth streets; the second brick building in Louisville was erected by Mr.
+Eastin, on the North side of Main, below the corner of Fifth street; and
+the third by Mr. Reed at the North Western corner of Main and Sixth
+streets. It was about this time that the present city of Cincinnati was
+laid out. It was first called Losantiville, a name which is thus
+fancifully derived. <i>Ville</i>&mdash;the town&mdash;<i>anti</i>&mdash;opposite&mdash;<i>os</i>&mdash;the
+mouth&mdash;<i>L</i>&mdash;of Licking. This name was invented by a Mr. Filson, whose
+philological acuteness deserves immortality.</p>
+
+<p>The three years given to the owners of lots in Louisville by the Act of
+&#8217;86, being now expired, the legislature again passed an act granting yet
+other three years for the same purpose; and at the same time appointed
+eleven new trustees for the town. The number of trustees was now so large
+that it was neither agreeable to the citizens, nor did it facilitate the
+business of the town. Accordingly the very next meeting of the Assembly
+(in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> 1790) passed a new act with the following preamble:&mdash;&#8220;Whereas, It is
+represented to this present General Assembly that inconveniences have
+arisen on account of the powers given to the Trustees and Commissioners of
+the Town of Louisville, in the County of Jefferson, not being sufficiently
+defined, for remedy whereof, &amp;c.&#8221;&mdash;This Act deposed from office all the
+former Trustees of the town, and in lieu of them, appointed the following
+persons: &#8220;J. F. Moore, Abraham Hite, Abner M. Donne, Basil Prather and
+David Standiford, gentlemen;&#8221; as sole Trustees, with power to sell and
+convey lots, levy taxes, improve the town by means of taxes so levied, and
+fill vacancies in their own body by election. Under their regime the
+records of the council show quite an improvement in the prosperity of the
+embryo city.</p>
+
+<p>Early in April of the year now spoken of, Louisville received an accession
+to the number of her citizens in the person of the renowned Major Quirey.
+This man&#8217;s immense muscular power; his daring and activity have made him a
+scarcely less remarkable personage than was the celebrated Peter
+Francisco, of Virginia. Arriving here at a period when physical power was
+far more appreciated, and held in far higher reverence than mental
+capacity, Quirey soon gained a strong hold on the affections of the people
+around him. He was a native of Pennsylvania, but married at nineteen years
+of age, and soon thereafter removed to Kentucky. He was six feet and two
+inches in height, and weighed 250 pounds; he had no inclination to
+embonpoint but was muscular and robust. The palm of his enormous hand
+would easily have served a modern fine lady for a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>writing-desk.&mdash;Physiologists may feel inclined to doubt the truth of the
+assertion, but it is nevertheless confidently believed that his breast was
+a solid plate of bone, no appearance of the usual separation of the ribs
+being discernable, even after his death. Like all the men of his day,
+Quirey was a good hater alike of Indians and of cowards. A proof of this
+latter aversion occurred as he was descending the Ohio to Louisville. The
+Indians had recently been very successful in their battles with the
+emigrant boats, and were emboldened to attack all within their reach.
+Accordingly, Quirey&#8217;s boat, containing beside himself and his family, only
+a single individual, whose name is not remembered, came in for its share
+of the hostility. A large party of Indians made an attack upon them
+somewhere above the present site of Maysville. Quirey fought bravely, but
+the other man became dreadfully alarmed, and running into the boat,
+concealed himself among the cargo. Quirey, still standing upon his boat,
+received the guns as they were loaded by his wife, and handed to him, and
+fired on either not missing his comrade or supposing him dead. After the
+engagement, in which, despite the fearful odds, Quirey was victorious,
+they found their trembling and cowardly companion who was slowly sneaking
+from his place of concealment. With an impulse quick as thought, Quirey
+seized him with one hand around the waist, and bearing him above his head,
+would in another moment have dashed him into the waves, but the tears and
+entreaties of Mrs. Quirey saved him for the time. With so cowardly a
+disposition, however, it might have spared the poor wretch much agony had
+he perished then; for Quirey set him<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> ashore in the forest near Limestone,
+pointing him the way to the fort and there left him, surrounded on every
+side by objects to him of terror, there to &#8220;do or die.&#8221; History is silent
+as to his fate.</p>
+
+<p>After reaching Louisville, Quirey soon established his reputation for
+strength in a way that none dared gainsay it. One Peter Smith, who had
+long held undisputed sway as the most expert fighter and the strongest man
+in Louisville, and who was withal what is more pertinently than politely
+called a <i>bully</i>, the terror of his whole neighborhood, having heard that
+a very large and strong man had arrived from Pennsylvania, determined, as
+he said, &#8220;either to whip Quirey, or if Quirey proved too much for him to
+leave the country.&#8221; He accordingly found his man, and proposed a trial at
+a fisty-cuff. This Quirey declined, urging that it would be better for
+them to turn their strength against the common enemy, and professing that
+he was willing to admit Smith to be his superior. Finding that this only
+made his antagonist the more determined, Quirey proposed a trial of skill
+in lifting or in some athletic game. Smith, however, was not to be thus
+appeased, but stripping the upper part of his body to the skin and
+tightening his belt, he advanced urging Quirey to get ready for the fight.
+Quirey replied that if he would have a fight, he was already prepared for
+it&mdash;and as Smith continued to advance upon him, Quirey, without moving
+from his steps, dealt him a single blow with open hand upon the ear. Smith
+fell several paces off with the blood gushing from eyes, nose and ears.
+But the trial did not end here, for on Smith&#8217;s recovering from the blow,
+he protested that it was an <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>unlucky and accidental hit, and demanded a
+new trial. Quirey again tried to avoid the quarrel, but seeing that a
+fight was inevitable, he told Smith that if he made a new attack upon him,
+he would be severely punished. Smith continued to advance toward him, and
+as he came within reach Quirey dealt him at the same instant two terrible
+blows, one with the hand and the other with the foot. Smith fell as if
+dead, was taken up and carried to Patton&#8217;s Tavern where he lay six weeks.
+At the end of that time, being sufficiently recovered, he kept his
+promise, leaving the State never to return.</p>
+
+<p>Major Quirey was a valuable officer and a prompt and efficient soldier.
+During the war, he enlisted about 6000 men. Soon after his appointment as
+Captain in the 17th Regiment, U. S. A., an incident occurred which came
+near consigning him to an inglorious death. He had as pets a pair of large
+bears, and having occasion one day to pass near them he was suddenly
+seized from behind by the male bear and drawn under him, the animal
+sinking his nails into the cavity of the body. In the scuffle, however, he
+managed to get hold of the tongue of the bear, and drawing it across its
+teeth, forced the animal to bite off its own tongue. This feat he
+performed with one hand, while with the other he relieved the bear of one
+of his eyes. The pain he thus occasioned enabled him to extricate himself
+from his formidable foe, not, however, without detriment to himself. The
+Surgeon who dressed his wounds estimated his loss of flesh from off the
+left hip at <i>nearly 12 pounds</i>!<a name='fna_9' id='fna_9' href='#f_9'><small>[9]</small></a> On recovering from his wounds, Quirey
+returned to service<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> and continued in office till the disbanding of his
+Regiment in 1815. In two years afterward he died. His widow whose life is
+full of romantic incident, survived him many years, having died only two
+or three years ago. She is still remembered with regret by many who have
+so lately listened to her well-told recollections of early days in
+Louisville.</p>
+
+<p>In July of this year, still 1790, the ninth and last Kentucky Convention
+met. It will be recollected that the first Convention had been held in
+1784, and since that time, each returning year had seemed only to add to
+the difficulties experienced by Kentucky in attaining an honorable and
+independent position in the confederacy. This last Convention, however,
+saw an end to all the troubles experienced by its predecessors. The terms
+offered by Virginia were agreed to, and the 1st June 1792, was determined
+as the date of Independence. During the month of December succeeding the
+action of this Convention, Gen. Washington brought before Congress the
+subject of the admission of Kentucky as a State, and on the 14th of
+February in the next year, 1791, the long sought and anxiously hoped-for
+boon was granted. The ensuing December was chosen as the date of election
+for the framers of a Constitution for the New State, and in April 1792,
+that instrument was prepared, and Kentucky took her position among her
+sister States. Nor was this the only good which time had wrought for the
+new State. For the next year, 1793, brought with it the last incursions of
+the Indians into their once loved hunting-ground. Their twenty years&#8217;
+struggle was over. Their best and bravest blood had been poured in vain;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+the force of an irresistible destiny was against them; stern experience
+had taught them that right was not might, and, the contest ended, they
+quietly yielded to the all-conquering hand of the white man the soil that
+his axe, his plow, and his gun had redeemed from them forever.</p>
+
+<p>The succeeding years, till 1800, however rich they may be in material for
+the historian of Kentucky, afford little that bears directly upon the
+subject before us. The Indians having ceased to be an aggressive foe, it
+was thought necessary that the Whites should, in their turn, provoke
+hostility, and accordingly, several expeditions were made against them.
+The Indian fights of Scott, St. Clair, Wayne, and others, belong to this
+period.</p>
+
+<p>In 1796 the first paper-mill was built in Kentucky. It was situated near
+Georgetown, and is said to have been a very productive investment. It is
+here alluded to as a promising mark of social progress.</p>
+
+<p>With the next year, 1797, we get the first clearly established estimate of
+the town of Louisville. In the records of the Trustees, the first list of
+taxes occurs. These were assessed on the 3d day of July, &#8220;on all who
+reside within the limits of the half-acre lots,&#8221; and one Dr. Hall, was
+appointed to fill the double office of assessor and collector. The
+following is his list of assessments:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>&#8220;50 Horses at 6d per head, is</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">&pound;1</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">5s</span></td>
+    <td><span class="spacer2">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">0d.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>65 Negroes at 1s per head, is</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.75em;">0</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>2 Billiard Tables at 20s each</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.75em;">0</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>5 Tavern licenses at 6s each</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">10</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.75em;">0</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>5 retail Stores at 10s each</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">10</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.75em;">0</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carriages: 6 wheels at 2s per wheel</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">12</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.75em;">0</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Town Lots at 6d per &pound;100 is</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">13</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.75em;">6</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>80 Tithables at 3s each</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="right">12</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.75em;">0</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Making the startling total of</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">&pound;31</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .25em;">15s</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">6d.&#8221;</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>And even this sum Hall found it very difficult to collect, for, nearly two
+years afterward he reports a list of delinquents amounting to &pound;12. That
+the progress of the town was rapid and healthy from the first year of
+Kentucky Independence, is everywhere demonstrated. And no greater proof of
+this is needed than the fact that while the assessment of 1797 amounted to
+scarcely more than $150, that of 1809, 12 years later, reached the sum of
+$991. The town was now clearly and firmly established, it had within
+itself the elements of prosperity and it was seen that it must one day
+become great. Its history is less identified with that of the State, and
+it comes now to claim consideration on its own merit.</p>
+
+<p>It was during this year that the office of Falls Pilot was created by law,
+in consonance with the following preamble to the act: &#8220;Whereas great
+inconveniences have been experienced and many boats lost in attempting to
+pass the rapids of the Ohio for want of a Pilot, and from persons offering
+their services to strangers to act as Pilots, by no means qualified for
+this business,&#8221; &amp;c. The office was appointed by the Jefferson County
+Court, and the rate of pilotage fixed by the act was two dollars for each
+boat, while all other persons were forbidden to attempt to perform this
+service under a penalty of ten dollars.</p>
+
+<p>During the next year&mdash;1798&mdash;the Assembly passed an act allowing the
+formation of fire companies by any number of persons exceeding forty, who
+should record their names and subscriptions in the County Court. These
+companies were allowed to form their own regulations, impose fines to the
+amount of &pound;5, and collect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> the same by suit before a single magistrate,
+which fines were to be applied to the purposes of their institution.</p>
+
+<p>Previous to this time there had existed no impediment to the clandestine
+importation of goods by the way of Louisville; New Orleans being in
+possession of a foreign nation. In 1799, therefore, Congress passed an act
+by which Louisville was declared to be a port of entry, and a collector
+was established at this point.</p>
+
+<p>The history of Louisville has thus been brought up to a period when it
+occupied a deservedly prominent position among western towns. Nature had
+fitted it to take the first rank, and its rapid improvement demonstrated
+its power and capacity to assume that position. Thirty years before the
+time of which we are now writing, the compass of the white man for the
+first time broke the soil of Kentucky; the spot whereon this great city
+now rests was a trackless wilderness. The smooth waters of the broad Ohio
+mirrored in their bosom only the dark branches of the waving forest. The
+axe of the woodman had not yet awakened the echoes of the grove. The deer,
+the bear and the buffalo by day, and the wolf and the panther by night
+were the only inhabitants of the spot. Less than thirty years elapsed and
+the wand of the magician had changed the scene. The forest had been
+felled, the trowel of the builder had been wielded, the streets and alleys
+of a civilized town occupied the spot where the deer had sported in frolic
+play, and hundreds of merry voices shouted where only the howl of the wolf
+had been heard. That a civilized town with a population of eight hundred
+souls, governed by wise laws, possessing the usages of society, enjoying<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+the luxuries of life and moving onward in its daily walk with the calm
+stability of its fellows, the growth of a century; that such a town should
+exist where less than thirty years before the beast and the savage had
+held undisputed sway, is surely an evidence of progress to which no other
+country in the world can find a parallel. It is a fact before which the
+wild romance of the Slave of Lamp almost ceases to be fiction.</p>
+
+<p>Louisville having now arrived at an importance of its own, separate and
+apart from the State, the remainder of this history will be more strictly
+confined to matters of a purely local character. And beginning a new
+chapter with a new century, the rest of these annals will be as rapidly
+and strictly detailed as justice to the claims of each event will allow.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The opening of a new century found Louisville with a population of 800
+souls, with power to elect her own Trustees, with a revenue arising from
+her own taxes, and in the enjoyment of all the social and political
+privileges which were possessed by any of the towns within the Western
+country. Early in the next year the Legislature of the State, after
+granting power to the Trustees of Louisville to make deeds and conveyances
+of the town lots and providing abundantly for the levying and collecting
+of taxes, proceeded to exempt the citizens from working on roads out of
+the town, except the road leading from Louisville to the lower landing,
+and ordered the appointment of a street Surveyor whose duty it should be
+from time to time to call upon the inhabitants of the town &#8220;to meet
+together on a certain day at a certain place for the purpose of working
+upon the streets.&#8221; And every person failing to obey such call was liable
+to a fine of six shillings for every such failure. The same Act also set
+aside the sum of twenty-five pounds (being part of the annual tax) to be
+appropriated toward the building of a market house on the public ground in
+said town, under the superintendence of the board of Trustees; and as if
+still further to show its confidence in the capacity of the town to manage
+its own growing interests, it also placed the harbor at the mouth of
+Beargrass entirely under the direction of the Trustees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>Reference to the old books of the town show the prices of half acre lots
+on the principal streets at this time to have ranged from seven to
+fourteen hundred dollars.</p>
+
+<p>The original plan and survey of the town having been lost or destroyed,
+and property being rapidly increasing in value, the Legislature found it
+necessary during the second year of the new century to order a new survey
+and plat to be made out. It also changed the term of office of the
+Trustees from one to two years, and gave them the power to fill vacancies
+in their body by an election among themselves. It also repealed an act
+which, although it had been the subject of repeated legislation, had
+proved a dead letter. This was the act in reference to the forfeiture of
+lots for want of improvements, which has been before quoted. The
+Legislature of this year, seeing the futility of further action in regard
+to this matter very properly ordered the act to be altogether repealed in
+all the towns under their jurisdiction, and ordered the Trustees of the
+several towns to make deeds to all purchasers of lots who could produce
+them receipts for the purchase money of their several properties.</p>
+
+<p>The next year brought with it a new act of assembly ordering a repeal of
+the act of 1800 in relation to the building of a Market house on the
+public grounds in Louisville. The reason of this repeal consisted in the
+fact that public grounds were nowhere to be found, these valuable adjuncts
+to the town having been already disposed of by the sagacious governors of
+the place. Their unwise and illegal action in this matter has heretofore
+occupied the attention of the reader. Their &#8220;worshipful wisdoms&#8221; thinking
+only of to-day and careless of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> future, were guilty of frequent
+excessions of their duty, which are still felt and still regretted. A
+striking instance of this is exemplified in the single fact that a half
+acre lot on Main street, near Fourth, was disposed of by their order at
+public auction for a horse valued at twenty dollars. This, however, may
+cease to be thought so flagrant a breach of trust when it is compared with
+another sale which occurred at or about the same time, whereto neither of
+the parties occupied an official capacity and wherein the article sold,
+though not generally classed as real estate, is supposed to possess great
+value to the owner. A worthy citizen of Louisville about this period was
+in the habit of entertaining a great deal of company; and among others
+there came to his hospitable roof one who professed to be a Methodist
+preacher, but who proved to be a wolf in sheep&#8217;s clothing; for, after
+enjoying all the comforts his host&#8217;s kindness could afford him for several
+weeks, he started off one fine summer&#8217;s morning, taking with him, probably
+through mistake or inadvertence, his <i>friend&#8217;s wife</i>! The host missing
+this article of domestic furniture upon his return home, and suspecting
+whither it might have gone, put boot in stirrup and dashed off in pursuit.
+He soon overtook the soi-disant Reverend Gentleman and demanded his
+property. His right to take his own was not denied, but his Reverend
+friend proposed that as he fancied the subject matter of dispute, if his
+worthy host would withdraw his claim and leave him in peaceable
+possession, he would give him right, title and interest to and in the mare
+on which he rode. To this, after some slight hesitation, the husband
+consented, on condition that the bridle and saddle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> of the mare were added
+to his friend&#8217;s offer. This trifling difference was readily yielded by the
+opposite party, and for many years after this good old man was seen pacing
+through the streets, mounted upon his mare, the two ambling along far more
+quietly than he and his former partner had ever done.</p>
+
+<p>Returning, however to the requisitions of the act, we find that, repealing
+so much of the ordinance as related to the location of the market house,
+it enjoins upon the Trustees &#8220;to fix upon some proper place, such as shall
+seem most convenient to the inhabitants of the town, and there to erect a
+suitable market house.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was also during this year that the first of a series of smaller towns,
+attracted by the growing position of Louisville and hoping soon to rival
+it, began to spring up. Jeffersonville, situated nearly opposite
+Louisville, on a high bank of the Ohio, and in the State of Indiana, was
+laid out in November of this year. Its progress until recently has not
+been rapid, but it has gradually gained ground until within the last seven
+or eight years, during which it has come to be a very useful and valuable
+suburb to the city. More will be said of its history in a proper place.</p>
+
+<p>Within the next year we come to the earliest organization of the town of
+Shippingport. This place, now so utterly decayed, once promised not only
+to rival but to surpass Louisville. The site occupied by it belonged to
+Campbell&#8217;s division of the two thousand acres mentioned in the earlier
+pages of this history, and was by him sold during this year to a Mr.
+Berthoud. Upon coming into the possession of this latter gentleman it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> was
+surveyed, a plan of the town drawn and the lots advertised for sale. Its
+progress however was not rapid until 1806, when the Messrs. Terascons
+purchased the greater part of the lots embraced in the survey, and to
+their enterprizing endeavors did the town owe its rise. Its present
+importance is so trifling compared with its past greatness, and the
+probabilities of its future eminence among towns are so small that we
+shall probably not have occasion again to refer to it; and as its brief
+history belongs rather to this than to a later era it will be as well to
+close this account of it in the words of one who wrote when it was at the
+apex of its fame.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This <i>important</i> place,&#8221; says Dr. McMurtrie in his sketches of Louisville
+published in 1819; &#8220;is situated two miles below Louisville, immediately at
+the foot of the rapids, and is built upon the beautiful plain or bottom
+which commences at the mouth of Beargrass creek, through which, under the
+brow of the second bank, the contemplated canal will in all probability be
+cut.&#8221;<a name='fna_10' id='fna_10' href='#f_10'><small>[10]</small></a> The town originally consisted of forty-five acres, but it has
+since received considerable additions. The lots are 75 by 144 feet, the
+average price of which at present (1819) is from forty to fifty dollars
+per foot, according to the advantages of its situation. The streets are
+all laid out at right angles, those that run parallel to the river, or
+nearly so, are eight in number and vary from 30 to 90 feet in width. These
+are all intersected by twelve feet allies, running parallel to them, and
+by fifteen cross streets at right angles, each sixty feet wide.</p>
+
+<p>The population of Shippingport may be estimated at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> 600 souls, including
+strangers. Some taste is already perceptible in the construction of their
+houses, many of which are neatly built and ornamented with galleries, in
+which, of a Sunday, are displayed all the beauty of the place. It is, in
+fact, the <i>Bois de Boulogne</i> of Louisville, it being the resort of all
+classes on high days and holydays.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;At these times, it exhibits a spectacle at once novel and interesting.
+The number of steamboats in the port, each bearing one or two flags, the
+throng of horses, carriages, and gigs, and the contented appearance of a
+crowd of pedestrians, all arrayed in their &#8220;Sunday&#8217;s best&#8221; produce an
+effect it would be impossible to describe.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The reason of the sudden decay of this once flourishing place is found in
+the fact that its utility as a point of embarkation and debarkation for
+goods, ceased with the building of the Canal. Previous to this time it had
+been, during three parts of the year, the head of the navigation of the
+lower Ohio. Even as early as this, however, the necessity for overcoming
+the impediment to navigation occasioned by the falls was recognized and
+acted upon; and in the year 1804, a Canal Company was chartered; but
+nothing was done beyond surveys until long after this time. The subject of
+the Canal, however, was one of absorbing interest with the citizens of
+Louisville from this time forward, and various plans were proposed,
+adopted, rejected and discussed, until the incorporation of the present
+Canal Company in 1825. The movement toward removing the obstruction in the
+river in any form had its opponents, who urged that the sole commercial
+advantage to be possessed by the city consisted in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> necessity for
+numerous commission and forwarding houses to receive and reship the vast
+quantities of merchandise which were to pass up and down this great
+artery. Among the many plans suggested for overcoming the break in the
+navigation of the river, one of the earliest and most strongly urged was
+one which has yet its warm and earnest adherents,&mdash;this is the
+construction of a Canal on the Indiana shore,&mdash;a plan which the citizens
+of Louisville have long since ceased to look upon except with aversion,
+but which the residents in a sister city are still urging with a violence
+which proves, contemptuously as they may speak of Louisville, that their
+fears of her as a rival city are strong enough to induce them to wish to
+cripple, if not to destroy her. Former surveys have all long since proved
+the Kentucky shore to be best suited to the purposes of a Canal, and the
+inadequacy of the present construction to the growing trade of the river
+does not seem to demonstrate the necessity for still further obstructing
+its course, even during high water, by an additional ditch on the other
+bank.</p>
+
+<p>Another of the plans suggested at this time, proposed the blasting of a
+channel which would unite all the water into one stream at low stages. The
+bed of the river was also surveyed to ascertain the expediency of making a
+slack water navigation by means of one or more dams or locks. All of these
+and various others were however merged in the construction of the present
+Canal, which will be noticed at the appropriate period of this history.</p>
+
+<p>With the next year comes another enactment of Assembly with the following
+amusing preamble:&mdash;&#8220;Whereas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> it is represented to the present General
+Assembly that a number of persons residing in the town of Louisville, are
+in the habit of raising, and are now possessed of large <i>numbers of
+Swine</i>, to the great injury of the citizens generally; and that there are
+a number of ponds of water in said town, which are nuisances, and
+injurious to the health of the city and the prosperity of the town: Be it
+therefore enacted&mdash;That the present Trustees of the said town, and their
+successors, or a majority of them, shall have full power and authority to
+remove the same &amp;c.&#8221; The latter of these nuisances has disappeared under
+the efforts of the &#8220;said successors,&#8221; but even the distinguished Mr.
+Dickens will bear us witness that the law against the former remains to
+this day a dead letter.</p>
+
+<p>Another of the provisions of this same act invests the Trustees with power
+to levy a sum not exceeding eight hundred dollars for the purpose of
+repairing the streets, and in consideration thereof exempts those citizens
+from working on the streets, who shall pay an equivalent of 75 cents in
+money. It also gives the Trustees power to make regulations and by-laws
+for the proper preservation of order, to appoint a tax collector &amp;c., and
+extends the privilege of voting for Trustees to the residents of the ten
+and twenty acre lots, thereby increasing the purlieus of the town to the
+present site of Chestnut street.</p>
+
+<p>In speaking of the navigation and commerce of this period, Dr. McMurtrie
+tells us that in 1806 &#8220;six keel boats and two barges; the one of thirty
+tons, belonging to Reed, of Cincinnati; the other of forty, owned by
+Instone, of Frankfort; sufficed for the carrying trade of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> Louisville and
+Shippingport.&#8221; The rapid and almost magical increase of trade in less than
+fifty years after this will at once suggest itself to every reader.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. T. Cumming, the first European traveler who passed through Louisville,
+of whose record we have any knowledge, thus states his impressions of the
+town during this year. He says:&mdash;&#8220;I had thought Cincinnati one of the most
+beautiful towns I had seen in America, but Louisville, which is almost as
+large, equals it in beauty, and in the opinion of many exceeds it. It was
+considered as unhealthy, which impeded its progress until three or four
+years ago, when, probably in consequence of the country being more opened,
+bilious complaints ceased to be so frequent, and it is now considered by
+the inhabitants as healthy as any town on the river. There is a Market
+House, where is a good market every Wednesday and Saturday. Great retail
+business is done here, and much produce shipped to New Orleans.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1807, we get the first mention of a newspaper published in
+Louisville. We are not able however to give any account of its origin,
+ownership or history. It is known only from an enactment of Assembly
+requiring certain laws to be published in its columns. It was called the
+&#8220;Farmer&#8217;s Library.&#8221; Similar mention is also made during the next year of a
+paper called &#8220;The Louisville Gazette.&#8221; Whether it succeeded the &#8220;Farmer&#8217;s
+Library,&#8221; as the acts of Assembly would seem to show, or was cotemporary
+with it is not known; a bare mention of its name is all that is left to
+posterity. In America, the presence of the newspaper is ever the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> mark of
+peace, and quiet, and comfort. What to those of other nations is the
+luxury of affluent ease is to the American the earliest of necessities.
+The moment the rifle is laid aside, the newspaper is taken up. It is
+incident upon his every conquest, whether of man or of nature. The click
+of his rifle is succeeded by that of his types, and the roar of his cannon
+has hardly ceased till we hear the roll of his press.</p>
+
+<p>Ten years having now elapsed since a statistical table of the town has
+been examined it may not be uninteresting to furnish another list of the
+taxable property within its limits. It will be recollected that the entire
+list of 1797 amounted to &pound;31 15s 6d. Let us now turn to the list for the
+present year as shown by the assessor&#8217;s books, and mark the rapid increase
+of these ten years.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>$74,000 value of lots at 10 per cent</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$740</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer3">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>113 White Tythes at 50c</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">56</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>82 Black<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">over 16 years, at 25c</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">20</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">50</td></tr>
+<tr><td>83<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">under 16</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">at 12&#189;c</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">38</td></tr>
+<tr><td>11 Retail Stores at $5</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">55</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>3 Tavern Licenses at $2</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>0</td></tr>
+<tr><td>30 Carriage Wheels at 12&#189;c per wheel</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">75</td></tr>
+<tr><td>2 Billiard Tables at $2 50</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">00</td></tr>
+<tr><td>131 Horses at 12&#189;</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="right">16</td>
+    <td class="botbor">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="botbor" align="right">37</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">$913</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">50</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>Without pausing to remark further on this comparative statement, we pass
+on to the next event worthy of a place in this brief chronicle. This was
+the erection of a Theater in Louisville, which occurred early in 1808. We
+have no means of ascertaining who were the original projectors of this
+enterprise, but we have the authority of Dr. McMurtrie for stating that
+until 1818, it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> &#8220;but little better than a barn.&#8221; At that time,
+however, it fell into the hands of the celebrated Mr. Drake, under whose
+auspices was established the golden era of the Drama in the West. Not only
+did this gentleman please the taste and gratify the judgment of his
+audience, but he absolutely created a high standard of taste and judgment
+among them, the effects of which are still perceptible here. It is chiefly
+to the education received under his management that the critical talent of
+our Theatrical audiences of to-day, so well known and so generally
+acknowledged by the profession, is owing. Many whose names are now
+prominent in histrionic art took the initiatory steps in their career
+under Mr. Drake&#8217;s regime here. This Theater stood upon the North side of
+Jefferson street, between Third and Fourth, and was destroyed by fire in
+
+1843. For a long time previous to its destruction, however, it had ceased
+to be the resort of any but the most profligate members of society. Even
+before the destruction of the City Theater, Mr. Coleman undertook the
+erection of a new dramatic temple at the South-east corner of Green and
+Fourth streets, but from some cause did not proceed further than the
+erection of the outer walls. This unfinished building was afterwards
+purchased by Mr. Bates of Cincinnati, and was by him opened for the first
+time early in the year 1846, since when it has been regularly opened
+during a part of every year, and performances creditable alike to the
+judgement of its manager, and the taste of its audiences have been
+regularly given.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The series of details, mostly of an uninteresting and dry nature, which
+were so hastily passed over in the last chapter seem to have been but the
+precursors to events of a character far more important to the interests of
+the city and far more agreeable to the reader. Before we approach,
+however, the one great event which opened a new theater of action to the
+city, and developed resources before undreamed of&mdash;the steam navigation of
+the Ohio. It will be necessary, to preserve the order in which this
+history has been written, to stop to notice two or three lesser matters.</p>
+
+<p>Louisville, having become, from her peculiar position as a half-way house
+between the North and the South, the resort of numbers of strangers, it
+became necessary establish a police for the security of persons and
+property. This was done in 1810 by the appointment of two Watchmen, John
+Ferguson and Edward Dowler, at a salary of $250 per annum; and the records
+of the time do not show that these persons held their office as a
+sinecure.</p>
+
+<p>The rogues having been thus placed under supervision, it became necessary
+to have a proper place for the administration of justice to them. In
+pursuance of this idea a Court House was erected in the centre of a large
+square now bounded by Fifth, Seventh, Market and Jefferson Streets. This
+building was made of brick <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>after a plan drawn by John Gwathmey and was
+finished in 1811. The precise site of the house is now occupied by a part
+of the present Jail. It fronted on Sixth Street, and consisted of a main
+building with two wings attached. In front of the main building was a
+lofty Ionic portico, supported by four columns. Long before this building
+was removed, these columns, which were built of wood, gave convincing and
+thoroughly American proof that they had been consigned to other uses than
+those intended by their projectors. Notwithstanding their great size, the
+attacks made upon them by the <i>pen-knives</i> of the attache&eacute;s of the court
+had actually severed one of them, and the wood within convenient reach of
+a man&#8217;s hand which remained in the other three, would hardly have served
+for one day&#8217;s good <i>whittling</i>. This edifice was, in its earlier days,
+the handsomest of its kind in the western country. It was pulled down in
+1836, in order to make room for the new structure undertaken, but never
+completed, in 1837.</p>
+
+<p>This sublime monument of the city&#8217;s folly, was begun on a scale of
+unexampled magnificence, and had it been possible to complete it, would
+have been one of the most beautiful buildings in the West. It still stands
+an almost mouldering ruin, its half-finished grandeur constantly recalling
+the parable of the foolish man who &#8220;began to build and was not able to
+finish.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>We come now to notice an event of vital importance, not only to
+Louisville, but to the whole West. This was the commencement of Steam
+Navigation on the western rivers. In October of 1811, Fulton&#8217;s steamboat
+called the &#8220;New Orleans,&#8221; intended to run from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> port of that name to
+Natchez, left Pittsburg for its point of destination. At this time there
+were but two steamboats on this continent; these were the North River and
+The Clermont, and they were occupied on the Hudson River. The New Orleans
+on her first trip took neither freight nor passengers. Her inmates &#8220;were
+Mr. Roosevelt, an associate of Fulton, with his wife and family, Mr.
+Baker, the engineer, Andrew Jack, the pilot, and six hands with a few
+domestics.&#8221; Her landing at Louisville is thus described in Latrobe&#8217;s
+Rambler in America.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Late at night on the fourth day after quitting Pittsburg, they arrived in
+safety at Louisville, having been but seventy hours descending upwards of
+seven hundred miles. The novel appearance of the vessel, and the fearful
+rapidity with which it made its passage over the broad reaches of the
+river, excited a mixture of terror and surprise among many of the settlers
+on the banks, whom the rumor of such an invention had never reached; and
+it is related that on the unexpected arrival of the boat before
+Louisville, in the course of a fine still moonlight night, the
+extraordinary sound which filled the air as the pent-up steam was suffered
+to escape from the valves on rounding to, produced a general alarm, and
+multitudes in the town rose from their beds to ascertain the cause. I have
+heard that the general impression among the Kentuckians was, that the
+comet had fallen into the Ohio; but this does not rest upon the same
+foundation as the other facts which I lay before you, and which, I may at
+once say, I had directly from the lips of the parties themselves.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>The water on the falls did not allow the Orleans to pass on to Natchez and
+she consequently made use of her time of detention by making several trips
+to and from Cincinnati. Toward the last of November she was enabled to
+pass the rapids, and after having weathered out the earthquakes, reached
+Natchez about the 1st of January, 1812. This boat was finally wrecked near
+Baton Rouge, where she struck on her upward passage from New Orleans.</p>
+
+<p>From this event we may date the prosperity of Louisville as a fixed fact.
+At the head of ascending and the foot of descending navigation, all the
+wealth of the western country must pass through her hands. Such advantages
+as were here presented could not go unheeded. It became only necessary for
+the people to be convinced of the efficacy of steamboat navigation, and
+the opportunities held out to the capitalist by Louisville must be seen
+and embraced.</p>
+
+<p>But as if to counterbalance the dawning of this great good, there came
+with it a great evil; for it was in December of this year that the first
+of a series of terrible and violent earthquakes was felt at Louisville;
+these carried consternation to the hearts of all her citizens; and during
+the four months of their almost constant recurrance there was little
+either of leisure or inclination for political progress. The first of the
+shocks was felt on the 16th of December at 2 h. 15 m. in the morning. Mr.
+Jared Brookes says of it: &#8220;It seems as if the surface of the earth was
+afloat and set in motion by a slight application of immense power, but
+when this regularity is broken by a sudden cross shove, all order is
+destroyed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> and a boiling action is produced, during the continuance of
+which the degree of violence is greatest, and the scene most dreadful;
+houses and other objects oscillate largely, irregularly and in different
+directions. A great noise is produced by the agitation of all the loose
+matter in town, but no other sound is heard; the general consternation is
+great, and the damage done considerable; gable ends, parapets, and
+chimneys of many houses are thrown down.&#8221; The whole duration of this shock
+from the earliest tremor to the last oscillation was about four minutes.
+This shock was succeeded during the same day by two others of almost equal
+power. It is related that when it was felt, several gentlemen were amusing
+themselves with cards when some one rushed in crying, &#8220;Gentlemen, how can
+you be engaged in this way when the world is so near its end?&#8221; The
+card-table was immediately deserted for the street, where from the
+vibratory motion the very stars seemed toppling to a fall. &#8220;What a pity,&#8221;
+philosophized one of the party, &#8220;that so beautiful a world should be thus
+destroyed!&#8221; &#8220;Almost every one of them,&#8221; says a historian of the incident,
+&#8220;believed that mother Earth, as she heaved and struggled, was in her last
+agony.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>During the prevalence of the earthquakes, it was customary to suspend some
+object so as to act as a pendulum in all the rooms and by the degree of
+its motion to determine the probable amount of danger. If the pendulum
+began to vibrate freely, the house was instantly deserted. Those who
+inhabited the loftier and statelier mansions were, at least for the time
+being, free from the envy of their humble neighbors, with whom they would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+then have freely exchanged tenements. The possession of a princely edifice
+would then have been a source of regret rather than of pride or of
+congratulation. It is said, that unlike the great calamities of other
+times, this one had a good effect upon the public morals. The reason of
+this may probably be found in the fact that while this was a source of
+constant terror and alarm, it was yet not of a character to produce that
+despair which leads men to seek to drown all thoughts of a future in the
+reckless pursuit of pleasure or of forgetfulness.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Jared Brooks who preserved a faithful scientific account of these
+earthquakes refers to that of the 7th of February, 1812, as the most
+violent endured at any period during their continuance. It occurred at 3
+h. 15 m. in the morning and, as this gentleman&#8217;s account says, &#8220;was
+preceded by frequent slight motions for several minutes; duration of great
+violence at least 4 minutes, then gradually moderated by exertions of
+lessening strength, but continued a constant motion more than two hours;
+then followed a succession of distinct tremors or jarrings at short
+intervals until 10 h. A. M., when, for a few seconds, a shock of some
+degree of severity, after which frequent jarrings and slight tremors
+during the day, once, at least in ten minutes. At 8 h. 10 m. P. M. a shock
+of second-rate violence, and during some minutes two others at equal
+periods, connected by continual tremor of considerable severity; the last
+shock was violent in the first degree, but of too short duration to do
+much injury. At 10 h. 10 m. P. M, after frequent considerable motions, the
+shock comes on violent in the second degree, strengthens to tremendous,
+holds at that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> about seven seconds, then trembles away, severe about five
+minutes; frequent tremors follow, and a shock of third-rate violence. The
+action then ceases for a time.&#8221; With one more extract from Mr. Brooks, we
+shall conclude this account of the celebrated earthquakes of 1811. This is
+a table showing the number and relative value of all the earthquakes
+experienced here. It is preceded by a lucid explanation of the degrees of
+violence referred to in the table, and shows at a glance the number and
+intensity of the shocks.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>First-Rate.</i>&mdash;Most tremendous, so as to threaten the destruction of the
+town, and which would soon effect it, should the action continue with the
+same degree of violence; buildings oscillate largely and irregularly, and
+grind against each other; the walls split and begin to yield; chimneys,
+parapets and gable ends break in various directions and topple to the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Second-Rate.</i>&mdash;Less violent, but very severe.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Third-Rate.</i>&mdash;Moderate, but alarming to people generally.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Fourth-Rate.</i>&mdash;Perceptible to the feeling of those who are still and not
+subject to other motion or sort of jarring, that may resemble this.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;<i>Sixth-Rate.</i>&mdash;Although often causing a strange sort of sensation,
+absence, and sometimes gidiness, the motion is not to be ascertained
+positively; but by the vibrators or other objects placed for that
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">TABLE.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td class="btlr" align="center" colspan="2">End of<br />each Week</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">1st</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">2d</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">3d</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">4th</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">5th</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">6th Rate.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Total.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="btl">December</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">22</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">3</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">12</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">66</span></td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">87</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">29</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">150</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">156</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl">January</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">119</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">134</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">12</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">10</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">150</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">161</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">19</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">55</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">65</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">26</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">1</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">7</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">78</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">91</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl">February</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">1</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">7</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">191</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">209</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">3</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">7</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">15</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">140</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">175</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">16</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">12</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">65</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">86</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">23</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">278</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">292</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl">March</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">126</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">139</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">8</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">39</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">58</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bbl"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">15</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">0</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">0</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">210</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">221</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bblr" colspan="2"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">8</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">10</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">35</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">65</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">89</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">1667</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">1874</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The good effect which, as before mentioned, was produced upon the morals
+of the town by this succession of dangers does not seem to have been of
+permanent value if we may credit a writer in the Bedford Pa. Gazette, in
+the year 1814, who makes himself very merry over what he is pleased to
+term the &#8220;devout paroxisms&#8221; of the good citizens of this place, as will
+appear by the following communication.</p>
+
+<p>He says: &#8220;At Louisville, in the State of Kentucky, a town about four times
+as large as Bedford, they have no church. When the earthquake gave them
+the first shock, they grew very devout in one night; and on the next day
+with long faces, they subscribed a thousand dollars to build a house of
+public worship. Thus the matter rested until the second shock came, when
+another devout paroxism produced another thousand dollars. It rested again
+till a third earthquake and devout fit produced another subscription to
+the same amount. There was no more of the matter. The earthquake did not
+return, and the Louisvillians concluded the devil would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> not send for them
+for a few years more, and in the mean time determined to be merry. They
+immediately built a theater, which cost them seven thousand dollars, and
+employed a company of actors, the offscourings of maratime city theaters.
+To this company they gave about five hundred dollars per week, till at
+length the actors, instead of raising the curtain, broke through it and
+broke each other&#8217;s heads with sticks, and the heads of some of the
+auditors who interfered. The earthquakes have lately begun to shake
+Louisville again, but whether they laugh or pray I have not heard.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The Western Courier, published at Louisville, copies this article, with
+some stringent remarks upon its contents; and attributes the authorship of
+it to some actor whose efforts in his profession had not been duly honored
+by the people whom he villifies. Who is in the right in this matter it is
+now impossible to say; but it is certain that the author of the article in
+question is guilty of an anachronism, for it will be remembered that the
+theater was built previous to the commencement of the earthquakes. It is,
+however, unquestionably true that the theater was built several years
+before a church edifice of any kind was attempted.</p>
+
+<p>The newspaper from which this article was copied was commenced here in
+October or November of 1810, by Nicholas Clarke. It was published weekly
+at three dollars per annum, and contained for the most part little else
+than news of the wars, acts of Assembly and of Congress, and
+advertisements. In 1814, Mann Butler joined Mr. Clarke in the editorship
+of the paper, but did not continue long in his chair. The Louisville
+Correspondent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> was issued at about the same time, and edited by Col. E. C.
+Barry. It was discontinued in 1817. It is believed that there are no files
+of it in existence now.</p>
+
+<p>Reference to all the early files of newspapers published at this day, will
+show how gradual and yet how certain was the progress of steamboat
+navigation on the Ohio. The arrival of every boat was carefully noted and
+always accompanied with a great flourish of trumpets and a renewed eulogy
+on the wonders of the new invention. Much credit is due to Capt. H. M.
+Shreve, lately of St. Louis, for his indefatigable and successful
+endeavors to improve as well as to enlarge this prominent branch of
+commerce. As is well known, Fulton and Livingston held a patent for the
+entire right to navigate all the rivers in the United Stages for a certain
+number of years. But Mr. Shreve, seeing the injustice of this grant and
+doubting its legality, openly defied it; and finally, after much effort
+and not a little pecuniary loss, succeeded in 1816 in removing the grant
+and throwing open the navigation of the public highways to all. It will
+not be uninteresting to the reader, while upon this fruitful topic, to
+glance at a list of all the steamboats employed upon the western waters
+until 1819. This list is copied from Dr. McMurtrie, whose data is not
+always implicitly reliable. It has however been corrected as far as was
+practicable at this remote period. The present tense, whenever employed,
+is meant to refer to the year 1819.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">STEAMBOATS EMPLOYED ON THE WESTERN WATERS FROM 1812 TO 1819.</p>
+
+<p>1st. <i>The Orleans</i>&mdash;the first boat built at Pittsburg, owned by and
+constructed under the superintendence of Mr. Fulton. Sailed from Pittsburg
+in October, 1811, and arrived at her destination, Natchez, about the 1st
+January, 1812. She ran between New Orleans and Natchez about two years,
+making her voyages to average seventeen days; was wrecked near Baton
+Rouge, where she sunk on the upward bound passage; 400 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>2d. <i>The Comet</i>&mdash;owned by Samuel Smith; built at Pittsburg by Daniel
+French; stern-wheel and vibrating cylinder; on French&#8217;s patent granted in
+1809. The Comet made a voyage to Louisville in the summer of 1813; and
+descended to New Orleans in the Spring of 1814; made two voyages to
+Natchez, and was sold; the engine put up in a cotton gin; 45 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>3d. The <i>Vesuvius</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg by Fulton, and owned by a company
+of gentlemen belonging to New York and New Orleans. Sailed from New
+Orleans in the Spring of 1814, commanded by Captain Frank Ogden. She was
+then employed some months between New Orleans and Natchez, under the
+command of Captain Clemmont, who was succeeded by Captain John DeHart;
+shortly after she took fire, near the city of New Orleans and burned to
+the water&#8217;s edge; having a valuable cargo on board. She was afterwards
+raised and built upon at New Orleans. She has since been in the Louisville
+trade, and has lately been sold to a company at Natchez; 390 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>4th. The <i>Enterprise</i>&mdash;built at Brownsville, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>Pennsylvania, on the
+Monongahela, by Daniel French, on his patent, and owned by a company at
+that place. She made two voyages to Louisville in the summer of 1814,
+under the command of Captain J. Gregg. On the first of December she took
+in a cargo of ordinance stores at Pittsburg, and sailed for New Orleans,
+commanded by Captain H. M. Shreve, and arrived at New Orleans on the 14th
+of the same month. She made one voyage to the Gulf of Mexico as a cartel;
+one voyage to the rapids of Red River with troops; nine voyages to
+Natchez; set out for Pittsburgh on the 6th May, and arrived at
+Shippingport on the 30th, (25 days out,) being the first steamboat that
+ever arrived at that port from New Orleans. From thence she proceeded on
+to Pittsburgh, and the command was given to Captain D. Wooley, who lost
+her about twelve months after in Rock harbor at Shippingport; 45 tons
+burthen.</p>
+
+<p>5th. <i>Etna</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg, and owned by the same company as the
+<i>Vesuvius</i>; sailed from Pittsburg for New Orleans in March, 1815, under
+the command of Captain A. Gale, and arrived in April following; continued
+in the Natchez trade. Was then commanded by Captain R. De Hart, who made
+six voyages in her to Louisville; and is now commanded by Captain A. Gale
+in the same trade.</p>
+
+<p>6th. The <i>Dispatch</i>&mdash;built at Brownsville, on French&#8217;s patent, and owned
+by the same company as the <i>Enterprise</i>. She made several voyages from
+Pittsburg to Louisville, and one from New Orleans to Shippingport, where
+she now lies a wreck, her engine out; was commanded by Captain J. Gregg;
+25 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>7th and 8th. The <i>Buffalo</i>, 300 tons; and <i>James Monroe</i>, 90 tons; built
+at Pittsburg by Latrobe, for a company at New York, but failed in
+finishing them. They were sold at Sheriff&#8217;s sale, and fell into the hands
+of Mr. Whiting, and finished by him with engines; both dull sailers.</p>
+
+<p>9th. <i>Washington</i>&mdash;a two-decker; built at Wheeling, Virginia; constructed
+and partly owned by Captain H. M. Shreve; her engine was made at
+Brownsville, under the immediate direction of Captain Shreve. Her boilers
+are on the upper deck, being the first boat on that plan, and is a
+valuable improvement by Captain Shreve, which is now generally in use. The
+Washington crossed the falls in September, 1816, commanded by Captain
+Shreve, went to New Orleans, and returned to Louisville in the winter. In
+the month of March, 1817, she left Shippingport a second time, proceeded
+to New Orleans, and returned to Shippingport, being absent but 45 days.
+This was the trip that convinced the despairing public that steamboat
+navigation would succeed on the western waters. She has since been running
+with similar success in the same trade; 400 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>10th. The <i>Franklin</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg, by Messrs. Shires and Cromwell;
+engine built by George Evans; sailed from Pittsburg in December 1816; was
+sold at New Orleans, and has been in the Louisville and St. Louis trade
+since that time; she was sunk in the Mississippi near St. Genevieve a few
+months since, under the command of Captain Reed, on her way to St. Louis;
+150 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>11th. The <i>Oliver Evans</i>; (now the <i>Constitution</i>,)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> 75 tons; was built at
+Pittsburg by Mr. George Evans; engine his patent. She left Pittsburg in
+December, 1816, for New Orleans; in 1817 she burst one of her boilers, off
+Coupee, by which eleven men lost their lives, principally passengers. Has
+done but little since. Is now owned by Mr. George Sutton and others of
+Pittsburg; 75 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>12th. The <i>Harriet</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg; owned and constructed by Mr.
+Armstrong, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. She sailed from Pittsburg,
+October, 1816, for New Orleans, and crossed the falls in March, 1817; made
+one voyage to New Orleans, and has since run between that place and the
+Muscle Shoals; 40 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>13th. The <i>Pike</i>&mdash;a small boat built by Mr. Prentiss, of Henderson,
+Kentucky; run some time from Louisville to St. Louis; from thence in the
+Red River trade. Was lost on a sawyer, March, 1818; 25 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>14th. The <i>Kentucky</i>&mdash;built at Frankfort, Kentucky, and owned by Hanson
+and Boswell; in the Louisville trade; 80 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>15th. The <i>Gov. Shelby</i>&mdash;built at Louisville, Kentucky, by Messrs. Gray,
+Gwathmey and Gretsinger; Bolton and Watt&#8217;s engine. Now performing very
+successfully in the Louisville trade; 120 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>16th. The <i>New Orleans</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg in 1817, by Fulton and
+Livingston; in the Natchez trade. Near Baton Rouge, she was sunk and
+raised again, and sunk at New Orleans in Feb. 1819, about two months after
+her sinking near Baton Rouge; 300 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>17th. The <i>George Madison</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg in 1818, by Messrs.
+Voorhies, Mitchell, Rodgers, and Todd,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> of Frankfort, Kentucky; in the
+Louisville trade: 200 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>18th. The <i>Ohio</i>&mdash;built at New Albany by Messrs. Shreve and Blair; in the
+Louisville trade; 443 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>19th. The <i>Napoleon</i>&mdash;built at Shippingport in 1818, by Messrs. Shreve,
+Miller, and Breckenridge, of Louisville; in the Louisville trade; 332 tons
+burthen.</p>
+
+<p>20th. The <i>Volcano</i>&mdash;built at New Albany, by Messrs. John and Robertson De
+Hart, in 1808; in the Louisville trade; 250 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>21st. The <i>Gen. Jackson</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+R. Whiting of Pittsburg, and Gen. Carroll of Tennessee; in the Nashville
+trade; 200 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>22d. The <i>Eagle</i>&mdash;built at Cincinnati in 1818, owned by Messrs. James
+Berthoud and Son, of Shippingport, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 70
+tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>23d. The <i>Hecla</i>&mdash;built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs. Honore
+and Barbaroux, of Louisville, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 70 tons
+burthen.</p>
+
+<p>24th. The <i>Henderson</i>&mdash;built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Bowens, of Henderson, Kentucky; in the Henderson and Louisville trade; 85
+tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>25th. The <i>Johnson</i>&mdash;built at Wheeling in 1818, by George White, and owned
+by Messrs. J. and R. Johnson, of Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 90
+tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>26th. The <i>Cincinnati</i>&mdash;built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Peniwit and Burns, of Cincinnati, and Messrs. Paxton and Co. of New
+Albany; in the Louisville trade; 120 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>27th. The <i>Exchange</i>&mdash;built at Louisville in 1818, and owned by David L.
+Ward, of Jefferson county, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 200 tons
+burthen.</p>
+
+<p>28th. The <i>Louisiana</i>&mdash;built at New Orleans in 1818, and owned by Mr.
+Duplissa of New Orleans; in the Natchez trade; 45 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>29th. The <i>James Ross</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Whiting and Stackpole, of Pittsburg; in the Louisville trade. This boat
+has lately made a trip from New Orleans to Shippingport, in sixteen days
+and a half, having lost sixty one hours and eight minutes in discharging
+cargo on the way. Had on board 200 tons cargo; 330 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>30th. The <i>Frankfort</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Voorhies and Mitchell of Frankfort, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 320
+tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>31st. The <i>Tamerlane</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Boggs and Co., of New York; in the Louisville trade; 320 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>32d. The <i>Cedar Branch</i>&mdash;built in 1818, and owned at Maysville, Kentucky;
+in the Louisville trade; 250 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>33d. The <i>Experiment</i>&mdash;built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned at that
+place; 40 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>34th The <i>St Louis</i>&mdash;built at Shippingport in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Hewes, Douglass, Johnson and others; in the St. Louis trade; 220 tons
+burthen.</p>
+
+<p>35th. The <i>Vesta</i>&mdash;built at Cincinnati in 1817, and owned by Captain
+Jenkins of that place; in the Louisville trade; 100 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>36th. The <i>Rifleman</i>&mdash;built at Louisville in 1819, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> owned by Messrs.
+Butler and Barners, of Russelville, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 250
+tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>37th. The <i>Alabama</i>&mdash;a small boat, built on Lake Ponchetrane in 1818; in
+the Red River trade.</p>
+
+<p>38th. The <i>Rising States</i>&mdash;built at Pittsburg in 1819, and owned by W. F.
+Peterson and Co., of Louisville; in the Louisville trade.</p>
+
+<p>39th. The <i>General Pike</i>&mdash;built at Cincinnati in 1819, intended to ply
+between Louisville, Cincinnati, and Maysville, as a packet, and owned by a
+company in Cincinnati.</p>
+
+<p>40th. The <i>Independence</i>&mdash;owned by Captain Nelson, and intended to ply
+between Louisville and St. Louis.</p>
+
+<p>41st. The <i>United States</i>&mdash;built at Jeffersonville, Indiana, in 1819;
+owned by Hart and others, and has two separate engines, made in England.
+She is doubtless the finest merchant steamboat in the universe, drawing
+but little water, and capable of carrying 3000 bales of cotton; in the
+Louisville trade; 700 tons burthen.</p>
+
+<p>The interest of this subject and the quantity of material which presses
+upon us in regard to it have for awhile led us to forget the proper order
+of our history, to which it will be necessary now to revert. Commencing
+then with 1811 we have first to record the erection of a Catholic Chapel
+by the Rev. Mr. Badin. This building was situated upon a lot given by Mr.
+Tarascon, near the present corner of Eleventh and Main streets. It was
+built in the Gothic style, and was a small edifice. The lot upon which it
+stood was used as the cemetery of the church, and many years afterward in
+digging out Eleventh street; skulls, bones, and portions of bodies were
+thrown up from this graveyard.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span>With the opening of the year 1812, was commenced the first Bank ever
+instituted in Louisville. This was the branch of the Bank of Kentucky.
+Previous to this, there was an unincorporated establishment named the
+Louisville Bank, whose capital of about 75,000 dollars was thrown into
+this Bank, with an addition of 25,000 dollars, making for the first
+incorporated Bank a capital of 100,000 dollars. This bank was situated on
+the North side of Main street, near the corner of Fifth, and was under the
+direction of Thomas Prather,<a name='fna_11' id='fna_11' href='#f_11'><small>[11]</small></a> President, and John Bustard, Cashier. An
+additional impetus was also given to the commercial prosperity of the town
+by the establishment, during this year, of an iron foundry by Mr. Paul
+Skidmore. The attention of this foundry was directed to casting gudgeons
+for water and horse mills, dog and smoothing irons, and odd oven lids.
+From this small beginning arose that branch of industry now so large and
+of so vital importance to the city. A brief sketch of the progress of
+foundries since that time may be interesting to the reader. Mr. Skidmore
+was succeeded by Joshua Headington, who continued the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> description of
+business with little if any improvement until 1817, when he was in his
+turn succeeded by Prentiss and Bakewell, who undertook the building of
+Steam engines, getting a part of the machinery from Philadelphia, and a
+part from Pittsburg, but they did not succeed very satisfactorily until
+1825, when they built some engines for small boats which performed
+respectably. These gentlemen dissolved their connection about 1826. Mr.
+Prentiss continued the business a short time alone, and then sold one half
+of his establishment to Jacob Keffer, who was to superintend the foundry.
+In 1831, this foundry ceased operations, and Messrs. D. L. Beatty, John
+Curry, and Jacob Beckwith built a foundry and carried on successfully the
+casting and steam engine business. These gentlemen erected the first air
+furnace which ever proved of any value; built the first regular
+boring-mill, and substituted the blowing cylinder instead of the common
+wood and leather bellows. There are now six foundries for building
+steam-engines and machinery of all kinds in full operation, beside six
+extensive Stove Foundries.</p>
+
+<p>The legislature of the State passed an act during this year ordering Main
+street to be paved from cross No. 3 to cross No. 6, at the expense of the
+owners of lots fronting on said street. While the paving was progressing
+agreeably to this order, an honest Scotchman came by from the vicinity
+with a loaded wagon. &#8220;What&#8217;ll ye be doin&#8217; there?&#8221; was his salutation to
+the superintendent of the work. &#8220;Paving the street,&#8221; was the answer.
+&#8220;Pavin&#8217;, do ye say, weel, weel, when it&#8217;s done, I&#8217;ll willinly pay my peart
+o&#8217; it, for I hae had awfu&#8217; wark <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>gettin&#8217;
+through it a&#8217; before.&#8221; It is not recorded whether this honest gentleman was called on for his &#8220;peart,&#8221; but
+it is presumed he was enabled to enjoy these advantages gratis.</p>
+
+<p>It was also about this period that a Methodist church was built in this
+place. This church is the one referred to in the communication published a
+few pages previous. It was the second church of any kind ever built in the
+city, and was erected by the subscriptions of all the citizens. It was
+under the direction of the Methodists, but was opened to ministers of all
+denominations. It was situated on the North side of Market street between
+Seventh and Eighth. The house has since been converted into a dwelling and
+is still standing. It was soon found to be too small to accommodate the
+growing population of the town and was accordingly sold, and the present
+Fourth street Methodist Church built with the proceeds of that sale,
+assisted by the subscriptions of the citizens. This latter building was
+erected in 1815.</p>
+
+<p>In 1814 the town of Portland was laid out by Alexander Ralston, for the
+proprietor William Lytle. It was originally divided into Portland proper,
+and the enlargement of Portland. The lots in Portland proper were all half
+acre lots, and when laid out, were sold for two hundred dollars each. In
+1819 they had advanced to about one thousand dollars. The lots in the
+enlargement were three-fourths of an acre, and were sold at three hundred
+dollars each. This town was not established by law until 1834, and in 1837
+it was adjoined to the city. It has fulfilled the office of a suburb to
+Louisville, but has never at any time held prominent <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>importance among
+towns, and is chiefly worthy of notice now as a point of landing for the
+largest class of New Orleans boats at seasons when the stage of the river
+will not allow them to pass over the rapids. Although it was at one time
+predicted that &#8220;its future destinies might be regarded as those of a
+highly flourishing and important town,&#8221; it has never equalled the least
+sanguine hopes of its friends. It has no history of its own worthy of
+relation.</p>
+
+<p>During the same year the town of New Albany, in the State of Indiana,
+opposite to Portland, was laid out by its proprietors, the Messrs.
+Scribner. Its progress at first was slow, but the many advantages which it
+presented (firstly its extremely healthy location, and secondly the great
+quantity and excellent quality of ship timber in its vicinity,) soon
+established its prosperity. In 1819 it contained a population of about
+1000 souls, and had 150 dwelling houses. A historian of this latter period
+asserts that the inhabitants are <i>all</i> either Methodists or Presbyterians.
+It has now grown to be one of the most important towns in Indiana, and
+still promises renewed and increased prosperity. It would be hardly fair
+to class this flourishing city as a suburb of Louisville, and yet the two
+are so intimately connected that the prosperity or adversity of the one
+cannot but affect the other. The value of those relations will be shown
+hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>Some idea may be formed of the commercial prosperity of the town at this
+period by reference to the following manifest of the Barges and Keel
+boats, arrived at this port during the three months, ending July 18th,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+1814. There arrived during that period, 12 barges, in all 524 tons
+burthen, and 7 keel boats, in all 132 tons. The following is a manifest of
+cargoes delivered by these boats during that period.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>813 bales Cotton,</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>438 hhds. Sugar,</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>5 bbls. Molasses,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>26 bbls. and kegs fish,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1267 bbls. Sugar,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>128 bbls. Coffee,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>28 cases Wine,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>12 Boxes<span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>339 bags<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 bbl.<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 bbl. Fish Oil,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>5 cases Preserves,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 bag and 1 bbl. Allspice,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 bags Pepper,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>29 bbls. Indigo,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>6 ceroons Cochineal,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>28 bales Wool,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 ceroons<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 demij. and 1 bbl. lime juice,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>21<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">Hides,</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>6 tons Logwood,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Bale Bear Skins,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>453<span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">dry,</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>18000 lbs. pig cop&#8217;r,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>28 boxes Steel,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 bbl. Rice,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 box Crockery,</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="5">The probable value of these articles was estimated at $266,015.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>It was during the same year that Messrs. Jacob and Hikes put into
+successful operation a paper mill at this point. The Western Courier was
+issued on paper manufactured at this mill.</p>
+
+<p>A very great barrier to the progress of the town at this period consisted
+in its great unhealthiness. Owing to the vast reservoirs of standing water
+which still remained in and about the town, there was a great deal of
+bilious and remittent fever, &#8220;often sufficiently aggravated to entitle it
+to the name of <i>yellow fever</i>.&#8221; It will be recollected that reference has
+been heretofore made to this subject. At this period, a new alarm was
+raised, and it was found difficult to get people even to bring produce to
+the markets of the town. Acclimation was considered, and indeed <i>was</i>
+absolutely necessary. The newspapers of the day teem with indignation at
+the course pursued by the neighboring and rival towns in circulating
+aggravated accounts of the progress of disease here. But even the warmest
+friends of Louisville<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> did not pretend to deny that it was extremely
+unhealthy. One of these writing soon after this date, says: &#8220;To affirm
+that Louisville is a healthy place would be absurd, but it is much more so
+than the thousand tongues of fame would make us believe; and as many of
+the causes which prevent it from becoming perfectly so, can be removed, a
+few years hence may find the favorable alterations accomplished, and so do
+away with the general impression of its being the grave-yard of the
+Western country.&#8221; As is well known, this prediction has been verified, and
+from the reputation of a grave-yard, Louisville has now everywhere
+attained the title of the most healthy city in America.</p>
+
+<p>With the commencement of the next year, 1815, we are again enabled to give
+the following very accurate tabular view of the political position of the
+
+city. The following table will clearly show its past growth, and give an
+accurate idea of its size, commerce, and manufactures at that time.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>24 Merchantile Stores,</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>5 Medicine shops,</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>3 House Painters,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Book<span style="margin-left: 4em;">do,</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>8 Boot makers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>4 Chair makers,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Auction and Commission, store,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>4 Cabinet makers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>5 Tailors,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Clothing store,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 Coach<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">do,</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>5 Hatters,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Leather<span style="margin-left: 1em;">do,</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Gun Smith,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>3 Saddlers,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Druggist&#8217;s do,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Silver do,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 Coppersmiths,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Plan maker,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 Printing offices,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Steam Saw mill,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Carding and Spinning factory,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Soap factory,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Nail factory,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Tin Shop,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Air foundry,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>6 Blacksmiths,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4 Bazars,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>4 Bakers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Brewer,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4 Rope Walks,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 Tobacco factories,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Bagging factory,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4 High Schools,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>6 Brick Yards,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Stone ware, do,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Theater,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Tan Yard,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Meth. church,</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="5">2 Taverns, (inferior to none in the Western country, and several others of less note.)</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>The only other event belonging to this year which may be considered worthy
+of note was the arrival on the 1st of June of the steamboat Enterprize,
+Captain Shreve, <i>only 25 days from New Orleans</i>! This trip then so
+astonishingly speedy is made the subject of remark in the newspapers of
+the day, and Captain Shreve is every where congratulated on &#8220;the <i>celerity
+and safety</i> with which his boat ascends and descends the currents of these
+mighty waters.&#8221; These congratulations or at least a part of them were
+received just in time, for in about a year afterwards, this same gentleman
+proved that his navigation was not always alike <i>safe</i> and speedy. On the
+3d June, 1816, he was in command of the steamer Washington, bound from
+Pittsburg for Louisville, when she met with the first serious disaster
+which had ever occurred in the steamboat navigation of the Ohio. When near
+Wheeling this boat burst her cylinder-head, killing seven persons and
+injuring several others, Capt. Shreve among the latter number. This
+accident elicited a degree of sympathy and occasioned an amount of alarm,
+which a much more severe steamboat disaster would now fail to produce.</p>
+
+<p>The following announcement from one of the newspapers of the day, gives an
+account of the launching of the first steamboat ever built at this point;
+and shows that despite of accident and danger, the citizens had fairly
+embarked in a business that has since been so productive to the interests
+of the city. &#8220;On Monday the 3d of July, was safely launched from her
+stocks, at the mouth of Beargrass into her destined element, the elegant
+new steamboat Gov. Shelby, owned by Messrs. Gray, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>Gwathmey, Gretsinger
+and Ruble of this town. The Gov. Shelby is intended as a regular trader
+between this place and New Orleans, is of 122 tons burden, and is thought
+by judges to be one of the handsomest models, which does great credit to
+her constructors, Messrs. Desmarie and McClary.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It was at this period that the old banking system was in the zenith of its
+power. The whole country was flooded with paper money of all kinds and of
+all denominations. Specie currency was almost entirely out of circulation,
+having been supplanted by private bills, worthless bank notes, and all
+other kinds of &#8220;shin plasters.&#8221; This sort of currency was the occasion of
+innumerable disasters; all confidence was destroyed in the community, and
+pecuniary transactions were of course limited. The scarcity of silver was
+the subject of much merriment as well as the cause of grievous distress.
+At one time a specie Spanish dollar is advertised as a curiosity, and the
+citizens are invited to witness an exhibition of it; at another, a
+merchant promises to show, gratis, four silver Spanish coins to all who
+will call and purchase at his store. The tradesmen generally, however,
+took a more serious view of the matter; and on the 29th August, 1816,
+called upon the Merchants and Mechanics of the town &#8220;to assemble at the
+Union Hotel on Saturday afternoon at 6 P. M., to take into consideration
+the measures necessary to be adopted to check the circulation of private
+bills, &amp;c.&#8221; The result of this meeting, however, never transpired; and as
+the shin-plaster currency continued its baleful operations for many years
+afterward, it is to be supposed that the Merchants and Mechanics of
+Louisville<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> either could not concert, or could not execute the aforesaid
+&#8220;necessary measures.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Notwithstanding, however, all the disadvantages accruing from this state
+of disordered currency, the year did not pass by without adding another to
+the increasing list of manufactories in the town. This other was an
+immense distillery, organized by a company formed in New England, and
+incorporated by the legislature of this State. It was called the &#8220;Hope
+Distillery,&#8221; and had a capital of $100,000 dollars, with the liberty of
+increasing it to double that amount. This Company purchased one hundred
+acres of ground at the lower end of Main street, opposite to the
+commencement of Portland Avenue, and erected immense buildings thereon,
+intending to conduct their business on a more extensive scale than any
+before established in the United States. This enormous establishment
+however did not realize the expectations of its proprietors, and the
+project was abandoned. The buildings remained almost tenantless and
+useless for many years. They were finally burned.</p>
+
+<p>As if to counterbalance the prospective evil likely to be produced by this
+enormous manufactory of &#8220;poison for soul and body,&#8221; there was established
+about the same time the first Presbyterian Church in Louisville. It was
+organized by exactly sixteen members, but it was not until the next year
+that a building was erected for them. The acts of the legislature of this
+year also incorporated a Louisville Library Company.</p>
+
+<p>The account of the year 1816 will be closed with an extract from the
+travels of Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon, the title-page of whose book
+represents him as deputed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> by thirty-nine English families to ascertain
+whether any or what parts of the United States would be agreeable to them
+as a future residence. His account of the town is of course honest, so far
+as he is concerned, and unprejudiced, and as such is entitled to its share
+of consideration. At any rate he treats the subject more in detail than
+most foreign travelers have done. He says: &#8220;Having been twice in
+Louisville, I boarded at both hotels; Allen&#8217;s Washington Hall, and
+Gwathing&#8217;s [Gwathmey&#8217;s] Indian Queen. They are similar establishments, and
+both on a very large scale; the former averages 80 boarders per diem; and
+the latter 140. The hotels are conducted differently here from those with
+which you are acquainted. The place for washing is in the open yard, where
+there is a large cistern, several towels, and a negro in attendance. The
+sleeping rooms commonly contain from 4 to 8 bedsteads, having matresses
+upon them, but frequently no feather beds, sheets of calico, two blankets
+and a quilt, (either a cotton counterpane or a patchwork quilt.) The
+bedsteads have no curtains, and the rooms are generally unprovided with
+any conveniences. The public rooms are the news room, boot room, in which
+the bar is situated, and the dining room. The fires are generally
+surrounded by parties of six, who get and keep possession of them. The
+usual custom is to pace up and down the bar room as people walk the deck
+at sea. Smoking cigars is practised by all without exception, and at every
+hour of the day. Argument is of rare occurrence, and social intercourse
+seems still more unusual. Conversation on general topics, or the taking
+enlarged or enlightened views of things rarely occurs; each man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> is in
+pursuit of his own individual interest, and follows it in an
+individualized manner. But to return to the taverns; at half past seven
+o&#8217;clock the first bell rings for collecting the boarders; at eight the
+second bell rings, breakfast is then set, the dining room is unlocked, a
+general rush commences, and some activity as well as dexterity is
+essentially necessary to obtain a seat at the table. A boy, as clerk,
+attends to take down the names, in order that when the bills are settled
+no improper deduction should be made. The breakfast consists of a profuse
+supply of fish, flesh, and fowl, which is consumed with a rapidity truly
+extraordinary. Often before I had finished my first cup of tea, the room,
+before crowded to suffocation, was empty. The dinner which takes place at
+2 o&#8217;clock, and the supper which is eaten at six is conducted in the same
+manner as the breakfast. At table there is no conversation and no
+drinking. The latter is effected by individuals taking their solitary
+eye-openers, toddy, or phlegm dispersers at the bar, the keeper of which
+is in full employ from sunrise till bed-time which is always at ten
+o&#8217;clock. Liquor here is never drunk <i>neat</i> or with sugar and warm water.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Speaking of the society of Louisville, the same Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon
+takes it upon himself to say: &#8220;I do not feel myself competent to confirm
+or to deny the general claim of the people of this town to generosity and
+warmth of character. Of their habits I would also wish to speak with equal
+diffidence, [and here is a proof of it!] but that they drink a great deal,
+swear a great deal, and gamble a great deal, is very apparent to a very
+brief resident. There is a great lack of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>amusement in Louisville; the
+only one I saw was called &#8216;Gander Pulling,&#8217; which is thus conducted. Tie a
+live gander to a tree or pole and grease its neck, then ride past at full
+gallop, and he who succeeds in pulling off the head of the victim,
+receives the victory, the reward of which is the body of the gander. I
+think I have heard of a similar <i>pastime</i> as practiced in Holland. But
+these,&#8221; generously adds Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon, &#8220;are not to be taken as
+unmixed characteristics.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>By dint of great exertions on the part of the inhabitants of the town,
+they at last succeeded in procuring the location of a branch bank of the
+United States at this point. This bank was opened in 1817 under the
+auspices of the following gentlemen: Stephen Ormsby, President; Wm.
+Cochran, Cashier; G. C. Gwathmey, Teller; Alfred Thruston, First
+Bookkeeper; Thomas Bullitt, D. L. Ward, Richard Furguson, M. D., Norburn,
+B. Beale, Thomas Prather, John H. Clark, Henry Massie, Charles S. Todd,
+Wm. S. Vernon, James C. Johnson, M. D., John Gwathmey and James D.
+Breckinridge, Directors. It was situated at the north-east corner of Fifth
+and Main Streets. This bank does not however seem to have been more
+agreeable to the citizens than were its predecessors. &#8220;It is very
+evident,&#8221; says the first historian of the city, &#8220;that the people of this
+country are ruining themselves by banking institutions as fast as they
+cleverly can.&#8221; The history of this bank does not present any different
+features from that of its sister branches.</p>
+
+<p>The next important event in this year was the building of the Presbyterian
+Church. This edifice was erected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> on the west side of Fourth Street,
+between Market and Jefferson, on the north-west corner of the alley. It
+was a neat, plain, but spacious building. The interior was divided into
+three rows of pews, and was furnished with galleries on three sides; the
+exterior was brick, and was adorned with a steeple in which was a belfry
+and a superb bell. Its first pastor was Rev. D. C. Banks. This church was
+destroyed by fire in 1836. All who were residents in the city at that time
+will remember this conflagration. The building took fire in the evening
+during a meeting of the church. The efforts of the citizens to preserve it
+from destruction were energetic and continued, but unavailing. When it was
+found that it was no longer possible to save the building, all efforts
+were directed toward the preservation of the bell. This splendid
+instrument, the first large bell ever in the city, was esteemed and
+venerated to a degree far beyond that which is usually felt for inanimate
+objects; it had a hold upon the affections of all ages, sexes and classes
+of people, as well the inhabitants as those who visited the city
+periodically. It was used to announce all public tidings, whether of
+meetings, fires, or deaths. Its clear and silvery notes were heard for
+miles around, and brought joy, or terror, or wo to a thousand hearts; all
+within the sound of its mighty tongue had learned to know and love its
+voice; and now, that its destruction was threatened, a thousand hearts
+thrilled with fear of its loss or throbbed with hope of its salvation.
+Still the devouring element crept on apace, and still, like the old
+sacristan of Saint Nicholas, stood the ringer at his post, and still went
+on the loud clanging alarum of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> bell. Soon the pillars which supported
+the dome of the belfry were wrapt in sheets of flame, but the alarm peal
+still rang on as if the imprisoned monster was yet undespairing, and cried
+aloud &#8220;to the rescue!&#8221; Then the falling timbers and flakes of fire drove
+the ringer from his post. For a while the bell still pealed on &#8220;in a
+clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire,&#8221; till at last the wheel on
+which it hung was wrapped in flames. Then came its despair, and as spoke
+after spoke burnt from the wheel, it slowly tolled&mdash;tolled its own
+death-knell; heedless it was of the brilliant coruscations of flame that
+fell in showers around it, as the covering of the dome broke from its
+fastenings and shot upward in the light and then fell, leaving a train of
+fire to mark its path; heedless of the soaring flames, of the upgazing
+crowd; thinking only of its approaching dissolution. Slowly and solemnly
+it tolled the funeral knell, and with the last stroke of its hammer, and
+the last dazzling off-shoot from the dome, tower, bell, and dome all came
+down with a tremendous crash. The crowd had ceased to work, had ceased to
+speak; all eyes were upon the self-ringing bell, and all felt the poetic
+power and beauty of the incident. And now that it was fallen, no single
+voice sent up the hurrah, no rude sound desecrated the moment. The engines
+again began their combat, and all went on as before. The bell was the next
+day exhumed from its bed and carried away by piecemeal to be kept as
+relics of the incident of its death-struggle.</p>
+
+<p>The second event of this year was the incorporation of a hospital company
+which consisted of twelve <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>prominent citizens, who were authorized to
+obtain a sum not exceeding $50,000, to be applied to this purpose. Mr.
+Thos. Prather contributed five, and Mr. Cuthbert Bullitt two acres of land
+as a site for the institution. This establishment was supported by a duty
+of two per cent, on auction sales in Louisville. Its interests are fully
+set forth in the wretchedly written preamble of the act incorporating it,
+which is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Whereas it is represented, that of those engaged in navigating the Ohio
+and Mississippi rivers, many persons, owing to the fatigue and exposure
+incident to long voyages, become sick and languish at the town of
+Louisville, where the commerce in which they are engaged sustains a pause,
+occasioned by the falls of the Ohio river; that the charity of the
+citizens of that town and county is no longer able to minister to those
+poor unfortunate persons, the support and attention which the necessities
+of the latter, and the humanity of the former would seem to demand and
+prescribe; that the growing character of Louisville, as a place as well of
+import as of export, and the growing commerce of this State and of the
+western country connected with that place threatens to throw an increased
+mass of sick upon the citizens of that town and country, to the comfort
+and support of whom the resources subject to the exactions of charity
+would be unequal, and applied as individual sympathy might dictate,
+unavailing; and that it would be wise and humane to incorporate an
+institution at that place, for the relief, sustenance, comfort and
+restoration of the poor and the afflicted of the description aforesaid:
+Wherefore, &amp;c.&#8221; In 1811, the Legislature made a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>donation of $10,000, and
+in 1822 a similar gift of $7,500 to this hospital. It is now in the hands
+of the city, and is used as a clinique by the medical schools here. The
+original building yet stands, but has been remodeled and improved.</p>
+
+<p>In this year the small-pox made fearful ravages in the town, and, &#8220;owing,&#8221;
+as Dr. McMurtrie says, &#8220;to the slothful negligence of the civil
+authorities, it was impossible to prevent its innoculating the place for
+several years.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The last incident which will be mentioned in connection with this year was
+a dinner given on the 27th of April, 1817, to Capt. H. M. Shreve, as a
+testimony of the consideration in which he was held as a steamboat
+navigator, and particularly with a view to congratulate him on the very
+expeditious voyage he had performed from Louisville to New Orleans and
+back. This voyage was made by the steamer Washington, and, as will be seen
+by reference to the list of steamboats published in the earlier part of
+this volume, was performed in the very brief period of <i>forty-five days</i>!
+Capt. De Hart was also invited to partake of this dinner, the committee
+assuring him of their highest respect, and that they would have been early
+to make him public testimonials of this respect but for fear that it would
+be construed into a countenance of the course the concern to which he was
+attached, has been, and is pursuing. Reference is here had to the Fulton
+and Livingston Company, who were still seeking to monopolize the
+navigation of the western rivers. Mr. Norborn B. Beale was President, and
+Maj. C. P. Luckett Vice President, on this occasion. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> Committee of
+Invitation consisted of J. Headington, Levi Tyler and Jas. A. Pearce.
+Toasts were drunk to several of the Presidents, to the 19 United States,
+to the Ohio and Mississippi, to the State of Louisiana, to New York, to
+Fulton, Shreve, De Hart and others. The following toast shows that
+Louisville had yet some fears of the rivalry of her neighbors: 12th. &#8220;<i>Our
+Sister-towns of Lexington and Frankfort</i>&mdash;let us have equal privileges in
+a fair competition, that local advantages and individual enterprise may
+insure pre-eminence.&#8221; It is said that at this dinner, Mr. Shreve predicted
+that a trip from New Orleans to Louisville would be effected in ten or
+twelve days, but this was looked upon rather as the dream of an enthusiast
+than as the sober calculations of a sagacious man. Mr. Shreve, however,
+and many of his hosts lived to see the prediction more than fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest event in the next year which deserves notice here, was the
+death of General George Rogers Clarke. The remains of this distinguished
+man, who was so intimately connected with the earlier history of
+Louisville, were interred at his residence at Locust Grove on the 15th
+February, 1818. The members of the bar and a large assemblage of persons
+attended. Rev. Mr. Banks officiated on the occasion, and John Rowan, Esq.,
+delivered the funeral oration. Minute guns were fired during the ceremony
+under the direction of Capt. Minor Sturgus, and the whole procession was
+conducted in a very solemn manner. The members of the bar of the Circuit
+Court, and the few remaining officers of the revolution in the
+neighborhood, resolved to wear crape on the left arm for thirty days, as a
+testimony of respect to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> the deceased hero. The spot where his remains now
+rest is yet unmarked by a stone.</p>
+
+<p>We are enabled to present the reader with a price current published during
+this year. No document could be offered which would give a more definite
+idea of the state of commerce at this period. It is as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Bagging</span>&mdash;30c.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Whisky</span>&mdash;62@75c.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Corn</span>&mdash;42@62.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Cotton</span>&mdash;33@35c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Glass</span>&mdash;8x10, $14@15.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Molasses</span>&mdash;$1 50.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Wheat</span>&mdash;60@75c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">White Lead</span>&mdash;$6.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Tobacco</span>&mdash;$4 75@5.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Coffee</span>&mdash;35@37c. No demand&mdash;scarce.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Sugar</span>&mdash;16@18c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Teas</span>&mdash;$2 25@2 50.</td>
+    <td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Oats</span>&mdash;42@50c.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">FREIGHTS.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Tobacco, 1c per lb.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>Flour, $1 50 per bbl.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>Pork and Whisky, $2 per bbl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Light Freight, 6c per lb.</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">Heavy Freight, 4&#189;c per lb.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>By the assessment of this year the value of lots in the town is computed
+at $3,131,463.</p>
+
+<p>About the 24th of November, Louisville boasted another Bank. This was the
+Commercial Bank of Louisville. Its officers were: Levi Tyler, President;
+Abijah Bayless, Cashier; J. C. Blair, Clerk. Its paper is said by Dr.
+McMurtrie, to have been in as good credit as that of the United States
+Bank. Its capital is computed by him at $1,000,000. More recent accounts
+however, do not speak so favorably of its affairs.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of July, still of this year, Mr. S. Penn commenced the
+publication of the Public Advertiser here; a paper which for editorial
+talent and skill, as well as for political influence, has been equalled by
+few and exceeded by none in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In 1819, Dr. McMurtrie, of whom mention has been so often made in these
+pages, published his Sketches of Louisville. That part of his book which
+refers directly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> to the city is comprised in about one hundred pages. The
+whole book however contains about two hundred and fifty pages, 16mo; it
+was published by Mr. S. Penn, and is a very creditable specimen of the art
+of book-making. The greater part of the volume is filled with scientific
+researches, and in an appendix there is placed an account of the
+earthquakes by Jared Brooks, Esq. There is also a scientific catalogue of
+the plants found in the vicinity of the city, and a history of the
+geological and antiquarian remains of this part of the country. Of the
+value of this information in a scientific point of view, we are not
+prepared to speak; the &#8220;Sketches&#8221; present, doubtless a very correct view
+of Louisville, as it was in 1819. Notwithstanding this book has been so
+often drawn upon for isolated facts in the course of this history, it will
+not be considered unfair to offer the reader still another extract,
+showing a sort of daguerreotype view of the city as it then was; and this
+will be the more pardonable as the book itself is no longer &#8220;in print.&#8221;
+Dr. McMurtrie says: &#8220;There are at this time in Louisville six hundred and
+seventy dwelling houses, principally brick ones, some of which would
+suffer little by being compared with any of the most elegant private
+edifices of Philadelphia or New York. It was calculated pretty generally
+that from two hundred and fifty to three hundred brick buildings would
+have been erected during the last summer, but such was the scarcity of
+money, that not more than twelve to fourteen were completed; preparations,
+however, are making to proceed rapidly in the business in the ensuing
+season, the influx of strangers being so great, that many of them can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+scarcely find shelter. The population now amounts to 4500 souls; so rapid
+is the increase of this number that in all probability, it will be trebled
+in less than ten years.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Commercial cities of all newly settled countries, whose inhabitants are
+gathered from every corner of the earth, who have immigrated thither with
+but one single object in view, that of acquiring money, are stamped with
+no general character, except that of frugality, attention to business, and
+an inordinate attachment to money. Absorbed in this great interest of
+adding dollar upon dollar, no time is devoted to literature or the
+acquirement of those graceful nothings which, of no value in themselves,
+still constitute one great charm of polished society. Such is the
+character of the inhabitants of this place in general, &#8216;ma ogni medaglio
+ha il suo reverso.&#8217; There is a circle, small &#8217;tis true, but within whose
+magic round abounds every pleasure that wealth, regulated by taste, or
+urbanity can bestow. There the &#8216;red heel&#8217; of Versailles may imagine
+himself in the emporium of fashion, and whilst leading beauty through the
+mazes of the dance, forget that he is in the wilds of America. The
+theater, public and private balls, a sober game of whist, or the more
+scientific one of billiards, with an occasional re-union of friends around
+the festive board, constitute the principal amusements; and it is with
+pleasure I am able to assert, without fear of contradiction, that gaming
+forms no part of them. Whatever may have been the case <i>formerly</i>, there
+is hardly at the present day, a vestige to be seen of this ridiculous and
+disgraceful practice; and if it exists at all, it is only to be found in
+the secret dens of midnight swindlers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> within whose walls once to enter
+is dishonor, infamy, and ruin.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The prices of lots at this time were about $300 per foot for those
+occupying the best situations.</p>
+
+<p>The following list if compared with the similar one for 1815, published a
+few pages earlier, will give the reader a very correct idea of the ratio
+of progress here for four years. There were at this time in Louisville:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>3 Banks,</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>36 Wholesale &amp; Retail Stores,</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td>14 Wholesale &amp; Com&#8217;n Stores,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>3 Bookstores,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>3 Printing Offices,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>3 Drugstores,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Nail Factory,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>28 Groceries,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 Confectioner&#8217;s Shops,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>2 Hotels,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>4 good Taverns,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>6 Bakehouses,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>10 Blacksmiths,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>6 Saddlers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 Carriagemakers,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>8 Tailors,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Silver Plater,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Gunsmith,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>3 Watchmakers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>10 Cabinetmakers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>3 Chair Factories,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Stone Cutter,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Upholsterer,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Potter,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>4 Turners,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>5 Hatters,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>200 Carpenters,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>30 Plasterers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>6 Shoemakers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>150 Bricklayers,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>12 Lawyers,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>22 Physicians,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Brass Foundry,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>6 Brickyards,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Air Foundry,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Steam Engine Factory,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>2 Breweries,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 Steam Saw Mills,</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>2 Distilleries,</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1 Music store.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>5 Tobacco Factories.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1 Sugar Refinery.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>We find by an advertisement in the Courier of February 12th, in this year,
+that J. J. Audubon, the world-renowned ornithologist, was at that time
+endeavoring to procure a class in drawing, and was offering to paint
+portraits here, which his advertisement promises shall be &#8220;strong
+likenesses.&#8221; This gentleman was for some time a resident of this city. His
+son was for many years employed as a clerk in the store of Mr. N. Berthoud
+at Shippingport.</p>
+
+<p>On the 23d of June, 1819, the President of the United States and suite,
+accompanied by Gen. Jackson and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> suite, arrived in Louisville, where they
+remained until the following Saturday. A public dinner and a ball was
+given to these distinguished persons, and general hilarity and good
+feeling distinguished the occasion.</p>
+
+<p>This chapter, as well as the history of this year will be concluded with a
+string of rhymes which, though not highly meritorious in themselves, still
+serve to show the feelings of the people in regard to the much-talked-of
+apathy of their rulers, and let us into the history of the times as fully
+as would the graver chroniclers. These versicles are said to be extracts
+from a letter.</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;You know I informed you when I landed here,<br />
+This town was not handsome, and living darned dear,<br />
+The streets were all ponds, and I&#8217;m told the Trustees<br />
+Had sooner wade thro&#8217; them, quite up to the knees,<br />
+Than incur the expense to have them drained off.<br />
+Complain to their honors, they sneer, laugh or scoff,<br />
+And say, we&#8217;ve no money; and you very well know,<br />
+Without this intercessor the mare will not go.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span></span><br />
+&#8217;Tis whispered about, how true I shan&#8217;t say,<br />
+The people&#8217;s oft taxed, and always made pay;<br />
+And who handles the cash? the Lord only knows,<br />
+Or what road it travels&mdash;for what, it all goes&mdash;<br />
+Is a mystery to all; no improvements they see,<br />
+&#8217;Tis sarcastically said, there never will be.<br />
+If the great men of fortune don&#8217;t aid or direct<br />
+The improvement of town, it will ne&#8217;er take effect.<br />
+Alas, these poor souls, if they secure their own health,<br />
+Let us wallow in <i>mud</i>, while they&#8217;re rolling in wealth!<br />
+Could you see these <i>great folks</i>, I protest you would laugh,<br />
+And swear on each <i>body</i> stuck the head of a calf.<br />
+I&#8217;d say you were right&mdash;with hearts hard as a stone;<br />
+When applied to for <i>alms</i> or asked for a <i>loan</i>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span></span>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span><br />
+Before I left home, one night at aunt Kate&#8217;s<br />
+A confab we had concerning new States,<br />
+I then said what since to my sorrow proved true,<br />
+When settled in old States never emigrate to new,<br />
+You called me false prophet, said to Louisville hie,<br />
+Which for beauty and commerce would with Boston soon vie,<br />
+And moreover you said a <i>great man</i> I could be,<br />
+If I&#8217;d take for my text: boys, huzza, we&#8217;re all free.<br />
+<br />
+Dear sir, how you erred, Kentucky&#8217;s quite changed;<br />
+If you say here, we&#8217;re free, folks vow you deranged,<br />
+For our keen wealthy Yankees located here,<br />
+Rule the natives by art, it cannot be fear;<br />
+For I&#8217;ve seen them so rave, curse and swear so uncivil;<br />
+&#8217;Twould shake &#8216;<i>steady habits</i>&#8217; quite as much as the d&mdash;&mdash;l.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span><span class="spacer">*</span></span><br />
+Now you&#8217;ll own without money man <i>here</i> has less chance<br />
+Than Don Quixote in combat, deprived of his lance.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The next ten years of this history do not promise to be as rich in
+incident for the historian, or as full of practical value to the city, as
+were the few years just chronicled. A number of causes were operating at
+this time to retard the prosperity of the town, and but for the vigor with
+which it was endued, it must have sunk under the misfortunes which
+surrounded it. Evil reports, prejudicial to its health; garbled accounts
+from rival cities of the mortality here; a lamentably disordered state of
+currency, a Board of Trustees whose inefficiency was constantly complained
+of, were all opposing the growth of the town; and had it not, as has been
+before said, inherently possessed the elements of its own progress, it
+must have faded, and might have been entirely destroyed by the pressure of
+these untoward circumstances. For about two years the western country had
+been laboring under the operations of shaving and brokerage; there was not
+at this time a single bank west of the mountains whose paper could be
+passed at a fair value, except in the immediate neighborhood of the bank
+itself, and there were not more than three or four that pretended to pay
+their notes in money. The paper of the Bank of Kentucky was at a discount,
+and there was no hope of its improving. Tennessee and Ohio were in a
+similar, if not a worse condition. The paper of the United States Bank was
+alone merchantable at its value, and upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> Louisville, as the great
+commercial mart of the western country, must these circumstances weigh
+most heavily. Despite all these disadvantages, however, the town did
+progress, not so rapidly as its past course would have promised, but with
+a rational and steady improvement. One of the drawbacks mentioned above
+was beginning to be removed. The new Trustees of the town began to
+prosecute their measures of improvement with some degree of energy. Wells
+were dug; pavements laid; streets graded; ponds drained; and a general
+activity prevailed which showed some attention toward making the town more
+desirable as a residence, both in point of comfort and of health. The
+removal of the causes o&pound; disease, however, could not be instantaneous, and
+even if they had been it would have required time to convince those
+disposed to emigrate hither of the fact.</p>
+
+<p>The first act of the Trustees in the year 1820 was to order the purchase
+of two or three fire-engines. Conflagrations had recently become of not
+uncommon occurrence, and the means for combating them were so few in
+number, and so incompetent in character, that this measure had become
+entirely necessary to the safety of the town. Accordingly, Thomas Prather,
+Cuthbert Bullitt and Peter B. Orsmby were appointed a committee to
+purchase suitable fire-engines for the use of the city. This being done,
+the town was laid off into three wards, and Coleman Daniel, Daniel
+McAllister and Peter Wolford were appointed, one to each ward, to obtain
+each 40 members to work these engines. These members were to elect each a
+Captain of the engine and such other officers as might be necessary, and
+to adopt rules<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> for their own government. Public cisterns, or other like
+conveniences for the use of firemen, were then unknown. Each citizen was
+required to keep two or more leather fire-buckets on his premises, while a
+larger number of the same were kept at the engine houses. These were taken
+to the fire, and two lines of men formed from the engine, which was
+stationed near the fire, to the nearest water. One of these lines was
+occupied in passing buckets filled with water, which, when they arrived at
+the engine, were poured into it; and the other in passing back the empty
+buckets to be refilled, it was by this tedious process alone that they
+were enabled successfully to combat a fire.</p>
+
+<p>Although tables of various sorts, showing the progressive increase of the
+town, have been from time laid before the reader, yet the events of
+thirteen years have been passed over without offering to his inspection
+that most conclusive of documentary evidence, the tax list. It may be
+remembered that the assessment of 1807 amounted to $913 50. The following
+list for 1821 will give a clear idea of the increased value of property
+since that time.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">VALUATION OF GROUND AND IMPROVEMENTS, $1,189,664 00.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Assessed Taxes on same</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$4,637 68</td></tr>
+<tr><td>On 14 1st rate Retail Stores at $30</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">420 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">24 2d</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">$20</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">540 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">7 3d</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">$10</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">70 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">26 Tavern Licenses</span><span style="margin-left: 2.85em;">$10</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">260 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">70 Carriage Wheels</span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">50c</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">35 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">2 Billiard Tables</span><span style="margin-left: 3.5em;">$17</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right" class="botbor">34 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Total</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">$5 996 68</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>The following is a census of the population, taken at this period:<a name='fna_12' id='fna_12' href='#f_12'><small>[12]</small></a></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Free white males to 10 years of age</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">346</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">10 to 16</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">152</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">16 to 26</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">498</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">26 to 45</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">707</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">45 and upwards</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">121</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&mdash;&mdash;</td><td>1324</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Free white females to 10 years of age:</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">356</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">10 to 16</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">132</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">16 to 26</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">273</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">26 to 45</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">232</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;">45 and upwards</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">69</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&mdash;&mdash;</td><td>1062</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Total White Population</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1886</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blacks, including free persons of color</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>1126</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Total</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>4012</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Of whom there are engaged in Commerce</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">128</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.25em;">Manufactures</span></td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">591</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Foreigners</td>
+    <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">94</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>On the 3d of March in this year Mr. Nicholas Clarke associated with him,
+in the publication of the Western Courier, Messrs. S. H. Bullen and A. G.
+Merriweather. After this period the name of the paper was changed to The
+Emporium and Commercial Advertiser, and it was issued semi-weekly instead
+of weekly. This connection, however, was not of long duration, for in
+February &#8217;22, Messrs. Clarke &amp; Merriweather left the establishment,
+transferring their interest to Mr. Bullen and Mr. F. E. Goddard. The paper
+finally came into the hands of this latter gentleman alone, and its
+publication was stopped while under his management. Mr. Goddard will be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+remembered by most of the citizens of Louisville. He was the preceptor of
+a great many of the younger men now here, and was universally beloved and
+respected. His genial humor, his extraordinary scholarship and his fine
+qualities of heart made him the admiration of his friends, while his
+faithful discharge of all his duties and his firm and unwaving efforts to
+improve the minds and morals of his numerous pupils, cause them to respect
+his memory, and call forth alike their gratitude and their veneration. No
+man has ever occupied Mr. Goddard&#8217;s position who enjoyed more universally
+or more meritedly the regard of his fellow citizens.</p>
+
+<p>In May, still of this year, a branch bank of the Commonwealth was located
+here. From an article in the Emporium it would seem that this bank was
+established without one dollar of specie capital and hence its notes were
+sold at very large rates of discount. The paper of this bank and that of
+the Bank of Kentucky formed almost the only currency at the time, and as
+merchants, in order to pay their calls abroad, were obliged to buy specie
+or Eastern funds at a great advance, they naturally enough refused these
+bills at par value. This seems to have been a grievous trouble to the
+management of the bank at Frankfort, and it was suggested by them that the
+Legislature should remove the branch established here to &#8220;some other
+situation where love of country, love of truth and love of general
+prosperity might overcome the combinations of the weak and wicked.&#8221; This
+removal, however, was not effected.</p>
+
+<p>It was also during this year that a night watch was established, who were
+paid by a subscription of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>citizens and not from the treasury of the
+town. B. Morgan, C. Sly and M. Woolston were the first persons elected to
+this office.</p>
+
+<p>1822&mdash;The first event of the next year was the authorization by the
+Trustees of the issue of town notes, varying in denomination from twelve
+and a half cents to one dollar, the aggregate value of all of which was
+not to exceed four thousand dollars. These notes, however, did not meet
+with the usual fate of the shinplaster currency, for in about a year
+afterward we find an order of the Trustees for counting and destroying
+them, leaving the impression either that they were not put into
+circulation or were redeemed and so withdrawn from a market already
+glutted with such trash.</p>
+
+<p>It was during the year 1822 that the town was visited by a dreadful
+epidemic. Dr. John P. Harrison, late of Cincinnati and formerly of this
+city, a physician of distinguished ability, has published a minute and
+highly valuable account of this epidemic in the Philadelphia Medical
+Journal, Vol. 8. The disease was a highly aggravated bilious fever, so
+terrible as to deserve the dreaded name of yellow fever. The mortality was
+very great and the alarm existing on account of it throughout the whole
+interior of the neighboring States was of the most exciting character. The
+season was an unhealthy one throughout the West, but the scourge fell most
+heavily upon Louisville, probably on account of the miasma from her many
+ponds. The scourge here, as Dr. Drake says in his valuable history of the
+diseases of the Valley of North America, amounted almost to depopulation.
+The Trustees were by it awakened from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> their lethargy. A Board of Health,
+consisting of Drs. Gait, Smith, Harrison, Wilson and Tompkins, were
+appointed to examine into the causes of disease and report the same to the
+Trustees, together with the mode or practicability of removing the same.
+This first Board of Health was appointed too late. Had they been ordered
+to examine into this matter years before, much might have been effected,
+but the time for such action was now passed, and this fearful malady, now
+inevitable, became the most terrible blow ever given to the prosperity of
+the rising town. The news spread far and wide, and the neighboring towns,
+instead of seeking to publish only the truth, assisted largely in
+circulating garbled intelligence and extravagant reports of a fact which
+tended to their advantage by destroying the fair fame of their rival.
+Emigrants from abroad as well as from this and neighboring States, for
+years afterward, dreaded even to pass through the town, and of those who
+had already determined to locate here, many were dissuaded from their
+purpose by the assertion that it was but rushing upon death to make the
+attempt. This occurred, too, just at a period when the resources of the
+town, beginning to develop themselves, were attracting the attention of
+capitalists. It was this alone which gave a temporary semblance of
+superiority to the neighboring towns, and, for a time, retarded the usual
+prosperity of this. Had the feeling of alarm ceased with the disease, it
+would have been less of a blow, but for years after it was referred to as
+a warning against emigration hither.</p>
+
+<p>The next two years present nothing of interest to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> reader, save the
+building in the winter of 1824-5 of an Episcopalian Church on Second
+Street, between Green and Walnut, the present Christ&#8217;s Church, the first
+rector of which was the Rev. Mr. Shaw.</p>
+
+<p>On the 8th of May, in the year 1825, Lafayette visited Louisville. His
+reception here, as everywhere else, was enthusiastic in the extreme. The
+Trustees of the city paid into the hands of John Rowan, the chairman of
+the committee of arrangements for the reception, a considerable sum of
+money, to be expended in such manner as the committee might direct for
+this purpose. The resolution authorizing this expenditure was passed with
+a single dissenting voice, that of <i>Richard Hall</i>. The meeting of
+Lafayette with some of the old officers of the revolution, particularly
+that with Col. Anderson, is said to have been extremely affecting. The
+whole city turned out to receive this distinguished patriot; processions
+were formed, arches erected, bevies of young girls strewed his pathway
+with flowers and the whole town was a scene of festivity and rejoicing.
+Whether the dissenting Mr. Richard Hall was with those who were thus
+showing their sense of gratitude to him who had left home, country and
+friends, and faced the thundering cannon&#8217;s mouth to aid them in their hour
+of direst peril, history does not tell us.</p>
+
+<p>The Legislature of these years made very considerable additions to the
+power of the Trustees; allowing them to borrow money on the credit of the
+town, to purchase and hold real estate for erecting market-houses, wharfs,
+&amp;c., to levy a tax on exchange brokers, to tax hacks, drays, &amp;c., to
+appoint harbor and wharf masters, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> make rules governing the lading and
+unlading of vessels, to collect wharfage fees, to appoint inspectors of
+flour, &amp;c. The first use made of this new power was the purchase of ground
+for a wharf. Rowan owned a slip of ground lying north of Water Street,
+commencing at Second and terminating at Seventh Street. A similar slip,
+lying between Seventh and Eighth streets, was already the property of the
+city. This slip the city agreed to add to Rowan&#8217;s, and also to pave the
+whole as a wharf, using the stone in Rowan&#8217;s quarry, situated on the
+premises, and for the wharf so constructed they agreed to give to Rowan
+and to his heirs <i>forever</i>, in semi-annual payments, one-half the receipts
+of this wharf. They also agreed that, if at any time Gray&#8217;s wharf, lying
+east of Second Street, should be bought, both parties might unite in the
+purchase and Rowan should receive as before one half the profits of the
+entire wharf. This contract; made with but a single dissenting voice on
+the part of the Trustees, that of Jeremiah Diller, must have been the
+result of either a very low state of finances or of very injudicious
+precipitation. Rowan&#8217;s heirs, it is understood, now get but one fourth of
+the wharfage, but even this would have been a sum better gained to the
+city than lost by a want of proper judgment or foresight.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th of January, in this year, the Louisville &amp; Portland Canal
+Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, with a capital of
+$600,000, in shares of $100 each, with perpetual succession. 3665 of these
+shares were in the hands of about 70 individuals, residing in different
+States, and the remaining 2335 shares<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> belonged to the government of the
+United States. In December contracts were entered into to complete the
+work of the canal within two years for about $375,000, and the work was
+actually commenced in March 1826. Many unforeseen difficulties retarded it
+until the close of the year 1828. At this time the contractors failed, new
+contracts were made at advanced prices, and the canal was finally opened
+for navigation, December 5th, 1830. When completed, it cost about
+$750,000. It is about two miles in length and is intended to overcome a
+fall of twenty-four feet, occasioned by an irregular ledge of lime-stone
+rock, through which the entire bed of the canal is excavated, a part to
+the depth of 12 feet, overlaid with earth. There is one guard and three
+lift locks combined, all of which have their foundation on the rock. One
+bridge of stone 240 feet long, with an elevation of 68 feet to the top of
+the parapet wall, and three arches, the centre one of which is
+semi-elliptical, with a transverse diameter of 66, and a semi-conjugate
+diameter of 22 feet. The two arches are segments of 40 feet span. The
+guard lock is 190 feet long in the clear, with semi-circular heads of 26
+feet in diameter, 50 feet wide and 42 feet high, and contains 21,775
+perches of mason work. The solid contents of this lock are equal to 15
+common locks, such as are built on the Ohio and New York canals. The lift
+locks are of the same width with the guard lock, 20 feet high and 183 feet
+long in the clear, and contain 12,300 perches of mason work. The entire
+length of the walls from the head of the guard lock to the end of the
+outlet lock is 921 feet. In addition to the amount of mason work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> above,
+there are three culverts to drain off the water from the adjacent lands,
+the mason work of which, when added to the locks and bridge, gives the
+whole amount of mason work 41,989 perches, equal to about 30 common canal
+locks. The cross section of the canal is 200 feet at top of banks, 50 feet
+at bottom and 42 feet high, having a capacity equal to that of 25 common
+canals; and if we keep in view the unequal quantity of mason work,
+compared to the length of the canal, the great difficulties of excavating
+earth and rock from so great a depth and width, together with the
+contingencies attending its construction from the fluctuations of the Ohio
+river, it may not be considered as extravagant in drawing the comparison
+between the work in this, and in that of 70 or 75 miles of common
+canaling.</p>
+
+<p>In the upper sections of the canal, the alluvial earth to the average
+depth of 20 feet being removed, trunks of trees were found, more or less
+decayed, and so imbedded as to indicate a powerful current towards the
+present shore, some of which were cedar, which is not now found in this
+region. Several <i>fire-places</i> of a rude construction, with partially burnt
+wood, were discovered near the rock, as well as the bones of a variety of
+small animals, and several human skeletons; rude implements formed of bone
+and stone were also frequently seen, as also several well wrought
+specimens of hematite of iron, in the shape of plummets or sinkers
+displaying a knowledge in the arts far in advance of the present race of
+Indians.</p>
+
+<p>The first stratum of rock was light, friable slate in close contact with
+the limestone, and difficult to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>disengage from it; this slate did not
+however extend over the whole surface of the rock, and was of various
+thicknesses from three inches to four feet.</p>
+
+<p>The stratum next to the slate was a close compact lime stone, in which
+petrified sea shells, and an infinite variety of coraline formations were
+embedded, and frequent cavities of crystaline encrustations were seen,
+many of which still contained petroleum of a highly fetid smell, which
+gives the name of this description of lime stone. This description of rock
+is on an average of five feet, covering a substratum of a species of cias
+limestone of a bluish color, embedding nodules of horn stone, and organic
+remains. The fracture of this stone has in all instances been found to be
+irregularly conchoidal, and on exposure to the atmosphere and subjection
+to fire it crumbled to pieces. When burnt and ground, and mixed with a due
+proportion of silicious sand, it has been found to make a most superior
+kind of hydraulic cement or water lime.</p>
+
+<p>The discovery of this valuable lime stone, has enabled the canal company
+to construct their masonry more solidly than any other known in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>A manufactory of this hydraulic cement or water lime is now established on
+the bank of the canal, on a scale capable of supplying the United States
+with this much valued material for all works in contact with water or
+exposed to moisture; the nature of this cement being to harden in the
+water, the grout used on the locks of the canal is already <i>harder</i> than
+the <i>stone</i> used in their construction.</p>
+
+<p>After passing through the stratum which was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>commonly called the water
+lime, about ten feet in thickness, the workmen came to a more compact mass
+of primitive grey limestone, which however was not penetrated to any great
+depth. In many parts of the excavation, masses of bluish white flint and
+horn stone were found enclosed in, or encrusting the fetid limestone. And
+from the large quantities of arrow heads and other rude formations of this
+flint stone, it is evident that it was made much use of by the Indians in
+forming their weapons of war and hunting; in one place a magazine of arrow
+heads was discovered, containing many hundreds of those rude implements,
+carefully packed together, and buried below the surface of the ground.</p>
+
+<p>The existence of iron ore in considerable quantities was exhibited in the
+progress of excavation of the canal by numerous highly charged chalybeate
+springs, that gushed out and continued to flow during the time that the
+rock was exposed, chiefly in the upper strata of limestone.<a name='fna_13' id='fna_13' href='#f_13'><small>[13]</small></a> The canal
+when built was intended for the largest class of boats, but the facilities
+for navigation have so far improved and the size of vessels increased so
+far beyond the expectations of the projectors of this enterprise that it
+is now found much too small to answer the demands of navigation. The
+consequence is that the canal is looked upon as, equally with the falls, a
+barrier to navigation. The larger lower-river boats refuse to sign bills
+of lading, compelling them to deliver their goods above the falls, and as
+this class of boats is increasing, it promises soon to be as difficult to
+pass this point as before this immense work was completed. As <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>previous to
+the undertaking of this canal, so there are now numerous plans proposed
+for overcoming the impediment; and these do not differ materially from
+those suggested and noticed in 1804. The only ground upon which all
+parties agree is, that whatever is done should be effected by the general
+government, and not left to be completed by individual enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>The government, as has before been said, owns a very large part of the
+stock in this canal, say three-fifths, and it is strongly urged by a part
+of the community that nothing would better serve the interests of western
+navigation than a movement on the part of the United States, making it
+free. The question of internal improvement is not within the province of
+this history to discuss, but certainly a deaf ear should not be turned by
+the general government to the united voice of so many of its children, all
+alike demanding to be relieved from their embarrassments, and the more
+particularly so, as it has already heard and answered the supplications of
+a part of its numerous family. Any semblance of favoritism in a government
+is a sure means of alienating the trust and affection of a part of its
+dependants. Whatever means may be most advisable to effect the removal of
+the impediment to navigation here should at once be adopted. And if the
+opening of the canal freely to all could tend to effect this object, the
+government has already had from it revenue sufficient to warrant it in
+taking off the tax from navigation. Up to the year 1843, there had passed
+through this canal, 13,776 steamboats, and 4701 flats and keels, making in
+all 2,425,567 tons, the tolls of which amounted to $1,227,625 50. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+would not be an unfair calculation to rate the expenses of keeping up the
+canal at $30,000 per annum, or $390,000 for the thirteen years above
+referred to. Supposing the government to possess three-fifths of this
+profit, it would amount to $502,575, or nearly enough to build a new
+canal. It is not to be wondered at, then, that western people should feel
+disposed to murmur at having these large sums of money taken from their
+waters and applied to improving the Balize or Sandy Hook, or any other
+distant part of the Union. And the matter is the more grievous when it is
+remembered that these tolls are not only not free but are enormously and
+disproportionately high. Whether laden or not, each boat is obliged to pay
+at the rate of 50 cts per ton, in proportion to her capacity, as a toll!
+The whole subject is one deserving immediate and earnest attention, as
+involving interests in which not only Louisville, but the whole South and
+West is intimately concerned.</p>
+
+<p>With the next year&mdash;1826&mdash;we come to the establishment of another
+newspaper here. This was called the Focus, and was edited by Dr. Buchanan,
+assisted by Mr. W. W. Worsley, and published weekly by Morton &amp; Co. It
+contained a very large amount of reading matter on literary, scientific,
+political and commercial subjects. It was violently anti-Jackson in
+politics, but still found room in its columns for an unusual quantity of
+interesting literary matter. It was conducted with great ability by these
+gentlemen for a period of about three years, when, after the death of Dr.
+Buchanan, it was sold to Messrs. J. T. Cavins and G. S. Robinson. It was
+afterwards merged into the Louisville Journal,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> and placed, under the name
+of the Journal and Focus, in the hands of Mr. Geo. D. Prentice, as editor.
+This was in the year 1832. Since that time its history is too well known
+wherever the knowledge of American newspapers has penetrated to need any
+furthur notice here. It has been the lot of the gentleman who is at the
+head of it, and who is distinguished alike as a poet and a politician, as
+a wit and a sage, to wield an influence such as few men in any station
+have ever exercised; an influence which is not only political but also
+literary and social, and which has been exerted alike at the birth of a
+true poet and at the death of a false patriot or a foolish politician.</p>
+
+<p>By the census of the next year&mdash;1827&mdash;we find the population of Louisville
+to have reached 7063, showing an increase of nearly double since 1821. The
+attention of the people began now to be turned toward effecting an
+incorporation of the town and placing themselves in a condition for
+self-government, and accordingly on the 3d of November, of this year, a
+very large meeting of the citizens was held at the court house for this
+purpose, Levi Tyler having been appointed chairman and Garnett Duncan
+secretary, the following resolutions were adopted:</p>
+
+<p>1st. Resolved, That public convenience renders it important that we ask
+for the passage of an act incorporating Louisville with its enlargements,
+and giving a city court for the speedy punishment of crimes and the speedy
+trial of civil suits.</p>
+
+<p>2d. Resolved, That a committee of five citizens be appointed to draft an
+act of incorporation and to submit the same at an adjournment of this
+meeting.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>3d. Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to confer with the
+inhabitants of Shippingport and Portland, and the enlargements of
+Louisville, and to request them to unite with us in this subject.</p>
+
+<p>4th. Resolved, That we esteem the erection of a permanent bridge across
+the Ohio river, at the most convenient point across the Falls, of the
+greatest utility to the public, and calculated to enhance the commerce and
+prosperity of our town, and that we respectfully solicit the legislature
+of this State to incorporate a company with competent powers and capital
+to effect the erection of such a bridge, and that the city of Louisville,
+when incorporated, should be authorised to raise funds, by loan or
+otherwise, and to subscribe for &mdash;&mdash; dollars of stock in said company.</p>
+
+<p>5th. Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed to draft a charter
+for that purpose, and that our representatives be requested to use their
+best exertions to effect the passage of such charter.</p>
+
+<p>Committee under the second resolution, Daniel Wurtz, Thos. Anderson, S. S.
+Goodwin, S. S. Nicholas, Garnett Duncan.</p>
+
+<p>Committee under the third resolution, J. H. Tyler, W. D. Payne, W. S.
+Vernon.</p>
+
+<p>Committee under the fifth resolution, J. H. Tyler, J. Guthrie, J. S.
+Snead, J. I. Jacob, G. W. Merriweather, D. R. Poignard, Geo. Keats.</p>
+
+<p>These committees having duly reported, their memorials were sent forward
+to the legislature, and on the 13th day of February, 1828, the act of
+incorporation passed and Louisville became a city. Portland had refused
+to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> become annexed to the city as yet, but Shippingport had consented to
+the compact. The act of incorporation defines the limits of the city as
+follows: Beginning at the stone bridge over Bear Grass creek, near
+Geiger&#8217;s mills, thence on a straight line to the upper corner of Jacob
+Geiger&#8217;s land on the Ohio river, and thence by a straight line down the
+Ohio river, so as to include Corn Island and the quarry adjacent thereto,
+and thence to the upper boundary of Shippingport to the back line thereof,
+and the same course continued until it intersects the back line of the
+town of Louisville, when extended westwardly far enough to meet the said
+line extending out from the river with the upper boundary of Shippingport,
+thence from the said intersection to the south or back line of the present
+town of Louisville, and with the said back line to the south fork of Bear
+Grass creek, thence down the middle thereof to the beginning. The usual
+powers of a municipal body were vested in a Mayor and City Council,
+consisting of ten persons. The city was divided into five wards, each
+entitled to two councilmen, who were to be elected annually. These
+elections were to be held on the first Monday in every March. On election,
+the Mayor and Councilmen were to take an oath of office and these oaths
+were recorded. They were to choose a clerk annually, whose duty it should
+be to keep a record of the proceedings of the board, sign all warrants
+issued by them and to deliver over to his successor all books and papers
+entrusted to him. Five Councilmen and the Mayor or six Councilmen should
+constitute a quorum. The meetings of the board were to be public, and the
+Mayor&#8217;s salary should be fixed by the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> Councilmen. The Major was not
+allowed any judicial authority in civil matters, but had the power of a
+justice of the peace over slaves and free negroes, and similar powers to
+require surety for good behavior and for the peace; and the power assigned
+to two Justices of the Peace in committing criminal offenders and sending
+them on for trial; he also had the casting vote in case of a tie in the
+board over which he presided, but had no vote otherwise. The powers before
+delegated to the Trustees were now vested in the Mayor and Council, and in
+addition to these were granted power to prohibit the erection of wooden
+buildings within certain limits, to erect suitable buildings for a poor
+and work-house, to establish one or more free schools in each ward, to
+elect all subordinate officers, and to pass by-laws with adequate
+penalties for their infraction. The office of City Marshal was also
+created by the act. He was to be chosen annually by the people, and, if
+required by the Council, he was to have a resident deputy in each ward of
+the city. His duties were to preserve order at all sessions of the Mayor
+and Council, and to execute all processes emanating from the Mayor. He was
+to be appointed City Collector and State Collector within the city. He was
+to execute bond, with sufficient security, before the Mayor and Council,
+to the State, for the performance of his duties, and a lien was retained
+on all his lands and slaves, and on those of his sureties, for all sums of
+money which came into his hands. He had the same powers and duties within
+the city as a Sheriff and received the same fees. Not less than two
+persons were to be voted for as Mayor, and the two having the highest vote
+for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> this office were to be certified to the Governor, one of whom was by
+him to be commissioned and submitted to the Senate for their advice and
+consent. This charter was to be in force for five years from and after its
+passage, and no longer, and upon the dissolution of the corporation, all
+property was to revert to the Trustees of the town, to be chosen or
+appointed as heretofore directed by law.</p>
+
+<p>The first election under this charter was held on the fourth day of March,
+1828. Mr. J. C. Bucklin was elected Mayor, by a small majority over Mr. W.
+Tompkins, and W. A. Cocke was elected Marshal by a large majority. The
+following gentlemen were elected Councilmen: Messrs. John M. Talbott, W.
+D. Payne, G. W. Merriweather, Richard Hall, Jas. Harrison, J. McGilly
+Cuddy, John Warren, Elisha Applegate, Daniel McAllister and Fred. Turner.
+Samuel Dickinson was appointed Clerk.</p>
+
+<p>A writer in the Focus, for January 20, 1829, gives an idea of the commerce
+of Louisville in regard to certain leading articles at this period. He
+says that &#8220;from 1st of January, 1828, to 1st of January, 1829, there were
+received and sold in this place 4144 hogsheads of sugar and 8607 bags and
+barrels of coffee, amounting in value to $584,681. He also fixes the
+inspections of tobacco in Louisville at 2050 hhds. for 1826, 4354 hhds.
+for 1827, and 4075 hhds. for 1828. The average price of these was, for
+1826, $2 67, for 1827, $2 59, and for 1828, $1 98&#8531;. The whole value of
+these for the three years was $468,672 88. 1140 of these were shipped to
+Pittsburg, 3048 to New Orleans, 320 manufactured here<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> and 458 were
+stemmed. In this article sugars are quoted at $7 04 to $7 02, by the
+barrel, gunpowder tea at $1 20 to $1 25; and it also states that groceries
+of all kinds can be had here at as cheap rates as they can be procured
+either in New York or New Orleans. A writer in the Kentucky Reporter also
+adds to this information the following statement: The store rooms of the
+principal wholesale merchants are larger and better adapted to business
+purposes than any to be found in the commercial cities of the East. Not a
+few of them are from 100 to 130 feet in depth, by 30 feet wide, and from
+three to four stories high, and furnished with fire proof vaults for the
+preservation of books and papers in case of fire. The wholesale business
+has increased very rapidly of late, perhaps doubled in the course of two
+years. There has also been a proportionate increase in the shipping and
+forwarding business. Mechanics of all sorts have full employment and good
+wages.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>An excellent criterion to judge of the commerce of a place and to show the
+increase of its business, is its exchange operations. The following
+statement of Domestic Bills of Exchange, derived from the official
+documents of the bank of the U. S., being the amount on hand and unpaid on
+the 1st January of each year, will give some idea of the amount and
+increase of the business of Louisville:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Jan. 1,</td>
+    <td>1826&mdash;Bills of Exchange on hand</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$46,392</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>1827,<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">108,287</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>1828,<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">184,144</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>1829,<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">350,354</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The aggregate of business, as ascertained by a personal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> application and
+inspection of the books of the principal houses, was ascertained to be
+about $13,000,000.</p>
+
+<p>On the 17th of September, in this year, the branch of the Commonwealth&#8217;s
+Bank was robbed of $25,000 in its own notes. The robbery took place before
+9 o&#8217;clock in the evening. The door communicating with an entry was opened
+by a false key, the iron chest quietly unlocked, the notes taken, and the
+front door opened without any alarm being given. A reward of one thousand
+dollars in specie was offered for the apprehension of the robber and also
+a similar reward of $1500 for the recovery of the money. These rewards did
+not, however, produce the desired result and neither the money nor the
+robber was ever discovered.</p>
+
+<p>During this year there was a secession of about fifty members from the
+Methodist Episcopal church here, who formed and established the first
+Methodist Reformed church. They constructed an edifice at the corner of
+Green and Fourth Streets, of which Mr. N. Snethen was the pastor. This
+church was afterwards used by the congregation of the First Presbyterian
+church, was then sold to the negroes, and finally torn down to make room
+for the immense Masonic Hall now being built on that spot.</p>
+
+<p>The last event of this year which will be noticed here is the erection of
+the first city school house. This building, still standing at the
+south-west corner of Walnut and Fifth Streets, was then an extremely
+creditable ornament to the city. It is capable of containing seven or
+eight hundred pupils and is divided into a male and female department,
+which are entirely distinct from each<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> other. It was superintended by the
+Mayor and six Trustees, annually chosen by the Council. The first board of
+Trustees was composed of the following gentlemen: Jas. Guthrie, Jas. H.
+Overstreet, Wm. Sale, Samuel Dickinson, F. Cosby and Dr. J. P. Harrison.
+The standard of education pursued was as high as that of any private
+school and the terms were only from one dollar to one dollar and a half
+per quarter. The annual expense of this school to the city was $5,682.
+Several equally large schools have been since erected and the system of
+free-schools somewhat changed. These will be noticed at greater length in
+another part of this history.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The opening of the next year&mdash;1830&mdash;found the young city in a highly
+prosperous and thriving position. The security and permanence given to
+enterprise by the charter had its effect on all departments of business.
+Arrangements were made at the beginning of the season for the erection of
+not less than five hundred substantial brick houses, and, according to the
+report of a prominent resident of a sister city, there was not another
+place in the United States which was improving and increasing in
+population more rapidly than this. The number of inhabitants, as
+ascertained by census, had reached 10,336, and was still rapidly
+increasing. The friends of Louisville had every reason to congratulate
+themselves upon her position. The pecuniary troubles which soon after
+involved the place were not foreseen, and, with buoyant hopes and high
+expectations, the citizens looked forward to a continuance of their
+unexampled prosperity. How these hopes were wrecked and these expectations
+reduced, the history of the next decade will show.</p>
+
+<p>The first act to be noticed in connection with the city was an amendment
+to the charter, which prevented the Council from borrowing or
+appropriating money without the consent of a majority of their body. As
+the project of a bridge over the Ohio was then talked of, and as the
+Lexington and Ohio Railroad had been suggested, and the city in her
+corporate capacity had been warmly urged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> to make large subscriptions of
+stock to these enterprises, this provision was probably thought necessary
+to prevent too great lavishness in expenditure.</p>
+
+<p>The next event of the year was the organization of another Presbyterian
+church under the Rev. Mr. Sawtell. It was commenced in April with 12
+members who seceded from the First Presbyterian church. A building for
+worship was erected on Third Street, between Green and Walnut, and the
+church rapidly increased in numbers. It is at present in charge of Rev.
+Dr. Humphrey.</p>
+
+<p>The last circumstance to be noticed in this rapid sketch of the year 1830,
+is the establishment of the Daily Journal by Prentice &amp; Buxton, afterward
+Prentice &amp; Johnston, then Prentice &amp; Weissinger, and finally Prentice &amp;
+Henderson. It was first published on an imperial sheet at $10 per annum.
+Although commenced by an entire stranger, as Mr. Prentice then was, the
+power of its articles and the exquisite vein of humor and irony displayed
+in its columns, soon gave it such popularity, that, even before its union
+with the Focus in 1832, it had risen to a firm and enviable position. In
+December Mr. Edwin Bryant became an associate editor of the paper, but did
+not remain in that position for more than six months. Soon after the
+establishment of the Journal the newspaper war with the Advertiser, so
+well remembered here and so widely known abroad as having given birth to a
+fund of wit and of satire heretofore unparalleled in the annals of
+newspapers, was commenced. Even the distant English journals had each
+their column headed&mdash;&#8220;Prenticeana&#8221;&mdash;and the paper was sought after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> far
+and near by every lover of fun or of humor in the land. It is to be
+regretted that the shifting character of American politics has rendered so
+many of the happiest of these allusions and witticisms obscure to the
+unpolitical or to the distant reader; a collected volume of them would
+else afford a delightful compendium for a leisure hour. To the older
+resident of Louisville, it may be interesting to recall the commencement
+of this long and hard-fought battle. Mr. Penn of the Advertiser, who had
+deservedly maintained since 1819 the most prominent rank as an editor in
+the West, was kind enough to furnish the Journal, at its commencement,
+with all its exchanges. This favor is repeatedly acknowledged by the
+Journal with great courtesy, but does not blind that paper to the fact
+that it is about to be attacked by the opposite party. Whereupon, after
+some time, the following article was published: &#8220;We assure the editor of
+the Advertiser that we shall never under any circumstances covet a
+personal controversy with him. We do not believe that his readers would be
+willing to pay him $10 a year for dissertations upon our private
+character, however bad it may be; and we are quite sure that ours would be
+loth to pay that sum for daily disquisitions on him, whatever may be his
+excellencies. We have due respect for the Jackson editors in the West, but
+we trust to be believed when we say our respect is undebased by fear. We
+prefer that they should accept our hand open and ungloved, but if they
+would rather have it in the shape of a fist, it is still at their
+service.&#8221; The Advertiser, seeming to prefer it in the latter form,
+hereupon commences anew its attack, when the war is opened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> in earnest by
+the Journal, which, at the end of a somewhat long and rather tart
+paragraph, let off in reply the following first <i>coup de canon</i>: &#8220;We
+believe he (Mr. Penn) has not had an article since we came here that was
+not made up of hints taken from the Journal. Well, we have one
+consolation&mdash;&#8216;<i>he that giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord</i>.&#8217;&#8221; This is
+followed up by a series of well directed blows, which are vigorously
+replied to till the eleventh or twelfth &#8220;round,&#8221; when one of the parties
+left the field, still, however, refusing to consider himself vanquished.</p>
+
+<p>With the year 1831 came another amendment to the charter, which provides
+that the real estate in Louisville and the personal estate of all persons
+dying therein shall be subject to escheat to the Commonwealth, vested in
+the Mayor and Council, for the use of public schools. Also that all fines
+inflicted in Jefferson county shall be vested in the same manner, the fund
+arising therefrom to be expended in the purchase of a lot and erecting
+buildings thereon for said schools. It also provides that Jailor&#8217;s fees
+for commitments for offenses in Louisville shall be paid out of the city
+fund. These amendments to the charter are so numerous and of such frequent
+recurrence that we shall hereafter be content with a mere allusion to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>It was also during this year that the present bank of Kentucky was built,
+with a view to the uses of the bank of the United States. A Louisville
+Lyceum was also established under the patronage of some of the most
+distinguished citizens of Louisville. This literary association continued
+in being for several years but finally<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> was obliged, like all its fellows,
+to sink beneath the careless inattention of a purely commercial community.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832 a new calamity came upon the city. This was an unparalleled flood
+in the Ohio. It commenced on the 10th of February and continued until the
+21st of that month, having risen to the extraordinary height of 51 feet
+above low-water mark. The destruction of property by this flood was
+immense. Nearly all the frame buildings near the river were either floated
+off or turned over and destroyed. An almost total cessation in business
+was the necessary consequence; even farmers from the neighborhood were
+unable to get to the markets, the flood having so affected the smaller
+streams as to render them impassable. The description of the sufferings by
+this flood is appalling. This calamity, however, great as it was, could
+have but a temporary effect on the progress of the city, as will be seen
+hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>On the 27th of May the first Unitarian church was dedicated. It is
+situated at the corner of Walnut and Fifth streets, and was under the
+direction of the Rev. Geo. Chapman, of Mass. The building of the
+Louisville Hotel, and the issue of the first Directory ever printed here,
+were also events of this period. This Directory was published by R. W.
+Otis, and contains, beside much other valuable matter, a brief sketch of
+the history of the city, from the pen of Mr. Mann Butler, the accomplished
+historian of Kentucky. From it we get the following commercial table of
+Imports from Dec. 1st, 1831, to Aug. 4th, 1832, which will prove
+interesting to the reader of statistics:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Bale Rope</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">26,830</td>
+    <td>coils.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bagging</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">33,411</td>
+    <td>pieces.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>China, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,170</td>
+    <td>p&#8217;ckgs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coffee</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18,289</td>
+    <td>bags.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cotton</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4,913</td>
+    <td>bales.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mackerel</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12,037</td>
+    <td>bbls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Salt, Kan. and Cone</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">16,729</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .75em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Salt, Turk&#8217;s Island</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">18,146</td>
+    <td>bags.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tea</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">63,500</td>
+    <td>lbs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flour</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">48,470</td>
+    <td>bbls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hides</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">19,121</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Iron</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">631</td>
+    <td>tons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lead</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">231</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .75em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Molasses</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6,309</td>
+    <td>bbls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nails</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10,395</td>
+    <td>kegs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sugar, N. O.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,717</td>
+    <td>hhds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.25em;">Loaf</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4,318</td>
+    <td>bbls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tin Plate</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3,108</td>
+    <td>boxes.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The inspection of whiskey during this time amounted to 14,627 barrels.
+This Directory also gives the following as the statistics of manufactures:</p>
+
+<p>One steam woolen factory, employs 30 hands and consumes 25,000 pounds of
+wool per annum.</p>
+
+<p>One cotton factory, employs 80 hands and consumes 500 bales annually;
+works 1,056 spindles.</p>
+
+<p>Two potteries.</p>
+
+<p>One steam grist mill.</p>
+
+<p>Two foundries, employing together 155 hands and consuming 1,200 tons of
+iron per annum.</p>
+
+<p>Sixteen brick yards.</p>
+
+<p>One steam planing mill, with two machines and two circular saws; planes,
+tongues, grooves, &amp;c., about 2,000 feet of boards to each machine per day.</p>
+
+<p>Three breweries.</p>
+
+<p>Two white lead factories consume 600 tons lead annually.</p>
+
+<p>Four rope walks, which work up 600 tons of hemp per annum.</p>
+
+<p>Passing on as rapidly as may be, we come first to the chartering of the
+Bank of Louisville. The books were opened for subscription to this bank in
+March, 1833, and closed on the third day, $1,500,000 having been
+subscribed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> in that brief period. By the act of incorporation the capital
+was fixed at $2,000,000, but the commissioners were allowed to close the
+books at any time after $500,000 were subscribed. Each director was
+required to take oath not to permit any violation of this charter.</p>
+
+<p>The next event in order was another amendment to the city charter, which
+provides that no street or alley can be laid out without consent of
+Council&mdash;that a jury shall assess what damages shall be awarded, and what
+paid by persons injured or benefitted by opening streets or alleys&mdash;that
+it shall not be necessary for the Council to have alphabetical lists of
+the voters made out, except for the tax collectors and judges of the
+election&mdash;that those only shall be eligible to office who are
+house-keepers or free-holders and have paid taxes the preceding year in
+the city of Louisville&mdash;that the removal of a councilman from the ward in
+which he was elected shall cause his office to be vacant, and that any
+vacancy occurring either in this way or by resignation shall be sup-plied
+by the Council out of the said ward.</p>
+
+<p>A museum was opened here at this period by a number of gentlemen as
+stockholders, under the direction of J. R. Lambdin; the collection of
+objects of natural history, of curiosity, and of vertu was extremely good.
+A Savings&#8217; Bank was also established during the year, under the direction
+of Ed. Crow, President; and E. D. Hobbs, Treasurer.</p>
+
+<p>The editor of a Frankfort paper, giving an account of his visit to
+Louisville about this time, says: &#8220;Whoever visits this city leaves it with
+the conviction that all the elements are at work, which must advance it to
+a great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> commercial town, and urge it on till it has passed all the towns
+of the Ohio in the race for supremacy.&#8221; It is not to be wondered at that
+the thriving appearance of the city at this time should have attracted the
+attention and notice of strangers, and the more particularly as all the
+neighboring towns and cities were now suffering from the visitations of
+that dreaded and dreadful scourge, the Cholera, while Louisville hardly
+knew of its presence. The causes of disease here had been in a great
+measure removed, and notwithstanding the fears which the approach of the
+plague had inspired in a city which had before suffered so severely from
+contagion, the cholera passed lightly over it, not making sufficient
+impression to produce any effect against its prosperity. This was the more
+a cause of congratulation to the city as it afforded an opportunity to
+prove the falsity of the reports prejudicial to its health, which were
+still industriously circulated. But though exempt from this visitation,
+the city did not pass another year without its share of calamity. The
+government deposites which had heretofore been placed in the banks here
+and used by them as banking capital, were now removed, and as a consequent
+there arrived another disastrous period of pecuniary distress. This was so
+severe as to call for a meeting of the citizens, which took place at the
+court house in 1834, and the object of which was to memorialize the
+government upon the subject of their troubles. Of this meeting, T.
+Gwathmey was President, D. Smith and E. Crow, Vice Presidents, and C. M.
+Thruston and F. A. Kaye, Secretaries. In the words of the memorial, &#8220;all
+is gloom and despondence, all uncertainty and suspense, all apprehension
+and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>foreboding. Prices here have fallen beyond any former example. Flour
+has sunk from $4 to $3, or even $2 50 per barrel. Hemp, pork, and every
+other commodity has decreased in an equal degree. Real property has fallen
+in many instances 50 per cent. It is believed that there will not be
+employment during the ensuing season for one-fourth of the mechanics and
+working men of Louisville. Few contracts for building have been or are
+likely to be made. In the opinion of the memorialists, the first remedy
+for this state of things is the restoration of the deposites. They
+therefore pray that the deposites be restored, and such measures taken in
+relation to a National Bank as shall be most likely to afford relief to
+the country.&#8221; This crisis does not seem to have produced very disastrous
+results here, but was probably more severe in anticipation than in
+reality. It is even possible that, as political excitement ran very high,
+and as this removal of the deposites was very obnoxious to one of the
+political parties, that the evil was a foreboding induced by their own
+fears, and of such a character as actually to produce a temporary
+depression in business. And this opinion is supported by the fact that no
+material change seems to have taken place in the onward progress of the
+city. The policy and propriety of establishing water works had been for
+some time under discussion, and in this year the city went so far as to
+purchase a site for a reservoir on Main above Clay Street. This project
+was very soon abandoned, but whether from the pressure of the times or
+from the opposition of many of the citizens does not appear in any record
+of the period. The incorporation and survey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> of two turnpike companies,
+the Bardstown and Louisville, and Elizabethtown and Louisville, during the
+same year, would however seem to incline us to believe that it was not
+given up for the want of means. The state of affairs, even if as bad as
+represented in the memorial, does not seem to have thrown a very deep or
+settled gloom over the community; on the contrary an incident of the
+period would seem to show a light-heartedness and freedom from care not
+common in times of distress. This incident was the sudden appearance in
+the streets of the city of a very singular procession, since known as the
+<i>Comical Guards</i>. They were introduced as a burlesque of the militia
+drills, then of biennial occurrence here. The procession was headed by an
+enormous man, rivaling Daniel Lambert in his superabundance of flesh,
+mounted on an equally overgrown ox, on whose hide was painted the
+following descriptive motto, &#8220;<i>The Bull-works of our Country</i>.&#8221; This
+heroic captain also wore a sword of mighty proportions, on whose trenchant
+blade was written in letters of scarlet the savage inscription, &#8220;<i>Blood or
+Guts</i>!&#8221; This leader was followed by a band of equally singular character;
+long men on short horses, little boys on enormous bony Rozinantes, picked
+up from off the commons; men enclosed in hogsheads, with only head, feet
+and arms visible; men encased even to helmet and visor in wicker-work
+armour, and a thousand other knights of fanciful costume, and all marching
+with heroic step to the martial clangor of tin pans, the braying of
+milkhorns, the shrill sound of whistles, the piping of cat-calls, and the
+ceaseless din of penny-trumpets and cornstalk fiddles. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> procession
+halted in its progress through the streets in front of the residences of
+the officers of the militia, and after saluting them with a flourish of
+music, made them a speech, and cheered them with a chorus of groans. After
+marching bravely through the principal streets, this procession suddenly
+disappeared from public view never again to greet the sunlight.</p>
+
+<p>Toward the last of June, the news of the death of Lafayette reached the
+city, and on the first of July a meeting was held, and resolutions passed
+recommending the stores to be closed, and the day spent in exercises
+suitable to the occasion. A procession, in which the trades and
+professions were all represented, and which was the largest ever seen in
+the city, was formed, and after passing through the principal streets,
+stopped in the lot occupied by Mr. Jacob, where a eulogy was delivered by
+Mr. M. R. Wigginton. All who had joined in the procession, wore crape on
+the left arm for thirty days. The whole proceedings of the day were highly
+creditable to the city, and highly worthy of the occasion. Another event
+of the year was the establishment of a new paper called the Louisville
+Notary and published weekly by D. C. Banks and A. E. Drapier. This paper
+however never rose to any eminence in the city.</p>
+
+<p>During 1833 and 1834 two new amendments had been made to the charter. One
+of them authorizes some trifling change in the boundary of the city, and
+the other allows the borrowing of money to erect Water-Works, and compels
+the inspector of liquors to mark the degree of proof on the head of each
+barrel. The next year&mdash;1835&mdash;also shows similar amendments: first,
+requiring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> the valuation of property to be made on the 10th of January in
+each year; second, authorizing the city marshall to collect his bills for
+summoning juries; and third authorizing the city to subscribe for stock in
+the Lexington and Ohio Railroad Company. This road was this year opened to
+Frankfort. The building of the Galt House also dates from this period, as
+does the first movement toward lighting the city with gas.</p>
+
+<p>It will be recollected that in 1830 the population was given at 10,336, in
+1835 it had reached by actual census 19,967, giving an increase of nearly
+one hundred per cent, in less than five years! The Tax list for this year
+will also show a similar increase:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Real estate and Improvements valued at</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$10,425,446</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Personal Property</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">644,250</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tythables, white and black, 4,960 at $150</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,440</td></tr>
+<tr><td>34 1st rate stores at $80</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,720</td></tr>
+<tr><td>42 2d<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.6em;">60</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,520</td></tr>
+<tr><td>57 3d<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.6em;">40</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,880</td></tr>
+<tr><td>62 4th<span style="margin-left: .8em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1.75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.6em;">20</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,240</td></tr>
+<tr><td>68 Hacks, 132 Drays, 53 Waggons, $4; 124 Carts $2</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,260</td></tr>
+<tr><td>50 Coffee-Houses at $50</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>10 Taverns at $50</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>60 Groceries and Spirits at $50</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>96 Spirits alone at 40</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3,840</td></tr>
+<tr><td>20 Groceries alone, and 20 Confectioners at 15</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">720</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>A table of the imports of the city has been so recently given, that it may
+be more interesting to offer now a list of exports, for the six months
+succeeding January 1st, 1835, which is as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Tobacco</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">1,337</td>
+    <td>hhds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">114</td>
+    <td>boxes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bacon</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,813,560</td>
+    <td>lbs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tallow</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">149</td>
+    <td>bbls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Whisky</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">14,643</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flour</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">19,999</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lard</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">60,713</td>
+    <td>kegs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hemp</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">38</td>
+    <td>tons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bagging</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">65,348</td>
+    <td>p&#8217;s.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bale Rope</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">42,030</td>
+    <td>cls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pork</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">14,419</td>
+    <td>bbl.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Linseed Oil</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">72</td>
+    <td>bbl.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>To this list may be added the amount of goods sold during the next
+year&mdash;1836&mdash;by 47 of the largest wholesale dry good and grocery houses,
+which is officially stated at $12,128,666 16. There were also built during
+the summer of this latter year 110 stores and 114 dwelling houses, all of
+the better class. Rents were steadily advancing on the stores, and &#8220;as for
+dwellings it would be impossible to rent one, finished or unfinished. And
+these improvements resulted from the natural advantages of the place, and
+not from the completion of any of the works, to which the city had always
+looked as the precursors of greatness.&#8221; These statistics require no
+additional demonstration to prove the progress of the town. The first
+thing worthy of notice in this year was a ninth amendment to the charter,
+which abolishes the Mayor&#8217;s Court and establishes a Police Court in lieu
+thereof. This court was to be a court of record; its judge to be appointed
+as other judges, and to receive a salary of $1200. The prosecuting
+attorney to be elected by the Council. The City Court, as far as it is a
+Police Court, should always be open, and for the trial of pleas of the
+Commonwealth, there were to be monthly terms of said court, to commence
+on the first Monday in each month. It might summon grand juries. This act
+also fixed the salary of the Mayor at $2,000, and compelled all insurance
+offices to file with the Mayor a certified copy of their charters; it also
+extended the city boundary 300 feet above Geiger&#8217;s Ferry landing. Two more
+newspapers were in this year added to the growing list of the city. The
+first of these was the Louisville City Gazette, a daily, published by John
+J. &amp; Jas. B. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>Marshall; and the second, the Western Messenger, a monthly,
+under the care of the Rev. J. F. Clark. This last was originally published
+in Cincinnati, but was this year transferred to Louisville.</p>
+
+<p>As will be remembered a motion had been made several years before this
+time toward the erection of a bridge over the Ohio. This project had been
+discussed from time to time ever since that period, and finally in this
+year, the contracts were entered into and the corner stone of the bridge
+was laid with all due ceremony, at the foot of Twelfth Street. The work
+however never progressed beyond this, the contractor having failed to
+perform his duty, beside which the next year brought with it by far the
+most terrible calamity that had ever affected the city. The last few years
+had been years of such unexampled prosperity; confidence had become so
+thoroughly established, credit was so plenty, and luxury so courted, that,
+when the unexpected reverse came, the blow was indeed terrible. On the
+19th of April, the Banks of Louisville and of Kentucky suspended specie
+payment, by a resolution of the citizens so authorizing them. Previous to
+this, the Banks all over the country had stopped; another awful commercial
+crisis had arrived, and one which Louisville felt far more severely than
+she had felt the former. Instead of passing lightly over her, as before,
+the full force of the blow was felt throughout the whole community. House
+after house, which had easily rode out the former storm, now sunk beneath
+the waves of adversity, until it seemed as if none would be left to tell
+the sad story. A settled gloom hung over the whole mercantile community.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+Main Street was like an avenue in some deserted city. Whole rows of houses
+were tenantless, and expectation was upon the tiptoe every day to see who
+would be the next to close. Each feared the other; all confidence was
+gone; mercantile transactions were at an end; and everything, before so
+radiant with the spring-time of hope and of promise, was changed to the
+sad autumn hues of a fruitless year.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the midst of this gloom and despondence which prevaded one part
+of the community, that the ears of another part were astonished and
+gladdened with a strain of melody, such as had not before stolen through
+the glades and groves of this western land. A young girl, modest and
+unpretending, unknown to all but her little circle, inspired by some
+unseen power, tremblingly warbled forth a few verses of melody, but of
+such enchanting power, beauty and harmony, that all the literary world
+were confounded, and all eagerly inquired who it was that under the simple
+signature of &#8220;<span class="smcap">Amelia</span>,&#8221; and away off in the distant West had struck her
+lyre &#8220;with an angel&#8217;s art, and with the power of the fabled Orpheus,&#8221; and
+whose &#8220;strains had been caught up by melody-lovers throughout the Union,
+and sung in every peopled valley, and echoed from every sunny hillside of
+our vast domain.&#8221;<a name='fna_14' id='fna_14' href='#f_14'><small>[14]</small></a> Such genius could not long remain unknown; and soon
+the name of its possessor was proclaimed through the columns of the
+Louisville Journal, but the name gave no clue to the source whence this
+mighty power had been derived. For the many, the ten days wonder soon
+passed away. The genius of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> the writer was acknowledged and forgotten by
+them. But the true lovers of her art followed her for many years with
+looks of admiration, regard and affection; and still, though her harp has
+long lain untouched, await with anxiety and hope for new strains from the
+lyre they have loved so well.<a name='fna_15' id='fna_15' href='#f_15'><small>[15]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>It is not for the historian to dwell at any length upon subjects kindred
+to this, agreeable as the theme may be. We must then revert again to the
+usual details of the year. The first of these was the reception here of
+the distinguished Mr. Webster, who was met some twelve miles from the city
+by a large number of citizens. On his arrival he was welcomed by the Mayor
+and invited to meet the citizens at a barbacue near the city. The season
+was one of great festivity, and nearly four thousand persons were present
+at the barbacue. Mr. Webster addressed the citizens in his usual
+felicitous manner.</p>
+
+<p>An important event of the year was the addition of the town of Portland to
+the limits of the city. The building of the First Presbyterian, and of St.
+Paul&#8217;s (Episcopal) Church, and of the bank of Louisville, as well as the
+selection of this point as the site for the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>government hospital, and the
+incorporation of the Louisville Manufacturing Company, are among the
+events of this year. A paper called the Western Journal of Education, was
+also issued from the Journal office, under the editorship of the Rev. B.
+O. Peers, but was soon discontinued for want of sufficient patronage.</p>
+
+<p>For some time previous to this period the removal of the medical
+department of Transylvania University at Lexington to this city had
+occupied much attention, and had created some bitterness of feeling
+between the two cities. In this year this vexed question was finally
+decided by the Legislature against the removal; no less to the
+gratification of Lexington than to the serious annoyance of this city. The
+examination of the subject however brought to light an old charter, passed
+in 1833 and amended in 1835, which sufficed to enable a new school of
+medicine to be established here. The city accordingly set apart four acres
+of ground and the sum of $50,000 in money for its use, and so organized a
+medical school here, of which Messrs. Caldwell, Cooke, Cobb, Flint,
+Yandell, Miller and Locke were the professors. In February of the next
+year, the corner stone of the building to be erected by the city for this
+use was laid, and soon after Dr. Flint, with the money appropriated for
+that purpose, visited Europe, and purchased a fine library and apparatus
+for the Institution. Few, if any medical schools in the United States,
+have ever risen as rapidly in public favor, or as speedily attained as
+high position in public estimation as this. The first course of lectures
+was delivered to 80 students, the second to 120, the third to 205, the
+fifth to 262; and since that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> time the classes have reached 400 pupils. It
+has attained the rank of the first school of medicine in the West, and is
+second to few in the country. There is now another medical school in this
+city, which will be noticed at the proper place.</p>
+
+<p>The next year&mdash;1838&mdash;brings us to the opening of a railroad to Portland.
+This road was intended to connect with the Lexington and Ohio railroad. It
+was kept in employ but a very short time, the citizens on Main Street
+below the depot at Sixth were violently opposed to the road, and used
+every effort to impair its usefulness. After the establishment of the
+Blind Asylum here, the profits of this road were transferred to that
+institution; but it did not long enjoy the advantages so offered, for the
+road was discontinued by an application to court from some of the
+citizens, as offensive to some, and unprofitable to all.</p>
+
+<p>A glance at the population of the city for this year will show, that in
+spite of the commercial difficulties of the time, the city still grew with
+astonishing rapidity. It had now reached a population of 27,000, showing a
+gain of 7,033 in three years.</p>
+
+<p>The only other event worthy of remembrance was the robbery of the Savings
+Bank. This was effected in the daytime, by a man named Clarendon E. Dix,
+who entered the bank about 3 o&#8217;clock in the afternoon. Soon after this
+time, Mr. Julien, the cashier of the bank, entered the establishment and
+found Dix, who had still in his hand the large bank hammer, with which he
+had killed the clerk whom he found there. Finding that he should be
+vanquished in the struggle with Mr. Julien, Dix<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> drew a pistol and shot
+himself. He was believed to be insane.</p>
+
+<p>The Literary Newsletter, a paper under the charge of Ed. Flagg, editor,
+was issued from the Journal office in December of this year. Its existence
+was limited to about thirty months. It was however eminently deserving of
+a much greater success than attended its issue.</p>
+
+<p>The Kentucky Historical Society was also incorporated at this time, under
+the direction of Hon. J. Rowan, President; Hon. Geo. M. Bibb and Hon.
+Henry Pirtle, Vice Presidents; D. C. Banks, Recording Secretary; and
+Edward Jarvis, Corresponding Secretary and Librarian. Its library which
+was amassed by the indefatigable zeal of Dr. Jarvis, is now incorporated
+with the Louisville Library. The Society itself is not now in active
+existence.</p>
+
+<p>Early in 1839, there was established a Ladies&#8217; Provident Society, for the
+benefit of the poor. This society was organized in the best possible
+manner, and was of very great value to the city. A depot for the reception
+of donations of food, clothing, &amp;c., was established, where also work was
+provided for such indigent females as failed to find employment elsewhere.
+The city was divided into wards, to each of which two female and one male
+visitor was apportioned, and the poor in each district were carefully and
+judiciously attended to. No better scheme for ameliorating the distress
+which is ever to be found in cities, could have been invented, and it is
+greatly to be regretted that this noble monument of charity no longer
+exists. The present form of provision for the destitute, though good, is
+far less effective than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> was this; and it is believed that if the
+Provident Society were now re-established, the increase both of wealth and
+population in the city would prevent its second failure. The Scotch
+Benevolent Society, which is an association of Scotchmen for the purpose
+of relieving any necessitous persons of their own countrymen who may be in
+Louisville, was also instituted at this time, and is still in active
+operation.</p>
+
+<p>The well remembered visit to this city of the beautiful and accomplished
+America, descendant of Amerigo Vespucci, the voyager whose name is so
+closely identified with the discovery of this continent, occurred during
+this year. It will be recollected that she was an exile, and in distress;
+and that she had visited this country with the hope of obtaining some aid
+from the government, which she solicited in view of her ancestor&#8217;s name
+and services. A private subscription was commenced for her at the office
+of the Journal, which, however, she declined, saying: &#8220;A national boon
+will ever honor the memory and the descendant of Amerigo Vespucci, but
+America, even as an exile in the United States, cannot accept an
+individual favor, however courteous and delicate may be the manner in
+which it is proffered.&#8221;</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This history now approaches a period so recent, that it will hardly be
+necessary to chronicle the events of the next decade with as much
+minuteness as has heretofore been attempted. The reader will doubtless
+long ago have perceived the difficulty of stringing together incidents,
+interesting in themselves, yet having so little bearing upon each other,
+as frequently to present more the dryness of a chronological table of
+events, than to offer the interest of a consecutive history. It is
+believed however, that in preparing a book of this character, this
+difficulty could not well be avoided, especially if intended, as this is,
+to be used as a work of general reference. The events of the next ten
+years are however so entirely within the memory of all, that the same
+attention to minuti&aelig; need not be preserved, such things possessing
+interest less from their inherent value, than from the period of their
+occurrence. It will, however, be still necessary to notice all that
+pertains absolutely to the interests or prosperity of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Commencing then with the year 1840, and keeping in view the fact that the
+effects of the disastrous crisis of 1837 were not yet passed away, the
+first thing claiming notice, is some account of the state of the city as
+it then was. The census of the United States for this year assigns to
+Louisville: 1 commercial, and 11 commission houses, [a somewhat indefinite
+phraseology,] in foreign<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> trade, with a capital of $191,800; 270 retail
+stores, with a capital of $2,128,400; 3 lumber yards, with a capital of
+$52,000; 2 flouring mills; 2 tanneries; 2 breweries; 1 glass cutting
+works; 1 pottery; 2 ropewalks; 7 printing offices; 2 binderies; 5 daily, 7
+weekly, and 3 semi-weekly newspapers; and 1 periodical; total capital
+employed in manufactures, $713,675. One college, 80 students; 10
+academies, 269 students; 14 schools, 388 scholars. The aggregate of
+population by this census was 21,210; of which 9,282 white males, 7,889
+white females; 609 free colored persons, and 3,420 slaves. This census is
+not considered authentic, as many transparent errors were found in various
+parts of it. Other computations made from reliable data at the same
+period, give to the city 23,000 to 24,000 inhabitants. As the former
+number, however, has received official sanction, it would be idle to
+dispute its correctness.</p>
+
+<p>Two events belong also to this year which were of vital importance. Of
+these, the first was the lighting of the city with gas. This was done by a
+corporate company, established by charter in 1839, having a capital of
+$1,200,000, with power also to erect water-works and with banking
+privileges, except the issue of bills. The city is better supplied with
+gas, and better lighted than any in the United States, if not in the
+world; most of the wealthier citizens use it in their dwellings, and all
+the shops are lighted with gas. The perspective view of the miles of
+brilliant lamps stretching away in the distance is very beautiful, and
+very attractive to strangers. Before the introduction of this sort of
+light, the city had been for two or three years greatly infested by
+robbers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> who favored by the darkness, made nightly attacks upon
+passengers through the streets, striking and disabling them with colts,
+and in no few instances murdering them outright. Residents were seldom
+attacked by these banditti, but the streets were considered unsafe for
+strangers. Finding it impossible to pursue their avocation where every
+street was brilliantly illuminated, these gentry changed their place of
+operations immediately on the lighting of the town, much to the relief of
+the citizens as well as the re-establishment of the fair fame of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The second of the events above alluded to was the conflagration which will
+be long known as the Great Fire in Louisville. It originated about
+midnight, on Third Street, between Main and Market, in the chair factory
+of John Hawkins, and burned south within one door of the Post Office,
+(then at the corner of Market and Third Streets,) and north to Main
+Street. It then took a westwardly direction down Main Street, destroying
+all the houses to within two doors of the Bank of Louisville. Its further
+progress having been arrested here, the flames crossed the street, and
+coming back upon their course destroyed nine large stores and one boarding
+house on the north side of Main, east of the middle of the square. Upwards
+of thirty houses were consumed, and the loss was estimated at more than
+$300,000. The houses destroyed were chiefly large importing and commercial
+stores; many of the goods were saved, but all the buildings were entirely
+destroyed. This conflagration however, proved in the end rather a gain
+than a loss to the city in general, as the site of the fire was speedily
+rebuilt in a much better style than before.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>The friends of the city were at this time urging the propriety of
+establishing manufactures here, a want not felt less at that time than
+now. In an article upon this subject in one of the daily papers, the
+following statistics of the sale of cotton goods were elicited, in which
+reference is had to the year 1841. &#8220;At this time there were sold, brown
+cottons to the value of $276,095; prints amounting to $249,824; cotton
+yarns to $224,819; bleached cottons $89,589, and checks and tickings
+$68,180, making a total of $908,772 taken from the city, which, it was
+urged, could have been easily and profitably furnished on the spot.&#8221; It
+was then said and may be now repeated that too little attention is paid to
+the vast advantages to be derived from the establishment of manufactures,
+especially at this point where the necessary power could and can be so
+easily and so cheaply attained. It is somewhat remarkable that this
+population has depended and still depends so entirely upon commerce as a
+means of gain. No other city perhaps in the world has so large a
+commercial business in proportion to its population. This is probably
+accounted for in the fact that the increase of commerce has been so rapid
+and the difficulty of overdoing the business so apparently impossible that
+every temptation has been offered to the capitalist to prefer this mode of
+investment. The time, however, cannot be far distant when the advantages
+offered to the manufacturer will be acknowledged and embraced. Indeed the
+commencement of what must before long become a very large branch of
+prosperity here was already established, but it has not grown with a
+rapidity commensurate with the increase<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> of other departments of trade. A
+few foundries and manufactories of bagging and rope were established about
+this period. These, with the addition of a lard oil factory, begun by C.
+C. P. Crosby, in 1842, may be said to embrace the whole manufacturing
+business of the city in that year. Future statistics will show how it has
+increased, and will demonstrate the value of this addition to the trade;
+and to these we will now turn.</p>
+
+<p>The Louisville Directory for 1844-1845, compiled by N. Peabody Poor, and
+the best directory ever published here, gives a very complete and
+interesting view of the city for that year. As no events in any degree
+connected with the public interests, or of any especial political value,
+are referable to the period between this year and 1840, it will be as well
+to pass on at once to a notice of the results of these five years of
+steady progress. Beginning then with the population, which, it will be
+remembered, amounted in 1840 to 21,210, we find that in September, 1845,
+an actual census shows it to have reached 37,218 souls. Of these 32,602
+were whites, 560 free blacks, and 4,056 slaves. The increase of five years
+is thus shown to amount to 16,008. Nor was it alone in the matter of
+population that such rapid progress had been made. The number of houses
+engaged in the wholesale and retail trade had increased from 270 to
+upwards of 500, and in addition to these purely commercial houses, there
+were then &#8220;12 large foundries for the construction of steam machinery; 1
+large rolling and slitting mill; 2 extensive steam bagging factories,
+capable of producing about 2,000,000 of yards annually; 6 cordage and rope
+factories, some of which produced 900,000<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> pounds of bale rope annually,
+beside which there were several smaller rope walks for the making of sash
+cord, twine, &amp;c.; 1 cotton factory; 1 woolen factory; 4 flouring mills,
+producing about 400 barrels daily; 4 lard oil factories; 1 white lead
+factory; 3 potteries; 6 extensive tobacco stemmeries, employing a large
+capital, where the leaf is stripped from the stem and re-packed for the
+English market; several tobacco manufactories; 2 glass cutting
+establishments; a large oil cloth factory; 2 surgical instrument makers; 2
+lithographic presses; 1 paper mill; 1 star candle factory; 4 pork houses,
+which will slaughter and pack about 70,000 hogs annually; 3 piano forte
+manufactories; 3 breweries; 8 brick yards; 1 ivory black maker; 6
+tanneries; 2 tallow rendering houses, rendering about 1,000,000 pounds
+annually; 8 soap and candle factories; 3 planing machines; 2 scale
+factories; 2 glue factories; 3 large ship yards, at which have been built
+some of the fastest running boats on the river; besides several factories
+of less note.&#8221;<a name='fna_16' id='fna_16' href='#f_16'><small>[16]</small></a> The simple statement of these facts furnishes a more
+convincing demonstration of the rapid and healthy progress of the city,
+than whole volumes of argument could afford.</p>
+
+<p>Another event bearing directly upon the prosperity of the city during the
+rest of this decade was the opening of the Louisville and Frankfort
+Railroad. The subject of this road had for a long time agitated the city;
+many surveys had been made, and indeed the work had at one time progressed
+to the actual digging and embankment of several miles of the track. The
+opening of the road was finally effected by the subscription of one
+million<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> of dollars by the city herself, which was paid by a tax of one
+per cent, for four years on all real estate within her limits, and this
+tax was re-paid to the owners in shares of stock. Although sanctioned by
+the vote of a very large majority of the citizens, this measure was for a
+while a very unpopular one; but the malcontents have lately found that the
+present loss was to them in the end a gain, and they are ready once more
+to submit to similar taxation, if by so doing other roads can be
+constructed. Indeed the subject of railroads was now eagerly taken up, and
+a just and most effective feeling in their favor was taking the place of
+the former apathy and indifference. The Louisville and Lexington Railroad
+had opened so many new sources of wealth and developed such advantages
+before unthought of, that the policy of stretching out iron arms to
+embrace in their circle all possible resources was no longer doubted.
+Acting upon this feeling, the people of Louisville united with those of
+Jeffersonville in building a road from that point to Columbus, and with
+those of New Albany in uniting that growing city with Salem. The purpose
+had in view in the construction of these roads is the ultimate and not
+very distant connection of Louisville, Jeffersonville and New Albany with
+Lake Erie, St. Louis and Lake Michigan. The entire line of the first of
+these roads is now in progress of construction, and the greater part of
+the other is under contract. Beside these, a railroad hence to Nashville,
+Tenn., is now being surveyed, which will unite with roads already partly
+under operation leading to some point on the Atlantic coast, near
+Charleston, S. C. The Louisville and Nashville end of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> this route will be
+put under contract as soon as proper surveys can be established. Other
+roads are had in contemplation, but nothing has yet been done toward their
+construction. The effect of these improvements will be the subject of
+notice in another chapter.</p>
+
+<p>With the opening of the year 1850, was commenced the first of a series of
+movements which led to the formation of a new charter for the city. This
+document makes all city officers elective by the people, and places the
+government in the hands of a Mayor, a Board of Common Council, and a Board
+of Aldermen. Many of the provisions of this charter are found healthful
+and wise in their operation, while many others are incomprehensible or
+impracticable. The first Mayor under this new charter felt himself obliged
+to resign his office, on the plea of incompetence to perform the duties
+assigned to him by the instrument. The Council, however, unwilling to
+dispense with so efficient an officer as he had proved himself, continued
+him in place as &#8220;<i>Mayor pro tem.</i>,&#8221; until the end of his term. Experience
+and the necessities of the city government will doubtless, as time
+progresses, so modify this instrument as to make its provisions work well
+and harmoniously.</p>
+
+<p>The annals of the city up to the year 1852 having now been presented to
+the reader, it only remains to offer a view of its present state in regard
+to population, commerce, manufactures and social position; which, together
+with a chapter on its future destiny, will conclude this history. It is
+not the intention of this work purposely to mislead any, as to the actual
+position of the city, and therefore, instead of embracing with the
+statistics of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> Louisville those of all the suburban villages and cities in
+the vicinity, as has universally been done by other western places, we
+purpose to give such statistics as belong exclusively to this city. If,
+however, it is ever honest for a city to aggrandize to itself all the
+prosperity of its suburban neighbors, it is eminently so with Louisville.
+The towns immediately around the falls are as ready to concede, as
+Louisville is to claim a perfect identity of interests. The pre-eminence
+which it has already gained over the neighboring towns forbids all hope of
+rivalry on their part, and compels them to unite their interests with
+those of Louisville as a means of their own prosperity. In certain
+branches of trade, New Albany or Jeffersonville may and do successfully
+compete with this city, but it is idle to imagine that this partial
+success can benefit them in such a way as to afford them any superiority
+in point of fact. On the contrary, this very success is owing entirely to
+their proximity to Louisville. Those branches of manufacture or of trade
+in which they excel find encouragement just so far as they are part and
+parcel of the manufactures or commerce of Louisville; and they would find
+no market for such wares, and no sale for such manufactures, did they
+depend only on their own resources of trade. It is the immediate
+contiguity of the large city which is their stimulus to exertion, and
+their means of preservation or of prosperity. They cannot but be
+considered as identical in interest with their elder sister. Nor, on the
+other hand, can it be denied that these places are of immense advantage to
+Louisville. Firstly, because they are situated in a free state, and hence
+can offer freedom<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> from the disadvantages of slavery; secondly, because,
+as smaller towns, they are cheaper residences for those whose means
+require attention to careful economy; thirdly, because they claim for
+Louisville the sympathy and encouragement of the State in which they are
+situated; and finally, because they extend the area of the trade and
+manufactures of the city. It is probable that if the same advantages which
+have made Louisville great had been offered to New Albany or to
+Jeffersonville, either of those places might have exceeded their more
+fortunate compeer. But now the supremacy once gained, cannot but be
+maintained; and the growth and prosperity, or the decay and adversity of
+Louisville, must either make or mar the fortunes of her sister towns.</p>
+
+<p>Before entering upon the commercial statistics of Louisville, it may be
+well to consider its social position, and to endeavor to convey some idea
+of the advantages offered by this city as a place of residence, aside from
+its character as a commercial emporium. It is believed that there are few
+commercial cities on this continent which possess the same characteristics
+as this. The restlessness, the turmoil and the eagerness in the pursuit of
+wealth which is ever the characteristic of large commercial cities, has
+generally produced a littleness of feeling, and a selfishness of manner
+which does not at all tend to elevate the social position of those places,
+but rather causes them to lack that feature which in other countries is
+known and valued by the name &#8220;<i>tone</i>.&#8221; In Louisville, this does not
+appear. Indeed it is difficult to reconcile the manner of pursuing traffic
+here with its results. As will be seen hereafter, the business of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> the
+city is of great extent, and yet the stranger in its midst would perceive
+nothing to indicate such prosperity. Business is pursued quietly and
+without ostentation; no efforts are made by any to convince others of
+their successes; no factitious means are employed to display the results
+of labor, no hurry or restlessness or confusion attends even the largest
+and most prosperous houses. Trade is pursued as a means of gain, but is
+not allowed to blind its votaries to every other pursuit of life: business
+closes with the close of the day, and is forgotten in other things, until
+it is revived on the morrow. While pursued, it is pursued with all the
+avidity that is consistent with the dignity of manhood; but it is never
+allowed to obtrude where it does not belong, nor is it permitted to make
+any forget that there are other duties than those of the merchant, and
+other pleasures than that of adding dollar to dollar. Yet it is believed
+that there is no city in the Union where the aggregate amount of sales in
+any one department of business, divided by the number of houses engaged in
+that business, will show so large a result. Doubtless this state of things
+is in a great measure caused by the peculiarities of character which
+belong to the Kentuckian, and which are so essential an element in the
+society of this city, which society comes now to be considered in its
+proper form.</p>
+
+<p>There are certain traits in the Kentucky character which are everywhere
+spoken of with approbation. A manly independence, a generous frankness,
+and a careless but attractive freedom of manner, united with unbounded
+hospitality, and that true politeness and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>deference, which proceeds
+rather from natural instinct than from a knowledge of the rules of
+etiquette, are perhaps the chief of these characteristics. All these, and
+much more which will elude description, and which can be appreciated only
+by acquaintance, go to make up that praiseworthy trait of character which
+has always and everywhere distinguished the Kentuckian, as fully as the
+most elaborate description could do, we mean his <i>chivalry</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Despising alike the narrow prejudices, the suspicious reserve, the silly
+dignity, the proud self-gratulation of the Yankee; and the pride of birth
+and of purse, the ostentation of manner and the foppish pretension of the
+Southerner, he takes from the first his respect for talent, his patriotism
+and his spirit of enterprise, and from the last his genial warmth of
+heart, his worship of the beautiful, his deference for the other sex, and
+his manly independence of heart. Add to these a bold and reckless
+frankness, an easy confidence, a love of adventure, a scorn of oppression,
+a noble intolerance of even seeming insult, and an almost criminal
+indifference of life when duty or honor seems to call it into peril, and
+you have a fair picture of the true Kentuckian, of the character which
+forms the basis of the society now under consideration. Perhaps the most
+distinguishing feature of this society is the readiness with which it
+receives and swallows up all those sectional differences which in other
+cities remain intact. Society here is generalized; the spirit of
+<i>cliqueism</i> does not prevail, social distinctions are marked in broad,
+plain lines, but the highest class is open to all who merit a place. The
+test of position is neither wealth, birth, nor pretension;
+<i>respectability</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> as readily enters the higher circles, and receives as
+ready encouragement as either of these. In other cities, society divides
+into numerous little circles, each claiming superior position to the
+other, each ridiculing the pretension and refusing the association of the
+other. Here, all are honored in their respective spheres, and few claim a
+position to which they are not entitled.</p>
+
+<p>Society here has also the power of generalization to the extent that
+sectional differences are lost by its members, and the Northern, Eastern
+or Southern man, as well as the native of another country, seems to lose
+all identity of manner, and becomes only an integral part of one great
+circle. The fashionable world acts as if with one common impulse, while
+the other, the larger and better class of respectable people, who do not
+aspire to this title, but who could claim it by the mere exercise of their
+will, are neither led by the <i>beau monde</i>, on the one hand, nor, on the
+other, do they make a virtue of opposing this class. Society is correct in
+its outline and harmonious in detail. Distinctions of class, though
+plainly marked, are never offensively shown.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the worst feature of society is its lack of a proper reverence for
+the intellectual, its tendency to frivolity. The amusements most prized by
+all classes are of a frivolous character. The song, the play or the dance,
+are valued far above the lecture or the conversation. The pleasures of the
+intellect are considered dull and tame, when compared with those which
+excite but for a moment, and are then forgotten. That the power of the
+intellectual man is acknowledged is true, but the acknowledgment is not
+practical, it is merely theoretical.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> While a high respect is had for the
+man of letters, he does not command that <i>sympathy</i> which should be
+accorded him. The great singer or actor receives far more at the hands of
+society than the profound philosopher or the elegant essayist. People of
+all ranks are bent upon attaining pleasure with the least possible
+intellectual exertion. Libraries are little patronized; public amusements
+of all sorts meet with unbounded success.</p>
+
+<p>Another glaring defect of a certain part of society is found in a desire
+for notoriety, even if purchased at the expense of good taste. This
+feeling is one hardly deserving the name of ambition, for ambition has
+ever a laudable object in view, while this purposes to itself no more than
+merely having one&#8217;s name coupled with some eccentric freak, or being
+pitied as the victim of <i>outre</i> tastes in dress or manner. It has resulted
+from the thoughtless admission of very young persons into terms of social
+equality, and will doubtless be corrected as these grow mature or pass
+over the stage, and admit a new group to the places they have just yielded
+up.</p>
+
+<p>The first of these defects is by far the worst in its general tendencies;
+for it reduces the educational standard, causing daughters to be educated
+merely with a view to shine in society, and leading young men to eschew
+pursuits which they find do not advantage them with their daily
+companions. It is in society that the young man first feels the promptings
+of ambition; and if excellence in the Redowa or the Mazourka gain for him
+more admiration than skill with the pen or the pallet; if genius in
+ball-room prattle make him more friends than learning or philosophy, it is
+easy to see that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> Redowa and the ball-room will carry the day. Nor, on
+the other hand, can it be doubted that if young ladies were so educated as
+to show their appreciation of useful talent; if their tastes would lead
+them to smile on the endeavor of merit, and to frown on him who had
+neglected the graces of the mind to bestow his time and attention on those
+of the person, a very great social change would ensue. Men would then have
+a proper point for their ambition to aim at; the parlor or the ball-room
+would become a place of real and rational enjoyment, and society would
+take a rank far above that held by the ballet girls and singers of the
+conservatoire.</p>
+
+<p>But society here has its virtues as well as its defects. It is singularly
+free from absolute vice of all sorts. It discourages gaming, drunkenness
+and sensuality; its prevailing tone is virtuous and moral; and, while
+people are hedged in by few conventionalities, yet a character for
+respectability is imperatively demanded from all who knock at its portals
+for admission. No society could be more agreeable to the stranger than
+that of Louisville. Its unbounded hospitality, and generous, confiding
+frankness are characteristics which are to him a screen against any minor
+defects.</p>
+
+<p>It is not to be argued from anything which has been previously said that
+this city can boast of no prominent intellectual men. On the contrary few
+cities of corresponding size in the country can show as many widely known
+and respected names connected with the world of letters. There are now
+living in Louisville eighteen authors who have each contributed one or
+more successful volumes to the literature of the day. But authorship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> and
+intellectual exertion, like business or physical labor, seems to form no
+part of the every day life of society.</p>
+
+<p>The next subject which presents itself as connected with the social review
+of the city is a glance at the religious statistics of Louisville. This is
+offered to the reader in the following</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">TABLE OF CHURCHES.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td class="btr" align="center">CHURCHES.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Congregations.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Communications.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Number in<br />Congregation.<br />(Attendance.)</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Church<br />Accomodations<br />for</td>
+    <td class="bt" align="center">Value of<br />Property.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="btr"><span class="smcap">Baptist</span></td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">1,729</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">2,200</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">2,650</td>
+    <td class="bt" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">80,000</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span class="smcap">Episcopal</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">431</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">1,425</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">2,150</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">76,000</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span class="smcap">Methodist</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">17</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">3,036</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">5,900</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">8,250</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center">109,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span class="smcap">Presbyterian</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">913</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">2,225</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">3,300</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center">128,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span class="smcap">German Evangelical</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">1,200</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">2,150</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">21,700</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Lutheran</span></span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">100</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">100</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center">&nbsp;</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Reformed</span></span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.3em;">75</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">200</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">200</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">2,250</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span class="smcap">Disciple</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">410</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">520</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">950</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">18,000</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span class="smcap">Unitarian</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.3em;">63</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">240</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">320</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">12,000</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span class="smcap">Universalist</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.3em;">70</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">200</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">500</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.2em;">8,000</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br"><span class="smcap">Roman Catholic</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">5,000</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">5,000</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">3,540</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center">125,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bbr"><span class="smcap">Jews</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">400</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .8em;">400</span></td>
+    <td class="bb" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">11,000</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bbr"><span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Total</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">46</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">11,727</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">19,610</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">24,510</span></td>
+    <td class="bb" align="center">590,900</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The tasteful and elegant structures which many of these churches have
+erected are great additions to the beauty of the city. Those most worthy
+of note are the Walnut Street Baptist, First Presbyterian, Catholic
+Cathedral, St. Paul&#8217;s (Episcopal) and the Synagogue; the last mentioned of
+which is the most elegant building in the city, although it is probably
+less expensive than either of the others. The pulpit of Louisville is
+eminently well supplied. Some of the most distinguished divines of the
+country are among its members; and few,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> if any, of the clergy are men
+whose talents do not rank above mediocrity.</p>
+
+<p>Beside the churches above mentioned, Louisville has also many beautiful
+public and private buildings. The city is perhaps more thoroughly
+classified and better arranged, both for business and for comfortable
+residence, than any other western place. The wholesale business of the
+city is entirely confined to Main Street, which is more than four miles
+long, is perfectly straight, and is built up on either side with good
+substantial brick buildings for more than half its entire length. The
+stores, taken as a whole, are the largest and finest ware-houses anywhere
+to be seen; having fronts of from twenty to thirty feet and running back
+from one hundred and ten to two hundred feet, and three to five stories in
+height. The houses thus referred to occupy the most central part of the
+business street and extend from First to Sixth cross streets, a distance
+of 5,040 feet in a direct line. On the north side of Main Street,
+throughout this whole extent, there are but two retail stores of any kind,
+and even these only sell their goods at retail because they are enabled to
+do so without interference with their wholesale trade. On the south side
+of the same street are about twenty of the fashionable shops side by side
+with many of the largest wholesale houses. Market Street is exclusively
+devoted to the retail business. It is on this street that the principal
+small transactions in country produce are made. With the exception of the
+squares bounded by Third and Fifth Streets, where most of the retail
+dry-goods business is done, the entire extent of this street is given up
+to the retail grocers, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>provision dealers and clothiers. Jefferson is
+recently beginning to be used as a fashionable street for the retailers,
+but yet contains many handsome residences. The streets south of Jefferson
+are all entirely occupied with dwelling houses. No business is done on any
+of them except an occasional family grocery or drug store. The fashionable
+shops are fitted up in a style of unexampled magnificence and contain the
+most beautiful products of human ingenuity. No city in the Union is better
+supplied with or finds more ready sale for the finest class of articles of
+every description than Louisville. The city south of Jefferson Street is
+very beautiful. The streets are lined on either side with large and
+elegant shade trees, the houses are all provided with little green yards
+in front, and are cleanly kept, presenting a graceful and home-like
+appearance. An impression of elegant ease every where characterizes this
+part of the city. The houses seem to be more the places for retirement,
+comfort and enjoyment than, as is customary in most cities, either the
+ostentatious discomforts of display, or the hot, confined residences of
+those whose life of ease is sacrificed to the pursuit of gain. There is
+little appearance of poverty and little display of wealth; every house
+seems the abode of modest competence that knows how to enjoy a little with
+content, careless of producing a display of wealth to feast the eyes of a
+passing idler. Even the more ambitious residences on Chestnut and Broadway
+Streets are constructed rather for the comfort of the inmates than to
+produce an impression on the stranger. This latter is the most beautiful
+street in the city. It is one hundred and twenty feet in width from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> front
+to front and is perfectly straight. The side-walks are twenty-five feet
+wide. The view up and down this street is extended and beautiful. It is
+destined to become the fashionable street for residence. Already many
+beautiful buildings are being erected upon it and the former less elegant
+houses are being removed to more remote situations.</p>
+
+<p>The subject of Public Education comes now to claim its share of
+consideration. The free school system is the same in its outline here as
+in other cities. The city schools are under the direction of a Board of
+trustees, who are elected by the people, and are open to all those persons
+who are not able to pay for the tuition of their wards; children of all
+ages and of both sexes are placed under the care of competent instructors,
+and educated in all the ordinary branches of learning without any charge
+to the pupil. The sexes are kept separate and male and female teachers are
+employed. The standard of study is as high as in other unclassical
+schools, and every pupil has equal advantages of improvement. A high
+school is about to be established where all the branches of study usually
+employed in colleges will be taught to those pupils who have successfully
+passed through the lower schools, also without any charge. By this
+magnificent educational scheme, the children even of the poorest and
+humblest member of society are afforded all the advantages which the
+wealthiest person could purchase. The attendance at the public schools of
+Louisville has not been so large as it should have been; firstly, because
+there are comparatively few parents who are not able to pay for the
+tuition of their children; and secondly, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>because of a foolish pride which
+prevents parents from accepting this education as a gratuity. The number
+of children taught in private schools as compared with those who embrace
+the free school privileges show that these reasons have immense weight
+with the people. It is probable, however, that the opening of the new high
+school will bring about a change in this regard. The advantages which will
+then be offered to the pupil will be so great as to overcome, in a great
+measure, the absurd prejudices which have existed in the city against the
+common school. There are twenty-four free schools in the city, having
+thirty-one female and twenty-five male teachers, whose salaries range from
+two hundred and fifty to seven hundred dollars. The number of pupils
+entered for the year reaches about three thousand, six hundred and fifty,
+while the number in attendance does not exceed one thousand, eight hundred
+and fifty. This affords an average of only thirty-three pupils to each
+teacher; so that all the pupils are able to receive every requisite
+attention.</p>
+
+<p>The city also has control of a Medical and of a Law school, which are
+recognized as departments of the Louisville University. The first of these
+is one of the most distinguished schools of its class in the United
+States. Something has been said of its history in a previous part of this
+volume. Three thousand, eight hundred and sixty-one young men have been
+attendants on this school since its commencement. The names of its
+Professors are well known in the medical world and afford a sure guarantee
+for its position. They are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Charles W. Short, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Materia Medica and Medical
+Botany.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+<a name='fna_17' id='fna_17' href='#f_17'><small>[17]</small></a>Jedediah Cobb, M. D., Professor of Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy.</p>
+
+<p>Lunsford P. Yandell, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathalogical
+Anatomy.</p>
+
+<p>Samuel D. Gross, M. D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of
+Surgery.</p>
+
+<p>Henry Miller, M. D., Professor of Obstetric Medicine.</p>
+
+<p>Lewis Rogers, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.</p>
+
+<p>Benjamin Silliman, Jr., M. D., Professor of Medical Chemistry and
+Toxicology.</p>
+
+<p><a href='#f_17'><small>[17]</small></a>Daniel Drake, M. D., Professor of the Theory and</p>
+
+<p>T. G. Richardson, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.</p>
+
+<p>The venerated name of <span class="smcap">Charles Caldwell</span>, M. D., was also, for a long time,
+associated with this school, and much of its earlier success is
+attributable to his exertion.</p>
+
+<p>The law department of the University has been in active operation only
+since the winter of 1847. It has, however, obtained a wide spread and
+deservedly great reputation as a school. The number of pupils educated in
+this department since its commencement is one hundred and ninety-six.</p>
+
+<p>The Professors of the Law Department of the University are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Henry Pirtle, L. L. D., Professor of Constitutional Law, Equity and
+Commercial Law.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. Wm, F. Bullock, Professor of the Law of Real<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> Property and of the
+Practice of Law, including Pleading and Evidence.</p>
+
+<p>Hon. James Pryor, Professor of the History and Science of Law, including
+the Common Law and International Law.</p>
+
+<p>The prospects of this school for the ensuing year are more flattering than
+they have ever been. The distinguished gentlemen who are at the head of
+this institution have reason to congratulate themselves as well on their
+past success as on their brilliant prospects for the future.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these two schools under the immediate control of the city, the
+Medical Department of the Masonic University of Kentucky is also located
+here. This school has been in operation for a very short time, having been
+organized in 1850, but its claims seem already to be recognized throughout
+the West. The institution opened with a class of 103 young gentlemen,
+which number was increased in the second year of its existence to 110.
+With so auspicious a commencement, and under the direction of its
+distinguished faculty, there seems to be no reason why it should not soon
+equal in point of numbers and utility the other and older college. The
+advantages of Louisville over other western cities as a location for
+medical schools does not need any further notice than these statistics
+will afford. What has already been accomplished by these institutions will
+establish its advantages with the reader more fully than any deliberate
+reasoning could do. The faculty of the Kentucky School of Medicine is
+composed of the following gentlemen:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>Benj. W. Dudley, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Anatomy and Surgery.</p>
+
+<p>Robert Peter, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology.</p>
+
+<p>Thos. D. Mitchell, Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine.</p>
+
+<p>Joshua B. Flint, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery.</p>
+
+<p>James M. Bush, M. D., and Ethelbert L. Dudley, M. D., Professors of
+Special and Surgical Anatomy and Operative Surgery.</p>
+
+<p>Henry M. Bullitt, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathology.</p>
+
+<p>Llewellyn Powell, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and
+Children.</p>
+
+<p>Erasmus D. Foree, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Clinical
+Medicine.</p>
+
+<p>David Cummings, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.</p>
+
+<p>St. Aloysius college, under the care of the Jesuits, is an academical
+institution of some celebrity. It has six professors and several tutors.
+The Kentucky Institution for the Education of the Blind is also located
+here. This noble monument of philanthropy has been the means of much good
+to the class for whom it was intended. It has had an average attendance of
+about twenty pupils. The course of instruction is ample and the results
+have been in the highest degree creditable to the teachers. The
+proficiency of many of the pupils is truly wonderful; and their aptitude
+in learning many of the branches taught them, more especially that great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+solace of the blind, music, is everywhere noted. They are also instructed
+in various kinds of handicraft, by which they are enabled to earn an
+honorable support after leaving the school. The price of board and tuition
+for those who are able to pay is only one hundred dollars per annum; while
+indigent children, resident in the State, are educated gratuitously. The
+spacious building erected for the use of this school was recently
+destroyed by fire, but will be speedily rebuilt on a more favorable site
+and in a better manner than before.</p>
+
+<p>Beside the schools above mentioned there are a great number of private
+schools of various grades of excellence. Among these the Young Ladies&#8217;
+Schools of <span class="smcap">Bishop Smith</span> and of <span class="smcap">Prof. Noble Butler</span> are perhaps the most
+widely known. They offer advantages for the education of young ladies
+which are not surpassed in any city. Indeed the educational opportunities
+afforded by the many excellent public and private schools of Louisville
+are in the highest degree creditable to the city and have attracted and
+still continue to attract to it many families from distant parts of the
+country. To those who know how properly to estimate the value of
+educational privileges, the training of their children is an all-important
+consideration; and, as nothing can supply the want of parental care, it is
+not uncommon for families to seek as a residence those places which at
+once possess great facilities for instruction, and are free from the
+dangers of ill-health. Louisville has both these advantages, and hence
+this city owes to these facts much of her best population.</p>
+
+<p>The healthiness of Louisville is everywhere a subject<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> of remark. Its past
+reputation for insalubrity is long since forgotten, and its singular
+exemption from those epidemic diseases whose ravages have been so terrible
+in other places, have gained for it a very enviable distinction among
+cities. The following recent report of the Committee on Public Health of
+the Louisville Medical Society will tend still further to confirm what has
+just been said: &#8220;Since the years 1822 and 1823,&#8221; says this document, &#8220;the
+endemic fevers of summer and autumn have become gradually less frequent,
+until within the last five or six years they have almost ceased to
+prevail, and those months are now as free from disease as those of any
+part of the year. Typhoid fever is a rare affection here, and a majority
+of the cases seen occur in persons recently from the country. Some
+physicians residing in the interior of this State see more of the disease
+than comes under the joint observation of all the practitioners of the
+city, if we exclude those treated in the Hospital.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Tubercular disease, particularly pulmonary consumption, is not so much
+seen as in the interior of Kentucky. Our exemption from pulmonary
+consumption is remarkable, and it would be a matter of much interest if a
+registration could be made of all the deaths from it, so that we could
+compare them with those of other places.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;For the truth of the remarks as to the extent and frequency of the
+diseases enumerated we rely solely upon what we have observed ourselves,
+and upon what we have verbally gathered from our professional friends.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;This exemption of Louisville from disease, can be accounted for in no
+other way than from its natural <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>situation, and from what has been done in
+grading, in building, and in laying off the streets.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Louisville is situated on an open plain, where the wind has access from
+every direction; upon a sandy soil, which readily absorbs the water that
+falls upon it; susceptible of adequate drainings; supplied bountifully
+with pure lime stone water, which is filtered through a depth of thirty or
+forty feet of sand; its streets are wide and laid off at right
+angles&mdash;north and south, east and west&mdash;giving the freest ventilation; and
+the buildings compact, comfortable, and generally so constructed as to be
+dry and to admit freely the fresh air. It is situated upon the border of
+the beautiful Ohio, and environed by one of the richest agricultural
+districts in the world, supplying it with abundance of food, and all the
+comforts and luxuries of life. It must, under the guidance of science and
+wise legislation, become, if it is not already, one of the healthiest
+cities in the world. Its proximity to the rapids of the Ohio may add to
+its salubrity, and it is certain that the evening breezes wafted over
+them, produce an exhilarating effect, beyond what is derived from the
+perpetual music of the roar of the falls.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>It may be proper to add the following table of the comparative statistics
+of annual mortality of the resident population as ascertained from
+official sources.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>In</td>
+    <td>Louisville</td>
+    <td>the</td>
+    <td>deaths</td>
+    <td>are</td>
+    <td>one</td>
+    <td>to</td>
+    <td>50.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Philadelphia</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>36.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>New York</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>37.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Boston</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>38.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Cincinnati</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>35.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Naples</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>28.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Paris</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>33.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>London</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>39.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Glasgow</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">do</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td>44.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>The <i>Market Houses</i> of Louisville, five in number and all located upon
+Market Street, are profusely supplied with every production of this
+latitude. Markets are held every day, and prices are much lower than in
+Eastern cities. The Kentucky beef and pork which is everywhere so
+celebrated, is here found in its true perfection. The vegetables and
+fruits peculiar to this climate, are also offered in excellent order and
+in great abundance. Irish and sweet potatoes, green peas, corn, cucumbers,
+lettuce, radishes, asparagus, celery, salsafie, pie plant, melons,
+peaches, apples, cherries, strawberries, and many other vegetables and
+fruits are plentifully supplied. The Irish potato is sold at from
+twenty-five to forty cents per bushel, green peas command about twenty
+cents per peck, strawberries fifty cents per gallon. The choice pieces of
+beef can be had at from six to eight cents per pound, less desirable
+pieces bring three and four cents. Pork is bought at about five cents per
+pound. Turkies bring fifty to seventy-five cents each. Spring chickens,
+from seventy-five to one dollar and fifty cents per dozen. Ducks, fifteen
+to twenty-five cents each. Eggs are sold at four to eight cents per dozen.
+Butter, fifteen to twenty cents per pound. The lamb and mutton sold in
+this market, cannot be surpassed in point of quality in the United States.
+The extreme fertility of the country around Louisville, and its perfect
+adaptation to the wants of the gardener and the stockraiser, must always
+give to this city the advantage of an excellent and cheap provision
+market.</p>
+
+<p>The following is a list of all the publications issued from this city:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span></p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Journal</td>
+    <td align="center">Daily and Weekly</td>
+    <td>Whig.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Courier</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Times</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>Democrat.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Democrat</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Beobachter am Ohio</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Louisville Anzeiger</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Union</td>
+    <td align="center">Daily</td>
+    <td>Neutral.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bulletin</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sunday Varieties</td>
+    <td align="center">Weekly</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Presbyterian Herald</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Presbyterian.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Western Recorder</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Baptist.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Watchman and Evangelist</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Cumb. Presby.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Christian Advocate</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Methodist.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Kentucky New Era</td>
+    <td align="center">Semi-Monthly</td>
+    <td>Temperance.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Christian Repository</td>
+    <td align="center">Monthly</td>
+    <td>Baptist.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Indian Advocate</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">"</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bible Advocate</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Neutral.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Theological Medium</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td>
+    <td>Cumb. Presby.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery</td>
+    <td align="center">Monthly.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Transylvania Medical Journal</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This review of the social statistics of Louisville will be concluded with
+a notice of the number of persons engaged in the various avocations of
+life, as shows in the following:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Agents</td><td align="right">58</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Agricultural Implement Makers</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Apothecaries</td><td align="right">113</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Architects</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artificial Flower Makers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artists</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Auctioneers</td><td align="right">26</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Barbers</td><td align="right">198</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bakers</td><td align="right">362</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bar Keepers</td><td align="right">231</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Basket Makers</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bellows Makers</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blind Makers</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blacking Makers</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blacksmiths</td><td align="right">251</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bird Stuffers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brush Makers</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brokers</td><td align="right">28</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bricklayers</td><td align="right">265</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brick Makers</td><td align="right">45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brewers</td><td align="right">37</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bristle Cleaners</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Book Sellers</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boot and Shoe Dealers</td><td align="right">58</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Book Binders</td><td align="right">102</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Butchers</td><td align="right">201</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Candle and Soap Makers</td><td align="right">38</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Caulkers</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carpet Weavers</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carvers</td><td align="right">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cartmen</td><td align="right">452</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carpenters</td><td align="right">874</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Camphine Makers</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cabinet Makers</td><td align="right">275</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cement Maker</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>Clerks</td><td align="right">1130</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Clothing Dealers</td><td align="right">57</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cigar Makers</td><td align="right">159</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Composition Roofers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cotton Packers</td><td align="right">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cotton Caulk Makers</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Collectors</td><td align="right">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Confectionaries</td><td align="right">96</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coach Makers</td><td align="right">78</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coopers</td><td align="right">116</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Comb Makers</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dancing Teachers</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Daguerreotypists</td><td align="right">23</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dentists</td><td align="right">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Distiller</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Doctors</td><td align="right">162</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Druggists</td><td align="right">75</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dry Goods Dealers</td><td align="right">275</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Dyers</td><td align="right">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Editors</td><td align="right">18</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Edge Tool Makers</td><td align="right">11</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Egg Packers</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Engravers</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Engineers</td><td align="right">139</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Farmers</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Feed Dealers</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fishermen</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>File Cutters</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Foundrymen</td><td align="right">369</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fringe Makers</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gardeners</td><td align="right">31</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gentlemen</td><td align="right">36</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gilders</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glass Setters</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glass Cutters</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glass Stainer</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glass Blowers</td><td align="right">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glue Makers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Grocers</td><td align="right">504</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Guagers</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gunsmiths</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hatters</td><td align="right">117</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hackmen</td><td align="right">95</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hardware Dealers</td><td align="right">34</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hucksters</td><td align="right">45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hose Makers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ice Dealers</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ink Makers</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Insurance Agencies</td><td align="right">27</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Iron Safe Maker</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lamp Makers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Laborers</td><td align="right">1920</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Last Makers</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Leather Finders</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lawyers</td><td align="right">125</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Liquor Dealers</td><td align="right">45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Locksmiths</td><td align="right">47</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Livery Keepers</td><td align="right">43</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lightning Rod Maker</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lathe Makers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Match Makers</td><td align="right">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Machinists</td><td align="right">33</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Marble Cutters</td><td align="right">21</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Merchants</td><td align="right">85</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Millers</td><td align="right">37</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Milliners</td><td align="right">186</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Milkmen</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Millwrights</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Midwives</td><td align="right">23</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Music Dealers</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Music Teachers</td><td align="right">30</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Music Publishers</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>No Occupation</td><td align="right">127</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil Cloth Makers</td><td align="right">15</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oyster Brokers</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Organ Builders</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil Stone Makers</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Opticians</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil Makers</td><td align="right">27</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper Makers</td><td align="right">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper Box Makers</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Painters</td><td align="right">267</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pedlars</td><td align="right">47</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plasterers</td><td align="right">94</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plane Makers</td><td align="right">26</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Planing Mill and Lumbermen</td><td align="right">33</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Piano Makers</td><td align="right">36</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Printers</td><td align="right">201</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper Hangers</td><td align="right">48</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Potters</td><td align="right">17</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Professors</td><td align="right">26</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pump Makers</td><td align="right">16</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pickle Dealer</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plumbers</td><td align="right">9</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pork Packers</td><td align="right">25</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Preachers</td><td align="right">57</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Presidents Company</td><td align="right">45</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Policemen</td><td align="right">32</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Queensware Dealers</td><td align="right">26</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Railroad Car Makers</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Refrigerator Makers</td><td align="right">6</td></tr>
+<tr><td>River Men</td><td align="right">330</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rope Makers</td><td align="right">65</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>Saddlers</td><td align="right">195</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Semptresses</td><td align="right">311</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Scale Makers</td><td align="right">7</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Silver Platers</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Silversmiths</td><td align="right">63</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Shoemakers</td><td align="right">356</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ship Carpenters</td><td align="right">133</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Soda Makers</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Speculators</td><td align="right">43</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Starch Makers</td><td align="right">10</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stereotypers</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stone Cutters</td><td align="right">219</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stocking Weavers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Surveyors</td><td align="right">13</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Students</td><td align="right">638</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saw Millers</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stucco Workers</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stove Makers</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sail Makers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Surgical Instrument Makers</td><td align="right">4</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tailors</td><td align="right">375</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tanners</td><td align="right">42</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tavern keepers</td><td align="right">275</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Teachers</td><td align="right">67</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Telescopic Instrument Makers</td><td align="right">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tinners</td><td align="right">115</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Turners</td><td align="right">22</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacconists</td><td align="right">61</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Trunk Makers</td><td align="right">35</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Upholsterers</td><td align="right">29</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Umbrella Makers</td><td align="right">5</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Variety Dealers</td><td align="right">46</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Vinegar Makers</td><td align="right">8</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wig Makers</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wire Workers</td><td align="right">12</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wagon Makers</td><td align="right">144</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Whip Makers</td><td align="right">3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wood and Coal Dealers</td><td align="right">30</td></tr>
+<tr><td>White Lead Makers</td><td align="right">2</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wall Paper Makers</td><td align="right">1</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>The commercial and manufacturing statistics of Louisville come next to be
+considered. And it is well to state here, however discreditable such
+statement may be to the city, that no business organization of any kind
+has ever been attempted and no statistical tables have ever been kept
+either by the city government, by societies or individuals. The only means
+left to the statistician, therefore, have been the tedious and often
+incomplete process of personal application and investigation. The
+statistics which are here offered to the reader are derived from the best
+authority and are believed to be correct, but are necessarily far less
+complete than could have been wished. This outline will, however, serve to
+give some idea of the general business character of the city.</p>
+
+<p>All departments of business in Louisville are transacted upon a very large
+scale. It is perhaps the greatest fault in the commercial character of the
+city that everything is conducted upon too large a scale. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> is, to
+use a painter&#8217;s phrase, too much of outline and too little in detail. The
+wealth and importance of cities depends less upon the great than upon the
+small dealers and manufacturers; these latter are content with doing each
+a small and careful business which may gradually rise to be of vast
+extent, and which will thus really improve and profit the city more than
+the mighty efforts of the large dealer. In Louisville, however, none are
+contented to do a little business. The feeling seems to exist that
+mercantile or manufacturing pursuits are respectable just in proportion to
+the capital employed in them, and the desire of every one seems to be to
+attain a high point of respectability. Louisville greatly lacks that class
+of inhabitants, so useful to a city, who are content to attain wealth by
+careful and laborious means, who can commence with the basket of apples
+and gradually work up to the proud proprietorship of extensive ware-houses
+or factories. There is everywhere prevalent among those who should seek to
+rise gradually, a desire to place themselves at once in a rank with the
+largest dealers. It is the small dealer and the small manufacturer, who is
+content to rise by his own efforts, unaided by factitious means of any
+sort, who is needed here. There is abundant room and abundant work for
+such, their advent is courted; and, if they will avoid the characteristic
+desire for extensive business relations and be content to seek their
+fortunes by pains-taking progress, their success is infallibly certain.</p>
+
+<p>It has already been remarked that the aggregate amount of sales in any one
+department of business divided by the number of houses engaged in that
+business would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> show a very large result. In this statement reference is
+had only to those exclusively wholesale houses, whose sales are made to
+dealers. No exclusively retail houses of any sort are placed in the
+enumeration, though the sales of many of the retail stores would fully
+equal, if indeed they did not exceed, some of the wholesale houses. The
+difficulty of reaching any proper account of the retail business will,
+however, prevent any notice being taken of it in this volume.</p>
+
+<p>Louisville contains <i>twenty-five</i> exclusively wholesale <span class="smcap">Dry Goods</span> houses,
+whose sales are made only to dealers and whose market reaches from
+Northern Louisiana to Northern Kentucky and embraces a large part of the
+States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama, Illinois, Mississippi and
+Arkansas. The aggregate amount of annual sales by these houses is <i>five
+million, eight hundred</i> and <i>fifty-three thousand</i> (5,853,000) <i>dollars</i>,
+or an average of <i>two hundred</i> and <i>thirty-four thousand</i> (234,000)
+<i>dollars</i> to each house. The sales of three of the largest of these houses
+amount in the aggregate to <i>one million, seven hundred</i> and <i>eighty-nine
+thousand</i> (1,789,000) <i>dollars</i>. Neither this statement nor those which
+follow include any auction houses.</p>
+
+<p>In <span class="smcap">Boots &amp; Shoes</span>, the sales of the <i>eight</i> houses of the above description
+reach <i>one million, one hundred</i> and <i>eighty-four thousand</i> (1,184,000)
+<i>dollars</i>, or <i>one hundred</i> and <i>forty-eight thousand</i> (148,000) <i>dollars</i>
+to each house. The sales of the three largest houses in this business
+reach <i>six hundred</i> and <i>thirty thousand</i> (630,000) <i>dollars</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The aggregate amount of annual sales by <i>eight houses</i>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> in <span class="smcap">Drugs</span>, &amp;c., is
+<i>one million, one hundred</i> and <i>twenty-three thousand</i> (1,123,000)
+<i>dollars</i>, or <i>one hundred</i> and <i>forty thousand, three hundred</i> and
+<i>seventy-five</i> (140,375) <i>dollars</i> to each house; and the sales of the
+three largest houses amount to <i>seven hundred</i> and <i>fifty-three thousand</i>
+(753,000) <i>dollars</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The sales of <span class="smcap">Hardware</span> by <i>nine houses</i> amount annually to <i>five hundred</i>
+and <i>ninety thousand</i> (590,000) <i>dollars</i>, being an average of <i>sixty-five
+thousand, five hundred</i> and <i>fifty-five</i> (65,555) <i>dollars</i> to each house.</p>
+
+<p>The sales of <span class="smcap">Saddlery</span> reach <i>nine hundred</i> and <i>eighty thousand</i> (980,000)
+<i>dollars</i>, of which nearly one-half are of domestic manufacture.</p>
+
+<p>The sales of <span class="smcap">Hats</span> and <span class="smcap">Caps</span>, necessarily including sales at retail, amount
+to <i>six hundred</i> and <i>eighty-three thousand</i> (683,000) <i>dollars</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The sales of <span class="smcap">Queensware</span>, less reliably taken, reach <i>two hundred</i> and
+<i>sixty-five thousand</i> (265,000) <i>dollars</i>.</p>
+
+<p>There are <i>thirty-nine</i> wholesale <span class="smcap">Grocery</span> houses, whose aggregate sales
+reach <i>ten millions, six hundred</i> and <i>twenty-three thousand, four
+hundred</i> (10,623,400) <i>dollars</i>, which gives an average of <i>two hundred</i>
+and <i>seventy-two thousand, four hundred</i> (272,400) <i>dollars</i> to each
+house. A brief statement of some of the principal annual imports in the
+Grocery line will perhaps give a better idea of this business. The figures
+refer to the year 1850:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Louisiana Sugar</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">15,615</td>
+    <td>hhds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Refined<span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10,100</td>
+    <td>p&#8217;ckgs.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Molasses</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">17,500</td>
+    <td>bbls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coffee</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">42,500</td>
+    <td>bags.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rice</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,275</td>
+    <td>tierces.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cotton Yarns</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">17,925</td>
+    <td>bags.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cheese</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">25,250</td>
+    <td>boxes.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flour</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">80,650</td>
+    <td>bbls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bagging</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">70,160</td>
+    <td>pieces.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rope</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">65,350</td>
+    <td>coils.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Salt, Kanawha</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">110,250</td>
+    <td>bbls.</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span style="margin-left: .8em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .8em;">Turk&#8217;s Island</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">50,525</td>
+    <td>bags.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>The following Recapitulatory Table will enable the reader to see at a
+glance all that has just been stated:</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p class="center">TABLE.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td class="btr" align="center">Description of Business.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">No of<br />Houses.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Aggregate Annual<br />Sales.</td>
+    <td class="bt" align="center">Average Sales to<br />each house.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="btr">Groceries</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">39</span></td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">$10,623,400</td>
+    <td class="bt" align="center">$272,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">Dry Goods</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">25</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">5,853,000</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">234,000</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">Boots and Shoes</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">1,184,000</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">148,000</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">Drugs</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">1,123,000</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">140,375</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">Hardware</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">9</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.7em;">590,000</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">65,555</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="br">Queensware</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">6</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.7em;">265,000</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">44,166</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bbr">Hats, Furs, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1.7em;">683,000</span></td>
+    <td class="bb" align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">85,375</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bbr"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Total</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">103</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">$20,321,400</td>
+    <td class="bb" align="center">$197,295</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>It will be seen that these tables do not include many of the largest
+departments of business. Beside the houses already mentioned are many
+commission houses, whose sales in cotton, tobacco, rope, bagging, hemp,
+provisions &amp;c., would very greatly increase the amounts above stated. The
+impossibility of procuring accurate and reliable statistics of the amount
+of sales by these houses will prevent any attempt to fix the exact ratio
+of their business. The Western reader who is at all connected with
+commerce does not, however, need to be told that the trade in these
+articles in Louisville is of immense extent. The great superiority of this
+city as a market for hemp and its products, bagging and rope, is so
+obvious, so well known and so widely acknowledged, that any dissertation
+upon these merits is unnecessary here.</p>
+
+<p>As a <span class="smcap">Tobacco Market</span>, Louisville possesses advantages which are not
+afforded by any other Western or Southern city. The rapid and healthful
+increase in the receipts and sales of this article during the last few
+years is of itself sufficient evidence of this fact. Even as early as the
+year 1800 the prospects of the city in this regard,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> though in the distant
+future, were looked upon as highly flattering. A Mr. Campbell had at that
+time a tobacco ware-house, which was situated opposite Corn Island. This
+ware-house was suppressed by the legislature in 1815, and a new one
+ordered to be erected at &#8220;the mouth of Beargrass.&#8221; The building thus
+directed was located on Pearl Street, about one hundred feet from Main,
+and the salary of the Inspector was fixed at &pound;25, currency, per annum.
+This inspector resided at some distance from the city, and when a
+sufficient quantity of tobacco had been collected at the ware-house to
+make it an object, he was sent for to come and perform his duties. The
+entire crop did not then exceed 500 hogsheads. There are at present in the
+city three large tobacco ware-houses, all receiving and selling daily
+immense quantities of this article. Speculators are attracted to this
+market from great distances and the receipts are continually upon the
+increase. The following table of receipts since 1837 will show how
+steadily and securely this increase has been effected:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>1837</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">2,133</td>
+    <td>hhds.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1838</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,783</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1839<a name='fna_18' id='fna_18' href='#f_18'><small>[18]</small></a></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,295</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1840</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3,113</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1841</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4,031</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1842</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5,131</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1843</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5,424</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1844</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1845</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8,454</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1846</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9,700</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1847</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,070</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1848</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4,937</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1849</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8,906</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1850</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,155</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1851</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">11,300</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1852</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">16,176</td>
+    <td align="center">"</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>These figures are of themselves a strong argument in favor of this city as
+a market for tobacco. The reasons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> for the steady and rapid increase in
+the receipts of this article, as well as for the opinion that this is the
+best market for tobacco in the United States, are very simple, very
+convincing and very easily stated. In the first place, it is a fact well
+known to all tobacco dealers, that in the three divisions of
+Kentucky&mdash;to-wit: the Northern, Southern and Middle&mdash;a variety of leaf,
+suitable to <i>all</i> the purposes of the manufacturer, is grown. In no other
+State is so great and so complete a variety of leaf produced. The cigar
+maker, the lump manufacturer and the stemmer all find in this State the
+article just suited to their various purposes. These tobaccos all
+naturally find their way to Louisville as a market, and, of a necessary
+consequence, attract buyers to this place. Beside this advantage, another
+important point is gained in the presence of the numerous manufacturers of
+tobacco in Louisville. These persons, having to compete with the
+established markets of older States, offer large prices to the planter and
+so attract here great quantities of the article. It is well known that
+really fine tobacco, for manufacturing purposes, has brought and will
+always command here as high rates as can be had for it at any other point
+in the United States. The number of manufacturers is rapidly increasing,
+the character of the article which they produce is steadily growing into
+favor, and the market for its sale is enlarging every day, so that
+planters cannot be so blinded to their interests as to seek foreign
+markets for an article which will pay them so handsomely at their own
+doors. Again: the facilities for the shipment of the article from this
+point to the various Eastern markets are recently so increased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> that an
+entirely new demand has sprung up for Louisville tobacco. Western New
+York, Western Pennsylvania, Northern Illinois, Ohio and Michigan, all of
+which were formerly obliged to look to New York City for their supplies of
+this article, have recently turned their faces westwardly, for the simple
+reason that they can now get the same article at less rates of freight and
+without the former numerous and onerous commissions. Nor is this the only
+benefit procured to these purchasers in choosing this market. It is well
+known that, unless tobacco is in unusually excellent order, it is always
+seriously injured by being confined on shipboard in its passage through
+the warm climate of the Gulf of Mexico and along the coast of the Southern
+States. And as Louisville is the only other prominent shipping point for
+the article, it has, of course, this great advantage over rival markets.
+The facts above enumerated indicate only the prominent and leading reasons
+for believing Louisville to be the best tobacco market in the Union. Many
+other advantages might be enumerated, but these, which are all
+acknowledged and have been demonstrated over and over again, are
+considered sufficient to establish the proposition. However much
+Louisville has gained in regard to this article, there is yet much to
+gain. Her destiny is but beginning to be unfolded, and only a few years
+will elapse until the largest of the receipts above quoted will appear
+quite insignificant and worthless beside the swollen columns of the
+statistician of a future period.</p>
+
+<p>The assertion that Louisville is destined very soon to become
+distinguished also as a <span class="smcap">Cotton Market</span> may <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>excite some surprise among
+those who have not had their attention called to this matter. But that
+this is a fact can readily be shown to the most skeptical. The consumption
+of cotton in the West amounts to 35,000 bales, and heretofore this has
+constituted the entire demand of this section of the country. But the
+recent opening up of new means of communication with the Atlantic coast at
+the East has begun and will complete an entirely new state of affairs in
+this regard. Let us look for a moment at the effect of these new
+facilities of transport. By the 1st of January, 1853, an uninterrupted
+communication with the Atlantic at the North will be effected by the lake
+route, continuing from 1st of May to 1st of November. At the same time the
+Jeffersonville Railroad will have established connection with other
+railroads reaching to New York. Beside all of which, the Baltimore and
+Ohio Railroad will have been completed from Wheeling to Baltimore, from
+which point all descriptions of Western produce can reach Philadelphia and
+New York, either by railroad, or, more cheaply, by means of propellers,
+steamers and sail-vessels. The completion of this latter road will be the
+signal for the establishment of a line of steam-packets from Louisville to
+Wheeling, another to Memphis, and yet another to Nashville. These lines
+are already established and merely wait the completion of the Baltimore
+and Ohio Railroad to go at once into operation. A line of packets to
+Tuscumbia and Florence is already in successful operation. The facts above
+stated are well known to the community both East and West. It only
+remains, therefore, to examine how they will affect Louisville as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>
+market for cotton. New Orleans, it cannot be denied, has heretofore been
+considered the only proper point of shipment for this article, but if both
+the seller and the buyer can be benefited by a change of markets, surely
+that change will ensue. New Orleans is certainly the natural depot for
+Southern cotton, but if the cotton raised in Alabama, Tennessee and North
+Mississippi, or that which finds its way to market down the Cumberland and
+Tennessee rivers, can be placed in Louisville at less rates of freight
+than would be charged to New Orleans, and thence can reach the Eastern
+markets in less time and at less rates than from that city, it is surely
+the interest of both seller and buyer to make Louisville their market. Now
+it is certain that from these points cotton will be carried to Louisville
+at one dollar per bale less than to New Orleans; it is equally certain
+that insurance can be had via Louisville to New York at <i>one-half</i> the
+rates charged via New Orleans, and that freight, after the 1st of January
+next, from this city onward, will be the same as from New Orleans; beside
+which the time of transit will be thirty days less, thus saving no
+inconsiderate sum in interest. Again, the trade of North Alabama,
+Tennessee and North Mississippi with this city is ascertained to reach two
+and a half millions of dollars. To pay this debt seventy thousand bales of
+cotton, valued at seven cents per pound, would be required. Here is
+presented another reason why this cotton should seek Louisville as its
+natural market. One of our most sagacious and enterprising merchants has
+recently returned from the East, where, with laudable energy, he had been
+presenting the claims of this market<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> to Eastern buyers. And the result of
+this mission is, that reliable arrangements have been made for buying
+whatever cotton may come to this market at New Orleans quotations. It is
+perfectly safe then to predict from January of next year a spirited and
+regular demand for all the cotton which may be sent here. The 140,000
+bales produced in Tennessee, or finding its way to market from Tennessee
+river, will find ready sale in Louisville and at the regular New Orleans
+prices. Can it be doubted, in view of all these facts, that Louisville is
+entirely certain to attain prominence as a market for cotton. This has
+long been the natural market for the article, and only waited the
+completion of lines of connection with the East, which, now they are about
+to go into operation, must of necessity make it the <i>first cotton market
+of the Western country</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Louisville also deserves consideration as a market for pork. This market,
+though perhaps less in extent here than in some other Western cities, is
+steadily increasing in the amount of its operations and rapidly growing
+into favor with the dealers. In 1827 there were but two pork houses in the
+city; one of which was owned by Patrick Maxcy and the other by Colmesnil
+and O&#8217;Beirne. It was then the custom to buy the hog in small lots from the
+farmers by means of agents who traveled through the State. These hogs so
+procured were concentrated at some point and corn was bought and fed to
+them until the time for slaughtering arrived, when they were driven to
+this city and here butchered. The number of hogs killed by these two
+houses did not then exceed fifteen thousand, while at the end of the pork
+season in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> 1851, this amount had been increased to one hundred and
+ninety-five thousand, four hundred and fourteen. It is fully calculated by
+the packers that this number will be exceeded ten per cent in the ensuing
+year. Both the farmer and the buyer have reasons for prefering this city
+as a pork market. The farmer, because it is not the custom here to
+&#8220;<i>scale</i>&#8221; the hog&mdash;that is, to make a standard weight for which the market
+price is given, while all below that point are taken at reduced
+figures&mdash;and the buyer, because pork is here packed under the same roof
+where it is butchered. This last may be considered a small inducement; but
+when it is remembered that where the butchering and packing are carried on
+by different individuals and in different parts of the city, the hog is
+obliged to be transported at all seasons and in all states of weather from
+house to house at considerable labor and cost and with danger of damage to
+the meat, it will be found an item worthy the serious consideration of the
+buyer. The meat put up here is surpassed in quality by none in the world,
+and when the facilities of transportation referred to in the above remarks
+upon cotton are established, the growth of this city as a pork market will
+be yet more rapid than it has before been. There are at present eight
+large pork houses in the city. The importance of Louisville as a pork
+market is well enough known to need no further elaboration of its merits
+in these pages.</p>
+
+<p>The manufacturing interests of Louisville come now to claim their share of
+attention. And it is somewhat singular that, with the resources and
+capacity of this city as a place for manufactures, there should be so
+little<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> to boast of in this regard. Of her commercial statistics, as has
+already been shown, Louisville has abundant cause to be proud, but she has
+at the same time reason to regret the little use which has heretofore been
+made of her immense advantages as a manufacturing point. It is not to be
+denied that there are many excellent manufacturing establishments in and
+around the city, but the number is greatly below what is needed and
+greatly disproportioned to the advantages offered here. There are many
+reasons why this city should hold prominent rank as a place for
+manufactures. The facilities in the way of water-power, the immense
+surface of level and highly productive country by which it is surrounded,
+the cheapness of rents and of building lots, and the advantages for
+placing the manufactured article in market, are among the most prominent
+of these reasons. There is, perhaps, no city in the Union where similarly
+great inducements are offered to the judicious and enterprising
+manufacturer. And yet the results of commercial enterprise of other sorts
+have been so successful and so rapidly produced as to lead away from the
+manufacturing interests much capital which would otherwise have been
+invested in them. The brilliant success of any one department of trade in
+a city has usually led to precisely similar results as are alluded to
+here. Of this Cincinnati furnishes a notable example. Her earliest success
+was effected by means of her manufactures, and persons seeking investment
+for their capital naturally gave it the direction which had already proved
+productive. Louisville, on the contrary, owing to her peculiar location,
+found her earliest and most promising evidences of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> prosperity in
+commerce, and consequently all the capital seeking employment was
+naturally drawn into this channel. And it is unfortunate for Louisville
+that this has been true, for however important commercial prosperity may
+be to a city, it is far inferior in point of utility and universal profit
+to the advantages conferred by successful manufactures. During the last
+four or five years this matter has begun to engage the attention of
+capitalists and a proper and healthful feeling is rapidly gaining ground
+in favor of this branch of trade. Many new factories have already sprung
+up, and several more are on the eve of establishment. The public mind is
+fully awakened to the necessity for building up and for encouraging the
+products of home industry, and the producer has taken new rank in public
+estimation. The prejudice which may once have existed against mechanical
+employments of all sorts is no longer felt, but the manufacturer and his
+employees are held alike high in favor and in social rank.</p>
+
+<p>The following table of manufactures in Louisville is chiefly taken from
+the census report of 1850. Additions have been made to the more important
+branches of manufacture as far as reliable data could be obtained, so as
+to enable the reader to have a comprehensive view of the subject up to the
+present time. It is believed that the figures in this table are under the
+actual amounts; it is certain, at any rate, that they do not in any
+instance exceed the truth. A more extended and special notice of the
+principal manufacturing establishments of the city will be given in an
+appendix to this volume, to which all who feel an interest in the state of
+manufactures here are especially referred.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p>
+<p class="center">TABLE OF MANUFACTURES.</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>Kind of Manufacture.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">No. of<br />Factories.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">No. of<br />hands.</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="center">Annual<br />product.</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Animal Charcoal</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">12</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">$15,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Awnings and Tents</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">12</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Artificial Flowers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bagging Factories</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">120</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">184,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bakers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">96</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">332</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">469,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bandboxes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">9</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Baskets</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">7</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bellows</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">7</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">15,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blacking</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">12</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blacksmiths</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">49</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">254</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">163,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blinds, Venitian</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">12</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">14,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Blocks and Spars</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">12</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bootmakers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">63</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">302</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">375,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brewers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">30</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">108,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Brushes</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">9</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5,813</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bricks</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">36</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">339</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">224 000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bristle Dressers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Burr Stones</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Boiler Makers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">30</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">64,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Candy</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">56</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">184,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Camphine, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">31,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carpenters</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">144</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">916</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,027,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cars, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Carpet Weavers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">14</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coach Makers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">98</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">123.300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cotton and Wool</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">135</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">173,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Clothing</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">45</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">1,157</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">941,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Composition Roofing</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Combs</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">18</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">9,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Coopers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">20</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">60</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">56,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cement</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Edge Tools</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">9</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">16,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Feed and Flour Mills</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">47</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">283,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Flooring and Saw Mills</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">14</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">190</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">420,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Fringes, Tassels, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">6</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Furniture</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">25</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">446</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">638,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Foundries</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">15</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">930</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,392 200</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>Glass Cutters</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">$2,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glue</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">6</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Gunsmiths</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">14,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Glass</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">50</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">50,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hats</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">68</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">201,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Last Makers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">2,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lath Makers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lock Makers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">38</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">37,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Leather Splitter</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Lithographers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">9</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">20,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Looking Glass, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .7em;">11</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Machinists<a name='fna_19' id='fna_19' href='#f_19'><small>[19]</small></a></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">5</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Marble Workers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">41</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">35,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mathematical Inst. Makers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">6,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Mustard</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">13</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">21,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Musical Inst. Makers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">60</span></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Millinery</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">35</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">344</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">340,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil Cloth</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">12</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">11,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil Stones</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">6</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">22,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Oil, Lard and Linseed</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">16</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">140,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Nail</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">3,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Paper Mill</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">36</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">113,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plane</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">13,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Platform Scale</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">11</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Patent Medicines</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">24</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">127</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">467,400</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Printing Offices</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">12</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">201</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">214,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Plows</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">32</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">35,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Perfumery</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">10</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pottery</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">14</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">11,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pork Houses</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">475</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,370,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Pumps</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">16</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">15,100</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rope</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">11</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">166</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">460,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saddlery</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">17</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">114</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">236,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Saddle Trees</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">7</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Soap and Candles</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">6</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">59</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">409,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Starch</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">20,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>Steamboat Carpenters<a name='fna_20' id='fna_20' href='#f_20'><small>[20]</small></a></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">75</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">$235,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stocking Weavers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">10</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">5,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Silversmiths</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">18</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">34,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Stucco</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">5</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">7,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tobacco and Segars</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">82</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">1,050</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,347,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tin, Copper, &amp;c.</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">17</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">87</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">122,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Tanners</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">9</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">64</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">176,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Trunks</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">3</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">27</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">29,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Turners<a name='fna_21' id='fna_21' href='#f_21'><small>[21]</small></a></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">11,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Upholsterers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">5</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">21</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">56,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>White Lead</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">8</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12,600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wigs</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">4</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">8,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Whips</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">1</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wire Workers</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">2</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">12</span></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">12,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Wagons</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">20</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="center">144</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">184,800</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>To this list may be added the following memoranda of steamboats for 1850.
+It has been found impossible to bring this list forward as far as 1852. In
+the former year there were employed on 53 steamboats, owned in Louisville,
+1,903 hands. The amount of capital invested in these boats was $1,293,300,
+and the annual product for freight and passage reached $2,549,200.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CONCLUSION.</h2>
+
+
+<p>In concluding this history it will be well to look back and examine the
+ratio of its progress for the last half century, as well in population as
+in pecuniary value. This may be done: first, in the following table
+showing the increase in numbers of every ten years; and second, in a
+tabular view of the assessment of real estate at the end of each similar
+term of years. The population of Louisville then, commencing with the year
+1800, may be stated as follows:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>1800</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">600</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1810</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1820</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1830</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">10,090</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1840</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">21,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1850</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">43,217</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1852</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">51,726</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>It will be seen from this table that the city has never shown as rapid an
+increase as has been effected in the last two years. This is the result
+chiefly of the impulse which has been given to Louisville by her action in
+reference to lines of railroad, and other facilities of communication with
+distant points, as well as of the fact that a new energy has been infused
+into the commercial circles, and more vigorous efforts have consequently
+been made to afford to this city that reputation as a commercial mart,
+which she has long deserved.</p>
+
+<p>Of the present population of Louisville, no less than 18,000 are Germans,
+and this number is daily being augmented by arrivals from the fatherland.
+It would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> perhaps be no more than just to say that these foreigners form,
+as a body, one of the best classes of our population. They are a careful,
+pains-taking and industrious people, of quiet, unobtrusive and inoffensive
+manners; and are, in a majority of instances, men of some education and
+ability. The better class of this population are rapidly rising in public
+estimation, and while they are becoming in a measure identified with the
+native citizens, and so Americanized, the influence of their philosophic
+habits of mind, of their thoughtfulness, and of their love of the
+beautiful in nature and in art, is gradually incorporating itself into the
+social life of the city, and so adding to each some of the advantages
+possessed by the other. The German character, in its higher developements,
+displays many attributes which are wanting, in more senses than one to our
+native population. From the educated German, we may learn that
+enthusiastic love and reverence for the intellectual and for the beautiful
+in all its phases, whether of nature, of sentiment, or of art, which is
+inherent in his character, and which gives to life so much of its charm;
+while by us he is taught that practicality must be the basis of his
+philosophy, and that without a certain admixture of utilitarianism his
+sentiment is mawkish and unmanly, and his theories are idly speculative
+and puerile. Thus each class imbibes from the other what it most needs,
+and society reaps the benefits of the union. The German population is also
+useful to the city in a political point of view. They serve as the
+&#8220;filling up&#8221; to the picture. As has been recently said: &#8220;The bulk of the
+population of every city, perhaps two out of three, are small
+manufacturers or artisans of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> some description or other, and those
+dependent on them; of the sewers together of clothing, the makers of toys,
+confectionary, and jewelry, the compounders of materials used in medicine
+and the arts, the furnishers of the toilet, the parlor, and the kitchen,
+the fabricators of iron, wood, and stone into forms required by the uses
+or fancies of man. Think of the amount of our yearly purchases of Boston
+bonnets, New York caps, and Philadelphia shoes, and of the thousand, the
+innumerable articles that our retail and fancy dealers pick up in the
+lanes, alleys, and cellars of those cities, articles which were made for
+Western demand, for the very market of which this is the natural, and
+ought to be the commercial center. To this kind of population we are to
+look for increase, these hand workers are to cover our vacant lots, and
+consume the products of our surrounding agriculturists; they come in
+silently, and go to work unnoticed; the grocer at the corner, the baker,
+and the brewer, build higher houses, and are men of more noise and note,
+and we forget that for every one of the latter there must be one hundred
+of the former.&#8221;<a name='fna_22' id='fna_22' href='#f_22'><small>[22]</small></a></p>
+
+<p>It is precisely the class spoken of in the foregoing extract that is being
+built up, and is yet to be built up by the German citizens in Louisville.
+And, notwithstanding the number already here, there is yet room and work
+for many more. As has already been said the advent of artizans of this
+class is desired by the city, and, if they can be content to rise to
+wealth by slow and steady increase rather than by rapid strides of
+progress, their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> success is infallibly certain. Other inducements will
+also be offered to this and to other classes of people, seeking homes and
+investments, in considering the value of real estate in Louisville. Let us
+first look at the progress of property valuation during the last half
+century, as shown in the following table. The assessment valuation of
+property was, in</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table">
+<tr><td>1800</td>
+    <td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td>
+    <td align="right">$91,183</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1810</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">210,475</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1820</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">1,655,226</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1830</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">4,316,432</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1840<a name='fna_23' id='fna_23' href='#f_23'><small>[23]</small></a></td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">13,340,164</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1850</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">13,350,566</td></tr>
+<tr><td>1852</td>
+    <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    <td align="right">16,350,052</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>This valuation is much smaller than that of the same quantity of property
+would be in any other American city, and this very fact has been urged
+against Louisville by her rival neighbors. They insist that the low price
+of property here is a proof that the trade of the city is not progressive,
+that hence no inducements are offered, either to the emigrant or to the
+capitalist. A slight examination of the subject, however, will show why
+property has not advanced here in the same ratio as in other cities, and
+will also demonstrate the fact that the very argument which is urged
+against Louisville, is really a matter of serious congratulation to her.
+It is not denied that land can be had within one mile south of the center
+of the city at from two to three hundred dollars per acre, whereas land
+similarly situated either in Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. Louis or New
+Orleans<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> would command nearly, if not quite four times that price. On the
+contrary, it is urged that this should be and that it is at once claimed
+as a strong recommendation both to the capitalist and to the emigrant, in
+favor of this city. The reason why this difference exists in favor of
+Louisville, is thus plainly shown. If the reader will take up the map of
+Kentucky and Indiana, and, commencing at the mouth of Harrod&#8217;s Creek,
+which empties into the Ohio river eight miles above the city, will draw a
+line down to a point five miles below the mouth of Salt river, and another
+line thence southwardly for a distance of sixteen miles; and from this
+point draw a gradually decreasing arc back to the point of beginning, he
+will have enclosed a space of country, every foot of which is entirely
+level, is delightfully watered, abounds in building material of every
+description, and is equally as well suited to all purposes of building, as
+are the best lots now within the city limits. Nor is this all; crossing
+the Ohio river at the foot of the Indiana Knobs, one mile below New
+Albany, and going north-east a distance of sixteen miles, and thence back
+to the Ohio river at or near Utica, a triangle is formed whose base is
+twelve miles long, and whose other legs reach about twenty miles to the
+apex. The space embraced within this triangle possesses precisely the same
+characteristics as that contained in the arc above mentioned. When it is
+remembered, as has been said by another writer upon the same subject, that
+we have &#8220;no need to encroach on arms of the sea as at Boston or New York,
+or to raze hills in the rear as at Pittsburg and Cincinnati, or to make
+embankments and to reclaim swamps as at New<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> Orleans,&#8221; but on the
+contrary, that we possess a location where building lots equally good,
+both as to site and material, may be had at one mile and at ten miles
+distant from the center of the city, the mystery of our cheap lots begins
+to be evolved. Here is a space of level country beyond the reach of any
+flood, all parts of which are equally well adapted to the purposes of the
+builder, sufficiently large to contain within its limits the cities of
+London, Paris, and St. Petersburg, with the foundation for a large city
+already laid, with a location which, in reference to facilities of
+intercourse with the rest of the United States, is unsurpassed; at the
+only point of obstruction in a continuous line of two thousand miles of
+inland navigation; a half-way house between North and South; a point
+through which all the great railroad arteries must of necessity pass; in
+the center of the most fertile and productive agricultural lands in the
+Union; in a State distinguished for the nobility and chivalry of character
+of its inhabitants, with every advantage which nature can give to the
+merchant, the manufacturer or the idle man of wealth and fashion; what is
+there, in view of all these circumstances, to prevent it from becoming the
+Great City of the West? What other inducements could be asked either by
+the capitalist at home or the emigrant from abroad? Does the cheapness of
+property or do the low prices of rents prove obstacles to either of these
+classes of people? Does the fertility of the surrounding country, and the
+consequent cheapness of the markets draw away any who might otherwise be
+attracted hither? Is one of these present the reason why Louisville is not
+already what she must inevitably become, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> first city in the West. The
+reason is contained in the fact, not that these things are true, but that
+being true, they are not known. It is to her own supineness, to her
+indifference and lack of ambition to attain the rank to which she is
+entitled, that she is indebted for her second-rate position. Had the
+energy of the last two years been invested ten years ago, and been
+continued till now, the population of Louisville would to-day have been
+one hundred thousand souls. But she has been content to sit languidly down
+to the enjoyment of the passing hour, while her competitors were bracing
+every nerve and straining every muscle, not only to surpass her in the
+race for supremacy, but to disable and destroy her. She has at last
+awakened to a sense of her position, her lethargy is at last thrown off,
+and now the struggle begins in earnest. If it be continued in earnest it
+is easy to see that she can rapidly regain her place, and easily bear off
+the palm.</p>
+
+<p>Let us look for a moment at the geographical position of Louisville, and
+her facilities of intercourse with other portions of the country. The
+following table of distances, time, conveyance and cost will readily show
+this:</p>
+
+<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table">
+<tr><td class="btlr">From Louisville to</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Dist&#8217;ce.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center" colspan="2">Time.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Conveyance.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Cost.</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="btlr">Pittsburg</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">608</span></td>
+    <td class="bt" align="right">60</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Hours.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="center">Steamboat.</td>
+    <td class="btr" align="right">$7 50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Cincinnati</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">150</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">14</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">2 50</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Memphis</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">643</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">60</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">8 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">New Orleans</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">1365</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">240</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">20 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">St. Louis</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">535</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">40</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">8 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Nashville</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">176</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">33</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">Stage.</td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">12 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">New York</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">1080</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">60</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">Steamboat &amp; Railroad.</td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">22 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Boston</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">1135</td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">62</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">25 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Philadelphia</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">793</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">54</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">20 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="blr">Washington</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">736</span></td>
+    <td class="dent" align="right">52</td>
+    <td class="br" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="br"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="br" align="right">19 00</td></tr>
+<tr><td class="bblr">Baltimore</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center"><span style="margin-left: .5em;">696</span></td>
+    <td class="bb" align="right">50</td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="center">"</td>
+    <td class="bbr"><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 4em;">"</span></td>
+    <td class="bbr" align="right">17 50</td></tr></table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>In a very few years, Cincinnati, Nashville and St. Louis, will be
+connected with us by railroads, which are already partly completed, and so
+reduce the time to those cities to six, eight, and twelve hours
+respectively. These communications once established, Louisville becomes
+the very center of a vast network of roads, connecting different climates,
+the products of different soils and regions of every diversity of wealth.
+The railroad to Nashville connects immediately with Charleston, and thence
+opens roads to New Orleans and Mobile; while in another direction it
+reaches Richmond, Va., passing through immense tracts of rich agricultural
+and mineral lands. The railroad to Cincinnati opens to us the whole North
+and East; while that to St. Louis will ultimately bring to our doors the
+products of the Pacific Coast and the treasures of the modern El Dorado.
+Add to all these advantages the unavoidable effects of these railroads, in
+bringing to light all the possible wealth of the countries through which
+they pass, and then say if anything but the most criminal neglect of the
+advantages which Nature has given her, can prevent Louisville from
+arriving at the most prominent rank among Western cities. Does the
+capitalist desire an investment? Where can he better find it than near a
+city thus situated, and one where lands are sold at less prices, and
+building materials are cheaper and are more accessible than in any other
+city of the Union? Does the emigrant desire a home? Where can he better
+find it than near a city thus situated, one where the whole of his little
+fortune is not required to buy him a shelter from the winds and the rain,
+one that is yet unfilled with eager<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> competitors in the struggle for
+wealth, one where the products of his industry are needed and will be
+eagerly taken from his hands at their fair value, one where he can have
+not only a field for his own struggle with the world, but a place and a
+circle of friends possessing all those attributes which make a home happy?
+It cannot be but that as publicity is given to these advantages possessed
+by this city, she will attract to her thousands of emigrants from abroad,
+and thousands of capitalists and adventurers from other parts of our
+country. While other cities have been spending time and means and
+influence in advocating their claims to consideration, Louisville has been
+silent. She gives publicity to her merits now for the first time, and, by
+this humble little missive, she begs only for a fair hearing and for an
+unbiassed consideration of her claims to public favor, satisfied that if
+these can be secured her, she need have no fear that the highest dreams of
+ambition which have ever been presented to her will be fully realized.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+<h2>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 2]</span></p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 3]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img01.jpg" alt="LOUISVILLE ROLLING MILL COMPANY, MANUFACTURERS OF BOILER, BAR, AND SHEET IRON, (CHARCOAL AND PUDDLED.)
+Flue Plates; Railroad Axles, Chairs and Spikes, PLOW SLABS, WINGS, BOLTS, &amp;C. Office and Store 640 Main street, corner Fifth. J. C. COLEMAN, President." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This establishment is one of the largest in the city and forms a very
+important branch of Louisville manufactures; not only in the way of
+affording employment and the means of living to a large number of persons,
+but also by attracting from every part of this Great Valley an important
+branch of its trade. The company is organized in the best possible manner;
+the mill contains all the scientific improvements in this description of
+manufacture, and the energetic President of the company possesses all the
+requisites which could tend to guarantee the success of the concern. The
+Iron made here has been fully tested all over the West and commands every
+market into which it is introduced. The company have testimonials of the
+most flattering character from all the iron-workers of Louisville, who
+pronounce it &#8220;<i>fully equal if not superior to any Iron they have ever
+worked</i>, and more uniform in its quality than any other Iron.&#8221; Similar
+testimonials have been received from the superintendents of the Louisville
+and Frankfort, the New Albany and Salem, the Jeffersonville, the Vicksburg
+and Jackson, and other Railroads, as well as from Col. Long,
+superintendent of the U. S. Marine Hospital. The following letter is a
+fair specimen of the favor with which the company&#8217;s Iron is everywhere
+regarded, and is only one of many such constantly received by them. It is
+dated</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Cleveland, Ohio</span>, May 1, 1852.</span></p>
+
+<p>We are now using, and have, within the past year, used some fifty tons of
+the Louisville Rolling Mill Iron, for large Bolts for Railroad Bridges in
+Indiana. The Iron for this work must be of very superior quality, uniting
+great strength and tenacity. All the Iron we received of the Louisville
+Rolling Mill was of that character, and gave great satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">THATCHER, BURT &amp; CO.,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Railroad Bridge Contractors.</span></p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 4]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img02.jpg" alt="FULTON FOUNDRY. GLOVER, GAULT &amp; CO. (SUCCESSORS TO INMAN, GAULT &amp; CO.) MANUFACTURERS OF
+STEAM ENGINES For Marine and Land purposes, and MACHINE CASTINGS OR ALL DESCRIPTIONS, Main street, near corner of Ninth." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This is believed to be the oldest Foundry in Louisville, and one of the
+largest and most extensive in the Western country. Their engines have a
+wide-spread reputation in the West and South, and are well known and
+highly prized by Southern boat builders. Their fidelity in materials and
+workmanship, their promptness in the execution of orders, and their
+extensive assortment of the latest and most improved style of tools and
+patterns, combined with the well-known enterprise of the gentlemen who
+compose the firm, have all contributed to build up for this establishment
+a business and a reputation which reflects credit upon this branch of
+manufacture in the city. Steam engines are built by them in complete
+running order and ready for use, the purchaser not being required to go to
+any other factory for any of his order. Their business relations extend
+over a very large surface of country, and bring to the city much foreign
+trade. Besides their engines for boats, they also manufacture machinery of
+all kinds, Car wheels, Axles and Car castings of all descriptions,
+together with Iron and Brass castings and Wrought Iron work.</p>
+
+<p>This foundry employs one hundred and twenty hands, and uses six hundred
+tons of pig iron annually, besides other materials in proportion.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 5]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img03.jpg" alt="UNION FOUNDRY. ROACH &amp; LONG, MANUFACTURERS OF STEAM MACHINERY OF EVERY DESCRIPTION,
+SUGAR MILLS, COTTON GINS, &amp;C., &amp;C. Main street, near Ninth." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This concern, although not so old as many of its class is yet one
+deserving especial notice. The description of the business of this foundry
+differs very little, if at all, from some of those already noticed. The
+quality of work is in the highest degree creditable to the proprietors and
+profitable to this department of manufactures in the city. Both members of
+the firm are thorough practical workmen, having been regularly brought up
+to the business, and hence the work which proceeds from this foundry
+compares favorably, not only with any in the city, but with similar kinds
+of manufactures in any part of the country. Like most of our large machine
+foundries, the Union has extensive connection with the Southern
+markets.&mdash;They have frequently forwarded as many as seven cotton-gins
+within a fortnight, to different ports on the Mississippi river. Their
+Sugar Mills, wherever they have been used, are eminently successful in
+their operation. The casting of Chairs and Frogs for Railroads has also
+been extensively carried on at this foundry. In the great department of
+their business, the manufacture of Steam Engines for Boats, the Union
+Foundry enjoys a reputation which cannot be anywhere surpassed. They have
+built all sizes of engines, and are at present engaged upon a pair of
+engines with thirty inch cylinder and ten foot stroke. Indeed the heaviest
+castings of all sorts are constructed as readily and perfectly as the
+lightest, and are made to work with equal ease and precision.</p>
+
+<p>The Union Foundry employs eighty-four hands the &#8220;year round,&#8221; and consumes
+six hundred tons of metal.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 6]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img04.jpg" alt="KENTUCKY BRASS FOUNDRY AND MACHINE SHOP. LAWSON &amp; FRANK. MANUFACTURERS OF
+STEAM AND FIRE ENGINES, BAGGING MACHINERY, &amp;C. Main street, near Ninth." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This well known Brass Foundry, now in the fifteenth year of its existence,
+is another of those factories which are ornaments to the city. It has
+never attempted the heavy steamboat castings, rather choosing the lighter
+machinery; and the reputation of the establishment is derived chiefly from
+the excellent finish and completeness of the work turned out. The most
+complex machinery is carefully and accurately made and fitted together.
+All work requiring nicety of construction and careful attention to detail,
+is here manufactured, and in a manner which has always given entire
+satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p>Every article is made under the immediate supervision of the proprietors,
+who are practical workmen and whose past reputation is a sure guarantee
+for the quality of every piece of work. The Fire Engines, and machinery
+for Hemp manufacture made at this establishment are deservedly
+celebrated.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Some of the most effective fire engines of this city and vicinity, have
+been constructed at this foundry. The Brass work made there is also
+creditable.</p>
+
+<p>From thirty-five to forty hands are employed constantly; the business,
+unlike that of most foundries, being equally good at all seasons of the
+year.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 7]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img05.jpg" alt="HYDRAULIC FOUNDRY. TEVIS &amp; BARBAROUX, MANUFACTURERS OF
+CAST IRON SCREW PIPE, IRON RAILING, ORNAMENTAL CASTINGS, PATENT PUMPS, &amp;C., &amp;C. WASHINGTON ST. COR. FLOYD." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This foundry possesses many features which are peculiar to it alone. It is
+only here that Cast Iron Screw pipes are made; no other manufactory of
+this article exists in the Western States. The machinery used in this
+manufacture is beautiful in its construction, and perfectly adapted to the
+use for which it is intended. All the Gas pipes for the city, as well the
+main, as the smaller service pipes are made at this establishment. Many of
+these screw pipes are used in the Southern sugar houses, and their
+cheapness and durability, as well as the convenience with which they are
+put up, especially recommend them for that purpose. For supplying rail
+road stations, distilleries and tan yards they are also largely used. The
+demand for this article of so universal use is of course very great, and
+attracts much attention to Louisville manufacture. This foundry also
+manufactures a pump, well known to be the best forcing and lift pump in
+existence. Many hundreds of them are annually sold in New Orleans, and
+their reputation and sale all over the South is of the very first
+character. Tobacco Screws and Presses for Cotton, Tobacco and Hay as well
+as machinery generally, are also made here. Iron Railing is another large
+branch of their manufacture. The patterns for this railing are almost
+endless in variety, and few foundries in the country can offer so many
+inducements to the purchasers of all sorts of ornamental Castings as this.
+Their latest novelty is a Morticing machine, which is worthy of the
+special attention of mechanics. This establishment employs fifty hands,
+and is the only one of the kind in the city.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 8]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img06.jpg" alt="NOVELTY WORKS BEATTY &amp; HAWLEY, MANUFACTURERS OF
+STEAM-MADE COCKS AND FAUCETS AND BRASS FOUNDERS, North side Main Street between Eighth and Ninth." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This factory, which has been but recently put into operation, is the
+deliberate result of several years consideration and study. Messrs. Beatty
+and Hawley, the former of whom has been long and well known in Louisville
+as a sagacious practical manufacturer and man of business, have finally
+completed all the arrangements which are necessary to the establishment of
+this foundry on thoroughly scientific principles, and have possessed
+themselves of all the advantages to be derived from a complete study of
+the business. The concern is by no means an ordinary brass foundry. The
+West has heretofore sadly needed an establishment of this kind, those
+already in operation being incompetent to the wants of the people. The
+factory is now thoroughly organized, the best workmen have been employed,
+the most recent and useful tools and machinery have been provided and
+everything has been done with reference to a permanent and valuable
+business. Cylinder, Pump, Guage and Oil Cocks, Oil Cups, Fawcetts,
+Couplings and all like requirements of the Steam Engine builder are made
+here and warranted fully equal to any made in the United States. The same
+may be said with reference to articles used by the house plummer. Their
+planing machines, lathes, &amp;c., are of the very best quality, and their
+machines for screw-cutting and for punching nuts and washers are also very
+perfect. Bells, Steam-Whistles, and in fine every variety of article
+manufactured from brass or bell metal will be made at this foundry. Babbet
+metal and such other like compositions as are useful to the machinest or
+brass founder are also sold at this establishment.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 9]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img07.jpg" alt="MARKET STREET FOUNDRY. C. S. SNEAD, AGENT, MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF
+ORNAMENTAL AND ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORK, Market Street, between Eighth and Ninth." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This Foundry directs its attention more particularly to a new branch of
+business, in which it also has been eminently successful. It adds yet a
+greater number to the already large variety of uses to which iron is
+applied. Mr. Snead is the pioneer of this business in Louisville, and his
+is the only establishment in the West where ornamental work is the chief
+business of the foundry. It is well known that Iron can be applied to
+almost all work of this description, and furnished at less price than any
+other kind of material. The city abounds with proofs of the taste
+displayed by this gentleman in his manufacture. His efforts have been
+constantly directed toward attaining the highest degree of excellence,
+both in design and execution, and he is constantly preparing novelties and
+adapting his pliant material to new and valuable uses. Among the latest of
+these novelties may be mentioned a cast-iron Pavement for the sidewalk,
+which is composed of nicely fitting plates of Iron, in various forms of
+mosaic work, ornamented with graceful designs. This pavement, which will
+soon be exhibited, will doubtless at once take the place of the present
+destructible and uncomfortable footways, as it is not only more beautiful
+but far more durable. Iron counters for fancy stores form another
+improvement proceeding from this foundry. Cast Girders for the builder is
+also a novel article. The patterns for this establishment, already greater
+than would readily be credited, are daily augmented by additional designs
+from competent and tasteful hands. Store-fronts, Porticos for churches and
+private dwellings, Corinthian, Ionic, Doric, Composite and Gothic columns,
+cast Lintels and Sills for windows and doors, Brackets and Trusses of the
+most ornamental designs, Flue Covers, Chimney Covers, Vault Gratings, Air
+Grates, Stair Plates, Bedsteads, Window Frames and Sash, Hat Racks, Caps
+and bases for columns of any order, and numerous other like articles, are
+made at this foundry. Spittoons, Grate-bars, Hollow-ware, Tea-Kettles,
+&amp;c., also form a part of their work. The continued success of this foundry
+is a proof of the existence of a high order of taste in the city.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 10]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img08.jpg" alt="LOUISVILLE STOVE &amp; GRATE FOUNDRY.
+D. &amp; J. WRIGHT &amp; Co. MANUFACTURERS OF STOVES, GRATES, COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON WARE. NO. 432 MAIN STREET.
+" /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This immense establishment was organized by Messrs. Bridgeford &amp; Holbrook
+as early as 1837, and was the first foundry for stoves in the city. The
+articles manufactured at this establishment, are well known as bearing a
+high reputation all over the West. The gentlemen who compose the firm are
+men of enterprise, and are always the first to present the latest
+novelties in patterns or workmanship. They manufacture a large part of the
+sheet iron steamboat stoves which are used on the western rivers, and have
+a deservedly great name among steamboat furnishers. The large and
+commodious building erected by them as a foundry, is a proof of the
+prosperity which has attended their endeavors. The work sent from this
+establishment, whether of the most ordinary kinds or of the finest and
+most elegant enamelled ware, will compare very favorably with that of any
+other establishment in the West. They consume annually in their foundry
+about twelve hundred tons of iron, and employ one hundred hands; while the
+tin and copper factory uses and vends three thousand boxes of tin plate,
+and from $15,000 to $20,000 worth of sheet copper, wire, block tin, sheet
+zinc, lead, lead pipe, &amp;c. Two thousand bundles of sheet and rod iron are
+also annually employed. The establishment is one which reflects great
+credit upon its proprietors, and forms an important part of Louisville
+Manufactures.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 11]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img09.jpg" alt="EAGLE FOUNDRY. WALLACE, LITHGOW &amp; CO.
+MANUFACTURERS OF STOVES, GRATES, HOLLOW WARE, COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON WORK. NO. 536 MAIN STREET." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This foundry may be regarded as having been the first to introduce into
+the city the manufacture of the present extensive and complete variety of
+the finer sorts of stove work. The principals of the establishment,
+themselves practical workmen, have used much well-directed exertion to
+produce quite a revolution in the style of manufacture of the articles
+which come from their foundry. They have not only been early to introduce
+novelties from abroad, but have themselves patented many valuable
+articles. Among them the Eclipse Range, a cooking stove possessing
+numerous advantages over most of those now known, is deserving of especial
+mention. This range is in very common use all over the city, and is highly
+prized wherever it is known. They are also manufacturers of a great
+variety of elegant enamelled grates, garden vases and ornamental figures
+for gardens and yards. These latter articles have recently been introduced
+by these gentlemen, and they are being rapidly transferred from their
+warehouses to the many beautiful grounds of our wealthier citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Their foundry and buildings cover about half a square of ground; they
+employ one hundred and twelve hands, and melt daily seven tons of iron.
+Their importation of tin plate reaches four thousand three hundred and
+fifty boxes. Copper, zinc, wire, sheet iron, &amp;c., are also used in immense
+quantities. The latest novelty of this establishment is Chilson&#8217;s Air
+Warming and Ventilating Furnace for public and private buildings.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 12]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img10.jpg" alt="FALLS CITY Stove &amp; Grate Foundry. McDERMOTT, McGRAIN &amp; Co.,
+MANUFACTURERS OF STOVES, GRATES AND CASTINGS, COPPER, TIN AND SHEET IRON WARE, No. 73 Fourth Street." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This foundry, begun by Meadows &amp; McGrain, is another well known
+establishment. The castings made by these gentlemen bear an equally high
+reputation with those already noticed. The firm has since its commencement
+been constantly improving in the quantity of its manufactured articles,
+and has added many valuable improvements to the stock of the stove
+founder. Among these may be noticed three new styles of cooking stove, all
+of which have attained a deserved celebrity. These are called &#8220;<i>The
+Stove</i>,&#8221; &#8220;<i>Durable Kentuckian</i>,&#8221; and the &#8220;<i>Queen Premium</i>.&#8221; The first of
+these is suited to the wants of the city, being economical in the use of
+its fuel, and having attached to it a &#8220;summer arrangement,&#8221; which does
+away with the extreme heat of the ordinary cooking stove. The oven is also
+so arranged that both bread and meat may be baked at the same time without
+imparting the taste of the one to the other. The second stove, the
+Kentuckian, is particularly adapted to the wants of the farmers, being
+large, roomy, and of unusual weight and durability. All of these stoves
+have met the entire approbation of those who have used them. Large
+quantities of Hollow Ware, such as pots, kettles, skillets, ovens, odd
+lids, &amp;c., are cast at this foundry, and sold as well to the city as to
+country dealers. The common stoves made at the Falls City Foundry, are of
+excellent patterns and unusual weight; it not being the custom of this
+establishment in any case to sacrifice utility to ornament. All the
+articles usually made by the tinner also form a branch of their
+manufactory. These gentlemen receive large quantities of job-work, which,
+as is well known, they execute in a superior manner.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 13]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img11.jpg" alt="HOPE FOUNDRY. GEO. MEADOWS, MANUFACTURER OF STOVES, GRATES, HOLLOW WARE,
+TEA KETTLES, SAD IRONS, ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER CASTINGS. Foundry, Main Street between Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Ware House, 367 Main Street." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This Foundry, although recently established, is under the charge of a
+gentleman who is well known as having been long connected with this
+business in the city, and as bearing a very high reputation as a
+master-workman. The details of this business differ little from those
+already noticed. The quality of the work which proceeds from the Hope
+Foundry is surpassed by none in any part of the country. The sole
+difference between this and the stove foundries, already noticed, is found
+in the fact that great attention is here paid to architectural and
+job-work. Mr. M&#8217;s skill in the operations of the foundry, and his constant
+presence and attention to all his work, recommend this establishment, in
+the highest manner, to all who desire to get up any novelty or to prepare
+any peculiar work. This foundry is as yet in its infancy, having been
+organized less than a year ago. It has already acquired an excellent
+business, and now finds ready sale for all the articles which can be
+produced. It is entirely safe to predict for it a speedy rise to great
+eminence. The factory is so arranged as to be readily extended to any
+capacity which may be desired, and the constantly increasing demand for
+this species of manufacture in the city, and its dependancies, will
+doubtless soon bring about this increase. It will be seen that Louisville
+is abundantly supplied with Foundries, and that the extent of work done in
+this line is of very great importance to her interests.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 14]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img12.jpg" alt="HAYS &amp; COOPER, MANUFACTURERS OF
+WAGONS, PLOWS, CULTIVATORS, AND CASTINGS FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES, Corner Main and Hancock Streets." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This is the largest establishment of the kind in the western country, and
+is alike a credit to its proprietors and an honor to the city. The
+machinery used is of the most perfect order, and the concern is indebted
+to its own inventive powers for a great part of its completeness. The
+proprietors are both practical workmen, and they give their constant
+attention to all the details of their manufacture. The consequences of
+this care and attention are shown in the widely spread reputation of their
+manufactured articles. The chief market of these articles is found in the
+southern States and in Texas. It is greatly to the credit of this factory
+that their articles are so readily taken up by the planters, for it is
+well known that inferior agricultural machines and implements find no
+buyers among this class of consumers. In Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas
+and Tennessee, the machines and implements of this firm are universally
+known, and possess an enviable reputation. Messrs. H. &amp; C. have introduced
+machinery by which one man can produce as many iron axles in a day as can
+usually be made by thirty hands, and the article so made is far more
+perfect than the old and tediously constructed one. They have also a small
+and ingenious saw of their own invention, for cutting felloes, and for
+sawing crooked lines, which for rapidity and precision cannot be anywhere
+surpassed. They also manufacture on their premises every article and every
+part of every article, which they sell. Plows, wagons, carts, timber
+wheels, harrows, cultivators, and other articles are made entirely on the
+premises, from the raw material into the perfect and finished article.
+They employ thirty hands, and produce from eighty to one hundred thousand
+dollars worth of work annually. Beside this establishment there are four
+other plow manufacturers, and twenty-one other wagon makers.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 15]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img13.jpg" alt="BENJ. F. AVERY, MANUFACTURER OF PLOWS AND CULTIVATORS. Main St. bet. Floyd &amp; Preston." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It is a proof of the prosperity of a city when manufactories of so
+exclusive a character as the one before us not only exist but are
+handsomely sustained. Some five years ago Messrs. B. F. &amp; D. H. Avery
+commenced the manufacture of the since celebrated Livingston County Plow.
+It was with difficulty that the prejudices of the agricultural community
+in favor of other instruments were overcome, but by dint of industrious
+exertion the plow slowly gained the confidence of the community until it
+now holds, in several of the Southern and Western States, the very first
+rank as a plow. It is worthy of notice, as a proof of the enterprise of
+this firm, that each year since it was first introduced they have been
+obliged to double the number of plows made the preceding year. A few
+months since Messrs. B. F. &amp; D. H. Avery dissolved their firm and Mr. B.
+F. Avery has now sole charge of the establishment. He has recently made
+some valuable improvements upon his plow, which will make its utility
+still more general. The new plow is found excellent for after-cultivation,
+and in connection with the old one makes his stock of plows fully adequate
+to every variety of American soil. Mr. B. F. Avery has spent some
+twenty-five years in this species of manufacture, and his experience is
+alone a proof of the value of his invention. His business, though already
+very large, is growing rapidly every year.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 16]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img14.jpg" alt="EDWARD HOLBROOK, MANUFACTURER OF CHEWING TOBACCO, CIGARS, &amp;c. No. 474 MAIN STREET." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This extensive tobacco factory, established some twelve years ago, is one
+of the most important in the city. It was commenced at a time when
+Kentucky manufactured tobacco found very little market in the cities of
+the United States, but has grown with astonishing rapidity and vigor. Mr.
+Holbrook is an old dealer in tobacco, and has acquired great sagacity in
+the selection of the article suited to the various departments of
+manufacture. His skill as a manufacturer is also worthy of notice. For
+many years he has been employed in testing the value of the various
+methods of producing the finest qualities of Chewing Tobacco, and has
+added many valuable improvements to the ordinary methods of manufacturing
+the article. By the industry and enterprise of this gentleman and his
+fellow tobacconists, the Louisville-made article has driven entirely out
+of market all the medium and lower brands of Virginia tobacco, and readily
+competes with even the higher brands of this favorite manufacture. The
+business of this factory is extended over a large surface of country. From
+the Lakes at the North to New Orleans, this tobacco is not only rapidly
+bought up, but is eagerly inquired for. Barker &amp; Co., of Detroit, Mich.,
+write to Mr. H.: &#8220;We have orders <i>daily</i>, which we cannot fill for want of
+your tobacco.&#8221; Preston &amp; Bros., of Evansville, write: &#8220;This tobacco gives
+good satisfaction.&#8221; Twitty &amp; Smith, of New Orleans, say: &#8220;We doubt not,
+speedy satisfactory sales may be made of several hundred boxes by 1st of
+September.&#8221; Rawson, Wilby &amp; Co., of Cincinnati, under date of June 7,
+1852, write: &#8220;<i>We have a market for all the tobacco you can manufacture</i>.&#8221;
+Hundreds of similar letters could be shown from various points. These
+however will be sufficient to establish the character of the article.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 17]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img15.jpg" alt="UNION FACTORY. MUSSELMAN &amp; CO. MANUFACTURERS OF CHEWING TOBACCO, Sixth Street, near Main." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This is the oldest tobacco factory in the city, and was the first which
+managed successfully to introduce this article. Previous to the
+establishment of this factory, all descriptions of chewing tobacco were
+brought from Virginia. Almost any other manufacturers would have sunk
+under the distrust and ill-will evinced by dealers of every class against
+this tobacco in the earliest years of its introduction. It was difficult
+at first to persuade the dealers even to receive the article on
+commission&mdash;and prodigious efforts were then required to overcome the
+prejudice against western made tobacco. The gentlemen who are at the head
+of the firm, however, fully persuaded of the value of their manufacture,
+and knowing it needed only to be known to be appreciated, continued their
+exertions, and finally succeeded in reaching the market. The results were
+great beyond their expectation. In 1832, the first iron tobacco press was
+brought by them to this city; ten years have elapsed, and nearly two
+hundred presses are now in full operation. The Union Factory merited and
+has received its full share of the benefit of this increase. The tobacco
+made by them competes with the best Virginia article, and has completely
+supplanted all the inferior qualities of that tobacco. The city dealers
+are almost entirely supplied by this factory, and hundreds of boxes are
+daily sent abroad. Their tobacco has found a market even in the distant
+California. Several hundred boxes were recently shipped to that point by
+the way of New York. A great revolution has been effected in this article
+by these gentlemen, thousands of dollars have been added to the trade of
+the city, and an entirely new market has been created by them. They have
+not only richly merited the success which has awaited them, but they also
+deserve much at the hands of the friends of the city for their sagacity
+and enterprise in this regard.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 18]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img16.jpg" alt="J. F. BAST, MANUFACTURER OF FINE CIGARS, SMOKING TOBACCOS AND SNUFFS, Main Street, between Second and Third." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This is an old and well established firm, and one of those which have
+risen to eminence from small beginnings. The manufacture of cigars, Mr.
+Bast shares in common with some hundreds of others, though his
+establishment is by far the largest in the city, but in the making of
+snuff he is without a rival. The attention of this factory is principally
+directed to the manufacture of the finer quality of cigars, though many
+common cigars are made here. Mr. B. is himself an accomplished workman,
+and his articles may be entirely depended upon. There are about three
+millions of cigars made and sold here annually. The smoking tobacco from
+this factory is eagerly sought for wherever it is known; its superior
+quality and cheapness making a ready market for it wherever introduced.
+Mr. B.&#8217;s manufacture of snuff also forms a large branch of this business.
+The peculiar quality of this article consists in its entire adaptation to
+every climate, and its capacity for withstanding the influences of time.
+It may be transported everywhere, and kept for any length of time without
+receiving injury. Mr. B.&#8217;s sales at wholesale are not confined merely to
+the usual country trade; many of his articles find their way in large
+quantities to the great cities, and many of his brands receive
+distinguished preference in these places. Beside his own manufactured
+articles Mr. B. imports choice pipes, snuff boxes, cigar cases, and
+similar fancy articles. As a retailer, his store is celebrated as the
+resort of all the connoisseurs in smoking, snuffing, and their various
+equipments.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 19]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img17.jpg" alt="CHRISTOPHER &amp; STANCLIFF, MANUFACTURERS OF RAIL ROAD CARS,
+AND OF SASH, BLINDS, DOORS, &amp;C. CORNER OE EIGHTH AND GREEN." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This factory was organized three years ago on a very extensive scale, with
+a view to supplying the demand for Sashes, Doors, and other like articles
+for the builder or the house carpenter. Since its commencement, however,
+it has constantly increased both in the amount and variety of work, until
+it has come to be one of the largest establishments in the city. Enormous
+buildings have been put up at great expense, new machinery of various
+kinds has been added to the original supply, experienced workmen have been
+brought from the older cities, and everything has been effected which
+could contribute to place the concern on an equality in point of capacity
+with any similar establishment in the country. The manufacture of railroad
+cars is a new department of the business; created by the growing necessity
+for procuring such work at home. The cars made by these gentlemen have all
+the new improvements known to the car builder, and are beautiful specimens
+of handicraft. In this immense factory, the painter, the turner, the
+blacksmith, the cabinet maker, the car builder, the upholsterer, and the
+carpenter, all find employment at their various trades. All the screws,
+nuts, &amp;c., used in the factory, are made on the premises by machinery. The
+gentlemen who compose the firm, are entirely competent to the management
+of their diversified business, and great credit is due them for the
+promptness and excellence with which they execute all descriptions of
+their work.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 20]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img18.jpg" alt="J. N. BREEDEN &amp; CO. MANUFACTURERS OF DOORS, BLINDS, SASH,
+FLOORING AND DRESSED PLANK, No. 622 MAIN STREET." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This large and well organized mill is well known to western builders. It
+is one of those conveniences which are found only in large cities, where
+the builder can find ready made to his hand all that is necessary for the
+interior and exterior wood work of his house. Boards are taken from the
+lumber yard, and by machinery planed and moulded into all the forms
+necessary for the house carpenter, thus saving all the tedious hand labor,
+and reducing the enormous expense which has attended the building of
+houses. The majority of planing mills have never attempted more than the
+preparation of work for cheap houses; but this establishment before us has
+specimens of its manufacture in some of the finest residences in and about
+the city. The proprietors of this mill are devoting much attention to the
+finer departments of work, and their success is at once complete and
+merited. The feeling which once existed against the work of the planing
+mill, is rapidly disappearing before the exertions of these gentlemen;
+they have supplied such large quantities of work of all sorts, and have so
+entirely the confidence of the community, that their work is eagerly
+sought after, and they are constantly full of orders. They employ about
+seventy-five hands, and have machines, which plane about twenty-three
+thousand feet of lumber per day. They also manufacture large quantities of
+Packing Boxes, which they furnish to the stores at small prices. This
+department of their business is of itself of considerable extent. Lumber
+in the rough is also sold in large quantities.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 21]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img19.jpg" alt="BEN. F. CAWTHON, MANUFACTURER OF FURNITURE AT WHOLESALE, Corner of Ninth, and Jefferson." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This establishment is among the largest factories of its class in the
+western country. Although but a short time has elapsed since the
+manufacture of furniture by machinery was adopted in this part of the
+country, this factory has come to supply the wants of a great part of the
+West. In factories of this sort the manufacture of the most elegant
+classes of furniture is not attempted; attention being directed only to
+the staples of the trade, in the production of which machinery can be used
+to advantage. This machinery beautiful in its adaptation, and perfect in
+its application, is well worthy of notice. There are comparatively few of
+the operations of this establishment to which the machinery does not
+apply. All the separate parts of each piece of furniture are got out by
+machinery and cleaned up, veneered, and put together by hand workmen. Mr.
+C. thoroughly comprehends the business which he pursues, and has entirely
+the confidence of those with whom he has commercial relations. Large
+quantities of lumber are kept upon the premises, so that all the wood used
+in manufacture, is thoroughly seasoned; the workmen employed in the
+factory are mechanics of the best order, and the establishment has a high
+reputation for honesty and fair dealing, not only in the quality of work
+but in the equality of prices. Mr. C. has a regular printed price current
+by which he is governed, and according to which all dealers are equally
+served. His trade extends over a great part of the West and South,
+embracing the States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama,
+Mississippi; Louisiana, Arkansas and Missouri. As will readily be seen, a
+manufactory of this kind, so useful in its interests, and so large in its
+extent, is of great importance to the city; bringing, as it does, large
+amounts of money from other and distant points, and disbursing them at
+home; as well as offering inducements to the immigration hither, (which
+are and have been eagerly embraced,) of a valuable class of citizens.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 22]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img20.jpg" alt="JOHN M. STOKES, MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF CABINET FURNITURE, 533 Main Street, between 2nd &amp; 3rd." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The manufacture of furniture in large quantities and with the aid of
+machinery has but lately been introduced into the western country, and
+however it may have reduced the prices or extended the sale of the
+articles so manufactured, it has by no means destroyed or even interfered
+with the sale of articles manufactured by hand. Of the finer class of
+furniture, of all those articles which are used merely as luxuries, as
+well as of such as are required to stand the test of severe use, those
+manufactured by hand are yet preferred; and the growing desire in the West
+for the best articles of furniture has rendered the class of manufactures
+under consideration of great value and importance. Louisville contains a
+very large number of establishments for the manufacture of fine as well as
+of durable and substantial common furniture. The largest of these and the
+one best calculated to display this branch of business is the well-known
+establishment of John M. Stokes, now in the 22d year of its existence.
+There is scarcely a finely furnished parlor in Louisville or its vicinity,
+scarcely an elegant steamer in the southern trade, that does not show the
+capacity of this firm to rival any similar establishment in the country.
+And while in some other branches of manufacture, Louisville may be
+exceeded by other western cities, it is only fair to say, that a visit to
+the immense establishment of Mr. Stokes will readily convince any one that
+in this department of trade, Louisville cannot be exceeded either in
+quality of work or in its price. Mr. S. has now in process of erection a
+large four story building, where he purposes to add very considerably to
+his already large manufacture.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 23]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img21.jpg" alt="ISAAC CROMIE, MANUFACTURER OF
+PRINTING PAPER, NEWS, BOOK, AND COLORED, Mill, Main Street between Tenth and Eleventh, Store, No. 477 Main St." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This is the largest Paper Mill in the Western country, and fully equal in
+point of capacity and advantages with any in the Union. It was established
+in 1846, and passed into the hands of its present proprietor in 1848. The
+mill is furnished with every desirable improvement in the machinery used
+for paper making; the building is very commodious and well arranged, and
+is under the immediate supervision of Mr. Kellogg, a gentleman in every
+way qualified for his office. It is in constant operation, night and day,
+being lighted up by gas, which is also manufactured on the premises. This
+mill has advantages over most western mills in the fact that an abundant
+supply of rags is furnished in this market, that it is situated in a fine
+hemp growing region, where this article can readily be procured, bleached
+and reduced to the finest texture for strengthening paper; that this is an
+admirable location for making shipments of the manufactured article, and
+that the most excellent water is brought from wells on the premises in any
+quantity which may be desired. A very large amount of capital is invested
+in this establishment, and no expense has been spared in effecting every
+improvement known to the paper maker, and the results of this outlay of
+capital, and of the sagacity and enterprise of its proprietor are now
+evident. Not only does this paper find a ready market, but orders have so
+multiplied upon the factory that, even with the immense product, they have
+been unable until lately to complete their contracts for delivery. The
+stack for the furnace of this mill is 140 feet high, and can be seen from
+all the avenues of approach to the city.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 24]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img22.jpg" alt="HAYES, CRAIG &amp; CO. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN HATS, CAPS,
+STRAW GOODS, FURS, &amp;C. 485 Main Street." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>But a few years have elapsed since all the hats sold in this market were
+the produce of eastern factories; and this department was not considered
+of sufficient value to be detached from other branches of trade. In latter
+years however, it has reached a position which makes it equal in
+importance to most other branches. Western merchants are fully aware of
+the value of Louisville as a market for hats, and even where many other
+articles are purchased elsewhere, this market is always selected and
+preferred by the buyer for his bill of hats.</p>
+
+<p>Few firms have as rapidly grown into the favor and confidence of the
+community as the one referred to above. They possess an enviable
+reputation throughout the South and West, both as elegant manufacturers,
+and as prompt and efficient men of business. Neither Beebe of New York,
+nor Rousto of Paris, are better known or more prized as hatters by the
+residents in the valley of the Mississippi. This is proven in the fact
+that their sales at wholesale reach the amount of one hundred thousand
+dollars, while their retail trade adds to this the sum of fifty thousand
+dollars more. Their manufacture is chiefly confined to the finest quality
+of hats. They employ from twenty-five to thirty hands.</p>
+
+<p>This house also deals largely in furs, their purchases in this article
+amount to about thirty-five thousand dollars annually. Their market for
+these furs is found in London and Leipsie.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 25]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img23.jpg" alt="POLLARD, PRATHER &amp; SMITH, LATELY P. S. BARBER &amp; CO.
+MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN HATS, CAPS, FURS, AND STRAW GOODS, No. 455 MAIN STREET." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This establishment, the oldest in the city, also commands a very prominent
+position in the western country. What has before been said with reference
+to the hat business, applies equally well to this establishment. The
+energy and promptness of this firm as manufacturers, the extended
+character of their business relations, and the high position which they
+occupy at home as well as abroad, have not only insured their own
+prosperity beyond any usual contingency but have added to the fame, the
+business and the resources of the city.</p>
+
+<p>Some idea may be formed of the increase in this department of business,
+when it is asserted that the sales of this house alone now reaches an
+amount greatly beyond what five years ago were the entire sales of the
+city. Hats made in Louisville always find the preference with western and
+southern purchasers over those made elsewhere. Not only are the qualities
+greatly superior, but the styles are far preferable; and for a similar
+class of goods, the prices are equally as low as those of any other
+market. In these remarks, reference is of course had to the best quality
+of hats. There is no department of trade which has increased, and still
+promises to increase more rapidly than this.</p>
+
+<p>The purchase and export of furs and peltries is also extensively carried
+on by this house.</p>
+
+<p>The two examples of this business given in this volume will bear favorable
+comparison with any other hat houses in the West; if indeed they do not
+surpass all their compeers.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 26]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img24.jpg" alt="NEEDHAM&#8217;S MARBLE SHOP AND WARE ROOMS, Jefferson St. between 3rd &amp; 4th, North Side." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This establishment has been in permanent and successful operation for the
+last seventeen years, and is, we believe, the oldest one of the kind in
+the city. The greater portion of the marble used; is imported directly
+from Italy in the block, via New Orleans. The foreign and domestic marble
+business has been a rapidly increasing one from the period of its first
+introduction, and our workmen have readily availed themselves of all the
+improved manufacturing processes. They are therefore prepared to furnish
+all articles in their line at as low a price, as the same articles can be
+furnished at any point in the West. Fine articles of manufactured marble
+are now <i>cheaper in the city of Louisville than in the city of London</i>.</p>
+
+<p>At Needham&#8217;s Marble Warerooms may be found a well arranged stock of marble
+Mantles, varying in price from twenty-five to one hundred and fifty
+dollars. They are made of Italian, Egyptian, Irish, and the Sienna
+marbles. He also makes to order the various descriptions of furniture
+marble work.</p>
+
+<p>In the department of monuments, tombs, tablets, and general cemetery work,
+his stock and designs are said to be the largest in the West. All work
+sent from the city is carefully packed, and warranted free from breakage.
+The aim and object of the proprietor is to establish a permanent business
+by doing good work at moderate prices.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 27]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img25.jpg" alt="HUGH WILKINS, MANUFACTURER OF MATTRASSES, CARPETS, CURTAINS, FLAGS
+And all articles appertaining to the business of the UPHOLSTERER, Wall Street, four doors below Main." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In Louisville, the business of upholsterer is one of great importance. The
+large number of steamboats which are built and furnished at this point
+gives a great deal of work in this department of manufacture. The
+reputation of this city as an admirable place for procuring articles of
+this description has attracted much trade from other points. The factory
+of Mr. Wilkins, now in the twelfth year of its existence, is one of the
+best and most favorably known in Louisville and in the West. It is perhaps
+more in this than in any other department of manufacture that the
+purchaser is compelled to depend on the honesty as well as the taste and
+judgment of the workman. The reputation of this factory is a sure
+guarantee for the first of these qualities, and the many specimens of work
+to be seen all over the city and in most of our steamboats, will readily
+establish the other. A very large trade has been built up for this concern
+by the fidelity and carefulness of its proprietor. The whole interior
+fitting of steamboats and houses is undertaken here. Beds, carpets and
+curtains of all descriptions and qualities are made and fitted up in a
+style of superior excellence. The spring-mattrasses made at this factory
+have a wide spread and deservedly great reputation. Some of those
+mattrasses have not only been used during the life of one boat, but have
+been removed from one steamer to its successor several times. The use of
+spring mattrasses on steamers is probably the severest test to which they
+can be subjected.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 28]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img26.jpg" alt="METCALFE&#8217;S BREWERY. METCALFE &amp; GRAINGER, MANUFACTURERS OF
+ALE, BEER, PORTER, AND BROWN STOUT. Market Street, between Sixth and Seventh." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This brewery, organized in 1832, is the oldest in the city, and is equal
+in point of size and capacity to any in the West. The long practice in
+this manufacture which the senior partner of this firm has had, and the
+well-known reputation of the establishment are sufficient proofs of the
+quality of articles manufactured here. Situated in the centre of a
+splendid grain market, with water equal to any in the world, and with
+thoroughly practiced and competent workmen, the Louisville Ales, Beer,
+Brown-Stout, &amp;c., cannot be anywhere surpassed. The Brown-Stout from
+Metcalfe&#8217;s Brewery is fully equal in every respect to the London article;
+and the experiment of placing it, in Byass&#8217; bottles, before the best
+connoisseurs has been frequently attempted, and always with success. It
+has, however, a reputation of its own and does not therefore need a
+foreign stamp to make it currently received. Beside furnishing the
+interior of most of the western States, Messrs. M. &amp; G. find a very
+extended and ready market for articles of their manufacture in the larger
+cities. Memphis and St. Louis receive and sell large quantities of these
+articles, and scarcely a boat leaves for the Tennessee or Cumberland
+rivers without having among her freight more or less of the products of
+this brewery. Cards announcing the presence of these articles for sale are
+every where shown out as inducements to the lovers of these delightful
+beverages. In Louisville the brewings of Messrs. M. &amp; G. are highly valued
+by all.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 29]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img27.jpg" alt="CLARK BRADLEY, MANUFACTURER OF COACHES, CARRIAGES,
+BUGGIES, &amp;C. Main Street, between Brook and First." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The manufacture of carriages is not carried on as extensively by any
+single firm in the West as in the East. The business is however one
+embracing a large amount of capital, but the number of manufactories
+prevents any single house from doing a very large amount of work. Carriage
+building in Louisville has, however, recently partaken of the impulse
+which has been given to every department of manufactures. There are fully
+three times as many carriages built in Louisville now, as there were three
+years ago. The smaller establishments in the interior places have been
+obliged to resign to the superior quality and price of Louisville work.
+There is no city in the Union where there are so many private vehicles
+used, in proportion to the population, as in Louisville. This fact has led
+to the endeavor on the part of carriage makers here to compete with
+foreign workmen. And with the single exception of heavy carriages,
+Louisville builders are at any time ready to furnish carriages at the same
+price as they can be had in the East.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bradley&#8217;s establishment will afford a very fair example of this
+business. It is one of the oldest in the city, and has a fine reputation.
+The quality of work manufactured here cannot be surpassed, and Mr. B.&#8217;s
+thorough knowledge, long experience, and personal attention to his
+business, have done credit to him, and tended to advance the interests of
+this business in the city. His sales extend to Kentucky, Tennessee, North
+Alabama, Arkansas, and even to Mississippi and Louisiana. Fully one third
+of the sales of this factory are made out of the State. Mr. Bradley
+employs about twenty hands, who receive about ten thousand dollars
+annually. His sales amount to about thirty thousand dollars. The value of
+this as a market for this species of manufacture, is fast beginning to be
+felt: and it cannot be doubted that it will become ere long the very best
+market of the country.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 30]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img28.jpg" alt="BAKER &amp; RUBEL, MANUFACTURERS OF
+CARRIAGES, ROCKAWAYS, BUGGIES, &amp;C. No. 650 Main Street." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This manufactory, though not so old as many of our carriage shops, is
+still one deserving especial notice. The proprietors are themselves
+constantly employed in the details of their work, and the result of their
+knowledge, attention and experience is plainly observable in the work
+which proceeds from their establishment. They possess the entire
+confidence of the community, and, for the short time they have been
+employed in their business, have been in every way very successful
+workmen. Although the greater part of their sales are made in and around
+the city, they yet send their carriages over a large part of the southern
+and south-western States. It is idle for western and southern buyers any
+longer to indulge the foolish opinion, that better, more durable, or more
+elegant carriages can be bought in the eastern markets, than can be had at
+home. Such an opinion was held until recently in regard to fine furniture,
+but that has disappeared under the earnest endeavor of Louisville
+manufacturers, and it is time for western purchasers to learn to depend on
+their own workmen for supplies of every sort. Messrs. B. &amp; R. have now in
+their establishment carriages of all sorts which will favorably compare in
+point of elegance with those made in any part of the Union, and will far
+exceed any others in point of durability. This matter is one deserving the
+attention of carriage buyers, and if they can only be persuaded to make a
+trial of Louisville work, the fame of the city in this regard will be
+easily established.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 31]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img29.jpg" alt="DR. JOHN BULL, MANUFACTURER OF THE
+FLUID EXTRACT OF SARSAPARILLA. Office on 5th Street, below Main." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Dr. John Bull has used in the manufacture of his Sarsaparilla within the
+last year 3,648 gross of bottles, 27,744 packing boxes at a cost of $6,885
+50, and affords constant employment to about 55 hands. Amount of sales for
+the year ending this date, $255,700 90. Dr. Bull commenced the manufacture
+of this article exclusively about five years since, and the full amount of
+sales at that time was about $5,500, which amount was entirely consumed in
+advertising and printing of various kinds. The second year sales about
+$38,600. Third year, $89,200 50. Fourth year, $157,030 70. Fifth year,
+$255,700 90, as per above statement. The demand for his Sarsaparilla is
+greater now than it has been at any time previously, and its reputation is
+becoming more extended. He has received large orders from California, New
+Mexico, and the island of Cuba. Wherever it has been tried, the sales of
+it have increased, which is a sufficient guarrantee of its efficacy and
+standing in all places where it has been introduced.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 32]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img30.jpg" alt="THOMAS WILLIAMS &amp; Co. GAS FITTERS, AND PLUMBERS, No. 462 MARKET STREET." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This establishment is the only one of the kind in the city, and since its
+commencement a little more than a year ago, it has rapidly grown into
+favor. Few persons are perhaps aware of the fact that all those minor
+elegancies and luxuries which follow the establishment of water works in a
+city can be procured and put in operation by this firm as readily and
+completely, as in cities ever so abundantly supplied with water. Water
+closets, bath houses, wash basins, pumps, boilers, and all the
+appurtenances of an elegant mansion are here manufactured and furnished in
+complete order. Most of the residences built since the existence of this
+firm, have taken advantage of these furnishings, and many of the older
+dwellings have added a part at least of these conveniences. These
+gentlemen also import a great variety of gas fixtures of all descriptions,
+as well as wrought iron welded tubes for steam, gas and water, which they
+put up in a superior style. They also manufacture brass work of all the
+lighter descriptions. The Beer-Pumps which are seen upon the counters of
+our coffee houses, are also from this factory. These pumps are of a very
+superior quality, and are exported from the city in large quantities.
+Steamboat plumber&#8217;s work also forms an important part of this business.
+The well-known steamer Eclipse was furnished from this establishment. All
+the work done by this firm is of the very best quality. These gentlemen
+are thorough and accomplished workmen, and attend in person to the details
+of their business. There are few plumbing establishments in this country
+with which this will not bear favorable comparison.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 33]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img31.jpg" alt="MILNE &amp; BRUDER. LITHOGRAPHERS, No. 44 Third Street." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Lithographic printing is a very important branch of the Art, and one in
+which excellence is rarely attained. It is applicable to a very great
+variety of work, and hence is worthy of much consideration. Few persons
+are probably aware of the utility of the art referred to. Maps,
+landscapes, cards, bill heads, labels, drawings for the Patent Office,
+anatomical plates, and in fine all the work of the ordinary printer as
+well as of the draftsman and of the engraver, can be executed by the
+lithographer. To do all these things well, an office requires to be
+thoroughly organized, to possess artists of ability, and to be in the
+hands of men of artistic taste as well as of business capacity. In all
+these respects, the office of Messrs. Milne &amp; Bruder is complete. In all
+those classes of work which come within their province, these gentlemen
+enjoy a high reputation. Prompt and efficient in their business relations,
+tasteful and artistic in the execution of the work entrusted to them, they
+are enabled to command a large amount of patronage, not only in
+Louisville, but all over the West and South. The new map of Kentucky
+lately issued from their press, is of itself a sufficient guarantee for
+the character of the work executed at this establishment. This map is the
+best ever published, and its authenticity is in no whit inferior to its
+mere artistic excellence. It is steadily growing into public favor, and is
+deservedly appreciated wherever it is known. There is no lithographic
+establishment in the West, which can and does execute a greater variety or
+a better quality of work than that under consideration.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 34]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img32.jpg" alt="G. W. BRAINARD &amp; CO. PUBLISHERS OF SHEET MUSIC.
+AND DEALERS IN EVERY DESCRIPTION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, AGENTS FOR JONAS CHICKERING&#8217;S PIANO-FORTES.
+No. 117 Fourth Street, Mozart Hall." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>But little more than a year has elapsed since the publication of sheet
+music was begun by this firm. Their catalogue however already embraces a
+large number and a great variety of excellent music. The success of their
+publishing house is by the practical talent and fine taste of the
+proprietors, already placed beyond a contingency of failure, and only
+needs the necessary lapse of time to become complete. As is well known,
+Louisville numbers a great many accomplished musicians and musical
+amateurs among her population. There is perhaps no other American city of
+equal size where this art is so much cultivated and so high in favor with
+the whole people. Music publishing, the necessary consequence of this
+state of affairs, becomes therefore an important branch of business.
+Messrs. B. &amp; Co. are high in favor with our musical people, have published
+a good deal of Louisville composition, and are rapidly finding a large
+market abroad as well as at home for their production. These gentlemen are
+also agents for Chickering&#8217;s celebrated Pianos, as well as for other
+favorite brands. Their attention is also particularly directed to
+supplying Brass Instruments for bands. And they offer excellent security
+for the quality of the articles which they keep. As a music store, their
+establishment is a favorite resort with the amateurs of this delightful art.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 35]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img33.jpg" alt="PETERS, WEBB &amp; CO. Publishers of Music, Main Street, bet. 2d and 3d, Opposite Bank of Ky.
+PETERS, CRAGG &amp; CO. MANUFACTURERS OF PIANO FORTES, Main Street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth.
+J. WEKERLE &amp; CO. ORGAN MANUFACTURERS." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The publishing house of Peters, Webb &amp; Co., perhaps the oldest
+establishment of the kind, and certainly the most favorably known in the
+West, employs one title engraver, three music engravers, and about six
+printers. They keep three copper-plate presses constantly employed, and
+issue from seven to ten thousand pages of music per week.</p>
+
+<p>The piano-forte manufactory of Peters, Cragg &amp; Co., was organized only a
+few years ago, but its success has been so constant and rapid, that they
+are not now able to supply the demand for their instruments. They have
+embarked a very large capital in this business, and are now erecting a
+large three story factory on Main Street, where they will be enabled to do
+a still greater amount of work. They are prepared with all the most recent
+useful improvements in manufacture and will employ in their new factory
+about thirty hands. This firm is ready at any moment to duplicate any bill
+of wholesale prices, which may be had from any respectable eastern house,
+either in sheet music or pianos.</p>
+
+<p>P. W. &amp; Co., in company with J. Wekerle, a practical organ builder,
+commenced the manufacture of these instruments in Louisville a little less
+than three years ago, since which time they have built several instruments
+for western churches, in Louisville and elsewhere. These have been
+pronounced by competent judges equal to any made in the country. Five
+workmen are constantly employed in this department.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 36]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img34.jpg" alt="CHARLES DUFFIELD &amp; CO.&#8217;S HAM CURING ESTABLISHMENT, Water Street, between 5th and 6th, Entrance on 6th." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This is the largest establishment exclusively devoted to the curing of
+hams, not only in the United States, but in the world. The buildings are
+of brick and are three stories in height. The curing-house is 66 feet wide
+and 350 feet long, embracing over 52,000 square feet of floor. The smoking
+house is 35 feet in width by 65 in length, and will hold 40,000 hams at
+one smoking. One to two hundred thousand hams are cured here in one
+season, and thirty to fifty men are employed nearly six months in the year
+in preparing the hams for market and summer keeping. The details of the
+curing process are not made public.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Duffield was the <i>first</i> to establish and make permanent the business
+of ham curing, as a separate and distinct branch of the provision trade,
+which he did by <i>persevering</i> in making fine hams for years without
+profit&mdash;and he has thus became the <span class="smcap">Pioneer</span> in giving character to our
+western hams, which now stand unequalled in the markets of the United
+States. It is to this perseverance that we are indebted for all the fine
+hams, by whomsoever cured, that now fill our markets.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Duffield was the <i>first</i> to cure in Cincinnati, in 1835, as many as
+20,000 hams, and from this <i>beginning</i>, the business is believed to have
+now reached the grand aggregate of from six to eight hundred thousand
+hams, cured in an <i>extra</i> style, in all the western cities. Mr. D.&#8217;s hams,
+however, still stand pre-eminent. The demand for them increases yearly.
+His brand is, &#8220;<span class="smcap">Duffield&#8217;s American Westphalia Hams</span>.&#8221; The reason for the
+term &#8220;American Westphalia&#8221; is contained in the fact, that the only hams
+celebrated in the United States markets, when Mr. D. commenced curing,
+were those imported from Westphalia, in Germany, (which were then and
+still are sold at 25 and 30 cents per pound,) hence the propriety and
+boldness of the term &#8220;<i>American</i> Westphalia.&#8221; It is certain that Mr.
+Duffield&#8217;s cure will not be found <i>inferior</i> to the best <i>imported</i> from
+Westphalia, and will not cost the consumer one-half the price of that
+article.</p>
+
+<p>The following list of diplomas, medals, &amp;c., which have been awarded at
+different times to the hams cured by Mr. Duffield, will corroborate this
+opinion. By Ohio Mechanics&#8217; Institute, in 1844; by Hamilton County
+Agricultural Society, in 1846; by Ohio State Fair, held in Cincinnati, in
+1850; by The London Industrial Exhibition, and World&#8217;s Fair Prize Medal,
+in 1850. We are proud of Mr. D.&#8217;s reputation, and glad to be able to say
+that Louisville has <i>the largest ham curing establishment in the world</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 37]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img35.jpg" alt="A. McBRIDE, MANUFACTURER OF PLANES AND EDGE TOOLS, No. 69 Third Street." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The manufacture of Planes and Edge-Tools in Louisville is not and has not
+been considered a very prominent branch of trade. It is well known that
+the skillful manufacture of these articles has long been a difficulty hard
+to overcome. Mr. McBride, who has been a practical workman with the plane,
+has successfully combatted all the difficulties in the way of producing a
+perfect article. Wherever the tools from this factory have been used, they
+have achieved that most difficult of results, the entire approbation of
+the mechanic. Mr. B.&#8217;s business is one of those the steady growth of which
+indicates real merit and ultimate success. Every article produced is made
+by the hands of skillful workmen, and under the immediate eye of the
+proprietor; hence all may be sure of procuring a far more valuable article
+than can be had from the steam factories. Mr. McBride has in addition to
+his manufactory, a fine stock of Hardware and Cutlery.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img36.jpg" alt="HENRY HUNTER, GLASS CUTTING ESTABLISHMENT, No. 69 Third Street." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This useful establishment is one of those minor factories which are
+indispensible to a great city. Necessary of small extent as compared with
+many other branches of manufacture, it is yet an important and useful
+concern. Mr. Hunter is the foreman of his own factory, and is a thorough
+and accomplished workman. It is at his shop that those elegant cuttings on
+tinted and white glass, which adorn the windows of our southern
+steamboats, and add so much to their magnificence, are done. In this
+department of his business he is without a rival in the city and, it is
+believed, in the West. Beside this, Mr. H. is a fitter of glasses for
+jeweller&#8217;s work, such as rings, breast-pins, miniatures, &amp;c. He also
+replaces parts of broken sets of glass and performs, in a superior manner,
+all the work done at the glass cutters. A good stock of cut glass-ware is
+also to be found at this factory.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 38]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img37.jpg" alt="KENTUCKY LOCK FACTORY. HARIG &amp; STOY,
+MANUFACTURERS OF SAFE, BANK, VAULT, JAIL AND DOOR LOCKS. No. 97 Third Street." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Kentucky Lock Factory is another establishment deserving especial
+notice. The work made at this factory is surpassed in quality by none in
+the West. Locks of every description from those of the prison, the Bank
+and the safe, to the smallest mortise latch, are manufactured with equal
+care and fidelity. The Fire-Proof Safe, which has a well established
+reputation everywhere, is also made here. Iron doors and frames for bank
+vaults and prisons us well as sliding door locks and trimmings also form a
+part of the daily work of the factory. This concern, under the charge of
+Mr. Aug. C. Harig has for a long time enjoyed the confidence and patronage
+of this community, and it will doubtless, under its present management,
+continue to increase in public favor. In addition to articles of their own
+manufacture, Messrs. H. &amp; S. offer for sale an excellent assortment of
+Builders Hardware.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img38.jpg" alt="A. TIENSCH, Manufacturer of Mathematical and Philosophical Instruments, NO. 97 THIRD STREET." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the same building with the factory noticed above, may be found the
+instrument shop of Mr. Tiensch. In this exceedingly complex and scientific
+manufacture, this gentleman is very eminent. The most delicate
+manipulations of his art are performed by him with singular accuracy and
+facility. Manufactories of this kind are rare in the American cities, nor
+is the demand for these articles very great. Mr. T. is therefore able to
+furnish the proceeds of his manufacture to buyers who are scattered ever a
+large surface of country. He keeps on hand a stock of the instruments in
+most common use and is thoroughly competent to the successful manufacture
+of any article in his line which may be desired by the scientific man. His
+factory will doubtless grow with the growing wants for articles of this
+description in this great city. The curious in such matters will find his
+shop well worthy of a visit.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum">[Pg 39]</span></p>
+<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img39.jpg" alt="HULL &amp; BROTHER, Book &amp; Job Printers, Binders,
+AND PUBLISHERS, 83 &amp; 85 Fourth Street, between Main and Market." /></div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>This firm commenced business in this city in the year 1844. It has
+gradually grown, from a small beginning, until it stands second to no
+establishment in the West, either for facilities or workmanship. Although
+its principal business is that of Book, and the finer kinds of Job
+Printing, yet at this office are issued two weekly papers, and three
+monthly periodicals&mdash;making an average of over <i>ten thousand periodicals
+weekly</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Proprietors being both practical men, (having been all their lives
+engaged in the business, and understanding thoroughly every department of
+it,) they have been enabled to carry the Art of Printing to a perfection
+that would surprise and astonish the spirits of Faust and Guttemberg, were
+they to arise from their graves, as much as it pleases and attracts the
+lovers of the beautiful of the present day.</p>
+
+<p>In connection with this establishment there is a well assorted Bindery,
+under the direction of Mr. <span class="smcap">J. A. Irwin</span>, who, in this department, is
+connected with the Messrs. Hull. He also is a practical workman, well
+acquainted with every part of his business.</p>
+
+<p>Every branch and variety of the business is here carried on. From the
+mill, the paper passes to the wetting trough, thence to the printing
+press; from the press to the drying boards, then into the hands of the
+Folder, and so successively, to the Forwarder, the Embosser, and the
+Finisher, until the perfect book is produced.</p>
+
+<p>The Messrs H. employ about forty hands in their Establishment and are
+supplied, both in their Printing and Binding departments, with the very
+best materials and machinery that have been invented.</p>
+
+<p>Altogether it is an Establishment that does credit to our city, and gives
+additional evidence of its increasing prosperity.</p>
+
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 50%;" />
+<p><strong>Footnotes:</strong></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_1' id='f_1' href='#fna_1'>[1]</a> Campbell had been taken prisoner by the British and Indians and was
+then in captivity in Canada.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_2' id='f_2' href='#fna_2'>[2]</a> <span class="smcap">Marshall</span>, Vol. I, p. 104.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> Directory for 1832.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_4' id='f_4' href='#fna_4'>[4]</a> Western Review for January, 1830.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_5' id='f_5' href='#fna_5'>[5]</a> This incident is by some accredited to William Creasy, a bargeman of
+the James River.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> Morgan Neville, in Western Souvenir for 1829.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_7' id='f_7' href='#fna_7'>[7]</a> <span class="smcap">Perkins&#8217;</span> Annals, pp. 280 to 282.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_8' id='f_8' href='#fna_8'>[8]</a> John A. McClung in Collins&#8217; Kentucky, p. 57.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_9' id='f_9' href='#fna_9'>[9]</a> This statement is given on the authority of Major Quirey&#8217;s own son.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_10' id='f_10' href='#fna_10'>[10]</a> This prediction, as is well known, has been verified.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_11' id='f_11' href='#fna_11'>[11]</a> This gentleman was one among the most distinguished of the early
+citizens of Louisville. His untiring energy, his inflexible honesty of
+purpose, and his fine mental ability, all contributed to render him
+conspicuous in every position to which he was called. An excellent epitome
+of his character is contained in a remark made by him upon the occasion of
+his resignation of the Presidency of the Bank referred to. The directory
+of the Bank having determined to stop payment, Mr. Prather resigned his
+seat with these memorable words:&mdash;&#8220;I can preside over no institution which
+fails to meet its engagements promptly and to the letter.&#8221; Mr. Prather was
+long connected in business with Mr. John I. Jacob, whose recent death has
+been so much deplored; and the firm of Prather &amp; Jacob is one of the best
+and most favorably known among the early merchants of this city.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_12' id='f_12' href='#fna_12'>[12]</a> This census does not include the residents in Preston&#8217;s or Campbell&#8217;s
+enlargements, nor does it refer either to Portland or Shippingport.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_13' id='f_13' href='#fna_13'>[13]</a> This is extracted from Mr. Maum Butler&#8217;s account of the Canal.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_14' id='f_14' href='#fna_14'>[14]</a> Gallagher&#8217;s Review of Amelia in the Hesperian for 1839.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_15' id='f_15' href='#fna_15'>[15]</a> This hope is now destined never to be gratified, for, since the above
+was written, this accomplished poetess and estimable woman has been called
+away to join her voice with the angelic choir, whose harmonies are the
+delight and the glory of the celestial world. On a bright May morning,
+such as her own songs have taught us to love, when the earth was redolent
+of beauty, and the flowers were sending up to heaven the incense of their
+perfumes, when all rejoicing nature was pouring out its mourning orison to
+its Creator, the angels sent by her Heavenly Father, came and bore her
+spirit to its home in the skies. And so</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;She has passed like a bird from the minstrel throng,<br />
+She has gone to the land where the lovely belong.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_16' id='f_16' href='#fna_16'>[16]</a> Haldeman&#8217;s Directory for 1844-5.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_17' id='f_17' href='#fna_17'>[17]</a> These gentlemen having recently resigned, the chairs so vacated are
+now occupied by Drs. Palmer and Austin Flint, of Buffalo, N. Y.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_18' id='f_18' href='#fna_18'>[18]</a> &#8220;In this year, a line of 46 hhds brought $3,390 84, averaging $73 73
+per hhd. The crop was short, and speculation ran high. Dealers in the
+article were heavy losers.&#8221;&mdash;<i>Directory for 1845.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name='f_19' id='f_19' href='#fna_19'>[19]</a> Most of the machinists are connected with the foundries.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_20' id='f_20' href='#fna_20'>[20]</a> This does not include all steamboat builders.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_21' id='f_21' href='#fna_21'>[21]</a> Most of the turners are connected with various factories.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_22' id='f_22' href='#fna_22'>[22]</a> From &#8220;Louisville and the Elements of her Prosperity,&#8221; by H. Smith,
+Esq., in the Louisville Journal.</p>
+
+<p><a name='f_23' id='f_23' href='#fna_23'>[23]</a> Speculation in city lots ran very high at this time, and property
+bore an enormous fictitious value. As will be remembered, this feeling was
+not confined to Louisville, but was prevalent all over the western
+country. This was the era of speculations in western town lots, an era
+which will not be recalled with pleasure by most western men.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Louisville, from the
+Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852, by Ben Casseday
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38740-h.htm or 38740-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/7/4/38740/
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img01.jpg b/38740-h/images/img01.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8d63ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img01.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img02.jpg b/38740-h/images/img02.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef88ecc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img02.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img03.jpg b/38740-h/images/img03.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13497ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img03.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img04.jpg b/38740-h/images/img04.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5491f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img04.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img05.jpg b/38740-h/images/img05.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..416e995
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img05.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img06.jpg b/38740-h/images/img06.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..325f63a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img06.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img07.jpg b/38740-h/images/img07.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71a23c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img07.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img08.jpg b/38740-h/images/img08.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4d607f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img08.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img09.jpg b/38740-h/images/img09.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..454ad0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img09.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img10.jpg b/38740-h/images/img10.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d742d5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img10.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img11.jpg b/38740-h/images/img11.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c89cea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img11.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img12.jpg b/38740-h/images/img12.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..731b905
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img12.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img13.jpg b/38740-h/images/img13.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f36b664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img13.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img14.jpg b/38740-h/images/img14.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0263d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img14.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img15.jpg b/38740-h/images/img15.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..646e030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img15.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img16.jpg b/38740-h/images/img16.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9d4187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img16.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img17.jpg b/38740-h/images/img17.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a9a247
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img17.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img18.jpg b/38740-h/images/img18.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb8d41e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img18.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img19.jpg b/38740-h/images/img19.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9583ddf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img19.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img20.jpg b/38740-h/images/img20.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9cee23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img20.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img21.jpg b/38740-h/images/img21.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18eda02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img21.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img22.jpg b/38740-h/images/img22.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d275d60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img22.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img23.jpg b/38740-h/images/img23.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01c1788
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img23.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img24.jpg b/38740-h/images/img24.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c67de24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img24.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img25.jpg b/38740-h/images/img25.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eac4931
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img25.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img26.jpg b/38740-h/images/img26.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a671a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img26.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img27.jpg b/38740-h/images/img27.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09dd1f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img27.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img28.jpg b/38740-h/images/img28.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b90830b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img28.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img29.jpg b/38740-h/images/img29.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8165583
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img29.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img30.jpg b/38740-h/images/img30.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5170f0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img30.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img31.jpg b/38740-h/images/img31.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e791c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img31.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img32.jpg b/38740-h/images/img32.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97e90c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img32.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img33.jpg b/38740-h/images/img33.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c9f42d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img33.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img34.jpg b/38740-h/images/img34.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3811f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img34.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img35.jpg b/38740-h/images/img35.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7eb357d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img35.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img36.jpg b/38740-h/images/img36.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c28ff4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img36.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img37.jpg b/38740-h/images/img37.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50d2092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img37.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img38.jpg b/38740-h/images/img38.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..144e95e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img38.jpg
diff --git a/38740-h/images/img39.jpg b/38740-h/images/img39.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b78a0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740-h/images/img39.jpg
diff --git a/38740.txt b/38740.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0c6987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8614 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Louisville, from the
+Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852, by Ben Casseday
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The History of Louisville, from the Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852
+
+Author: Ben Casseday
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2012 [EBook #38740]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  Casseday's History of Louisville.
+
+
+  THE
+  HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE,
+  FROM ITS
+  EARLIEST SETTLEMENT
+  TILL THE YEAR 1852.
+
+
+  BY BEN CASSEDAY
+
+
+  LOUISVILLE, KY.
+  HULL AND BROTHER.
+  1852.
+
+
+
+
+  Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852,
+  BY BEN. CASSEDAY,
+  In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United
+  States for the District of Kentucky.
+
+
+  HULL & BROTHER,
+  PRINTERS AND BINDERS.
+  83 & 85 Fourth St., Louisville, Ky.
+
+
+
+
+  To My Father,
+  At whose Instance it was Undertaken.
+  AND
+  By whose Assistance it was Completed,
+  This Book Is
+  AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Very little need be said by way of Preface to the present volume. Cities,
+like individuals, have ever found the utility of giving publicity to the
+advantages they possess. The respective claims to public consideration of
+almost all the larger American cities have already been set forth, and no
+inconsiderable sagacity has been displayed in the preparation and issue of
+these advertisements. It cannot be denied that Louisville has equal claim
+upon the community for a fair hearing with many of these cities, and this
+may serve as the apology which custom seems to render necessary for the
+publication of this volume.
+
+Louisville has attained her present rank and position without having
+resorted to any of the factitious means so generally employed to promote
+the progress of cities. A singular apathy in this regard has always
+pervaded this community, and the present prosperity of the city is the
+result only of fortuitous circumstances, of individual and unorganized
+effort, or of local causes. The following extract from one of a series of
+very able articles, published several years ago in the Louisville Journal,
+conveys a very caustic and severe, but, at the same time, a very just and
+merited rebuke of this apathetic indifference to political progress which
+has been characteristic of this city. The author says: "In the recent book
+of Judge Hall entitled "_The West--its commerce and navigation_," it is
+stated that "Louisville keeps no account of its business." Such is really
+the fact; we have no business organization--no chamber of commerce, no
+mercantile clubs--no Exchange, no place "where merchants most do
+congregate." Our city Fathers keep no record of our increase or doings,
+and it is doubted whether the Mayor or Council, with the Assessors and
+Collectors to advise with, can either guess or reckon our present
+population within 4,000, or the number of respectable tenements erected
+last year within 200 of the truth. There is not a series of our newspapers
+or price currents to which a stranger has the right of access; if, indeed,
+there be an entire series of either to be found in our city. Occasionally
+a Directory is got up and contains a few statistics gathered without
+system or concert, and necessarily imperfect, and these even are rarely
+set before the public eye. Other cities have had for years the most
+skillful trumpeters and gazetteers; their men of influence and wealth have
+contributed largely of money and time (more important than money) not only
+to make their city attractive but to show off those attractions. Does
+anything agitate the public mind, whether religious, political, or
+financial--whether it relates to the commerce of the lakes, famine in
+Ireland, or an armory or hospital on the western rivers, they seek to be
+the first to write and the first to speak; they raise one committee to
+gather and another to publish every fact and argument which will make the
+excitement enure to their benefit. All this is unobjectionable. Other
+cities have great attractions, and there is no reason why these should not
+be known; the gospel itself requires publication; but in this _democratic_
+country are we to allow any other city to take a higher position than that
+to which she is entitled by her skill, strength and capacity? Is it not
+high time to advertise the cheapness and goodness of our wares? If
+Cincinnati send a special agent to Germany with the cards of her
+lot-holders and a map of this country, represented as a narrow strip with
+New York at one terminus and Cincinnati at the other, can we not extend
+the survey to Louisville, and add the name of this city to the catalogue
+published in Europe."
+
+These remarks are hardly less merited now than at the time when they were
+published. The last two years, it is true, have awakened new energies and
+brought about a greater disposition to prompt and efficient action in
+promoting a useful business organization and in setting forth the claims
+of Louisville in a properly attractive light. Much time, however, has been
+wasted and much valuable material has been lost by the long delay in this
+matter. To endeavor to restore this lost time and to replace a part at
+least of this valuable material, is one of the prominent objects had in
+view in the preparation of this history.
+
+The want of interest which is generally felt in mere statistical details,
+even if ever so carefully compiled, coupled with the fact that there is
+really much in the history of Louisville which is capable of interesting
+the general reader, have induced me to prefer offering to the public a
+historical detail of the rise, progress and present position of the city,
+instead of following the course which has been pursued by most writers of
+local history. It is no part of the design of this volume to eulogize
+Louisville beyond its deserts. The greatest care has been taken to prevent
+any tendency to exaggeration in all the statistical parts of the work, and
+the object constantly had in view has been to present both to citizens and
+strangers an authentic and reliable statement of all that is useful or
+interesting in the past and present history of the city. It is due to
+myself to state, that, as may readily be supposed from what has been said
+above, I have found great difficulty in procuring the necessary data for
+even this unpretending volume. And if the town reader should find any
+errors or omissions in these pages I cannot help but hope for some
+leniency at his hands in view of the fact that this is the history of a
+city which has never possessed an official record of any kind, and that
+even the material which has been procured at divers times and in distant
+places has cost no inconsiderable amount both of time and trouble in the
+search.
+
+The present statistics of the city were carefully collected by personal
+application and investigation; and I desire to express my profoundest
+acknowledgments for the kindness and interest with which my wishes were
+met and forwarded. With but one single exception, every information which
+I could have desired was freely furnished, and many valuable suggestions
+were offered which I have since found extremely useful. I also desire to
+express my acknowledgments to Mr. R. Harlan, of Frankfort, for his kind
+assistance in the tedious and laborious work of examining the census
+reports.
+
+In closing a task which has occupied such moments of leisure as I could
+reclaim from the more serious pursuits of life for about eighteen months,
+I cannot but hope that the result of this tedious labor may really compass
+the end for which it was intended. I can claim nothing for the book on the
+score of literary merit; the style is one entirely different from anything
+which I have heretofore attempted, and the volume does not seek to claim
+rank as a literary production. If, however, it will serve to contribute a
+moiety to the prosperity of my native city; if it will serve to add one
+industrious and enterprising man to the number of her citizens, I shall be
+satisfied that this labor has not been in vain, nor this exertion spent
+for naught.
+
+BEN. CASSEDAY.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+  Position of Louisville--Falls of the Ohio                       15
+  Advent of Captain Bullitt                                       16
+  Bullitt's Interview with the Indians                            17
+  Campbell's and Conally's Patents                                21
+  Advent of General Geo. R. Clark                                 22
+  Clark's Expedition to Virginia                                  23
+    "  Secret orders from Patrick Henry                           25
+    "  Arrival at the Falls                                       28
+  Account of a social party in 1779                               31
+  Account of life on the Frontier                                 32
+  The Hard Winter                                                 43
+  Act for establishing the town                                   44
+  Early surveys of the town                                       47
+  Reminiscences of the Ponds                                      50
+  Advent of Colonel Geo. Slaughter                                53
+  Incidents of the Indian Wars                                    54
+  Division of the State into Counties                             58
+  Building of Fort Nelson                                         60
+  Battle of Blue Licks                                            61
+  Barge Navigation                                                62
+  The Boatwreckers--Colonel Plug                                  67
+  The Bargemen--Mike Fink                                         71
+  Peace declared                                                  81
+  First Store in Louisville                                       83
+  Tom Paine's book                                                84
+  First Kentucky Convention                                       85
+  Clark's Treaty at Fort McIntosh                                 86
+    "  Expedition to Vincennes                                    89
+  Mississippi Troubles                                            90
+  First newspaper in Kentucky                                     97
+  Act in relation to the Trustees--Major Quirey                   98
+  Kentucky erected into a State                                  102
+  First Paper Mill--Tax list                                     103
+  Office of Falls Pilot created--Fire companies established      104
+  Acts of Assembly--1800                                         107
+  Anecdote                                                       109
+  Jeffersonville--Shippingport                                   110
+  First Canal Company chartered                                  112
+  First newspaper in Louisville                                  115
+  Second tax list                                                116
+  Theater                                                        117
+  Establishment of a Police                                      118
+  Courthouse built--Early Steam Navigation                       119
+  Earthquakes, description of, and table                         121
+  Western Courier (newspaper) established                        126
+  List of Steamboats up to 1819                                  128
+  First Catholic Church                                          134
+  First Bank--Foundry                                            135
+  Paving the Streets                                             136
+  First Methodist Church--Portland laid out--New Albany          137
+  Manifest of Barges--Unhealthiness of Louisville                139
+  List of Stores &c.                                             140
+  Trip of the Enterprize--First boat built                       141
+  Shinplaster currency                                           142
+  Hope Distillery                                                143
+  Fearon's account of Louisville                                 144
+  Branch Bank of the United States                               146
+  First Presbyterian Church built--burned                        147
+  Hospital Company incorporated                                  148
+  Dinner to Captain Shreve                                       150
+  Death of General Geo. R. Clark                                 151
+  Price Current--1818--Commercial Bank--Public Advertiser        152
+  Dr. McMurtrie's Sketches of Louisville                         153
+  J. J. Audubon--Visit of President                              155
+  Purchase of Fire Engines                                       159
+  Tax list and Census for 1821                                   160
+  Commonwealth Bank established                                  162
+  Issue of Town Notes--Epidemic of 1822                          163
+  First Episcopal Church--Lafayette's Visit                      165
+  Building a Wharf--Louisville and Portland Canal                166
+  The Focus--Resolutions for a Charter                           173
+  Louisville becomes a City                                      174
+  First City Officers                                            177
+  Bank Robbery--New Methodist Church--City School                179
+  Second Presbyterian Church--Daily Journal                      182
+  Bank of Kentucky built--Louisville Lyceum                      184
+  Flood of '32--Unitarian Church--Directory &c.                  185
+  Bank of Louisville chartered--Museum                           187
+  Government Deposites removed                                   188
+  Water Works                                                    189
+  Comical Guards                                                 190
+  Death of Lafayette                                             191
+  Tax List--Table of Exports &c. 1830                            192
+  Bridge over the Ohio--Panic of '37                             194
+  Notice of Amelia's Poems                                       195
+  Medical College                                                197
+  Portland Railroad                                              198
+  Newsletter--Historical Society--Provident Society              199
+  Visit of America Vespucci                                      200
+  Introduction of Gas                                            202
+  Great Fire                                                     203
+  Statistics of '45                                              205
+  Opening of Louisville and Frankfort Railroad                   206
+  New Charter                                                    208
+  Louisville and its environs                                    209
+  Society of Louisville                                          210
+  Churches, Streets, &c.                                         216
+  Public Education                                               219
+  Health                                                         225
+  Markets--Periodicals                                           227
+  Table of Occupations                                           228
+  Commercial Statistics                                          230
+  Louisville as a Market for Tobacco                             234
+      "       "     "     "  Cotton                              237
+      "       "     "     "  Pork                                240
+  Manufacturing Statistics                                       241
+  Conclusion                                                     247
+  Appendix
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+
+The utility and profit of the local history of cities is no longer a
+matter of doubt. Whether considered solely as objects of interest or
+amusement, or as having the still wider utility of making known abroad the
+individuality of the places they describe, these records are worthy of
+high consideration. And although in a country like ours this department of
+history can claim to chronicle no great events, nor to relate any of those
+local traditions that make many of the cities of the Old World so famous
+in story and song, yet they can fulfil the equal use of directing the
+attention of those abroad to the rise, progress and present standing of
+places which may fairly claim, in the future, what has made others great
+in the past. And in an age when every energy of the whole brotherhood of
+man is directed to the future, and when mere utilitarianism has taken the
+place of romance, or of deeds of high renown, it is a matter of more than
+ordinary interest and value to all, to note the practical advancement, and
+so to calculate upon the basis of the past, the probable results of the
+future of those cities in the New World, which seem to present advantages,
+either social or pecuniary, to that large class of foreigners and others,
+who are constantly seeking for homes or means of occupation among us. Nor
+is it to these alone, that such local history is of value. The country is
+beginning already to possess much unemployed capital seeking for
+investment; while many, having already procured the means of living well,
+are seeking for homes more congenial to their tastes than the places where
+they have lived but for pecuniary profit. To both of these, the history of
+individual cities is an invaluable aid in helping the one to discover a
+means of advantageously employing his surplus money, and in aiding the
+other to find a home possessing those social advantages which will render
+him comfortable and happy.
+
+But it is to the emigrant foreigner that local history is of the greatest
+benefit. Leaving a country with whose resources, social, moral, and
+political, he is intimately acquainted for one of which he knows almost
+nothing, such works, carefully and authentically written, are to him what
+the guide-books of the Old World are to the wonder-seeking traveler; they
+present him at once with a daguerreotype view of the land of his adoption
+and point out to him every advantage and disadvantage, every chance of
+profit or of pleasure, every means of gain, every hope of gratification
+that is anywhere to be afforded.
+
+Impressed with these opinions, it is proposed to present the reader with
+an authentic and impartial history of Louisville; one which may be
+implicitly relied on in its calculations and statistical details and which
+shall present as accurate and faithful a historical survey as can be
+obtained from any data known to the writer or attainable by him.
+
+Louisville lies on the Southern bank of the Ohio river at the falls or
+rapids of that stream, in longitude 85 deg. 30' west of Greenwich, and
+latitude 38 deg. 3' north. Its position is one of peculiar excellence,
+situated at a point where the navigation of the stream is naturally
+obstructed by the rapids, and where, for six miles above the site of the
+city, the river stretches out into a broad, smooth sheet of water a mile
+in width, almost without a current, and presents a safe and beautiful
+harbor for a great distance along the Kentucky shore; embracing too within
+its limits the debouchure of Beargrass Creek, which also affords a
+convenient and accessible resting place for barges, keel, and flatboats,
+sheltering them from all the dangers to which an open harbor would render
+them liable, it presents advantages which at once mark it to the sagacious
+eye as a proper location for a town of the greatest importance. Aside from
+all these advantages, the immense surface of level country which spreads
+out on either side of the rapids for so great a distance, is of itself
+worthy of consideration. The term "falls" which has been and is so
+commonly applied to the obstruction in the river at this point, is apt to
+produce an incorrect idea in the mind of one who does not know exactly how
+to apply the term. The falls are not a precipitous descent of water, but
+simply "an obstruction in the course of the river caused by a ledge of
+limestone rock running obliquely across its bed, with channels or chutes
+through the mound, produced or modified by the force of the water." This
+however is so serious an obstacle to the navigation of the stream as to
+create the necessity, which always exists, except at the highest stage of
+the water, for the debarkation and re-shipment of goods above and below
+this point, thus affording great commercial advantages to the city
+situated beside these rapids.
+
+The peculiar attractions of such a location as this could not long go
+unheeded, and accordingly as early as 1770 parties came from Fort Pitt,
+now Pittsburgh, probably sent by Lord Dunmore, then Governor of Virginia,
+and surveyed the lands adjacent to the falls, with a view of distributing
+them as bounty lands. The earliest account, however, which we have of
+anything like a settlement here is that of Capt. Thomas Bullitt, who in
+1773, deputed by a special commission from William and Mary College in
+Virginia, came to survey lands and effect settlements in the then
+_territory_ of Kentucky. His practiced eye perceived the advantages of
+this port and he moored his traveling barge in the safe and beautiful
+harbor of Beargrass, and here established a camp to protect his men from
+the weather and to shelter his stores. From this point he made surveys of
+much of the adjacent country as far down as Salt river, to which he gave
+its present title from his having there found the salt lick still known by
+his name. He estimated the advantages of his new settlement at their full
+worth, and purposed to return at once to his friends and procure the
+means of re-visiting and establishing it. But Death sought him in the
+midst of his well laid plans, and it was left for another to complete what
+his sagacity and enterprise had commenced.
+
+To show that Bullitt's plans had been well matured, and also to give some
+idea of the prudence and intelligence of the man, it is only necessary to
+cite, from Marshall's History of Kentucky, the following not uninteresting
+facts:
+
+"On his way to Kentucky," says this historian, "Bullitt made a visit to
+Chillicothe, a Shawnee town, to hold a friendly talk with those Indians on
+the subject of his intended settlement; and for the particular purpose of
+obtaining their assent to the measure. He knew they claimed the right of
+hunting in the country--a right to them of the utmost importance, and
+which they had not relinquished. He also knew they were brave, and
+indefatigable; and that if they were so disposed, could greatly annoy the
+inhabitants of the intended settlement. It was, therefore, a primary
+object in his estimation to obtain their consent to his projected
+residence, and cultivation of the lands. To accomplish this, he left his
+party on the Ohio and traveled out to the town unattended, and without
+announcing his approach by a runner. He was not discovered until he got
+into the midst of Chillicothe, when he waved his white flag as a token of
+peace. The Indians saw with astonishment a stranger among them in the
+character of ambassador, for such he assumed by the flag, and without any
+intimation of his intended visit. Some of them collected about him, and
+asked him, What news? Was he from the Long Knife? and why, if he was an
+ambassador, he had not sent a runner?"
+
+Bullitt, not in the least intimidated, replied that he had no bad news--he
+was from the Long Knife--and as the red men and white men were at peace,
+he had come among his brothers to have a friendly talk with them about
+living on the other side of the Ohio; that he had no runner swifter than
+himself, and that he was in haste and could not wait the return of a
+runner. 'Would you,' said he, 'if you were very hungry and had killed a
+deer, send your squaw to town to tell the news, and wait her return before
+you eat?' This put the bystanders in high good humor, and gave them a
+favorable opinion of their interlocutor. And upon his desiring that the
+warriors should be called together, they were forthwith convened, and he
+promptly addressed them in the following speech, extracted from his
+journal:
+
+"BROTHERS:
+
+"I am sent by my people, whom I left on the Ohio, to settle the country on
+the other side of that river, as low down as the falls. We come from
+Virginia. The king of my people has bought from the nations of red men
+both north and south all the land; and I am instructed to inform you and
+all the warriors of this great country, that the Virginians and the
+English are in friendship with you. This friendship is dear to them, and
+they intend to keep it sacred. The same friendship they expect from you,
+and from all the nations to the lakes. We know that the Shawnees and the
+Delawares are to be our nearest neighbors, and we wish them to be our best
+friends as we will be theirs.
+
+"Brothers, you did not get any of the money or blankets given for the land
+which I and my people are going to settle. This was hard for you. But it
+is agreed by the great men who own the land, that they will make a present
+both to the Delawares and the Shawnees the next year and the year
+following that shall be as good.
+
+"Brothers, I am appointed to settle the country, to live in it, to raise
+corn, and to make proper rules and regulations among my people. There will
+be some principal men from my country very soon, and then much more will
+be said to you. The Governor desires to see you, and will come out this
+year or the next. When I come again I will have a belt of wampum. This
+time I came in haste and had not one ready.
+
+"My people only want the country to settle and cultivate. They will have
+no objection to your hunting and trapping there. I hope you will live by
+us as brothers and friends.
+
+"You now know my heart, and as it is single towards you, I expect you will
+give me a kind talk; for I shall write to my Governor what you say to me
+and he will believe all I write."
+
+This speech was received with attention, and Bullitt was told that the
+next day he should be answered.
+
+The Indians are in the habit of proceeding with great deliberation in
+matters of importance, and all are such to them which concern their
+hunting.
+
+On the morrow, agreeably to promise, they were assembled at the same
+place, and Bullitt being present they returned an answer to his speech as
+follows:
+
+"OLDEST BROTHER--_The Long Knife_:
+
+"We heard you would be glad to see your brothers, the Shawnees and
+Delawares, and talk with them. But we are surprised that you sent no
+runner before you, and that you came quite near us through the trees and
+grass a hard journey without letting us know until you appeared among us.
+
+"Brother, we have considered your talk carefully, and we are glad to find
+nothing bad in it, nor any ill meaning. On the contrary you speak what
+seems kind and friendly, and it pleased us well. You mentioned to us your
+intention of settling the country on the other side of the Ohio with your
+people. And we are particularly pleased that they are not to disturb us in
+our hunting. For we must hunt to kill meat for our women and children, and
+to have something to buy our powder and lead with, and to get us blankets
+and clothing.
+
+"All our young brothers are pleased with what you said. We desire that you
+will be strong in fulfilling your promises towards us, as we are
+determined to be very straight in advising our young men to be kind and
+peaceable to you.
+
+"This spring we saw something wrong on the part of our young men. They
+took some horses from the white people. But we have advised them not to do
+so again, and have cleared their hearts of all bad intentions. We expect
+they will observe our advice as they like what you said."
+
+"This speech, delivered by Girty, was interpreted by Richard Butler, who,
+during the stay of Captain Bullitt, had made him his guest and otherwise
+treated him in the most friendly manner. But having executed his mission
+very much to his own satisfaction, Bullitt took his leave and rejoined his
+party, who were much rejoiced to see him return.
+
+"He made report of his progress and success, and his comrades with light
+hearts and high expectations launched their keels on the stream which
+conveyed them to the shore of Kentucky and the landing before spoken of."
+
+Capt. Bullitt had high testimonials of his eminent fitness for the
+position he had assumed. General Washington himself, than whom no one was
+at once a better judge and a more valuable authority in such matters,
+spoke in the highest terms of his capacity in the exercise of the
+multifarious duties of surveyor, navigator and trader. Had not a premature
+death taken him away in the midst of his labors, it is certainly to him
+that we should have owed the earliest prosperity of the city.
+
+Even previous to the arrival of Capt. Bullitt, however, these lands at the
+falls had been patented and were owned, most probably as bounty lands, by
+John Campbell and Dr. John Conally. Of Campbell we know little, if
+anything; but Conally played a somewhat important part in the early
+history of the West. He was the nephew of Colonel Croghan and the friend
+of Lord Dunmore, and was by him dispatched in 1774 to assert the claims of
+Virginia upon Fort Pitt, where he was arrested, before he had taken more
+than the initiatory step in his proceeding, by Arthur St. Clair, the
+representative of the proprietors of Pennsylvania in the West, and only
+released on his own recognizance. He did not, however, choose to return
+into the custody of the law, but, collecting a band of followers, he came
+again in March of the same year and took possession, in Lord Dunmore's
+name, of Fort Pitt; rebuilt it and called it Fort Dunmore. It was he who
+occasioned the bloody fights known in the history of border warfare as
+Logan's or Cresap's war. He afterwards, in 1775, formed a plot against the
+government, which was discovered, and this notoriously tyrannical and
+wicked man was thrown into prison and remained an unpitied captive till
+1781. After the revolution he became a Tory and thus his lands, at the
+falls and elsewhere, became forfeit to the State of Virginia. It was,
+however, for him and Campbell that Bullitt surveyed the lands adjacent to
+the falls. The extent of their tract was about 4000 acres.
+
+After Bullitt's expedition had received this final check, the falls were
+visited only by a few hunters and traders; and it was not until 1778 that
+any new attempt was made toward a permanent settlement on this site. The
+enterprising and gallant COL. GEORGE ROGERS CLARK, whose name is so well
+known to all readers of the early history of Kentucky or of the West,
+comes now to be associated with this history. This city is so deeply
+indebted to him, not only for its earlier prosperity, but for its very
+existence, that it becomes alike agreeable and useful to inquire something
+as to the circumstances of his settlement here. He was born in Albemarle
+county, Virginia, and, like our great Washington, was in early life a land
+surveyor, and, like him too, a man of unusual talent, discrimination and
+forethought. He came first to Kentucky in 1772. But his history becomes
+first associated with that of the State in 1774 when he served in
+Dunmore's war. In the latter part of 1775, having gained the rank of
+Major, he returned to his native State in order to prepare for his
+permanent removal to Kentucky, which took place in the Spring following.
+Up to this time Kentucky had been held to be a part of Fincastle county,
+in Virginia; but its inhabitants had no rights or protection as citizens
+of that State. Upon Clark's removal to Kentucky he readily saw the
+advantages of the new settlement, but his sagacity at the same time taught
+him that a State whose very title was in dispute, and which was so far
+beyond the old lines of civilization, and so removed from the protection
+of the elder commonwealths would not attract settlers with that rapidity
+to which its immensely superior natural advantages entitled it. He
+perceived that the future prosperity of his adopted home depended upon its
+being under the aid and protection of Virginia, or upon its being made a
+separate State. The result of this deliberation and of his promulgation of
+these views was that he was chosen a member of the Virginia assembly and
+carried to them a petition for admission into their commonwealth. He had
+the misfortune, however, after having walked the whole distance, to find
+this body adjourned. This did not, however, deter him from prosecuting his
+plan for the good of Kentucky. He visited the Governor, Patrick Henry, and
+laid his case before that wise and patriotic man. The Governor
+acknowledged the justness of his claim, and gave him a letter to the
+Executive Council. This body, fearful of exceeding its powers, could or
+would do little for him. He demanded powder which they promptly offered
+to lend him on his individual security; an offer which Clark peremptorily
+refused, and so intimidated them by his dauntless manner and his threats
+of consequences that finally the order was issued for the powder to be
+supplied to Clark at Fort Pitt. And, on the re-assembling of the
+delegates, after much warm discussion, Kentucky was erected into a county
+of Virginia. Both these objects accomplished, Clark returned to Pittsburg,
+procured the powder and with great difficulty and danger succeeded in
+bringing it down to the present site of Maysville, where he carefully
+concealed it and then went to the fort at Harrodsburg and sent a convoy
+for the buried treasure, where it finally arrived in safety. This slight
+outline sketch shows the first of a series of events which led Col. Clark
+to the falls of Ohio. The second event which bears upon this point is
+alike creditable to him. And here we must be indebted to Mr. Perkins'
+Annals of the West for a condensed narration of this affair.
+
+"Clark understood," says this excellent compilation, "the whole game of
+the British. He saw that it was through their possession of Detroit,
+Vincennes, Kaskaskia and the other western posts--which gave them easy and
+constant access to the Indian tribes of the north-east--that the British
+hoped to effect such a union of the wild men as would annihilate the
+frontier fortresses. He knew that the Delawares were divided in feeling,
+and the Shawnees but imperfectly united in favor of England, ever since
+the murder of Comstalk. He was convinced that could the British in the
+north-west be defeated and expelled, the natives might be easily awed or
+bribed into neutrality; and by spies sent for the purpose, and who were
+absent from April 20th to June 22d, he had satisfied himself that an
+enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having
+made up his mind, on the 1st of October he left Harrodsburg for the East,
+and reached the capital of Virginia November the 5th. Opening his mind to
+no one he watched with care the state of feeling among those in power,
+waiting the proper moment to present his scheme. Fortunately, while he was
+upon his road, on the 17th of October, Burgoyne had surrendered, and hope
+was again predominant in the American councils. When, therefore, the
+western soldier, upon the 10th of December, broke the subject of his
+proposed expedition against the forts on the far distant Mississippi to
+Patrick Henry, who was still governor, he met with a favorable hearing,
+and though doubts and fears arose by degrees, yet so well digested were
+his plans, that he was able to meet each objection and remove every
+seeming impossibility."
+
+Having thus satisfied the Virginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan,
+he received on the 22d of January two sets of instructions--the one open,
+authorizing him to enlist seven companies to go to Kentucky, subject to
+his orders, and to serve for three months from their arrival in the West;
+the other set secret, and drawn as follows:
+
+"_Virginia: Sct. In Council, Williamsburg, Jan. 22d, 1778._
+
+"LIEUTENANT COLONEL GEORGE ROGERS CLARK:
+
+"You are to proceed, with all convenient speed, to raise seven companies of
+soldiers, to consist of fifty men each, officered in the usual manner, and
+armed most properly for the enterprise; and with this force attack the
+British post at Kaskaskia.
+
+"It is conjectured that there are many pieces of cannon and military
+stores to a considerable amount at that place, the taking and preservation
+of which would be a valuable acquisition to the State. If you are so
+fortunate therefore, as to succeed in your expedition, you will take every
+possible measure to secure the artillery and stores and whatever may
+advantage the State.
+
+"For the transportation of the troops, provisions, &c., down the Ohio, you
+are to apply to the commanding officer at Fort Pitt for boats; and during
+the whole transaction you are to take especial care to keep the true
+destination of your force secret; its success depends upon this. (Orders
+are therefore given to Capt. Smith to secure the two men from Kaskaskia.)
+Similar conduct will be proper in similar cases.
+
+"It is earnestly desired that you show humanity to such British subjects
+and other persons as fall in your hands. If the white inhabitants at that
+post and the neighborhood, will give undoubted evidence of their
+attachment to this State, (for it is certain they live within its limits,)
+by taking the test prescribed by law, and by every other way and means in
+their power, let them be treated as fellow citizens, and their persons and
+property duly secured. Assistance and protection against all enemies
+whatever, shall be afforded them; and the Commonwealth of Virginia is
+pledged to accomplish it. But if these people will not accede to these
+reasonable demands, they must feel the miseries of war, under the
+direction of that humanity that has hitherto distinguished Americans, and
+which it is expected you will ever consider as the rule of your conduct,
+and from which you are in no instance to depart.
+
+"The corps you are to command are to receive the pay and allowance of
+militia, and to act under the laws and regulations of this State, now in
+force, as militia. The inhabitants of this post will be informed by you,
+that in case they accede to the offers of becoming citizens of this
+Commonwealth, a proper garrison will be maintained among them, and every
+attention bestowed to render their commerce beneficial; the fairest
+prospects being opened to the dominions of both France and Spain.
+
+"It is in contemplation to establish a post near the mouth of the Ohio.
+Cannon will be wanted to fortify it. Part of those at Kaskaskia will be
+easily brought thither, or otherwise secured, as circumstances will make
+necessary.
+
+"You are to apply to General Hand, at Pittsburgh, for powder and lead
+necessary for this expedition. If he cannot supply it, the person who has
+that which Capt. Lynn brought from New Orleans can. Lead was sent to
+Hampshire by my orders, and that may be delivered you. Wishing you
+success, I am, Sir, your humble servant.
+
+  P. HENRY.
+
+"With these instructions and twelve hundred pounds in the depreciated
+currency of the time, Colonel Clark, (for such was now his title,) on the
+4th of February started for Pittsburgh. It had been thought best to raise
+the troops needed beyond the mountains, as the colonies were in want of
+all the soldiers they could muster east of the Alleghanies, to defend
+themselves against the British forces. Clark therefore proposed to enlist
+men about Pittsburg, while Maj. W. B. Smith, for the same purpose went to
+the Holston, and other officers to other points. None, however, succeeded
+as they hoped to; at Pittsburg Clark found great opposition to the
+intention of carrying men away to defend the outposts in Kentucky, while
+their own citadel and the whole region about it was threatened by the
+savage allies of England; and Smith, though he nominally succeeded in
+raising four companies, was unable essentially to aid his superior officer
+after all. With three companies and several private adventurers, Clark at
+length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the
+Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, opposite the
+spot now occupied by Louisville."
+
+It is only necessary to state here that Clark's success in this expedition
+was complete and perfect, and that a more brilliant campaign has probably
+never been performed by any general. More than this does not immediately
+concern this history.
+
+It is estimated that Col. Clark left in his new fort on this island about
+thirteen families, when he proceeded on his journey to Kaskaskia. And so
+brave, hardy and resolute were these pioneers, that, notwithstanding they
+were separated from the nearest of their countrymen by four hundred miles
+of hostile country, filled with savages whose dearest hunting grounds they
+were about to occupy; notwithstanding they knew that these relentless
+savages were not only inimical on account of the invasion of their
+choicest territory, but were aided by all the arts, the presents and the
+favors of the British in seeking to destroy their settlements;
+notwithstanding all these terrifying circumstances, those dauntless
+pioneers went quietly to work, and with the rifle in one hand and the
+implements of agriculture in the other, deliberately set about planting,
+and actually succeeded in raising a crop of corn on their little island.
+It is thus that Corn Island derived its name. And truly so bold and heroic
+an act as this of that feeble band deserves a perpetuity beyond what the
+mere name of the island will give it. Columns have been reared and statues
+erected, festivals have been instituted and commemorations held of deeds
+far less worthy of renown than was this little settlement's crop of corn.
+But like many other deeds of true heroism, it is forgotten, for there was
+wanted the pen and the lyre to make it live forever. The founders of the
+parent colony themselves did never greater deeds of heroism than did these
+pioneers of Louisville. And yet the very historians of the fact speak of
+it without a word of wonder or of admiration. Even in Louisville herself,
+now in her palmiest days, the Pilgrim's Landing is commemorated each
+returning year, while the equal daring, danger and victory of the Western
+Pioneer has sunk into oblivion. But it is ever so. Men may live for a
+hundred years within the very roar of Niagara, and yet live uninspired
+until the same sound falls upon the ear or the same sight greets the eye
+on the far-off shores of the Evelino or the Arno. Erin's Bard has ever
+told the praises of the Oriental Clime; the Lord of English verse has
+tuned his lyre under a foreign sky; the Mantuan Bard has sung "_arma
+virumque Trojae_" and the Poet of Italy has soared even beyond the bounds
+of space in search of novelty; so must we wait for a stranger hand to
+weave the magic charm around the pioneers of our forest land. Let this
+frail record, at least, lend its little quota toward the honorable
+preservation of the names of Captain JAMES PATTON, who piloted the first
+boat over the falls, RICHARD CHENOWETH, JOHN TUEL, WM. FAITH, and JOHN
+MCMANUS, the only names that history or tradition has given us of those
+earliest settlers of our native city.
+
+The chief subsistance of this little band had of course to be derived from
+the products of the chase, for the Indians would never have allowed them
+to attain a sufficiency of food by the slow and laborious processes of
+agriculture. Indeed one of the historians of this period roundly states
+that Kentucky could never have been settled had the products of the soil
+been the only resource of its pioneer inhabitants. Fortunately the woods
+of Kentucky so abounded in game, that it was easy for its early settlers
+to supply themselves with abundance of food from these sources. But the
+difficulty of carrying their game at all seasons of the year and all
+stages of the water to their insulated home, and the various annoyances of
+their constrained position on the island, united with the encouragement
+they derived from the wonderful success of their old commander in
+Illinois, soon determined the little colony to remove to the main bank of
+the river. And accordingly in the fall of 1778, or more probably in the
+spring of 1779, having built a fort on the eastern side of the large
+ravine which formerly entered the river at the present termination of
+Twelfth Street, they emigrated thither and thus laid the first permanent
+foundation of the present city of Louisville.
+
+It was about this time that we have the first record of a social party in
+our city now so celebrated for its elegant entertainments and luxurious
+repasts. The bill of fare on that memorable occasion had at least the
+great and unusual merit of novelty to recommend it. We give the account of
+the event in the words of its own historian: "It is related," says he,
+"that when the first patch of wheat was raised about this place, after
+being ground in a rude and laborious hand-mill, it was sifted through a
+_gauze neckerchief_, belonging to the mother of the gallant man who gave
+us the information, as the best bolting cloth to be had. It was then
+shortened, as the housewife phrases it, with _Raccoon fat_, and the whole
+station invited to partake of a sumptuous feast upon a _flour cake_!" How
+little of a prophet would he have been accounted who had then predicted
+that, in less than sixty years, the inhabitants of the very spot where
+they then stood should have at their command all the fruits and viands of
+every quarter of the globe!
+
+It may not be inappropriate at this period of our history, and while upon
+this subject of parties and feasts, to extract, partly from Mr. Marshall,
+and partly from Doddridge and others, some account of the habits of life
+among our progenitors here. To many, especially to those who have long
+been intimate with Western Frontier Life, a few of the succeeding pages
+may present nothing that is either novel or interesting; but to those to
+whom the country and its social institutions are alike new, we are sure
+that nothing more could be offered likely to excite their interest or to
+promote their amusement than this vivid and life-like description of the
+manners and customs of the inhabitants of Louisville seventy years ago. We
+copy the account in full:--
+
+"Then the women did the offices of the household; milked the cows, cooked
+the mess, prepared the flax, spun, wove, and made the garment of linen or
+linsey; the men hunted, and brought in the meat; they planted, ploughed,
+and gathered the corn; grinding it into meal at a handmill, or pounding it
+into hominy in the mortar, was occasionally the work of either, or the
+joint labor of both. The men exposed themselves alone to danger; they
+fought the Indians, they cleared the land, they reared the hut or built
+the fort, in which the women were placed for safety. There might
+incidentally be a few articles brought to the country for sale, in a
+private way; but there was no store for supply. Wooden vessels, either
+_turned_ or _coopered_ were in common use as table furniture. A tin cup
+was an article of delicate luxury almost as rare as an iron fork. Every
+hunter carried his knife; it was no less the implement of a warrior; not
+unfrequently the rest of the family was left with but one or two for the
+use of all. A like workmanship composed the table or the stool; a slab
+hewed with the axe, and sticks of a similar manufacture, set in for legs,
+supported both. When the bed was, by chance or refinement, elevated above
+the floor, and given a fixed place, it was often laid on slabs placed
+across poles, supported on forks set in the earthen floor; or where the
+floor was puncheons, the bedstead was hewed pieces, pinned on upright
+posts, or let into them by auger holes. Other utensils and furniture were
+of a corresponding description, applicable to the time.
+
+"The food was of the most wholesome and nutritive kind. The richest milk,
+the finest butter, and best meat that ever delighted man's palate, were
+here eaten with a relish which health and labor only know. These were
+shared by friend and stranger in every cabin with profuse hospitality.
+
+"Hats were made of the native fur; and the buffalo wool employed in the
+composition of cloth, as was also the bark of the wild nettle.
+
+"There was some paper money in the country, which had not depreciated one
+half nor even a fourth as much as it had at the seat of government. If
+there was any gold or silver its circulation was suppressed. The price of
+a beaver was five hundred dollars.
+
+"The hunting shirt was universally worn. This was a kind of loose frock,
+reaching half way down the thighs, with large sleeves, open before, and so
+wide as to lap over a foot or more when belted. The cape was large and
+sometimes handsomely fringed with a ravelled piece of cloth of a different
+color from that of the hunting shirt itself. The bosom of his dress served
+as a wallet to hold a chunk of bread, cakes, jerk, tow for wiping the
+barrel of his rifle, or any other necessary for the hunter or warrior. The
+belt which was always tied behind, answered several purposes besides that
+of holding the dress together. In cold weather the mittens, and sometimes
+the bullet-bag occupied the front part of it. To the right side was
+suspended the tomahawk, and to the left was the scalping knife in its
+leathern sheath. The hunting shirt was generally made of linsey, sometimes
+of coarse linen, and a few of dressed deer skins. These last were very
+cold and uncomfortable in wet weather. The shirt and jacket were of the
+common fashion. A pair of drawers or breeches and leggins, were the dress
+of the thighs and legs; a pair of moccasins answered for the feet much
+better than shoes.--These were made of dressed deer skin. They were mostly
+made of a single piece, with a gathering seam along the top of the foot,
+and another from the bottom of the heel, without gathers, as high as the
+ankle joint or a little higher. Flaps were left on each side to reach some
+distance up the legs. These were nicely adapted to the ankles and lower
+part of the leg by thongs of deerskin, so that no dust, gravel, or snow,
+could get within the moccasin.
+
+"The moccasins in ordinary use cost but a few hours labor to make them.
+This was done by an instrument denominated a moccasin awl, which was made
+of the back spring of an old clasp knife. This awl with its buck-horn
+handle, was an appendage of every shot pouch strap, together with a roll
+of buckskin for mending the moccasins. This was the labor of almost every
+evening. They were sewed together and patched with deerskin thongs, or
+whangs as they were commonly called.
+
+"In cold weather the moccasins were well stuffed with deer's hair, or dry
+leaves so as to keep the feet comfortably warm; but in wet weather it was
+usually said that wearing them was 'a decent way of going barefooted;'
+and such was the fact, owing to the spongy texture of the leather of which
+they were made.
+
+"Owing to this defective covering of the feet, more than to any other
+circumstance, the greater number of our warriors and hunters were
+afflicted with the rheumatism in their limbs. Of this disease they were
+all apprehensive in cold or wet weather, and therefore always slept with
+their feet to the fire to prevent or cure it as well as they could. This
+practice unquestionably had a very salutary effect, and prevented many of
+them from becoming confirmed cripples in early life.
+
+"The fort consisted of cabins, blockhouses, and stockades. A range of
+cabins commonly formed one side at least of a fort. Divisions, or
+partitions of logs, separated the cabins from each other. The walls on the
+outside were ten or twelve feet high, the slope of the roof being turned
+wholly inward. A very few of these cabins had puncheon floors, the greater
+part were earthen.
+
+"The blockhouses were built at the angles of the fort. They projected
+about two feet beyond the outer walls of the cabins and stockades. The
+upper stories were about eighteen inches every way larger in dimension
+than the under one, leaving an opening at the commencement of the second
+story to prevent the enemy from making a lodgment under their walls. In
+some forts instead of blockhouses, the angles of the fort were furnished
+with bastions. A large folding gate, made of thick slabs nearest the
+spring closed the fort. The stockades, bastions, cabins and blockhouse
+walls were furnished with port holes at proper heights and distances. The
+whole of the outside was made completely bullet proof.
+
+"It may be truly said that necessity is the mother of invention; for the
+whole of this work was made without the aid of a single nail or spike of
+iron; and for this reason, such things were not to be had.
+
+"In some places, less exposed, a single blockhouse, with a cabin or two,
+constituted the whole fort.
+
+"For a long time after the first settlement of this country, the
+inhabitants in general married young. There was no distinction of rank,
+and very little of fortune. On these accounts the first impression of love
+resulted in marriage; and a family establishment cost but a little labor
+and nothing else.
+
+"In the first years of the settlement of this country, a wedding engaged
+the attention of a whole neighborhood, and the frolic was anticipated by
+old and young with eager expectation. This is not to be wondered at when
+it is told that a wedding was almost the only gathering which was not
+accompanied with the labor of reaping, log rolling, building a cabin or
+planning some scout or campaign.
+
+"In the morning of the wedding day, the groom and his attendants assembled
+at the house of his father for the purpose of reaching the mansion of his
+bride by noon, which was the usual time for celebrating the nuptials;
+which for certain must take place before dinner.
+
+"Let the reader imagine an assemblage of people, without a store, tailor,
+or mantuamaker within a hundred miles; and an assemblage of horses,
+without a blacksmith or saddler within an equal distance. The gentlemen
+dressed in shoe-packs, moccasins, leather breeches, leggins, linsey
+hunting shirts, and all homemade. The ladies dressed in linsey
+petticoats, and linsey or linen bed gowns, coarse shoes, stockings,
+handkerchiefs and buckskin gloves, if any. If there were any buckles,
+rings, buttons or ruffles, they were the relics of old times, family
+pieces from parents or grandparents. The horses are caparisoned with old
+saddles, old bridles or halters, and pack-saddles, with a bag or blanket
+thrown over them; a rope or string as often constituted the girth as a
+piece of leather.
+
+"The march in double file, was often interrupted by the narrowness and
+obstructions of our horsepaths as they were called, for we had no roads:
+and these difficulties were often increased, sometimes by the good and
+sometimes by the ill will of neighbors, by falling trees and tying grape
+vines across the way. Sometimes an ambuscade was formed by the wayside,
+and an unexpected discharge of several guns took place, so as to cover the
+wedding party with smoke. Let the reader imagine the scene which followed
+this discharge: the sudden spring of the horses, the shrieks of the girls,
+and the chivalric bustle of their partners to save them from falling.
+Sometimes, in spite of all that could be done to prevent it, some were
+thrown to the ground. If a wrist, elbow, or ankle happened to be sprained,
+it was tied with a handkerchief, and little more was thought or said about
+it.
+
+Another ceremony commonly took place before the party reached the house of
+the bride, after the practice of making whisky began, which was at an
+early period; when the party were about a mile from the place of their
+destination, two young men would single out to run for the bottle; the
+worse the path, the more logs, brush, and deep hollows the better, as
+these obstacles afforded an opportunity for the greater display of
+intrepidity and horsemanship. The English fox chase, in point of danger to
+the riders and their horses, is nothing to this race for the bottle. The
+start was announced by an Indian yell; logs, brush, muddy hollows, hill
+and glen, were speedily passed by the rival ponies. The bottle was always
+filled for the occasion, so that there was no use for judges; for the
+first who reached the door was presented with the prize, with which he
+returned in triumph to the company. On approaching them he announced his
+victory over his rival by a shrill whoop. At the head of the troop, he
+gave the bottle first to the groom and his attendants, and then to each
+pair in succession to the rear of the line, giving each a dram; and then
+putting the bottle in the bosom of his hunting shirt, took his station in
+the company.
+
+The ceremony of the marriage preceded the dinner, which was a substantial
+backwoods feast of beef, pork, fowls, and sometimes venison and bear meat,
+roasted and boiled, with plenty of potatoes, cabbage, and other
+vegetables. During the dinner the greatest hilarity always prevailed,
+although the table might be a large slab of timber, hewed out with a
+broad-axe, supported by four sticks set in auger holes, and the furniture
+some old pewter dishes and plates, the rest wooden bowls and trenchers; a
+few pewter spoons, much battered about the edges, were to be seen at some
+tables. The rest were made of horn. If knives were scarce, the deficiency
+was made up by the scalping knives which were carried in sheaths
+suspended to the belt of the hunting shirt.
+
+After dinner the dancing commenced, and generally lasted till the next
+morning. The figures of the dances were three and four handed reels, or
+square sets, and jigs. The commencement was always a square four, which
+was followed by what was called jigging it off; that is, two of the four
+would single out for a jig, and were followed by the remaining couple. The
+jigs were often accompanied with what was called cutting out; that is,
+when either of the parties became tired of the dance, on intimation the
+place was supplied by some one of the company without any interruption of
+the dance. In this way a dance was often continued till the musician was
+heartily tired of his situation. Toward the latter part of the night, if
+any of the company, through weariness, attempted to conceal themselves for
+the purpose of sleeping, they were hunted up, paraded on the floor, and
+the fiddler ordered to play "Hang on till tomorrow morning."
+
+About nine or ten o'clock a deputation of the young ladies stole off the
+bride and put her to bed. In doing this it frequently happened that they
+had to ascend a ladder instead of a pair of stairs, leading from the
+dining and ball room to the loft, the floor of which was made of
+clapboards lying loose and without nails. This ascent, one might think,
+would put the bride and her attendants to the blush; but as the foot of
+the ladder was commonly behind the door, which was purposely opened for
+the occasion, and its rounds at the inner ends were well hung with hunting
+shirts, petticoats, and other articles of clothing, the candles being on
+the opposite side of the house, the exit of the bride was noticed but by
+few. This done, a deputation of young men in like manner stole off the
+groom, and placed him snugly by the side of his bride. The dance still
+continued; and if seats happened to be scarce, which was often the case,
+every young man, when not engaged in the dance, was obliged to offer his
+lap as a seat for one of the girls; and the offer was sure to be accepted.
+In the midst of this hilarity the bride and groom were not forgotten.
+Pretty late in the night some one would remind the company that the new
+couple must stand in need of some refreshment; black Betty, which was the
+name of the bottle, was called for, and sent up the ladder; but sometimes
+black Betty did not go alone. I have many times seen as much bread, beef,
+pork and cabbage sent along with her, as would afford a good meal for half
+a dozen hungry men. The young couple were compelled to eat and drink more
+or less of whatever was offered them.
+
+It often happened that some neighbors or relatives, not being asked to the
+wedding, took offense; and the mode of revenge adopted by them on such
+occasions was that of cutting off the manes, foretops and tails of the
+horses of the wedding company.
+
+I will proceed to state the usual manner of settling a young couple in the
+world.
+
+A spot was selected on a piece of land of one of the parents, for their
+habitation. A day was appointed, shortly after their marriage, for
+commencing the work of building their cabin. The fatigue party consisted
+of choppers, whose business it was to fell the trees and cut them off at
+proper lengths; a man with a team for hauling them to the place and
+arranging them, properly assorted, at the sides and ends of the building;
+a carpenter, if such he might be called, whose business it was to search
+the woods for a proper tree for making clapboards for the roof. The tree
+for this purpose must be straight grained and from three to four feet in
+diameter. The boards were split four feet long, with a large frow, and as
+wide as the timber would allow. They were used without planeing or
+shaving. Another division was employed in getting puncheons for the floor
+of the cabin; this was done by splitting trees, about eighteen inches in
+diameter, and hewing the faces of them with a broad-axe. They were half
+the length of the floor they were intended to make.
+
+The materials for the cabin were mostly prepared on the first day, and
+sometimes the foundation laid in the evening. The second day was allotted
+for the raising.
+
+In the morning of the next day the neighbors collected for the raising.
+The first thing to be done was the election of four corner men, whose
+business it was to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company
+furnished them with the timbers. In the mean time the boards and puncheons
+were collecting for the floor and roof, so that by the time the cabin was
+a few rounds high the sleepers and floor began to be laid. The door was
+made by sawing or cutting the logs in one side so as to make an opening
+about three feet wide. This opening was secured by upright pieces of
+timber about three inches thick, through which holes were bored into the
+ends of the logs for the purpose of pinning them fast. A similar opening
+but wider was made at the end for the chimney. This was built of logs, and
+made large to admit of a back and jams of stone. At the square, two end
+logs projected a foot or eighteen inches beyond the wall to receive the
+butting poles, as they were called, against which the ends of the first
+row of clapboards was supported. The roof was formed by making the end log
+shorter until a single log formed the comb of the roof; on these logs the
+clapboards were placed, the ranges of them lapping some distance over
+those next below them, and kept in their places by logs, placed at proper
+distances upon them.
+
+"The roof, and sometimes the floor, were finished on the same day of the
+raising. A third day was commonly spent by a few carpenters in leveling
+off the floor, making a clapboard door and table. This last was made of a
+spilt slab, and supported by four round legs set in auger holes. Some
+three legged stools were made in the same manner. Some pins stuck in the
+logs at the back of the house supported some clapboards which served for
+shelves for the table furniture. A single fork, placed with its lower end
+in a hole in the floor, and the upper end fastened to a joist, served for
+a bedstead, by placing a pole in the fork with one end through a crack
+between the logs of the wall. This front pole was crossed by a shorter one
+within the fork, with its outer end through another crack. From the front
+pole, through a crack between the logs of the end of the house, the boards
+were put on, which formed the bottom of the bed. Sometimes other poles,
+were pinned to the fork a little distance above these, for the purpose of
+supporting the front and foot of the bed, while the walls were the
+supports of its back and head. A few pegs around the walls for a display
+of the coats of the women, and hunting shirts of the men, and two small
+forks or bucks' horns to a joist for the rifle and shot pouch, completed
+the carpenter's work.
+
+"The cabin being finished, the ceremony of house-warming took place,
+before the young couple were permitted to move into it. The house-warming
+was a dance of a whole night's continuance, made up of the relations of
+the bride and groom, and their neighbors. On the day following the young
+couple took possession of their new mansion."
+
+This mansion, slight, inefficient and hastily erected as it was, must have
+afforded but poor shelter against the severity of a season which is
+everywhere referred to as one of the coldest ever known. It is asserted
+that during the winter of 1779-80, still remembered by some as "_The Hard
+Winter_," the wild animals were "starved and frozen in the forests, while
+the domestic ones fared no better in the settlements." The rigors of the
+season, however, did not prevent the influx of immigration; although
+several families were compelled to endure its severity on their route
+through the wilderness from Cumberland Gap, and were even delayed in their
+march till the opening of the Spring. As soon however as the rivers were
+freed from ice and the intense cold had yielded to the softer airs of the
+new season, we hear of the arrival of no less than three hundred family
+boats at the Falls. The causes which influenced so large an immigration
+hither were various, not the least among them being the security insured
+at this fort by the presence of Col. Clark. So entire and perfect had been
+the success of this gallant officer in every expedition, even against the
+most fearful odds, that to be under his command had come to be reckoned as
+holding a place among the Invincibles. Let the circumstances be what they
+might, it is certain that Louisville with her then population of six
+hundred souls, was growing to be a place worthy of high consideration, and
+accordingly we find that in May of this year (1780) the legislature of
+Virginia passed the following
+
+"_Act for establishing the town of Louisville at the Falls of Ohio._"
+
+"Whereas, sundry inhabitants of the county of Kentucky have, at great
+expense and hazard, settled themselves upon certain lands at the falls of
+Ohio, said to be the property of John Conally, and have laid off a
+considerable part thereof into half acre lots for a town, and having
+settled thereon, have prefered petitions to this general assembly to
+establish the said town, _Be it therefore enacted_, That one thousand
+acres of land, being the forfeited property of said John Conally,
+adjoining to the lands of John Campbell and ---- Taylor, be, and the same
+is hereby vested in John Todd Jr., Stephen Trigg, George Slaughter, John
+Floyd, William Pope, George Merriweather, Andrew Hines, James Sullivan and
+Marshall Brashiers, gentlemen, trustees, to be by them or any four of them
+laid off into lots of an half acre each, with convenient streets and
+public lots, which shall be, and the same is hereby established a town by
+the name of Louisville. _And be it further enacted_, That after the said
+lands shall be laid off into lots and streets, the said trustees or any
+four of them, shall proceed to sell the said lots, or so many of them as
+they shall judge expedient, at public auction, for the best price that can
+be had, the time and place of sale being advertised two months, at the
+court houses of adjacent counties; the purchasers respectively to hold
+their said lots subject to the condition of building on each a dwelling
+house, sixteen feet by twenty at least, with a brick or stone chimney, to
+be finished within two years from the day of sale. And the said trustees
+or any four of them shall and they are hereby empowered to convey the said
+lots to the purchasers thereof in fee simple, subject to the condition
+aforesaid, on payment of the money arising from such sale to the said
+trustees for the uses hereafter mentioned, that is to say: If the money
+arising from such sale shall amount to Thirty Dollars per acre, the whole
+shall be paid by the said trustees into the treasury of this commonwealth,
+and the overplus, if any, shall be lodged with the court of the county of
+Jefferson to enable them to defray the expenses of erecting the publick
+buildings of the said county. _Provided_, That the owners of lots already
+drawn shall be entitled to the preference therein, upon paying to the
+trustees the sum of thirty dollars for such half acre lot, and shall be
+thereafter subject to the same obligations of settling as other lot
+holders within the said town. _And be it further enacted_, That the said
+trustees or the major part of them shall have power, from time to time, to
+settle and determine all disputes concerning the bounds of the said lots,
+to settle such rules and orders for the regular building thereon as to
+them shall seem best and most convenient. And in case of death or removal
+from the county of any of the said trustees, the remaining trustees shall
+supply such vacancies by electing of others from time to time, who shall
+be vested with the same powers as those already mentioned.--_And be it
+further enacted_, That the purchasers of the lots in the said town, so
+soon as they shall have saved the same according to their respective deeds
+of conveyance, shall have and enjoy all the rights, privileges and
+immunities, which the freeholders and inhabitants of other towns in this
+state, not incorporated by charter, have, hold and enjoy.
+
+"_And be it further enacted_, That if the purchaser of any lot shall fail
+to build thereon within the time before limited, the said trustees or a
+major part of them, may thereupon enter into such lot, and may either sell
+the same again and apply the money towards repairing the streets, or in
+any other way for the benefit of the said town, or appropriate such lot to
+publick uses for the benefit of said town. _Provided_, That nothing herein
+contained shall extend to affect or injure the title of lands claimed by
+John Campbell, gentleman, or those persons whose lots have been laid off
+on his lands, but their titles be and remain suspended until the said John
+Campbell shall be released from his captivity."[1]
+
+The survey of the town under this act, as also the second survey made by
+Peyton and Sullivan, have been in some unaccountable manner destroyed. It
+is believed, however, that the spirit of these surveys is preserved in
+Jared Brooke's plat, which was adopted in 1812. Previous to this the
+absence of any official document of this kind produced much annoyance,
+dispute and litigation, in regard to titles and boundaries. The out
+courses of this survey, as represented by Dr. McMurtrie, are "from 35
+poles above the mouth of Beargrass Creek, on the bank of the Ohio river,
+S. 83, W. 35 poles to the mouth of the creek, thence N. 87, W. 120 poles,
+N. 50, W. 110 poles to a heap of stones and a square hole cut in the flat
+rock, thence (the division line) S. 88, E. 769 to a white oak, poplar and
+beech, N. 37, W. 390 to the beginning; no variation." This was divided
+into six streets, running East and West, and twelve streets crossing these
+others at right angles. The squares so made were, up to Green Street,
+divided into lots of a little more than half an acre, and South of that
+into five, ten and twenty acre lots. In all the earlier proceedings of the
+legislature in regard to the new town we find constant mention made of
+public squares and grounds; and in the original plat, a slip of 180 feet
+South of Green Street, and running from First to Twelfth Streets, was
+reserved for a public promenade and pleasure ground. It is a matter of
+great regret that this reservation was not really made. An immense common
+like this, with the forest trees which were then upon it left standing,
+would now be an invaluable addition to the town, and would enable us to
+boast of having the most beautiful city in America. We cannot help but
+wonder that the early inhabitants of the city should have permitted those
+in authority to commit this gross outrage upon taste and propriety. Had
+this slip continued in reserve, how beautiful might it now have become! As
+taste, aided by wealth, began to have its hold among the citizens, it
+would have been upon the fronts of this great artery that those beautiful
+churches, public buildings and dwellings, now scattered over so large a
+space, would have been erected. Here for a distance of more than a mile
+would have been placed a continuous range of palace-like structures; and
+here, under the shade of trees "the growth of quite a century" would the
+gay, the brave and the fair have sat, walked or rode. What a picture would
+have been presented here on a midsummer night, or at the close of an
+autumn day! Groups of merry children disporting around, gaily dressed
+ladies and dashing beaux, a throng of proud equipages and horsemen, the
+sound of the infant's prattle, girlhood's ringing laugh, the mingling of
+joyous voices, and above all and beyond all the tall and sombre forms of
+majestic trees raised in relief against the sky, the green carpeted earth
+and smiling little flowers, and all this in the very heart of a great
+city--all forms a picture upon which the fancy loves to dwell, and a
+picture which might readily have been realized had not that inordinate and
+purely American worship of Gain blotted it from the canvass almost before
+the designer had expressed it with his pencil.
+
+Nor was a flagrant want of taste the worst feature in this. The whole of
+the present site of the city at that early day was intersected with ponds
+of stagnant water. The second bank had something of a descent towards the
+interior, and the soil, though alluvious, was of sufficient tenacity to
+retain the water which fell in rain. The result was that the whole of this
+valley from Beargrass to Salt river was filled with these ponds; and, as a
+necessary consequence, miasmata were bred, which produced a great deal of
+sickness, more especially with strangers. So great indeed was the
+influence thus induced that acclimation was then considered as necessary
+here as it now is in New Orleans or on the coast of Africa. Many of the
+present citizens of Louisville will be surprised to know that this very
+city, now so celebrated for its healthiness as to make its salubrity an
+inducement to immigration from all parts of the country, was once known as
+"the Graveyard of the Ohio." The city worthies who took upon themselves to
+sell "the Slip" in lots, had at that time no data to induce them to
+believe in the future healthfulness of their place and yet they must have
+perceived the increasing prosperity of the town; hence it became almost
+criminal in them to put away what then seemed the only barrier to disease,
+and almost to invite its approaches by allowing the city to be compactly
+built without room for the pure and wholesome circulation of air, but
+shutting up, as it were, disease and death within their very walls. As the
+value of property began to increase, however, these gentlemen, actuated
+only by a desire for present gain, put aside all these considerations and,
+having divided the slip into four parts exposed it for sale. It comprised
+all that part of the city now embraced between the north side of Green and
+the south side of Grayson Streets, but extended, as before said, up to
+First Street. It is true that great blame was attached to the trustees
+for their action in this matter at the time, and some movement was made
+toward trying to destroy the sale by legal means, this however was never
+actually resorted to, and possession has long since confirmed the titles
+to all lots lying within its limits. Thus was lost to the city one of the
+most valuable, if not the very most valuable of all its possessions. The
+earliest purchasers of this property were Messrs. Johnson, Croghan,
+Anderson and Campbell.
+
+As we have already referred to the numerous ponds scattered throughout the
+city, it may not be improper at this point to recall the site of some of
+them, if only to show how completely the natural disadvantages of the
+place have been overcome by the energy of its inhabitants. The first and
+most important of these was called the "Long Pond." It commenced at the
+present corner of Sixth and Market Streets, and inclining a little toward
+the South-West, extended as far as the old Hope Distillery, on or near
+Sixteenth Streets. The indentation in the ground, still observable, in the
+alley which commences at Seventh Street and lies between Market and
+Jefferson Streets, was the former bed of this pond. In the winter, when it
+was frozen over, this little lake was the scene of many a merry party. On
+the moonlight evenings, numbers of ladies and gentlemen were to be seen
+skimming over its surface, the gentlemen on skates and the ladies in
+chairs, the backs of which were laid upon the ice and the chairs fastened
+by ropes to the waists of the skaters. And thus they dashed along at
+furious speed over the glassy surface; beaux and belles, with loud voices
+and ringing laugh--and the merriment of the occasion was only increased
+when some dashing fellow, in his endeavors to surpass in agility and
+daring all his compeers, fell prostrate to the ice, or broke through it
+into the water beneath.
+
+The next in importance to the one above referred to, was known as
+Gwathmey's or Grayson's Pond. It began on Centre Street just in the rear
+of the First Presbyterian church, and extended Westwardly half way to
+Seventh Street. Its form was that of a long elipse; and it was carefully
+kept by its owners for fish.--Its margin was surrounded by lofty trees and
+the turf grew to the very edge of the water, which, fed by some internal
+spring, was always clear and pure. This pond was really a beautiful spot
+and formed a delightful lounging-place for the idle or the meditative, and
+one which neither of these classes neglected. It was the scene of all the
+baptisms performed here in an early day, and no place could be better
+adapted for this purpose. Its grassy edges afforded an agreeable
+resting-place for the spectators, while its shape allowed every one to
+see, hear and partake in the exercises.
+
+Beside these two principal lakes, there were innumerable others, some
+containing water only after heavy rains and others standing full at all
+times. Market Street from the corner of Third down was the site of one of
+these; Third Street between Jefferson and Green of another; Jefferson
+Street near the corner of Fourth of another, and so on almost _ad
+infinitum_. A map of the city as it was sixty or even thirty years ago,
+would present somewhat the appearance of an archipelago, a sea full of
+little islands. Whereas now, from the Woodland Garden to the foot of
+Fifteenth Street, a distance of nearly three miles, not one of these lakes
+is to be seen. It is not to be wondered at that, as the trees were removed
+from the surface and the face of these ponds exposed to the burning sun,
+they should spread the seeds of death all around them. As long as life was
+precarious from a hundred other causes, this one remained unnoticed, but
+as soon as the settlements began to be relieved from other fears for life
+and property, this was taken up, and in 1805 the Legislature authorised
+the Trustees to remove "those nuisances in such a manner as the majority
+of them should prescribe." But the means in the treasury being incompetent
+to this purpose, any efficient action in relation to it was delayed until
+after the fearful epidemics of 1822 and 1823, of which we shall have
+occasion to speak hereafter, when the Board of Health appointed to examine
+into the causes of the diseases and the means of removing the same, urged
+the prompt and immediate removal of these ponds. The Legislature during
+the latter year also authorised the raising of $40,000 by lottery to be
+applied to draining not only the ponds in Louisville, but also all those
+between the town and the mouth of Salt River. Under this act these ponds
+were drained, but those below the city were then left untouched. Many of
+them however have been since removed under a recent renewal of the act.
+
+But we have been led beyond the era of which we were speaking, and must
+now return, in another chapter, to the history of the town from its
+establishment by law in 1780.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+1780--During the same year in which the town was established Kentucky
+received many valuable additions to its inhabitants; among these several
+persons of wealth or of talent came from the Atlantic States to settle
+among the "wild countries of the West," and they were accompanied by many
+others without either of these requisites, ready at once to seek any and
+every means of existence. Col. George Slaughter accompanied by 150 State
+troops descended to the falls and took up his quarters there during this
+year. This accession placed the inhabitants in comparative security, but
+it was only comparative, for, emboldened by the knowledge that their
+fortress was impregnable to the attacks of their foes, men became more
+careless and unguarded, and the Indians were the very foe to take
+advantage of this fancied security; so that, as the historian of the
+period says, the very strength of the settlement and the security of its
+inhabitants "had the effect of apparently drawing the Indians into that
+quarter." The fact, too, that the Ohio formed the natural boundary
+separating friend and foe was advantageous to the Indians. "They could
+approach its banks upon their own ground; they might cross it when
+convenient, reach the settlement, strike a blow and recross the river
+before a party could be collected or brought to pursue them. The river
+always presented an object of difficulty and very often an insuperable
+obstacle to further pursuit. In this state of things it is no matter of
+surprise that soldiers were shot near the fort, or that in the settlements
+of Beargrass lives were lost, prisoners taken and horses stolen, with
+frequent impunity, or but sometimes retaliated."[2] Connected with these
+predatory incursions of the Indians, a great many wonderful stories are
+told of "hair-breadth 'scapes by field and flood." Histories of incidents
+in the Indian wars are, however, so similar in their character and so
+often told and widely known that we shall limit ourselves to the relation
+of only those that seem in their nature to demand admission here. The
+first of these presents one of those rare instances of magnanimity and
+true heroism that ever demands the attention of the chronicler. The
+station where Shelbyville now stands was a weak and inefficient one, and
+becoming alarmed by the presence of Indians in their vicinity, its
+inhabitants determined to remove to Beargrass. In this attempted
+emigration, however, they were attacked by their foes near Floyd's Fork,
+defeated and scattered. Col. John Floyd, hearing of this, immediately
+started to their relief. In his party was Capt. Samuel Wells who had been
+on very unfriendly and even inimical terms with his superior officer.
+Arrived near the point, Col. Floyd separated his men and cautiously
+approached the enemy. But despite his skill and caution, he fell into an
+ambuscade and was in his turn defeated with great loss. He himself must
+have fallen into the hands of the victors but for the magnanimity of
+Wells. Floyd had dismounted and was nearly exhausted, being closely
+pursued, when Wells, who had not quitted his horse, rode up and
+dismounting, helped his old enemy into the saddle and running by his side,
+supported and protected him till out of the reach of danger. This noble
+and generous action resulted in the fast and lasting friendship of the two
+men.
+
+Another incident will show the education, even in boyhood, which the
+nature of the times demanded. Four young lads, two of them named Linn,
+accompanied by Wells and Brashears, went on a hunting party to a pond
+about six miles South-West of Louisville. They succeeded well in their
+sport, having killed among other game, a small cub bear. While they were
+assisting the elder Linn to strap the bear on his shoulders, and had laid
+down their guns, they were surprised by a party of Indians, and hurried
+over to the White river towns, where they remained in captivity several
+months. One of the party had in the mean time been carried to another
+town; and late in the fall the remaining three determined to effect their
+escape. When night had come, they rose quietly, and having stunned the old
+squaw, in whose hut they were living, by repeated blows with a small axe,
+they stole out of the lodge and started for Louisville. After daybreak,
+they concealed themselves in a hollow log, where they were frequently
+passed by the Indians who were near them everywhere; and at night they
+resumed their march, guided only by the stars and their knowledge of
+woodcraft. After several days, during which they subsisted on the game
+they could procure, they reached the river at Jeffersonville. Arrived
+here they halooed for their friends, but did not succeed in making
+themselves heard. They had however no time to lose; the Indians were
+behind them and if they were retaken, they knew their doom. Accordingly,
+as two of them could not swim, they constructed a raft of the drift-logs
+about the shore and tied it together with grape vines, and the two
+launched upon it, while Brashears plunged into the water, pushing the raft
+with one hand and swimming with the other. Before they had arrived at the
+other shore, and when their raft was in a sinking condition from having
+taken up so much water, they were descried from this side, and boats went
+out and returned them safely to their friends.[3]
+
+Only a few months ago, some gentlemen traveling near the south-eastern
+boundary of the city, discovered in an old tree the name of _D. Boone_ and
+the date 1779, appended. Considering this a great curiosity, one of them
+removed it from the tree and attempted to confirm the authenticity of the
+date by counting the circles in the wood of the tree. Finding these to
+agree with the date marked, he carefully preserved the block containing
+this record, which is now to be seen in the library of the Kentucky
+Historical Society. This circumstance is mentioned here only still further
+to confirm the authenticity of this block by stating a similar case which
+occurred in 1811. In the spring of 1779, Squire Boone, the brother of
+Daniel, in company with two others, went from the falls to Bullitt's Lick
+to shoot buffalo. After finishing their sport, they were returning home,
+when night overtook them at Stewart's Spring. The young men proposed to
+remain here for the night, but Boone objected, fearing an attack from the
+Indians. They accordingly turned off some 300 yards to the West, where
+they encamped for the night. There, while Boone and another of the party
+were arranging for the encampment, the third, being idle, amused himself
+by cutting a name and a few words on the bark of the tree. Afterwards, in
+1811, during some legal investigation about lands, Boone testified to the
+existence of these marks near Stewart's Spring, and upon examination they
+were found just as he had stated, although 32 years had elapsed since the
+cut was made. This fact is placed upon record in the Court of Appeals and
+does not admit of a doubt. The instance before referred to is of a
+precisely similar character, and the marks are probably equally authentic
+as those of the last.
+
+It would be easy to relate numerous instances, similar to those already
+given, both as to the wonderful skill of the pioneers in woodcraft, and
+their daring, danger and miraculous escapes in the Indian fights, but, as
+has already been said, these anecdotes, often incorrect, and always
+difficult to narrate without embellishment, are so familiar to the
+majority of readers, and possess such similarity of outline that they
+would be interesting here only to those who have some personal knowledge
+of the actors in those scenes. There will be occasion hereafter, in
+speaking of some of the distinguished men of another period of this
+history, to refer again to subjects kindred to those above narrated.
+
+In May of this year, still 1780, the Legislature of Virginia, on account
+of the difficulties attending the proper administration of justice, and
+for other similar causes occasioned by the sparseness of the settlements
+in so large an extent of territory, passed an act dividing the county of
+Kentucky into three counties. Of these, the first was thus defined: "All
+that part of the South side of the Kentucky river which lies West and
+North of a line beginning at the mouth of Benson's Big Creek and running
+up the same and its main fork to the head, thence South to the nearest
+waters of Hammond's Creek, and down the same to its junction with the town
+fork of Salt river, thence South to Green river and down the same to its
+junction with the Ohio;" and was ordered to be known by the name of
+Jefferson. The other two counties were called Fayette and Lincoln.
+
+Beside this there were few occurrences worthy of note during the year,
+which bear directly upon the subject of this history. Col. Clark had not
+only made his successful expedition against Pickway, but had built Fort
+Jefferson, five miles below the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi
+rivers and in the territory of the Chickasaws, thus adding that tribe to
+the already numerous foes of his adopted State. It was however soon
+evacuated and this evacuation accepted and acted upon by both parties as a
+tacit treaty of peace.
+
+Early in the next year--1781--Col. Clark received his commission as
+Brigadier General. He now began to feel the necessity for some new display
+of activity in defending the frontier and accordingly he built a sort of
+row-galley upon which he placed some four-pound cannon. This galley was
+kept plying between the Falls and the mouth of Licking, and is by some
+believed to have been of very great service in keeping off the attacks of
+the Indians; while others are of opinion that it was entirely valueless.
+Be that as it may; the galley was abandoned by the General before the
+close of the year. The Indians are said never to have attacked it and but
+seldom to have crossed that part of the river in which it moved. Various
+as are the opinions in regard to the utility of Clark's barge, the fact of
+its having been so soon abandoned by the very projectors of the enterprise
+certainly does not speak much in its favor.
+
+Another of the most important features of this year, perhaps indeed the
+very most important, was one which will now produce a smile. At that time,
+however, it was a subject of serious congratulation to the inhabitants of
+the new country. This was no less than the large immigration of young
+unmarried women into this region, abounding in young unmarried men. One of
+the historians of the time, in chronicling this event, remarks, with all
+the soberness and propriety due to the most solemn subject, that "the
+necessary consequence of this large influx of girls was the rapid and
+wonderful increase of population." Whether this increase was produced by
+purely natural means or by foreign immigration is left by him in the
+profoundest doubt. Perhaps that worthy individual known as "The Oldest
+Inhabitant" could elucidate this point.
+
+The only other circumstance worthy of notice during the year, was the
+building at the falls of a new fort. History gives us no information
+either as to the name or location of this position of defense. Its very
+name and history is swallowed up in that of Fort Nelson which must have
+been built very soon after, if it was not commenced at the same time as
+this nameless fort.
+
+Fort Nelson was built in 1782 by the regular troops, assisted by all the
+militia of the State. It was situated between Sixth and Eighth Streets on
+the North side of Main, immediately upon the "second bank" of the river.
+Its name was derived, as some say from Capt. Nelson, an influential
+citizen of Louisville in that day, but more probably was named in honor of
+the third republican governor of Virginia. It contained about an acre of
+ground and was surrounded by a ditch eight feet wide and ten feet deep,
+intersected in the middle by a sharp row of pickets. This ditch was
+surmounted by a breast work of log pens filled with the earth obtained
+from the ditch, with pickets ten feet high planted on the top of the
+breast work. Next to the river, pickets were deemed sufficient, aided by
+the long slope of the bank. There was artillery likewise in the fort. Col.
+Slaughter had brought with him several very small cannon, and Gen. Clark
+had placed here a double fortified six-pounder, which he had captured at
+Vincennes. This last piece played no inconsiderable part both in the
+previous and subsequent expeditions of this General. The present site of
+Seventh Street passed directly through the gate of the fort opposite the
+head quarters of Gen. Clark. The pickets and various other parts of this
+fort have been from time to time, since 1830, dug up in excavating cellars
+at the place formerly occupied by the post. Many of the pickets thus
+excavated have been made into walking canes and are valued as memorials of
+the past.
+
+This year was perhaps one of the most disastrous and dreadful in the
+annals of Kentucky. Although the settlements at the Falls were
+comparatively free from danger of attack, yet the older stations were
+suffering all the horrors of a bloody war. Several white men, impelled
+either by a love of the licentiousness and freedom from restraint of the
+savage life or by fear of punishment for their crimes, had united
+themselves with the Indians and constantly urged them against the Whites.
+The most celebrated of these were Girty and McKee, who had risen to a
+commanding rank among the red men, and their knowledge of the settlements
+enabled them to direct their new friends in all their expeditions.
+Previous to the great battle in which these renegadoes figured so largely,
+was the defeat and death of Captain Estill on Hinckston's Fork of Licking
+and also a bloody fight at or near Hoy's station. The great battle of the
+year however was at Blue Licks, and it was here that these renegadoes,
+whose names deserve and will receive perpetual execration, were
+successful. The result of this battle is well known to all readers of
+western history. Its effect upon the inhabitants of the new State was
+disheartening in the extreme. Gen. Clark, who was still at the Falls,
+seeing the necessity for rousing the people from their despondence and
+desirous of punishing the foe, proposed to a council of officers an
+expedition against the Indian towns on Miami and Scioto. And accordingly
+nearly one thousand men made rendezvous at the mouth of Licking and
+started for the towns. The Indians discovered their approach too soon for
+anything like a decisive battle, and they found only deserted towns and
+straggling Indians on their march. The result of this invasion however
+convinced both sides of the superiority of the Whites, and restored the
+drooping spirits in the settlements. After this expedition the country
+remained quiet during the year, nor did any considerable party of Indians
+ever again invade the State.
+
+In the winter of this year commenced the first of anything like
+intercourse between this part of the Ohio and New Orleans. Messrs.
+Tardiveau and Honore, the latter of whom resided in this city until within
+a few years, made the earliest trip from Brownsville to that port, and
+subsequently continued to make regular trips from Louisville to the French
+and Spanish ports on the Mississippi. Even previous to this, Col. Richard
+Taylor and his brother Hancock Taylor, had descended from Pittsburg to the
+mouth of the Yazoo; and Messrs. Gibson and Linn, in 1776, had made a trip
+from Pittsburg to New Orleans with a view to procuring military stores for
+the troops stationed at the former place. These gentlemen succeeded in
+their expedition, having obtained 156 kegs of powder, which arrived at the
+Falls in 1777, was carried around them by hand, and finally delivered at
+Pittsburg.
+
+These early attempts at navigation were soon succeeded by the constant and
+regular trips of the Barges. Perhaps the most stirring and exciting scenes
+of western adventure were connected with the voyages of these peculiar
+craft. The bargemen were a distinct class of people whose fearlessness of
+character, recklessness of habits and laxity of morals rendered them a
+marked people. Their history will hereafter form the groundwork of many a
+heroic romance or epic poem. In the earlier stages of this sort of
+navigation, their trips were dangerous, not only on account of the Indians
+whose hunting-grounds bounded their track on either side, but also because
+the shores of both rivers were infested with organized banditti, who
+sought every occasion to rob and murder the owners of these boats. Beside
+all this the Spanish Government had forbidden the navigation of the lower
+Mississippi by the Americans, and thus, hedged in every way by danger, it
+became these boatmen to cultivate all the hardihood and wiliness of the
+Pioneer, while it led them also into the possession of that recklessness
+and independent freedom of manner, which even after the causes that
+produced it had ceased, still clung to and formed an integral part of the
+character of the Western Bargeman. It is a matter of no little surprise
+that something like an authentic history of these wonderful men has never
+been written. Certainly it is desirable to preserve such a history, and no
+book could have been undertaken which would be likely to produce more both
+of pleasure and profit to the writer and none which would meet with a
+larger circle of delighted readers. The traditions on the subject are,
+even at this recent period, so vague and contradictory that it would be
+difficult to procure anything like reliable or authentic data in regard to
+them. No story in which the bargemen figure is too improbable to be
+narrated, nor can one determine what particular person is the hero of an
+incident which is in turn laid at the door of each distinguished member of
+the whole fraternity. Some of these incidents however will serve so well
+to give an idea of the peculiar characteristics of the bargemen, and
+possess so much merit in themselves, that they cannot be omitted here.
+Previous to referring to any of these anecdotes, however, it may be
+interesting to introduce the following excellent description of the manner
+of navigating the Ohio and Mississippi prior to the introduction of
+steamboats. It is from the pen of Audubon, the celebrated ornithologist,
+whose death has been recently announced and has caused a feeling of deep
+regret in all who know how to admire that union of simple goodness of
+character with greatness of mind and untiring energy of study, which he,
+perhaps more than any other American, possessed.
+
+"The keelboats and barges were employed," says this extract, "in conveying
+produce of different kinds, such as lead, flour, pork and other articles.
+These returned laden with sugar, coffee and dry goods, suited for the
+markets of Genevieve and St. Louis on the upper Mississippi or branched
+off and ascended the Ohio to the foot of the falls at Louisville. A
+keelboat was generally manned by ten hands, principally Canadian French,
+and a patroon or master. These boats seldom carried more than from twenty
+to thirty tons. The barges had frequently forty or fifty men, with a
+patroon, and carried fifty or sixty tons. Both these kind of vessels were
+provided with a mast, a square sail, and coils of cordage known by the
+name of cordelles. Each boat or barge carried its own provisions. We shall
+suppose one of these boats under way, and, having passed Natchez, entering
+upon what were called the difficulties of their ascent. Wherever a point
+projected so as to render the course or bend below it of some magnitude,
+there was an eddy, the returning current of which was sometimes as strong
+as that of the middle of the great stream. The bargemen, therefore, rowed
+up pretty close under the bank, and had merely to keep watch in the bow
+lest the boat should run against a planter or sawyer. But the boat has
+reached the point, and there the current is to all appearance of double
+strength and right against it. The men, who have rested a few minutes, are
+ordered to take their stations and lay hold of their oars, for the river
+must be crossed, it being seldom possible to double such a point and
+proceed along the same shore. The boat is crossing, its head slanting to
+the current, which is, however, too strong for the rowers, and when the
+other side of the river has been reached, it has drifted perhaps a quarter
+of a mile. The men are by this time exhausted, and, as we shall suppose it
+to be 12 o'clock, fasten the boat to a tree on the shore. A small glass of
+whiskey is given to each, when they cook and eat their dinner, and after
+resting from their fatigue for an hour, re-commence their labors. The boat
+is again seen slowly advancing against the stream. It has reached the
+lower end of a sandbar, along the edge of which it is propelled by means
+of long poles, if the bottom be hard. Two men, called bowsmen, remain at
+the prow to assist, in concert with the steersman, in managing the boat
+and keeping its head right against the current. The rest place themselves
+on the land side of the footway of the vessel, put one end of their poles
+on the ground and the other against their shoulders and push with all
+their might. As each of the men reaches the stern, he crosses to the other
+side, runs along it and comes again to the landward side of the bow, when
+he re-commences operations. The barge in the mean time is ascending at a
+rate not exceeding one mile in the hour.
+
+"The bar is at length passed, and as the shore in sight is straight on
+both sides and the current uniformly strong, the poles are laid aside, and
+the men being equally divided, those on the river side take to their oars,
+while those on the land-side lay hold of the branches of willows or other
+trees, and thus slowly propel the boat. Here and there, however, the trunk
+of a fallen tree, partly lying on the bank and partly projecting beyond
+it, impedes their progress and requires to be doubled. This is performed
+by striking into it the iron points of the poles and gaff-hooks, and so
+pulling around it. The sun is now quite low, and the barge is again
+secured in the best harbor within reach for the night, after having
+accomplished a distance of perhaps fifteen miles. The next day the wind
+proves favorable, the sail is set, the boat takes all advantages, and,
+meeting with no accident, has ascended thirty miles--perhaps double that
+distance. The next day comes with a very different aspect. The wind is
+right ahead, the shores are without trees of any kind, and the canes on
+the bank are so thick and stout that not even the cordelles can be used.
+This occasions a halt. The time is not altogether lost, as most of the
+men, being provided with rifles, betake themselves to the woods and search
+for the deer, the bears or the turkeys that are generally abundant there.
+Three days may pass before the wind changes, and the advantages gained on
+the previous five days are forgotten. Again the boat proceeds, but in
+passing over a shallow place, runs on a log, swings with the current, but
+hangs fast with her lea-side almost under water. Now for the poles! all
+hands are on deck, bustling and pushing. At length, towards sunset, the
+boat is once more afloat, and is again taken to the shore where the
+wearied crew pass another night.
+
+"I could tell you of the crew abandoning the boat and cargo and of
+numberless accidents and perils, but be it enough to say, that advancing
+in this tardy manner, the boat that left New Orleans on the 1st of March,
+often did not reach the Falls of Ohio until the month of July, sometimes
+not until October; and after all this immense trouble, it brought only a
+few bags of coffee and at most one hundred hogsheads of sugar. Such was
+the state of things as late as 1808. The number of barges at that period
+did not amount to more than 25 or 30, and the largest probably did not
+exceed one hundred tons burden. To make the best of this fatiguing
+navigation, I may conclude by saying that a barge which came up in three
+months, had done wonders, for I believe few voyages were performed in that
+time."
+
+In this little history, Mr. Audubon has said nothing of what was by far
+the most "dangerous danger" to which the crews of these craft were
+exposed. This was the attack, open and fearless as well as sneaking and
+treacherous, of the Boatwreckers. The country on both sides of the river
+from Louisville to the mouth of the Ohio was an almost unpeopled
+wilderness. On the north side of the river from Fort Massac to the
+Mississippi, there lived a gang of these desperadoes, whose exploits need
+only the genius of a Schiller to render them the wonder of the world and
+the admiration of those who love to gloat over tales of blood. There was
+an impudence and recklessness of life and of danger connected with these
+fellows, coupled with a dash of spirit and humor, that would render them
+excellent _materiel_ in the hands of a skillful novelist; but they lacked
+that high sense of honor and that gentlemanly bearing which made heroes of
+the robbers of the Rhine, of Venice or of Mexico.
+
+Their plan of action was to induce the crew of the passing "broad-horn" to
+land, to play a game of cards, (the favorite passion of the boatmen) and
+to cheat them unmercifully. If this scheme failed, they would pilot the
+boats into a difficult place, or, in pretended friendship, give them from
+the shores such directions as would not fail to run them on a snag or dash
+them to pieces against some hidden obstruction. If they were outwitted in
+all this, they would creep into the boats as they were tied up at night,
+and bore holes in the bottom or dig out the caulking. When the boat was
+sinking, they would get out their skiffs and craft of all kinds, and in
+the most philanthropic manner come to save the goods from the wreck. And
+save them they did, for they would row them up the little creeks that led
+from swamps in the interior and no trace of them could afterwards be seen.
+Or if some hardy fellow dared to go in pursuit of his _saved_ cargo, he
+was sure to find an unknown grave in the morasses.
+
+One of the most famous of these boatwreckers was Col. Fluger of New
+Hampshire, who is better known in the West as Col. Plug. This worthy
+gentleman long held undisputed sway over the quiet boatwreckers about the
+mouth of Cash Creek. He was supposed to possess keys to every warehouse
+between that place and Louisville, and to have used them for his own
+private purposes on many occasions. He was a married man and became the
+father of a family. His wife's soubriquet was Pluggy and like many others
+of her sex, her charms were a sore affliction to the Colonel's peace of
+mind. Plug's lieutenant was by him suspected of undue familiarity with
+Mrs. Col. Plug. The Colonel's nice sense of honor was outraged, his family
+pride aroused--he called Lieutenant Nine-Eyes to the field.
+
+"Dern your soul," said he, "do you think this sort of candlestick ammer
+(clandestine amour he meant,) will pass? If you do, by gosh, I will put it
+to you or you shall put it to me."
+
+They used rifles, the ground was measured, the affair settled in the most
+proper and approved style. And they did put it to each other. Each
+received a ball in some fleshy part, and each admitted that "he was
+satisfied."
+
+"You are all grit!" said Col. Plug.
+
+"And you waded in like a raal Kaintuck," rejoined Nine-Eyes.
+
+Col. Plug's son and heir, who very possibly was the real subject-matter of
+dispute, and who was upon the ground, was ordered to place a bottle of
+whisky midway between the disputants. Up to this they limped and over it
+they embraced, swearing that "they were too well used to these things to
+be phazed by a little cold lead;" and Pluggy's virtue having been thus
+proved immaculate, the duel as well as the animosity of the parties
+ceased. Col. Plug, man of honor as he was, sometimes met with very rough
+treatment from the boatmen, whose half savage natures could ill appreciate
+a gentleman of his birth and breeding. An instance of this is recorded by
+the same historian upon whom we have drawn for the greater part of the
+above account of the duel.[4] A broad-horn from Louisville had received
+rough usage from Plug's men the year before, and accordingly, on their
+next descent, they laid their scheme of revenge. Several of their crew
+left the boat before arriving at Plug's domain, and quietly stole down the
+river bank to its place of landing. The boat with its small crew was
+quietly harbored, the men hospitably received and invited to sit down to a
+game of cards. They were scarcely seated and had placed their money before
+them, when Plug's signal whistle for an onset sounded in their ears. The
+reserve corps of boatmen also heard it, knew its import and rushed to the
+rescue. The battle was quickly over. Three of Plug's men were thrown into
+the river and the rest fled, leaving their brave commander on the field.
+Resistance did not avail him. Those ruthless boatmen stripped him to the
+skin, and forcing him to embrace a sapling about the size of his dear
+Pluggy's waist, they bound him immovably in this loving squeeze. Then
+seizing the cowhide each applied it till he was tired, and so they left
+him alone with his troublesome thoughts and with a yet more troublesome
+and sanguinary host of musquitoes, which, lured by the ease with which
+they could now get a full meal of that blood which had before been
+effectually preserved from their attacks by a thick epidermis, sallied
+forth to the feast by myriads. Pluggy, finding her bower lonely without
+its lord, came forth to seek him. Closely embracing the tree and covered
+from any immodest exposure of his person by a gauzy cloud of musquito
+wings, she found him. Clasping her hands, with a Siddons-like start and
+air, she cried, in her peculiarly elegant but somewhat un-English dialect:
+"Yasu Cree! O carissimo sposo, what for, like von dem fool, you hug zat
+tree and let ze marengoes eat up all your sweet brud?"
+
+The historian is pained to record that all the answer she obtained to this
+tender solicitude was a curse. Plug cursed her, but Plug's evil spirit was
+aroused. Let the reader suppose himself in Plug's position and he will not
+blame that gentleman for the ungenerous reply that forced itself to his
+lips.
+
+Not very long after this, Col. Plug came to his untimely end. Just as a
+squall was coming up, Col. Plug was in a boat whose crew had left it for
+an hour or so, engaged in the exercise of his profession; that is, he was
+digging the caulking out of the bottom, when the squall came on rather
+prematurely and broke the fastenings of the boat. It began to sink, and
+Col. Plug after vain endeavors to reach the shore, sank with it and was
+seen no more. Whether Pluggy still bewails her lost lord or has followed
+him in sorrow to the other shore, history does not tell us.
+
+This sketch of the character of the boat wreckers will prepare the reader
+for forming some idea of the boatmen who were their prey. Among the most
+celebrated of these, every reader of western history will at once
+remember MIKE FINK, the hero of his class. So many and so marvellous are
+the stories told of this man that numbers of persons are inclined
+altogether to disbelieve his existence. That he did live however does not
+admit of a doubt. Many are yet living who knew him personally. As it is to
+him that all the more remarkable stories of western river adventure are
+attributed, his history will form the only example here given to
+illustrate the character of the western bargemen. It is however necessary
+to observe, that while Mike possessed all the characteristics of his
+class, a history of the various adventures attributed to him would present
+these characteristics in an exaggerated degree. Even the slight sketch
+here drawn cannot pretend to authenticity; for, aside from the fact, that,
+like other heroes, Mike has suffered from the exuberant fancy of his
+historians, he has also had in his own person to atone to posterity for
+many acts which never came from under his hand and seal. As the
+representative, however, of an extinct class of men, his ashes will not
+rise in indignation even if he is again made the "hero of fields his valor
+never won."
+
+Mike Fink was born in or near Pittsburg, where certain of his relatives
+still reside. In his earlier life he acted in the capacity of an Indian
+spy, and won great renown for himself by the wonderful facility with
+which, while yet a boy, he gained a knowledge of every act and movement of
+the foe. But while in the exercise of this calling, the free, wild and
+adventurous life of the boatmen attracted his youthful fancy, and the
+enchanting music of the boat-horn soon lured him away from Pittsburg to
+try his fortunes on the broad Ohio. He had learned to mimic all the tones
+of the boatman's horn, and he longed to go to New Orleans where he heard
+that the people spoke French and wore their Sunday clothes every day. He
+went, and from an humble pupil in his profession soon became a glorious
+master. When the river was too low to be navigable, Mike spent his time in
+the practice of rifle-shooting, then so eminently useful and desirable an
+accomplishment; and in this, as in all his serious undertakings, he soon
+surpassed his compeers. His skill with the rifle was so universally
+acknowledged, that whenever Mike was present at a Shooting-Match for Beef,
+such as were then of common occurrence all over the country, he was always
+allowed the fifth quarter, i. e. the hide and the tallow, without a shot.
+This was a perquisite of Mike's skill, and one which he always claimed,
+always obtained and always sold for whisky with which to "treat the
+crowd." His capacity as a drinker was enormous; he could drink a gallon in
+twenty-four hours without its effect being perceptible in his language or
+demeanor. Mike was a bit of a wag, too, and had a singular way of
+enforcing his jests. He used to say that he told his jokes on purpose to
+be laughed at, and no man should "make light" of them. The consequence
+was, that whoever had the temerity to refuse a laugh where Mike intended
+to raise one, received a sound drubbing and an admonition for the future,
+which was seldom neglected. His practical jokes, for so he and his
+associates called their predations on the inhabitants of the shores along
+which they passed, were always characterized by a boldness of design and a
+sagacity of execution that showed no mean talent on Mike's part. One of
+the most ingenious of these tricks, and one which affords a fair idea of
+the spirit of them all, is told as follows: Passing slowly down the river,
+Mike observed a very large and beautiful flock of sheep grazing on the
+shore, and being in want of fresh provisions, but scorning to buy them,
+Mike hit upon the following expedient. He noticed that there was an eddy
+near to the shore, and, as it was about dusk, he landed his boat in the
+eddy and tied her fast. In his cargo there were some bladders of
+scotch-snuff. Mike opened one of these and taking out a handful of the
+contents, he went ashore and catching five or six of the sheep, rubbed
+their faces very thoroughly with the snuff. He then returned to his boat
+and sent one of his men in a great hurry to the sheep-owner's house to
+tell him that he "had better come down and see what was the matter with
+his sheep." Upon coming down hastily in answer to Mike's summons, the
+gentleman saw a portion of his flock very singularly affected; leaping,
+bleating, rubbing their noses against the ground and against each other,
+and performing all manner of undignified and unsheeplike antics. The
+gentleman was sorely puzzled and demanded of Mike "if he knew what was the
+matter with the sheep."
+
+"You don't know?" answered Mike very gravely.
+
+"I do not," replied the gentleman.
+
+"Did you ever hear of the black murrain?" asked Mike in a confidential
+whisper.
+
+"Yes," said the sheep owner in a terrified reply.
+
+"Well, that's it!" said Mike. "All the sheep up river's got it dreadful.
+Dyin' like rotten dogs--hundreds a day."
+
+"You don't say so," answered the victim, "and is there no cure for it?"
+
+"Only one as I knows on," was the reply. "You see the murrain's dreadful
+catchin', and ef you don't git them away as is got it, they'll kill the
+whole flock. Better shoot 'em right-off; they've got to die any way."
+
+"But no man could single out the infected sheep and shoot them from among
+the flock," said the gentleman.
+
+"My name's Mike Fink!" was the curt reply.
+
+And it was answer enough. The gentleman begged Mike to shoot the infected
+sheep and throw them into the river. This was exactly what Mike wanted,
+but he pretended to resist. "It mought be a mistake," he said; "they'll
+may be git well. He didn't like to shoot Manny's sheep on his own say so.
+He'd better go an' ask some of the neighbors ef it was the murrain sure
+'nuf." The gentleman insisted, and Mike modestly resisted, until finally
+he was promised a couple of gallons of old Peach Brandy if he would
+comply. His scruples thus finally overcome, Mike shot the sheep, threw
+them into the eddy and got the brandy. After dark, the men jumped into the
+water, hauled the sheep aboard, and by daylight had them neatly packed
+away and were gliding merrily down the stream.[5]
+
+Another story, of a rather different character, is told to illustrate the
+recklessness of the man. It occurred on the Mississippi river. A negro had
+come down to the bank to gaze at the passing boat, who had the singularly
+projecting heel peculiar to some races of Africans. This peculiarity
+caught Mike's eye, and so far outraged his ideas of symmetry that he
+determined to correct it. Accordingly he raised his rifle to his shoulder
+and fired, carrying away the offensive projection. The negro fell crying
+murder, believing himself mortally wounded. Mike was apprehended for this
+trick, at St. Louis, and found guilty, but we do not hear of the
+infliction of any punishment. A writer in the Western Monthly Review for
+July, 1829, in a letter to the editor of that magazine, asserts that he
+has himself seen the records of this case in the books of the court, and
+that Mike's only defense was that "the fellow couldn't wear a genteel boot
+and he wanted to fix it so that he could."
+
+One of his feats with the rifle which Mike most loved to boast of occurred
+somewhere in Indiana. Mike's boat was lying to, from some cause, and he
+had gone ashore in pursuit of game. "As he was creeping along with the
+stealthy tread of a cat, his eye fell upon a beautiful buck, browsing on
+the edge of a barren spot a little distance off. Repriming his gun and
+picking his flint, Mike made his approach in his usual noiseless manner.
+At the moment he reached the spot from which he meant to take aim, he
+observed a large Indian intent upon the same object, advancing from a
+direction little different from his own. Mike shrank behind a tree with
+the quickness of thought, and keeping his eye fixed upon the hunter,
+waited the result with patience. In a few moments the Indian halted within
+fifty paces and leveled his piece at the deer. Instantly Mike presented
+his rifle at the body of the savage, and at the moment smoke issued from
+the gun of the latter, the bullet of Fink passed through the red man's
+breast. He uttered a yell and fell dead at the same instant with the deer.
+Mike re-loaded his rifle and remained in covert some minutes to ascertain
+whether any more enemies were at hand. He then stepped up to the prostrate
+savage, and having satisfied himself that life was extinct, turned his
+attention to the buck, took from the carcass the pieces suited to jerking
+and retraced his steps in high glee to the boat."[6] He used to say that
+was what he called "killing two birds with one stone."
+
+In all his little tricks, as Mike called them, he never displayed any very
+accurate respect to the laws either of propriety or property, but he was
+so ingenious in his predations that it is impossible not to laugh at his
+crimes. The stern rigor of Justice, however, did not feel disposed to
+laugh at Mike, but on the contrary offered a reward for his capture. For a
+long time Mike fought shy and could not be taken, until an old friend of
+his, who happened to be a constable, came to his boat when she was moored
+at Louisville and represented to Mike the poverty of his family; and,
+presuming on Mike's known kindness of disposition, urged him to allow
+himself to be taken, and so procure for his friend the promised reward. He
+showed Mike the many chances of escape from conviction, and withal plead
+so strongly that Mike's kind heart at last overcame him and he
+consented--_but upon one condition_! He felt at home nowhere but in his
+boat and among his men: let them take him and his men in the yawl and
+they would go. It was the only hope of procuring his appearance at court
+and the constable consented. Accordingly a long-coupled wagon was
+procured, and with oxen attached it went down the hill, at Third Street
+for Mike's yawl. The road, for it was not then a street, was very steep
+and very muddy at this point. Regardless of this, however, the boat was
+set upon the wagon, and Mike and his men, with their long poles ready, as
+if for an aquatic excursion, were put aboard, Mike in the stern. By dint
+of laborious dragging the wagon had attained half the height of the hill,
+when out shouted the stentorian voice of Mike calling to his men--SET
+POLES!--and the end of every long pole was set firmly in the thick
+mud--BACK HER!--roared Mike, and down the hill again went wagon, yawl, men
+and oxen. Mike had been revolving the matter in his mind and had concluded
+that it was best not to go; and well knowing that each of his men was
+equal to a moderately strong ox, he had at once conceived and executed
+this retrograde movement. Once at the bottom, another parley was held and
+Mike was again overpowered. This time they had almost reached the top of
+the hill, when _Set poles!--Back her!_ was again ordered and again
+executed. A third attempt, however, was successful, and Mike reached the
+court house in safety; and, as his friend, the constable, had endeavored
+to induce him to believe, he was acquitted for lack of sufficient
+evidence. Other indictments, however, were found against him, but Mike
+preferred not to wait to hear them tried; so, at a given signal he and his
+men boarded their craft again and stood ready to weigh anchor. The dread
+of the long poles in the hands of Mike's men prevented the _posse_ from
+urging any serious remonstrance against his departure. And off they
+started with poles "tossed." As they left the court house yard Mike waved
+his red bandanna, which he had fixed on one of the poles, and promising to
+"_call again_" was borne back to his element and launched once more upon
+the waters.
+
+After the introduction of steamboats on the Western rivers, Mike's
+occupation was gone. He could not consent, however, altogether to quit his
+free, wild life of adventure; and accordingly in 1822, he, together with
+Carpenter and Talbot, who were his firmest friends, joined Henry and
+Ashley's company of Missouri trappers, and with this company they
+proceeded in the same year up to the mouth of the Yellow Stone river. Here
+a fort was built and from this point parties of hunters were sent out in
+all directions. Mike with his two friends and nine others formed one of
+these parties, and preferring to live to themselves, they dug a hole in
+the river bluff and here spent the winter. While here, Mike Fink and
+Carpenter had a fierce quarrel, caused probably by rivalry in the favors
+of a certain squaw. Previous to this time the friendship of these two men
+had been unbounded. Carpenter was equally as good a shot as Mike and it
+had been their custom to place a tin cup of whisky on each other's head by
+turns and shoot it off at the distance of seventy yards with their rifles.
+This feat they had often performed and always successfully.
+
+After the quarrel, and when spring had returned, they re-visited the fort
+and over a cup of whisky they talked over their difficulty and rendered
+their vows of amity, which were to be ratified by the usual trial of
+shooting at the cup. They "skyed a copper" for the first shot and Mike won
+it. Carpenter, who knew Mike thoroughly, declared he was going to be
+killed, but scorned to refuse the test. He prepared himself for the worst.
+He bequeathed his gun, pistols, wages, &c., to Talbot, in case he should
+be killed. They went to the field, and while Mike loaded his gun and
+prepared for the shot, Carpenter filled a tin cup to the brim, and,
+without moving a feature, placed it on his devoted head. At this target
+Mike levelled his piece. After fixing his aim, however, he took down his
+gun, and laughingly cried, "Hold your noddle steady, Carpenter, and don't
+spill the whisky, for I shall want some presently." Then raising his rifle
+again, he pulled the trigger, and in an instant Carpenter fell and expired
+without a groan. The ball had penetrated the center of his forehead about
+an inch and a half above the eyes. Mike coolly set down his rifle and blew
+the smoke out of it, keeping his eye fixed on the prostrate body of his
+quondam friend. "Carpenter," said he, "have you spilt the whisky?" He was
+told that he had killed Carpenter. "It is all an accident," said he, "I
+took as fair a bead on the black spot on the cup as ever I took on a
+squirrel's eye. How could it happen?" And he fell to cursing powder, gun,
+bullet and himself.
+
+In the wild country where they then were, the hand of justice could not
+reach Mike and he went unmolested. But Talbot had determined to avenge
+Carpenter, and one day, after several months had elapsed, when Mike, in a
+drunken fit of boasting, swore in Talbot's presence that he had killed
+Carpenter intentionally and that he was glad of it, Talbot drew out one of
+the pistols which had been left him by the murdered man and shot Mike
+through the heart. In less than four months after this Talbot was himself
+drowned in attempting to swim the Titan river, and with him perished "the
+last of the boatmen."
+
+Mike Fink's person is thus described by the writer in the Western Monthly
+before referred to. "His weight was about 180 pounds; height about five
+feet, nine inches; broad, round face, pleasant features, brown skin,
+tanned by sun and rain; blue, but very expressive eyes, inclining to grey;
+broad, white teeth, and square brawny form, well proportioned; and every
+muscle of the arms, thighs and legs, was fully developed, indicating the
+greatest strength and activity. His person, taken altogether, was a model
+for a Hercules, except as to size." Of his character, Mike has himself
+given the best epitome. He used to say, "I can out-run, out-hop, out-jump,
+throw down, drag out and lick any man in the country. I'm a Salt-river
+roarer; I love the wimming and I'm chock full of fight."
+
+The early history of steamboat navigation will appear in its proper
+place.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+Having passed over these pleasant and exciting histories of personal
+adventure, the reader now returns to the soberer chronicles of general
+history. In the spring of 1783 it became known in Kentucky that peace had
+been declared, and this joyous news could not have arrived at a more
+opportune time. The people had been harrassed by war until they were sick
+and disheartened, and although the news of peace did not drive off all
+fear of attack from the Indians, yet the consciousness that the posts
+formerly held by the British, which had been the chief depot of supplies
+for the Indians, would now fall into the possession of their countrymen,
+and consequently, that, although not yet arrived, the time would come when
+even the Indian hostility would cease; all this put a new life into the
+settlements of Kentucky.
+
+Peace with Great Britain having been declared, the necessity for an army
+on the borders of Virginia no longer existed; and as that State was
+pressed for means, this army was disbanded, and the commission of Gen.
+Clark withdrawn, with many thanks to this gentleman "for his very great
+and singular services." This was soon followed by a much more substantial
+testimony of the favor in which he was held by his native State, for
+during the same year he and his soldiers received a grant of one hundred
+and fifty thousand acres of land lying north of the Ohio, to be located
+where they chose. They selected the region opposite to the falls, and thus
+was founded the town of Clarksville, which still remains in a state
+scarcely more improved than it then was.
+
+Something like security and confidence was now established, and
+consequently the immigration here was constant and large. Factories for
+supplying the necessities of the household were established, schools were
+opened, the products of the soil were carefully attended to, and abundant
+crops were collected; several fields of wheat were gathered near
+Louisville, and the whole country changed its character from that of a
+series of military outposts to the more peaceful and more attractive one
+of a newly settled, but rich and fruitful territory, where industry met
+its reward, and where every one could live who was not too proud or too
+indolent to work. It was during this year that a new era was opened to the
+citizens of Louisville. A lot of merchandise, all the way from
+Philadelphia, arrived at the falls, and Daniel Brodhead opened there a
+retail store. The young ladies could now throw aside all the homely
+products of their own looms, take the wooden skewers from their ill-bound
+tresses, and, on festive occasions, shine in all the glories of flowered
+calico and real horn combs. It is not known whether it was this worthy Mr.
+Brodhead who was the first to introduce the luxury of glass window-lights,
+but it is certain that previous to this time such an extravagance was
+unknown; and there is an incident connected with the first window pane
+which deserves a place here, and which is recorded in the words of an
+author who is not more celebrated for his many public virtues, than for
+his unceasing and incurable exercise of the private vice of punning. After
+referring to the introduction of this innovation, this gentleman says: "A
+young urchin who had seen glass spectacles on the noses of his elders, saw
+this spectacle with astonishment, and running home to his mother
+exclaimed, 'O, Ma! there's a house down here with specs on!" "This," he
+adds, "may be considered a very precocious manifestation of the power of
+generalization in the young Kentuckian."
+
+Another curious incident of the times will close the record of this year.
+The notorious Tom Paine had written a book ridiculing the right of
+Virginia to this State, and urging Congress to take possession of the
+whole territory. Among the disciples of this absurd production were two
+Pennsylvanians, named Galloway and Pomeroy. The latter of these came to
+the falls and produced considerable annoyance to some of the landholders
+there by the dissemination of his doctrines, which induced others to pay
+no respect to the titles of their neighbors. This was an exigency which
+the laws had never contemplated, and although it was everywhere admitted
+that the man deserved punishment, it was difficult to find a law bearing
+upon his case. Legal investigation, however, soon drew to light an old law
+of Virginia which enforced a penalty in tobacco upon "the propagation of
+false news, to the disturbance of the good people of the colony." Under
+this law, in May of the next year, Pomeroy was tried and sentenced to pay
+2,000 pounds of tobacco, and had also to give security for his good
+behavior in the sum of L3,000, pay costs, &c. A similar fate awaited
+Galloway, who had gone to Lexington and had there advocated these same
+doctrines. It was impossible for either of these men to procure the amount
+of tobacco required; and accordingly, when it was hinted to them that they
+would not be pursued if they left the country, they gladly embraced the
+offer and departed. And thus perished the effects of Mr. Paine's wonderful
+book.
+
+The next year, 1784, does not present in its annals anything of much
+importance in relation to Louisville. It was at this time that the first
+convention was held at Danville, where the subject of the separation of
+Kentucky and its erection into an independent State was first broached. It
+was not, however, thought advisable by this convention to make any serious
+movement in this matter until the following year, inasmuch as the people
+generally had not heard of the proposed separation, or had had no time to
+debate upon its feasibility. As yet no press had been established in the
+territory, and oral news was not readily or speedily disseminated through
+the State. On these accounts no action was had by the convention at this
+time, but a new convention was appointed for the following May, at which
+this subject was to be seriously considered.
+
+We find by the report of a traveler in this year, that Louisville
+contained "63 houses finished, 37 partly finished, 22 raised but not
+covered, and more than 100 cabins."
+
+In the year 1785 the convention again met, first on the 23d of May, and
+afterwards on the 8th of August, to take action in relation to the
+formation of the new State. An address to Virginia and another to
+Kentucky, together with resolutions in favor of the proposed separation,
+were unanimously passed in the earlier of these meetings. These addresses,
+however, were not deemed strong enough by the third or August convention,
+and that meeting accordingly changed them to a new and still stronger form
+of petition or remonstrance, and sent them forward for the action of the
+parent State. Accordingly in January of 1786, Virginia passed a law
+allowing independence to Kentucky, on this, among other conditions, that
+the separation should not take place until Congress should assent thereto,
+which assent of Congress was not gained until 1791.
+
+In January of this year the county of Nelson was erected out of all that
+part of Jefferson county south of Salt river.
+
+In the early part of 1785 Gen. Clark, together with Messrs. Lee and
+Butler, had held a treaty with the Western Indians at Fort McIntosh; but
+later in the year an Indian council of a hostile character had also been
+held on the Wabash, and the Indians had annoyed the settlers greatly
+during the latter part of the year. It was therefore thought advisable to
+enter into another treaty with the Indians on the Wabash, and accordingly
+Gen. Clark and Messrs. Butler and Parsons met those tribes at the mouth of
+the Great Miami in January of 1786. It was with great difficulty that the
+various tribes could be brought to treat at all, and, but for Gen. Clark's
+knowledge of their character, and for the high estimation in which he was
+held by them, these commissioners would have been murdered outright. Judge
+Hall, of Cincinnati, has given a glowing and vivid description of this
+meeting, which is here inserted. After noticing their abrupt and scornful
+manner of entering the council, he says: "The commissioners, without
+noticing the disorderly conduct of the other party, or appearing to have
+discovered their meditated treachery, opened the council in due form. They
+lighted the peace-pipe, and after drawing a few whiffs, passed it to the
+chiefs, who received it. Col. Clark then rose to explain the purpose for
+which the treaty was ordered. With an unembarrassed air, with the tone of
+one accustomed to command, and an easy assurance of perfect security and
+self-possession, he stated that the Commissioners had been sent to offer
+peace to the Shawnees; that the President had no wish to continue the war;
+he had no resentment to gratify; and, if the red men desired peace, they
+could have it on reasonable terms. 'If such be the will of the Shawnees,'
+he concluded, 'let some of their wise men speak.'
+
+"A chief arose, drew up his tall person to its full height, and assuming a
+haughty attitude, threw his eye contemptuously over the commissioners and
+their small retinue, as if to measure their insignificance in comparison
+with his own numerous train, and then stalking to the table, threw upon it
+two belts of wampum, of different colors--the war and the peace belt.
+
+"'We come here,' he exclaimed, 'to offer you two pieces of wampum; they
+are of different colors; you know what they mean; you can take which you
+like!' and turning upon his heel, he resumed his seat.
+
+"The chiefs drew themselves up, in consciousness of having hurled defiance
+in the teeth of the white men. They had offered an insult to the renowned
+leader of the Long Knives, to which they knew it would be hard for him to
+submit, while they did not suppose he dared resent it. The council-pipe
+was laid aside. Those fierce wild men gazed intently at Clark. The
+Americans saw that the crisis had arrived; they could no longer doubt that
+the Indians understood the advantage they possessed, and were disposed to
+use it; and a common sense of danger caused each eve to be turned on the
+leading commissioner. He sat undisturbed and apparently careless until the
+chief who had thrown the belts upon the table had taken his seat; then
+with a small cane which he held in his hand, he reached, as if playfully,
+toward the war belt, entangled the end of the stick in it, drew it towards
+him, and then with a switch of the cane threw the belt into the midst of
+the chiefs. The effect was electric. Every man in the council of each
+party sprang to his feet, the savage with a loud exclamation of
+astonishment, "Hugh!" the Americans in expectation of a hopeless conflict
+against overwhelming numbers. Every hand grasped a weapon.
+
+"Clark alone was unawed. The expression of his countenance changed to a
+ferocious sternness and his eye flashed, but otherwise he was unmoved. A
+bitter smile was perceptible upon his compressed lips as he gazed upon
+that savage band, whose hundred eyes were bent fiercely and in horrid
+exultation upon him as they stood like a pack of wolves at bay thirsting
+for blood, and ready to rush upon him whenever one bolder than the rest
+should commence the attack. It was one of those moments of indecision when
+the slightest weight thrown into either scale will make it preponderate;
+a moment in which a bold man conversant with the secret springs of human
+action, may seize upon the minds of all around him and sway them at his
+will.
+
+"Such a man was the intrepid Virginian. He spoke, and there was no man
+bold enough to gainsay him; none that could return the fierce glance of
+his eye. Raising his arm and waving his hand toward the door, he
+exclaimed, "_Dogs, Begone!_" The Indians hesitated for a moment, and then
+rushed tumultuously out of the council-room." To this a writer of the
+Encyclopaedia Americana adds that the Indians were heard all that night
+debating in the bushes near the fort; a part of them for war and a part of
+them for peace. The latter prevailed, and the next morning they came back
+and sued for peace. All this, however, did not remove the annoyances
+experienced from the attacks of the more distant Indians. These annoyances
+were of such a character as to induce the general government to send two
+companies of military to the Falls, to authorize the raising of militia in
+Kentucky and the invasion of the hostile territory. In pursuance of the
+spirit of this authority, if not in direct consonance with it, a body of a
+thousand men had rendezvous at Louisville, and marched thence in September
+toward Vincennes. At this point the little army waited, contrary to the
+advice of Gen. Clark, their commanding officer, for nine days, expecting
+provisions and ammunition. This delay was fatal. The soldiers became
+weary, and seeing the frequent inebriety of their general, lost their
+confidence in him, and refused their obedience. A body of about three
+hundred, dissatisfied that their wishes in regard to their officers were
+not attended to, actually returned homeward, regardless of the earnest
+pleadings and almost the tears of their general; and the rest soon
+followed them. This expedition was a sad blow to Clark, for it put into
+the hands of his enemies a powerful weapon against him; and one which they
+remorselessly used. Had his advice been heeded before the delay was
+determined upon, he would never have become inebriated or exposed himself
+in an undignified light to his soldiery, and the expedition might have
+been successful. Palliated as may be his fault, it cannot be denied that,
+in this sortie, he was not what he had been. The sun of his military glory
+had not sunk below the horizon, but it was obscured by clouds whose thick
+shadows promised long to hide its beams.
+
+The troubles in relation to the navigation of the Mississippi river were
+now the topics of all absorbing interest in every part of the West. We
+have not before alluded to these troubles, preferring to connect them
+entirely with the period of which we are now writing. A brief retrospect
+of the question will enable the reader readily to understand the subject
+in dispute and its bearing on the residents on the western waters. In
+1781, Spain, having previously declared herself mistress of the Great
+Mississippi, took possession of the North-West in the name of her king.
+Mr. Jay, then in Madrid, had received instructions not to insist upon the
+American claim to this river, if he could not effect a treaty without
+yielding it. The Spanish Government, during the whole of 1782, was
+laboring to induce the United States not only to yield the Mississippi,
+but also to give up a part of her actual possessions in the West; and her
+pretensions to these asserted rights were upheld by France. In this
+condition matters rested till 1785, when a representative of the Spanish
+Government appeared before Congress. Mr. Jay was at once authorized to
+negociate with him, and these negociations came again before Congress in
+May 1786; Mr. Jay having asked the guidance of that body in the matter. He
+showed them the importance of a treaty in commerce with a people so
+intimately connected with them as was Spain, and explained the difficulty
+in forming this treaty, owing to the unwillingness of Spain either to
+yield the river or to decrease her boundary claims. He could see no safer
+plan than, as a sort of compromise, to yield for a term of twenty-five or
+thirty years, the navigation of the river below the boundaries of the
+United States. This plan was vehemently opposed by Southern Congressmen
+and an attempt was made to take the negociations out of the hands of Mr.
+Jay altogether. In this attempt they were defeated, and Mr. Jay was not
+only retained in office, but was authorized to continue his negociations
+without being bound to insist on the immediate use of the river. The rumor
+of these movements at the capitol soon reached the West, but in the
+distorted form which rumor ever employs. Mr. Jay's position was
+represented as positive and as having been assumed without reference to
+Congress. This news created great indignation in the West and led to the
+first dream of secession. The people felt that if the navigation of the
+Mississippi was denied them on the one hand, and in case of a quarrel
+with Spain, the protection of the General Government on the other,
+secession was inevitable. Either they must conquer Spain or unite with
+her. And as if to show that they were in earnest in the matter, "a board
+of field-officers at Vincennes determined to garrison that point, to raise
+supplies by impressment, and to enlist new troops. Under this
+determination Spanish property was seized, soldiers were enrolled, and
+steps were taken to hold a peace-council with the natives; all under the
+direction of Gen. Clark. Soon after this, Thomas Green wrote from
+Louisville to the Governor and Legislature of Georgia, which State was
+involved in the boundary quarrel with Spain, that Spanish property had
+been seized in the North-West as a hostile measure, and not merely to
+procure necessaries for the troops, which Clark afterward declared was the
+case, and added that the General was ready to go down the river with
+'troops sufficient' to take possession of the lands in dispute, if Georgia
+would countenance him." The following extract from another letter written
+from Louisville, professedly to some one in New England, and probably also
+written by Green, will serve as additional evidence to prove that the
+people were seriously deliberating upon their position. It reads thus:
+
+"'Our situation is as bad as it possibly can be, therefore every exertion
+to retrieve our circumstances must be manly, eligible and just.
+
+"'We can raise 20,000 troops this side of the Alleghany and Apalachian
+Mountains, and the annual increase of them by emigration from other parts
+is from two to four thousand.
+
+"'We have taken all the goods belonging to the Spanish merchants at post
+Vincennes and the Illinois; and are determined they shall not trade up the
+river, provided they will not let us trade down it. Preparations are now
+making here (if necessary) to drive the Spaniards from their settlements,
+at the mouth of the Mississippi. In case we are not countenanced or
+succored by the United States, (if we need it,) our allegiance will be
+thrown off and some other power applied to. Great Britain stands ready
+with open arms to receive and support us. They have already offered to
+open their resources for our supplies. When once re-united to them,
+'farewell, a long farewell to all your boasted greatness.' The province of
+Canada and the inhabitants of these waters, of themselves, in time, will
+be able to conquer you. You are as ignorant of this country as Great
+Britain was of America. These are hints which if rightly improved may be
+of some service; if not, blame yourselves for the neglect.'
+
+"This letter was shown by the bearer of it to several persons at Danville,
+who caused copies to be taken of it, and enclosed these to the Executive
+of Virginia. Early in 1787, the Council of this State had action on this
+subject, condemned Gen. Clark's conduct, disavowed the powers assumed by
+him, ordered the prosecution of the persons concerned in the seizure of
+property, and laid the matter before Congress. It was presented in detail
+to that body upon the 13th of April, and upon the 24th of that month, it
+was resolved that the troops of the United States be employed to
+dispossess the unauthorized intruders who had taken possession of St.
+Vincents."[7]
+
+The full details of the Mississippi troubles belong rather to a history of
+the State or of the United States than to that of a single city. What has
+already been stated in regard to them has been written to show the feeling
+that existed on the subject among the earlier residents of the city and of
+the State, as well as to display the part which was had in these
+difficulties by the prominent men of Louisville years ago. It would be
+foreign to the purposes of the present volume to go further into all these
+details, wherein the celebrated names of Wilkinson, Sebastian, Brown,
+Innis and Burr, are so involved, wherein so many splendid intellects were
+led astray from the paths pointed out by honor and patriotism, and
+sacrificed at the sordid shrine, of love of self and love of gain. Not to
+leave the unhistorical reader without any knowledge as to the issue of
+these troubles, it will however be necessary to point out as briefly as
+may be, the ultimate results of all the scheming, plotting and unlawful
+machinations against established government which for so long disturbed
+and disgraced Kentucky.
+
+Passing over, then, all the intermediate space, we come to the fact that
+in 1795, a treaty was concluded with Spain by which not only the right to
+navigate the Mississippi was conceded to the United States, but a right to
+deposit at New Orleans was also yielded them. This, in effect, was all
+that Kentucky needed. This grant of a right to deposit, however, was only
+guaranteed by the treaty for three years; but with the proviso that,
+should the grant be withdrawn at the end of the three years, some other
+place than New Orleans should be afforded for the same purpose, near the
+mouth of the river. In 1802 this right was withdrawn by the Spanish
+Intendant and no other place of deposit allowed. Spain had evidently
+violated her treaty, and the whole West was again thrown into a state of
+fearful excitement and commotion. Nor was this at all lessened when it
+became known that Louisiana had been ceded to France, and that it was now
+in possession of the dreaded Napoleon. Mr. Monroe was immediately
+dispatched to France to have an interview with the First Consul on this
+subject. Napoleon, then upon the eve of a rupture with England, plainly
+foresaw that it would be impossible for him to retain possession of so
+distant and isolated a colony as Louisiana while Great Britain was
+mistress of the seas. His sagacity had therefore determined him to get rid
+of so unprofitable a place as this. And much to the surprise of Mr.
+Monroe, "when he expected simply to negotiate for a place of deposite at
+the mouth of the river, he was informed that for the trifling sum of
+fifteen millions, he could purchase a magnificent empire. No time was lost
+in closing this extraordinary sale, as Bonaparte evidently apprehended
+that Louisiana would be taken by the British fleet within six months after
+hostilities commenced. And thus the first great annexation of territory to
+the United States was accomplished."[8] And thus ended a long series of
+difficulties which had, in their course, blotted the escutcheon of
+Kentucky and tempted so many of her noblest intellects to forget their
+greatness in vain attempts at personal aggrandizement.
+
+The following extracts from the records of the court during this year
+will not give a very favorable idea of the high degree of enlightenment
+among our ancestors in 1786. On the 21st day of October in this year, it
+is recorded that "negro Tom, a slave, the property of Robert Daniel," was
+condemned to death for stealing "two and three-fourth yards of cambric,
+and some ribbon and thread, the property of Jas. Patten." This theft,
+small as it now appears, if estimated in the currency of the times would
+produce an astonishing sum, as will appear by the following inventory
+rendered to the court of the property of a deceased person:
+
+  To a coat and waistcoat L250; an old blue do. and do. L50     L300
+  To pocket book L6; part of an old shirt L3                       9
+  To old blanket 6s; 2 bushels salt L480                         480 6s.
+                                                                --------
+                                                                L789 6s.
+
+These were the times when the price of whisky was fixed by law at $30 the
+pint, and hotel-keepers were allowed and expected to charge $12 for a
+breakfast and $6 for a bed. Payment however was always expected in the
+depreciated continental money, then almost the only currency.
+
+In the latter part of this year, the legislature of Virginia again passed
+an act giving three years more time to the purchasers of lots in
+Louisville to complete their titles by building houses in consonance with
+the terms of the original purchase. The act offers as a reason for this
+extension, "the frequent incursions of the Indians and the difficulty of
+procuring materials for building."
+
+In the next year--1787--a new feature was exhibited to the people of
+Kentucky. Mr. John Bradford established at Lexington a weekly newspaper,
+printed at first on a demy sheet and called the Kentucky Gazette. The
+politicians of the State had now an opportunity to address themselves to
+the people in a new and easy way, and they fully availed themselves of it.
+But the establishment of a newspaper was not the only proof of advancement
+among the Kentuckians, though it seemed the herald of progress; for, in
+one year after the first issue of the Gazette, a grammar school was
+opened, an almanac published, and a dancing school established, all in
+Lexington; while still a year later (1789) the first brick house was built
+in Louisville. This structure was erected by Mr. Kaye, an ancestor of our
+well known citizen and former Mayor, on Market street, between Fifth and
+Sixth streets; the second brick building in Louisville was erected by Mr.
+Eastin, on the North side of Main, below the corner of Fifth street; and
+the third by Mr. Reed at the North Western corner of Main and Sixth
+streets. It was about this time that the present city of Cincinnati was
+laid out. It was first called Losantiville, a name which is thus
+fancifully derived. _Ville_--the town--_anti_--opposite--_os_--the
+mouth--_L_--of Licking. This name was invented by a Mr. Filson, whose
+philological acuteness deserves immortality.
+
+The three years given to the owners of lots in Louisville by the Act of
+'86, being now expired, the legislature again passed an act granting yet
+other three years for the same purpose; and at the same time appointed
+eleven new trustees for the town. The number of trustees was now so large
+that it was neither agreeable to the citizens, nor did it facilitate the
+business of the town. Accordingly the very next meeting of the Assembly
+(in 1790) passed a new act with the following preamble:--"Whereas, It is
+represented to this present General Assembly that inconveniences have
+arisen on account of the powers given to the Trustees and Commissioners of
+the Town of Louisville, in the County of Jefferson, not being sufficiently
+defined, for remedy whereof, &c."--This Act deposed from office all the
+former Trustees of the town, and in lieu of them, appointed the following
+persons: "J. F. Moore, Abraham Hite, Abner M. Donne, Basil Prather and
+David Standiford, gentlemen;" as sole Trustees, with power to sell and
+convey lots, levy taxes, improve the town by means of taxes so levied, and
+fill vacancies in their own body by election. Under their regime the
+records of the council show quite an improvement in the prosperity of the
+embryo city.
+
+Early in April of the year now spoken of, Louisville received an accession
+to the number of her citizens in the person of the renowned Major Quirey.
+This man's immense muscular power; his daring and activity have made him a
+scarcely less remarkable personage than was the celebrated Peter
+Francisco, of Virginia. Arriving here at a period when physical power was
+far more appreciated, and held in far higher reverence than mental
+capacity, Quirey soon gained a strong hold on the affections of the people
+around him. He was a native of Pennsylvania, but married at nineteen years
+of age, and soon thereafter removed to Kentucky. He was six feet and two
+inches in height, and weighed 250 pounds; he had no inclination to
+embonpoint but was muscular and robust. The palm of his enormous hand
+would easily have served a modern fine lady for a
+writing-desk.--Physiologists may feel inclined to doubt the truth of the
+assertion, but it is nevertheless confidently believed that his breast was
+a solid plate of bone, no appearance of the usual separation of the ribs
+being discernable, even after his death. Like all the men of his day,
+Quirey was a good hater alike of Indians and of cowards. A proof of this
+latter aversion occurred as he was descending the Ohio to Louisville. The
+Indians had recently been very successful in their battles with the
+emigrant boats, and were emboldened to attack all within their reach.
+Accordingly, Quirey's boat, containing beside himself and his family, only
+a single individual, whose name is not remembered, came in for its share
+of the hostility. A large party of Indians made an attack upon them
+somewhere above the present site of Maysville. Quirey fought bravely, but
+the other man became dreadfully alarmed, and running into the boat,
+concealed himself among the cargo. Quirey, still standing upon his boat,
+received the guns as they were loaded by his wife, and handed to him, and
+fired on either not missing his comrade or supposing him dead. After the
+engagement, in which, despite the fearful odds, Quirey was victorious,
+they found their trembling and cowardly companion who was slowly sneaking
+from his place of concealment. With an impulse quick as thought, Quirey
+seized him with one hand around the waist, and bearing him above his head,
+would in another moment have dashed him into the waves, but the tears and
+entreaties of Mrs. Quirey saved him for the time. With so cowardly a
+disposition, however, it might have spared the poor wretch much agony had
+he perished then; for Quirey set him ashore in the forest near Limestone,
+pointing him the way to the fort and there left him, surrounded on every
+side by objects to him of terror, there to "do or die." History is silent
+as to his fate.
+
+After reaching Louisville, Quirey soon established his reputation for
+strength in a way that none dared gainsay it. One Peter Smith, who had
+long held undisputed sway as the most expert fighter and the strongest man
+in Louisville, and who was withal what is more pertinently than politely
+called a _bully_, the terror of his whole neighborhood, having heard that
+a very large and strong man had arrived from Pennsylvania, determined, as
+he said, "either to whip Quirey, or if Quirey proved too much for him to
+leave the country." He accordingly found his man, and proposed a trial at
+a fisty-cuff. This Quirey declined, urging that it would be better for
+them to turn their strength against the common enemy, and professing that
+he was willing to admit Smith to be his superior. Finding that this only
+made his antagonist the more determined, Quirey proposed a trial of skill
+in lifting or in some athletic game. Smith, however, was not to be thus
+appeased, but stripping the upper part of his body to the skin and
+tightening his belt, he advanced urging Quirey to get ready for the fight.
+Quirey replied that if he would have a fight, he was already prepared for
+it--and as Smith continued to advance upon him, Quirey, without moving
+from his steps, dealt him a single blow with open hand upon the ear. Smith
+fell several paces off with the blood gushing from eyes, nose and ears.
+But the trial did not end here, for on Smith's recovering from the blow,
+he protested that it was an unlucky and accidental hit, and demanded a
+new trial. Quirey again tried to avoid the quarrel, but seeing that a
+fight was inevitable, he told Smith that if he made a new attack upon him,
+he would be severely punished. Smith continued to advance toward him, and
+as he came within reach Quirey dealt him at the same instant two terrible
+blows, one with the hand and the other with the foot. Smith fell as if
+dead, was taken up and carried to Patton's Tavern where he lay six weeks.
+At the end of that time, being sufficiently recovered, he kept his
+promise, leaving the State never to return.
+
+Major Quirey was a valuable officer and a prompt and efficient soldier.
+During the war, he enlisted about 6000 men. Soon after his appointment as
+Captain in the 17th Regiment, U. S. A., an incident occurred which came
+near consigning him to an inglorious death. He had as pets a pair of large
+bears, and having occasion one day to pass near them he was suddenly
+seized from behind by the male bear and drawn under him, the animal
+sinking his nails into the cavity of the body. In the scuffle, however, he
+managed to get hold of the tongue of the bear, and drawing it across its
+teeth, forced the animal to bite off its own tongue. This feat he
+performed with one hand, while with the other he relieved the bear of one
+of his eyes. The pain he thus occasioned enabled him to extricate himself
+from his formidable foe, not, however, without detriment to himself. The
+Surgeon who dressed his wounds estimated his loss of flesh from off the
+left hip at _nearly 12 pounds_![9] On recovering from his wounds, Quirey
+returned to service and continued in office till the disbanding of his
+Regiment in 1815. In two years afterward he died. His widow whose life is
+full of romantic incident, survived him many years, having died only two
+or three years ago. She is still remembered with regret by many who have
+so lately listened to her well-told recollections of early days in
+Louisville.
+
+In July of this year, still 1790, the ninth and last Kentucky Convention
+met. It will be recollected that the first Convention had been held in
+1784, and since that time, each returning year had seemed only to add to
+the difficulties experienced by Kentucky in attaining an honorable and
+independent position in the confederacy. This last Convention, however,
+saw an end to all the troubles experienced by its predecessors. The terms
+offered by Virginia were agreed to, and the 1st June 1792, was determined
+as the date of Independence. During the month of December succeeding the
+action of this Convention, Gen. Washington brought before Congress the
+subject of the admission of Kentucky as a State, and on the 14th of
+February in the next year, 1791, the long sought and anxiously hoped-for
+boon was granted. The ensuing December was chosen as the date of election
+for the framers of a Constitution for the New State, and in April 1792,
+that instrument was prepared, and Kentucky took her position among her
+sister States. Nor was this the only good which time had wrought for the
+new State. For the next year, 1793, brought with it the last incursions of
+the Indians into their once loved hunting-ground. Their twenty years'
+struggle was over. Their best and bravest blood had been poured in vain;
+the force of an irresistible destiny was against them; stern experience
+had taught them that right was not might, and, the contest ended, they
+quietly yielded to the all-conquering hand of the white man the soil that
+his axe, his plow, and his gun had redeemed from them forever.
+
+The succeeding years, till 1800, however rich they may be in material for
+the historian of Kentucky, afford little that bears directly upon the
+subject before us. The Indians having ceased to be an aggressive foe, it
+was thought necessary that the Whites should, in their turn, provoke
+hostility, and accordingly, several expeditions were made against them.
+The Indian fights of Scott, St. Clair, Wayne, and others, belong to this
+period.
+
+In 1796 the first paper-mill was built in Kentucky. It was situated near
+Georgetown, and is said to have been a very productive investment. It is
+here alluded to as a promising mark of social progress.
+
+With the next year, 1797, we get the first clearly established estimate of
+the town of Louisville. In the records of the Trustees, the first list of
+taxes occurs. These were assessed on the 3d day of July, "on all who
+reside within the limits of the half-acre lots," and one Dr. Hall, was
+appointed to fill the double office of assessor and collector. The
+following is his list of assessments:
+
+  "50 Horses at 6d per head, is        L1  5s 0d.
+  65 Negroes at 1s per head, is         3  5  0
+  2 Billiard Tables at 20s each         2  0  0
+  5 Tavern licenses at 6s each          1 10  0
+  5 retail Stores at 10s each           2 10  0
+  Carriages: 6 wheels at 2s per wheel     12  0
+  Town Lots at 6d per L100 is           8 13  6
+  80 Tithables at 3s each              12  0  0
+                                       --------
+      Making the startling total of   L31 15s 6d."
+
+And even this sum Hall found it very difficult to collect, for, nearly two
+years afterward he reports a list of delinquents amounting to L12. That
+the progress of the town was rapid and healthy from the first year of
+Kentucky Independence, is everywhere demonstrated. And no greater proof of
+this is needed than the fact that while the assessment of 1797 amounted to
+scarcely more than $150, that of 1809, 12 years later, reached the sum of
+$991. The town was now clearly and firmly established, it had within
+itself the elements of prosperity and it was seen that it must one day
+become great. Its history is less identified with that of the State, and
+it comes now to claim consideration on its own merit.
+
+It was during this year that the office of Falls Pilot was created by law,
+in consonance with the following preamble to the act: "Whereas great
+inconveniences have been experienced and many boats lost in attempting to
+pass the rapids of the Ohio for want of a Pilot, and from persons offering
+their services to strangers to act as Pilots, by no means qualified for
+this business," &c. The office was appointed by the Jefferson County
+Court, and the rate of pilotage fixed by the act was two dollars for each
+boat, while all other persons were forbidden to attempt to perform this
+service under a penalty of ten dollars.
+
+During the next year--1798--the Assembly passed an act allowing the
+formation of fire companies by any number of persons exceeding forty, who
+should record their names and subscriptions in the County Court. These
+companies were allowed to form their own regulations, impose fines to the
+amount of L5, and collect the same by suit before a single magistrate,
+which fines were to be applied to the purposes of their institution.
+
+Previous to this time there had existed no impediment to the clandestine
+importation of goods by the way of Louisville; New Orleans being in
+possession of a foreign nation. In 1799, therefore, Congress passed an act
+by which Louisville was declared to be a port of entry, and a collector
+was established at this point.
+
+The history of Louisville has thus been brought up to a period when it
+occupied a deservedly prominent position among western towns. Nature had
+fitted it to take the first rank, and its rapid improvement demonstrated
+its power and capacity to assume that position. Thirty years before the
+time of which we are now writing, the compass of the white man for the
+first time broke the soil of Kentucky; the spot whereon this great city
+now rests was a trackless wilderness. The smooth waters of the broad Ohio
+mirrored in their bosom only the dark branches of the waving forest. The
+axe of the woodman had not yet awakened the echoes of the grove. The deer,
+the bear and the buffalo by day, and the wolf and the panther by night
+were the only inhabitants of the spot. Less than thirty years elapsed and
+the wand of the magician had changed the scene. The forest had been
+felled, the trowel of the builder had been wielded, the streets and alleys
+of a civilized town occupied the spot where the deer had sported in frolic
+play, and hundreds of merry voices shouted where only the howl of the wolf
+had been heard. That a civilized town with a population of eight hundred
+souls, governed by wise laws, possessing the usages of society, enjoying
+the luxuries of life and moving onward in its daily walk with the calm
+stability of its fellows, the growth of a century; that such a town should
+exist where less than thirty years before the beast and the savage had
+held undisputed sway, is surely an evidence of progress to which no other
+country in the world can find a parallel. It is a fact before which the
+wild romance of the Slave of Lamp almost ceases to be fiction.
+
+Louisville having now arrived at an importance of its own, separate and
+apart from the State, the remainder of this history will be more strictly
+confined to matters of a purely local character. And beginning a new
+chapter with a new century, the rest of these annals will be as rapidly
+and strictly detailed as justice to the claims of each event will allow.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+The opening of a new century found Louisville with a population of 800
+souls, with power to elect her own Trustees, with a revenue arising from
+her own taxes, and in the enjoyment of all the social and political
+privileges which were possessed by any of the towns within the Western
+country. Early in the next year the Legislature of the State, after
+granting power to the Trustees of Louisville to make deeds and conveyances
+of the town lots and providing abundantly for the levying and collecting
+of taxes, proceeded to exempt the citizens from working on roads out of
+the town, except the road leading from Louisville to the lower landing,
+and ordered the appointment of a street Surveyor whose duty it should be
+from time to time to call upon the inhabitants of the town "to meet
+together on a certain day at a certain place for the purpose of working
+upon the streets." And every person failing to obey such call was liable
+to a fine of six shillings for every such failure. The same Act also set
+aside the sum of twenty-five pounds (being part of the annual tax) to be
+appropriated toward the building of a market house on the public ground in
+said town, under the superintendence of the board of Trustees; and as if
+still further to show its confidence in the capacity of the town to manage
+its own growing interests, it also placed the harbor at the mouth of
+Beargrass entirely under the direction of the Trustees.
+
+Reference to the old books of the town show the prices of half acre lots
+on the principal streets at this time to have ranged from seven to
+fourteen hundred dollars.
+
+The original plan and survey of the town having been lost or destroyed,
+and property being rapidly increasing in value, the Legislature found it
+necessary during the second year of the new century to order a new survey
+and plat to be made out. It also changed the term of office of the
+Trustees from one to two years, and gave them the power to fill vacancies
+in their body by an election among themselves. It also repealed an act
+which, although it had been the subject of repeated legislation, had
+proved a dead letter. This was the act in reference to the forfeiture of
+lots for want of improvements, which has been before quoted. The
+Legislature of this year, seeing the futility of further action in regard
+to this matter very properly ordered the act to be altogether repealed in
+all the towns under their jurisdiction, and ordered the Trustees of the
+several towns to make deeds to all purchasers of lots who could produce
+them receipts for the purchase money of their several properties.
+
+The next year brought with it a new act of assembly ordering a repeal of
+the act of 1800 in relation to the building of a Market house on the
+public grounds in Louisville. The reason of this repeal consisted in the
+fact that public grounds were nowhere to be found, these valuable adjuncts
+to the town having been already disposed of by the sagacious governors of
+the place. Their unwise and illegal action in this matter has heretofore
+occupied the attention of the reader. Their "worshipful wisdoms" thinking
+only of to-day and careless of a future, were guilty of frequent
+excessions of their duty, which are still felt and still regretted. A
+striking instance of this is exemplified in the single fact that a half
+acre lot on Main street, near Fourth, was disposed of by their order at
+public auction for a horse valued at twenty dollars. This, however, may
+cease to be thought so flagrant a breach of trust when it is compared with
+another sale which occurred at or about the same time, whereto neither of
+the parties occupied an official capacity and wherein the article sold,
+though not generally classed as real estate, is supposed to possess great
+value to the owner. A worthy citizen of Louisville about this period was
+in the habit of entertaining a great deal of company; and among others
+there came to his hospitable roof one who professed to be a Methodist
+preacher, but who proved to be a wolf in sheep's clothing; for, after
+enjoying all the comforts his host's kindness could afford him for several
+weeks, he started off one fine summer's morning, taking with him, probably
+through mistake or inadvertence, his _friend's wife_! The host missing
+this article of domestic furniture upon his return home, and suspecting
+whither it might have gone, put boot in stirrup and dashed off in pursuit.
+He soon overtook the soi-disant Reverend Gentleman and demanded his
+property. His right to take his own was not denied, but his Reverend
+friend proposed that as he fancied the subject matter of dispute, if his
+worthy host would withdraw his claim and leave him in peaceable
+possession, he would give him right, title and interest to and in the mare
+on which he rode. To this, after some slight hesitation, the husband
+consented, on condition that the bridle and saddle of the mare were added
+to his friend's offer. This trifling difference was readily yielded by the
+opposite party, and for many years after this good old man was seen pacing
+through the streets, mounted upon his mare, the two ambling along far more
+quietly than he and his former partner had ever done.
+
+Returning, however to the requisitions of the act, we find that, repealing
+so much of the ordinance as related to the location of the market house,
+it enjoins upon the Trustees "to fix upon some proper place, such as shall
+seem most convenient to the inhabitants of the town, and there to erect a
+suitable market house."
+
+It was also during this year that the first of a series of smaller towns,
+attracted by the growing position of Louisville and hoping soon to rival
+it, began to spring up. Jeffersonville, situated nearly opposite
+Louisville, on a high bank of the Ohio, and in the State of Indiana, was
+laid out in November of this year. Its progress until recently has not
+been rapid, but it has gradually gained ground until within the last seven
+or eight years, during which it has come to be a very useful and valuable
+suburb to the city. More will be said of its history in a proper place.
+
+Within the next year we come to the earliest organization of the town of
+Shippingport. This place, now so utterly decayed, once promised not only
+to rival but to surpass Louisville. The site occupied by it belonged to
+Campbell's division of the two thousand acres mentioned in the earlier
+pages of this history, and was by him sold during this year to a Mr.
+Berthoud. Upon coming into the possession of this latter gentleman it was
+surveyed, a plan of the town drawn and the lots advertised for sale. Its
+progress however was not rapid until 1806, when the Messrs. Terascons
+purchased the greater part of the lots embraced in the survey, and to
+their enterprizing endeavors did the town owe its rise. Its present
+importance is so trifling compared with its past greatness, and the
+probabilities of its future eminence among towns are so small that we
+shall probably not have occasion again to refer to it; and as its brief
+history belongs rather to this than to a later era it will be as well to
+close this account of it in the words of one who wrote when it was at the
+apex of its fame.
+
+"This _important_ place," says Dr. McMurtrie in his sketches of Louisville
+published in 1819; "is situated two miles below Louisville, immediately at
+the foot of the rapids, and is built upon the beautiful plain or bottom
+which commences at the mouth of Beargrass creek, through which, under the
+brow of the second bank, the contemplated canal will in all probability be
+cut."[10] The town originally consisted of forty-five acres, but it has
+since received considerable additions. The lots are 75 by 144 feet, the
+average price of which at present (1819) is from forty to fifty dollars
+per foot, according to the advantages of its situation. The streets are
+all laid out at right angles, those that run parallel to the river, or
+nearly so, are eight in number and vary from 30 to 90 feet in width. These
+are all intersected by twelve feet allies, running parallel to them, and
+by fifteen cross streets at right angles, each sixty feet wide.
+
+The population of Shippingport may be estimated at 600 souls, including
+strangers. Some taste is already perceptible in the construction of their
+houses, many of which are neatly built and ornamented with galleries, in
+which, of a Sunday, are displayed all the beauty of the place. It is, in
+fact, the _Bois de Boulogne_ of Louisville, it being the resort of all
+classes on high days and holydays.
+
+"At these times, it exhibits a spectacle at once novel and interesting.
+The number of steamboats in the port, each bearing one or two flags, the
+throng of horses, carriages, and gigs, and the contented appearance of a
+crowd of pedestrians, all arrayed in their "Sunday's best" produce an
+effect it would be impossible to describe."
+
+The reason of the sudden decay of this once flourishing place is found in
+the fact that its utility as a point of embarkation and debarkation for
+goods, ceased with the building of the Canal. Previous to this time it had
+been, during three parts of the year, the head of the navigation of the
+lower Ohio. Even as early as this, however, the necessity for overcoming
+the impediment to navigation occasioned by the falls was recognized and
+acted upon; and in the year 1804, a Canal Company was chartered; but
+nothing was done beyond surveys until long after this time. The subject of
+the Canal, however, was one of absorbing interest with the citizens of
+Louisville from this time forward, and various plans were proposed,
+adopted, rejected and discussed, until the incorporation of the present
+Canal Company in 1825. The movement toward removing the obstruction in the
+river in any form had its opponents, who urged that the sole commercial
+advantage to be possessed by the city consisted in the necessity for
+numerous commission and forwarding houses to receive and reship the vast
+quantities of merchandise which were to pass up and down this great
+artery. Among the many plans suggested for overcoming the break in the
+navigation of the river, one of the earliest and most strongly urged was
+one which has yet its warm and earnest adherents,--this is the
+construction of a Canal on the Indiana shore,--a plan which the citizens
+of Louisville have long since ceased to look upon except with aversion,
+but which the residents in a sister city are still urging with a violence
+which proves, contemptuously as they may speak of Louisville, that their
+fears of her as a rival city are strong enough to induce them to wish to
+cripple, if not to destroy her. Former surveys have all long since proved
+the Kentucky shore to be best suited to the purposes of a Canal, and the
+inadequacy of the present construction to the growing trade of the river
+does not seem to demonstrate the necessity for still further obstructing
+its course, even during high water, by an additional ditch on the other
+bank.
+
+Another of the plans suggested at this time, proposed the blasting of a
+channel which would unite all the water into one stream at low stages. The
+bed of the river was also surveyed to ascertain the expediency of making a
+slack water navigation by means of one or more dams or locks. All of these
+and various others were however merged in the construction of the present
+Canal, which will be noticed at the appropriate period of this history.
+
+With the next year comes another enactment of Assembly with the following
+amusing preamble:--"Whereas it is represented to the present General
+Assembly that a number of persons residing in the town of Louisville, are
+in the habit of raising, and are now possessed of large _numbers of
+Swine_, to the great injury of the citizens generally; and that there are
+a number of ponds of water in said town, which are nuisances, and
+injurious to the health of the city and the prosperity of the town: Be it
+therefore enacted--That the present Trustees of the said town, and their
+successors, or a majority of them, shall have full power and authority to
+remove the same &c." The latter of these nuisances has disappeared under
+the efforts of the "said successors," but even the distinguished Mr.
+Dickens will bear us witness that the law against the former remains to
+this day a dead letter.
+
+Another of the provisions of this same act invests the Trustees with power
+to levy a sum not exceeding eight hundred dollars for the purpose of
+repairing the streets, and in consideration thereof exempts those citizens
+from working on the streets, who shall pay an equivalent of 75 cents in
+money. It also gives the Trustees power to make regulations and by-laws
+for the proper preservation of order, to appoint a tax collector &c., and
+extends the privilege of voting for Trustees to the residents of the ten
+and twenty acre lots, thereby increasing the purlieus of the town to the
+present site of Chestnut street.
+
+In speaking of the navigation and commerce of this period, Dr. McMurtrie
+tells us that in 1806 "six keel boats and two barges; the one of thirty
+tons, belonging to Reed, of Cincinnati; the other of forty, owned by
+Instone, of Frankfort; sufficed for the carrying trade of Louisville and
+Shippingport." The rapid and almost magical increase of trade in less than
+fifty years after this will at once suggest itself to every reader.
+
+Mr. T. Cumming, the first European traveler who passed through Louisville,
+of whose record we have any knowledge, thus states his impressions of the
+town during this year. He says:--"I had thought Cincinnati one of the most
+beautiful towns I had seen in America, but Louisville, which is almost as
+large, equals it in beauty, and in the opinion of many exceeds it. It was
+considered as unhealthy, which impeded its progress until three or four
+years ago, when, probably in consequence of the country being more opened,
+bilious complaints ceased to be so frequent, and it is now considered by
+the inhabitants as healthy as any town on the river. There is a Market
+House, where is a good market every Wednesday and Saturday. Great retail
+business is done here, and much produce shipped to New Orleans."
+
+In the year 1807, we get the first mention of a newspaper published in
+Louisville. We are not able however to give any account of its origin,
+ownership or history. It is known only from an enactment of Assembly
+requiring certain laws to be published in its columns. It was called the
+"Farmer's Library." Similar mention is also made during the next year of a
+paper called "The Louisville Gazette." Whether it succeeded the "Farmer's
+Library," as the acts of Assembly would seem to show, or was cotemporary
+with it is not known; a bare mention of its name is all that is left to
+posterity. In America, the presence of the newspaper is ever the mark of
+peace, and quiet, and comfort. What to those of other nations is the
+luxury of affluent ease is to the American the earliest of necessities.
+The moment the rifle is laid aside, the newspaper is taken up. It is
+incident upon his every conquest, whether of man or of nature. The click
+of his rifle is succeeded by that of his types, and the roar of his cannon
+has hardly ceased till we hear the roll of his press.
+
+Ten years having now elapsed since a statistical table of the town has
+been examined it may not be uninteresting to furnish another list of the
+taxable property within its limits. It will be recollected that the entire
+list of 1797 amounted to L31 15s 6d. Let us now turn to the list for the
+present year as shown by the assessor's books, and mark the rapid increase
+of these ten years.
+
+  $74,000 value of lots at 10 per cent           $740 00
+  113 White Tythes at 50c                          56 50
+  82 Black    "    over 16 years, at 25c           20 50
+  83   "      "    under 16  "    at 12-1/2c       10 38
+  11 Retail Stores at $5                           55 00
+  3 Tavern Licenses at $2                           6 0
+  30 Carriage Wheels at 12-1/2c per wheel           3 75
+  2 Billiard Tables at $2 50                        5 00
+  131 Horses at 12-1/2                             16 37
+                                                 -------
+      Total                                      $913 50
+
+Without pausing to remark further on this comparative statement, we pass
+on to the next event worthy of a place in this brief chronicle. This was
+the erection of a Theater in Louisville, which occurred early in 1808. We
+have no means of ascertaining who were the original projectors of this
+enterprise, but we have the authority of Dr. McMurtrie for stating that
+until 1818, it was "but little better than a barn." At that time,
+however, it fell into the hands of the celebrated Mr. Drake, under whose
+auspices was established the golden era of the Drama in the West. Not only
+did this gentleman please the taste and gratify the judgment of his
+audience, but he absolutely created a high standard of taste and judgment
+among them, the effects of which are still perceptible here. It is chiefly
+to the education received under his management that the critical talent of
+our Theatrical audiences of to-day, so well known and so generally
+acknowledged by the profession, is owing. Many whose names are now
+prominent in histrionic art took the initiatory steps in their career
+under Mr. Drake's regime here. This Theater stood upon the North side of
+Jefferson street, between Third and Fourth, and was destroyed by fire in
+1843. For a long time previous to its destruction, however, it had ceased
+to be the resort of any but the most profligate members of society. Even
+before the destruction of the City Theater, Mr. Coleman undertook the
+erection of a new dramatic temple at the South-east corner of Green and
+Fourth streets, but from some cause did not proceed further than the
+erection of the outer walls. This unfinished building was afterwards
+purchased by Mr. Bates of Cincinnati, and was by him opened for the first
+time early in the year 1846, since when it has been regularly opened
+during a part of every year, and performances creditable alike to the
+judgement of its manager, and the taste of its audiences have been
+regularly given.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+The series of details, mostly of an uninteresting and dry nature, which
+were so hastily passed over in the last chapter seem to have been but the
+precursors to events of a character far more important to the interests of
+the city and far more agreeable to the reader. Before we approach,
+however, the one great event which opened a new theater of action to the
+city, and developed resources before undreamed of--the steam navigation of
+the Ohio. It will be necessary, to preserve the order in which this
+history has been written, to stop to notice two or three lesser matters.
+
+Louisville, having become, from her peculiar position as a half-way house
+between the North and the South, the resort of numbers of strangers, it
+became necessary establish a police for the security of persons and
+property. This was done in 1810 by the appointment of two Watchmen, John
+Ferguson and Edward Dowler, at a salary of $250 per annum; and the records
+of the time do not show that these persons held their office as a
+sinecure.
+
+The rogues having been thus placed under supervision, it became necessary
+to have a proper place for the administration of justice to them. In
+pursuance of this idea a Court House was erected in the centre of a large
+square now bounded by Fifth, Seventh, Market and Jefferson Streets. This
+building was made of brick after a plan drawn by John Gwathmey and was
+finished in 1811. The precise site of the house is now occupied by a part
+of the present Jail. It fronted on Sixth Street, and consisted of a main
+building with two wings attached. In front of the main building was a
+lofty Ionic portico, supported by four columns. Long before this building
+was removed, these columns, which were built of wood, gave convincing and
+thoroughly American proof that they had been consigned to other uses than
+those intended by their projectors. Notwithstanding their great size, the
+attacks made upon them by the _pen-knives_ of the attachees of the court
+had actually severed one of them, and the wood within convenient reach of
+a man's hand which remained in the other three, would hardly have served
+for one day's good _whittling_. This edifice was, in its earlier days, the
+handsomest of its kind in the western country. It was pulled down in 1836,
+in order to make room for the new structure undertaken, but never
+completed, in 1837.
+
+This sublime monument of the city's folly, was begun on a scale of
+unexampled magnificence, and had it been possible to complete it, would
+have been one of the most beautiful buildings in the West. It still stands
+an almost mouldering ruin, its half-finished grandeur constantly recalling
+the parable of the foolish man who "began to build and was not able to
+finish."
+
+We come now to notice an event of vital importance, not only to
+Louisville, but to the whole West. This was the commencement of Steam
+Navigation on the western rivers. In October of 1811, Fulton's steamboat
+called the "New Orleans," intended to run from the port of that name to
+Natchez, left Pittsburg for its point of destination. At this time there
+were but two steamboats on this continent; these were the North River and
+The Clermont, and they were occupied on the Hudson River. The New Orleans
+on her first trip took neither freight nor passengers. Her inmates "were
+Mr. Roosevelt, an associate of Fulton, with his wife and family, Mr.
+Baker, the engineer, Andrew Jack, the pilot, and six hands with a few
+domestics." Her landing at Louisville is thus described in Latrobe's
+Rambler in America.
+
+"Late at night on the fourth day after quitting Pittsburg, they arrived in
+safety at Louisville, having been but seventy hours descending upwards of
+seven hundred miles. The novel appearance of the vessel, and the fearful
+rapidity with which it made its passage over the broad reaches of the
+river, excited a mixture of terror and surprise among many of the settlers
+on the banks, whom the rumor of such an invention had never reached; and
+it is related that on the unexpected arrival of the boat before
+Louisville, in the course of a fine still moonlight night, the
+extraordinary sound which filled the air as the pent-up steam was suffered
+to escape from the valves on rounding to, produced a general alarm, and
+multitudes in the town rose from their beds to ascertain the cause. I have
+heard that the general impression among the Kentuckians was, that the
+comet had fallen into the Ohio; but this does not rest upon the same
+foundation as the other facts which I lay before you, and which, I may at
+once say, I had directly from the lips of the parties themselves."
+
+The water on the falls did not allow the Orleans to pass on to Natchez and
+she consequently made use of her time of detention by making several trips
+to and from Cincinnati. Toward the last of November she was enabled to
+pass the rapids, and after having weathered out the earthquakes, reached
+Natchez about the 1st of January, 1812. This boat was finally wrecked near
+Baton Rouge, where she struck on her upward passage from New Orleans.
+
+From this event we may date the prosperity of Louisville as a fixed fact.
+At the head of ascending and the foot of descending navigation, all the
+wealth of the western country must pass through her hands. Such advantages
+as were here presented could not go unheeded. It became only necessary for
+the people to be convinced of the efficacy of steamboat navigation, and
+the opportunities held out to the capitalist by Louisville must be seen
+and embraced.
+
+But as if to counterbalance the dawning of this great good, there came
+with it a great evil; for it was in December of this year that the first
+of a series of terrible and violent earthquakes was felt at Louisville;
+these carried consternation to the hearts of all her citizens; and during
+the four months of their almost constant recurrance there was little
+either of leisure or inclination for political progress. The first of the
+shocks was felt on the 16th of December at 2 h. 15 m. in the morning. Mr.
+Jared Brookes says of it: "It seems as if the surface of the earth was
+afloat and set in motion by a slight application of immense power, but
+when this regularity is broken by a sudden cross shove, all order is
+destroyed, and a boiling action is produced, during the continuance of
+which the degree of violence is greatest, and the scene most dreadful;
+houses and other objects oscillate largely, irregularly and in different
+directions. A great noise is produced by the agitation of all the loose
+matter in town, but no other sound is heard; the general consternation is
+great, and the damage done considerable; gable ends, parapets, and
+chimneys of many houses are thrown down." The whole duration of this shock
+from the earliest tremor to the last oscillation was about four minutes.
+This shock was succeeded during the same day by two others of almost equal
+power. It is related that when it was felt, several gentlemen were amusing
+themselves with cards when some one rushed in crying, "Gentlemen, how can
+you be engaged in this way when the world is so near its end?" The
+card-table was immediately deserted for the street, where from the
+vibratory motion the very stars seemed toppling to a fall. "What a pity,"
+philosophized one of the party, "that so beautiful a world should be thus
+destroyed!" "Almost every one of them," says a historian of the incident,
+"believed that mother Earth, as she heaved and struggled, was in her last
+agony."
+
+During the prevalence of the earthquakes, it was customary to suspend some
+object so as to act as a pendulum in all the rooms and by the degree of
+its motion to determine the probable amount of danger. If the pendulum
+began to vibrate freely, the house was instantly deserted. Those who
+inhabited the loftier and statelier mansions were, at least for the time
+being, free from the envy of their humble neighbors, with whom they would
+then have freely exchanged tenements. The possession of a princely edifice
+would then have been a source of regret rather than of pride or of
+congratulation. It is said, that unlike the great calamities of other
+times, this one had a good effect upon the public morals. The reason of
+this may probably be found in the fact that while this was a source of
+constant terror and alarm, it was yet not of a character to produce that
+despair which leads men to seek to drown all thoughts of a future in the
+reckless pursuit of pleasure or of forgetfulness.
+
+Mr. Jared Brooks who preserved a faithful scientific account of these
+earthquakes refers to that of the 7th of February, 1812, as the most
+violent endured at any period during their continuance. It occurred at 3
+h. 15 m. in the morning and, as this gentleman's account says, "was
+preceded by frequent slight motions for several minutes; duration of great
+violence at least 4 minutes, then gradually moderated by exertions of
+lessening strength, but continued a constant motion more than two hours;
+then followed a succession of distinct tremors or jarrings at short
+intervals until 10 h. A. M., when, for a few seconds, a shock of some
+degree of severity, after which frequent jarrings and slight tremors
+during the day, once, at least in ten minutes. At 8 h. 10 m. P. M. a shock
+of second-rate violence, and during some minutes two others at equal
+periods, connected by continual tremor of considerable severity; the last
+shock was violent in the first degree, but of too short duration to do
+much injury. At 10 h. 10 m. P. M, after frequent considerable motions, the
+shock comes on violent in the second degree, strengthens to tremendous,
+holds at that about seven seconds, then trembles away, severe about five
+minutes; frequent tremors follow, and a shock of third-rate violence. The
+action then ceases for a time." With one more extract from Mr. Brooks, we
+shall conclude this account of the celebrated earthquakes of 1811. This is
+a table showing the number and relative value of all the earthquakes
+experienced here. It is preceded by a lucid explanation of the degrees of
+violence referred to in the table, and shows at a glance the number and
+intensity of the shocks.
+
+"_First-Rate._--Most tremendous, so as to threaten the destruction of the
+town, and which would soon effect it, should the action continue with the
+same degree of violence; buildings oscillate largely and irregularly, and
+grind against each other; the walls split and begin to yield; chimneys,
+parapets and gable ends break in various directions and topple to the
+ground.
+
+"_Second-Rate._--Less violent, but very severe.
+
+"_Third-Rate._--Moderate, but alarming to people generally.
+
+"_Fourth-Rate._--Perceptible to the feeling of those who are still and not
+subject to other motion or sort of jarring, that may resemble this.
+
+"_Sixth-Rate._--Although often causing a strange sort of sensation,
+absence, and sometimes gidiness, the motion is not to be ascertained
+positively; but by the vibrators or other objects placed for that
+purpose.
+
+TABLE.
+
+  +----------------------------------------------------------------+
+  |End of each Week| 1st | 2d | 3d | 4th | 5th | 6th Rate.| Total. |
+  |----------------|-----|----|----|-----|-----|----------|--------|
+  | December 22    |  3  |  2 |  3 |  1  |  12 |      66  |    87  |
+  |     "    29    |  0  |  0 |  0 |  0  |   6 |     150  |   156  |
+  | January   5    |  0  |  1 |  2 |  9  |   3 |     119  |   134  |
+  |    "     12    |  0  |  1 |  0 | 10  |   0 |     150  |   161  |
+  |    "     19    |  0  |  0 |  0 |  4  |   6 |      55  |    65  |
+  |    "     26    |  1  |  1 |  7 |  2  |   2 |      78  |    91  |
+  | February  2    |  1  |  0 |  4 |  6  |   7 |     191  |   209  |
+  |      "    9    |  3  |  5 |  7 |  5  |  15 |     140  |   175  |
+  |      "   16    |  0  |  0 |  3 |  6  |  12 |      65  |    86  |
+  |      "   23    |  0  |  0 |  4 |  6  |   4 |     278  |   292  |
+  | March     1    |  0  |  0 |  1 |  4  |   8 |     126  |   139  |
+  |   "       8    |  0  |  0 |  2 |  9  |   8 |      39  |    58  |
+  |   "      15    |  0  |  0 |  2 |  3  |   6 |     210  |   221  |
+  |----------------|-----|----|----|-----|-----|----------|--------|
+  |       Total    |  8  | 10 | 35 | 65  |  89 |    1667  |  1874  |
+  +----------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+The good effect which, as before mentioned, was produced upon the morals
+of the town by this succession of dangers does not seem to have been of
+permanent value if we may credit a writer in the Bedford Pa. Gazette, in
+the year 1814, who makes himself very merry over what he is pleased to
+term the "devout paroxisms" of the good citizens of this place, as will
+appear by the following communication.
+
+He says: "At Louisville, in the State of Kentucky, a town about four times
+as large as Bedford, they have no church. When the earthquake gave them
+the first shock, they grew very devout in one night; and on the next day
+with long faces, they subscribed a thousand dollars to build a house of
+public worship. Thus the matter rested until the second shock came, when
+another devout paroxism produced another thousand dollars. It rested again
+till a third earthquake and devout fit produced another subscription to
+the same amount. There was no more of the matter. The earthquake did not
+return, and the Louisvillians concluded the devil would not send for them
+for a few years more, and in the mean time determined to be merry. They
+immediately built a theater, which cost them seven thousand dollars, and
+employed a company of actors, the offscourings of maratime city theaters.
+To this company they gave about five hundred dollars per week, till at
+length the actors, instead of raising the curtain, broke through it and
+broke each other's heads with sticks, and the heads of some of the
+auditors who interfered. The earthquakes have lately begun to shake
+Louisville again, but whether they laugh or pray I have not heard."
+
+The Western Courier, published at Louisville, copies this article, with
+some stringent remarks upon its contents; and attributes the authorship of
+it to some actor whose efforts in his profession had not been duly honored
+by the people whom he villifies. Who is in the right in this matter it is
+now impossible to say; but it is certain that the author of the article in
+question is guilty of an anachronism, for it will be remembered that the
+theater was built previous to the commencement of the earthquakes. It is,
+however, unquestionably true that the theater was built several years
+before a church edifice of any kind was attempted.
+
+The newspaper from which this article was copied was commenced here in
+October or November of 1810, by Nicholas Clarke. It was published weekly
+at three dollars per annum, and contained for the most part little else
+than news of the wars, acts of Assembly and of Congress, and
+advertisements. In 1814, Mann Butler joined Mr. Clarke in the editorship
+of the paper, but did not continue long in his chair. The Louisville
+Correspondent was issued at about the same time, and edited by Col. E. C.
+Barry. It was discontinued in 1817. It is believed that there are no files
+of it in existence now.
+
+Reference to all the early files of newspapers published at this day, will
+show how gradual and yet how certain was the progress of steamboat
+navigation on the Ohio. The arrival of every boat was carefully noted and
+always accompanied with a great flourish of trumpets and a renewed eulogy
+on the wonders of the new invention. Much credit is due to Capt. H. M.
+Shreve, lately of St. Louis, for his indefatigable and successful
+endeavors to improve as well as to enlarge this prominent branch of
+commerce. As is well known, Fulton and Livingston held a patent for the
+entire right to navigate all the rivers in the United Stages for a certain
+number of years. But Mr. Shreve, seeing the injustice of this grant and
+doubting its legality, openly defied it; and finally, after much effort
+and not a little pecuniary loss, succeeded in 1816 in removing the grant
+and throwing open the navigation of the public highways to all. It will
+not be uninteresting to the reader, while upon this fruitful topic, to
+glance at a list of all the steamboats employed upon the western waters
+until 1819. This list is copied from Dr. McMurtrie, whose data is not
+always implicitly reliable. It has however been corrected as far as was
+practicable at this remote period. The present tense, whenever employed,
+is meant to refer to the year 1819.
+
+STEAMBOATS EMPLOYED ON THE WESTERN WATERS FROM 1812 TO 1819.
+
+1st. _The Orleans_--the first boat built at Pittsburg, owned by and
+constructed under the superintendence of Mr. Fulton. Sailed from Pittsburg
+in October, 1811, and arrived at her destination, Natchez, about the 1st
+January, 1812. She ran between New Orleans and Natchez about two years,
+making her voyages to average seventeen days; was wrecked near Baton
+Rouge, where she sunk on the upward bound passage; 400 tons burthen.
+
+2d. _The Comet_--owned by Samuel Smith; built at Pittsburg by Daniel
+French; stern-wheel and vibrating cylinder; on French's patent granted in
+1809. The Comet made a voyage to Louisville in the summer of 1813; and
+descended to New Orleans in the Spring of 1814; made two voyages to
+Natchez, and was sold; the engine put up in a cotton gin; 45 tons burthen.
+
+3d. The _Vesuvius_--built at Pittsburg by Fulton, and owned by a company
+of gentlemen belonging to New York and New Orleans. Sailed from New
+Orleans in the Spring of 1814, commanded by Captain Frank Ogden. She was
+then employed some months between New Orleans and Natchez, under the
+command of Captain Clemmont, who was succeeded by Captain John DeHart;
+shortly after she took fire, near the city of New Orleans and burned to
+the water's edge; having a valuable cargo on board. She was afterwards
+raised and built upon at New Orleans. She has since been in the Louisville
+trade, and has lately been sold to a company at Natchez; 390 tons burthen.
+
+4th. The _Enterprise_--built at Brownsville, Pennsylvania, on the
+Monongahela, by Daniel French, on his patent, and owned by a company at
+that place. She made two voyages to Louisville in the summer of 1814,
+under the command of Captain J. Gregg. On the first of December she took
+in a cargo of ordinance stores at Pittsburg, and sailed for New Orleans,
+commanded by Captain H. M. Shreve, and arrived at New Orleans on the 14th
+of the same month. She made one voyage to the Gulf of Mexico as a cartel;
+one voyage to the rapids of Red River with troops; nine voyages to
+Natchez; set out for Pittsburgh on the 6th May, and arrived at
+Shippingport on the 30th, (25 days out,) being the first steamboat that
+ever arrived at that port from New Orleans. From thence she proceeded on
+to Pittsburgh, and the command was given to Captain D. Wooley, who lost
+her about twelve months after in Rock harbor at Shippingport; 45 tons
+burthen.
+
+5th. _Etna_--built at Pittsburg, and owned by the same company as the
+_Vesuvius_; sailed from Pittsburg for New Orleans in March, 1815, under
+the command of Captain A. Gale, and arrived in April following; continued
+in the Natchez trade. Was then commanded by Captain R. De Hart, who made
+six voyages in her to Louisville; and is now commanded by Captain A. Gale
+in the same trade.
+
+6th. The _Dispatch_--built at Brownsville, on French's patent, and owned
+by the same company as the _Enterprise_. She made several voyages from
+Pittsburg to Louisville, and one from New Orleans to Shippingport, where
+she now lies a wreck, her engine out; was commanded by Captain J. Gregg;
+25 tons burthen.
+
+7th and 8th. The _Buffalo_, 300 tons; and _James Monroe_, 90 tons; built
+at Pittsburg by Latrobe, for a company at New York, but failed in
+finishing them. They were sold at Sheriff's sale, and fell into the hands
+of Mr. Whiting, and finished by him with engines; both dull sailers.
+
+9th. _Washington_--a two-decker; built at Wheeling, Virginia; constructed
+and partly owned by Captain H. M. Shreve; her engine was made at
+Brownsville, under the immediate direction of Captain Shreve. Her boilers
+are on the upper deck, being the first boat on that plan, and is a
+valuable improvement by Captain Shreve, which is now generally in use. The
+Washington crossed the falls in September, 1816, commanded by Captain
+Shreve, went to New Orleans, and returned to Louisville in the winter. In
+the month of March, 1817, she left Shippingport a second time, proceeded
+to New Orleans, and returned to Shippingport, being absent but 45 days.
+This was the trip that convinced the despairing public that steamboat
+navigation would succeed on the western waters. She has since been running
+with similar success in the same trade; 400 tons burthen.
+
+10th. The _Franklin_--built at Pittsburg, by Messrs. Shires and Cromwell;
+engine built by George Evans; sailed from Pittsburg in December 1816; was
+sold at New Orleans, and has been in the Louisville and St. Louis trade
+since that time; she was sunk in the Mississippi near St. Genevieve a few
+months since, under the command of Captain Reed, on her way to St. Louis;
+150 tons burthen.
+
+11th. The _Oliver Evans_; (now the _Constitution_,) 75 tons; was built at
+Pittsburg by Mr. George Evans; engine his patent. She left Pittsburg in
+December, 1816, for New Orleans; in 1817 she burst one of her boilers, off
+Coupee, by which eleven men lost their lives, principally passengers. Has
+done but little since. Is now owned by Mr. George Sutton and others of
+Pittsburg; 75 tons burthen.
+
+12th. The _Harriet_--built at Pittsburg; owned and constructed by Mr.
+Armstrong, of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. She sailed from Pittsburg,
+October, 1816, for New Orleans, and crossed the falls in March, 1817; made
+one voyage to New Orleans, and has since run between that place and the
+Muscle Shoals; 40 tons burthen.
+
+13th. The _Pike_--a small boat built by Mr. Prentiss, of Henderson,
+Kentucky; run some time from Louisville to St. Louis; from thence in the
+Red River trade. Was lost on a sawyer, March, 1818; 25 tons burthen.
+
+14th. The _Kentucky_--built at Frankfort, Kentucky, and owned by Hanson
+and Boswell; in the Louisville trade; 80 tons burthen.
+
+15th. The _Gov. Shelby_--built at Louisville, Kentucky, by Messrs. Gray,
+Gwathmey and Gretsinger; Bolton and Watt's engine. Now performing very
+successfully in the Louisville trade; 120 tons burthen.
+
+16th. The _New Orleans_--built at Pittsburg in 1817, by Fulton and
+Livingston; in the Natchez trade. Near Baton Rouge, she was sunk and
+raised again, and sunk at New Orleans in Feb. 1819, about two months after
+her sinking near Baton Rouge; 300 tons burthen.
+
+17th. The _George Madison_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, by Messrs.
+Voorhies, Mitchell, Rodgers, and Todd, of Frankfort, Kentucky; in the
+Louisville trade: 200 tons burthen.
+
+18th. The _Ohio_--built at New Albany by Messrs. Shreve and Blair; in the
+Louisville trade; 443 tons burthen.
+
+19th. The _Napoleon_--built at Shippingport in 1818, by Messrs. Shreve,
+Miller, and Breckenridge, of Louisville; in the Louisville trade; 332 tons
+burthen.
+
+20th. The _Volcano_--built at New Albany, by Messrs. John and Robertson De
+Hart, in 1808; in the Louisville trade; 250 tons burthen.
+
+21st. The _Gen. Jackson_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+R. Whiting of Pittsburg, and Gen. Carroll of Tennessee; in the Nashville
+trade; 200 tons burthen.
+
+22d. The _Eagle_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, owned by Messrs. James
+Berthoud and Son, of Shippingport, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 70
+tons burthen.
+
+23d. The _Hecla_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs. Honore
+and Barbaroux, of Louisville, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 70 tons
+burthen.
+
+24th. The _Henderson_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Bowens, of Henderson, Kentucky; in the Henderson and Louisville trade; 85
+tons burthen.
+
+25th. The _Johnson_--built at Wheeling in 1818, by George White, and owned
+by Messrs. J. and R. Johnson, of Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 90
+tons burthen.
+
+26th. The _Cincinnati_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Peniwit and Burns, of Cincinnati, and Messrs. Paxton and Co. of New
+Albany; in the Louisville trade; 120 tons burthen.
+
+27th. The _Exchange_--built at Louisville in 1818, and owned by David L.
+Ward, of Jefferson county, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 200 tons
+burthen.
+
+28th. The _Louisiana_--built at New Orleans in 1818, and owned by Mr.
+Duplissa of New Orleans; in the Natchez trade; 45 tons burthen.
+
+29th. The _James Ross_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Whiting and Stackpole, of Pittsburg; in the Louisville trade. This boat
+has lately made a trip from New Orleans to Shippingport, in sixteen days
+and a half, having lost sixty one hours and eight minutes in discharging
+cargo on the way. Had on board 200 tons cargo; 330 tons burthen.
+
+30th. The _Frankfort_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Voorhies and Mitchell of Frankfort, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 320
+tons burthen.
+
+31st. The _Tamerlane_--built at Pittsburg in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Boggs and Co., of New York; in the Louisville trade; 320 tons burthen.
+
+32d. The _Cedar Branch_--built in 1818, and owned at Maysville, Kentucky;
+in the Louisville trade; 250 tons burthen.
+
+33d. The _Experiment_--built at Cincinnati in 1818, and owned at that
+place; 40 tons burthen.
+
+34th The _St Louis_--built at Shippingport in 1818, and owned by Messrs.
+Hewes, Douglass, Johnson and others; in the St. Louis trade; 220 tons
+burthen.
+
+35th. The _Vesta_--built at Cincinnati in 1817, and owned by Captain
+Jenkins of that place; in the Louisville trade; 100 tons burthen.
+
+36th. The _Rifleman_--built at Louisville in 1819, and owned by Messrs.
+Butler and Barners, of Russelville, Kentucky; in the Louisville trade; 250
+tons burthen.
+
+37th. The _Alabama_--a small boat, built on Lake Ponchetrane in 1818; in
+the Red River trade.
+
+38th. The _Rising States_--built at Pittsburg in 1819, and owned by W. F.
+Peterson and Co., of Louisville; in the Louisville trade.
+
+39th. The _General Pike_--built at Cincinnati in 1819, intended to ply
+between Louisville, Cincinnati, and Maysville, as a packet, and owned by a
+company in Cincinnati.
+
+40th. The _Independence_--owned by Captain Nelson, and intended to ply
+between Louisville and St. Louis.
+
+41st. The _United States_--built at Jeffersonville, Indiana, in 1819;
+owned by Hart and others, and has two separate engines, made in England.
+She is doubtless the finest merchant steamboat in the universe, drawing
+but little water, and capable of carrying 3000 bales of cotton; in the
+Louisville trade; 700 tons burthen.
+
+The interest of this subject and the quantity of material which presses
+upon us in regard to it have for awhile led us to forget the proper order
+of our history, to which it will be necessary now to revert. Commencing
+then with 1811 we have first to record the erection of a Catholic Chapel
+by the Rev. Mr. Badin. This building was situated upon a lot given by Mr.
+Tarascon, near the present corner of Eleventh and Main streets. It was
+built in the Gothic style, and was a small edifice. The lot upon which it
+stood was used as the cemetery of the church, and many years afterward in
+digging out Eleventh street; skulls, bones, and portions of bodies were
+thrown up from this graveyard.
+
+With the opening of the year 1812, was commenced the first Bank ever
+instituted in Louisville. This was the branch of the Bank of Kentucky.
+Previous to this, there was an unincorporated establishment named the
+Louisville Bank, whose capital of about 75,000 dollars was thrown into
+this Bank, with an addition of 25,000 dollars, making for the first
+incorporated Bank a capital of 100,000 dollars. This bank was situated on
+the North side of Main street, near the corner of Fifth, and was under the
+direction of Thomas Prather,[11] President, and John Bustard, Cashier. An
+additional impetus was also given to the commercial prosperity of the town
+by the establishment, during this year, of an iron foundry by Mr. Paul
+Skidmore. The attention of this foundry was directed to casting gudgeons
+for water and horse mills, dog and smoothing irons, and odd oven lids.
+From this small beginning arose that branch of industry now so large and
+of so vital importance to the city. A brief sketch of the progress of
+foundries since that time may be interesting to the reader. Mr. Skidmore
+was succeeded by Joshua Headington, who continued the same description of
+business with little if any improvement until 1817, when he was in his
+turn succeeded by Prentiss and Bakewell, who undertook the building of
+Steam engines, getting a part of the machinery from Philadelphia, and a
+part from Pittsburg, but they did not succeed very satisfactorily until
+1825, when they built some engines for small boats which performed
+respectably. These gentlemen dissolved their connection about 1826. Mr.
+Prentiss continued the business a short time alone, and then sold one half
+of his establishment to Jacob Keffer, who was to superintend the foundry.
+In 1831, this foundry ceased operations, and Messrs. D. L. Beatty, John
+Curry, and Jacob Beckwith built a foundry and carried on successfully the
+casting and steam engine business. These gentlemen erected the first air
+furnace which ever proved of any value; built the first regular
+boring-mill, and substituted the blowing cylinder instead of the common
+wood and leather bellows. There are now six foundries for building
+steam-engines and machinery of all kinds in full operation, beside six
+extensive Stove Foundries.
+
+The legislature of the State passed an act during this year ordering Main
+street to be paved from cross No. 3 to cross No. 6, at the expense of the
+owners of lots fronting on said street. While the paving was progressing
+agreeably to this order, an honest Scotchman came by from the vicinity
+with a loaded wagon. "What'll ye be doin' there?" was his salutation to
+the superintendent of the work. "Paving the street," was the answer.
+"Pavin', do ye say, weel, weel, when it's done, I'll willinly pay my peart
+o' it, for I hae had awfu' wark gettin' through it a' before." It is not
+recorded whether this honest gentleman was called on for his "peart," but
+it is presumed he was enabled to enjoy these advantages gratis.
+
+It was also about this period that a Methodist church was built in this
+place. This church is the one referred to in the communication published a
+few pages previous. It was the second church of any kind ever built in the
+city, and was erected by the subscriptions of all the citizens. It was
+under the direction of the Methodists, but was opened to ministers of all
+denominations. It was situated on the North side of Market street between
+Seventh and Eighth. The house has since been converted into a dwelling and
+is still standing. It was soon found to be too small to accommodate the
+growing population of the town and was accordingly sold, and the present
+Fourth street Methodist Church built with the proceeds of that sale,
+assisted by the subscriptions of the citizens. This latter building was
+erected in 1815.
+
+In 1814 the town of Portland was laid out by Alexander Ralston, for the
+proprietor William Lytle. It was originally divided into Portland proper,
+and the enlargement of Portland. The lots in Portland proper were all half
+acre lots, and when laid out, were sold for two hundred dollars each. In
+1819 they had advanced to about one thousand dollars. The lots in the
+enlargement were three-fourths of an acre, and were sold at three hundred
+dollars each. This town was not established by law until 1834, and in 1837
+it was adjoined to the city. It has fulfilled the office of a suburb to
+Louisville, but has never at any time held prominent importance among
+towns, and is chiefly worthy of notice now as a point of landing for the
+largest class of New Orleans boats at seasons when the stage of the river
+will not allow them to pass over the rapids. Although it was at one time
+predicted that "its future destinies might be regarded as those of a
+highly flourishing and important town," it has never equalled the least
+sanguine hopes of its friends. It has no history of its own worthy of
+relation.
+
+During the same year the town of New Albany, in the State of Indiana,
+opposite to Portland, was laid out by its proprietors, the Messrs.
+Scribner. Its progress at first was slow, but the many advantages which it
+presented (firstly its extremely healthy location, and secondly the great
+quantity and excellent quality of ship timber in its vicinity,) soon
+established its prosperity. In 1819 it contained a population of about
+1000 souls, and had 150 dwelling houses. A historian of this latter period
+asserts that the inhabitants are _all_ either Methodists or Presbyterians.
+It has now grown to be one of the most important towns in Indiana, and
+still promises renewed and increased prosperity. It would be hardly fair
+to class this flourishing city as a suburb of Louisville, and yet the two
+are so intimately connected that the prosperity or adversity of the one
+cannot but affect the other. The value of those relations will be shown
+hereafter.
+
+Some idea may be formed of the commercial prosperity of the town at this
+period by reference to the following manifest of the Barges and Keel
+boats, arrived at this port during the three months, ending July 18th,
+1814. There arrived during that period, 12 barges, in all 524 tons
+burthen, and 7 keel boats, in all 132 tons. The following is a manifest of
+cargoes delivered by these boats during that period.
+
+  813 bales Cotton,
+  26 bbls. and kegs fish,
+  28 cases Wine,
+  1 bbl.    "
+  1 bag and 1 bbl. Allspice,
+  6 ceroons Cochineal,
+  1 demij. and 1 bbl. lime juice,
+  1 Bale Bear Skins,
+  28 boxes Steel,
+  438 hhds. Sugar,
+  1267 bbls. Sugar,
+  12 Boxes     "
+  1 bbl. Fish Oil,
+  2 bags Pepper,
+  28 bales Wool,
+  21   "   Hides,
+  453  "     "  dry,
+  1 bbl. Rice,
+  5 bbls. Molasses,
+  128 bbls. Coffee,
+  339 bags    "
+  5 cases Preserves,
+  29 bbls. Indigo,
+  2 ceroons  "
+  6 tons Logwood,
+  18000 lbs. pig cop'r,
+  1 box Crockery,
+  The probable value of these articles was estimated at $266,015.
+
+It was during the same year that Messrs. Jacob and Hikes put into
+successful operation a paper mill at this point. The Western Courier was
+issued on paper manufactured at this mill.
+
+A very great barrier to the progress of the town at this period consisted
+in its great unhealthiness. Owing to the vast reservoirs of standing water
+which still remained in and about the town, there was a great deal of
+bilious and remittent fever, "often sufficiently aggravated to entitle it
+to the name of _yellow fever_." It will be recollected that reference has
+been heretofore made to this subject. At this period, a new alarm was
+raised, and it was found difficult to get people even to bring produce to
+the markets of the town. Acclimation was considered, and indeed _was_
+absolutely necessary. The newspapers of the day teem with indignation at
+the course pursued by the neighboring and rival towns in circulating
+aggravated accounts of the progress of disease here. But even the warmest
+friends of Louisville did not pretend to deny that it was extremely
+unhealthy. One of these writing soon after this date, says: "To affirm
+that Louisville is a healthy place would be absurd, but it is much more so
+than the thousand tongues of fame would make us believe; and as many of
+the causes which prevent it from becoming perfectly so, can be removed, a
+few years hence may find the favorable alterations accomplished, and so do
+away with the general impression of its being the grave-yard of the
+Western country." As is well known, this prediction has been verified, and
+from the reputation of a grave-yard, Louisville has now everywhere
+attained the title of the most healthy city in America.
+
+With the commencement of the next year, 1815, we are again enabled to give
+the following very accurate tabular view of the political position of the
+city. The following table will clearly show its past growth, and give an
+accurate idea of its size, commerce, and manufactures at that time.
+
+  24 Merchantile Stores,
+  1 Book           do,
+  1 Auction and Commission, store,
+  1 Clothing store,
+  1 Leather    do,
+  1 Druggist's do,
+  1 Plan maker,
+  1 Carding and Spinning factory,
+  1 Tin Shop,
+  4 Bazars,
+  4 Rope Walks,
+  4 High Schools,
+  1 Theater,
+  5 Medicine shops,
+  8 Boot makers,
+  4 Cabinet makers,
+  2 Coach    do,
+  1 Gun Smith,
+  1 Silver do,
+  2 Printing offices,
+  1 Soap factory,
+  1 Air foundry,
+  4 Bakers,
+  2 Tobacco factories,
+  6 Brick Yards,
+  1 Tan Yard,
+  3 House Painters,
+  4 Chair makers,
+  5 Tailors,
+  5 Hatters,
+  3 Saddlers,
+  2 Coppersmiths,
+  1 Steam Saw mill,
+  1 Nail factory,
+  6 Blacksmiths,
+  1 Brewer,
+  1 Bagging factory,
+  1 Stone ware, do,
+  1 Meth. church,
+  2 Taverns, (inferior to none in the Western country, and several
+      others of less note.)
+
+The only other event belonging to this year which may be considered worthy
+of note was the arrival on the 1st of June of the steamboat Enterprize,
+Captain Shreve, _only 25 days from New Orleans_! This trip then so
+astonishingly speedy is made the subject of remark in the newspapers of
+the day, and Captain Shreve is every where congratulated on "the _celerity
+and safety_ with which his boat ascends and descends the currents of these
+mighty waters." These congratulations or at least a part of them were
+received just in time, for in about a year afterwards, this same gentleman
+proved that his navigation was not always alike _safe_ and speedy. On the
+3d June, 1816, he was in command of the steamer Washington, bound from
+Pittsburg for Louisville, when she met with the first serious disaster
+which had ever occurred in the steamboat navigation of the Ohio. When near
+Wheeling this boat burst her cylinder-head, killing seven persons and
+injuring several others, Capt. Shreve among the latter number. This
+accident elicited a degree of sympathy and occasioned an amount of alarm,
+which a much more severe steamboat disaster would now fail to produce.
+
+The following announcement from one of the newspapers of the day, gives an
+account of the launching of the first steamboat ever built at this point;
+and shows that despite of accident and danger, the citizens had fairly
+embarked in a business that has since been so productive to the interests
+of the city. "On Monday the 3d of July, was safely launched from her
+stocks, at the mouth of Beargrass into her destined element, the elegant
+new steamboat Gov. Shelby, owned by Messrs. Gray, Gwathmey, Gretsinger
+and Ruble of this town. The Gov. Shelby is intended as a regular trader
+between this place and New Orleans, is of 122 tons burden, and is thought
+by judges to be one of the handsomest models, which does great credit to
+her constructors, Messrs. Desmarie and McClary."
+
+It was at this period that the old banking system was in the zenith of its
+power. The whole country was flooded with paper money of all kinds and of
+all denominations. Specie currency was almost entirely out of circulation,
+having been supplanted by private bills, worthless bank notes, and all
+other kinds of "shin plasters." This sort of currency was the occasion of
+innumerable disasters; all confidence was destroyed in the community, and
+pecuniary transactions were of course limited. The scarcity of silver was
+the subject of much merriment as well as the cause of grievous distress.
+At one time a specie Spanish dollar is advertised as a curiosity, and the
+citizens are invited to witness an exhibition of it; at another, a
+merchant promises to show, gratis, four silver Spanish coins to all who
+will call and purchase at his store. The tradesmen generally, however,
+took a more serious view of the matter; and on the 29th August, 1816,
+called upon the Merchants and Mechanics of the town "to assemble at the
+Union Hotel on Saturday afternoon at 6 P. M., to take into consideration
+the measures necessary to be adopted to check the circulation of private
+bills, &c." The result of this meeting, however, never transpired; and as
+the shin-plaster currency continued its baleful operations for many years
+afterward, it is to be supposed that the Merchants and Mechanics of
+Louisville either could not concert, or could not execute the aforesaid
+"necessary measures."
+
+Notwithstanding, however, all the disadvantages accruing from this state
+of disordered currency, the year did not pass by without adding another to
+the increasing list of manufactories in the town. This other was an
+immense distillery, organized by a company formed in New England, and
+incorporated by the legislature of this State. It was called the "Hope
+Distillery," and had a capital of $100,000 dollars, with the liberty of
+increasing it to double that amount. This Company purchased one hundred
+acres of ground at the lower end of Main street, opposite to the
+commencement of Portland Avenue, and erected immense buildings thereon,
+intending to conduct their business on a more extensive scale than any
+before established in the United States. This enormous establishment
+however did not realize the expectations of its proprietors, and the
+project was abandoned. The buildings remained almost tenantless and
+useless for many years. They were finally burned.
+
+As if to counterbalance the prospective evil likely to be produced by this
+enormous manufactory of "poison for soul and body," there was established
+about the same time the first Presbyterian Church in Louisville. It was
+organized by exactly sixteen members, but it was not until the next year
+that a building was erected for them. The acts of the legislature of this
+year also incorporated a Louisville Library Company.
+
+The account of the year 1816 will be closed with an extract from the
+travels of Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon, the title-page of whose book
+represents him as deputed by thirty-nine English families to ascertain
+whether any or what parts of the United States would be agreeable to them
+as a future residence. His account of the town is of course honest, so far
+as he is concerned, and unprejudiced, and as such is entitled to its share
+of consideration. At any rate he treats the subject more in detail than
+most foreign travelers have done. He says: "Having been twice in
+Louisville, I boarded at both hotels; Allen's Washington Hall, and
+Gwathing's [Gwathmey's] Indian Queen. They are similar establishments, and
+both on a very large scale; the former averages 80 boarders per diem; and
+the latter 140. The hotels are conducted differently here from those with
+which you are acquainted. The place for washing is in the open yard, where
+there is a large cistern, several towels, and a negro in attendance. The
+sleeping rooms commonly contain from 4 to 8 bedsteads, having matresses
+upon them, but frequently no feather beds, sheets of calico, two blankets
+and a quilt, (either a cotton counterpane or a patchwork quilt.) The
+bedsteads have no curtains, and the rooms are generally unprovided with
+any conveniences. The public rooms are the news room, boot room, in which
+the bar is situated, and the dining room. The fires are generally
+surrounded by parties of six, who get and keep possession of them. The
+usual custom is to pace up and down the bar room as people walk the deck
+at sea. Smoking cigars is practised by all without exception, and at every
+hour of the day. Argument is of rare occurrence, and social intercourse
+seems still more unusual. Conversation on general topics, or the taking
+enlarged or enlightened views of things rarely occurs; each man is in
+pursuit of his own individual interest, and follows it in an
+individualized manner. But to return to the taverns; at half past seven
+o'clock the first bell rings for collecting the boarders; at eight the
+second bell rings, breakfast is then set, the dining room is unlocked, a
+general rush commences, and some activity as well as dexterity is
+essentially necessary to obtain a seat at the table. A boy, as clerk,
+attends to take down the names, in order that when the bills are settled
+no improper deduction should be made. The breakfast consists of a profuse
+supply of fish, flesh, and fowl, which is consumed with a rapidity truly
+extraordinary. Often before I had finished my first cup of tea, the room,
+before crowded to suffocation, was empty. The dinner which takes place at
+2 o'clock, and the supper which is eaten at six is conducted in the same
+manner as the breakfast. At table there is no conversation and no
+drinking. The latter is effected by individuals taking their solitary
+eye-openers, toddy, or phlegm dispersers at the bar, the keeper of which
+is in full employ from sunrise till bed-time which is always at ten
+o'clock. Liquor here is never drunk _neat_ or with sugar and warm water."
+
+Speaking of the society of Louisville, the same Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon
+takes it upon himself to say: "I do not feel myself competent to confirm
+or to deny the general claim of the people of this town to generosity and
+warmth of character. Of their habits I would also wish to speak with equal
+diffidence, [and here is a proof of it!] but that they drink a great deal,
+swear a great deal, and gamble a great deal, is very apparent to a very
+brief resident. There is a great lack of amusement in Louisville; the
+only one I saw was called 'Gander Pulling,' which is thus conducted. Tie a
+live gander to a tree or pole and grease its neck, then ride past at full
+gallop, and he who succeeds in pulling off the head of the victim,
+receives the victory, the reward of which is the body of the gander. I
+think I have heard of a similar _pastime_ as practiced in Holland. But
+these," generously adds Mr. Henry Bradshaw Fearon, "are not to be taken as
+unmixed characteristics."
+
+By dint of great exertions on the part of the inhabitants of the town,
+they at last succeeded in procuring the location of a branch bank of the
+United States at this point. This bank was opened in 1817 under the
+auspices of the following gentlemen: Stephen Ormsby, President; Wm.
+Cochran, Cashier; G. C. Gwathmey, Teller; Alfred Thruston, First
+Bookkeeper; Thomas Bullitt, D. L. Ward, Richard Furguson, M. D., Norburn,
+B. Beale, Thomas Prather, John H. Clark, Henry Massie, Charles S. Todd,
+Wm. S. Vernon, James C. Johnson, M. D., John Gwathmey and James D.
+Breckinridge, Directors. It was situated at the north-east corner of Fifth
+and Main Streets. This bank does not however seem to have been more
+agreeable to the citizens than were its predecessors. "It is very
+evident," says the first historian of the city, "that the people of this
+country are ruining themselves by banking institutions as fast as they
+cleverly can." The history of this bank does not present any different
+features from that of its sister branches.
+
+The next important event in this year was the building of the Presbyterian
+Church. This edifice was erected on the west side of Fourth Street,
+between Market and Jefferson, on the north-west corner of the alley. It
+was a neat, plain, but spacious building. The interior was divided into
+three rows of pews, and was furnished with galleries on three sides; the
+exterior was brick, and was adorned with a steeple in which was a belfry
+and a superb bell. Its first pastor was Rev. D. C. Banks. This church was
+destroyed by fire in 1836. All who were residents in the city at that time
+will remember this conflagration. The building took fire in the evening
+during a meeting of the church. The efforts of the citizens to preserve it
+from destruction were energetic and continued, but unavailing. When it was
+found that it was no longer possible to save the building, all efforts
+were directed toward the preservation of the bell. This splendid
+instrument, the first large bell ever in the city, was esteemed and
+venerated to a degree far beyond that which is usually felt for inanimate
+objects; it had a hold upon the affections of all ages, sexes and classes
+of people, as well the inhabitants as those who visited the city
+periodically. It was used to announce all public tidings, whether of
+meetings, fires, or deaths. Its clear and silvery notes were heard for
+miles around, and brought joy, or terror, or wo to a thousand hearts; all
+within the sound of its mighty tongue had learned to know and love its
+voice; and now, that its destruction was threatened, a thousand hearts
+thrilled with fear of its loss or throbbed with hope of its salvation.
+Still the devouring element crept on apace, and still, like the old
+sacristan of Saint Nicholas, stood the ringer at his post, and still went
+on the loud clanging alarum of the bell. Soon the pillars which supported
+the dome of the belfry were wrapt in sheets of flame, but the alarm peal
+still rang on as if the imprisoned monster was yet undespairing, and cried
+aloud "to the rescue!" Then the falling timbers and flakes of fire drove
+the ringer from his post. For a while the bell still pealed on "in a
+clamorous appealing to the mercy of the fire," till at last the wheel on
+which it hung was wrapped in flames. Then came its despair, and as spoke
+after spoke burnt from the wheel, it slowly tolled--tolled its own
+death-knell; heedless it was of the brilliant coruscations of flame that
+fell in showers around it, as the covering of the dome broke from its
+fastenings and shot upward in the light and then fell, leaving a train of
+fire to mark its path; heedless of the soaring flames, of the upgazing
+crowd; thinking only of its approaching dissolution. Slowly and solemnly
+it tolled the funeral knell, and with the last stroke of its hammer, and
+the last dazzling off-shoot from the dome, tower, bell, and dome all came
+down with a tremendous crash. The crowd had ceased to work, had ceased to
+speak; all eyes were upon the self-ringing bell, and all felt the poetic
+power and beauty of the incident. And now that it was fallen, no single
+voice sent up the hurrah, no rude sound desecrated the moment. The engines
+again began their combat, and all went on as before. The bell was the next
+day exhumed from its bed and carried away by piecemeal to be kept as
+relics of the incident of its death-struggle.
+
+The second event of this year was the incorporation of a hospital company
+which consisted of twelve prominent citizens, who were authorized to
+obtain a sum not exceeding $50,000, to be applied to this purpose. Mr.
+Thos. Prather contributed five, and Mr. Cuthbert Bullitt two acres of land
+as a site for the institution. This establishment was supported by a duty
+of two per cent, on auction sales in Louisville. Its interests are fully
+set forth in the wretchedly written preamble of the act incorporating it,
+which is as follows:
+
+"Whereas it is represented, that of those engaged in navigating the Ohio
+and Mississippi rivers, many persons, owing to the fatigue and exposure
+incident to long voyages, become sick and languish at the town of
+Louisville, where the commerce in which they are engaged sustains a pause,
+occasioned by the falls of the Ohio river; that the charity of the
+citizens of that town and county is no longer able to minister to those
+poor unfortunate persons, the support and attention which the necessities
+of the latter, and the humanity of the former would seem to demand and
+prescribe; that the growing character of Louisville, as a place as well of
+import as of export, and the growing commerce of this State and of the
+western country connected with that place threatens to throw an increased
+mass of sick upon the citizens of that town and country, to the comfort
+and support of whom the resources subject to the exactions of charity
+would be unequal, and applied as individual sympathy might dictate,
+unavailing; and that it would be wise and humane to incorporate an
+institution at that place, for the relief, sustenance, comfort and
+restoration of the poor and the afflicted of the description aforesaid:
+Wherefore, &c." In 1811, the Legislature made a donation of $10,000, and
+in 1822 a similar gift of $7,500 to this hospital. It is now in the hands
+of the city, and is used as a clinique by the medical schools here. The
+original building yet stands, but has been remodeled and improved.
+
+In this year the small-pox made fearful ravages in the town, and, "owing,"
+as Dr. McMurtrie says, "to the slothful negligence of the civil
+authorities, it was impossible to prevent its innoculating the place for
+several years."
+
+The last incident which will be mentioned in connection with this year was
+a dinner given on the 27th of April, 1817, to Capt. H. M. Shreve, as a
+testimony of the consideration in which he was held as a steamboat
+navigator, and particularly with a view to congratulate him on the very
+expeditious voyage he had performed from Louisville to New Orleans and
+back. This voyage was made by the steamer Washington, and, as will be seen
+by reference to the list of steamboats published in the earlier part of
+this volume, was performed in the very brief period of _forty-five days_!
+Capt. De Hart was also invited to partake of this dinner, the committee
+assuring him of their highest respect, and that they would have been early
+to make him public testimonials of this respect but for fear that it would
+be construed into a countenance of the course the concern to which he was
+attached, has been, and is pursuing. Reference is here had to the Fulton
+and Livingston Company, who were still seeking to monopolize the
+navigation of the western rivers. Mr. Norborn B. Beale was President, and
+Maj. C. P. Luckett Vice President, on this occasion. The Committee of
+Invitation consisted of J. Headington, Levi Tyler and Jas. A. Pearce.
+Toasts were drunk to several of the Presidents, to the 19 United States,
+to the Ohio and Mississippi, to the State of Louisiana, to New York, to
+Fulton, Shreve, De Hart and others. The following toast shows that
+Louisville had yet some fears of the rivalry of her neighbors: 12th. "_Our
+Sister-towns of Lexington and Frankfort_--let us have equal privileges in
+a fair competition, that local advantages and individual enterprise may
+insure pre-eminence." It is said that at this dinner, Mr. Shreve predicted
+that a trip from New Orleans to Louisville would be effected in ten or
+twelve days, but this was looked upon rather as the dream of an enthusiast
+than as the sober calculations of a sagacious man. Mr. Shreve, however,
+and many of his hosts lived to see the prediction more than fulfilled.
+
+The earliest event in the next year which deserves notice here, was the
+death of General George Rogers Clarke. The remains of this distinguished
+man, who was so intimately connected with the earlier history of
+Louisville, were interred at his residence at Locust Grove on the 15th
+February, 1818. The members of the bar and a large assemblage of persons
+attended. Rev. Mr. Banks officiated on the occasion, and John Rowan, Esq.,
+delivered the funeral oration. Minute guns were fired during the ceremony
+under the direction of Capt. Minor Sturgus, and the whole procession was
+conducted in a very solemn manner. The members of the bar of the Circuit
+Court, and the few remaining officers of the revolution in the
+neighborhood, resolved to wear crape on the left arm for thirty days, as a
+testimony of respect to the deceased hero. The spot where his remains now
+rest is yet unmarked by a stone.
+
+We are enabled to present the reader with a price current published during
+this year. No document could be offered which would give a more definite
+idea of the state of commerce at this period. It is as follows:
+
+  BAGGING--30c.
+  COTTON--33@35c.
+  WHEAT--60@75c.
+  COFFEE--35@37c. No demand--scarce.
+  TEAS--$2 25@2 50.
+  WHISKY--62@75c.
+  GLASS--8x10, $14@15.
+  WHITE LEAD--$6.
+  CORN--42@62.
+  MOLASSES--$1 50.
+  TOBACCO--$4 75@5.
+  SUGAR--16@18c.
+  OATS--42@50c.
+
+FREIGHTS.
+
+  Tobacco, 1c per lb.
+  Flour, $1 50 per bbl.
+  Pork and Whisky, $2 per bbl.
+  Light Freight, 6c per lb.
+  Heavy Freight, 4-1/2c per lb.
+
+By the assessment of this year the value of lots in the town is computed
+at $3,131,463.
+
+About the 24th of November, Louisville boasted another Bank. This was the
+Commercial Bank of Louisville. Its officers were: Levi Tyler, President;
+Abijah Bayless, Cashier; J. C. Blair, Clerk. Its paper is said by Dr.
+McMurtrie, to have been in as good credit as that of the United States
+Bank. Its capital is computed by him at $1,000,000. More recent accounts
+however, do not speak so favorably of its affairs.
+
+On the 1st of July, still of this year, Mr. S. Penn commenced the
+publication of the Public Advertiser here; a paper which for editorial
+talent and skill, as well as for political influence, has been equalled by
+few and exceeded by none in the United States.
+
+In 1819, Dr. McMurtrie, of whom mention has been so often made in these
+pages, published his Sketches of Louisville. That part of his book which
+refers directly to the city is comprised in about one hundred pages. The
+whole book however contains about two hundred and fifty pages, 16mo; it
+was published by Mr. S. Penn, and is a very creditable specimen of the art
+of book-making. The greater part of the volume is filled with scientific
+researches, and in an appendix there is placed an account of the
+earthquakes by Jared Brooks, Esq. There is also a scientific catalogue of
+the plants found in the vicinity of the city, and a history of the
+geological and antiquarian remains of this part of the country. Of the
+value of this information in a scientific point of view, we are not
+prepared to speak; the "Sketches" present, doubtless a very correct view
+of Louisville, as it was in 1819. Notwithstanding this book has been so
+often drawn upon for isolated facts in the course of this history, it will
+not be considered unfair to offer the reader still another extract,
+showing a sort of daguerreotype view of the city as it then was; and this
+will be the more pardonable as the book itself is no longer "in print."
+Dr. McMurtrie says: "There are at this time in Louisville six hundred and
+seventy dwelling houses, principally brick ones, some of which would
+suffer little by being compared with any of the most elegant private
+edifices of Philadelphia or New York. It was calculated pretty generally
+that from two hundred and fifty to three hundred brick buildings would
+have been erected during the last summer, but such was the scarcity of
+money, that not more than twelve to fourteen were completed; preparations,
+however, are making to proceed rapidly in the business in the ensuing
+season, the influx of strangers being so great, that many of them can
+scarcely find shelter. The population now amounts to 4500 souls; so rapid
+is the increase of this number that in all probability, it will be trebled
+in less than ten years.
+
+"Commercial cities of all newly settled countries, whose inhabitants are
+gathered from every corner of the earth, who have immigrated thither with
+but one single object in view, that of acquiring money, are stamped with
+no general character, except that of frugality, attention to business, and
+an inordinate attachment to money. Absorbed in this great interest of
+adding dollar upon dollar, no time is devoted to literature or the
+acquirement of those graceful nothings which, of no value in themselves,
+still constitute one great charm of polished society. Such is the
+character of the inhabitants of this place in general, 'ma ogni medaglio
+ha il suo reverso.' There is a circle, small 'tis true, but within whose
+magic round abounds every pleasure that wealth, regulated by taste, or
+urbanity can bestow. There the 'red heel' of Versailles may imagine
+himself in the emporium of fashion, and whilst leading beauty through the
+mazes of the dance, forget that he is in the wilds of America. The
+theater, public and private balls, a sober game of whist, or the more
+scientific one of billiards, with an occasional re-union of friends around
+the festive board, constitute the principal amusements; and it is with
+pleasure I am able to assert, without fear of contradiction, that gaming
+forms no part of them. Whatever may have been the case _formerly_, there
+is hardly at the present day, a vestige to be seen of this ridiculous and
+disgraceful practice; and if it exists at all, it is only to be found in
+the secret dens of midnight swindlers, within whose walls once to enter
+is dishonor, infamy, and ruin."
+
+The prices of lots at this time were about $300 per foot for those
+occupying the best situations.
+
+The following list if compared with the similar one for 1815, published a
+few pages earlier, will give the reader a very correct idea of the ratio
+of progress here for four years. There were at this time in Louisville:
+
+  3 Banks,
+  3 Bookstores,
+  1 Nail Factory,
+  2 Hotels,
+  10 Blacksmiths,
+  8 Tailors,
+  3 Watchmakers,
+  1 Stone Cutter,
+  4 Turners,
+  30 Plasterers,
+  12 Lawyers,
+  6 Brickyards,
+  2 Breweries,
+  1 Music store,
+  36 Wholesale & Retail Stores,
+  3 Printing Offices,
+  28 Groceries,
+  4 good Taverns,
+  6 Saddlers,
+  1 Silver Plater,
+  10 Cabinetmakers,
+  1 Upholsterer,
+  5 Hatters,
+  6 Shoemakers,
+  22 Physicians,
+  1 Air Foundry,
+  2 Steam Saw Mills,
+  5 Tobacco Factories,
+  14 Wholesale & Com'n Stores,
+  3 Drugstores,
+  2 Confectioner's Shops,
+  6 Bakehouses,
+  2 Carriagemakers,
+  1 Gunsmith,
+  3 Chair Factories,
+  1 Potter,
+  200 Carpenters,
+  150 Bricklayers,
+  1 Brass Foundry,
+  1 Steam Engine Factory,
+  2 Distilleries,
+  1 Sugar Refinery.
+
+We find by an advertisement in the Courier of February 12th, in this year,
+that J. J. Audubon, the world-renowned ornithologist, was at that time
+endeavoring to procure a class in drawing, and was offering to paint
+portraits here, which his advertisement promises shall be "strong
+likenesses." This gentleman was for some time a resident of this city. His
+son was for many years employed as a clerk in the store of Mr. N. Berthoud
+at Shippingport.
+
+On the 23d of June, 1819, the President of the United States and suite,
+accompanied by Gen. Jackson and suite, arrived in Louisville, where they
+remained until the following Saturday. A public dinner and a ball was
+given to these distinguished persons, and general hilarity and good
+feeling distinguished the occasion.
+
+This chapter, as well as the history of this year will be concluded with a
+string of rhymes which, though not highly meritorious in themselves, still
+serve to show the feelings of the people in regard to the much-talked-of
+apathy of their rulers, and let us into the history of the times as fully
+as would the graver chroniclers. These versicles are said to be extracts
+from a letter.
+
+  "You know I informed you when I landed here,
+  This town was not handsome, and living darned dear,
+  The streets were all ponds, and I'm told the Trustees
+  Had sooner wade thro' them, quite up to the knees,
+  Than incur the expense to have them drained off.
+  Complain to their honors, they sneer, laugh or scoff,
+  And say, we've no money; and you very well know,
+  Without this intercessor the mare will not go.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  'Tis whispered about, how true I shan't say,
+  The people's oft taxed, and always made pay;
+  And who handles the cash? the Lord only knows,
+  Or what road it travels--for what, it all goes--
+  Is a mystery to all; no improvements they see,
+  'Tis sarcastically said, there never will be.
+  If the great men of fortune don't aid or direct
+  The improvement of town, it will ne'er take effect.
+  Alas, these poor souls, if they secure their own health,
+  Let us wallow in _mud_, while they're rolling in wealth!
+  Could you see these _great folks_, I protest you would laugh,
+  And swear on each _body_ stuck the head of a calf.
+  I'd say you were right--with hearts hard as a stone;
+  When applied to for _alms_ or asked for a _loan_.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Before I left home, one night at aunt Kate's
+  A confab we had concerning new States,
+  I then said what since to my sorrow proved true,
+  When settled in old States never emigrate to new,
+  You called me false prophet, said to Louisville hie,
+  Which for beauty and commerce would with Boston soon vie,
+  And moreover you said a _great man_ I could be,
+  If I'd take for my text: boys, huzza, we're all free.
+
+  Dear sir, how you erred, Kentucky's quite changed;
+  If you say here, we're free, folks vow you deranged,
+  For our keen wealthy Yankees located here,
+  Rule the natives by art, it cannot be fear;
+  For I've seen them so rave, curse and swear so uncivil;
+  'Twould shake '_steady habits_' quite as much as the d----l.
+
+         *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Now you'll own without money man _here_ has less chance
+  Than Don Quixote in combat, deprived of his lance.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+The next ten years of this history do not promise to be as rich in
+incident for the historian, or as full of practical value to the city, as
+were the few years just chronicled. A number of causes were operating at
+this time to retard the prosperity of the town, and but for the vigor with
+which it was endued, it must have sunk under the misfortunes which
+surrounded it. Evil reports, prejudicial to its health; garbled accounts
+from rival cities of the mortality here; a lamentably disordered state of
+currency, a Board of Trustees whose inefficiency was constantly complained
+of, were all opposing the growth of the town; and had it not, as has been
+before said, inherently possessed the elements of its own progress, it
+must have faded, and might have been entirely destroyed by the pressure of
+these untoward circumstances. For about two years the western country had
+been laboring under the operations of shaving and brokerage; there was not
+at this time a single bank west of the mountains whose paper could be
+passed at a fair value, except in the immediate neighborhood of the bank
+itself, and there were not more than three or four that pretended to pay
+their notes in money. The paper of the Bank of Kentucky was at a discount,
+and there was no hope of its improving. Tennessee and Ohio were in a
+similar, if not a worse condition. The paper of the United States Bank was
+alone merchantable at its value, and upon Louisville, as the great
+commercial mart of the western country, must these circumstances weigh
+most heavily. Despite all these disadvantages, however, the town did
+progress, not so rapidly as its past course would have promised, but with
+a rational and steady improvement. One of the drawbacks mentioned above
+was beginning to be removed. The new Trustees of the town began to
+prosecute their measures of improvement with some degree of energy. Wells
+were dug; pavements laid; streets graded; ponds drained; and a general
+activity prevailed which showed some attention toward making the town more
+desirable as a residence, both in point of comfort and of health. The
+removal of the causes oL disease, however, could not be instantaneous, and
+even if they had been it would have required time to convince those
+disposed to emigrate hither of the fact.
+
+The first act of the Trustees in the year 1820 was to order the purchase
+of two or three fire-engines. Conflagrations had recently become of not
+uncommon occurrence, and the means for combating them were so few in
+number, and so incompetent in character, that this measure had become
+entirely necessary to the safety of the town. Accordingly, Thomas Prather,
+Cuthbert Bullitt and Peter B. Orsmby were appointed a committee to
+purchase suitable fire-engines for the use of the city. This being done,
+the town was laid off into three wards, and Coleman Daniel, Daniel
+McAllister and Peter Wolford were appointed, one to each ward, to obtain
+each 40 members to work these engines. These members were to elect each a
+Captain of the engine and such other officers as might be necessary, and
+to adopt rules for their own government. Public cisterns, or other like
+conveniences for the use of firemen, were then unknown. Each citizen was
+required to keep two or more leather fire-buckets on his premises, while a
+larger number of the same were kept at the engine houses. These were taken
+to the fire, and two lines of men formed from the engine, which was
+stationed near the fire, to the nearest water. One of these lines was
+occupied in passing buckets filled with water, which, when they arrived at
+the engine, were poured into it; and the other in passing back the empty
+buckets to be refilled, it was by this tedious process alone that they
+were enabled successfully to combat a fire.
+
+Although tables of various sorts, showing the progressive increase of the
+town, have been from time laid before the reader, yet the events of
+thirteen years have been passed over without offering to his inspection
+that most conclusive of documentary evidence, the tax list. It may be
+remembered that the assessment of 1807 amounted to $913 50. The following
+list for 1821 will give a clear idea of the increased value of property
+since that time.
+
+VALUATION OF GROUND AND IMPROVEMENTS, $1,189,664 00.
+
+  Assessed Taxes on same                   $4,637 68
+  On 14 1st rate Retail Stores at $30         420 00
+     24 2d   "     "      "       $20         540 00
+      7 3d   "     "      "       $10          70 00
+     26 Tavern Licenses           $10         260 00
+     70 Carriage Wheels           50c          35 00
+      2 Billiard Tables           $17          34 00
+                                            --------
+              Total                        $5 996 68
+
+The following is a census of the population, taken at this period:[12]
+
+  Free white males to 10 years of age         346
+     "         "      10 to 16                152
+     "         "      16 to 26                498
+     "         "      26 to 45                707
+     "         "      45 and upwards          121
+                                             ----1324
+
+  Free white females to 10 years of age:      356
+     "         "        10 to 16              132
+     "         "        16 to 26              273
+     "         "        26 to 45              232
+     "         "        45 and upwards         69
+                                             ----1062
+                                                 ----
+        Total White Population                   1886
+  Blacks, including free persons of color        1126
+                                                 ----
+        Total                                    4012
+  Of whom there are engaged in Commerce       128
+     "         "       "       Manufactures   591
+  Foreigners                                   94
+
+On the 3d of March in this year Mr. Nicholas Clarke associated with him,
+in the publication of the Western Courier, Messrs. S. H. Bullen and A. G.
+Merriweather. After this period the name of the paper was changed to The
+Emporium and Commercial Advertiser, and it was issued semi-weekly instead
+of weekly. This connection, however, was not of long duration, for in
+February '22, Messrs. Clarke & Merriweather left the establishment,
+transferring their interest to Mr. Bullen and Mr. F. E. Goddard. The paper
+finally came into the hands of this latter gentleman alone, and its
+publication was stopped while under his management. Mr. Goddard will be
+remembered by most of the citizens of Louisville. He was the preceptor of
+a great many of the younger men now here, and was universally beloved and
+respected. His genial humor, his extraordinary scholarship and his fine
+qualities of heart made him the admiration of his friends, while his
+faithful discharge of all his duties and his firm and unwaving efforts to
+improve the minds and morals of his numerous pupils, cause them to respect
+his memory, and call forth alike their gratitude and their veneration. No
+man has ever occupied Mr. Goddard's position who enjoyed more universally
+or more meritedly the regard of his fellow citizens.
+
+In May, still of this year, a branch bank of the Commonwealth was located
+here. From an article in the Emporium it would seem that this bank was
+established without one dollar of specie capital and hence its notes were
+sold at very large rates of discount. The paper of this bank and that of
+the Bank of Kentucky formed almost the only currency at the time, and as
+merchants, in order to pay their calls abroad, were obliged to buy specie
+or Eastern funds at a great advance, they naturally enough refused these
+bills at par value. This seems to have been a grievous trouble to the
+management of the bank at Frankfort, and it was suggested by them that the
+Legislature should remove the branch established here to "some other
+situation where love of country, love of truth and love of general
+prosperity might overcome the combinations of the weak and wicked." This
+removal, however, was not effected.
+
+It was also during this year that a night watch was established, who were
+paid by a subscription of the citizens and not from the treasury of the
+town. B. Morgan, C. Sly and M. Woolston were the first persons elected to
+this office.
+
+1822--The first event of the next year was the authorization by the
+Trustees of the issue of town notes, varying in denomination from twelve
+and a half cents to one dollar, the aggregate value of all of which was
+not to exceed four thousand dollars. These notes, however, did not meet
+with the usual fate of the shinplaster currency, for in about a year
+afterward we find an order of the Trustees for counting and destroying
+them, leaving the impression either that they were not put into
+circulation or were redeemed and so withdrawn from a market already
+glutted with such trash.
+
+It was during the year 1822 that the town was visited by a dreadful
+epidemic. Dr. John P. Harrison, late of Cincinnati and formerly of this
+city, a physician of distinguished ability, has published a minute and
+highly valuable account of this epidemic in the Philadelphia Medical
+Journal, Vol. 8. The disease was a highly aggravated bilious fever, so
+terrible as to deserve the dreaded name of yellow fever. The mortality was
+very great and the alarm existing on account of it throughout the whole
+interior of the neighboring States was of the most exciting character. The
+season was an unhealthy one throughout the West, but the scourge fell most
+heavily upon Louisville, probably on account of the miasma from her many
+ponds. The scourge here, as Dr. Drake says in his valuable history of the
+diseases of the Valley of North America, amounted almost to depopulation.
+The Trustees were by it awakened from their lethargy. A Board of Health,
+consisting of Drs. Gait, Smith, Harrison, Wilson and Tompkins, were
+appointed to examine into the causes of disease and report the same to the
+Trustees, together with the mode or practicability of removing the same.
+This first Board of Health was appointed too late. Had they been ordered
+to examine into this matter years before, much might have been effected,
+but the time for such action was now passed, and this fearful malady, now
+inevitable, became the most terrible blow ever given to the prosperity of
+the rising town. The news spread far and wide, and the neighboring towns,
+instead of seeking to publish only the truth, assisted largely in
+circulating garbled intelligence and extravagant reports of a fact which
+tended to their advantage by destroying the fair fame of their rival.
+Emigrants from abroad as well as from this and neighboring States, for
+years afterward, dreaded even to pass through the town, and of those who
+had already determined to locate here, many were dissuaded from their
+purpose by the assertion that it was but rushing upon death to make the
+attempt. This occurred, too, just at a period when the resources of the
+town, beginning to develop themselves, were attracting the attention of
+capitalists. It was this alone which gave a temporary semblance of
+superiority to the neighboring towns, and, for a time, retarded the usual
+prosperity of this. Had the feeling of alarm ceased with the disease, it
+would have been less of a blow, but for years after it was referred to as
+a warning against emigration hither.
+
+The next two years present nothing of interest to the reader, save the
+building in the winter of 1824-5 of an Episcopalian Church on Second
+Street, between Green and Walnut, the present Christ's Church, the first
+rector of which was the Rev. Mr. Shaw.
+
+On the 8th of May, in the year 1825, Lafayette visited Louisville. His
+reception here, as everywhere else, was enthusiastic in the extreme. The
+Trustees of the city paid into the hands of John Rowan, the chairman of
+the committee of arrangements for the reception, a considerable sum of
+money, to be expended in such manner as the committee might direct for
+this purpose. The resolution authorizing this expenditure was passed with
+a single dissenting voice, that of _Richard Hall_. The meeting of
+Lafayette with some of the old officers of the revolution, particularly
+that with Col. Anderson, is said to have been extremely affecting. The
+whole city turned out to receive this distinguished patriot; processions
+were formed, arches erected, bevies of young girls strewed his pathway
+with flowers and the whole town was a scene of festivity and rejoicing.
+Whether the dissenting Mr. Richard Hall was with those who were thus
+showing their sense of gratitude to him who had left home, country and
+friends, and faced the thundering cannon's mouth to aid them in their hour
+of direst peril, history does not tell us.
+
+The Legislature of these years made very considerable additions to the
+power of the Trustees; allowing them to borrow money on the credit of the
+town, to purchase and hold real estate for erecting market-houses, wharfs,
+&c., to levy a tax on exchange brokers, to tax hacks, drays, &c., to
+appoint harbor and wharf masters, and make rules governing the lading and
+unlading of vessels, to collect wharfage fees, to appoint inspectors of
+flour, &c. The first use made of this new power was the purchase of ground
+for a wharf. Rowan owned a slip of ground lying north of Water Street,
+commencing at Second and terminating at Seventh Street. A similar slip,
+lying between Seventh and Eighth streets, was already the property of the
+city. This slip the city agreed to add to Rowan's, and also to pave the
+whole as a wharf, using the stone in Rowan's quarry, situated on the
+premises, and for the wharf so constructed they agreed to give to Rowan
+and to his heirs _forever_, in semi-annual payments, one-half the receipts
+of this wharf. They also agreed that, if at any time Gray's wharf, lying
+east of Second Street, should be bought, both parties might unite in the
+purchase and Rowan should receive as before one half the profits of the
+entire wharf. This contract; made with but a single dissenting voice on
+the part of the Trustees, that of Jeremiah Diller, must have been the
+result of either a very low state of finances or of very injudicious
+precipitation. Rowan's heirs, it is understood, now get but one fourth of
+the wharfage, but even this would have been a sum better gained to the
+city than lost by a want of proper judgment or foresight.
+
+On the 12th of January, in this year, the Louisville & Portland Canal
+Company was incorporated by an act of the Legislature, with a capital of
+$600,000, in shares of $100 each, with perpetual succession. 3665 of these
+shares were in the hands of about 70 individuals, residing in different
+States, and the remaining 2335 shares belonged to the government of the
+United States. In December contracts were entered into to complete the
+work of the canal within two years for about $375,000, and the work was
+actually commenced in March 1826. Many unforeseen difficulties retarded it
+until the close of the year 1828. At this time the contractors failed, new
+contracts were made at advanced prices, and the canal was finally opened
+for navigation, December 5th, 1830. When completed, it cost about
+$750,000. It is about two miles in length and is intended to overcome a
+fall of twenty-four feet, occasioned by an irregular ledge of lime-stone
+rock, through which the entire bed of the canal is excavated, a part to
+the depth of 12 feet, overlaid with earth. There is one guard and three
+lift locks combined, all of which have their foundation on the rock. One
+bridge of stone 240 feet long, with an elevation of 68 feet to the top of
+the parapet wall, and three arches, the centre one of which is
+semi-elliptical, with a transverse diameter of 66, and a semi-conjugate
+diameter of 22 feet. The two arches are segments of 40 feet span. The
+guard lock is 190 feet long in the clear, with semi-circular heads of 26
+feet in diameter, 50 feet wide and 42 feet high, and contains 21,775
+perches of mason work. The solid contents of this lock are equal to 15
+common locks, such as are built on the Ohio and New York canals. The lift
+locks are of the same width with the guard lock, 20 feet high and 183 feet
+long in the clear, and contain 12,300 perches of mason work. The entire
+length of the walls from the head of the guard lock to the end of the
+outlet lock is 921 feet. In addition to the amount of mason work above,
+there are three culverts to drain off the water from the adjacent lands,
+the mason work of which, when added to the locks and bridge, gives the
+whole amount of mason work 41,989 perches, equal to about 30 common canal
+locks. The cross section of the canal is 200 feet at top of banks, 50 feet
+at bottom and 42 feet high, having a capacity equal to that of 25 common
+canals; and if we keep in view the unequal quantity of mason work,
+compared to the length of the canal, the great difficulties of excavating
+earth and rock from so great a depth and width, together with the
+contingencies attending its construction from the fluctuations of the Ohio
+river, it may not be considered as extravagant in drawing the comparison
+between the work in this, and in that of 70 or 75 miles of common
+canaling.
+
+In the upper sections of the canal, the alluvial earth to the average
+depth of 20 feet being removed, trunks of trees were found, more or less
+decayed, and so imbedded as to indicate a powerful current towards the
+present shore, some of which were cedar, which is not now found in this
+region. Several _fire-places_ of a rude construction, with partially burnt
+wood, were discovered near the rock, as well as the bones of a variety of
+small animals, and several human skeletons; rude implements formed of bone
+and stone were also frequently seen, as also several well wrought
+specimens of hematite of iron, in the shape of plummets or sinkers
+displaying a knowledge in the arts far in advance of the present race of
+Indians.
+
+The first stratum of rock was light, friable slate in close contact with
+the limestone, and difficult to disengage from it; this slate did not
+however extend over the whole surface of the rock, and was of various
+thicknesses from three inches to four feet.
+
+The stratum next to the slate was a close compact lime stone, in which
+petrified sea shells, and an infinite variety of coraline formations were
+embedded, and frequent cavities of crystaline encrustations were seen,
+many of which still contained petroleum of a highly fetid smell, which
+gives the name of this description of lime stone. This description of rock
+is on an average of five feet, covering a substratum of a species of cias
+limestone of a bluish color, embedding nodules of horn stone, and organic
+remains. The fracture of this stone has in all instances been found to be
+irregularly conchoidal, and on exposure to the atmosphere and subjection
+to fire it crumbled to pieces. When burnt and ground, and mixed with a due
+proportion of silicious sand, it has been found to make a most superior
+kind of hydraulic cement or water lime.
+
+The discovery of this valuable lime stone, has enabled the canal company
+to construct their masonry more solidly than any other known in the United
+States.
+
+A manufactory of this hydraulic cement or water lime is now established on
+the bank of the canal, on a scale capable of supplying the United States
+with this much valued material for all works in contact with water or
+exposed to moisture; the nature of this cement being to harden in the
+water, the grout used on the locks of the canal is already _harder_ than
+the _stone_ used in their construction.
+
+After passing through the stratum which was commonly called the water
+lime, about ten feet in thickness, the workmen came to a more compact mass
+of primitive grey limestone, which however was not penetrated to any great
+depth. In many parts of the excavation, masses of bluish white flint and
+horn stone were found enclosed in, or encrusting the fetid limestone. And
+from the large quantities of arrow heads and other rude formations of this
+flint stone, it is evident that it was made much use of by the Indians in
+forming their weapons of war and hunting; in one place a magazine of arrow
+heads was discovered, containing many hundreds of those rude implements,
+carefully packed together, and buried below the surface of the ground.
+
+The existence of iron ore in considerable quantities was exhibited in the
+progress of excavation of the canal by numerous highly charged chalybeate
+springs, that gushed out and continued to flow during the time that the
+rock was exposed, chiefly in the upper strata of limestone.[13] The canal
+when built was intended for the largest class of boats, but the facilities
+for navigation have so far improved and the size of vessels increased so
+far beyond the expectations of the projectors of this enterprise that it
+is now found much too small to answer the demands of navigation. The
+consequence is that the canal is looked upon as, equally with the falls, a
+barrier to navigation. The larger lower-river boats refuse to sign bills
+of lading, compelling them to deliver their goods above the falls, and as
+this class of boats is increasing, it promises soon to be as difficult to
+pass this point as before this immense work was completed. As previous to
+the undertaking of this canal, so there are now numerous plans proposed
+for overcoming the impediment; and these do not differ materially from
+those suggested and noticed in 1804. The only ground upon which all
+parties agree is, that whatever is done should be effected by the general
+government, and not left to be completed by individual enterprise.
+
+The government, as has before been said, owns a very large part of the
+stock in this canal, say three-fifths, and it is strongly urged by a part
+of the community that nothing would better serve the interests of western
+navigation than a movement on the part of the United States, making it
+free. The question of internal improvement is not within the province of
+this history to discuss, but certainly a deaf ear should not be turned by
+the general government to the united voice of so many of its children, all
+alike demanding to be relieved from their embarrassments, and the more
+particularly so, as it has already heard and answered the supplications of
+a part of its numerous family. Any semblance of favoritism in a government
+is a sure means of alienating the trust and affection of a part of its
+dependants. Whatever means may be most advisable to effect the removal of
+the impediment to navigation here should at once be adopted. And if the
+opening of the canal freely to all could tend to effect this object, the
+government has already had from it revenue sufficient to warrant it in
+taking off the tax from navigation. Up to the year 1843, there had passed
+through this canal, 13,776 steamboats, and 4701 flats and keels, making in
+all 2,425,567 tons, the tolls of which amounted to $1,227,625 50. It
+would not be an unfair calculation to rate the expenses of keeping up the
+canal at $30,000 per annum, or $390,000 for the thirteen years above
+referred to. Supposing the government to possess three-fifths of this
+profit, it would amount to $502,575, or nearly enough to build a new
+canal. It is not to be wondered at, then, that western people should feel
+disposed to murmur at having these large sums of money taken from their
+waters and applied to improving the Balize or Sandy Hook, or any other
+distant part of the Union. And the matter is the more grievous when it is
+remembered that these tolls are not only not free but are enormously and
+disproportionately high. Whether laden or not, each boat is obliged to pay
+at the rate of 50 cts per ton, in proportion to her capacity, as a toll!
+The whole subject is one deserving immediate and earnest attention, as
+involving interests in which not only Louisville, but the whole South and
+West is intimately concerned.
+
+With the next year--1826--we come to the establishment of another
+newspaper here. This was called the Focus, and was edited by Dr. Buchanan,
+assisted by Mr. W. W. Worsley, and published weekly by Morton & Co. It
+contained a very large amount of reading matter on literary, scientific,
+political and commercial subjects. It was violently anti-Jackson in
+politics, but still found room in its columns for an unusual quantity of
+interesting literary matter. It was conducted with great ability by these
+gentlemen for a period of about three years, when, after the death of Dr.
+Buchanan, it was sold to Messrs. J. T. Cavins and G. S. Robinson. It was
+afterwards merged into the Louisville Journal, and placed, under the name
+of the Journal and Focus, in the hands of Mr. Geo. D. Prentice, as editor.
+This was in the year 1832. Since that time its history is too well known
+wherever the knowledge of American newspapers has penetrated to need any
+furthur notice here. It has been the lot of the gentleman who is at the
+head of it, and who is distinguished alike as a poet and a politician, as
+a wit and a sage, to wield an influence such as few men in any station
+have ever exercised; an influence which is not only political but also
+literary and social, and which has been exerted alike at the birth of a
+true poet and at the death of a false patriot or a foolish politician.
+
+By the census of the next year--1827--we find the population of Louisville
+to have reached 7063, showing an increase of nearly double since 1821. The
+attention of the people began now to be turned toward effecting an
+incorporation of the town and placing themselves in a condition for
+self-government, and accordingly on the 3d of November, of this year, a
+very large meeting of the citizens was held at the court house for this
+purpose, Levi Tyler having been appointed chairman and Garnett Duncan
+secretary, the following resolutions were adopted:
+
+1st. Resolved, That public convenience renders it important that we ask
+for the passage of an act incorporating Louisville with its enlargements,
+and giving a city court for the speedy punishment of crimes and the speedy
+trial of civil suits.
+
+2d. Resolved, That a committee of five citizens be appointed to draft an
+act of incorporation and to submit the same at an adjournment of this
+meeting.
+
+3d. Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to confer with the
+inhabitants of Shippingport and Portland, and the enlargements of
+Louisville, and to request them to unite with us in this subject.
+
+4th. Resolved, That we esteem the erection of a permanent bridge across
+the Ohio river, at the most convenient point across the Falls, of the
+greatest utility to the public, and calculated to enhance the commerce and
+prosperity of our town, and that we respectfully solicit the legislature
+of this State to incorporate a company with competent powers and capital
+to effect the erection of such a bridge, and that the city of Louisville,
+when incorporated, should be authorised to raise funds, by loan or
+otherwise, and to subscribe for ---- dollars of stock in said company.
+
+5th. Resolved, That a committee of seven be appointed to draft a charter
+for that purpose, and that our representatives be requested to use their
+best exertions to effect the passage of such charter.
+
+Committee under the second resolution, Daniel Wurtz, Thos. Anderson, S. S.
+Goodwin, S. S. Nicholas, Garnett Duncan.
+
+Committee under the third resolution, J. H. Tyler, W. D. Payne, W. S.
+Vernon.
+
+Committee under the fifth resolution, J. H. Tyler, J. Guthrie, J. S.
+Snead, J. I. Jacob, G. W. Merriweather, D. R. Poignard, Geo. Keats.
+
+These committees having duly reported, their memorials were sent forward
+to the legislature, and on the 13th day of February, 1828, the act of
+incorporation passed and Louisville became a city. Portland had refused
+to become annexed to the city as yet, but Shippingport had consented to
+the compact. The act of incorporation defines the limits of the city as
+follows: Beginning at the stone bridge over Bear Grass creek, near
+Geiger's mills, thence on a straight line to the upper corner of Jacob
+Geiger's land on the Ohio river, and thence by a straight line down the
+Ohio river, so as to include Corn Island and the quarry adjacent thereto,
+and thence to the upper boundary of Shippingport to the back line thereof,
+and the same course continued until it intersects the back line of the
+town of Louisville, when extended westwardly far enough to meet the said
+line extending out from the river with the upper boundary of Shippingport,
+thence from the said intersection to the south or back line of the present
+town of Louisville, and with the said back line to the south fork of Bear
+Grass creek, thence down the middle thereof to the beginning. The usual
+powers of a municipal body were vested in a Mayor and City Council,
+consisting of ten persons. The city was divided into five wards, each
+entitled to two councilmen, who were to be elected annually. These
+elections were to be held on the first Monday in every March. On election,
+the Mayor and Councilmen were to take an oath of office and these oaths
+were recorded. They were to choose a clerk annually, whose duty it should
+be to keep a record of the proceedings of the board, sign all warrants
+issued by them and to deliver over to his successor all books and papers
+entrusted to him. Five Councilmen and the Mayor or six Councilmen should
+constitute a quorum. The meetings of the board were to be public, and the
+Mayor's salary should be fixed by the Councilmen. The Major was not
+allowed any judicial authority in civil matters, but had the power of a
+justice of the peace over slaves and free negroes, and similar powers to
+require surety for good behavior and for the peace; and the power assigned
+to two Justices of the Peace in committing criminal offenders and sending
+them on for trial; he also had the casting vote in case of a tie in the
+board over which he presided, but had no vote otherwise. The powers before
+delegated to the Trustees were now vested in the Mayor and Council, and in
+addition to these were granted power to prohibit the erection of wooden
+buildings within certain limits, to erect suitable buildings for a poor
+and work-house, to establish one or more free schools in each ward, to
+elect all subordinate officers, and to pass by-laws with adequate
+penalties for their infraction. The office of City Marshal was also
+created by the act. He was to be chosen annually by the people, and, if
+required by the Council, he was to have a resident deputy in each ward of
+the city. His duties were to preserve order at all sessions of the Mayor
+and Council, and to execute all processes emanating from the Mayor. He was
+to be appointed City Collector and State Collector within the city. He was
+to execute bond, with sufficient security, before the Mayor and Council,
+to the State, for the performance of his duties, and a lien was retained
+on all his lands and slaves, and on those of his sureties, for all sums of
+money which came into his hands. He had the same powers and duties within
+the city as a Sheriff and received the same fees. Not less than two
+persons were to be voted for as Mayor, and the two having the highest vote
+for this office were to be certified to the Governor, one of whom was by
+him to be commissioned and submitted to the Senate for their advice and
+consent. This charter was to be in force for five years from and after its
+passage, and no longer, and upon the dissolution of the corporation, all
+property was to revert to the Trustees of the town, to be chosen or
+appointed as heretofore directed by law.
+
+The first election under this charter was held on the fourth day of March,
+1828. Mr. J. C. Bucklin was elected Mayor, by a small majority over Mr. W.
+Tompkins, and W. A. Cocke was elected Marshal by a large majority. The
+following gentlemen were elected Councilmen: Messrs. John M. Talbott, W.
+D. Payne, G. W. Merriweather, Richard Hall, Jas. Harrison, J. McGilly
+Cuddy, John Warren, Elisha Applegate, Daniel McAllister and Fred. Turner.
+Samuel Dickinson was appointed Clerk.
+
+A writer in the Focus, for January 20, 1829, gives an idea of the commerce
+of Louisville in regard to certain leading articles at this period. He
+says that "from 1st of January, 1828, to 1st of January, 1829, there were
+received and sold in this place 4144 hogsheads of sugar and 8607 bags and
+barrels of coffee, amounting in value to $584,681. He also fixes the
+inspections of tobacco in Louisville at 2050 hhds. for 1826, 4354 hhds.
+for 1827, and 4075 hhds. for 1828. The average price of these was, for
+1826, $2 67, for 1827, $2 59, and for 1828, $1 98-1/3. The whole value of
+these for the three years was $468,672 88. 1140 of these were shipped to
+Pittsburg, 3048 to New Orleans, 320 manufactured here and 458 were
+stemmed. In this article sugars are quoted at $7 04 to $7 02, by the
+barrel, gunpowder tea at $1 20 to $1 25; and it also states that groceries
+of all kinds can be had here at as cheap rates as they can be procured
+either in New York or New Orleans. A writer in the Kentucky Reporter also
+adds to this information the following statement: The store rooms of the
+principal wholesale merchants are larger and better adapted to business
+purposes than any to be found in the commercial cities of the East. Not a
+few of them are from 100 to 130 feet in depth, by 30 feet wide, and from
+three to four stories high, and furnished with fire proof vaults for the
+preservation of books and papers in case of fire. The wholesale business
+has increased very rapidly of late, perhaps doubled in the course of two
+years. There has also been a proportionate increase in the shipping and
+forwarding business. Mechanics of all sorts have full employment and good
+wages."
+
+An excellent criterion to judge of the commerce of a place and to show the
+increase of its business, is its exchange operations. The following
+statement of Domestic Bills of Exchange, derived from the official
+documents of the bank of the U. S., being the amount on hand and unpaid on
+the 1st January of each year, will give some idea of the amount and
+increase of the business of Louisville:
+
+  Jan. 1, 1826--Bills of Exchange on hand    $46,392
+   "      1827,      "      "       "        108,287
+   "      1828,      "      "       "        184,144
+   "      1829,      "      "       "        350,354
+
+The aggregate of business, as ascertained by a personal application and
+inspection of the books of the principal houses, was ascertained to be
+about $13,000,000.
+
+On the 17th of September, in this year, the branch of the Commonwealth's
+Bank was robbed of $25,000 in its own notes. The robbery took place before
+9 o'clock in the evening. The door communicating with an entry was opened
+by a false key, the iron chest quietly unlocked, the notes taken, and the
+front door opened without any alarm being given. A reward of one thousand
+dollars in specie was offered for the apprehension of the robber and also
+a similar reward of $1500 for the recovery of the money. These rewards did
+not, however, produce the desired result and neither the money nor the
+robber was ever discovered.
+
+During this year there was a secession of about fifty members from the
+Methodist Episcopal church here, who formed and established the first
+Methodist Reformed church. They constructed an edifice at the corner of
+Green and Fourth Streets, of which Mr. N. Snethen was the pastor. This
+church was afterwards used by the congregation of the First Presbyterian
+church, was then sold to the negroes, and finally torn down to make room
+for the immense Masonic Hall now being built on that spot.
+
+The last event of this year which will be noticed here is the erection of
+the first city school house. This building, still standing at the
+south-west corner of Walnut and Fifth Streets, was then an extremely
+creditable ornament to the city. It is capable of containing seven or
+eight hundred pupils and is divided into a male and female department,
+which are entirely distinct from each other. It was superintended by the
+Mayor and six Trustees, annually chosen by the Council. The first board of
+Trustees was composed of the following gentlemen: Jas. Guthrie, Jas. H.
+Overstreet, Wm. Sale, Samuel Dickinson, F. Cosby and Dr. J. P. Harrison.
+The standard of education pursued was as high as that of any private
+school and the terms were only from one dollar to one dollar and a half
+per quarter. The annual expense of this school to the city was $5,682.
+Several equally large schools have been since erected and the system of
+free-schools somewhat changed. These will be noticed at greater length in
+another part of this history.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+The opening of the next year--1830--found the young city in a highly
+prosperous and thriving position. The security and permanence given to
+enterprise by the charter had its effect on all departments of business.
+Arrangements were made at the beginning of the season for the erection of
+not less than five hundred substantial brick houses, and, according to the
+report of a prominent resident of a sister city, there was not another
+place in the United States which was improving and increasing in
+population more rapidly than this. The number of inhabitants, as
+ascertained by census, had reached 10,336, and was still rapidly
+increasing. The friends of Louisville had every reason to congratulate
+themselves upon her position. The pecuniary troubles which soon after
+involved the place were not foreseen, and, with buoyant hopes and high
+expectations, the citizens looked forward to a continuance of their
+unexampled prosperity. How these hopes were wrecked and these expectations
+reduced, the history of the next decade will show.
+
+The first act to be noticed in connection with the city was an amendment
+to the charter, which prevented the Council from borrowing or
+appropriating money without the consent of a majority of their body. As
+the project of a bridge over the Ohio was then talked of, and as the
+Lexington and Ohio Railroad had been suggested, and the city in her
+corporate capacity had been warmly urged to make large subscriptions of
+stock to these enterprises, this provision was probably thought necessary
+to prevent too great lavishness in expenditure.
+
+The next event of the year was the organization of another Presbyterian
+church under the Rev. Mr. Sawtell. It was commenced in April with 12
+members who seceded from the First Presbyterian church. A building for
+worship was erected on Third Street, between Green and Walnut, and the
+church rapidly increased in numbers. It is at present in charge of Rev.
+Dr. Humphrey.
+
+The last circumstance to be noticed in this rapid sketch of the year 1830,
+is the establishment of the Daily Journal by Prentice & Buxton, afterward
+Prentice & Johnston, then Prentice & Weissinger, and finally Prentice &
+Henderson. It was first published on an imperial sheet at $10 per annum.
+Although commenced by an entire stranger, as Mr. Prentice then was, the
+power of its articles and the exquisite vein of humor and irony displayed
+in its columns, soon gave it such popularity, that, even before its union
+with the Focus in 1832, it had risen to a firm and enviable position. In
+December Mr. Edwin Bryant became an associate editor of the paper, but did
+not remain in that position for more than six months. Soon after the
+establishment of the Journal the newspaper war with the Advertiser, so
+well remembered here and so widely known abroad as having given birth to a
+fund of wit and of satire heretofore unparalleled in the annals of
+newspapers, was commenced. Even the distant English journals had each
+their column headed--"Prenticeana"--and the paper was sought after far
+and near by every lover of fun or of humor in the land. It is to be
+regretted that the shifting character of American politics has rendered so
+many of the happiest of these allusions and witticisms obscure to the
+unpolitical or to the distant reader; a collected volume of them would
+else afford a delightful compendium for a leisure hour. To the older
+resident of Louisville, it may be interesting to recall the commencement
+of this long and hard-fought battle. Mr. Penn of the Advertiser, who had
+deservedly maintained since 1819 the most prominent rank as an editor in
+the West, was kind enough to furnish the Journal, at its commencement,
+with all its exchanges. This favor is repeatedly acknowledged by the
+Journal with great courtesy, but does not blind that paper to the fact
+that it is about to be attacked by the opposite party. Whereupon, after
+some time, the following article was published: "We assure the editor of
+the Advertiser that we shall never under any circumstances covet a
+personal controversy with him. We do not believe that his readers would be
+willing to pay him $10 a year for dissertations upon our private
+character, however bad it may be; and we are quite sure that ours would be
+loth to pay that sum for daily disquisitions on him, whatever may be his
+excellencies. We have due respect for the Jackson editors in the West, but
+we trust to be believed when we say our respect is undebased by fear. We
+prefer that they should accept our hand open and ungloved, but if they
+would rather have it in the shape of a fist, it is still at their
+service." The Advertiser, seeming to prefer it in the latter form,
+hereupon commences anew its attack, when the war is opened in earnest by
+the Journal, which, at the end of a somewhat long and rather tart
+paragraph, let off in reply the following first _coup de canon_: "We
+believe he (Mr. Penn) has not had an article since we came here that was
+not made up of hints taken from the Journal. Well, we have one
+consolation--'_he that giveth to the poor lendeth to the Lord_.'" This is
+followed up by a series of well directed blows, which are vigorously
+replied to till the eleventh or twelfth "round," when one of the parties
+left the field, still, however, refusing to consider himself vanquished.
+
+With the year 1831 came another amendment to the charter, which provides
+that the real estate in Louisville and the personal estate of all persons
+dying therein shall be subject to escheat to the Commonwealth, vested in
+the Mayor and Council, for the use of public schools. Also that all fines
+inflicted in Jefferson county shall be vested in the same manner, the fund
+arising therefrom to be expended in the purchase of a lot and erecting
+buildings thereon for said schools. It also provides that Jailor's fees
+for commitments for offenses in Louisville shall be paid out of the city
+fund. These amendments to the charter are so numerous and of such frequent
+recurrence that we shall hereafter be content with a mere allusion to
+them.
+
+It was also during this year that the present bank of Kentucky was built,
+with a view to the uses of the bank of the United States. A Louisville
+Lyceum was also established under the patronage of some of the most
+distinguished citizens of Louisville. This literary association continued
+in being for several years but finally was obliged, like all its fellows,
+to sink beneath the careless inattention of a purely commercial community.
+
+In 1832 a new calamity came upon the city. This was an unparalleled flood
+in the Ohio. It commenced on the 10th of February and continued until the
+21st of that month, having risen to the extraordinary height of 51 feet
+above low-water mark. The destruction of property by this flood was
+immense. Nearly all the frame buildings near the river were either floated
+off or turned over and destroyed. An almost total cessation in business
+was the necessary consequence; even farmers from the neighborhood were
+unable to get to the markets, the flood having so affected the smaller
+streams as to render them impassable. The description of the sufferings by
+this flood is appalling. This calamity, however, great as it was, could
+have but a temporary effect on the progress of the city, as will be seen
+hereafter.
+
+On the 27th of May the first Unitarian church was dedicated. It is
+situated at the corner of Walnut and Fifth streets, and was under the
+direction of the Rev. Geo. Chapman, of Mass. The building of the
+Louisville Hotel, and the issue of the first Directory ever printed here,
+were also events of this period. This Directory was published by R. W.
+Otis, and contains, beside much other valuable matter, a brief sketch of
+the history of the city, from the pen of Mr. Mann Butler, the accomplished
+historian of Kentucky. From it we get the following commercial table of
+Imports from Dec. 1st, 1831, to Aug. 4th, 1832, which will prove
+interesting to the reader of statistics:
+
+  Bale Rope                26,830 coils.
+  Bagging                  33,411 pieces.
+  China, &c.                1,170 p'ckgs.
+  Coffee                   18,289 bags.
+  Cotton                    4,913 bales.
+  Mackerel                 12,037 bbls.
+  Salt, Kan. and Cone      16,729   "
+  Salt, Turk's Island      18,146 bags.
+  Tea                      63,500 lbs.
+  Flour                    48,470 bbls.
+  Hides                    19,121
+  Iron                        631 tons.
+  Lead                        231  "
+  Molasses                  6,309 bbls.
+  Nails                    10,395 kegs.
+  Sugar, N. O.              7,717 hhds.
+    "    Loaf               4,318 bbls.
+  Tin Plate                 3,108 boxes.
+
+The inspection of whiskey during this time amounted to 14,627 barrels.
+This Directory also gives the following as the statistics of manufactures:
+
+One steam woolen factory, employs 30 hands and consumes 25,000 pounds of
+wool per annum.
+
+One cotton factory, employs 80 hands and consumes 500 bales annually;
+works 1,056 spindles.
+
+Two potteries.
+
+One steam grist mill.
+
+Two foundries, employing together 155 hands and consuming 1,200 tons of
+iron per annum.
+
+Sixteen brick yards.
+
+One steam planing mill, with two machines and two circular saws; planes,
+tongues, grooves, &c., about 2,000 feet of boards to each machine per day.
+
+Three breweries.
+
+Two white lead factories consume 600 tons lead annually.
+
+Four rope walks, which work up 600 tons of hemp per annum.
+
+Passing on as rapidly as may be, we come first to the chartering of the
+Bank of Louisville. The books were opened for subscription to this bank in
+March, 1833, and closed on the third day, $1,500,000 having been
+subscribed in that brief period. By the act of incorporation the capital
+was fixed at $2,000,000, but the commissioners were allowed to close the
+books at any time after $500,000 were subscribed. Each director was
+required to take oath not to permit any violation of this charter.
+
+The next event in order was another amendment to the city charter, which
+provides that no street or alley can be laid out without consent of
+Council--that a jury shall assess what damages shall be awarded, and what
+paid by persons injured or benefitted by opening streets or alleys--that
+it shall not be necessary for the Council to have alphabetical lists of
+the voters made out, except for the tax collectors and judges of the
+election--that those only shall be eligible to office who are
+house-keepers or free-holders and have paid taxes the preceding year in
+the city of Louisville--that the removal of a councilman from the ward in
+which he was elected shall cause his office to be vacant, and that any
+vacancy occurring either in this way or by resignation shall be sup-plied
+by the Council out of the said ward.
+
+A museum was opened here at this period by a number of gentlemen as
+stockholders, under the direction of J. R. Lambdin; the collection of
+objects of natural history, of curiosity, and of vertu was extremely good.
+A Savings' Bank was also established during the year, under the direction
+of Ed. Crow, President; and E. D. Hobbs, Treasurer.
+
+The editor of a Frankfort paper, giving an account of his visit to
+Louisville about this time, says: "Whoever visits this city leaves it with
+the conviction that all the elements are at work, which must advance it to
+a great commercial town, and urge it on till it has passed all the towns
+of the Ohio in the race for supremacy." It is not to be wondered at that
+the thriving appearance of the city at this time should have attracted the
+attention and notice of strangers, and the more particularly as all the
+neighboring towns and cities were now suffering from the visitations of
+that dreaded and dreadful scourge, the Cholera, while Louisville hardly
+knew of its presence. The causes of disease here had been in a great
+measure removed, and notwithstanding the fears which the approach of the
+plague had inspired in a city which had before suffered so severely from
+contagion, the cholera passed lightly over it, not making sufficient
+impression to produce any effect against its prosperity. This was the more
+a cause of congratulation to the city as it afforded an opportunity to
+prove the falsity of the reports prejudicial to its health, which were
+still industriously circulated. But though exempt from this visitation,
+the city did not pass another year without its share of calamity. The
+government deposites which had heretofore been placed in the banks here
+and used by them as banking capital, were now removed, and as a consequent
+there arrived another disastrous period of pecuniary distress. This was so
+severe as to call for a meeting of the citizens, which took place at the
+court house in 1834, and the object of which was to memorialize the
+government upon the subject of their troubles. Of this meeting, T.
+Gwathmey was President, D. Smith and E. Crow, Vice Presidents, and C. M.
+Thruston and F. A. Kaye, Secretaries. In the words of the memorial, "all
+is gloom and despondence, all uncertainty and suspense, all apprehension
+and foreboding. Prices here have fallen beyond any former example. Flour
+has sunk from $4 to $3, or even $2 50 per barrel. Hemp, pork, and every
+other commodity has decreased in an equal degree. Real property has fallen
+in many instances 50 per cent. It is believed that there will not be
+employment during the ensuing season for one-fourth of the mechanics and
+working men of Louisville. Few contracts for building have been or are
+likely to be made. In the opinion of the memorialists, the first remedy
+for this state of things is the restoration of the deposites. They
+therefore pray that the deposites be restored, and such measures taken in
+relation to a National Bank as shall be most likely to afford relief to
+the country." This crisis does not seem to have produced very disastrous
+results here, but was probably more severe in anticipation than in
+reality. It is even possible that, as political excitement ran very high,
+and as this removal of the deposites was very obnoxious to one of the
+political parties, that the evil was a foreboding induced by their own
+fears, and of such a character as actually to produce a temporary
+depression in business. And this opinion is supported by the fact that no
+material change seems to have taken place in the onward progress of the
+city. The policy and propriety of establishing water works had been for
+some time under discussion, and in this year the city went so far as to
+purchase a site for a reservoir on Main above Clay Street. This project
+was very soon abandoned, but whether from the pressure of the times or
+from the opposition of many of the citizens does not appear in any record
+of the period. The incorporation and survey of two turnpike companies,
+the Bardstown and Louisville, and Elizabethtown and Louisville, during the
+same year, would however seem to incline us to believe that it was not
+given up for the want of means. The state of affairs, even if as bad as
+represented in the memorial, does not seem to have thrown a very deep or
+settled gloom over the community; on the contrary an incident of the
+period would seem to show a light-heartedness and freedom from care not
+common in times of distress. This incident was the sudden appearance in
+the streets of the city of a very singular procession, since known as the
+_Comical Guards_. They were introduced as a burlesque of the militia
+drills, then of biennial occurrence here. The procession was headed by an
+enormous man, rivaling Daniel Lambert in his superabundance of flesh,
+mounted on an equally overgrown ox, on whose hide was painted the
+following descriptive motto, "_The Bull-works of our Country_." This
+heroic captain also wore a sword of mighty proportions, on whose trenchant
+blade was written in letters of scarlet the savage inscription, "_Blood or
+Guts_!" This leader was followed by a band of equally singular character;
+long men on short horses, little boys on enormous bony Rozinantes, picked
+up from off the commons; men enclosed in hogsheads, with only head, feet
+and arms visible; men encased even to helmet and visor in wicker-work
+armour, and a thousand other knights of fanciful costume, and all marching
+with heroic step to the martial clangor of tin pans, the braying of
+milkhorns, the shrill sound of whistles, the piping of cat-calls, and the
+ceaseless din of penny-trumpets and cornstalk fiddles. This procession
+halted in its progress through the streets in front of the residences of
+the officers of the militia, and after saluting them with a flourish of
+music, made them a speech, and cheered them with a chorus of groans. After
+marching bravely through the principal streets, this procession suddenly
+disappeared from public view never again to greet the sunlight.
+
+Toward the last of June, the news of the death of Lafayette reached the
+city, and on the first of July a meeting was held, and resolutions passed
+recommending the stores to be closed, and the day spent in exercises
+suitable to the occasion. A procession, in which the trades and
+professions were all represented, and which was the largest ever seen in
+the city, was formed, and after passing through the principal streets,
+stopped in the lot occupied by Mr. Jacob, where a eulogy was delivered by
+Mr. M. R. Wigginton. All who had joined in the procession, wore crape on
+the left arm for thirty days. The whole proceedings of the day were highly
+creditable to the city, and highly worthy of the occasion. Another event
+of the year was the establishment of a new paper called the Louisville
+Notary and published weekly by D. C. Banks and A. E. Drapier. This paper
+however never rose to any eminence in the city.
+
+During 1833 and 1834 two new amendments had been made to the charter. One
+of them authorizes some trifling change in the boundary of the city, and
+the other allows the borrowing of money to erect Water-Works, and compels
+the inspector of liquors to mark the degree of proof on the head of each
+barrel. The next year--1835--also shows similar amendments: first,
+requiring the valuation of property to be made on the 10th of January in
+each year; second, authorizing the city marshall to collect his bills for
+summoning juries; and third authorizing the city to subscribe for stock in
+the Lexington and Ohio Railroad Company. This road was this year opened to
+Frankfort. The building of the Galt House also dates from this period, as
+does the first movement toward lighting the city with gas.
+
+It will be recollected that in 1830 the population was given at 10,336, in
+1835 it had reached by actual census 19,967, giving an increase of nearly
+one hundred per cent, in less than five years! The Tax list for this year
+will also show a similar increase:
+
+  Real estate and Improvements valued at                 $10,425,446
+  Personal Property                                          644,250
+  Tythables, white and black, 4,960 at $150                    7,440
+  34 1st rate stores at $80                                    2,720
+  42 2d   "     "        60                                    2,520
+  57 3d   "     "        40                                    2,880
+  62 4th  "     "        20                                    1,240
+  68 Hacks, 132 Drays, 53 Waggons, $4; 124 Carts $2            1,260
+  50 Coffee-Houses at $50                                      2,500
+  10 Taverns at $50                                              500
+  60 Groceries and Spirits at $50                              3,000
+  96 Spirits alone at 40                                       3,840
+  20 Groceries alone, and 20 Confectioners at 15                 720
+
+A table of the imports of the city has been so recently given, that it may
+be more interesting to offer now a list of exports, for the six months
+succeeding January 1st, 1835, which is as follows:
+
+  Tobacco       1,337 hhds.
+     "            114 boxes.
+  Bacon     2,813,560 lbs.
+  Tallow          149 bbls.
+  Whisky       14,643 bbls.
+  Flour        19,999  "
+  Lard         60,713 kegs.
+  Hemp             38 tons.
+  Bagging      65,348 p's.
+  Bale Rope    42,030 cls.
+  Pork         14,419 bbl.
+  Linseed Oil      72 bbl.
+
+To this list may be added the amount of goods sold during the next
+year--1836--by 47 of the largest wholesale dry good and grocery houses,
+which is officially stated at $12,128,666 16. There were also built during
+the summer of this latter year 110 stores and 114 dwelling houses, all of
+the better class. Rents were steadily advancing on the stores, and "as for
+dwellings it would be impossible to rent one, finished or unfinished. And
+these improvements resulted from the natural advantages of the place, and
+not from the completion of any of the works, to which the city had always
+looked as the precursors of greatness." These statistics require no
+additional demonstration to prove the progress of the town. The first
+thing worthy of notice in this year was a ninth amendment to the charter,
+which abolishes the Mayor's Court and establishes a Police Court in lieu
+thereof. This court was to be a court of record; its judge to be appointed
+as other judges, and to receive a salary of $1200. The prosecuting
+attorney to be elected by the Council. The City Court, as far as it is a
+Police Court, should always be open, and for the trial of pleas of the
+Commonwealth, there were to be monthly terms of said court, to commence on
+the first Monday in each month. It might summon grand juries. This act
+also fixed the salary of the Mayor at $2,000, and compelled all insurance
+offices to file with the Mayor a certified copy of their charters; it also
+extended the city boundary 300 feet above Geiger's Ferry landing. Two more
+newspapers were in this year added to the growing list of the city. The
+first of these was the Louisville City Gazette, a daily, published by John
+J. & Jas. B. Marshall; and the second, the Western Messenger, a monthly,
+under the care of the Rev. J. F. Clark. This last was originally published
+in Cincinnati, but was this year transferred to Louisville.
+
+As will be remembered a motion had been made several years before this
+time toward the erection of a bridge over the Ohio. This project had been
+discussed from time to time ever since that period, and finally in this
+year, the contracts were entered into and the corner stone of the bridge
+was laid with all due ceremony, at the foot of Twelfth Street. The work
+however never progressed beyond this, the contractor having failed to
+perform his duty, beside which the next year brought with it by far the
+most terrible calamity that had ever affected the city. The last few years
+had been years of such unexampled prosperity; confidence had become so
+thoroughly established, credit was so plenty, and luxury so courted, that,
+when the unexpected reverse came, the blow was indeed terrible. On the
+19th of April, the Banks of Louisville and of Kentucky suspended specie
+payment, by a resolution of the citizens so authorizing them. Previous to
+this, the Banks all over the country had stopped; another awful commercial
+crisis had arrived, and one which Louisville felt far more severely than
+she had felt the former. Instead of passing lightly over her, as before,
+the full force of the blow was felt throughout the whole community. House
+after house, which had easily rode out the former storm, now sunk beneath
+the waves of adversity, until it seemed as if none would be left to tell
+the sad story. A settled gloom hung over the whole mercantile community.
+Main Street was like an avenue in some deserted city. Whole rows of houses
+were tenantless, and expectation was upon the tiptoe every day to see who
+would be the next to close. Each feared the other; all confidence was
+gone; mercantile transactions were at an end; and everything, before so
+radiant with the spring-time of hope and of promise, was changed to the
+sad autumn hues of a fruitless year.
+
+It was in the midst of this gloom and despondence which prevaded one part
+of the community, that the ears of another part were astonished and
+gladdened with a strain of melody, such as had not before stolen through
+the glades and groves of this western land. A young girl, modest and
+unpretending, unknown to all but her little circle, inspired by some
+unseen power, tremblingly warbled forth a few verses of melody, but of
+such enchanting power, beauty and harmony, that all the literary world
+were confounded, and all eagerly inquired who it was that under the simple
+signature of "AMELIA," and away off in the distant West had struck her
+lyre "with an angel's art, and with the power of the fabled Orpheus," and
+whose "strains had been caught up by melody-lovers throughout the Union,
+and sung in every peopled valley, and echoed from every sunny hillside of
+our vast domain."[14] Such genius could not long remain unknown; and soon
+the name of its possessor was proclaimed through the columns of the
+Louisville Journal, but the name gave no clue to the source whence this
+mighty power had been derived. For the many, the ten days wonder soon
+passed away. The genius of the writer was acknowledged and forgotten by
+them. But the true lovers of her art followed her for many years with
+looks of admiration, regard and affection; and still, though her harp has
+long lain untouched, await with anxiety and hope for new strains from the
+lyre they have loved so well.[15]
+
+It is not for the historian to dwell at any length upon subjects kindred
+to this, agreeable as the theme may be. We must then revert again to the
+usual details of the year. The first of these was the reception here of
+the distinguished Mr. Webster, who was met some twelve miles from the city
+by a large number of citizens. On his arrival he was welcomed by the Mayor
+and invited to meet the citizens at a barbacue near the city. The season
+was one of great festivity, and nearly four thousand persons were present
+at the barbacue. Mr. Webster addressed the citizens in his usual
+felicitous manner.
+
+An important event of the year was the addition of the town of Portland to
+the limits of the city. The building of the First Presbyterian, and of St.
+Paul's (Episcopal) Church, and of the bank of Louisville, as well as the
+selection of this point as the site for the government hospital, and the
+incorporation of the Louisville Manufacturing Company, are among the
+events of this year. A paper called the Western Journal of Education, was
+also issued from the Journal office, under the editorship of the Rev. B.
+O. Peers, but was soon discontinued for want of sufficient patronage.
+
+For some time previous to this period the removal of the medical
+department of Transylvania University at Lexington to this city had
+occupied much attention, and had created some bitterness of feeling
+between the two cities. In this year this vexed question was finally
+decided by the Legislature against the removal; no less to the
+gratification of Lexington than to the serious annoyance of this city. The
+examination of the subject however brought to light an old charter, passed
+in 1833 and amended in 1835, which sufficed to enable a new school of
+medicine to be established here. The city accordingly set apart four acres
+of ground and the sum of $50,000 in money for its use, and so organized a
+medical school here, of which Messrs. Caldwell, Cooke, Cobb, Flint,
+Yandell, Miller and Locke were the professors. In February of the next
+year, the corner stone of the building to be erected by the city for this
+use was laid, and soon after Dr. Flint, with the money appropriated for
+that purpose, visited Europe, and purchased a fine library and apparatus
+for the Institution. Few, if any medical schools in the United States,
+have ever risen as rapidly in public favor, or as speedily attained as
+high position in public estimation as this. The first course of lectures
+was delivered to 80 students, the second to 120, the third to 205, the
+fifth to 262; and since that time the classes have reached 400 pupils. It
+has attained the rank of the first school of medicine in the West, and is
+second to few in the country. There is now another medical school in this
+city, which will be noticed at the proper place.
+
+The next year--1838--brings us to the opening of a railroad to Portland.
+This road was intended to connect with the Lexington and Ohio railroad. It
+was kept in employ but a very short time, the citizens on Main Street
+below the depot at Sixth were violently opposed to the road, and used
+every effort to impair its usefulness. After the establishment of the
+Blind Asylum here, the profits of this road were transferred to that
+institution; but it did not long enjoy the advantages so offered, for the
+road was discontinued by an application to court from some of the
+citizens, as offensive to some, and unprofitable to all.
+
+A glance at the population of the city for this year will show, that in
+spite of the commercial difficulties of the time, the city still grew with
+astonishing rapidity. It had now reached a population of 27,000, showing a
+gain of 7,033 in three years.
+
+The only other event worthy of remembrance was the robbery of the Savings
+Bank. This was effected in the daytime, by a man named Clarendon E. Dix,
+who entered the bank about 3 o'clock in the afternoon. Soon after this
+time, Mr. Julien, the cashier of the bank, entered the establishment and
+found Dix, who had still in his hand the large bank hammer, with which he
+had killed the clerk whom he found there. Finding that he should be
+vanquished in the struggle with Mr. Julien, Dix drew a pistol and shot
+himself. He was believed to be insane.
+
+The Literary Newsletter, a paper under the charge of Ed. Flagg, editor,
+was issued from the Journal office in December of this year. Its existence
+was limited to about thirty months. It was however eminently deserving of
+a much greater success than attended its issue.
+
+The Kentucky Historical Society was also incorporated at this time, under
+the direction of Hon. J. Rowan, President; Hon. Geo. M. Bibb and Hon.
+Henry Pirtle, Vice Presidents; D. C. Banks, Recording Secretary; and
+Edward Jarvis, Corresponding Secretary and Librarian. Its library which
+was amassed by the indefatigable zeal of Dr. Jarvis, is now incorporated
+with the Louisville Library. The Society itself is not now in active
+existence.
+
+Early in 1839, there was established a Ladies' Provident Society, for the
+benefit of the poor. This society was organized in the best possible
+manner, and was of very great value to the city. A depot for the reception
+of donations of food, clothing, &c., was established, where also work was
+provided for such indigent females as failed to find employment elsewhere.
+The city was divided into wards, to each of which two female and one male
+visitor was apportioned, and the poor in each district were carefully and
+judiciously attended to. No better scheme for ameliorating the distress
+which is ever to be found in cities, could have been invented, and it is
+greatly to be regretted that this noble monument of charity no longer
+exists. The present form of provision for the destitute, though good, is
+far less effective than was this; and it is believed that if the
+Provident Society were now re-established, the increase both of wealth and
+population in the city would prevent its second failure. The Scotch
+Benevolent Society, which is an association of Scotchmen for the purpose
+of relieving any necessitous persons of their own countrymen who may be in
+Louisville, was also instituted at this time, and is still in active
+operation.
+
+The well remembered visit to this city of the beautiful and accomplished
+America, descendant of Amerigo Vespucci, the voyager whose name is so
+closely identified with the discovery of this continent, occurred during
+this year. It will be recollected that she was an exile, and in distress;
+and that she had visited this country with the hope of obtaining some aid
+from the government, which she solicited in view of her ancestor's name
+and services. A private subscription was commenced for her at the office
+of the Journal, which, however, she declined, saying: "A national boon
+will ever honor the memory and the descendant of Amerigo Vespucci, but
+America, even as an exile in the United States, cannot accept an
+individual favor, however courteous and delicate may be the manner in
+which it is proffered."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+This history now approaches a period so recent, that it will hardly be
+necessary to chronicle the events of the next decade with as much
+minuteness as has heretofore been attempted. The reader will doubtless
+long ago have perceived the difficulty of stringing together incidents,
+interesting in themselves, yet having so little bearing upon each other,
+as frequently to present more the dryness of a chronological table of
+events, than to offer the interest of a consecutive history. It is
+believed however, that in preparing a book of this character, this
+difficulty could not well be avoided, especially if intended, as this is,
+to be used as a work of general reference. The events of the next ten
+years are however so entirely within the memory of all, that the same
+attention to minutiae need not be preserved, such things possessing
+interest less from their inherent value, than from the period of their
+occurrence. It will, however, be still necessary to notice all that
+pertains absolutely to the interests or prosperity of the city.
+
+Commencing then with the year 1840, and keeping in view the fact that the
+effects of the disastrous crisis of 1837 were not yet passed away, the
+first thing claiming notice, is some account of the state of the city as
+it then was. The census of the United States for this year assigns to
+Louisville: 1 commercial, and 11 commission houses, [a somewhat indefinite
+phraseology,] in foreign trade, with a capital of $191,800; 270 retail
+stores, with a capital of $2,128,400; 3 lumber yards, with a capital of
+$52,000; 2 flouring mills; 2 tanneries; 2 breweries; 1 glass cutting
+works; 1 pottery; 2 ropewalks; 7 printing offices; 2 binderies; 5 daily, 7
+weekly, and 3 semi-weekly newspapers; and 1 periodical; total capital
+employed in manufactures, $713,675. One college, 80 students; 10
+academies, 269 students; 14 schools, 388 scholars. The aggregate of
+population by this census was 21,210; of which 9,282 white males, 7,889
+white females; 609 free colored persons, and 3,420 slaves. This census is
+not considered authentic, as many transparent errors were found in various
+parts of it. Other computations made from reliable data at the same
+period, give to the city 23,000 to 24,000 inhabitants. As the former
+number, however, has received official sanction, it would be idle to
+dispute its correctness.
+
+Two events belong also to this year which were of vital importance. Of
+these, the first was the lighting of the city with gas. This was done by a
+corporate company, established by charter in 1839, having a capital of
+$1,200,000, with power also to erect water-works and with banking
+privileges, except the issue of bills. The city is better supplied with
+gas, and better lighted than any in the United States, if not in the
+world; most of the wealthier citizens use it in their dwellings, and all
+the shops are lighted with gas. The perspective view of the miles of
+brilliant lamps stretching away in the distance is very beautiful, and
+very attractive to strangers. Before the introduction of this sort of
+light, the city had been for two or three years greatly infested by
+robbers, who favored by the darkness, made nightly attacks upon
+passengers through the streets, striking and disabling them with colts,
+and in no few instances murdering them outright. Residents were seldom
+attacked by these banditti, but the streets were considered unsafe for
+strangers. Finding it impossible to pursue their avocation where every
+street was brilliantly illuminated, these gentry changed their place of
+operations immediately on the lighting of the town, much to the relief of
+the citizens as well as the re-establishment of the fair fame of the city.
+
+The second of the events above alluded to was the conflagration which will
+be long known as the Great Fire in Louisville. It originated about
+midnight, on Third Street, between Main and Market, in the chair factory
+of John Hawkins, and burned south within one door of the Post Office,
+(then at the corner of Market and Third Streets,) and north to Main
+Street. It then took a westwardly direction down Main Street, destroying
+all the houses to within two doors of the Bank of Louisville. Its further
+progress having been arrested here, the flames crossed the street, and
+coming back upon their course destroyed nine large stores and one boarding
+house on the north side of Main, east of the middle of the square. Upwards
+of thirty houses were consumed, and the loss was estimated at more than
+$300,000. The houses destroyed were chiefly large importing and commercial
+stores; many of the goods were saved, but all the buildings were entirely
+destroyed. This conflagration however, proved in the end rather a gain
+than a loss to the city in general, as the site of the fire was speedily
+rebuilt in a much better style than before.
+
+The friends of the city were at this time urging the propriety of
+establishing manufactures here, a want not felt less at that time than
+now. In an article upon this subject in one of the daily papers, the
+following statistics of the sale of cotton goods were elicited, in which
+reference is had to the year 1841. "At this time there were sold, brown
+cottons to the value of $276,095; prints amounting to $249,824; cotton
+yarns to $224,819; bleached cottons $89,589, and checks and tickings
+$68,180, making a total of $908,772 taken from the city, which, it was
+urged, could have been easily and profitably furnished on the spot." It
+was then said and may be now repeated that too little attention is paid to
+the vast advantages to be derived from the establishment of manufactures,
+especially at this point where the necessary power could and can be so
+easily and so cheaply attained. It is somewhat remarkable that this
+population has depended and still depends so entirely upon commerce as a
+means of gain. No other city perhaps in the world has so large a
+commercial business in proportion to its population. This is probably
+accounted for in the fact that the increase of commerce has been so rapid
+and the difficulty of overdoing the business so apparently impossible that
+every temptation has been offered to the capitalist to prefer this mode of
+investment. The time, however, cannot be far distant when the advantages
+offered to the manufacturer will be acknowledged and embraced. Indeed the
+commencement of what must before long become a very large branch of
+prosperity here was already established, but it has not grown with a
+rapidity commensurate with the increase of other departments of trade. A
+few foundries and manufactories of bagging and rope were established about
+this period. These, with the addition of a lard oil factory, begun by C.
+C. P. Crosby, in 1842, may be said to embrace the whole manufacturing
+business of the city in that year. Future statistics will show how it has
+increased, and will demonstrate the value of this addition to the trade;
+and to these we will now turn.
+
+The Louisville Directory for 1844-1845, compiled by N. Peabody Poor, and
+the best directory ever published here, gives a very complete and
+interesting view of the city for that year. As no events in any degree
+connected with the public interests, or of any especial political value,
+are referable to the period between this year and 1840, it will be as well
+to pass on at once to a notice of the results of these five years of
+steady progress. Beginning then with the population, which, it will be
+remembered, amounted in 1840 to 21,210, we find that in September, 1845,
+an actual census shows it to have reached 37,218 souls. Of these 32,602
+were whites, 560 free blacks, and 4,056 slaves. The increase of five years
+is thus shown to amount to 16,008. Nor was it alone in the matter of
+population that such rapid progress had been made. The number of houses
+engaged in the wholesale and retail trade had increased from 270 to
+upwards of 500, and in addition to these purely commercial houses, there
+were then "12 large foundries for the construction of steam machinery; 1
+large rolling and slitting mill; 2 extensive steam bagging factories,
+capable of producing about 2,000,000 of yards annually; 6 cordage and rope
+factories, some of which produced 900,000 pounds of bale rope annually,
+beside which there were several smaller rope walks for the making of sash
+cord, twine, &c.; 1 cotton factory; 1 woolen factory; 4 flouring mills,
+producing about 400 barrels daily; 4 lard oil factories; 1 white lead
+factory; 3 potteries; 6 extensive tobacco stemmeries, employing a large
+capital, where the leaf is stripped from the stem and re-packed for the
+English market; several tobacco manufactories; 2 glass cutting
+establishments; a large oil cloth factory; 2 surgical instrument makers; 2
+lithographic presses; 1 paper mill; 1 star candle factory; 4 pork houses,
+which will slaughter and pack about 70,000 hogs annually; 3 piano forte
+manufactories; 3 breweries; 8 brick yards; 1 ivory black maker; 6
+tanneries; 2 tallow rendering houses, rendering about 1,000,000 pounds
+annually; 8 soap and candle factories; 3 planing machines; 2 scale
+factories; 2 glue factories; 3 large ship yards, at which have been built
+some of the fastest running boats on the river; besides several factories
+of less note."[16] The simple statement of these facts furnishes a more
+convincing demonstration of the rapid and healthy progress of the city,
+than whole volumes of argument could afford.
+
+Another event bearing directly upon the prosperity of the city during the
+rest of this decade was the opening of the Louisville and Frankfort
+Railroad. The subject of this road had for a long time agitated the city;
+many surveys had been made, and indeed the work had at one time progressed
+to the actual digging and embankment of several miles of the track. The
+opening of the road was finally effected by the subscription of one
+million of dollars by the city herself, which was paid by a tax of one
+per cent, for four years on all real estate within her limits, and this
+tax was re-paid to the owners in shares of stock. Although sanctioned by
+the vote of a very large majority of the citizens, this measure was for a
+while a very unpopular one; but the malcontents have lately found that the
+present loss was to them in the end a gain, and they are ready once more
+to submit to similar taxation, if by so doing other roads can be
+constructed. Indeed the subject of railroads was now eagerly taken up, and
+a just and most effective feeling in their favor was taking the place of
+the former apathy and indifference. The Louisville and Lexington Railroad
+had opened so many new sources of wealth and developed such advantages
+before unthought of, that the policy of stretching out iron arms to
+embrace in their circle all possible resources was no longer doubted.
+Acting upon this feeling, the people of Louisville united with those of
+Jeffersonville in building a road from that point to Columbus, and with
+those of New Albany in uniting that growing city with Salem. The purpose
+had in view in the construction of these roads is the ultimate and not
+very distant connection of Louisville, Jeffersonville and New Albany with
+Lake Erie, St. Louis and Lake Michigan. The entire line of the first of
+these roads is now in progress of construction, and the greater part of
+the other is under contract. Beside these, a railroad hence to Nashville,
+Tenn., is now being surveyed, which will unite with roads already partly
+under operation leading to some point on the Atlantic coast, near
+Charleston, S. C. The Louisville and Nashville end of this route will be
+put under contract as soon as proper surveys can be established. Other
+roads are had in contemplation, but nothing has yet been done toward their
+construction. The effect of these improvements will be the subject of
+notice in another chapter.
+
+With the opening of the year 1850, was commenced the first of a series of
+movements which led to the formation of a new charter for the city. This
+document makes all city officers elective by the people, and places the
+government in the hands of a Mayor, a Board of Common Council, and a Board
+of Aldermen. Many of the provisions of this charter are found healthful
+and wise in their operation, while many others are incomprehensible or
+impracticable. The first Mayor under this new charter felt himself obliged
+to resign his office, on the plea of incompetence to perform the duties
+assigned to him by the instrument. The Council, however, unwilling to
+dispense with so efficient an officer as he had proved himself, continued
+him in place as "_Mayor pro tem._," until the end of his term. Experience
+and the necessities of the city government will doubtless, as time
+progresses, so modify this instrument as to make its provisions work well
+and harmoniously.
+
+The annals of the city up to the year 1852 having now been presented to
+the reader, it only remains to offer a view of its present state in regard
+to population, commerce, manufactures and social position; which, together
+with a chapter on its future destiny, will conclude this history. It is
+not the intention of this work purposely to mislead any, as to the actual
+position of the city, and therefore, instead of embracing with the
+statistics of Louisville those of all the suburban villages and cities in
+the vicinity, as has universally been done by other western places, we
+purpose to give such statistics as belong exclusively to this city. If,
+however, it is ever honest for a city to aggrandize to itself all the
+prosperity of its suburban neighbors, it is eminently so with Louisville.
+The towns immediately around the falls are as ready to concede, as
+Louisville is to claim a perfect identity of interests. The pre-eminence
+which it has already gained over the neighboring towns forbids all hope of
+rivalry on their part, and compels them to unite their interests with
+those of Louisville as a means of their own prosperity. In certain
+branches of trade, New Albany or Jeffersonville may and do successfully
+compete with this city, but it is idle to imagine that this partial
+success can benefit them in such a way as to afford them any superiority
+in point of fact. On the contrary, this very success is owing entirely to
+their proximity to Louisville. Those branches of manufacture or of trade
+in which they excel find encouragement just so far as they are part and
+parcel of the manufactures or commerce of Louisville; and they would find
+no market for such wares, and no sale for such manufactures, did they
+depend only on their own resources of trade. It is the immediate
+contiguity of the large city which is their stimulus to exertion, and
+their means of preservation or of prosperity. They cannot but be
+considered as identical in interest with their elder sister. Nor, on the
+other hand, can it be denied that these places are of immense advantage to
+Louisville. Firstly, because they are situated in a free state, and hence
+can offer freedom from the disadvantages of slavery; secondly, because,
+as smaller towns, they are cheaper residences for those whose means
+require attention to careful economy; thirdly, because they claim for
+Louisville the sympathy and encouragement of the State in which they are
+situated; and finally, because they extend the area of the trade and
+manufactures of the city. It is probable that if the same advantages which
+have made Louisville great had been offered to New Albany or to
+Jeffersonville, either of those places might have exceeded their more
+fortunate compeer. But now the supremacy once gained, cannot but be
+maintained; and the growth and prosperity, or the decay and adversity of
+Louisville, must either make or mar the fortunes of her sister towns.
+
+Before entering upon the commercial statistics of Louisville, it may be
+well to consider its social position, and to endeavor to convey some idea
+of the advantages offered by this city as a place of residence, aside from
+its character as a commercial emporium. It is believed that there are few
+commercial cities on this continent which possess the same characteristics
+as this. The restlessness, the turmoil and the eagerness in the pursuit of
+wealth which is ever the characteristic of large commercial cities, has
+generally produced a littleness of feeling, and a selfishness of manner
+which does not at all tend to elevate the social position of those places,
+but rather causes them to lack that feature which in other countries is
+known and valued by the name "_tone_." In Louisville, this does not
+appear. Indeed it is difficult to reconcile the manner of pursuing traffic
+here with its results. As will be seen hereafter, the business of the
+city is of great extent, and yet the stranger in its midst would perceive
+nothing to indicate such prosperity. Business is pursued quietly and
+without ostentation; no efforts are made by any to convince others of
+their successes; no factitious means are employed to display the results
+of labor, no hurry or restlessness or confusion attends even the largest
+and most prosperous houses. Trade is pursued as a means of gain, but is
+not allowed to blind its votaries to every other pursuit of life: business
+closes with the close of the day, and is forgotten in other things, until
+it is revived on the morrow. While pursued, it is pursued with all the
+avidity that is consistent with the dignity of manhood; but it is never
+allowed to obtrude where it does not belong, nor is it permitted to make
+any forget that there are other duties than those of the merchant, and
+other pleasures than that of adding dollar to dollar. Yet it is believed
+that there is no city in the Union where the aggregate amount of sales in
+any one department of business, divided by the number of houses engaged in
+that business, will show so large a result. Doubtless this state of things
+is in a great measure caused by the peculiarities of character which
+belong to the Kentuckian, and which are so essential an element in the
+society of this city, which society comes now to be considered in its
+proper form.
+
+There are certain traits in the Kentucky character which are everywhere
+spoken of with approbation. A manly independence, a generous frankness,
+and a careless but attractive freedom of manner, united with unbounded
+hospitality, and that true politeness and deference, which proceeds
+rather from natural instinct than from a knowledge of the rules of
+etiquette, are perhaps the chief of these characteristics. All these, and
+much more which will elude description, and which can be appreciated only
+by acquaintance, go to make up that praiseworthy trait of character which
+has always and everywhere distinguished the Kentuckian, as fully as the
+most elaborate description could do, we mean his _chivalry_.
+
+Despising alike the narrow prejudices, the suspicious reserve, the silly
+dignity, the proud self-gratulation of the Yankee; and the pride of birth
+and of purse, the ostentation of manner and the foppish pretension of the
+Southerner, he takes from the first his respect for talent, his patriotism
+and his spirit of enterprise, and from the last his genial warmth of
+heart, his worship of the beautiful, his deference for the other sex, and
+his manly independence of heart. Add to these a bold and reckless
+frankness, an easy confidence, a love of adventure, a scorn of oppression,
+a noble intolerance of even seeming insult, and an almost criminal
+indifference of life when duty or honor seems to call it into peril, and
+you have a fair picture of the true Kentuckian, of the character which
+forms the basis of the society now under consideration. Perhaps the most
+distinguishing feature of this society is the readiness with which it
+receives and swallows up all those sectional differences which in other
+cities remain intact. Society here is generalized; the spirit of
+_cliqueism_ does not prevail, social distinctions are marked in broad,
+plain lines, but the highest class is open to all who merit a place. The
+test of position is neither wealth, birth, nor pretension;
+_respectability_ as readily enters the higher circles, and receives as
+ready encouragement as either of these. In other cities, society divides
+into numerous little circles, each claiming superior position to the
+other, each ridiculing the pretension and refusing the association of the
+other. Here, all are honored in their respective spheres, and few claim a
+position to which they are not entitled.
+
+Society here has also the power of generalization to the extent that
+sectional differences are lost by its members, and the Northern, Eastern
+or Southern man, as well as the native of another country, seems to lose
+all identity of manner, and becomes only an integral part of one great
+circle. The fashionable world acts as if with one common impulse, while
+the other, the larger and better class of respectable people, who do not
+aspire to this title, but who could claim it by the mere exercise of their
+will, are neither led by the _beau monde_, on the one hand, nor, on the
+other, do they make a virtue of opposing this class. Society is correct in
+its outline and harmonious in detail. Distinctions of class, though
+plainly marked, are never offensively shown.
+
+Perhaps the worst feature of society is its lack of a proper reverence for
+the intellectual, its tendency to frivolity. The amusements most prized by
+all classes are of a frivolous character. The song, the play or the dance,
+are valued far above the lecture or the conversation. The pleasures of the
+intellect are considered dull and tame, when compared with those which
+excite but for a moment, and are then forgotten. That the power of the
+intellectual man is acknowledged is true, but the acknowledgment is not
+practical, it is merely theoretical. While a high respect is had for the
+man of letters, he does not command that _sympathy_ which should be
+accorded him. The great singer or actor receives far more at the hands of
+society than the profound philosopher or the elegant essayist. People of
+all ranks are bent upon attaining pleasure with the least possible
+intellectual exertion. Libraries are little patronized; public amusements
+of all sorts meet with unbounded success.
+
+Another glaring defect of a certain part of society is found in a desire
+for notoriety, even if purchased at the expense of good taste. This
+feeling is one hardly deserving the name of ambition, for ambition has
+ever a laudable object in view, while this purposes to itself no more than
+merely having one's name coupled with some eccentric freak, or being
+pitied as the victim of _outre_ tastes in dress or manner. It has resulted
+from the thoughtless admission of very young persons into terms of social
+equality, and will doubtless be corrected as these grow mature or pass
+over the stage, and admit a new group to the places they have just yielded
+up.
+
+The first of these defects is by far the worst in its general tendencies;
+for it reduces the educational standard, causing daughters to be educated
+merely with a view to shine in society, and leading young men to eschew
+pursuits which they find do not advantage them with their daily
+companions. It is in society that the young man first feels the promptings
+of ambition; and if excellence in the Redowa or the Mazourka gain for him
+more admiration than skill with the pen or the pallet; if genius in
+ball-room prattle make him more friends than learning or philosophy, it is
+easy to see that the Redowa and the ball-room will carry the day. Nor, on
+the other hand, can it be doubted that if young ladies were so educated as
+to show their appreciation of useful talent; if their tastes would lead
+them to smile on the endeavor of merit, and to frown on him who had
+neglected the graces of the mind to bestow his time and attention on those
+of the person, a very great social change would ensue. Men would then have
+a proper point for their ambition to aim at; the parlor or the ball-room
+would become a place of real and rational enjoyment, and society would
+take a rank far above that held by the ballet girls and singers of the
+conservatoire.
+
+But society here has its virtues as well as its defects. It is singularly
+free from absolute vice of all sorts. It discourages gaming, drunkenness
+and sensuality; its prevailing tone is virtuous and moral; and, while
+people are hedged in by few conventionalities, yet a character for
+respectability is imperatively demanded from all who knock at its portals
+for admission. No society could be more agreeable to the stranger than
+that of Louisville. Its unbounded hospitality, and generous, confiding
+frankness are characteristics which are to him a screen against any minor
+defects.
+
+It is not to be argued from anything which has been previously said that
+this city can boast of no prominent intellectual men. On the contrary few
+cities of corresponding size in the country can show as many widely known
+and respected names connected with the world of letters. There are now
+living in Louisville eighteen authors who have each contributed one or
+more successful volumes to the literature of the day. But authorship and
+intellectual exertion, like business or physical labor, seems to form no
+part of the every day life of society.
+
+The next subject which presents itself as connected with the social review
+of the city is a glance at the religious statistics of Louisville. This is
+offered to the reader in the following
+
+TABLE OF CHURCHES.
+
+  --------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     |Congregations.
+                     |         +--------------------------------------
+                     |         |Communications.
+                     |         |        +-----------------------------
+                     |         |        |Number in Congregation.
+                     |         |        |  (Attendance.)
+                     |         |        |        +--------------------
+                     |         |        |        |Church Accomodations
+                     |         |        |        |  for
+                     |         |        |        |        +-----------
+                     |         |        |        |        |Value of
+    CHURCHES.        |         |        |        |        | Property.
+  -------------------|---------|--------|--------|--------|-----------
+  BAPTIST            |    5    |  1,729 |  2,200 |  2,650 |   80,000
+  EPISCOPAL          |    3    |    431 |  1,425 |  2,150 |   76,000
+  METHODIST          |   17    |  3,036 |  5,900 |  8,250 |  109,000
+  PRESBYTERIAN       |    5    |    913 |  2,225 |  3,300 |  128,000
+  GERMAN EVANGELICAL |    4    |        |  1,200 |  2,150 |   21,700
+     "   LUTHERAN    |    1    |        |    100 |    100 |
+     "   REFORMED    |    1    |     75 |    200 |    200 |    2,250
+  DISCIPLE           |    2    |    410 |    520 |    950 |   18,000
+  UNITARIAN          |    1    |     63 |    240 |    320 |   12,000
+  UNIVERSALIST       |    1    |     70 |    200 |    500 |    8,000
+  ROMAN CATHOLIC     |    4    |  5,000 |  5,000 |  3,540 |  125,000
+  JEWS               |    2    |        |    400 |    400 |   11,000
+                     |---------|--------|--------|--------|-----------
+       Total         |   46    | 11,727 | 19,610 | 24,510 |  590,900
+  --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The tasteful and elegant structures which many of these churches have
+erected are great additions to the beauty of the city. Those most worthy
+of note are the Walnut Street Baptist, First Presbyterian, Catholic
+Cathedral, St. Paul's (Episcopal) and the Synagogue; the last mentioned of
+which is the most elegant building in the city, although it is probably
+less expensive than either of the others. The pulpit of Louisville is
+eminently well supplied. Some of the most distinguished divines of the
+country are among its members; and few, if any, of the clergy are men
+whose talents do not rank above mediocrity.
+
+Beside the churches above mentioned, Louisville has also many beautiful
+public and private buildings. The city is perhaps more thoroughly
+classified and better arranged, both for business and for comfortable
+residence, than any other western place. The wholesale business of the
+city is entirely confined to Main Street, which is more than four miles
+long, is perfectly straight, and is built up on either side with good
+substantial brick buildings for more than half its entire length. The
+stores, taken as a whole, are the largest and finest ware-houses anywhere
+to be seen; having fronts of from twenty to thirty feet and running back
+from one hundred and ten to two hundred feet, and three to five stories in
+height. The houses thus referred to occupy the most central part of the
+business street and extend from First to Sixth cross streets, a distance
+of 5,040 feet in a direct line. On the north side of Main Street,
+throughout this whole extent, there are but two retail stores of any kind,
+and even these only sell their goods at retail because they are enabled to
+do so without interference with their wholesale trade. On the south side
+of the same street are about twenty of the fashionable shops side by side
+with many of the largest wholesale houses. Market Street is exclusively
+devoted to the retail business. It is on this street that the principal
+small transactions in country produce are made. With the exception of the
+squares bounded by Third and Fifth Streets, where most of the retail
+dry-goods business is done, the entire extent of this street is given up
+to the retail grocers, provision dealers and clothiers. Jefferson is
+recently beginning to be used as a fashionable street for the retailers,
+but yet contains many handsome residences. The streets south of Jefferson
+are all entirely occupied with dwelling houses. No business is done on any
+of them except an occasional family grocery or drug store. The fashionable
+shops are fitted up in a style of unexampled magnificence and contain the
+most beautiful products of human ingenuity. No city in the Union is better
+supplied with or finds more ready sale for the finest class of articles of
+every description than Louisville. The city south of Jefferson Street is
+very beautiful. The streets are lined on either side with large and
+elegant shade trees, the houses are all provided with little green yards
+in front, and are cleanly kept, presenting a graceful and home-like
+appearance. An impression of elegant ease every where characterizes this
+part of the city. The houses seem to be more the places for retirement,
+comfort and enjoyment than, as is customary in most cities, either the
+ostentatious discomforts of display, or the hot, confined residences of
+those whose life of ease is sacrificed to the pursuit of gain. There is
+little appearance of poverty and little display of wealth; every house
+seems the abode of modest competence that knows how to enjoy a little with
+content, careless of producing a display of wealth to feast the eyes of a
+passing idler. Even the more ambitious residences on Chestnut and Broadway
+Streets are constructed rather for the comfort of the inmates than to
+produce an impression on the stranger. This latter is the most beautiful
+street in the city. It is one hundred and twenty feet in width from front
+to front and is perfectly straight. The side-walks are twenty-five feet
+wide. The view up and down this street is extended and beautiful. It is
+destined to become the fashionable street for residence. Already many
+beautiful buildings are being erected upon it and the former less elegant
+houses are being removed to more remote situations.
+
+The subject of Public Education comes now to claim its share of
+consideration. The free school system is the same in its outline here as
+in other cities. The city schools are under the direction of a Board of
+trustees, who are elected by the people, and are open to all those persons
+who are not able to pay for the tuition of their wards; children of all
+ages and of both sexes are placed under the care of competent instructors,
+and educated in all the ordinary branches of learning without any charge
+to the pupil. The sexes are kept separate and male and female teachers are
+employed. The standard of study is as high as in other unclassical
+schools, and every pupil has equal advantages of improvement. A high
+school is about to be established where all the branches of study usually
+employed in colleges will be taught to those pupils who have successfully
+passed through the lower schools, also without any charge. By this
+magnificent educational scheme, the children even of the poorest and
+humblest member of society are afforded all the advantages which the
+wealthiest person could purchase. The attendance at the public schools of
+Louisville has not been so large as it should have been; firstly, because
+there are comparatively few parents who are not able to pay for the
+tuition of their children; and secondly, because of a foolish pride which
+prevents parents from accepting this education as a gratuity. The number
+of children taught in private schools as compared with those who embrace
+the free school privileges show that these reasons have immense weight
+with the people. It is probable, however, that the opening of the new high
+school will bring about a change in this regard. The advantages which will
+then be offered to the pupil will be so great as to overcome, in a great
+measure, the absurd prejudices which have existed in the city against the
+common school. There are twenty-four free schools in the city, having
+thirty-one female and twenty-five male teachers, whose salaries range from
+two hundred and fifty to seven hundred dollars. The number of pupils
+entered for the year reaches about three thousand, six hundred and fifty,
+while the number in attendance does not exceed one thousand, eight hundred
+and fifty. This affords an average of only thirty-three pupils to each
+teacher; so that all the pupils are able to receive every requisite
+attention.
+
+The city also has control of a Medical and of a Law school, which are
+recognized as departments of the Louisville University. The first of these
+is one of the most distinguished schools of its class in the United
+States. Something has been said of its history in a previous part of this
+volume. Three thousand, eight hundred and sixty-one young men have been
+attendants on this school since its commencement. The names of its
+Professors are well known in the medical world and afford a sure guarantee
+for its position. They are as follows:
+
+Charles W. Short, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Materia Medica and Medical
+Botany.
+
+[17]Jedediah Cobb, M. D., Professor of Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy.
+
+Lunsford P. Yandell, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathalogical
+Anatomy.
+
+Samuel D. Gross, M. D., Professor of the Principles and Practice of
+Surgery.
+
+Henry Miller, M. D., Professor of Obstetric Medicine.
+
+Lewis Rogers, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.
+
+Benjamin Silliman, Jr., M. D., Professor of Medical Chemistry and
+Toxicology.
+
+[17]Daniel Drake, M. D., Professor of the Theory and
+
+T. G. Richardson, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.
+
+The venerated name of CHARLES CALDWELL, M. D., was also, for a long time,
+associated with this school, and much of its earlier success is
+attributable to his exertion.
+
+The law department of the University has been in active operation only
+since the winter of 1847. It has, however, obtained a wide spread and
+deservedly great reputation as a school. The number of pupils educated in
+this department since its commencement is one hundred and ninety-six.
+
+The Professors of the Law Department of the University are as follows:
+
+Hon. Henry Pirtle, L. L. D., Professor of Constitutional Law, Equity and
+Commercial Law.
+
+Hon. Wm, F. Bullock, Professor of the Law of Real Property and of the
+Practice of Law, including Pleading and Evidence.
+
+Hon. James Pryor, Professor of the History and Science of Law, including
+the Common Law and International Law.
+
+The prospects of this school for the ensuing year are more flattering than
+they have ever been. The distinguished gentlemen who are at the head of
+this institution have reason to congratulate themselves as well on their
+past success as on their brilliant prospects for the future.
+
+Besides these two schools under the immediate control of the city, the
+Medical Department of the Masonic University of Kentucky is also located
+here. This school has been in operation for a very short time, having been
+organized in 1850, but its claims seem already to be recognized throughout
+the West. The institution opened with a class of 103 young gentlemen,
+which number was increased in the second year of its existence to 110.
+With so auspicious a commencement, and under the direction of its
+distinguished faculty, there seems to be no reason why it should not soon
+equal in point of numbers and utility the other and older college. The
+advantages of Louisville over other western cities as a location for
+medical schools does not need any further notice than these statistics
+will afford. What has already been accomplished by these institutions will
+establish its advantages with the reader more fully than any deliberate
+reasoning could do. The faculty of the Kentucky School of Medicine is
+composed of the following gentlemen:
+
+Benj. W. Dudley, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Anatomy and Surgery.
+
+Robert Peter, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology.
+
+Thos. D. Mitchell, Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine.
+
+Joshua B. Flint, M. D., Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery.
+
+James M. Bush, M. D., and Ethelbert L. Dudley, M. D., Professors of
+Special and Surgical Anatomy and Operative Surgery.
+
+Henry M. Bullitt, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pathology.
+
+Llewellyn Powell, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and
+Children.
+
+Erasmus D. Foree, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and Clinical
+Medicine.
+
+David Cummings, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy.
+
+St. Aloysius college, under the care of the Jesuits, is an academical
+institution of some celebrity. It has six professors and several tutors.
+The Kentucky Institution for the Education of the Blind is also located
+here. This noble monument of philanthropy has been the means of much good
+to the class for whom it was intended. It has had an average attendance of
+about twenty pupils. The course of instruction is ample and the results
+have been in the highest degree creditable to the teachers. The
+proficiency of many of the pupils is truly wonderful; and their aptitude
+in learning many of the branches taught them, more especially that great
+solace of the blind, music, is everywhere noted. They are also instructed
+in various kinds of handicraft, by which they are enabled to earn an
+honorable support after leaving the school. The price of board and tuition
+for those who are able to pay is only one hundred dollars per annum; while
+indigent children, resident in the State, are educated gratuitously. The
+spacious building erected for the use of this school was recently
+destroyed by fire, but will be speedily rebuilt on a more favorable site
+and in a better manner than before.
+
+Beside the schools above mentioned there are a great number of private
+schools of various grades of excellence. Among these the Young Ladies'
+Schools of BISHOP SMITH and of PROF. NOBLE BUTLER are perhaps the most
+widely known. They offer advantages for the education of young ladies
+which are not surpassed in any city. Indeed the educational opportunities
+afforded by the many excellent public and private schools of Louisville
+are in the highest degree creditable to the city and have attracted and
+still continue to attract to it many families from distant parts of the
+country. To those who know how properly to estimate the value of
+educational privileges, the training of their children is an all-important
+consideration; and, as nothing can supply the want of parental care, it is
+not uncommon for families to seek as a residence those places which at
+once possess great facilities for instruction, and are free from the
+dangers of ill-health. Louisville has both these advantages, and hence
+this city owes to these facts much of her best population.
+
+The healthiness of Louisville is everywhere a subject of remark. Its past
+reputation for insalubrity is long since forgotten, and its singular
+exemption from those epidemic diseases whose ravages have been so terrible
+in other places, have gained for it a very enviable distinction among
+cities. The following recent report of the Committee on Public Health of
+the Louisville Medical Society will tend still further to confirm what has
+just been said: "Since the years 1822 and 1823," says this document, "the
+endemic fevers of summer and autumn have become gradually less frequent,
+until within the last five or six years they have almost ceased to
+prevail, and those months are now as free from disease as those of any
+part of the year. Typhoid fever is a rare affection here, and a majority
+of the cases seen occur in persons recently from the country. Some
+physicians residing in the interior of this State see more of the disease
+than comes under the joint observation of all the practitioners of the
+city, if we exclude those treated in the Hospital.
+
+"Tubercular disease, particularly pulmonary consumption, is not so much
+seen as in the interior of Kentucky. Our exemption from pulmonary
+consumption is remarkable, and it would be a matter of much interest if a
+registration could be made of all the deaths from it, so that we could
+compare them with those of other places.
+
+"For the truth of the remarks as to the extent and frequency of the
+diseases enumerated we rely solely upon what we have observed ourselves,
+and upon what we have verbally gathered from our professional friends.
+
+"This exemption of Louisville from disease, can be accounted for in no
+other way than from its natural situation, and from what has been done in
+grading, in building, and in laying off the streets.
+
+"Louisville is situated on an open plain, where the wind has access from
+every direction; upon a sandy soil, which readily absorbs the water that
+falls upon it; susceptible of adequate drainings; supplied bountifully
+with pure lime stone water, which is filtered through a depth of thirty or
+forty feet of sand; its streets are wide and laid off at right
+angles--north and south, east and west--giving the freest ventilation; and
+the buildings compact, comfortable, and generally so constructed as to be
+dry and to admit freely the fresh air. It is situated upon the border of
+the beautiful Ohio, and environed by one of the richest agricultural
+districts in the world, supplying it with abundance of food, and all the
+comforts and luxuries of life. It must, under the guidance of science and
+wise legislation, become, if it is not already, one of the healthiest
+cities in the world. Its proximity to the rapids of the Ohio may add to
+its salubrity, and it is certain that the evening breezes wafted over
+them, produce an exhilarating effect, beyond what is derived from the
+perpetual music of the roar of the falls."
+
+It may be proper to add the following table of the comparative statistics
+of annual mortality of the resident population as ascertained from
+official sources.
+
+  In Louisville the deaths are one to 50.
+     Philadelphia     do       do     36.
+     New York         do       do     37.
+     Boston           do       do     38.
+     Cincinnati       do       do     35.
+     Naples           do       do     28.
+     Paris            do       do     33.
+     London           do       do     39.
+     Glasgow          do       do     44.
+
+The _Market Houses_ of Louisville, five in number and all located upon
+Market Street, are profusely supplied with every production of this
+latitude. Markets are held every day, and prices are much lower than in
+Eastern cities. The Kentucky beef and pork which is everywhere so
+celebrated, is here found in its true perfection. The vegetables and
+fruits peculiar to this climate, are also offered in excellent order and
+in great abundance. Irish and sweet potatoes, green peas, corn, cucumbers,
+lettuce, radishes, asparagus, celery, salsafie, pie plant, melons,
+peaches, apples, cherries, strawberries, and many other vegetables and
+fruits are plentifully supplied. The Irish potato is sold at from
+twenty-five to forty cents per bushel, green peas command about twenty
+cents per peck, strawberries fifty cents per gallon. The choice pieces of
+beef can be had at from six to eight cents per pound, less desirable
+pieces bring three and four cents. Pork is bought at about five cents per
+pound. Turkies bring fifty to seventy-five cents each. Spring chickens,
+from seventy-five to one dollar and fifty cents per dozen. Ducks, fifteen
+to twenty-five cents each. Eggs are sold at four to eight cents per dozen.
+Butter, fifteen to twenty cents per pound. The lamb and mutton sold in
+this market, cannot be surpassed in point of quality in the United States.
+The extreme fertility of the country around Louisville, and its perfect
+adaptation to the wants of the gardener and the stockraiser, must always
+give to this city the advantage of an excellent and cheap provision
+market.
+
+The following is a list of all the publications issued from this city:
+
+  Journal               Daily and Weekly     Whig.
+  Courier                 "         "          "
+  Times                   "         "        Democrat.
+  Democrat                "         "           "
+  Beobachter am Ohio      "         "           "
+  Louisville Anzeiger     "         "           "
+  Union                      Daily           Neutral.
+  Bulletin                     "                "
+  Sunday Varieties           Weekly             "
+  Presbyterian Herald          "             Presbyterian.
+  Western Recorder             "             Baptist.
+  Watchman and Evangelist      "             Cumb. Presby.
+  Christian Advocate           "             Methodist.
+  Kentucky New Era        Semi-Monthly       Temperance.
+  Christian Repository       Monthly         Baptist.
+  Indian Advocate               "               "
+  Bible Advocate                "            Neutral.
+  Theological Medium            "            Cumb. Presby.
+  Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery  Monthly.
+  Transylvania Medical Journal                "
+
+This review of the social statistics of Louisville will be concluded with
+a notice of the number of persons engaged in the various avocations of
+life, as shows in the following:
+
+  Agents                            58
+  Agricultural Implement Makers      5
+  Apothecaries                     113
+  Architects                         6
+  Artificial Flower Makers           2
+  Artists                           10
+  Auctioneers                       26
+  Barbers                          198
+  Bakers                           362
+  Bar Keepers                      231
+  Basket Makers                     15
+  Bellows Makers                     5
+  Blind Makers                       5
+  Blacking Makers                    4
+  Blacksmiths                      251
+  Bird Stuffers                      2
+  Brush Makers                      15
+  Brokers                           28
+  Bricklayers                      265
+  Brick Makers                      45
+  Brewers                           37
+  Bristle Cleaners                   4
+  Book Sellers                      18
+  Boot and Shoe Dealers             58
+  Book Binders                     102
+  Butchers                         201
+  Candle and Soap Makers            38
+  Caulkers                          18
+  Carpet Weavers                     8
+  Carvers                           13
+  Cartmen                          452
+  Carpenters                       874
+  Camphine Makers                    4
+  Cabinet Makers                   275
+  Cement Maker                       1
+  Clerks                          1130
+  Clothing Dealers                  57
+  Cigar Makers                     159
+  Composition Roofers                2
+  Cotton Packers                    22
+  Cotton Caulk Makers                3
+  Collectors                        22
+  Confectionaries                   96
+  Coach Makers                      78
+  Coopers                          116
+  Comb Makers                        3
+  Dancing Teachers                  10
+  Daguerreotypists                  23
+  Dentists                          13
+  Distiller                          1
+  Doctors                          162
+  Druggists                         75
+  Dry Goods Dealers                275
+  Dyers                             11
+  Editors                           18
+  Edge Tool Makers                  11
+  Egg Packers                        4
+  Engravers                         15
+  Engineers                        139
+  Farmers                           17
+  Feed Dealers                      15
+  Fishermen                         10
+  File Cutters                       3
+  Foundrymen                       369
+  Fringe Makers                      4
+  Gardeners                         31
+  Gentlemen                         36
+  Gilders                            8
+  Glass Setters                      3
+  Glass Cutters                      2
+  Glass Stainer                      1
+  Glass Blowers                     21
+  Glue Makers                        2
+  Grocers                          504
+  Guagers                            3
+  Gunsmiths                         17
+  Hatters                          117
+  Hackmen                           95
+  Hardware Dealers                  34
+  Hucksters                         45
+  Hose Makers                        2
+  Ice Dealers                        6
+  Ink Makers                         6
+  Insurance Agencies                27
+  Iron Safe Maker                    1
+  Lamp Makers                        2
+  Laborers                        1920
+  Last Makers                        3
+  Leather Finders                   16
+  Lawyers                          125
+  Liquor Dealers                    45
+  Locksmiths                        47
+  Livery Keepers                    43
+  Lightning Rod Maker                1
+  Lathe Makers                       2
+  Match Makers                      12
+  Machinists                        33
+  Marble Cutters                    21
+  Merchants                         85
+  Millers                           37
+  Milliners                        186
+  Milkmen                            8
+  Millwrights                       17
+  Midwives                          23
+  Music Dealers                      9
+  Music Teachers                    30
+  Music Publishers                   3
+  No Occupation                    127
+  Oil Cloth Makers                  15
+  Oyster Brokers                     5
+  Organ Builders                     4
+  Oil Stone Makers                  10
+  Opticians                          2
+  Oil Makers                        27
+  Paper Makers                      22
+  Paper Box Makers                   8
+  Painters                         267
+  Pedlars                           47
+  Plasterers                        94
+  Plane Makers                      26
+  Planing Mill and Lumbermen        33
+  Piano Makers                      36
+  Printers                         201
+  Paper Hangers                     48
+  Potters                           17
+  Professors                        26
+  Pump Makers                       16
+  Pickle Dealer                      1
+  Plumbers                           9
+  Pork Packers                      25
+  Preachers                         57
+  Presidents Company                45
+  Policemen                         32
+  Queensware Dealers                26
+  Railroad Car Makers                6
+  Refrigerator Makers                6
+  River Men                        330
+  Rope Makers                       65
+  Saddlers                         195
+  Semptresses                      311
+  Scale Makers                       7
+  Silver Platers                     5
+  Silversmiths                      63
+  Shoemakers                       356
+  Ship Carpenters                  133
+  Soda Makers                        8
+  Speculators                       43
+  Starch Makers                     10
+  Stereotypers                       3
+  Stone Cutters                    219
+  Stocking Weavers                   2
+  Surveyors                         13
+  Students                         638
+  Saw Millers                        8
+  Stucco Workers                     4
+  Stove Makers                       4
+  Sail Makers                        2
+  Surgical Instrument Makers         4
+  Tailors                          375
+  Tanners                           42
+  Tavern keepers                   275
+  Teachers                          67
+  Telescopic Instrument Makers       1
+  Tinners                          115
+  Turners                           22
+  Tobacconists                      61
+  Trunk Makers                      35
+  Upholsterers                      29
+  Umbrella Makers                    5
+  Variety Dealers                   46
+  Vinegar Makers                     8
+  Wig Makers                         3
+  Wire Workers                      12
+  Wagon Makers                     144
+  Whip Makers                        3
+  Wood and Coal Dealers             30
+  White Lead Makers                  2
+  Wall Paper Makers                  1
+
+The commercial and manufacturing statistics of Louisville come next to be
+considered. And it is well to state here, however discreditable such
+statement may be to the city, that no business organization of any kind
+has ever been attempted and no statistical tables have ever been kept
+either by the city government, by societies or individuals. The only means
+left to the statistician, therefore, have been the tedious and often
+incomplete process of personal application and investigation. The
+statistics which are here offered to the reader are derived from the best
+authority and are believed to be correct, but are necessarily far less
+complete than could have been wished. This outline will, however, serve to
+give some idea of the general business character of the city.
+
+All departments of business in Louisville are transacted upon a very large
+scale. It is perhaps the greatest fault in the commercial character of the
+city that everything is conducted upon too large a scale. There is, to
+use a painter's phrase, too much of outline and too little in detail. The
+wealth and importance of cities depends less upon the great than upon the
+small dealers and manufacturers; these latter are content with doing each
+a small and careful business which may gradually rise to be of vast
+extent, and which will thus really improve and profit the city more than
+the mighty efforts of the large dealer. In Louisville, however, none are
+contented to do a little business. The feeling seems to exist that
+mercantile or manufacturing pursuits are respectable just in proportion to
+the capital employed in them, and the desire of every one seems to be to
+attain a high point of respectability. Louisville greatly lacks that class
+of inhabitants, so useful to a city, who are content to attain wealth by
+careful and laborious means, who can commence with the basket of apples
+and gradually work up to the proud proprietorship of extensive ware-houses
+or factories. There is everywhere prevalent among those who should seek to
+rise gradually, a desire to place themselves at once in a rank with the
+largest dealers. It is the small dealer and the small manufacturer, who is
+content to rise by his own efforts, unaided by factitious means of any
+sort, who is needed here. There is abundant room and abundant work for
+such, their advent is courted; and, if they will avoid the characteristic
+desire for extensive business relations and be content to seek their
+fortunes by pains-taking progress, their success is infallibly certain.
+
+It has already been remarked that the aggregate amount of sales in any one
+department of business divided by the number of houses engaged in that
+business would show a very large result. In this statement reference is
+had only to those exclusively wholesale houses, whose sales are made to
+dealers. No exclusively retail houses of any sort are placed in the
+enumeration, though the sales of many of the retail stores would fully
+equal, if indeed they did not exceed, some of the wholesale houses. The
+difficulty of reaching any proper account of the retail business will,
+however, prevent any notice being taken of it in this volume.
+
+Louisville contains _twenty-five_ exclusively wholesale DRY GOODS houses,
+whose sales are made only to dealers and whose market reaches from
+Northern Louisiana to Northern Kentucky and embraces a large part of the
+States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama, Illinois, Mississippi and
+Arkansas. The aggregate amount of annual sales by these houses is _five
+million, eight hundred_ and _fifty-three thousand_ (5,853,000) _dollars_,
+or an average of _two hundred_ and _thirty-four thousand_ (234,000)
+_dollars_ to each house. The sales of three of the largest of these houses
+amount in the aggregate to _one million, seven hundred_ and _eighty-nine
+thousand_ (1,789,000) _dollars_. Neither this statement nor those which
+follow include any auction houses.
+
+In BOOTS & SHOES, the sales of the _eight_ houses of the above description
+reach _one million, one hundred_ and _eighty-four thousand_ (1,184,000)
+_dollars_, or _one hundred_ and _forty-eight thousand_ (148,000) _dollars_
+to each house. The sales of the three largest houses in this business
+reach _six hundred_ and _thirty thousand_ (630,000) _dollars_.
+
+The aggregate amount of annual sales by _eight houses_ in DRUGS, &c., is
+_one million, one hundred_ and _twenty-three thousand_ (1,123,000)
+_dollars_, or _one hundred_ and _forty thousand, three hundred_ and
+_seventy-five_ (140,375) _dollars_ to each house; and the sales of the
+three largest houses amount to _seven hundred_ and _fifty-three thousand_
+(753,000) _dollars_.
+
+The sales of HARDWARE by _nine houses_ amount annually to _five hundred_
+and _ninety thousand_ (590,000) _dollars_, being an average of _sixty-five
+thousand, five hundred_ and _fifty-five_ (65,555) _dollars_ to each house.
+
+The sales of SADDLERY reach _nine hundred_ and _eighty thousand_ (980,000)
+_dollars_, of which nearly one-half are of domestic manufacture.
+
+The sales of HATS and CAPS, necessarily including sales at retail, amount
+to _six hundred_ and _eighty-three thousand_ (683,000) _dollars_.
+
+The sales of QUEENSWARE, less reliably taken, reach _two hundred_ and
+_sixty-five thousand_ (265,000) _dollars_.
+
+There are _thirty-nine_ wholesale GROCERY houses, whose aggregate sales
+reach _ten millions, six hundred_ and _twenty-three thousand, four
+hundred_ (10,623,400) _dollars_, which gives an average of _two hundred_
+and _seventy-two thousand, four hundred_ (272,400) _dollars_ to each
+house. A brief statement of some of the principal annual imports in the
+Grocery line will perhaps give a better idea of this business. The figures
+refer to the year 1850:
+
+  Louisiana Sugar          15,615 hhds.
+  Refined     "            10,100 p'ckgs.
+  Molasses                 17,500 bbls.
+  Coffee                   42,500 bags.
+  Rice                      1,275 tierces.
+  Cotton Yarns             17,925 bags.
+  Cheese                   25,250 boxes.
+  Flour                    80,650 bbls.
+  Bagging                  70,160 pieces.
+  Rope                     65,350 coils.
+  Salt, Kanawha           110,250 bbls.
+    "   Turk's Island      50,525 bags.
+
+The following Recapitulatory Table will enable the reader to see at a
+glance all that has just been stated:
+
+TABLE.
+
+  ------------------------------------------------------------------
+  Description of Business.| No of |Aggregate Annual|Average Sales to
+                          |Houses.|     Sales.     |   each house.
+  ------------------------|-------|----------------|----------------
+  Groceries               |   39  |   $10,623,400  |     $272,400
+  Dry Goods               |   25  |     5,853,000  |      234,000
+  Boots and Shoes         |    8  |     1,184,000  |      148,000
+  Drugs                   |    8  |     1,123,000  |      140,375
+  Hardware                |    9  |       590,000  |       65,555
+  Queensware              |    6  |       265,000  |       44,166
+  Hats, Furs, &c.         |    8  |       683,000  |       85,375
+  ------------------------|-------|----------------|----------------
+      Total               |  103  |   $20,321,400  |     $197,295
+  ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+It will be seen that these tables do not include many of the largest
+departments of business. Beside the houses already mentioned are many
+commission houses, whose sales in cotton, tobacco, rope, bagging, hemp,
+provisions &c., would very greatly increase the amounts above stated. The
+impossibility of procuring accurate and reliable statistics of the amount
+of sales by these houses will prevent any attempt to fix the exact ratio
+of their business. The Western reader who is at all connected with
+commerce does not, however, need to be told that the trade in these
+articles in Louisville is of immense extent. The great superiority of this
+city as a market for hemp and its products, bagging and rope, is so
+obvious, so well known and so widely acknowledged, that any dissertation
+upon these merits is unnecessary here.
+
+As a TOBACCO MARKET, Louisville possesses advantages which are not
+afforded by any other Western or Southern city. The rapid and healthful
+increase in the receipts and sales of this article during the last few
+years is of itself sufficient evidence of this fact. Even as early as the
+year 1800 the prospects of the city in this regard, though in the distant
+future, were looked upon as highly flattering. A Mr. Campbell had at that
+time a tobacco ware-house, which was situated opposite Corn Island. This
+ware-house was suppressed by the legislature in 1815, and a new one
+ordered to be erected at "the mouth of Beargrass." The building thus
+directed was located on Pearl Street, about one hundred feet from Main,
+and the salary of the Inspector was fixed at L25, currency, per annum.
+This inspector resided at some distance from the city, and when a
+sufficient quantity of tobacco had been collected at the ware-house to
+make it an object, he was sent for to come and perform his duties. The
+entire crop did not then exceed 500 hogsheads. There are at present in the
+city three large tobacco ware-houses, all receiving and selling daily
+immense quantities of this article. Speculators are attracted to this
+market from great distances and the receipts are continually upon the
+increase. The following table of receipts since 1837 will show how
+steadily and securely this increase has been effected:
+
+  1837       2,133 hhds.
+  1838       2,783  "
+  1839[18]   1,295  "
+  1840       3,113  "
+  1841       4,031  "
+  1842       5,131  "
+  1843       5,424  "
+  1844              "
+  1845       8,454  "
+  1846       9,700  "
+  1847       7,070  "
+  1848       4,937  "
+  1849       8,906  "
+  1850       7,155  "
+  1851      11,300  "
+  1852      16,176  "
+
+These figures are of themselves a strong argument in favor of this city as
+a market for tobacco. The reasons for the steady and rapid increase in
+the receipts of this article, as well as for the opinion that this is the
+best market for tobacco in the United States, are very simple, very
+convincing and very easily stated. In the first place, it is a fact well
+known to all tobacco dealers, that in the three divisions of
+Kentucky--to-wit: the Northern, Southern and Middle--a variety of leaf,
+suitable to _all_ the purposes of the manufacturer, is grown. In no other
+State is so great and so complete a variety of leaf produced. The cigar
+maker, the lump manufacturer and the stemmer all find in this State the
+article just suited to their various purposes. These tobaccos all
+naturally find their way to Louisville as a market, and, of a necessary
+consequence, attract buyers to this place. Beside this advantage, another
+important point is gained in the presence of the numerous manufacturers of
+tobacco in Louisville. These persons, having to compete with the
+established markets of older States, offer large prices to the planter and
+so attract here great quantities of the article. It is well known that
+really fine tobacco, for manufacturing purposes, has brought and will
+always command here as high rates as can be had for it at any other point
+in the United States. The number of manufacturers is rapidly increasing,
+the character of the article which they produce is steadily growing into
+favor, and the market for its sale is enlarging every day, so that
+planters cannot be so blinded to their interests as to seek foreign
+markets for an article which will pay them so handsomely at their own
+doors. Again: the facilities for the shipment of the article from this
+point to the various Eastern markets are recently so increased that an
+entirely new demand has sprung up for Louisville tobacco. Western New
+York, Western Pennsylvania, Northern Illinois, Ohio and Michigan, all of
+which were formerly obliged to look to New York City for their supplies of
+this article, have recently turned their faces westwardly, for the simple
+reason that they can now get the same article at less rates of freight and
+without the former numerous and onerous commissions. Nor is this the only
+benefit procured to these purchasers in choosing this market. It is well
+known that, unless tobacco is in unusually excellent order, it is always
+seriously injured by being confined on shipboard in its passage through
+the warm climate of the Gulf of Mexico and along the coast of the Southern
+States. And as Louisville is the only other prominent shipping point for
+the article, it has, of course, this great advantage over rival markets.
+The facts above enumerated indicate only the prominent and leading reasons
+for believing Louisville to be the best tobacco market in the Union. Many
+other advantages might be enumerated, but these, which are all
+acknowledged and have been demonstrated over and over again, are
+considered sufficient to establish the proposition. However much
+Louisville has gained in regard to this article, there is yet much to
+gain. Her destiny is but beginning to be unfolded, and only a few years
+will elapse until the largest of the receipts above quoted will appear
+quite insignificant and worthless beside the swollen columns of the
+statistician of a future period.
+
+The assertion that Louisville is destined very soon to become
+distinguished also as a COTTON MARKET may excite some surprise among
+those who have not had their attention called to this matter. But that
+this is a fact can readily be shown to the most skeptical. The consumption
+of cotton in the West amounts to 35,000 bales, and heretofore this has
+constituted the entire demand of this section of the country. But the
+recent opening up of new means of communication with the Atlantic coast at
+the East has begun and will complete an entirely new state of affairs in
+this regard. Let us look for a moment at the effect of these new
+facilities of transport. By the 1st of January, 1853, an uninterrupted
+communication with the Atlantic at the North will be effected by the lake
+route, continuing from 1st of May to 1st of November. At the same time the
+Jeffersonville Railroad will have established connection with other
+railroads reaching to New York. Beside all of which, the Baltimore and
+Ohio Railroad will have been completed from Wheeling to Baltimore, from
+which point all descriptions of Western produce can reach Philadelphia and
+New York, either by railroad, or, more cheaply, by means of propellers,
+steamers and sail-vessels. The completion of this latter road will be the
+signal for the establishment of a line of steam-packets from Louisville to
+Wheeling, another to Memphis, and yet another to Nashville. These lines
+are already established and merely wait the completion of the Baltimore
+and Ohio Railroad to go at once into operation. A line of packets to
+Tuscumbia and Florence is already in successful operation. The facts above
+stated are well known to the community both East and West. It only
+remains, therefore, to examine how they will affect Louisville as a
+market for cotton. New Orleans, it cannot be denied, has heretofore been
+considered the only proper point of shipment for this article, but if both
+the seller and the buyer can be benefited by a change of markets, surely
+that change will ensue. New Orleans is certainly the natural depot for
+Southern cotton, but if the cotton raised in Alabama, Tennessee and North
+Mississippi, or that which finds its way to market down the Cumberland and
+Tennessee rivers, can be placed in Louisville at less rates of freight
+than would be charged to New Orleans, and thence can reach the Eastern
+markets in less time and at less rates than from that city, it is surely
+the interest of both seller and buyer to make Louisville their market. Now
+it is certain that from these points cotton will be carried to Louisville
+at one dollar per bale less than to New Orleans; it is equally certain
+that insurance can be had via Louisville to New York at _one-half_ the
+rates charged via New Orleans, and that freight, after the 1st of January
+next, from this city onward, will be the same as from New Orleans; beside
+which the time of transit will be thirty days less, thus saving no
+inconsiderate sum in interest. Again, the trade of North Alabama,
+Tennessee and North Mississippi with this city is ascertained to reach two
+and a half millions of dollars. To pay this debt seventy thousand bales of
+cotton, valued at seven cents per pound, would be required. Here is
+presented another reason why this cotton should seek Louisville as its
+natural market. One of our most sagacious and enterprising merchants has
+recently returned from the East, where, with laudable energy, he had been
+presenting the claims of this market to Eastern buyers. And the result of
+this mission is, that reliable arrangements have been made for buying
+whatever cotton may come to this market at New Orleans quotations. It is
+perfectly safe then to predict from January of next year a spirited and
+regular demand for all the cotton which may be sent here. The 140,000
+bales produced in Tennessee, or finding its way to market from Tennessee
+river, will find ready sale in Louisville and at the regular New Orleans
+prices. Can it be doubted, in view of all these facts, that Louisville is
+entirely certain to attain prominence as a market for cotton. This has
+long been the natural market for the article, and only waited the
+completion of lines of connection with the East, which, now they are about
+to go into operation, must of necessity make it the _first cotton market
+of the Western country_.
+
+Louisville also deserves consideration as a market for pork. This market,
+though perhaps less in extent here than in some other Western cities, is
+steadily increasing in the amount of its operations and rapidly growing
+into favor with the dealers. In 1827 there were but two pork houses in the
+city; one of which was owned by Patrick Maxcy and the other by Colmesnil
+and O'Beirne. It was then the custom to buy the hog in small lots from the
+farmers by means of agents who traveled through the State. These hogs so
+procured were concentrated at some point and corn was bought and fed to
+them until the time for slaughtering arrived, when they were driven to
+this city and here butchered. The number of hogs killed by these two
+houses did not then exceed fifteen thousand, while at the end of the pork
+season in 1851, this amount had been increased to one hundred and
+ninety-five thousand, four hundred and fourteen. It is fully calculated by
+the packers that this number will be exceeded ten per cent in the ensuing
+year. Both the farmer and the buyer have reasons for prefering this city
+as a pork market. The farmer, because it is not the custom here to
+"_scale_" the hog--that is, to make a standard weight for which the market
+price is given, while all below that point are taken at reduced
+figures--and the buyer, because pork is here packed under the same roof
+where it is butchered. This last may be considered a small inducement; but
+when it is remembered that where the butchering and packing are carried on
+by different individuals and in different parts of the city, the hog is
+obliged to be transported at all seasons and in all states of weather from
+house to house at considerable labor and cost and with danger of damage to
+the meat, it will be found an item worthy the serious consideration of the
+buyer. The meat put up here is surpassed in quality by none in the world,
+and when the facilities of transportation referred to in the above remarks
+upon cotton are established, the growth of this city as a pork market will
+be yet more rapid than it has before been. There are at present eight
+large pork houses in the city. The importance of Louisville as a pork
+market is well enough known to need no further elaboration of its merits
+in these pages.
+
+The manufacturing interests of Louisville come now to claim their share of
+attention. And it is somewhat singular that, with the resources and
+capacity of this city as a place for manufactures, there should be so
+little to boast of in this regard. Of her commercial statistics, as has
+already been shown, Louisville has abundant cause to be proud, but she has
+at the same time reason to regret the little use which has heretofore been
+made of her immense advantages as a manufacturing point. It is not to be
+denied that there are many excellent manufacturing establishments in and
+around the city, but the number is greatly below what is needed and
+greatly disproportioned to the advantages offered here. There are many
+reasons why this city should hold prominent rank as a place for
+manufactures. The facilities in the way of water-power, the immense
+surface of level and highly productive country by which it is surrounded,
+the cheapness of rents and of building lots, and the advantages for
+placing the manufactured article in market, are among the most prominent
+of these reasons. There is, perhaps, no city in the Union where similarly
+great inducements are offered to the judicious and enterprising
+manufacturer. And yet the results of commercial enterprise of other sorts
+have been so successful and so rapidly produced as to lead away from the
+manufacturing interests much capital which would otherwise have been
+invested in them. The brilliant success of any one department of trade in
+a city has usually led to precisely similar results as are alluded to
+here. Of this Cincinnati furnishes a notable example. Her earliest success
+was effected by means of her manufactures, and persons seeking investment
+for their capital naturally gave it the direction which had already proved
+productive. Louisville, on the contrary, owing to her peculiar location,
+found her earliest and most promising evidences of prosperity in
+commerce, and consequently all the capital seeking employment was
+naturally drawn into this channel. And it is unfortunate for Louisville
+that this has been true, for however important commercial prosperity may
+be to a city, it is far inferior in point of utility and universal profit
+to the advantages conferred by successful manufactures. During the last
+four or five years this matter has begun to engage the attention of
+capitalists and a proper and healthful feeling is rapidly gaining ground
+in favor of this branch of trade. Many new factories have already sprung
+up, and several more are on the eve of establishment. The public mind is
+fully awakened to the necessity for building up and for encouraging the
+products of home industry, and the producer has taken new rank in public
+estimation. The prejudice which may once have existed against mechanical
+employments of all sorts is no longer felt, but the manufacturer and his
+employees are held alike high in favor and in social rank.
+
+The following table of manufactures in Louisville is chiefly taken from
+the census report of 1850. Additions have been made to the more important
+branches of manufacture as far as reliable data could be obtained, so as
+to enable the reader to have a comprehensive view of the subject up to the
+present time. It is believed that the figures in this table are under the
+actual amounts; it is certain, at any rate, that they do not in any
+instance exceed the truth. A more extended and special notice of the
+principal manufacturing establishments of the city will be given in an
+appendix to this volume, to which all who feel an interest in the state of
+manufactures here are especially referred.
+
+TABLE OF MANUFACTURES.
+
+  Kind of Manufacture.        No. of          No. of           Annual
+                            Factories.        hands.          product.
+
+  Animal Charcoal                 2             12            $15,000
+  Awnings and Tents               2             12              7,500
+  Artificial Flowers              1              3              6,000
+  Bagging Factories               3            120            184,000
+  Bakers                         96            332            469,200
+  Bandboxes                       3              9              3,800
+  Baskets                         3              7              5,400
+  Bellows                         2              7             15,000
+  Blacking                        3             12              7,500
+  Blacksmiths                    49            254            163,400
+  Blinds, Venitian                3             12             14,200
+  Blocks and Spars                2             12              7,500
+  Bootmakers                     63            302            375,100
+  Brewers                         6             30            108,600
+  Brushes                         2              9              5,813
+  Bricks                         36            339            224 000
+  Bristle Dressers                1              3              2,500
+  Burr Stones                     1              8             12,000
+  Boiler Makers                   4             30             64,200
+  Candy                           9             56            184,800
+  Camphine, &c.                   1              3             31,500
+  Carpenters                    144            916          1,027,600
+  Cars, &c.                       1            100
+  Carpet Weavers                  2             14              6,000
+  Coach Makers                    9             98            123.300
+  Cotton and Wool                 3            135            173,500
+  Clothing                       45          1,157            941,500
+  Composition Roofing             1
+  Combs                           6             18              9,800
+  Coopers                        20             60             56,800
+  Cement                          1              4             10,000
+  Edge Tools                      2              9             16,000
+  Feed and Flour Mills            9             47            283,800
+  Flooring and Saw Mills         14            190            420,200
+  Fringes, Tassels, &c.           1              6              8,700
+  Furniture                      25            446            638,000
+  Foundries                      15            930          1,392 200
+  Glass Cutters                   1              3             $2,500
+  Glue                            2              6              5,000
+  Gunsmiths                       4              8             14,000
+  Glass                           1             50             50,000
+  Hats                            6             68            201,700
+  Last Makers                     1              2              2,500
+  Lath Makers                     1              4              5,000
+  Lock Makers                     6             38             37,400
+  Leather Splitter                1              1              1,000
+  Lithographers                   2              9             20,000
+  Looking Glass, &c.              2             11             12,000
+  Machinists[19]                  2              5              6,200
+  Marble Workers                  4             41             35,000
+  Mathematical Inst. Makers       1              3              6,500
+  Mustard                         2             13             21,000
+  Musical Inst. Makers            3             60
+  Millinery                      35            344            340,000
+  Oil Cloth                       2             12             11,500
+  Oil Stones                      1              6             22,900
+  Oil, Lard and Linseed           3             16            140,000
+  Nail                            1              2              3,000
+  Paper Mill                      1             36            113,000
+  Plane                           3              8             13,000
+  Platform Scale                  1             11             12,000
+  Patent Medicines               24            127            467,400
+  Printing Offices               12            201            214,000
+  Plows                           4             32             35,000
+  Perfumery                       2             10              8,000
+  Pottery                         2             14             11,500
+  Pork Houses                     4            475          1,370,000
+  Pumps                           3             16             15,100
+  Rope                           11            166            460,000
+  Saddlery                       17            114            236,000
+  Saddle Trees                    1              7              7,500
+  Soap and Candles                6             59            409,000
+  Starch                          1              8             20,000
+  Steamboat Carpenters[20]        4             75           $235,000
+  Stocking Weavers                1             10              5,000
+  Silversmiths                    4             18             34,500
+  Stucco                          1              5              7,000
+  Tobacco and Segars             82          1,050          1,347,500
+  Tin, Copper, &c.               17             87            122,300
+  Tanners                         9             64            176,000
+  Trunks                          3             27             29,500
+  Turners[21]                     4              8             11,600
+  Upholsterers                    5             21             56,000
+  White Lead                      1              8             12,600
+  Wigs                            1              4              8,000
+  Whips                           1              2              1,500
+  Wire Workers                    2             12             12,500
+  Wagons                         20            144            184,800
+
+To this list may be added the following memoranda of steamboats for 1850.
+It has been found impossible to bring this list forward as far as 1852. In
+the former year there were employed on 53 steamboats, owned in Louisville,
+1,903 hands. The amount of capital invested in these boats was $1,293,300,
+and the annual product for freight and passage reached $2,549,200.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+In concluding this history it will be well to look back and examine the
+ratio of its progress for the last half century, as well in population as
+in pecuniary value. This may be done: first, in the following table
+showing the increase in numbers of every ten years; and second, in a
+tabular view of the assessment of real estate at the end of each similar
+term of years. The population of Louisville then, commencing with the year
+1800, may be stated as follows:
+
+  1800       600
+  1810     1,300
+  1820     4,000
+  1830    10,090
+  1840    21,000
+  1850    43,217
+  1852    51,726
+
+It will be seen from this table that the city has never shown as rapid an
+increase as has been effected in the last two years. This is the result
+chiefly of the impulse which has been given to Louisville by her action in
+reference to lines of railroad, and other facilities of communication with
+distant points, as well as of the fact that a new energy has been infused
+into the commercial circles, and more vigorous efforts have consequently
+been made to afford to this city that reputation as a commercial mart,
+which she has long deserved.
+
+Of the present population of Louisville, no less than 18,000 are Germans,
+and this number is daily being augmented by arrivals from the fatherland.
+It would perhaps be no more than just to say that these foreigners form,
+as a body, one of the best classes of our population. They are a careful,
+pains-taking and industrious people, of quiet, unobtrusive and inoffensive
+manners; and are, in a majority of instances, men of some education and
+ability. The better class of this population are rapidly rising in public
+estimation, and while they are becoming in a measure identified with the
+native citizens, and so Americanized, the influence of their philosophic
+habits of mind, of their thoughtfulness, and of their love of the
+beautiful in nature and in art, is gradually incorporating itself into the
+social life of the city, and so adding to each some of the advantages
+possessed by the other. The German character, in its higher developements,
+displays many attributes which are wanting, in more senses than one to our
+native population. From the educated German, we may learn that
+enthusiastic love and reverence for the intellectual and for the beautiful
+in all its phases, whether of nature, of sentiment, or of art, which is
+inherent in his character, and which gives to life so much of its charm;
+while by us he is taught that practicality must be the basis of his
+philosophy, and that without a certain admixture of utilitarianism his
+sentiment is mawkish and unmanly, and his theories are idly speculative
+and puerile. Thus each class imbibes from the other what it most needs,
+and society reaps the benefits of the union. The German population is also
+useful to the city in a political point of view. They serve as the
+"filling up" to the picture. As has been recently said: "The bulk of the
+population of every city, perhaps two out of three, are small
+manufacturers or artisans of some description or other, and those
+dependent on them; of the sewers together of clothing, the makers of toys,
+confectionary, and jewelry, the compounders of materials used in medicine
+and the arts, the furnishers of the toilet, the parlor, and the kitchen,
+the fabricators of iron, wood, and stone into forms required by the uses
+or fancies of man. Think of the amount of our yearly purchases of Boston
+bonnets, New York caps, and Philadelphia shoes, and of the thousand, the
+innumerable articles that our retail and fancy dealers pick up in the
+lanes, alleys, and cellars of those cities, articles which were made for
+Western demand, for the very market of which this is the natural, and
+ought to be the commercial center. To this kind of population we are to
+look for increase, these hand workers are to cover our vacant lots, and
+consume the products of our surrounding agriculturists; they come in
+silently, and go to work unnoticed; the grocer at the corner, the baker,
+and the brewer, build higher houses, and are men of more noise and note,
+and we forget that for every one of the latter there must be one hundred
+of the former."[22]
+
+It is precisely the class spoken of in the foregoing extract that is being
+built up, and is yet to be built up by the German citizens in Louisville.
+And, notwithstanding the number already here, there is yet room and work
+for many more. As has already been said the advent of artizans of this
+class is desired by the city, and, if they can be content to rise to
+wealth by slow and steady increase rather than by rapid strides of
+progress, their success is infallibly certain. Other inducements will
+also be offered to this and to other classes of people, seeking homes and
+investments, in considering the value of real estate in Louisville. Let us
+first look at the progress of property valuation during the last half
+century, as shown in the following table. The assessment valuation of
+property was, in
+
+  1800           $91,183
+  1810           210,475
+  1820         1,655,226
+  1830         4,316,432
+  1840[23]    13,340,164
+  1850        13,350,566
+  1852        16,350,052
+
+This valuation is much smaller than that of the same quantity of property
+would be in any other American city, and this very fact has been urged
+against Louisville by her rival neighbors. They insist that the low price
+of property here is a proof that the trade of the city is not progressive,
+that hence no inducements are offered, either to the emigrant or to the
+capitalist. A slight examination of the subject, however, will show why
+property has not advanced here in the same ratio as in other cities, and
+will also demonstrate the fact that the very argument which is urged
+against Louisville, is really a matter of serious congratulation to her.
+It is not denied that land can be had within one mile south of the center
+of the city at from two to three hundred dollars per acre, whereas land
+similarly situated either in Pittsburg, Cincinnati, St. Louis or New
+Orleans would command nearly, if not quite four times that price. On the
+contrary, it is urged that this should be and that it is at once claimed
+as a strong recommendation both to the capitalist and to the emigrant, in
+favor of this city. The reason why this difference exists in favor of
+Louisville, is thus plainly shown. If the reader will take up the map of
+Kentucky and Indiana, and, commencing at the mouth of Harrod's Creek,
+which empties into the Ohio river eight miles above the city, will draw a
+line down to a point five miles below the mouth of Salt river, and another
+line thence southwardly for a distance of sixteen miles; and from this
+point draw a gradually decreasing arc back to the point of beginning, he
+will have enclosed a space of country, every foot of which is entirely
+level, is delightfully watered, abounds in building material of every
+description, and is equally as well suited to all purposes of building, as
+are the best lots now within the city limits. Nor is this all; crossing
+the Ohio river at the foot of the Indiana Knobs, one mile below New
+Albany, and going north-east a distance of sixteen miles, and thence back
+to the Ohio river at or near Utica, a triangle is formed whose base is
+twelve miles long, and whose other legs reach about twenty miles to the
+apex. The space embraced within this triangle possesses precisely the same
+characteristics as that contained in the arc above mentioned. When it is
+remembered, as has been said by another writer upon the same subject, that
+we have "no need to encroach on arms of the sea as at Boston or New York,
+or to raze hills in the rear as at Pittsburg and Cincinnati, or to make
+embankments and to reclaim swamps as at New Orleans," but on the
+contrary, that we possess a location where building lots equally good,
+both as to site and material, may be had at one mile and at ten miles
+distant from the center of the city, the mystery of our cheap lots begins
+to be evolved. Here is a space of level country beyond the reach of any
+flood, all parts of which are equally well adapted to the purposes of the
+builder, sufficiently large to contain within its limits the cities of
+London, Paris, and St. Petersburg, with the foundation for a large city
+already laid, with a location which, in reference to facilities of
+intercourse with the rest of the United States, is unsurpassed; at the
+only point of obstruction in a continuous line of two thousand miles of
+inland navigation; a half-way house between North and South; a point
+through which all the great railroad arteries must of necessity pass; in
+the center of the most fertile and productive agricultural lands in the
+Union; in a State distinguished for the nobility and chivalry of character
+of its inhabitants, with every advantage which nature can give to the
+merchant, the manufacturer or the idle man of wealth and fashion; what is
+there, in view of all these circumstances, to prevent it from becoming the
+Great City of the West? What other inducements could be asked either by
+the capitalist at home or the emigrant from abroad? Does the cheapness of
+property or do the low prices of rents prove obstacles to either of these
+classes of people? Does the fertility of the surrounding country, and the
+consequent cheapness of the markets draw away any who might otherwise be
+attracted hither? Is one of these present the reason why Louisville is not
+already what she must inevitably become, the first city in the West. The
+reason is contained in the fact, not that these things are true, but that
+being true, they are not known. It is to her own supineness, to her
+indifference and lack of ambition to attain the rank to which she is
+entitled, that she is indebted for her second-rate position. Had the
+energy of the last two years been invested ten years ago, and been
+continued till now, the population of Louisville would to-day have been
+one hundred thousand souls. But she has been content to sit languidly down
+to the enjoyment of the passing hour, while her competitors were bracing
+every nerve and straining every muscle, not only to surpass her in the
+race for supremacy, but to disable and destroy her. She has at last
+awakened to a sense of her position, her lethargy is at last thrown off,
+and now the struggle begins in earnest. If it be continued in earnest it
+is easy to see that she can rapidly regain her place, and easily bear off
+the palm.
+
+Let us look for a moment at the geographical position of Louisville, and
+her facilities of intercourse with other portions of the country. The
+following table of distances, time, conveyance and cost will readily show
+this:
+
+  +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+  |From Louisville to|Dist'ce.|  Time.    |     Conveyance.     | Cost. |
+  |------------------|--------|-----------|---------------------|-------|
+  |Pittsburg         |     608|  60 Hours.|     Steamboat.      | $7 50 |
+  |Cincinnati        |     150|  14   "   |          "          |  2 50 |
+  |Memphis           |     643|  60   "   |          "          |  8 00 |
+  |New Orleans       |    1365| 240   "   |          "          | 20 00 |
+  |St. Louis         |     535|  40   "   |          "          |  8 00 |
+  |Nashville         |     176|  33   "   |       Stage.        | 12 00 |
+  |New York          |    1080|  60   "   |Steamboat & Railroad.| 22 00 |
+  |Boston            |    1135|  62   "   |     "         "     | 25 00 |
+  |Philadelphia      |     793|  54   "   |     "         "     | 20 00 |
+  |Washington        |     736|  52   "   |     "         "     | 19 00 |
+  |Baltimore         |     696|  50   "   |     "         "     | 17 50 |
+  +---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+In a very few years, Cincinnati, Nashville and St. Louis, will be
+connected with us by railroads, which are already partly completed, and so
+reduce the time to those cities to six, eight, and twelve hours
+respectively. These communications once established, Louisville becomes
+the very center of a vast network of roads, connecting different climates,
+the products of different soils and regions of every diversity of wealth.
+The railroad to Nashville connects immediately with Charleston, and thence
+opens roads to New Orleans and Mobile; while in another direction it
+reaches Richmond, Va., passing through immense tracts of rich agricultural
+and mineral lands. The railroad to Cincinnati opens to us the whole North
+and East; while that to St. Louis will ultimately bring to our doors the
+products of the Pacific Coast and the treasures of the modern El Dorado.
+Add to all these advantages the unavoidable effects of these railroads, in
+bringing to light all the possible wealth of the countries through which
+they pass, and then say if anything but the most criminal neglect of the
+advantages which Nature has given her, can prevent Louisville from
+arriving at the most prominent rank among Western cities. Does the
+capitalist desire an investment? Where can he better find it than near a
+city thus situated, and one where lands are sold at less prices, and
+building materials are cheaper and are more accessible than in any other
+city of the Union? Does the emigrant desire a home? Where can he better
+find it than near a city thus situated, one where the whole of his little
+fortune is not required to buy him a shelter from the winds and the rain,
+one that is yet unfilled with eager competitors in the struggle for
+wealth, one where the products of his industry are needed and will be
+eagerly taken from his hands at their fair value, one where he can have
+not only a field for his own struggle with the world, but a place and a
+circle of friends possessing all those attributes which make a home happy?
+It cannot be but that as publicity is given to these advantages possessed
+by this city, she will attract to her thousands of emigrants from abroad,
+and thousands of capitalists and adventurers from other parts of our
+country. While other cities have been spending time and means and
+influence in advocating their claims to consideration, Louisville has been
+silent. She gives publicity to her merits now for the first time, and, by
+this humble little missive, she begs only for a fair hearing and for an
+unbiassed consideration of her claims to public favor, satisfied that if
+these can be secured her, she need have no fear that the highest dreams of
+ambition which have ever been presented to her will be fully realized.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+  LOUISVILLE ROLLING MILL COMPANY,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  BOILER, BAR, AND SHEET IRON,
+  (CHARCOAL AND PUDDLED.)
+  Flue Plates; Railroad Axles, Chairs and Spikes,
+  PLOW SLABS, WINGS, BOLTS, &C.
+  Office and Store 640 Main street, corner Fifth.
+  J. C. COLEMAN, President.
+
+This establishment is one of the largest in the city and forms a very
+important branch of Louisville manufactures; not only in the way of
+affording employment and the means of living to a large number of persons,
+but also by attracting from every part of this Great Valley an important
+branch of its trade. The company is organized in the best possible manner;
+the mill contains all the scientific improvements in this description of
+manufacture, and the energetic President of the company possesses all the
+requisites which could tend to guarantee the success of the concern. The
+Iron made here has been fully tested all over the West and commands every
+market into which it is introduced. The company have testimonials of the
+most flattering character from all the iron-workers of Louisville, who
+pronounce it "_fully equal if not superior to any Iron they have ever
+worked_, and more uniform in its quality than any other Iron." Similar
+testimonials have been received from the superintendents of the Louisville
+and Frankfort, the New Albany and Salem, the Jeffersonville, the Vicksburg
+and Jackson, and other Railroads, as well as from Col. Long,
+superintendent of the U. S. Marine Hospital. The following letter is a
+fair specimen of the favor with which the company's Iron is everywhere
+regarded, and is only one of many such constantly received by them. It is
+dated
+
+  CLEVELAND, OHIO, May 1, 1852.
+
+We are now using, and have, within the past year, used some fifty tons of
+the Louisville Rolling Mill Iron, for large Bolts for Railroad Bridges in
+Indiana. The Iron for this work must be of very superior quality, uniting
+great strength and tenacity. All the Iron we received of the Louisville
+Rolling Mill was of that character, and gave great satisfaction.
+
+  THATCHER, BURT & CO.,
+  Railroad Bridge Contractors.
+
+
+  FULTON FOUNDRY.
+  GLOVER, GAULT & CO.
+  (SUCCESSORS TO INMAN, GAULT & CO.)
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STEAM ENGINES
+  For Marine and Land purposes, and
+  MACHINE CASTINGS OR ALL DESCRIPTIONS,
+  Main street, near corner of Ninth.
+
+This is believed to be the oldest Foundry in Louisville, and one of the
+largest and most extensive in the Western country. Their engines have a
+wide-spread reputation in the West and South, and are well known and
+highly prized by Southern boat builders. Their fidelity in materials and
+workmanship, their promptness in the execution of orders, and their
+extensive assortment of the latest and most improved style of tools and
+patterns, combined with the well-known enterprise of the gentlemen who
+compose the firm, have all contributed to build up for this establishment
+a business and a reputation which reflects credit upon this branch of
+manufacture in the city. Steam engines are built by them in complete
+running order and ready for use, the purchaser not being required to go to
+any other factory for any of his order. Their business relations extend
+over a very large surface of country, and bring to the city much foreign
+trade. Besides their engines for boats, they also manufacture machinery of
+all kinds, Car wheels, Axles and Car castings of all descriptions,
+together with Iron and Brass castings and Wrought Iron work.
+
+This foundry employs one hundred and twenty hands, and uses six hundred
+tons of pig iron annually, besides other materials in proportion.
+
+
+  UNION FOUNDRY.
+
+  ROACH & LONG,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STEAM MACHINERY
+  OF EVERY DESCRIPTION,
+  SUGAR MILLS, COTTON GINS, &C., &C.
+  Main street, near Ninth.
+
+This concern, although not so old as many of its class is yet one
+deserving especial notice. The description of the business of this foundry
+differs very little, if at all, from some of those already noticed. The
+quality of work is in the highest degree creditable to the proprietors and
+profitable to this department of manufactures in the city. Both members of
+the firm are thorough practical workmen, having been regularly brought up
+to the business, and hence the work which proceeds from this foundry
+compares favorably, not only with any in the city, but with similar kinds
+of manufactures in any part of the country. Like most of our large machine
+foundries, the Union has extensive connection with the Southern
+markets.--They have frequently forwarded as many as seven cotton-gins
+within a fortnight, to different ports on the Mississippi river. Their
+Sugar Mills, wherever they have been used, are eminently successful in
+their operation. The casting of Chairs and Frogs for Railroads has also
+been extensively carried on at this foundry. In the great department of
+their business, the manufacture of Steam Engines for Boats, the Union
+Foundry enjoys a reputation which cannot be anywhere surpassed. They have
+built all sizes of engines, and are at present engaged upon a pair of
+engines with thirty inch cylinder and ten foot stroke. Indeed the heaviest
+castings of all sorts are constructed as readily and perfectly as the
+lightest, and are made to work with equal ease and precision.
+
+The Union Foundry employs eighty-four hands the "year round," and consumes
+six hundred tons of metal.
+
+
+  KENTUCKY
+  BRASS FOUNDRY
+  AND MACHINE SHOP.
+
+  LAWSON & FRANK.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STEAM AND FIRE ENGINES,
+  BAGGING MACHINERY, &C.
+  Main street, near Ninth.
+
+This well known Brass Foundry, now in the fifteenth year of its existence,
+is another of those factories which are ornaments to the city. It has
+never attempted the heavy steamboat castings, rather choosing the lighter
+machinery; and the reputation of the establishment is derived chiefly from
+the excellent finish and completeness of the work turned out. The most
+complex machinery is carefully and accurately made and fitted together.
+All work requiring nicety of construction and careful attention to detail,
+is here manufactured, and in a manner which has always given entire
+satisfaction.
+
+Every article is made under the immediate supervision of the proprietors,
+who are practical workmen and whose past reputation is a sure guarantee
+for the quality of every piece of work. The Fire Engines, and machinery
+for Hemp manufacture made at this establishment are deservedly
+celebrated.--
+
+Some of the most effective fire engines of this city and vicinity, have
+been constructed at this foundry. The Brass work made there is also
+creditable.
+
+From thirty-five to forty hands are employed constantly; the business,
+unlike that of most foundries, being equally good at all seasons of the
+year.
+
+
+  HYDRAULIC FOUNDRY.
+
+  TEVIS & BARBAROUX,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  CAST IRON SCREW PIPE,
+  IRON RAILING, ORNAMENTAL CASTINGS,
+  PATENT PUMPS, &C., &C.
+  WASHINGTON ST. COR. FLOYD.
+
+This foundry possesses many features which are peculiar to it alone. It is
+only here that Cast Iron Screw pipes are made; no other manufactory of
+this article exists in the Western States. The machinery used in this
+manufacture is beautiful in its construction, and perfectly adapted to the
+use for which it is intended. All the Gas pipes for the city, as well the
+main, as the smaller service pipes are made at this establishment. Many of
+these screw pipes are used in the Southern sugar houses, and their
+cheapness and durability, as well as the convenience with which they are
+put up, especially recommend them for that purpose. For supplying rail
+road stations, distilleries and tan yards they are also largely used. The
+demand for this article of so universal use is of course very great, and
+attracts much attention to Louisville manufacture. This foundry also
+manufactures a pump, well known to be the best forcing and lift pump in
+existence. Many hundreds of them are annually sold in New Orleans, and
+their reputation and sale all over the South is of the very first
+character. Tobacco Screws and Presses for Cotton, Tobacco and Hay as well
+as machinery generally, are also made here. Iron Railing is another large
+branch of their manufacture. The patterns for this railing are almost
+endless in variety, and few foundries in the country can offer so many
+inducements to the purchasers of all sorts of ornamental Castings as this.
+Their latest novelty is a Morticing machine, which is worthy of the
+special attention of mechanics. This establishment employs fifty hands,
+and is the only one of the kind in the city.
+
+
+  NOVELTY WORKS
+
+  BEATTY & HAWLEY,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STEAM-MADE COCKS AND FAUCETS
+  AND
+  BRASS FOUNDERS,
+  North side Main Street between Eighth and Ninth.
+
+This factory, which has been but recently put into operation, is the
+deliberate result of several years consideration and study. Messrs. Beatty
+and Hawley, the former of whom has been long and well known in Louisville
+as a sagacious practical manufacturer and man of business, have finally
+completed all the arrangements which are necessary to the establishment of
+this foundry on thoroughly scientific principles, and have possessed
+themselves of all the advantages to be derived from a complete study of
+the business. The concern is by no means an ordinary brass foundry. The
+West has heretofore sadly needed an establishment of this kind, those
+already in operation being incompetent to the wants of the people. The
+factory is now thoroughly organized, the best workmen have been employed,
+the most recent and useful tools and machinery have been provided and
+everything has been done with reference to a permanent and valuable
+business. Cylinder, Pump, Guage and Oil Cocks, Oil Cups, Fawcetts,
+Couplings and all like requirements of the Steam Engine builder are made
+here and warranted fully equal to any made in the United States. The same
+may be said with reference to articles used by the house plummer. Their
+planing machines, lathes, &c., are of the very best quality, and their
+machines for screw-cutting and for punching nuts and washers are also very
+perfect. Bells, Steam-Whistles, and in fine every variety of article
+manufactured from brass or bell metal will be made at this foundry. Babbet
+metal and such other like compositions as are useful to the machinest or
+brass founder are also sold at this establishment.
+
+
+  MARKET STREET FOUNDRY.
+
+  C. S. SNEAD, AGENT,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF
+  ORNAMENTAL AND ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORK,
+  Market Street, between Eighth and Ninth.
+
+This Foundry directs its attention more particularly to a new branch of
+business, in which it also has been eminently successful. It adds yet a
+greater number to the already large variety of uses to which iron is
+applied. Mr. Snead is the pioneer of this business in Louisville, and his
+is the only establishment in the West where ornamental work is the chief
+business of the foundry. It is well known that Iron can be applied to
+almost all work of this description, and furnished at less price than any
+other kind of material. The city abounds with proofs of the taste
+displayed by this gentleman in his manufacture. His efforts have been
+constantly directed toward attaining the highest degree of excellence,
+both in design and execution, and he is constantly preparing novelties and
+adapting his pliant material to new and valuable uses. Among the latest of
+these novelties may be mentioned a cast-iron Pavement for the sidewalk,
+which is composed of nicely fitting plates of Iron, in various forms of
+mosaic work, ornamented with graceful designs. This pavement, which will
+soon be exhibited, will doubtless at once take the place of the present
+destructible and uncomfortable footways, as it is not only more beautiful
+but far more durable. Iron counters for fancy stores form another
+improvement proceeding from this foundry. Cast Girders for the builder is
+also a novel article. The patterns for this establishment, already greater
+than would readily be credited, are daily augmented by additional designs
+from competent and tasteful hands. Store-fronts, Porticos for churches and
+private dwellings, Corinthian, Ionic, Doric, Composite and Gothic columns,
+cast Lintels and Sills for windows and doors, Brackets and Trusses of the
+most ornamental designs, Flue Covers, Chimney Covers, Vault Gratings, Air
+Grates, Stair Plates, Bedsteads, Window Frames and Sash, Hat Racks, Caps
+and bases for columns of any order, and numerous other like articles, are
+made at this foundry. Spittoons, Grate-bars, Hollow-ware, Tea-Kettles,
+&c., also form a part of their work. The continued success of this foundry
+is a proof of the existence of a high order of taste in the city.
+
+
+  LOUISVILLE
+  STOVE & GRATE
+  FOUNDRY.
+
+  D. & J. WRIGHT & Co.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STOVES, GRATES,
+  COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON WARE.
+  NO. 432 MAIN STREET.
+
+This immense establishment was organized by Messrs. Bridgeford & Holbrook
+as early as 1837, and was the first foundry for stoves in the city. The
+articles manufactured at this establishment, are well known as bearing a
+high reputation all over the West. The gentlemen who compose the firm are
+men of enterprise, and are always the first to present the latest
+novelties in patterns or workmanship. They manufacture a large part of the
+sheet iron steamboat stoves which are used on the western rivers, and have
+a deservedly great name among steamboat furnishers. The large and
+commodious building erected by them as a foundry, is a proof of the
+prosperity which has attended their endeavors. The work sent from this
+establishment, whether of the most ordinary kinds or of the finest and
+most elegant enamelled ware, will compare very favorably with that of any
+other establishment in the West. They consume annually in their foundry
+about twelve hundred tons of iron, and employ one hundred hands; while the
+tin and copper factory uses and vends three thousand boxes of tin plate,
+and from $15,000 to $20,000 worth of sheet copper, wire, block tin, sheet
+zinc, lead, lead pipe, &c. Two thousand bundles of sheet and rod iron are
+also annually employed. The establishment is one which reflects great
+credit upon its proprietors, and forms an important part of Louisville
+Manufactures.
+
+
+  EAGLE FOUNDRY.
+
+  WALLACE, LITHGOW & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STOVES, GRATES,
+  HOLLOW WARE,
+  COPPER, TIN, AND SHEET IRON WORK.
+  NO. 536 MAIN STREET.
+
+This foundry may be regarded as having been the first to introduce into
+the city the manufacture of the present extensive and complete variety of
+the finer sorts of stove work. The principals of the establishment,
+themselves practical workmen, have used much well-directed exertion to
+produce quite a revolution in the style of manufacture of the articles
+which come from their foundry. They have not only been early to introduce
+novelties from abroad, but have themselves patented many valuable
+articles. Among them the Eclipse Range, a cooking stove possessing
+numerous advantages over most of those now known, is deserving of especial
+mention. This range is in very common use all over the city, and is highly
+prized wherever it is known. They are also manufacturers of a great
+variety of elegant enamelled grates, garden vases and ornamental figures
+for gardens and yards. These latter articles have recently been introduced
+by these gentlemen, and they are being rapidly transferred from their
+warehouses to the many beautiful grounds of our wealthier citizens.
+
+Their foundry and buildings cover about half a square of ground; they
+employ one hundred and twelve hands, and melt daily seven tons of iron.
+Their importation of tin plate reaches four thousand three hundred and
+fifty boxes. Copper, zinc, wire, sheet iron, &c., are also used in immense
+quantities. The latest novelty of this establishment is Chilson's Air
+Warming and Ventilating Furnace for public and private buildings.
+
+
+  FALLS CITY
+  Stove & Grate Foundry.
+
+  McDERMOTT, McGRAIN & Co.,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  STOVES, GRATES AND CASTINGS,
+  COPPER, TIN AND SHEET IRON WARE,
+  No. 73 Fourth Street.
+
+This foundry, begun by Meadows & McGrain, is another well known
+establishment. The castings made by these gentlemen bear an equally high
+reputation with those already noticed. The firm has since its commencement
+been constantly improving in the quantity of its manufactured articles,
+and has added many valuable improvements to the stock of the stove
+founder. Among these may be noticed three new styles of cooking stove, all
+of which have attained a deserved celebrity. These are called "_The
+Stove_," "_Durable Kentuckian_," and the "_Queen Premium_." The first of
+these is suited to the wants of the city, being economical in the use of
+its fuel, and having attached to it a "summer arrangement," which does
+away with the extreme heat of the ordinary cooking stove. The oven is also
+so arranged that both bread and meat may be baked at the same time without
+imparting the taste of the one to the other. The second stove, the
+Kentuckian, is particularly adapted to the wants of the farmers, being
+large, roomy, and of unusual weight and durability. All of these stoves
+have met the entire approbation of those who have used them. Large
+quantities of Hollow Ware, such as pots, kettles, skillets, ovens, odd
+lids, &c., are cast at this foundry, and sold as well to the city as to
+country dealers. The common stoves made at the Falls City Foundry, are of
+excellent patterns and unusual weight; it not being the custom of this
+establishment in any case to sacrifice utility to ornament. All the
+articles usually made by the tinner also form a branch of their
+manufactory. These gentlemen receive large quantities of job-work, which,
+as is well known, they execute in a superior manner.
+
+
+  HOPE FOUNDRY.
+
+  GEO. MEADOWS,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  STOVES, GRATES, HOLLOW WARE,
+  TEA KETTLES, SAD IRONS,
+  ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER CASTINGS.
+  Foundry, Main Street between Thirteenth and Fourteenth.
+  Ware House, 367 Main Street.
+
+This Foundry, although recently established, is under the charge of a
+gentleman who is well known as having been long connected with this
+business in the city, and as bearing a very high reputation as a
+master-workman. The details of this business differ little from those
+already noticed. The quality of the work which proceeds from the Hope
+Foundry is surpassed by none in any part of the country. The sole
+difference between this and the stove foundries, already noticed, is found
+in the fact that great attention is here paid to architectural and
+job-work. Mr. M's skill in the operations of the foundry, and his constant
+presence and attention to all his work, recommend this establishment, in
+the highest manner, to all who desire to get up any novelty or to prepare
+any peculiar work. This foundry is as yet in its infancy, having been
+organized less than a year ago. It has already acquired an excellent
+business, and now finds ready sale for all the articles which can be
+produced. It is entirely safe to predict for it a speedy rise to great
+eminence. The factory is so arranged as to be readily extended to any
+capacity which may be desired, and the constantly increasing demand for
+this species of manufacture in the city, and its dependancies, will
+doubtless soon bring about this increase. It will be seen that Louisville
+is abundantly supplied with Foundries, and that the extent of work done in
+this line is of very great importance to her interests.
+
+
+  HAYS & COOPER,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  WAGONS, PLOWS, CULTIVATORS, AND CASTINGS
+  FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES,
+  Corner Main and Hancock Streets.
+
+This is the largest establishment of the kind in the western country, and
+is alike a credit to its proprietors and an honor to the city. The
+machinery used is of the most perfect order, and the concern is indebted
+to its own inventive powers for a great part of its completeness. The
+proprietors are both practical workmen, and they give their constant
+attention to all the details of their manufacture. The consequences of
+this care and attention are shown in the widely spread reputation of their
+manufactured articles. The chief market of these articles is found in the
+southern States and in Texas. It is greatly to the credit of this factory
+that their articles are so readily taken up by the planters, for it is
+well known that inferior agricultural machines and implements find no
+buyers among this class of consumers. In Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas
+and Tennessee, the machines and implements of this firm are universally
+known, and possess an enviable reputation. Messrs. H. & C. have introduced
+machinery by which one man can produce as many iron axles in a day as can
+usually be made by thirty hands, and the article so made is far more
+perfect than the old and tediously constructed one. They have also a small
+and ingenious saw of their own invention, for cutting felloes, and for
+sawing crooked lines, which for rapidity and precision cannot be anywhere
+surpassed. They also manufacture on their premises every article and every
+part of every article, which they sell. Plows, wagons, carts, timber
+wheels, harrows, cultivators, and other articles are made entirely on the
+premises, from the raw material into the perfect and finished article.
+They employ thirty hands, and produce from eighty to one hundred thousand
+dollars worth of work annually. Beside this establishment there are four
+other plow manufacturers, and twenty-one other wagon makers.
+
+
+  BENJ. F. AVERY,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  PLOWS
+  AND
+  CULTIVATORS.
+  Main St. bet. Floyd & Preston.
+
+It is a proof of the prosperity of a city when manufactories of so
+exclusive a character as the one before us not only exist but are
+handsomely sustained. Some five years ago Messrs. B. F. & D. H. Avery
+commenced the manufacture of the since celebrated Livingston County Plow.
+It was with difficulty that the prejudices of the agricultural community
+in favor of other instruments were overcome, but by dint of industrious
+exertion the plow slowly gained the confidence of the community until it
+now holds, in several of the Southern and Western States, the very first
+rank as a plow. It is worthy of notice, as a proof of the enterprise of
+this firm, that each year since it was first introduced they have been
+obliged to double the number of plows made the preceding year. A few
+months since Messrs. B. F. & D. H. Avery dissolved their firm and Mr. B.
+F. Avery has now sole charge of the establishment. He has recently made
+some valuable improvements upon his plow, which will make its utility
+still more general. The new plow is found excellent for after-cultivation,
+and in connection with the old one makes his stock of plows fully adequate
+to every variety of American soil. Mr. B. F. Avery has spent some
+twenty-five years in this species of manufacture, and his experience is
+alone a proof of the value of his invention. His business, though already
+very large, is growing rapidly every year.
+
+
+  EDWARD HOLBROOK,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  CHEWING TOBACCO,
+  CIGARS, &c.
+  No. 474 MAIN STREET.
+
+This extensive tobacco factory, established some twelve years ago, is one
+of the most important in the city. It was commenced at a time when
+Kentucky manufactured tobacco found very little market in the cities of
+the United States, but has grown with astonishing rapidity and vigor. Mr.
+Holbrook is an old dealer in tobacco, and has acquired great sagacity in
+the selection of the article suited to the various departments of
+manufacture. His skill as a manufacturer is also worthy of notice. For
+many years he has been employed in testing the value of the various
+methods of producing the finest qualities of Chewing Tobacco, and has
+added many valuable improvements to the ordinary methods of manufacturing
+the article. By the industry and enterprise of this gentleman and his
+fellow tobacconists, the Louisville-made article has driven entirely out
+of market all the medium and lower brands of Virginia tobacco, and readily
+competes with even the higher brands of this favorite manufacture. The
+business of this factory is extended over a large surface of country. From
+the Lakes at the North to New Orleans, this tobacco is not only rapidly
+bought up, but is eagerly inquired for. Barker & Co., of Detroit, Mich.,
+write to Mr. H.: "We have orders _daily_, which we cannot fill for want of
+your tobacco." Preston & Bros., of Evansville, write: "This tobacco gives
+good satisfaction." Twitty & Smith, of New Orleans, say: "We doubt not,
+speedy satisfactory sales may be made of several hundred boxes by 1st of
+September." Rawson, Wilby & Co., of Cincinnati, under date of June 7,
+1852, write: "_We have a market for all the tobacco you can manufacture_."
+Hundreds of similar letters could be shown from various points. These
+however will be sufficient to establish the character of the article.
+
+
+  UNION FACTORY.
+
+  MUSSELMAN & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  CHEWING TOBACCO,
+  Sixth Street, near Main.
+
+This is the oldest tobacco factory in the city, and was the first which
+managed successfully to introduce this article. Previous to the
+establishment of this factory, all descriptions of chewing tobacco were
+brought from Virginia. Almost any other manufacturers would have sunk
+under the distrust and ill-will evinced by dealers of every class against
+this tobacco in the earliest years of its introduction. It was difficult
+at first to persuade the dealers even to receive the article on
+commission--and prodigious efforts were then required to overcome the
+prejudice against western made tobacco. The gentlemen who are at the head
+of the firm, however, fully persuaded of the value of their manufacture,
+and knowing it needed only to be known to be appreciated, continued their
+exertions, and finally succeeded in reaching the market. The results were
+great beyond their expectation. In 1832, the first iron tobacco press was
+brought by them to this city; ten years have elapsed, and nearly two
+hundred presses are now in full operation. The Union Factory merited and
+has received its full share of the benefit of this increase. The tobacco
+made by them competes with the best Virginia article, and has completely
+supplanted all the inferior qualities of that tobacco. The city dealers
+are almost entirely supplied by this factory, and hundreds of boxes are
+daily sent abroad. Their tobacco has found a market even in the distant
+California. Several hundred boxes were recently shipped to that point by
+the way of New York. A great revolution has been effected in this article
+by these gentlemen, thousands of dollars have been added to the trade of
+the city, and an entirely new market has been created by them. They have
+not only richly merited the success which has awaited them, but they also
+deserve much at the hands of the friends of the city for their sagacity
+and enterprise in this regard.
+
+
+  J. F. BAST,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  FINE CIGARS,
+  SMOKING TOBACCOS
+  AND
+  SNUFFS,
+  Main Street, between Second and Third.
+
+This is an old and well established firm, and one of those which have
+risen to eminence from small beginnings. The manufacture of cigars, Mr.
+Bast shares in common with some hundreds of others, though his
+establishment is by far the largest in the city, but in the making of
+snuff he is without a rival. The attention of this factory is principally
+directed to the manufacture of the finer quality of cigars, though many
+common cigars are made here. Mr. B. is himself an accomplished workman,
+and his articles may be entirely depended upon. There are about three
+millions of cigars made and sold here annually. The smoking tobacco from
+this factory is eagerly sought for wherever it is known; its superior
+quality and cheapness making a ready market for it wherever introduced.
+Mr. B.'s manufacture of snuff also forms a large branch of this business.
+The peculiar quality of this article consists in its entire adaptation to
+every climate, and its capacity for withstanding the influences of time.
+It may be transported everywhere, and kept for any length of time without
+receiving injury. Mr. B.'s sales at wholesale are not confined merely to
+the usual country trade; many of his articles find their way in large
+quantities to the great cities, and many of his brands receive
+distinguished preference in these places. Beside his own manufactured
+articles Mr. B. imports choice pipes, snuff boxes, cigar cases, and
+similar fancy articles. As a retailer, his store is celebrated as the
+resort of all the connoisseurs in smoking, snuffing, and their various
+equipments.
+
+
+  CHRISTOPHER & STANCLIFF,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  RAIL ROAD CARS,
+  AND OF
+  SASH, BLINDS, DOORS, &C.
+  CORNER OE EIGHTH AND GREEN.
+
+This factory was organized three years ago on a very extensive scale, with
+a view to supplying the demand for Sashes, Doors, and other like articles
+for the builder or the house carpenter. Since its commencement, however,
+it has constantly increased both in the amount and variety of work, until
+it has come to be one of the largest establishments in the city. Enormous
+buildings have been put up at great expense, new machinery of various
+kinds has been added to the original supply, experienced workmen have been
+brought from the older cities, and everything has been effected which
+could contribute to place the concern on an equality in point of capacity
+with any similar establishment in the country. The manufacture of railroad
+cars is a new department of the business; created by the growing necessity
+for procuring such work at home. The cars made by these gentlemen have all
+the new improvements known to the car builder, and are beautiful specimens
+of handicraft. In this immense factory, the painter, the turner, the
+blacksmith, the cabinet maker, the car builder, the upholsterer, and the
+carpenter, all find employment at their various trades. All the screws,
+nuts, &c., used in the factory, are made on the premises by machinery. The
+gentlemen who compose the firm, are entirely competent to the management
+of their diversified business, and great credit is due them for the
+promptness and excellence with which they execute all descriptions of
+their work.
+
+
+  J. N. BREEDEN & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  DOORS, BLINDS, SASH,
+  FLOORING
+  AND
+  DRESSED PLANK,
+  No. 622 MAIN STREET.
+
+This large and well organized mill is well known to western builders. It
+is one of those conveniences which are found only in large cities, where
+the builder can find ready made to his hand all that is necessary for the
+interior and exterior wood work of his house. Boards are taken from the
+lumber yard, and by machinery planed and moulded into all the forms
+necessary for the house carpenter, thus saving all the tedious hand labor,
+and reducing the enormous expense which has attended the building of
+houses. The majority of planing mills have never attempted more than the
+preparation of work for cheap houses; but this establishment before us has
+specimens of its manufacture in some of the finest residences in and about
+the city. The proprietors of this mill are devoting much attention to the
+finer departments of work, and their success is at once complete and
+merited. The feeling which once existed against the work of the planing
+mill, is rapidly disappearing before the exertions of these gentlemen;
+they have supplied such large quantities of work of all sorts, and have so
+entirely the confidence of the community, that their work is eagerly
+sought after, and they are constantly full of orders. They employ about
+seventy-five hands, and have machines, which plane about twenty-three
+thousand feet of lumber per day. They also manufacture large quantities of
+Packing Boxes, which they furnish to the stores at small prices. This
+department of their business is of itself of considerable extent. Lumber
+in the rough is also sold in large quantities.
+
+
+  BEN. F. CAWTHON,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  FURNITURE
+  AT
+  WHOLESALE,
+  Corner of Ninth, and Jefferson.
+
+This establishment is among the largest factories of its class in the
+western country. Although but a short time has elapsed since the
+manufacture of furniture by machinery was adopted in this part of the
+country, this factory has come to supply the wants of a great part of the
+West. In factories of this sort the manufacture of the most elegant
+classes of furniture is not attempted; attention being directed only to
+the staples of the trade, in the production of which machinery can be used
+to advantage. This machinery beautiful in its adaptation, and perfect in
+its application, is well worthy of notice. There are comparatively few of
+the operations of this establishment to which the machinery does not
+apply. All the separate parts of each piece of furniture are got out by
+machinery and cleaned up, veneered, and put together by hand workmen. Mr.
+C. thoroughly comprehends the business which he pursues, and has entirely
+the confidence of those with whom he has commercial relations. Large
+quantities of lumber are kept upon the premises, so that all the wood used
+in manufacture, is thoroughly seasoned; the workmen employed in the
+factory are mechanics of the best order, and the establishment has a high
+reputation for honesty and fair dealing, not only in the quality of work
+but in the equality of prices. Mr. C. has a regular printed price current
+by which he is governed, and according to which all dealers are equally
+served. His trade extends over a great part of the West and South,
+embracing the States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama,
+Mississippi; Louisiana, Arkansas and Missouri. As will readily be seen, a
+manufactory of this kind, so useful in its interests, and so large in its
+extent, is of great importance to the city; bringing, as it does, large
+amounts of money from other and distant points, and disbursing them at
+home; as well as offering inducements to the immigration hither, (which
+are and have been eagerly embraced,) of a valuable class of citizens.
+
+
+  JOHN M. STOKES,
+  MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF
+  CABINET
+  FURNITURE,
+  533 Main Street, between 2nd & 3rd.
+
+The manufacture of furniture in large quantities and with the aid of
+machinery has but lately been introduced into the western country, and
+however it may have reduced the prices or extended the sale of the
+articles so manufactured, it has by no means destroyed or even interfered
+with the sale of articles manufactured by hand. Of the finer class of
+furniture, of all those articles which are used merely as luxuries, as
+well as of such as are required to stand the test of severe use, those
+manufactured by hand are yet preferred; and the growing desire in the West
+for the best articles of furniture has rendered the class of manufactures
+under consideration of great value and importance. Louisville contains a
+very large number of establishments for the manufacture of fine as well as
+of durable and substantial common furniture. The largest of these and the
+one best calculated to display this branch of business is the well-known
+establishment of John M. Stokes, now in the 22d year of its existence.
+There is scarcely a finely furnished parlor in Louisville or its vicinity,
+scarcely an elegant steamer in the southern trade, that does not show the
+capacity of this firm to rival any similar establishment in the country.
+And while in some other branches of manufacture, Louisville may be
+exceeded by other western cities, it is only fair to say, that a visit to
+the immense establishment of Mr. Stokes will readily convince any one that
+in this department of trade, Louisville cannot be exceeded either in
+quality of work or in its price. Mr. S. has now in process of erection a
+large four story building, where he purposes to add very considerably to
+his already large manufacture.
+
+
+  ISAAC CROMIE,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  PRINTING PAPER,
+  NEWS, BOOK,
+  AND COLORED,
+  Mill, Main Street between Tenth and Eleventh,
+  Store, No. 477 Main St.
+
+This is the largest Paper Mill in the Western country, and fully equal in
+point of capacity and advantages with any in the Union. It was established
+in 1846, and passed into the hands of its present proprietor in 1848. The
+mill is furnished with every desirable improvement in the machinery used
+for paper making; the building is very commodious and well arranged, and
+is under the immediate supervision of Mr. Kellogg, a gentleman in every
+way qualified for his office. It is in constant operation, night and day,
+being lighted up by gas, which is also manufactured on the premises. This
+mill has advantages over most western mills in the fact that an abundant
+supply of rags is furnished in this market, that it is situated in a fine
+hemp growing region, where this article can readily be procured, bleached
+and reduced to the finest texture for strengthening paper; that this is an
+admirable location for making shipments of the manufactured article, and
+that the most excellent water is brought from wells on the premises in any
+quantity which may be desired. A very large amount of capital is invested
+in this establishment, and no expense has been spared in effecting every
+improvement known to the paper maker, and the results of this outlay of
+capital, and of the sagacity and enterprise of its proprietor are now
+evident. Not only does this paper find a ready market, but orders have so
+multiplied upon the factory that, even with the immense product, they have
+been unable until lately to complete their contracts for delivery. The
+stack for the furnace of this mill is 140 feet high, and can be seen from
+all the avenues of approach to the city.
+
+
+  HAYES, CRAIG & CO.
+  WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS
+  IN
+  HATS, CAPS,
+  STRAW GOODS, FURS, &C.
+  485 Main Street.
+
+But a few years have elapsed since all the hats sold in this market were
+the produce of eastern factories; and this department was not considered
+of sufficient value to be detached from other branches of trade. In latter
+years however, it has reached a position which makes it equal in
+importance to most other branches. Western merchants are fully aware of
+the value of Louisville as a market for hats, and even where many other
+articles are purchased elsewhere, this market is always selected and
+preferred by the buyer for his bill of hats.
+
+Few firms have as rapidly grown into the favor and confidence of the
+community as the one referred to above. They possess an enviable
+reputation throughout the South and West, both as elegant manufacturers,
+and as prompt and efficient men of business. Neither Beebe of New York,
+nor Rousto of Paris, are better known or more prized as hatters by the
+residents in the valley of the Mississippi. This is proven in the fact
+that their sales at wholesale reach the amount of one hundred thousand
+dollars, while their retail trade adds to this the sum of fifty thousand
+dollars more. Their manufacture is chiefly confined to the finest quality
+of hats. They employ from twenty-five to thirty hands.
+
+This house also deals largely in furs, their purchases in this article
+amount to about thirty-five thousand dollars annually. Their market for
+these furs is found in London and Leipsie.
+
+
+  POLLARD, PRATHER & SMITH,
+  LATELY P. S. BARBER & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN
+  HATS, CAPS, FURS,
+  AND
+  STRAW GOODS,
+  No. 455 MAIN STREET.
+
+This establishment, the oldest in the city, also commands a very prominent
+position in the western country. What has before been said with reference
+to the hat business, applies equally well to this establishment. The
+energy and promptness of this firm as manufacturers, the extended
+character of their business relations, and the high position which they
+occupy at home as well as abroad, have not only insured their own
+prosperity beyond any usual contingency but have added to the fame, the
+business and the resources of the city.
+
+Some idea may be formed of the increase in this department of business,
+when it is asserted that the sales of this house alone now reaches an
+amount greatly beyond what five years ago were the entire sales of the
+city. Hats made in Louisville always find the preference with western and
+southern purchasers over those made elsewhere. Not only are the qualities
+greatly superior, but the styles are far preferable; and for a similar
+class of goods, the prices are equally as low as those of any other
+market. In these remarks, reference is of course had to the best quality
+of hats. There is no department of trade which has increased, and still
+promises to increase more rapidly than this.
+
+The purchase and export of furs and peltries is also extensively carried
+on by this house.
+
+The two examples of this business given in this volume will bear favorable
+comparison with any other hat houses in the West; if indeed they do not
+surpass all their compeers.
+
+
+  NEEDHAM'S
+  MARBLE SHOP
+  AND
+  WARE ROOMS,
+  Jefferson St. between 3rd & 4th, North Side.
+
+This establishment has been in permanent and successful operation for the
+last seventeen years, and is, we believe, the oldest one of the kind in
+the city. The greater portion of the marble used; is imported directly
+from Italy in the block, via New Orleans. The foreign and domestic marble
+business has been a rapidly increasing one from the period of its first
+introduction, and our workmen have readily availed themselves of all the
+improved manufacturing processes. They are therefore prepared to furnish
+all articles in their line at as low a price, as the same articles can be
+furnished at any point in the West. Fine articles of manufactured marble
+are now _cheaper in the city of Louisville than in the city of London_.
+
+At Needham's Marble Warerooms may be found a well arranged stock of marble
+Mantles, varying in price from twenty-five to one hundred and fifty
+dollars. They are made of Italian, Egyptian, Irish, and the Sienna
+marbles. He also makes to order the various descriptions of furniture
+marble work.
+
+In the department of monuments, tombs, tablets, and general cemetery work,
+his stock and designs are said to be the largest in the West. All work
+sent from the city is carefully packed, and warranted free from breakage.
+The aim and object of the proprietor is to establish a permanent business
+by doing good work at moderate prices.
+
+
+  HUGH WILKINS,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  MATTRASSES, CARPETS,
+  CURTAINS, FLAGS
+  And all articles appertaining to the business of the
+  UPHOLSTERER,
+  Wall Street, four doors below Main.
+
+In Louisville, the business of upholsterer is one of great importance. The
+large number of steamboats which are built and furnished at this point
+gives a great deal of work in this department of manufacture. The
+reputation of this city as an admirable place for procuring articles of
+this description has attracted much trade from other points. The factory
+of Mr. Wilkins, now in the twelfth year of its existence, is one of the
+best and most favorably known in Louisville and in the West. It is perhaps
+more in this than in any other department of manufacture that the
+purchaser is compelled to depend on the honesty as well as the taste and
+judgment of the workman. The reputation of this factory is a sure
+guarantee for the first of these qualities, and the many specimens of work
+to be seen all over the city and in most of our steamboats, will readily
+establish the other. A very large trade has been built up for this concern
+by the fidelity and carefulness of its proprietor. The whole interior
+fitting of steamboats and houses is undertaken here. Beds, carpets and
+curtains of all descriptions and qualities are made and fitted up in a
+style of superior excellence. The spring-mattrasses made at this factory
+have a wide spread and deservedly great reputation. Some of those
+mattrasses have not only been used during the life of one boat, but have
+been removed from one steamer to its successor several times. The use of
+spring mattrasses on steamers is probably the severest test to which they
+can be subjected.
+
+
+  METCALFE'S BREWERY.
+
+  METCALFE & GRAINGER,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  ALE, BEER, PORTER,
+  AND
+  BROWN STOUT.
+  Market Street, between Sixth and Seventh.
+
+This brewery, organized in 1832, is the oldest in the city, and is equal
+in point of size and capacity to any in the West. The long practice in
+this manufacture which the senior partner of this firm has had, and the
+well-known reputation of the establishment are sufficient proofs of the
+quality of articles manufactured here. Situated in the centre of a
+splendid grain market, with water equal to any in the world, and with
+thoroughly practiced and competent workmen, the Louisville Ales, Beer,
+Brown-Stout, &c., cannot be anywhere surpassed. The Brown-Stout from
+Metcalfe's Brewery is fully equal in every respect to the London article;
+and the experiment of placing it, in Byass' bottles, before the best
+connoisseurs has been frequently attempted, and always with success. It
+has, however, a reputation of its own and does not therefore need a
+foreign stamp to make it currently received. Beside furnishing the
+interior of most of the western States, Messrs. M. & G. find a very
+extended and ready market for articles of their manufacture in the larger
+cities. Memphis and St. Louis receive and sell large quantities of these
+articles, and scarcely a boat leaves for the Tennessee or Cumberland
+rivers without having among her freight more or less of the products of
+this brewery. Cards announcing the presence of these articles for sale are
+every where shown out as inducements to the lovers of these delightful
+beverages. In Louisville the brewings of Messrs. M. & G. are highly valued
+by all.
+
+
+  CLARK BRADLEY,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  COACHES, CARRIAGES,
+  BUGGIES, &C.
+  Main Street, between Brook and First.
+
+The manufacture of carriages is not carried on as extensively by any
+single firm in the West as in the East. The business is however one
+embracing a large amount of capital, but the number of manufactories
+prevents any single house from doing a very large amount of work. Carriage
+building in Louisville has, however, recently partaken of the impulse
+which has been given to every department of manufactures. There are fully
+three times as many carriages built in Louisville now, as there were three
+years ago. The smaller establishments in the interior places have been
+obliged to resign to the superior quality and price of Louisville work.
+There is no city in the Union where there are so many private vehicles
+used, in proportion to the population, as in Louisville. This fact has led
+to the endeavor on the part of carriage makers here to compete with
+foreign workmen. And with the single exception of heavy carriages,
+Louisville builders are at any time ready to furnish carriages at the same
+price as they can be had in the East.
+
+Mr. Bradley's establishment will afford a very fair example of this
+business. It is one of the oldest in the city, and has a fine reputation.
+The quality of work manufactured here cannot be surpassed, and Mr. B.'s
+thorough knowledge, long experience, and personal attention to his
+business, have done credit to him, and tended to advance the interests of
+this business in the city. His sales extend to Kentucky, Tennessee, North
+Alabama, Arkansas, and even to Mississippi and Louisiana. Fully one third
+of the sales of this factory are made out of the State. Mr. Bradley
+employs about twenty hands, who receive about ten thousand dollars
+annually. His sales amount to about thirty thousand dollars. The value of
+this as a market for this species of manufacture, is fast beginning to be
+felt: and it cannot be doubted that it will become ere long the very best
+market of the country.
+
+
+  BAKER & RUBEL,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  CARRIAGES, ROCKAWAYS,
+  BUGGIES, &C.
+  No. 650 Main Street.
+
+This manufactory, though not so old as many of our carriage shops, is
+still one deserving especial notice. The proprietors are themselves
+constantly employed in the details of their work, and the result of their
+knowledge, attention and experience is plainly observable in the work
+which proceeds from their establishment. They possess the entire
+confidence of the community, and, for the short time they have been
+employed in their business, have been in every way very successful
+workmen. Although the greater part of their sales are made in and around
+the city, they yet send their carriages over a large part of the southern
+and south-western States. It is idle for western and southern buyers any
+longer to indulge the foolish opinion, that better, more durable, or more
+elegant carriages can be bought in the eastern markets, than can be had at
+home. Such an opinion was held until recently in regard to fine furniture,
+but that has disappeared under the earnest endeavor of Louisville
+manufacturers, and it is time for western purchasers to learn to depend on
+their own workmen for supplies of every sort. Messrs. B. & R. have now in
+their establishment carriages of all sorts which will favorably compare in
+point of elegance with those made in any part of the Union, and will far
+exceed any others in point of durability. This matter is one deserving the
+attention of carriage buyers, and if they can only be persuaded to make a
+trial of Louisville work, the fame of the city in this regard will be
+easily established.
+
+
+  DR. JOHN BULL,
+  MANUFACTURER OF THE
+  FLUID EXTRACT
+  OF
+  SARSAPARILLA.
+  Office on 5th Street, below Main.
+
+Dr. John Bull has used in the manufacture of his Sarsaparilla within the
+last year 3,648 gross of bottles, 27,744 packing boxes at a cost of $6,885
+50, and affords constant employment to about 55 hands. Amount of sales for
+the year ending this date, $255,700 90. Dr. Bull commenced the manufacture
+of this article exclusively about five years since, and the full amount of
+sales at that time was about $5,500, which amount was entirely consumed in
+advertising and printing of various kinds. The second year sales about
+$38,600. Third year, $89,200 50. Fourth year, $157,030 70. Fifth year,
+$255,700 90, as per above statement. The demand for his Sarsaparilla is
+greater now than it has been at any time previously, and its reputation is
+becoming more extended. He has received large orders from California, New
+Mexico, and the island of Cuba. Wherever it has been tried, the sales of
+it have increased, which is a sufficient guarrantee of its efficacy and
+standing in all places where it has been introduced.
+
+
+  THOMAS WILLIAMS & Co.
+  GAS FITTERS,
+  AND
+  PLUMBERS,
+  No. 462 MARKET STREET.
+
+This establishment is the only one of the kind in the city, and since its
+commencement a little more than a year ago, it has rapidly grown into
+favor. Few persons are perhaps aware of the fact that all those minor
+elegancies and luxuries which follow the establishment of water works in a
+city can be procured and put in operation by this firm as readily and
+completely, as in cities ever so abundantly supplied with water. Water
+closets, bath houses, wash basins, pumps, boilers, and all the
+appurtenances of an elegant mansion are here manufactured and furnished in
+complete order. Most of the residences built since the existence of this
+firm, have taken advantage of these furnishings, and many of the older
+dwellings have added a part at least of these conveniences. These
+gentlemen also import a great variety of gas fixtures of all descriptions,
+as well as wrought iron welded tubes for steam, gas and water, which they
+put up in a superior style. They also manufacture brass work of all the
+lighter descriptions. The Beer-Pumps which are seen upon the counters of
+our coffee houses, are also from this factory. These pumps are of a very
+superior quality, and are exported from the city in large quantities.
+Steamboat plumber's work also forms an important part of this business.
+The well-known steamer Eclipse was furnished from this establishment. All
+the work done by this firm is of the very best quality. These gentlemen
+are thorough and accomplished workmen, and attend in person to the details
+of their business. There are few plumbing establishments in this country
+with which this will not bear favorable comparison.
+
+
+  MILNE & BRUDER.
+  LITHOGRAPHERS,
+  No. 44 Third Street.
+
+Lithographic printing is a very important branch of the Art, and one in
+which excellence is rarely attained. It is applicable to a very great
+variety of work, and hence is worthy of much consideration. Few persons
+are probably aware of the utility of the art referred to. Maps,
+landscapes, cards, bill heads, labels, drawings for the Patent Office,
+anatomical plates, and in fine all the work of the ordinary printer as
+well as of the draftsman and of the engraver, can be executed by the
+lithographer. To do all these things well, an office requires to be
+thoroughly organized, to possess artists of ability, and to be in the
+hands of men of artistic taste as well as of business capacity. In all
+these respects, the office of Messrs. Milne & Bruder is complete. In all
+those classes of work which come within their province, these gentlemen
+enjoy a high reputation. Prompt and efficient in their business relations,
+tasteful and artistic in the execution of the work entrusted to them, they
+are enabled to command a large amount of patronage, not only in
+Louisville, but all over the West and South. The new map of Kentucky
+lately issued from their press, is of itself a sufficient guarantee for
+the character of the work executed at this establishment. This map is the
+best ever published, and its authenticity is in no whit inferior to its
+mere artistic excellence. It is steadily growing into public favor, and is
+deservedly appreciated wherever it is known. There is no lithographic
+establishment in the West, which can and does execute a greater variety or
+a better quality of work than that under consideration.
+
+
+  G. W. BRAINARD & CO.
+  PUBLISHERS OF
+  SHEET MUSIC.
+  AND DEALERS IN EVERY DESCRIPTION OF
+  MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS,
+  AGENTS FOR
+  JONAS CHICKERING'S
+  PIANO-FORTES.
+  No. 117 Fourth Street, Mozart Hall.
+
+But little more than a year has elapsed since the publication of sheet
+music was begun by this firm. Their catalogue however already embraces a
+large number and a great variety of excellent music. The success of their
+publishing house is by the practical talent and fine taste of the
+proprietors, already placed beyond a contingency of failure, and only
+needs the necessary lapse of time to become complete. As is well known,
+Louisville numbers a great many accomplished musicians and musical
+amateurs among her population. There is perhaps no other American city of
+equal size where this art is so much cultivated and so high in favor with
+the whole people. Music publishing, the necessary consequence of this
+state of affairs, becomes therefore an important branch of business.
+Messrs. B. & Co. are high in favor with our musical people, have published
+a good deal of Louisville composition, and are rapidly finding a large
+market abroad as well as at home for their production. These gentlemen are
+also agents for Chickering's celebrated Pianos, as well as for other
+favorite brands. Their attention is also particularly directed to
+supplying Brass Instruments for bands. And they offer excellent security
+for the quality of the articles which they keep. As a music store, their
+establishment is a favorite resort with the amateurs of this delightful
+art.
+
+
+  PETERS, WEBB & CO.
+  Publishers of Music,
+  Main Street, bet. 2d and 3d, Opposite Bank of Ky.
+
+  PETERS, CRAGG & CO.
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  PIANO FORTES,
+  Main Street, between Thirteenth and Fourteenth.
+
+  J. WEKERLE & CO.
+  ORGAN MANUFACTURERS.
+
+The publishing house of Peters, Webb & Co., perhaps the oldest
+establishment of the kind, and certainly the most favorably known in the
+West, employs one title engraver, three music engravers, and about six
+printers. They keep three copper-plate presses constantly employed, and
+issue from seven to ten thousand pages of music per week.
+
+The piano-forte manufactory of Peters, Cragg & Co., was organized only a
+few years ago, but its success has been so constant and rapid, that they
+are not now able to supply the demand for their instruments. They have
+embarked a very large capital in this business, and are now erecting a
+large three story factory on Main Street, where they will be enabled to do
+a still greater amount of work. They are prepared with all the most recent
+useful improvements in manufacture and will employ in their new factory
+about thirty hands. This firm is ready at any moment to duplicate any bill
+of wholesale prices, which may be had from any respectable eastern house,
+either in sheet music or pianos.
+
+P. W. & Co., in company with J. Wekerle, a practical organ builder,
+commenced the manufacture of these instruments in Louisville a little less
+than three years ago, since which time they have built several instruments
+for western churches, in Louisville and elsewhere. These have been
+pronounced by competent judges equal to any made in the country. Five
+workmen are constantly employed in this department.
+
+
+  CHARLES DUFFIELD & CO.'S
+  HAM CURING ESTABLISHMENT,
+  Water Street, between 5th and 6th, Entrance on 6th.
+
+This is the largest establishment exclusively devoted to the curing of
+hams, not only in the United States, but in the world. The buildings are
+of brick and are three stories in height. The curing-house is 66 feet wide
+and 350 feet long, embracing over 52,000 square feet of floor. The smoking
+house is 35 feet in width by 65 in length, and will hold 40,000 hams at
+one smoking. One to two hundred thousand hams are cured here in one
+season, and thirty to fifty men are employed nearly six months in the year
+in preparing the hams for market and summer keeping. The details of the
+curing process are not made public.
+
+Mr. Duffield was the _first_ to establish and make permanent the business
+of ham curing, as a separate and distinct branch of the provision trade,
+which he did by _persevering_ in making fine hams for years without
+profit--and he has thus became the PIONEER in giving character to our
+western hams, which now stand unequalled in the markets of the United
+States. It is to this perseverance that we are indebted for all the fine
+hams, by whomsoever cured, that now fill our markets.
+
+Mr. Duffield was the _first_ to cure in Cincinnati, in 1835, as many as
+20,000 hams, and from this _beginning_, the business is believed to have
+now reached the grand aggregate of from six to eight hundred thousand
+hams, cured in an _extra_ style, in all the western cities. Mr. D.'s hams,
+however, still stand pre-eminent. The demand for them increases yearly.
+His brand is, "DUFFIELD'S AMERICAN WESTPHALIA HAMS." The reason for the
+term "American Westphalia" is contained in the fact, that the only hams
+celebrated in the United States markets, when Mr. D. commenced curing,
+were those imported from Westphalia, in Germany, (which were then and
+still are sold at 25 and 30 cents per pound,) hence the propriety and
+boldness of the term "_American_ Westphalia." It is certain that Mr.
+Duffield's cure will not be found _inferior_ to the best _imported_ from
+Westphalia, and will not cost the consumer one-half the price of that
+article.
+
+The following list of diplomas, medals, &c., which have been awarded at
+different times to the hams cured by Mr. Duffield, will corroborate this
+opinion. By Ohio Mechanics' Institute, in 1844; by Hamilton County
+Agricultural Society, in 1846; by Ohio State Fair, held in Cincinnati, in
+1850; by The London Industrial Exhibition, and World's Fair Prize Medal,
+in 1850. We are proud of Mr. D.'s reputation, and glad to be able to say
+that Louisville has _the largest ham curing establishment in the world_.
+
+
+  A. McBRIDE,
+  MANUFACTURER OF
+  PLANES AND EDGE TOOLS,
+  No. 69 Third Street.
+
+The manufacture of Planes and Edge-Tools in Louisville is not and has not
+been considered a very prominent branch of trade. It is well known that
+the skillful manufacture of these articles has long been a difficulty hard
+to overcome. Mr. McBride, who has been a practical workman with the plane,
+has successfully combatted all the difficulties in the way of producing a
+perfect article. Wherever the tools from this factory have been used, they
+have achieved that most difficult of results, the entire approbation of
+the mechanic. Mr. B.'s business is one of those the steady growth of which
+indicates real merit and ultimate success. Every article produced is made
+by the hands of skillful workmen, and under the immediate eye of the
+proprietor; hence all may be sure of procuring a far more valuable article
+than can be had from the steam factories. Mr. McBride has in addition to
+his manufactory, a fine stock of Hardware and Cutlery.
+
+
+  HENRY HUNTER,
+  GLASS CUTTING ESTABLISHMENT,
+  No. 69 Third Street.
+
+This useful establishment is one of those minor factories which are
+indispensible to a great city. Necessary of small extent as compared with
+many other branches of manufacture, it is yet an important and useful
+concern. Mr. Hunter is the foreman of his own factory, and is a thorough
+and accomplished workman. It is at his shop that those elegant cuttings on
+tinted and white glass, which adorn the windows of our southern
+steamboats, and add so much to their magnificence, are done. In this
+department of his business he is without a rival in the city and, it is
+believed, in the West. Beside this, Mr. H. is a fitter of glasses for
+jeweller's work, such as rings, breast-pins, miniatures, &c. He also
+replaces parts of broken sets of glass and performs, in a superior manner,
+all the work done at the glass cutters. A good stock of cut glass-ware is
+also to be found at this factory.
+
+
+  KENTUCKY LOCK FACTORY.
+
+  HARIG & STOY,
+  MANUFACTURERS OF
+  SAFE, BANK, VAULT, JAIL AND DOOR LOCKS.
+  No. 97 Third Street.
+
+The Kentucky Lock Factory is another establishment deserving especial
+notice. The work made at this factory is surpassed in quality by none in
+the West. Locks of every description from those of the prison, the Bank
+and the safe, to the smallest mortise latch, are manufactured with equal
+care and fidelity. The Fire-Proof Safe, which has a well established
+reputation everywhere, is also made here. Iron doors and frames for bank
+vaults and prisons us well as sliding door locks and trimmings also form a
+part of the daily work of the factory. This concern, under the charge of
+Mr. Aug. C. Harig has for a long time enjoyed the confidence and patronage
+of this community, and it will doubtless, under its present management,
+continue to increase in public favor. In addition to articles of their own
+manufacture, Messrs. H. & S. offer for sale an excellent assortment of
+Builders Hardware.
+
+
+  A. TIENSCH,
+  Manufacturer of Mathematical and Philosophical Instruments,
+  NO. 97 THIRD STREET.
+
+In the same building with the factory noticed above, may be found the
+instrument shop of Mr. Tiensch. In this exceedingly complex and scientific
+manufacture, this gentleman is very eminent. The most delicate
+manipulations of his art are performed by him with singular accuracy and
+facility. Manufactories of this kind are rare in the American cities, nor
+is the demand for these articles very great. Mr. T. is therefore able to
+furnish the proceeds of his manufacture to buyers who are scattered ever a
+large surface of country. He keeps on hand a stock of the instruments in
+most common use and is thoroughly competent to the successful manufacture
+of any article in his line which may be desired by the scientific man. His
+factory will doubtless grow with the growing wants for articles of this
+description in this great city. The curious in such matters will find his
+shop well worthy of a visit.
+
+
+  HULL & BROTHER,
+  Book & Job Printers, Binders,
+  AND PUBLISHERS,
+  83 & 85 Fourth Street, between Main and Market.
+
+This firm commenced business in this city in the year 1844. It has
+gradually grown, from a small beginning, until it stands second to no
+establishment in the West, either for facilities or workmanship. Although
+its principal business is that of Book, and the finer kinds of Job
+Printing, yet at this office are issued two weekly papers, and three
+monthly periodicals--making an average of over _ten thousand periodicals
+weekly_.
+
+The Proprietors being both practical men, (having been all their lives
+engaged in the business, and understanding thoroughly every department of
+it,) they have been enabled to carry the Art of Printing to a perfection
+that would surprise and astonish the spirits of Faust and Guttemberg, were
+they to arise from their graves, as much as it pleases and attracts the
+lovers of the beautiful of the present day.
+
+In connection with this establishment there is a well assorted Bindery,
+under the direction of Mr. J. A. IRWIN, who, in this department, is
+connected with the Messrs. Hull. He also is a practical workman, well
+acquainted with every part of his business.
+
+Every branch and variety of the business is here carried on. From the
+mill, the paper passes to the wetting trough, thence to the printing
+press; from the press to the drying boards, then into the hands of the
+Folder, and so successively, to the Forwarder, the Embosser, and the
+Finisher, until the perfect book is produced.
+
+The Messrs H. employ about forty hands in their Establishment and are
+supplied, both in their Printing and Binding departments, with the very
+best materials and machinery that have been invented.
+
+Altogether it is an Establishment that does credit to our city, and gives
+additional evidence of its increasing prosperity.
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Campbell had been taken prisoner by the British and Indians and was
+then in captivity in Canada.
+
+[2] MARSHALL, Vol. I, p. 104.
+
+[3] Directory for 1832.
+
+[4] Western Review for January, 1830.
+
+[5] This incident is by some accredited to William Creasy, a bargeman of
+the James River.
+
+[6] Morgan Neville, in Western Souvenir for 1829.
+
+[7] PERKINS' Annals, pp. 280 to 282.
+
+[8] John A. McClung in Collins' Kentucky, p. 57.
+
+[9] This statement is given on the authority of Major Quirey's own son.
+
+[10] This prediction, as is well known, has been verified.
+
+[11] This gentleman was one among the most distinguished of the early
+citizens of Louisville. His untiring energy, his inflexible honesty of
+purpose, and his fine mental ability, all contributed to render him
+conspicuous in every position to which he was called. An excellent epitome
+of his character is contained in a remark made by him upon the occasion of
+his resignation of the Presidency of the Bank referred to. The directory
+of the Bank having determined to stop payment, Mr. Prather resigned his
+seat with these memorable words:--"I can preside over no institution which
+fails to meet its engagements promptly and to the letter." Mr. Prather was
+long connected in business with Mr. John I. Jacob, whose recent death has
+been so much deplored; and the firm of Prather & Jacob is one of the best
+and most favorably known among the early merchants of this city.
+
+[12] This census does not include the residents in Preston's or Campbell's
+enlargements, nor does it refer either to Portland or Shippingport.
+
+[13] This is extracted from Mr. Maum Butler's account of the Canal.
+
+[14] Gallagher's Review of Amelia in the Hesperian for 1839.
+
+[15] This hope is now destined never to be gratified, for, since the above
+was written, this accomplished poetess and estimable woman has been called
+away to join her voice with the angelic choir, whose harmonies are the
+delight and the glory of the celestial world. On a bright May morning,
+such as her own songs have taught us to love, when the earth was redolent
+of beauty, and the flowers were sending up to heaven the incense of their
+perfumes, when all rejoicing nature was pouring out its mourning orison to
+its Creator, the angels sent by her Heavenly Father, came and bore her
+spirit to its home in the skies. And so
+
+  "She has passed like a bird from the minstrel throng,
+  She has gone to the land where the lovely belong."
+
+[16] Haldeman's Directory for 1844-5.
+
+[17] These gentlemen having recently resigned, the chairs so vacated are
+now occupied by Drs. Palmer and Austin Flint, of Buffalo, N. Y.
+
+[18] "In this year, a line of 46 hhds brought $3,390 84, averaging $73 73
+per hhd. The crop was short, and speculation ran high. Dealers in the
+article were heavy losers."--_Directory for 1845._
+
+[19] Most of the machinists are connected with the foundries.
+
+[20] This does not include all steamboat builders.
+
+[21] Most of the turners are connected with various factories.
+
+[22] From "Louisville and the Elements of her Prosperity," by H. Smith,
+Esq., in the Louisville Journal.
+
+[23] Speculation in city lots ran very high at this time, and property
+bore an enormous fictitious value. As will be remembered, this feeling was
+not confined to Louisville, but was prevalent all over the western
+country. This was the era of speculations in western town lots, an era
+which will not be recalled with pleasure by most western men.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Louisville, from the
+Earliest Settlement till the Year 1852, by Ben Casseday
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF LOUISVILLE ***
+
+***** This file should be named 38740.txt or 38740.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/7/4/38740/
+
+Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
+generously made available by The Internet Archive.)
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+http://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/38740.zip b/38740.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc7a34e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38740.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6d61e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #38740 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38740)