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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of American Military Insignia 1800-1851, by 
+J. Duncan Campbell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: American Military Insignia 1800-1851
+
+Author: J. Duncan Campbell
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2012 [EBook #38738]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN MILITARY INSIGNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Joseph Cooper, Christine P.
+Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's notes: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected,
+all other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's
+spelling has been maintained.
+
+Characters enclosed in { } are superscripts.]
+
+
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+
+UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
+
+BULLETIN 235
+
+WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+1963
+
+
+
+
+_Publications of the United States National Museum_
+
+The scholarly publications of the United States National Museum
+include two series, _Proceedings of the United States National Museum_
+and _United States National Museum Bulletin_.
+
+In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing
+with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly
+acquired facts in the fields of Anthropology, Biology, History,
+Geology, and Technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to
+libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others
+interested in the different subjects.
+
+The _Proceedings_, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in
+separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes,
+octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in
+the table of contents in the volume.
+
+In the _Bulletin_ series, the first of which was issued in 1875,
+appear longer, separate publications consisting of monographs
+(occasionally in several parts) and volumes in which are collected
+works on related subjects. _Bulletins_ are either octavo or quarto in
+size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers
+relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been
+published in the _Bulletin_ series under the heading _Contributions
+from the United States National Herbarium_.
+
+This work is number 235 of the _Bulletin_ series.
+
+                                                  FRANK A. TAYLOR
+                             _Director, United States National Museum_
+
+
+  For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
+  Office
+  Washington 25, D.C.--Price $2
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Shoulder-belt plate of Vermont Militia, attributed to
+Ethan Allen, about 1785. In collection of Dr. John Lattimer.]
+
+
+
+
+MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
+
+
+American Military Insignia
+
+1800-1851
+
+
+J. Duncan Campbell and Edgar M. Howell
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+1963
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+                                            _Page_
+
+  Preface                                      ix
+
+  Bibliography                                xiv
+
+  Introduction                                  3
+    Organization of the Regular Army            3
+    Organization of the Militia                 6
+
+  Insignia of the Regular Army                  7
+    Cap and Helmet Devices                      7
+    Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates        31
+
+  Insignia of the Uniformed Militia            51
+    Cap and Helmet Devices                     51
+    Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates        88
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+This catalog is a descriptive and interpretive listing of the insignia
+of the Army of the United States--other than buttons, epaulets, and
+horse furniture--in the National Collections that were prescribed or
+worn during the period 1800-1851. The subject of early American
+military buttons has been covered by L. F. Emilio in _The Emilio
+Collection of Military Buttons_ (Salem, Massachusetts: Essex
+Institute, 1911), W. L. Calver and R. P. Bolton in _History Written
+with Pick and Shovel_ (New York: New York Historical Society, 1950),
+and David F. Johnson in _Uniform Buttons, American Armed Forces_,
+1784-1948. (Watkins Glen, New York: Century House, 1948, 2 vols.). For
+epaulets, see Mendel L. Peterson, "American Army Epaulets, 1814-1872,"
+_Military Collector and Historian_ (March 1961, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.
+1-14).
+
+Most of the specimens described here are from the huge W. Stokes Kirk
+Collection acquired in 1959, supplemented by the War Department
+Collection and the numerous biographical collections of the United
+States National Museum; in addition, a few insignia in the collections
+of J. Duncan Campbell and others are included.
+
+The unique W. Stokes Kirk Collection, unmatched in scope, volume, and
+rarity, is worthy of special note. It was begun in 1878 by W. Stokes
+Kirk, Sr., of Philadelphia, a dealer in U.S. Government surplus.
+Struck by the beautiful design and delicate art work in some of the
+early insignia, Mr. Kirk put aside all old and unusual devices for his
+personal collection. As his business expanded, so did his interest in
+military rarities and curios. After each bulk purchase from government
+sources, he would have all the odd and unusual items sorted out for
+his examination. The best of such items went into his personal
+collection, which included rare firearms, powder flasks, insignia,
+epaulets, military caps, and the like. W. Stokes Kirk, Jr., who
+succeeded his father and expanded the business nationally until it
+became almost as well known as Bannerman's Military Store in New York
+City, maintained and enlarged the collection. After his death, in
+1946, the collection was continued by his widow, Mrs. Linnie A. Kirk
+Mosler. Items in this catalog from the W. Stokes Kirk Collection are
+indicated by the letters "S-K" in parentheses following the United
+States National Museum number.
+
+Although this catalog is, in more than one sense, a developmental
+history of American military insignia, it is not, and is not intended
+to be, a definitive study. The picture is far too incomplete. Whereas
+the record of Regular Army devices after 1821 is fairly clear--despite
+the fact that the uniform regulations continued sometimes to use the
+tantalizing phrase "according to pattern"--there remain serious gaps
+in the pre-1821 period when regulations were exceedingly vague and
+fragmentary at best; for example, the badges of the Regiment of Light
+Artillery (1812-1821). These gaps will be filled only by excavating at
+sites known to have been occupied by specific Regular units during
+particular periods. Indeed, since this study was begun, four unique
+and significant insignia were excavated at the site of a War of 1812
+cantonment, and these greatly enrich our knowledge of the period.
+
+The record of insignia of the veritable multitude of independent
+uniformed Militia companies in existence during the period under
+consideration may never be complete. The selection presented here,
+however, is an excellent representative chronological cross section of
+typical designs and variations of insignia worn by the uniformed or
+"volunteer" Militia, as opposed to the "common" or "standing" Militia.
+
+The best sources of documentation and dating for Regular Army devices
+are the uniform regulations and ordnance regulations; these are
+supplemented by pertinent records in the National Archives, notably
+the letter files of the Purveyor of Public Supplies and of the
+Commissary General of Purchases. The letter files are voluminous, but
+in some cases badly mixed and in many cases incomplete. We have
+conjectured a reason for this incompleteness. The two prime
+contractors for military insignia during the period 1812-1821 were
+George Armitage and William Crumpton, both of whom had their small
+factories in Philadelphia within a mile of the office of Callendar
+Irvine, Commissary General of Purchases. The paucity of written
+transactions in the records in the National Archives between these
+gentlemen and Irvine tends to bear out our assumption that most of
+their dealings were conducted verbally in Irvine's office. This would
+account for the lack of sketches and drawings of cap plates and belt
+plates in files of the National Archives. In cases where no specific
+documentary evidence is available, dating has been based on a careful
+evaluation of design development and comparison with biographical
+specimens that can be more fairly dated through knowledge of the
+former owner's career. Excavated insignia from datable sites have also
+reduced the problem considerably.
+
+For Militia insignia worn about 1835, the best documentation is to be
+found in _U.S. Military Magazine_, published between 1839 and 1842 by
+Huddy and Duval of Philadelphia, and in _New York Military Magazine_,
+published by Labree and Stockton of New York during 1841. In 1939,
+Frederick P. Todd described the Huddy and Duval prints in detail
+(_Journal of the American Military Institute_, 1939, vol. 3, no. 3,
+pp. 166-176). However, evaluation and consideration of over-all design
+development and comparison with dated biographical specimens of the
+earlier period, before 1835, are difficult and must be done
+cautiously, as there is no orderly pattern. One generalization does
+seem clear: during the decade after 1821, when the Regulars discarded
+large cap plates, the Militia almost universally adopted them and
+continued to wear them well into the 1840's. Very few insignia include
+the maker's name or initials, but when they do, bracketing within a
+definite period is relatively easy. Similarly, when a cap plate
+appears to be original to a cap, the design of the cap and its maker's
+label, if included, are of great help. Finally, when there is nothing
+else to rely on, the "feel" of the specimen, gained through the
+experience of studying several thousand, has been used, although with
+reluctance.
+
+The year 1800 was selected as the opening date of the study because it
+was in that year that the first metal ornament was prescribed to
+designate a particular branch of service. The closing date of 1851 was
+chosen because Regular Army devices for that year and thereafter are
+well documented in uniform regulations, manuals, and catalogs of
+manufacturers such as William Horstmann and Sons. Militia dress after
+that general date becomes so increasingly complex that it should be
+attempted only as a separate study.
+
+Most of the specimens described in this study were struck from steel
+dies; however--despite the relative wealth of knowledge on the
+striking of coins--little is known of the exact process, especially
+prior to the appearance of the punch press in the 1830's. Several
+insignia dies dating as early as the War of 1812 period and a number
+dating in the 1840's do exist, however. All of these examined were
+found to be female dies, with the design in intaglio rather than in
+relief. The design was worked into the die--the art generally termed
+"die-sinking"--in the same basic manner as in coin dies. The die
+sinker first softened the steel to suit his particular taste and then
+incised the design, using a succession of small chisels. The steel was
+then retempered to withstand high impact pressures. Although there is
+no documentation on the subject, manufacturing techniques of the
+period indicate that the following process was probably employed: the
+die was locked in place at the base of a drop press, similar to a
+guillotine, so that it could be struck accurately from above; a piece
+of pure lead was then affixed to the bottom of the weighted drop and
+allowed to strike the die a sufficient number of times to completely
+receive the impression of the die and become, in effect, a male
+counterpart; lastly, a thin sheet of brass, copper, or pewter was
+placed on the female die and struck with the weighted lead male,
+receiving the desired impression but without the excessive stretching
+and resultant cracking that a steel-on-steel strike might have
+produced. Examination of finished products in the national collections
+bears out this theory of production; few if any of the specimens show
+evidence of having been struck with a steel male die.
+
+With only a few exceptions, all specimens have been photographed on a
+1-inch grid. All references to right and left are made according to
+heraldic usage; the heraldic right is always on the left as viewed.
+
+During the months this work has been in progress, many people and
+institutions have generously assisted in many ways. It is a pleasure
+to thank them for their help.
+
+Mr. Detmar Finke of the Office of the Chief of Military History,
+Department of the Army, reviewed the Regular Army portions of the
+manuscript and made many valuable suggestions. Mr. Frederick P. Todd,
+director of The West Point Museum, graciously answered many questions
+relative to both Regular Army and Militia insignia. Through the
+courtesy of Mr. James Koping and Miss Elizabeth Ulrich of the
+Pennsylvania State Library, The _U.S. Military Magazine_ of Huddy and
+Duval was made available for unlimited use.
+
+Thanks are also given to the following, who furnished photographs of
+specimens in their collections: Mr. Waverly P. Lewis, Devon,
+Connecticut; Mr. William E. Codd, Monkton, Maryland; The Filson Club,
+Louisville, Kentucky; The West Point Museum; The Fort Sill Museum; Old
+Fort Erie Museum, Ontario, Canada; The Niagara Historical Society
+Museum, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; The Washington County
+Historical Society Museum, Fort Calhoun, Nebraska; the Valley Forge
+Chapel Museum, and Dr. John Lattimer, New York City.
+
+Mr. Michael Arpad of Washington, D.C., was especially helpful in
+matters pertaining to the techniques of chasing and die sinking.
+
+                                               J. DUNCAN CAMPBELL
+                                                  EDGAR M. HOWELL
+
+  _March 1, 1963._
+
+
+
+
+Bibliography
+
+The following works have been used in gathering the material for this
+book. They are frequently referred to in the text in shortened form.
+
+
+_American military history, 1607-1953._ (ROTC Manual 145-20,
+Department of the Army.) Washington, 1956.
+
+_American state papers, class V, military affairs._ Vol. 1.
+Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1832.
+
+ANSELL, S. T. Legal and historical aspects of the Militia. _Yale Law
+Journal_ (April 1917), vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 471-480.
+
+BARNES, R. M. _Military uniforms of Britain and the Empire._ London:
+Seeley Service and Co., 1960.
+
+BELOTE, THEODORE T. _American and European swords in the historical
+collections of the United States National Museum._ (U.S. National
+Museum Bulletin 163.) Washington, 1932.
+
+A bit of U.S. Mint history. _American Journal of Numismatics_ (1908),
+vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 45-50.
+
+CALVER, W. L., and BOLTON, R. P. _History written with pick and
+shovel._ New York: New York Historical Society, 1950.
+
+CHAMBERLAIN, GEORGIA S. Moritz Furst, die-sinker and artist. _The
+Numismatist._ (June 1954), vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 588-592.
+
+DAVIS, GHERARDI. _The colors of the United States Army, 1789-1912._
+New York: Privately printed, 1912.
+
+EMILIO, L. F. _The Emilio collection of military buttons._ Salem,
+Massachusetts: Essex Institute, 1911.
+
+FINKE, DETMAR H. Insignia of rank in the Continental Army, 1775-1783.
+_Military Collector and Historian_ (fall 1956), vol. 8, no. 3, pp.
+71-73.
+
+_General regulations for the Army._ Philadelphia: M. Carey and Sons,
+1821.
+
+_General regulations for the Army of the United States._ Washington:
+Department of the Army, 1835.
+
+_General regulations for the Army of the United States, 1847._
+Washington: J. and G. S. Gideon, 1847.
+
+GRONERT, T. G. The first national pastime in the Middle West. _Indiana
+Magazine of History_ (September 1933), vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 171-186.
+
+History of the organization of the United States cavalry. MS, Office
+of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington,
+D.C.
+
+HOPKINS, ALFRED F. Volunteer corps hat of 1814. _Military Affairs_
+(winter 1941), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 271-272.
+
+JOHNSON, DAVID F. _Uniform buttons, American armed forces, 1784-1948._
+2 vols. Watkins Glen, New York: Century House, 1948.
+
+JONES, WILLARD L. History of the organization of the United States
+Field Artillery. MS, Office of the Chief of Military History,
+Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.
+
+_Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789._ Edit. Worthington
+Chauncey Ford and others. 34 vols. Washington: Carnegie Foundation,
+1904-1937.
+
+KIVETT, MARVIN F. Excavations at Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, a
+preliminary report. _Nebraska History_ (March 1959), vol. 40, no. 1,
+pp. 39-66.
+
+Knox papers. MSS Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
+
+KUHN, EDWARD C. U.S. Army colors and standards of 1808. _Military
+Affairs_ (winter 1941), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 263-267.
+
+LEFFERTS, CHARLES W. _Uniforms of the American, British, French, and
+German Armies in the War of the American Revolution._ New York: New
+York Historical Society, 1926.
+
+LEWIS, WAVERLY P. _U.S. military headgear, 1770-1880._ Devon,
+Connecticut: Privately printed, 1960.
+
+LUNDEBERG, PHILIP K. A history of the North Carolina Militia,
+1784-1848. Master's dissertation, Duke University, 1947.
+
+MAHON, JOHN K. The citizen soldier in national defense, 1789-1815.
+Doctor's dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 1950.
+
+----. History of the organization of the United States Infantry. (Pp.
+1-61 in vol. 2 of _The Army lineage book_, Washington: Department of
+the Army, 1953.)
+
+MCBARRON, H. CHARLES. Regiment of Riflemen, winter uniform, 1812-1815.
+Military Collector and Historian (December 1954), vol. 6, no. 4, p.
+100.
+
+----. The 18th U.S. Infantry Regiment, 1814-1815. _Military Collector
+and Historian_ (summer 1955), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 48-49.
+
+MCCLELLAN, E. N. Uniforms of the American Marines, 1775 to 1827.
+Mimeographed in 1932 by Marine Corps Historical Section, Department of
+the Navy, Washington, D.C.
+
+_The military laws of the United States._ Edit. John F. Callan.
+Philadelphia: George W. Childes, 1863.
+
+_New York Military Magazine_ (1841).
+
+_Official Army register, corrected to October 31, 1848._ Washington,
+1848.
+
+Official drawings for the U.S. Army uniform regulations of 1851.
+_Military Collector and Historian_, vol. 10, no. 1 (spring 1958), pp.
+17-19; vol. 10, no. 2 (summer 1958), pp. 43-45.
+
+_Old Print Shop Portfolio_ (May 1961), vol. 20, no. 9.
+
+PARKYN, MAJ. H. G. _Shoulder-belt plates and buttons._ Aldershot,
+Hants, England: Gale and Polden, Ltd., 1956.
+
+PATTERSON, C. MEADE. The military rifle flasks of 1832 and 1837.
+_Military Collector and Historian_ (March 1953), vol. 5, no. 1, pp.
+7-12.
+
+PETERSON, HAROLD L. _The American sword_, New Hope, Pennsylvania: The
+River House, 1954.
+
+PETERSON, MENDEL L. American Army epaulets, 1841-1872. _Military
+Collector and Historian_ (March 1951), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-14.
+
+PREBLE, GEORGE HENRY. _History of the flag of the United States of
+America._ Boston: A. Williams and Co., 1880.
+
+Records of the Adjutant General's Office. Record Group 94, National
+Archives, Washington, D.C.
+
+_Regulations for the government of the Ordnance Department._
+Washington: Francis P. Blair, 1834.
+
+_Regulations for the uniform and dress of the Army of the United
+States, June 1851._ Philadelphia: William H. Horstmann and Sons, 1851.
+
+RIKER, WILLIAM H. _Soldiers of the States._ Washington: Public Affairs
+Press, 1957.
+
+Standing Order Book, 1st Infantry, Detroit. MSS Division, Library of
+Congress, Washington, D. C.
+
+SWANSON, NEIL H. _The perilous flight._ New York: Farrar and Rinehart,
+1945.
+
+TODD, FREDERICK P. The Huddy and Duval prints. _Journal of the
+American Military Institute_ (1939), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 166-176.
+
+----. Notes on the dress of the Regiment of Light Artillery, U.S.A.
+_Military Collector and Historian_ (March 1950), vol. 2, no. 1, p. 10.
+
+----. Our National Guard: An introduction to its history. _Military
+Affairs_, vol. 5, no. 2 (summer 1941), pp. 73-86; vol. 5, no. 3 (fall
+1941), pp. 152-170.
+
+----. The curious case of the Voltigeur uniform. _Military Collector
+and Historian_ (June 1952), vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 44-45.
+
+----. Notes on the organization and uniforms of South Carolina
+military forces, 1860-1861. _Military Collector and Historian_
+(September 1951), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 53-62.
+
+----. Three leather cockades. _Military Collector and Historian_
+(spring 1956), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 24-25.
+
+TOWNSEND, F. C., and TODD, FREDERICK P. Branch insignia of the Regular
+cavalry, 1833-1872. _Military Collector and Historian_ (spring 1956),
+vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-5.
+
+UPTON, EMORY. The military policy of the United States. Senate
+Document No. 379, 64th Congress, 1st Session. Washington: 1916.
+
+_U.S. Military Magazine_ (1839-1842), vols. 1-3.
+
+WALL, ALEXANDER J. The flag with an eagle in the canton. _New York
+Historical Society Quarterly Bulletin_ (October 1933), vol. 17, no. 3,
+pp. 51-67.
+
+WIKE, JOHN W. Untitled MS, Office of the Chief of Military History,
+Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.
+
+_Writings of George Washington._ Edit. John G. Fitzpatrick.
+Washington: 1944.
+
+ZIEBER, EUGENE. _Heraldry in America._ Philadelphia: Bailey, Banks,
+and Biddle, 1909.
+
+
+
+
+American
+
+Military Insignia
+
+1800-1851
+
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+In almost all armies it long has been standard practice to use
+distinctive devices of cloth and metal to distinguish between arms and
+services, and between individual units of each arm, to enhance morale
+and develop esprit de corps. Colors of units of the British Army have
+had ancient badges emblazoned on them since before the establishment
+of the present standing army in 1661. By the end of the first half of
+the 18th century some of these badges had been authorized for
+placement on horse furniture or for wear on grenadier caps. This was
+especially true of the regiments of horse and a few of the older
+regiments of foot. The infantry regiments received numerical
+designations in 1751, and these numbers were worn on waist belts,
+shoulder belts, and cartridge-box plates. When the infantry units
+acquired county titles in 1782, these names often were added to the
+plates. In 1767 regimental numbers were ordered placed on the buttons
+of officers and other ranks; in practice these numbers were often
+combined with other devices.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: PARKYN'S _Shoulder-Belt Plates and Buttons_ contains a
+wealth of information on British regimental devices.]
+
+In the American Army such devices have taken many forms, ranging from
+distinctive buttons, plumes, cockades, cap plates, shoulder-belt
+plates, and waist-belt and cartridge-box plates to the well-known
+shoulder sleeve insignia and distinctive unit insignia of the present
+day. The origin of much of this insignia and many of the changes in
+its design can be tied more or less directly to the organization of
+the Regular Army--its contractions and expansions and its changes in
+arm and service designations--and to the peculiar circumstances
+surrounding the origin and growth of the volunteer or uniformed
+Militia. Thus, a short discussion of the organization of each is in
+order.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: For history of the organization of the Army, see
+_American Military History, 1607-1953_; MAHON, "History of the
+Organization of the United States Infantry"; and JONES, "History of
+the Organization of the United States Field Artillery."
+
+Unfortunately, there is no single, completely satisfactory source on
+the militia system of the United States. The following works, however,
+contain sound information and, when taken together, provide an
+excellent background on the subject: TODD, "Our National Guard";
+MAHON, "Citizen Soldier"; LUNDEBERG, "History of the North Carolina
+Militia"; ANSELL, "Legal and Historical Aspects of the Militia";
+GRONERT, "First National Pastime in the Middle West"; and RIKER,
+_Soldiers of the States_.]
+
+
+Organization of the Regular Army
+
+Two months after the War of the Revolution officially ended with the
+signing of a peace treaty on September 3, 1783, General Washington
+directed the Army to turn in its arms and disband.[3] Since the
+Continental Congress had made no provision for a permanent
+establishment, Washington retained in service one infantry regiment
+and a battalion of artillery to guard military stores and take over
+posts to be evacuated by the British.[4] Early in June 1784 Congress
+ordered these units disbanded except for detachments to guard stores
+at Fort Pitt and West Point; then, in order to secure the frontier
+against Indian unrest, it immediately authorized a regiment to be
+raised from the militia of four of the States to comprise eight
+companies of infantry and two of artillery.[5] This unit, called the
+First American Regiment, gradually turned into a regular organization.
+
+[Footnote 3: _Writings of George Washington_, vol. 27, p. 222.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Ibid., pp. 256-258; also letter dated January 3, 1784,
+from Henry Knox, Commander in Chief of the Army, to President of the
+Continental Congress (in Knox papers).]
+
+[Footnote 5: Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. 27, p. 524;
+also, UPTON, p. 69.]
+
+The failure of an expedition commanded by Col. Josiah Harmar of the
+First American Regiment against the Indians in 1790 awakened the
+Congress somewhat to the threat in the Northwest and resulted in the
+organization of another infantry regiment, which was designated the 2d
+Infantry Regiment; the First American Regiment was redesignated the
+"1st".[6] Trouble with the Indians continued, and after another severe
+reverse Congress authorized the raising of three additional infantry
+regiments and, at the same time, empowered the President to organize
+the Army as he might see fit.[7]
+
+[Footnote 6: Act of March 3, 1791 (_Military Laws_, pp. 90-91).]
+
+[Footnote 7: Act of March 5, 1792 (_Military Laws_, pp. 92-94).]
+
+Under this discretionary power, the Army was reorganized into the
+Legion of the United States. This was a field army in which the three
+combat branches--infantry, cavalry, and artillery--were combined. The
+Legion was in turn broken down into four sublegions, with each
+containing infantry, cavalry, artillery, and riflemen; thus, the
+sublegions were the fore-runners of the modern combined arms team. The
+1st and 2d Infantries became the 1st and 2d Sublegions. Of the three
+additional infantry regiments authorized, only two were organized,
+these becoming the 3d and 4th Sublegions.[8] Under the forceful
+leadership of Gen. Anthony Wayne the Legion reversed the record on the
+frontier and decisively defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen
+Timbers. The temporary peace which followed turned attention to the
+problem of protecting the Atlantic seaboard, and in 1794 Congress
+authorized a large increase in the artillery, assigned engineer
+officers, and designated the new organization the Corps of
+Artillerists and Engineers.[9] The Legion was continued until it was
+replaced in 1796 by the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Infantry Regiments, which
+were constituted from the four sublegions, two troops of light
+dragoons, and the above-mentioned Corps.[10]
+
+[Footnote 8: _American State Papers_, pp. 40-41.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Act of May 9, 1794 (_Military Laws_, p. 104).]
+
+[Footnote 10: Act of May 30, 1796 (_Military Laws_, p. 114).]
+
+The threat of war with France in 1798 brought further expansions. In
+April of that year an "additional regiment" of artillerists and
+engineers was authorized, with the Corps created in 1794 becoming the
+1st and the new unit being designated the 2d Regiment of Artillerists
+and Engineers.[11] In the following July, 12 more regiments of
+infantry and 6 troops of light dragoons--to be combined with the two
+troops in existence to form a regiment--were authorized; an additional
+24 regiments of infantry, plus units of other arms, authorized the
+following winter made a total of 40 regiments of infantry.[12]
+Actually, the greatest part of this force remained on paper. Only the
+1st and 2d Infantries ever attained their required strength, and only
+3,400 men were enlisted for the 5th through the 16th. There were no
+enlistments at all for the other regiments. Officers were assigned to
+the six troops of light dragoons, but no enlisted personnel were
+raised and no horses were bought.[13]
+
+[Footnote 11: Act of April 27, 1798 (_Military Laws_, pp. 119-120).]
+
+[Footnote 12: Acts of July 16, 1798, and March 2, 1799 (_Military
+Laws_, pp. 127-128).]
+
+[Footnote 13: _American State Papers_, p. 137.]
+
+More quickly than it had arisen, the threat of a war with France
+abated. Early in 1800 action was suspended under the two acts creating
+the paper regiments, and the Army was reduced to the regular
+establishment of four regiments of infantry, two regiments of
+artillerists and engineers, and two troops of light dragoons.[14] Two
+years later the antipathy of the new Jefferson administration to a
+standing army further reduced this establishment to two regiments of
+infantry and one of artillery. The Corps of Artillerists and Engineers
+was abolished; a Corps of Engineers was organized to be stationed at
+West Point and "constitute a military academy"; and the light dragoons
+were disbanded.[15]
+
+[Footnote 14: Acts of February 20 and May 14, 1800 (_Military Laws_,
+pp. 139, 141); also, _American State Papers_, p. 139.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Act of March 16, 1802 (_Military Laws_, pp. 141-149).]
+
+The Jeffersonian theories regarding a strong militia and a small
+professional army were rudely shaken in 1807 by the _Chesapeake-Leopard_
+affair. With war seeming imminent, Congress added to the Regular
+Establishment, though cautiously "for a limited time," five regiments of
+infantry, one regiment of riflemen, one of light artillery, and one of
+light dragoons. The new regiments of infantry were numbered the 3d
+through the 7th.[16] There was no further preparation for a fight with
+England until just before war was actually declared. In January 1812, 10
+regiments of infantry, two of artillery, and one regiment of light
+dragoons were added; three months later a Corps of Artificers was
+organized; and in June provision was made for eight more infantry
+regiments, making a total of 25.[17] In January 1813, following the
+discouragements of the early campaigns in the Northwest, Congress
+constituted 20 more infantry regiments, bringing the total to 45, the
+largest number in the Regular Establishment until the 20th century.[18]
+A year later three more regiments of riflemen, designated the 2d through
+the 4th, were formed.[19]
+
+[Footnote 16: Act of April 12, 1808 (_Military Laws_, pp. 200-203).]
+
+[Footnote 17: Acts of January 11, April 23, and June 26, 1812
+(_Military Laws_, pp. 212-215, 222-223, 230).]
+
+[Footnote 18: Act of January 1813 (_Military Laws_, pp. 238-240).
+There is some confusion as to just how many infantry regiments were
+organized and actually came into being. The Act of January 29, 1813,
+authorized the President to raise such regiments of infantry as he
+should see fit, "not exceeding twenty." It seems that 19 were actually
+formed, made up partly of 1-year men and partly of 5-year men. There
+are 46 regiments listed in the Army Register for January 1, 1815, and
+it is known that several volunteer regiments were designated as units
+of the Regular Establishment and that a 47th and a 48th were
+redesignated as lower numbered units when several regiments were
+consolidated because of low recruitment rate. Mahon (in "History of
+the Organization of the United States Infantry") is not clear on this
+point. There is an organizational chart of the Army for this period in
+the files of the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department
+of the Army.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Act of February 10, 1814 (_Military Laws_, pp.
+251-252).]
+
+In March 1814 Congress reorganized both the artillery and the
+dragoons. The three artillery regiments, which had never operated as
+such, but rather by company or detachment, were consolidated into the
+Corps of Artillery; and the two regiments of dragoons, which had never
+been adequately trained and generally had given a poor account of
+themselves, were merged into one.[20] The Regiment of Light Artillery
+remained untouched.
+
+[Footnote 20: Act of March 30, 1814 (_Military Laws_, pp. 252-255);
+JONES, p. 58; "History of the Organization of the United States
+Cavalry."]
+
+Almost as soon as the war ended, Congress moved to reduce the Army[21]
+by limiting the peacetime establishment to 10,000 men, to be divided
+among infantry, artillery, and riflemen, plus the Corps of Engineers.
+The number of wartime infantry units was reduced to eight, and the
+rifle units to one. The Corps of Artillery and the Regiment of Light
+Artillery were retained, but dragoons were eliminated.[22]
+
+[Footnote 21: Act of March 3, 1815 (_Military Laws_, pp. 266-267).]
+
+[Footnote 22: The reorganization of 1815 is treated by MAHON "History
+of the Organization of the United States Infantry" (pp. 11-12), JONES
+"History of the Organization of the United States Field Artillery"
+(pp. 59-60), and WIKE, unpublished study.]
+
+By 1821 the prospects of a prolonged peace appeared so good that
+Congress felt safe in further reducing the Army. Consequently, in that
+year the number of infantry regiments was cut to seven; the Rifle
+Regiment was disbanded; the Corps of Artillery and the Regiment of
+Light Artillery were disbanded, with four artillery regiments being
+organized in their stead; and the Ordnance Department was merged with
+the artillery,[23] an arrangement that continued until 1832.
+
+[Footnote 23: Act of March 2, 1821 (_Military Laws_, pp. 303-309).]
+
+The opening of the West in the decades following the War of 1812
+brought an important change in the organization of the Army.
+Experience having shown that infantry were at a distinct disadvantage
+when pitted against the fleetly mounted Indians, in 1832 a battalion
+of mounted rangers was organized to quell disturbances on the
+northwest frontier,[24] but this loosely knit force was replaced by a
+regiment of dragoons the following year.[25] The mounted arm had come
+to stay in the Army.
+
+[Footnote 24: Acts of April 5 and June 15, 1832 (_Military Laws_, pp.
+322-323, 325-326).]
+
+[Footnote 25: Act of March 2, 1833 (_Military Laws_, pp. 329-330).]
+
+When the second Seminole War broke out in 1836, a second regiment of
+dragoons was organized.[26] And, as the war dragged through another
+inconclusive year, a reluctant Congress was forced to increase the
+size of existing line units and to authorize an additional regiment of
+infantry, the 8th. Meanwhile, increasing demands for surveying and
+mapping services resulted in the creation of the Corps of
+Topographical Engineers as a separate entity.[27]
+
+[Footnote 26: Act of May 23, 1836 (_Military Laws_, pp. 336-337).]
+
+[Footnote 27: Act of July 5, 1838 (_Military Laws_, pp. 341-349).]
+
+Meanwhile, the responsibilities of the Army in the opening of the West
+continued to increase, and in 1846 the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen
+was organized to consolidate the northern route to the Pacific by
+establishing and manning a series of posts along the Oregon Trail.[28]
+However, the outbreak of the War with Mexico postponed this mission.
+
+[Footnote 28: Act of May 19, 1846 (_Military Laws_, pp. 371-372).]
+
+At the start of the War with Mexico Congress leaned heavily on
+volunteer units, with the hard core of the Regulars remaining
+unchanged. But early in 1847 it was found necessary to add nine
+regiments of infantry and one regiment of dragoons.[29] Of the
+infantry unit's, eight were of the conventional type; the ninth was
+formed as the Regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen. Theoretically,
+only half of this latter regiment was to be mounted. Each horseman was
+to be paired with a foot soldier who was to get up behind and ride
+double when speed was needed. In practice, however, none of the
+Voltigeurs were mounted; the entire unit fought as foot riflemen.[30]
+
+[Footnote 29: Act of February 11, 1847 (_Military Laws_, pp.
+379-382).]
+
+[Footnote 30: MAHON, "History of the Organization of the United States
+Infantry," p. 16.]
+
+All of these new units proved merely creatures of the war, and the
+coming of peace saw a reduction to the old establishment of eight
+regiments of infantry, four of artillery, two of dragoons, and one
+regiment of mounted riflemen.[31] This organization remained
+substantially unchanged until 1855.[32]
+
+[Footnote 31: Official Army Register, 1848.]
+
+[Footnote 32: UPTON, p. 223.]
+
+
+Organization of the Militia
+
+The "common" Militia was first established by the various colonies of
+all able-bodied men between roughly the ages of 16 and 60 for
+protection against Indian attack. These militiamen were required by
+law to be enrolled in the unit of their township or county, furnish
+their own arms and equipment, and appear periodically for training.
+They were civilian soldiers who had little or no taste for things
+military, as their performance in both peace and war almost invariably
+demonstrated. They were not uniformed and contributed little or
+nothing to the field of military dress.
+
+The "volunteer" or "independent" Militia companies, on the other hand,
+were something else again. These units, composed of men who enjoyed
+military life, or rather certain aspects of it, appeared rather early
+in the Nation's history. The first of these, formed in 1638, was The
+Military Company of the Massachusetts, later and better known as the
+Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. By 1750
+there were a number of independent companies in existence--many of
+them chartered--and membership in them had become a recognized part of
+the social life of the larger urban centers.
+
+The concept of volunteer Militia units was confirmed in the Uniform
+Militia Act of 1792, which prescribed flank companies of grenadiers,
+light infantry, or riflemen for the "common" Militia battalions and a
+company of artillery and a troop of horse for each division, to be
+formed of volunteers from the Militia at large and to be uniformed and
+equipped at the individual volunteer's expense. Thus, from within the
+national Militia structure emerged an elite corps of amateur--as
+opposed to civilian--soldiers who enjoyed military exercise, and the
+pomp and circumstance accompanying it, and who were willing to
+sacrifice both the time and the money necessary to enjoy it. Since the
+members were volunteers, they were ready to submit to discipline up to
+a point; they trained rather frequently; many of the officers made an
+effort to educate themselves militarily; they chose their own
+officers; and their relative permanency gave rise to an excellent
+esprit de corps. In actuality, these organizations became private
+military clubs, and differed from other male social and fraternal
+groups only in externals.
+
+The great urban growth of the Nation during the period 1825-1860 was
+the golden age of the volunteer companies, and by 1845 these units had
+all but supplanted the common Militia. It would be difficult to even
+estimate the number of volunteer companies during this period. They
+sprang up almost everywhere, more in answer to a demand by the younger
+men of the Nation for a recreation that would meet a social and
+physical need and by emigrant minorities for a group expression than
+for reasons military. It was a "gay and gaudy" Militia, with each unit
+in its own distinctive and generally resplendent uniform. If the
+"Raleigh Cossacks," the "Hibernia Greens," the "Velvet Light Infantry
+Company," or the "Teutonic Rifles" were more "invincible in peace"
+than visible in war, they were a spectacular, colorful, and exciting
+integral of the social and military life of the first half of the 19th
+century.
+
+
+
+
+Insignia of the Regular Army
+
+
+Uniform regulations prior to 1821 were loosely and vaguely worded, and
+this was especially true in regard to officers' insignia. For example
+General Orders of March 30, 1800, stated: "... the swords of all
+officers, except the generals, to be attached by a white shoulder belt
+three inches wide, with an oval plate three inches by two and a half
+ornamented with an eagle."[33] In 1801 the 1st Infantry Regiment
+directed that "the sword ... for platoon officers ... be worn with a
+white belt over the coat with a breast plate such as have been by the
+Colonel established,"[34] and in 1810 a regulation stated that "those
+gentlemen who have white sword belts and plates [are] to consider them
+as uniform, but those not so provided will be permitted to wear their
+waist belts."[35] As a result, the officers generally wore what they
+wished, and there was a wide variation in design. Most officer
+insignia were the product of local jewelers and silversmiths, although
+some known specimens are obviously the work of master craftsmen.
+Quality varied as well as design, depending on the affluence of the
+officer concerned. Some of the plainer plates appear to have been made
+by rolling silver dollars into an oval shape.
+
+[Footnote 33: General Orders, March 30, 1800 (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 34: Standing Order Book, folio 1, October 1, 1801.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Records AGO.]
+
+In regard to enlisted men's insignia, only the descriptions of the
+1800 dragoon helmet plate and the 1814 and 1817 riflemen's cap plates
+give us anything approaching a clear picture. "Oblong silver plates
+... bearing the name of the corps and the number of the regiment" for
+the infantry in 1812, "plates in front" for the 1812 dragoons, and
+"gilt plate in front" for the 1812 light artillery are typical
+examples. As a result, the establishment of a proper chronology for
+these devices has depended on the careful consideration of specimens
+excavated at posts where specific units are known to have served at
+specific times, combined with research in pertinent records of the
+period in the National Archives.
+
+
+Cap and Helmet Devices
+
+DRAGOON HELMET PLATE, 1800
+
+_USNM 66330-M (S-K 86). Figure 1._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 1]
+
+The first known distinctive metal branch insignia authorized for the
+Army was this helmet plate. General Order, U.S. Army, dated March 30,
+1800, prescribed for "Cavalry ... a helmet of leather crowned with
+black horse hair and having a brass front, with a mounted dragoon in
+the act of charging."[36] This oval plate, struck in thin brass with
+lead-filled back, has a raised rim, within which is a mounted,
+helmeted horseman in the act of charging; overhead is an eagle with a
+wreath in its beak. A double-wire fastener soldered to the back is not
+contemporary.
+
+[Footnote 36: Records AGO.]
+
+
+DRAGOON HELMET PLATE, 1800, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM 60283-M (S-K 41). Figure 2._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 2]
+
+Although from a different die, this plate, struck in thin brass,
+appears to be a die sample of the plate described above. It is also
+possible that it is a sample of the dragoon plate authorized in 1812.
+
+
+¶ The 1813 uniform regulations specified for enlisted men of the
+artillery a "black leather cockade, with points 4 inches in diameter,
+a yellow button and eagle in the center, the button in uniform with
+the coat button."[37] This specification gives some validity to the
+belief that a cockade with an approximation of the artillery button
+tooled on it may also have been worn.
+
+[Footnote 37: General Order, Southern Department, U.S. Army, January
+24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution); also, _American State Papers_, p. 434.]
+
+
+LEATHER COCKADE, ARTILLERY, C. 1808-1812
+
+_USNM 60256-M (S-K 14). Figure 3._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 3]
+
+This cockade is of black leather of the size prescribed by the 1813
+regulations. Tooled into the upper fan is an eagle-on-cannon device
+with a stack of 6 cannon balls under the trail; an arc of 15 stars
+partially surrounds the eagle device. It is believed to have been worn
+on artillery _chapeaux de bras_ as early as 1808.
+
+The specimen is unmarked as to maker, but from correspondence of
+Callendar Irvine, Commissary General of Purchases from 1812 to 1841,
+it seems very possible that cockades similar to this one were made by
+Robert Dingee of New York City. Dingee is first listed in New York
+directories as a "saddler" (1812); he is listed later as "city
+weigher" (1828) and "inspector of green hides" (1831). The
+eagle-on-cannon design is similar to that of several Regular artillery
+buttons worn between 1802 and 1821, but it most closely approximates a
+button Johnson assigns to the period 1794-1810.[38]
+
+[Footnote 38: Specimen no. 156 in JOHNSON, vol. 1, p. 43, vol. 2, p.
+9.]
+
+
+¶ The question has been raised as to whether the Regulars ever wore a
+cockade with such a device. The 1813 and 1814 uniform regulations
+merely specified black leather cockades of 4 inches and 4-1/2 inches
+in diameter respectively. However, since the Militia generally did not
+start adopting Regular Army devices until the 1820's it seems probable
+that this cockade was an item of Regular Army issue, despite the lack
+of evidence of specific authorization.
+
+As early as January 1799 War Office orders specified: "All persons
+belonging to the Army, to wear a black cockade, with a small white
+eagle in the center. The cockade of noncommissioned officers,
+musicians, and privates to be of leather with Eagles of tin."[39] This
+regulation was repeated in 1800.[40] By 1802 these cockade eagles had
+taken the colors used for the buttons and lace of the different arms.
+The Purveyor of Public Supplies in that year purchased cockade eagles
+in tin (white) for infantry and in brass (yellow) for artillery
+enlisted men at a cost of one and two cents, respectively.[41] The
+cockade eagles of infantry officers were to be of silver and those of
+artillery officers of gold. Cockades for company officers and enlisted
+personnel were to be of leather. The loosely worded regulation of 1813
+infers that field officers' cockades might be of silk similar to the
+"black Ribbon" binding specified for their hats.[42]
+
+[Footnote 39: TODD, "Three Leather Cockades," pp. 24-25.]
+
+[Footnote 40: General Order, March 30, 1800 (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 41: "Statement of Articles of Clothing, 1802," in papers of
+Purveyor of Public Supplies (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 42: General Order, Southern Department, U.S. Army, January
+24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution); also, _American State Papers_, p. 434.]
+
+It is extremely difficult to determine whether cockade eagles are of
+Regular Army or Militia origin, and to date them if the latter. They
+have been found in a wide variety of design and size, ranging from the
+rather plain example (fig. 6) to the highly refined one on the general
+officer's _chapeau de bras_ (fig. 4). Examination of hats worn by both
+Regulars and Militia prior to 1821 reveals that there is little to
+choose between the eagles worn by the two components. After 1821,
+however, when Militia insignia tended to become more ornate and
+Regular devices more uniform, some of the Militia specimens emerge as
+distinct types because they have no Regular counterparts. Origin of
+the specimen, including excavations of military cantonment sites where
+the make-up of the garrison can be determined, has been the primary
+criterion used in assignment to either Regular Army or Militia, and to
+a lesser extent in dating. Over-all design and method of manufacture
+have also been considered in dating.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, GENERAL OFFICER, 1800-1812
+
+_USNM 12813. Figure 4._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 4]
+
+Unusually refined in design, the eagle is of gold, with head to right,
+federal shield on breast, and olive branch in right talon. Three
+arrows, with points outward, are held in left talon.
+
+This cockade eagle is on a _chapeau de bras_ formerly belonging to
+Peter Gansevoort, brigadier general of the New York State Militia and
+brigadier general, U.S. Army, 1809-1812. Although Gansevoort wore this
+_chapeau_ while serving as a Militia officer, as evidenced by a New
+York State button attached to it, this eagle is included with Regular
+Army devices because it is typical of those probably worn by
+high-ranking officers of both components.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1800-1821
+
+_USNM 60362-M (S-K 118). Figure 5._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 5]
+
+Cast in pewter and gold-finished, this eagle looks to the right,
+stands on clouds, and holds three arrows (facing inward) in the right
+talon and an upright olive branch in the left.
+
+The eagle-on-clouds design is first seen on coins on the 1795 silver
+dollar.[43] It was popular during the War of 1812 period, and was not
+used in new designs by the Regular Army after 1821. Eagles of
+identical design and size are also known in pewter without finish.
+Such an eagle could have been worn by Militia as well as Regulars.
+Similar specimens have been excavated at Regular Army cantonment sites
+of the period.
+
+[Footnote 43: Engraved by Robert Scott after a design by Gilbert
+Stuart.]
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, OFFICERS, 1800-1821
+
+_USNM 66352-M. Figure 6._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 6]
+
+This cockade eagle, which is struck in thin brass and silvered, was
+excavated on the site of a War of 1812 cantonment. Comparison with
+similar specimens in other collections indicates that the missing head
+was turned to the right. This eagle is classed as an officer's device
+because of its silvered brass composition. The elements comprising the
+arc on which the eagle stands cannot be identified because of the
+lightness of the strike.
+
+
+¶ When the dragoons were disbanded in the 1802 reduction following the
+dissipation of the French scare, distinctive hat devices other than
+cockades disappeared from the service. In 1808, when the Army was
+increased, the newly constituted regiments of light dragoons, light
+artillery, and riflemen were authorized to wear leather caps. The cap
+devices for these units were prescribed as Roman letters, "U.S.L.D.,"
+"U.S.L.A.," and "U.S.R.R.," rather than plates. The letters were to be
+of brass, 1-1/2 inches "in length."[44]
+
+[Footnote 44: TODD, "Notes on the Dress," p. 10. Also, receipts from
+George Green and Son, and letter dated August 6, 1808, from J. Smith
+(Commissary General at Washington) to Tench Coxe requesting "brass
+letters U.S.R.R." (Records AGO). George Green is listed in
+Philadelphia directories of the period as a "brass founder and
+gilder."]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 7.--Specimens in Campbell collection.]
+
+Illustrated in figure 7 are the letters "U" and "L", of brass,
+slightly more than 1 inch "in length" and a letter D, of pewter, 1
+inch "in length." The latter was excavated at Sackets Harbor, New
+York, where elements of the light artillery dragoons and riflemen are
+known to have served during 1813 and 1814. It seems obvious that
+pewter letters were worn by the dragoons as consonant with their other
+trimmings, for in July 1812 Col. James Burn of the 2d Light Dragoons
+requested official permission to issue such.[45]
+
+[Footnote 45: Letter dated July 8, 1812, from J. Burn to William
+Eustis (Secretary of War) and letter dated July 9, 1812, from B.
+Mifflin (Deputy Commissary General of Purchases). Both letters are in
+Records AGO.]
+
+With the large increase in the Army in 1812 came a change in the
+headgear of some corps and also a change in insignia. The light
+artillery was to wear a yoeman-crowned (i.e., wider at the crown than
+at the base) black cap with "gilt plate in front," and the infantry
+platoon officers and enlisted men were finally to have the black
+cylindrical caps (first prescribed in 1810) with "an oblong silver
+plate in front of the cap bearing the name of the corps and number of
+the regiment."[46] The rifle platoon officers and enlisted men were
+also to wear infantry caps, but with yellow trimmings.[47] The
+dragoons were authorized "helmets" with "plates" in 1812, and the foot
+artillery regiments in the fall of the same year were ordered to wear
+caps like the light artillery instead of the _chapeaux de bras_
+previously worn, which would have necessitated the use of plates.
+
+[Footnote 46: General Orders, January 24, 1813 (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 47: Letter dated March 30, 1812, from Coxe to Eustis
+(Records AGO); McBarron, "Regiment of Riflemen," p. 100.]
+
+The foot units received their new insignia almost immediately, the cap
+plates having been designed, contracted for, and delivered by late
+February 1812 for the 5th, 6th, 12th, and 15th Infantry Regiments[48]
+(the latter two were new units). This rapid action in regard to the
+infantry plates appears to be strong witness to the emphasis placed on
+distinctive insignia as morale factors and aids to enlistment, for
+active recruiting for the 10 new regiments did not begin until several
+months later. There were three different patterns of this infantry
+plate manufactured and issued, two of which are described below.
+
+[Footnote 48: Bill dated February 24, 1812, from William Crumpton
+(Records AGO).]
+
+All arms were wearing cap plates by the middle of 1813, for there is
+record of such issue to the dragoons as well as record of rejection of
+ill-struck specimens for infantry, artillery, and rifles.[49] These
+plates were made variously by William Crumpton and George Armitage of
+Philadelphia, and Aaron M. Peasley of Boston.[50] Philadelphia
+directories list Crumpton as a button maker and silversmith between
+1811 and 1822. Armitage is first listed in Philadelphia directories,
+in 1800, as a "silver plate worker"; in 1801 he is listed as
+"silverplater," and in 1820 as a "silverplater and military ornament
+maker." Peasley was an ornament and insignia maker in Boston during
+the same period.[51]
+
+[Footnote 49: Letter dated August 31, 1812, from Eustis to Irvine;
+General Order of January 24, 1813, Southern Department; letter dated
+March 31, 1813, from Irvine to Amasa Stetson (Deputy Commissary
+General of Purchases, Boston); and letter dated July 13, 1813, from
+Irvine to M. T. Wickham. This material is in Records AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Letter from Irvine to Wickham dated July 13, 1813, and
+bill from William Crumpton dated February 24, 1812 (both in Records
+AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 51: Statement of purchases for September 1813, by Stetson
+(Records AGO).]
+
+
+¶ The three types of infantry cap plates issued between 1812 and 1814
+are somewhat similar, and all carry the prescribed "name of the corps
+and number of the regiment." All three specimens of these types are
+ground finds, two having been excavated after this work was in draft.
+The first pictured specimen (fig. 8, left) is believed to be the
+earliest pattern issued. Infantry plates as specified in the
+regulations were contracted for with William Crumpton late in 1811 or
+early 1812 by Tench Coxe, Purveyor of Public Supplies, and issued to
+troop units not later than the early summer.[52] They had been in use
+but a few months when their generally poor quality of composition
+forced several regimental commanders to complain to the new Commissary
+General of Purchases, Callendar Irvine, who had just superseded Coxe,
+and to request something better. Irvine approved, and he let a
+contract for new plates with George Armitage of Philadelphia.[53]
+Irvine's reaction to the matter of the plates is an example of his
+opinion of his predecessor, Coxe, and Coxe's work in general, which he
+had observed while serving as Superintendent of Military Stores in
+Philadelphia. In replying to the complaint of Colonel Simonds,
+commanding officer of the 6th Infantry, Irvine wrote: "The plates are
+mere tin, in some respects like the man who designed and contracted
+for them, differing to him only as to durability ... I am contracting
+for a plate of decent composition to issue with your next year's
+clothing."[54]
+
+[Footnote 52: Bill dated February 24, 1812, from William Crumpton
+(Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 53: Letter dated November 8, 1812, from Irvine to Colonel
+Simonds (Commanding Officer, 6th Infantry); letter dated November 3,
+1812, from Irvine to Colonel Pike (Commanding Officer, 15th Infantry);
+and letter dated November 23, 1812, from Irvine to Armitage. These
+letters are in Records AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Letter from Irvine to Simonds cited in preceding note.]
+
+The first pattern carries the "name of the corps and the number of the
+regiment," the 15th Infantry, commanded by Col. Zebulon Pike who was
+one of the officers who complained to Irvine about the poor quality of
+cap plates. The specimen is of tinned iron and the letters and
+numerals have been struck with individual hand dies.
+
+The two Armitage plates, very similar in over-all design (figures 8,
+right, and 9), have been designated the second and third patterns. At
+least one of these--perhaps both--apparently was designed by, and its
+die sunk by, Moritz Furst, well-known die sinker and designer of
+Philadelphia. On March 6, 1813, Irvine wrote the Secretary of War:
+"Mr. Furst executed a die for this office for striking infantry cap
+plates, designed by him, which has been admitted by judges to be
+equal, if not superior, to anything of the kind ever produced in this
+country."[55] Furst was Hungarian by birth. He studied design and die
+sinking at the mint in Vienna and came to the United States in 1807
+with the expectation of becoming Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia
+Mint, an appointment which he did not receive. He sank the dies for
+many of the medals voted to War of 1812 leaders, did the obverse die
+work for a number of Indian peace medals, and is believed to have
+designed the swords given by the State of New York to Generals Brown,
+Scott, Gaines, and Macomb.[56]
+
+[Footnote 55: Letter in Records AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 56: "A Bit of U.S. Mint History," pp. 45-50; and
+Chamberlain, pp. 588-592.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, 1812
+
+_USNM 66456-M. Figure 8, right._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 8, left.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 8, right.]
+
+This is the second pattern of the infantry cap plate described in the
+1812 regulations as an "oblong silver plate ... bearing the name of
+the corps and the number of the regiment." The specimen was excavated
+on the site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New York, known
+to have been occupied by Regular infantry during the 1812-1815 period.
+The piece is struck in "white metal" and tinned [the term "silver" in
+the regulation referred only to color]. It is rectangular, with
+clipped corners, and is dominated by an eagle, with wings outspread,
+grasping lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the
+left talon. Below is a panoply of stacked arms, flags with 6-pointed
+stars, two drums, and a cartridge box marked "U.S." The corps
+designation "U.S. INFANTRY" is above; the unit designation is blank
+with the letters "REGT." on the left. The plate is pierced with four
+pairs of holes on each side for attachment.
+
+Another example of this second pattern is known; it is attached to an
+original cap and bears the unit designation "12 REGT."
+
+
+CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, 1812 (REPRODUCTION)
+
+_USNM 60249 (S-K 7). Figure 9._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 9]
+
+This is the third pattern of the infantry cap plate prescribed in the
+1812 regulations. Like the preceding plate, of the second pattern, the
+original plate from which this reproduction was made was excavated on
+the site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New York. Made of
+tin-alloy, as is the original, and rectangular with clipped corners,
+the piece is dominated by an unusually fierce looking eagle that first
+appeared on one of the 1807 half-dollars struck at the Philadelphia
+Mint. The eagle has an out-sized, curved upper beak and is grasping
+lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the left.
+Below is a panoply of flags and muskets with drum, saber, and
+cartridge box. The corps designation "US INFAN{Y}." is above, and the
+unit designation "16 REG{T}" is below. The "16" appears to have been
+added with separate die strikes. The specimen is pierced with two
+pairs of holes on each side for attachment.
+
+This third pattern was also struck in brass and silvered for wear by
+officers. Several fragments of such a plate were excavated at Sackets
+Harbor; these, although of the third pattern, are the product of a die
+different from that used in striking the piece described above.
+
+
+DRAGOON CAP PLATE, 1812
+
+_USNM 62054-M (S-K 1807). Figure 10._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 10]
+
+This is an almost exact duplicate of the 1800 dragoon plate except
+that it is struck in pewter, "white metal," the color used by the
+infantry and dragoons. It is rectangular with clipped corners that are
+pierced for attachment. No detailed description of the 1812 plate has
+ever been found, but several identical specimens are known attached to
+dragoon helmets made by a contractor named Henry Cressman. The name
+"Cressman" is stamped on the lower side of the visor alongside the
+initials of an inspector named George Flomerfelt, who is known to have
+been employed by the Army as an inspector in Philadelphia during the
+period. Henry Cressman is listed in the Philadelphia directories from
+1807 through 1817 as a shoemaker. From 1825 to 1839 he is listed as a
+military cap maker.
+
+
+¶ On January 12, 1814, Irvine wrote to the Secretary of War as
+follows: "I send herewith an infantry cap plate which, with your
+permission, I will substitute for that now in use. The advantages of
+the former over the latter are that it is lighter, neater, and will
+not cost half [the] price. The present plate covers the greater part
+of the front of the cap, is heavy in its appearance, and adds much to
+the weight of the cap ...[57]" This proposal was approved on January
+18.[58]
+
+[Footnote 57: Letter in Records AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 58: Letter from Secretary of War to Irvine (Records AGO).]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 11.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 12.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+But here we enter an area of some confusion and controversy. Were
+these new plates to carry the name of the corps and/or the number of
+the regiment? Irvine's correspondence gives us no clue, but on the
+following March 28 he wrote at least two of his deputy commissary
+generals that he was forwarding 8,752 plates for distribution to 14
+specifically named infantry regiments plus 851 "blank" plates.[59]
+From the total of 8,752 forwarded for specific units, it would seem
+that these were probably plates of the new design, but then the
+variance in the number sent for individual regiments--from a low of
+152 for the 5th Infantry to highs of 1,016 and 1,050 for the 19th and
+25th, respectively--appears odd. Specimens of the 1812 pattern are
+known both with and without the regimental number, while no examples
+of the 1814 pattern have been found with unit designation. Two extant
+examples of the 1814 pattern, representing two very similar but
+distinct designs (figs. 11, 12), were excavated at Sackets Harbor, New
+York, and Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, where Regular infantry served
+during 1813-1816 and 1819-1821, respectively. Both plates are "blank,"
+and there is no appropriate place on either for the addition of the
+number of the unit, as in the case of the 1812 pattern.
+
+[Footnote 59: Letters in Records AGO.]
+
+Another example of the 1814 pattern is known; it is attached to a
+bell-crowned cap of Militia origin, which indicates that the plate was
+adopted by the Militia after being discarded by the Regular
+Establishment. A plate of the same design, but struck in pewter and
+cut in the diamond shape popular in the 1820's and 1830's, is also
+known; it is obviously a Militia item.
+
+
+INFANTRY CAP PLATE, 1814-1821, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM 60284-M (S-K 42). Figure 13._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 13]
+
+Like practically all die samples, this one is struck in brass. It is
+rectangular with unclipped corners, but is marked for clipping.
+Within a raised oval an eagle, very similar to that on the 1812 plate,
+carries an olive branch in its beak, three arrows in its right talon,
+and thunder bolts and lightning in its left talon; below, there is a
+trophy of stacked muskets, drum, flag, and shield. Although this
+specimen is struck in brass, the plate in used specimens is known only
+in silver on copper, despite the fact that there was considerable talk
+of issuing it in brass.[60]
+
+[Footnote 60: Letters in Records AGO: Irvine to James Calhoun (Deputy
+Commissary General of Purchases, Baltimore), January 14, 1815; Irvine
+to General Scott, January 13, 1815; Irvine to George Armitage, July
+10, 1815.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 604747 (S-K 892). Figure 14._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 14]
+
+This plate, which is original to the hat to which it is affixed, may
+well have been worn by a regular infantry officer during the period
+1814-1821. The cap is of the style first issued in October 1813, with
+the front rising above the crown.[61]
+
+[Footnote 61: See MCBARRON, "The 18th U.S. Infantry," pp. 48-49.]
+
+The plate, of silver on copper, is rectangular with four scallops top
+and bottom. A floral border, 3/16 of an inch wide, that surrounds the
+whole, strongly suggests that it was an officer's plate. Within a
+central oval an eagle, with wings outspread, is superimposed upon a
+trophy of arms and flags; above, on a ribbon, are "E PLURIBUS UNUM"
+and 15 5-pointed stars. It is possible that this plate is a Militia
+item, but the fact that it appears to be original on a leather cap of
+the type worn by Regulars makes it more likely that it is another
+example of officers' license in the matter of insignia during this
+period. Its attachment to the cap is a variant method: two hasp-like
+metal loops, affixed to the plate, have been run through holes in the
+hat and a leather thong threaded through them. Most cap plates of
+this period were pierced at the corners for attachment by threads.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 15.--Specimen in Fort Erie Museum, Ontario,
+Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 16.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+
+¶ The cap plates issued to the artillery regiments (less the Regiment
+of Light Artillery) and the riflemen during the period 1812-1821 are
+known, but only a fragment of one is represented in the national
+collections. Illustrations of all extant are included to complete the
+picture. Two of the 1812 plates issued the 2d Regiment of Artillery
+(fig. 15) have been excavated at Fort Erie, Ontario, and are in the
+collections of the museum there. A plate of the 3d Regiment (fig. 16)
+excavated at Sackets Harbor, New York, is of an entirely different
+design. The lower third of a plate of the 1st Regiment (fig. 17),
+again of a different design, was excavated by the authors in 1961. In
+1814, when the three regiments were consolidated into the Corps of
+Artillery, these plates were superseded by one bearing the
+eagle-on-cannon device closely resembling the button of the artillery
+for the period 1814-1821, which has the word "Corps" inscribed.[62]
+Specimens of this latter plate representing two distinct though
+similar designs have been excavated at posts known to have been manned
+by Regular artillery in 1814 and later (figs. 18, 19). The same
+general design appears also on cross-belt plates and waist-belt plates
+(see below pp. 34-35).
+
+[Footnote 62: See JOHNSON, vol. 1, p. 45, and vol. 2, p. 10.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1ST REGIMENT ARTILLERY, 1812
+
+_USNM 67240-M. Figure 17._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 17]
+
+The over-all design of the plate of which this brass-struck fragment
+represents approximately one-third can be rather accurately surmised
+by comparing it with several of the ornamented buttons issued to the
+infantry in 1812-1815. It is probably the work of the same
+designer.[63] The plate is rectangular with clipped corners. Within a
+raised border is an oval surrounded by cannon, cannon balls, and a
+drum, with the unit designation "1 R{T} ART{Y}". At the top of the
+oval can be seen grasping claws, obviously those of an eagle (as
+sketched in by the artist) and similar to those on the buttons
+referred to above. Single holes at the clipped corners provided means
+of attachment. It seems probable that the design of the missing
+portion also include flags and additional arms and accoutrements.
+
+[Footnote 63: See JOHNSON, vol. 2, specimen nos. 183, 184, 210-213.]
+
+
+¶ The design of the "yellow front plate" authorized and issued to the
+Regiment of Light Artillery[64] in 1812 was unknown for many years. In
+May 1961 one of the authors fortunately located this plate (fig. 20)
+in the collections of the Niagara Historical Society Museum at
+Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, included in a group of British badges of
+the War of 1812 period. There can be no doubt that the specimen is
+American: the eagle's head is of the same design as that on the third
+pattern 1812 infantry cap plate (fig. 9); the wreath of laurel appears
+on both the 1800 and 1812 dragoon helmet plates; and the thunderbolts
+in the eagle's right talon are wholly American, as opposed to British,
+and are of the period. In the Fort Ticonderoga Museum collections
+there is a gold signet ring (original owner unknown) that has an
+almost identical design.
+
+[Footnote 64: Letter dated February 26, 1812, from Irvine to Secretary
+of War (Records AGO). In clothing returns for 1812 of light artillery
+companies stationed at Williamsville, N. Y., "caps and plates" are
+listed as being "on hand" (Records AGO).]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 18.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+This is one of the largest plates ever worn by the Regular
+Establishment. It measures 4-1/4 by 5-1/4 inches, and it is not
+surprising that it was replaced because of its size. On May 19, 1814,
+the Commissary General of Purchases wrote Lt. Col. J. R. Fenwick,
+second-in-command of the light artillery, asking his opinion of a new
+design and stating flatly: "The present light artillery plate is too
+large by one-half."[65] The plate illustrated as figure 21 is offered
+as a possible example of the 1814 design. A matching waist-belt plate
+is described below (p. 34).
+
+[Footnote 65: Letter in Records AGO.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 19.--Specimen in U.S. Army Artillery and Missile
+Center Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 20.--Specimen in Niagara Historical Society
+Museum, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 21.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 22.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 23.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+There are four different patterns of riflemen's cap plates that can be
+fairly bracketed in three periods. The large (6-1/4 by 5 inches)
+diamond-shaped brass plate with the letters "R.R." (fig. 22) was
+adopted for wear in the spring of 1812 as replacement for the letters
+"USRR" that had been worn on the cap since the organization of the
+Regiment of Riflemen in 1808. It was excavated in the interior of one
+of the barracks comprising Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New
+York, where riflemen were stationed as early as August 1812. The style
+of the "R" is very similar to that on the 1812 Artillery cap plate,
+and the "R.R." designation conforms to that on the button authorized
+for the riflemen in 1808. The pattern of the second diamond-shaped
+plate (fig. 23), also in brass and almost identical in size, although
+a ground find, is more difficult to account for, despite the fact that
+it most certainly falls in the same period. The most logical
+explanation seems that the riflemen, who considered themselves a cut
+above the common infantry, became disgruntled with the utter plainness
+of their plates when compared with those just issued the infantry, and
+asked for and received, possibly late in 1812, the plate with the
+eagle and the designation "U.S. Rifle Men." The fact that the plate
+bears the designation "1 REG{T}"--although there were no other rifle
+regiments from 1812 to 1814--can be explained by reference to the
+"national color" of the Rifle Regiment completed in 1808, which bore
+the inscription "1st Rifle Regt.--U.S." and the standard and national
+color of the light artillery which were inscribed "The First Regiment
+of Light Artillery" when there was never more than one light artillery
+unit in the Army.[66] In any case, accurate dating of the third and
+fourth patterns definitely places the second pattern in the 1812-1813
+period by process of elimination. It was superseded in 1814[67] very
+possibly for the same reason that the infantry plate was
+changed--heaviness in both appearance and weight--and replaced by a
+plate with a "design similar to that of the button ... flat yellow
+buttons which shall exhibit a bugle surrounded by stars with the
+number of the regiment within the curve of the bugle."[68] At least
+three specimens of this third-pattern plate are known. They all are
+3-1/4 inches in diameter, and thus are large enough for a hat
+frontpiece and too large to be a cockade device. One of these plates
+is without a numeral (fig. 24); one has the numeral "1," and one has
+the numeral "4" (fig. 25). The first and second of these were found at
+Fort Atkinson, but very probably were not worn as late as 1819-1821.
+Portions of specimens of this 1814 plate have also been recovered from
+an early Pawnee village site in Webster County, Nebraska, indicating
+their possible use as trade goods after the rifle regiment changed its
+plates in 1817.[69] The fourth pattern, with an eagle over a horn
+(fig. 26) was authorized[70] in 1817. Apparently it was worn until
+1821, since several examples of it have been found at Atkinson; other
+examples also are known.
+
+[Footnote 66: See KUHN, pp. 263-267, and DAVIS, pp. 13-14 and pl. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 67: Act of February 10, 1814 (_Military Laws_, pp.
+251-252).]
+
+[Footnote 68: Letter dated January 12, 1814, from Irvine to Secretary
+of War (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 69: See KIVETT, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 70: A letter dated July 29, 1817, from Irvine to Secretary
+of War describes the device; a letter dated August 4, 1817, from the
+Adjutant and Inspector General (Daniel Parker) to Irvine authorizes
+the plate but gives no description. Both letters are in Records AGO.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 24.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 25]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 26.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 27.--Specimen in collection of Waverly P. Lewis,
+Devon, Connecticut.]
+
+The cap plate for the U.S. Military Academy, c. 1815, is illustrated
+(fig. 27) because it completes the cycle for insignia of the Regular
+Establishment for the period. Apparently it is the work of the same
+designer as most of the insignia of the period 1812-1815. Scratched
+on its reverse side is the name George W. Frost, a Virginian who
+entered the Military Academy as a cadet in 1814 and resigned on March
+8, 1816.
+
+The two plates of the U.S. Marine Corps, despite the fact that they
+are naval rather than military, are included because they fit very
+precisely into the device design pattern of the strictly army items of
+the period and because they are unique in their rarity.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, U.S. MARINE CORPS, C. 1807, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM 58671-N-(1). Figure 28._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 28]
+
+This specimen was extremely puzzling for many years. The design is
+obviously that of the War of 1812 period, bearing strong similarity to
+both the 1812 and 1814 infantry plates and the 1814 Artillery Corps
+plate, possibly the work of the same die sinker. The 1804 Marine Corps
+uniform regulations specified merely a "Brass Eagle and Plate," but
+the 1807 regulations called for "Octagon plates."[71] Thus there was
+considerable reluctance to accept this die sample as the authentic
+design. In the summer of 1959, however, the authors, excavating at
+Fort Tomkins, New York, which was known to have had a small barracks
+for the use of naval personnel ashore, recovered parts of two brass
+plates of this identical design, and in the octagon shape--that is,
+rectangular with clipped corners (fig. 29). The design may thus be
+precisely dated.
+
+[Footnote 71: See MCCLELLAN, pp. 25, 44.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 29]
+
+The specimen is struck in rectangular brass with a raised edge. The
+whole is dominated by an eagle that is very similar to the eagles on
+the infantry and artillery corps plates described above. The talons
+grasp the shank of a large fouled anchor; a ribbon, held in the beak
+and streaming overhead, is embossed with the motto "FORTITUDINE." The
+whole is on a trophy of arms and flags, and below the lower raised
+edge is embossed the word "MARINES." The excavated specimens vary
+slightly in size, but average 3-3/8 by 4-3/4 inches. Reproductions of
+this die strike were made prior to its acquisition by the National
+Museum, and specimens outside the national collections should be
+considered with caution.
+
+
+CAP OR SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, U.S. MARINE CORPS, 1815-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 58671-N-(2). Figure 30._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 30]
+
+This specimen is known only in die samples. Because of its similarity
+in design to the 1814 infantry plates, it cannot be dated later than
+1825. Since no naval uniformed Militia units are known for the period
+1815-1825, and since the plate is obviously not a device of the
+regular Navy, it must be assigned to the Marine Corps. In studying
+this plate, however, we must recognize the possibility that the maker
+may have been designing and sinking dies in the hope of having a
+sample accepted and approved for issue rather than actually executing
+a contract. The plate is struck in rectangular brass, and the corners
+are marked for clipping. The design, within a wide oval with raised
+edge, consists of an eagle above a trophy of arms, flags, and a
+shield. The right talon grasps a fluke of a fouled anchor, and the
+left talon holds the pike of a stand of colors. Reproductions of this
+die strike were made prior to its acquisition by the National Museum,
+and specimens outside the national collections should be considered
+with caution.
+
+
+¶ The 1821 uniform regulations were significant in several respects:
+cap plates were eliminated as distinctive insignia of the various
+arms; the color of certain items of dress and equipment remained the
+sole distinction; and the rules regarding nonregulation dress were
+more precisely stated than before. The cap plates were replaced by
+eagles, measuring 3 inches between wing tips, and the number of the
+regiment was cut in the shield. Regulations tersely stated that "all
+articles of uniform or equipment, more or less, than those prescribed,
+or in any manner differing from them, are prohibited."[72] General and
+staff officers were to wear black sword belts with "yellow plates";
+artillery officers were to wear white waist belts with a yellow oval
+plate 1-1/2 inches wide and with an eagle in the center; infantry
+officers were to wear a similar plate that was white instead of
+yellow. Cockade eagles for _chapeau de bras_ were to be gold and
+measure 1-1/2 inches between wing tips. Since enlisted men were no
+longer authorized to wear swords, they had no waist belts.
+
+[Footnote 72: _General Regulations_, pp. 154-162.]
+
+
+CAP AND PLATE, THIRD ARTILLERY, 1821
+
+_USNM 66603-M. Figure 31._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 31]
+
+Although several "yellow" eagles that can be attributed to the
+1821-1832 period are known, this brass specimen on the bell-crowned
+cap is the only one known to the authors that has the prescribed
+regimental number cut out of the shield. The button on the pompon
+rosette--which appears to be definitely original to the cap, as does
+the eagle--carries the artillery "A," thus the assignment to that
+branch of the service. The eagle bears a close similarity to the
+eagles on the 1812 and 1814 infantry cap plates and the 1807 Marine
+Corps cap plate, and is possibly the work of the same designer.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, INFANTRY, 1822
+
+_USNM 60364-M (SK-120). Figure 32._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 32]
+
+Early in 1822, the Secretary of War, acting on a suggestion of
+Callendar Irvine, ordered that all metal equipment of the infantry be
+of "white metal" in keeping with its pompons, tassels, and lace.[73]
+This specimen, struck in copper and silvered, is believed to have been
+issued as a result of that order.
+
+[Footnote 73: Letter dated January 4, 1822, from Secretary of War to
+Irvine (Records AGO).]
+
+
+¶ The 1821 regulations stated that cockade eagles should measure 1-1/2
+inches between wing tips. In 1832 this wingspread was increased to
+2-1/2 inches. Thus, specimens of a relatively uniform pattern and
+measuring approximately 1-1/2 inches in wingspread will be considered
+as of the Regular Army, 1821-1832. Similarly, those of a relatively
+uniform pattern and measuring approximately 2-1/2 inches in wingspread
+are dated 1832-1851.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60371-M (S-K 127). Figure 33._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 33]
+
+This eagle, struck in brass, has wings extended, head to the right,
+federal shield on breast with no stars, olive branch in right talon,
+and three arrows in left talon.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60372-M (S-K 128). Not illustrated._
+
+This eagle is struck from the same die as the preceding specimen, but
+it is in white metal rather than brass.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60367-M (S-K 123). Figure 34._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 34]
+
+Of silver on copper, this eagle is similar to the two preceding
+specimens, but is struck from a variant die. It possibly was worn by
+the Militia.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60373-M (S-K 130). Figure 35._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 35]
+
+This specimen is very similar to those above, but it has 13 stars in
+the shield on the eagle's breast.
+
+
+¶ Despite the fact that it was found attached to a shako of distinct
+Militia origin, the cap plate shown in figure 36 is believed to be
+that prescribed for the cadets of the Military Academy in the 1821
+uniform regulations and described as "yellow plate, diamond shape."
+The letters "U S M A" in the angles of the diamond, the word "CADET"
+at the top of the oval, what appears to be the designation "W POINT"
+at the left top of the map, and the tools of instruction (so similar
+to those embellishing the cadet diploma, although totally different
+in rendering), make it difficult to assign this plate to any source
+other than the Academy. It is possible, of course, that this was a
+manufacturer's sample which was never actually adopted for wear at
+West Point. The apparent maker's name, "CASAD," at the bottom of the
+oval, does not appear in the city directories of any of the larger
+manufacturing centers of the period.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 36.--Specimen in West Point Museum, West Point,
+New York.]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, 1832(?)
+
+_USNM 60365-M (S-K 121). Figure 37._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 37]
+
+Despite the facts that there was no change in cap insignia authorized
+in the 1832 uniform regulations and that this specimen is similar in
+most respects to the 1821 eagle, its refinement of design and
+manufacture indicates that it possibly belongs to the period of the
+1830's and 1840's. It is struck in thin brass and has three plain wire
+fasteners soldered to the reverse.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, 1832(?)
+
+_USNM 60366-M (S-K 122). Not illustrated._
+
+Although similar to the preceding plate, this specimen measures 3-1/4
+by 2-1/4 inches, is struck from a different die, and has a much wider
+breast shield. Of somewhat heavier brass than most such similar eagles
+and exhibiting a well-developed patina, it may have been an officer's
+device.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, DRAGOONS, 1833
+
+_USNM 60276-M (S-K 34). Figure 38._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 38]
+
+When the dragoons returned to the Army in 1833, their cap device was
+described as "a gilt star, silver eagle ... the star to be worn in
+front."[74] An 8-pointed, sunburst-type star, this plate is struck in
+brass and has a superimposed eagle that is struck in brass and
+silvered. The eagle is basically the Napoleonic type adopted by the
+British after the Battle of Waterloo and altered by omitting the
+lightning in the talons and adding a wreath to the breast. Plain wire
+fasteners are soldered to the back.
+
+[Footnote 74: General Order No. 38, Headquarters of the Army, May 2,
+1833. (Photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution.)]
+
+
+¶ In 1834, possibly as a result of the newly organized dragoons
+receiving distinctive branch insignia, the infantry and artillery once
+again were authorized devices on the dress cap designating their
+particular arm. The gilt eagle was retained. Below the eagle was an
+open horn with cords and tassels in silver for infantry, and cross
+cannons in "gilt" for artillery. The number of the regiment was added
+over the cannon or within the curve of the horn. These devices
+remained in use until the change in headgear in 1851.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, INFANTRY, 1834-1851
+
+_USNM 62055-M, 62056-M (SK-1808, 1809). Figure 39._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 39]
+
+This eagle is similar to the 1821 pattern, although somewhat more
+compact in design. It is struck in brass, has wings upraised, head to
+the right, shield on breast, olive branch in right talon, and three
+arrows in left talon. The open horn, struck in brass and silvered, is
+suspended, with bell to the right, by four twisted cords tied in a
+3-leaf-clover knot; the tassels on the four cord-ends hang below.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, ARTILLERY, 1834-1851
+
+_USNM 60426-M (S-K 182). Figure 40._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 40]
+
+This is the "gilt ... cross cannons" device prescribed for artillery
+in the 1834 regulations. Struck in sheet brass of medium thickness,
+the superimposed cannon has trunnions and dolphins.
+
+
+FORAGE CAP STAR, DRAGOON OFFICER, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604967-M (S-K 1111). Figure 41._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 41]
+
+Although uniform regulations for the period of the 1830's and 1840's
+make no mention of a distinctive device for the dragoon forage cap,
+photographs in the National Archives show that officers' caps, at
+least, carried a 6-pointed star, apparently gold-embroidered.[75] This
+specimen is believed to be such a star. Made of gold bullion and with
+rather large sequins sewed onto a heavy paper background, the star is
+mounted on dark blue wool. The points of the star are extended with
+gold embroidery on the cloth.
+
+[Footnote 75: TOWNSEND AND TODD, pp. 1-2.]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA. CADET'S, U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY, 1842, AND ENGINEER
+SOLDIERS, 1846
+
+_USNM 604529 (S-K 676) Figure 42._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 42]
+
+In 1839 the cadets at the Military Academy discarded the bell-crowned
+caps they had worn since 1821 and wore a cylindrical black shako
+similar to that worn by the Regular artillery and infantry. The
+artillery gilt eagle and crossed cannon replaced the diamond-shaped
+plate on the front. In 1842-1843 the crossed cannon were replaced by
+the engineer castle as more in keeping with the original mission of
+the Academy and the general orientation of its curriculum.
+
+Shortly after the beginning of hostilities with Mexico in 1846, the
+Congress authorized the enlistment of a company of "engineer soldiers"
+that was designated the Company of Sappers, Miners, and Pontoniers.
+These were the first enlisted men authorized the Corps of Engineers
+since the period of the War of 1812. The headgear for these men was
+prescribed as "Schako--same pattern as that of the artillery, bearing
+a yellow eagle over a castle like that worn by the Cadets."[76]
+
+[Footnote 76: _General Regulations for the Army of the United States,
+1847_, pp. 192-193.]
+
+Struck in thin to medium brass, this plate is the familiar turreted
+castle of the Corps of Engineers so well known today. It was worn
+below the eagle.
+
+
+¶ To complete the branches of the Regular Establishment during the
+Mexican War period, the Regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen must
+be mentioned, although they were apparently without any distinctive
+branch insignia.
+
+The regiment was constituted on February 11, 1847, and its uniform[77]
+was prescribed 9 days later in the War Department's General Order
+No. 7. However, the regiment was issued infantry woolen jackets and
+trousers and never received what little gray issue clothing was sent
+to them in Mexico almost a year later. Uniform trimmings were to be as
+for the infantry, with the substitution of the letter "v" where
+appropriate. So far as presently known, this substitution affected
+only the button pattern--an appropriate letter "v" on the shield
+centered on the eagle's breast.
+
+[Footnote 77: A detailed description is given in _Military Collector
+and Historian_ (June 1952), vol. 4, no. 2, p. 44.]
+
+The 1851 uniform regulations radically changed almost every item of
+the Army's dress. Most of the distinctive devices were also altered,
+although more in size and composition than general design. Some
+devices were completely eliminated. While officers retained insignia
+of their arm or branch on their hats, enlisted personnel, with the
+exception of those of engineers and ordnance, had only the letter of
+their company, their particular arm being designated by the color of
+collars, cuffs, bands on hats, pompons, epaulets, chevrons, and the
+like. A newly designed sword or waist-belt plate was prescribed for
+all personnel. All items of uniform and insignia authorized in 1851
+were included in an illustrated edition of the Regulations for the
+Uniform and Dress of the Army of the United States, June 1851,
+published by William H. Horstmann and Sons, well-known uniform and
+insignia dealers in Philadelphia.[78]
+
+[Footnote 78: A partial republication of this work appears in
+_Military Collector and Historian_, vol. 10, no. 1 (spring 1958), pp.
+16, 17; no. 2 (summer 1958), pp. 43-45.]
+
+
+POMPON EAGLE, 1851
+
+_USNM 604853 (S-K 998). Figure 43._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 43]
+
+Worn attached to the base of the pompon by all enlisted personnel,
+this brass eagle, similar in general design to that worn on the shako
+in the 1830's, stands with wings upraised, olive branch in right
+talon, three arrows in left talon, and a scroll, with national motto,
+in beak. Above are stars, clouds, and bursts of sun rays. Officers
+wore an eagle of similar design of gold embroidery on cloth.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1851
+
+_USNM 604862 (S-K 1007). Figure 44._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 44]
+
+This specimen, in accord with regulations, is on dark blue cloth and
+consists of a gold-embroidered wreath encircling Old English letters
+"U.S." in silver bullion. Embroidered insignia of this period were all
+made by hand, and they varied considerably in both detail and size.
+During the 1861-1865 period the same design was made about half this
+size for wear on officers' forage caps, and the device appeared in
+variant forms. One example is known where the numeral "15" is
+embroidered over the letters "U.S.";[79] and Miller's _Photographic
+History of the Civil War_ includes several photos of general officers
+whose wreath insignia on the forage cap substitute small rank insignia
+stars for the letters.
+
+[Footnote 79: LEWIS, p. 64.]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, ENGINEERS, 1851
+
+_USNM 300720. Figure 45._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 45]
+
+On dark blue cloth, this device comprises a gold-embroidered wreath of
+laurel and palm encircling a turreted castle in silver metal as
+prescribed in regulations. Other examples are known with the castle
+embroidered.
+
+
+HAT INSIGNIA, OFFICER, ARTILLERY, 1851
+
+_USNM 604872 (S-K 1017). Figure 46._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 46]
+
+This specimen adheres almost exactly to the 1851 regulations, but it
+lacks the number of the regiment as called for. The number was a
+separate insignia embroidered above the cannon. The cannon are of gold
+embroidery. The device was also made in gold metal imitation-embroidery
+in several variant designs.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, INFANTRY, 1851
+
+_USNM 604888 (S-K 1033). Figure 47._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 47]
+
+On dark blue cloth, this device is the well-known looped horn in gold
+embroidery with three cords and tassels. The regimental number "4," in
+silver bullion, lies within the loop of the horn. This insignia is
+also common in metal imitation-embroidery.
+
+
+CAP AND COLLAR INSIGNIA, ENLISTED ORDNANCE, 1851
+
+_USNM 604520 (S-K 667). Figure 48._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 48]
+
+Struck in brass, this device was worn on the caps and coat collars of
+ordnance enlisted personnel. Although the shell and flame insignia
+appears in a number of variations of design, this specimen conforms
+exactly to the regulations of 1851 as published by Horstmann.
+
+
+CAP AND COLLAR INSIGNIA, ENGINEER SOLDIERS, 1851
+
+_USNM 61618. Figure 49._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 49]
+
+The 1851 uniform regulations called for a "castle of yellow metal one
+and five-eighths inches by one and one-fourth inches high" on both the
+coat collar and the hat of "Engineer Soldiers." This specimen, struck
+in brass, conforms exactly to the descriptions and drawing in the
+Horstmann publication of the regulations.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, DRAGOON OFFICERS, 1851
+
+_USNM 604879 (S-K 1024). Figure 50._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 50]
+
+Comprising crossed sabers of gold, with edges upward, this insignia is
+similar to the well-known device worn by the Regular cavalry as late
+as 1953.
+
+
+¶ In 1846 the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen was organized to
+consolidate the northern route to the Pacific by establishing and
+manning a series of posts along the Oregon Trail.[80] The outbreak of
+the War with Mexico postponed this mission and the unit was diverted
+to the theater of operations. Shortly after the regiment was
+constituted it was authorized to wear a forage cap device prescribed
+as "a gold embroidered spread eagle, with the letter R in silver, on
+the shield."[81] No surviving specimen of this insignia is known, and
+there seems some doubt that it was ever actually manufactured.[82]
+
+[Footnote 80: Act of May 19, 1846 (_Military Laws_, pp. 371-372).]
+
+[Footnote 81: General Order No. 18, June 4, 1846, War Department
+(photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).]
+
+[Footnote 82: Insignia of the riflemen are discussed by Townsend and
+Todd, pp. 2-3.]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, REGIMENT OF MOUNTED RIFLEMEN, 1850
+
+_USNM 604854 (SK 999). Figure 51._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 51]
+
+In 1850 the regiment was given a "trumpet" hat device. Officers were
+to wear "a trumpet, perpendicular, embroidered in gold, with the
+number of the regiment, in silver, within the bend."[83] This trumpet
+is also known in metal imitation-embroidery. The prescribed regimental
+number, which is illustrated in the Horstmann publication of the
+regulations (pl. 15), is not included on the device, probably because
+there was but one such unit in the Regular Establishment.
+
+[Footnote 83: General Order No. 2, February 13, 1850, War Department
+(photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, ENLISTED, REGIMENT OF MOUNTED RIFLEMEN, 1850
+
+_USNM 62053-M (SK-1806). Figure 52._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 52]
+
+The same general order that gave rifle officers a gold-embroidered
+trumpet prescribed for enlisted men a similar device to be of "yellow
+metal." This insignia lasted but one year for the men in the ranks,
+being unmentioned in the 1851 regulations.
+
+
+Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates
+
+Oval shoulder-belt plates were worn by American officers during the
+War of the Revolution, but no extant specimens are known. Highly
+ornamented or engraved officers' plates for the period after 1790 are
+in several collections (fig. 53) and others are illustrated in
+contemporary portraits (fig. 54). Just what year shoulder-belt plates
+were issued to enlisted personnel is unknown, but their use appears to
+have been well established by 1812. The uniform regulations for that
+year specified swords for sergeants of infantry to be "worn with a
+white cross belt 3-1/2 inches wide," but nothing was said about a
+device on the belt.[84]
+
+[Footnote 84: General Order, Southern Department U.S. Army, January
+24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 53.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+Normally, brass or "yellow metal" plates were authorized for the
+artillery and silvered or "white metal" for the infantry and dragoons,
+as consonant with the rest of their trimmings. In actuality, however,
+white-metal shoulder-belt plates do not seem to have been issued to
+the infantry prior to 1814, and brass ones were still being issued in
+1815.[85] Most of these plates were plain oval, although a few are
+known that were struck with devices similar to those on cap plates;
+and at least one rectangular cap plate, fitted with the two studs and
+hook on the reverse normal to shoulder-belt plates, has been found. It
+seems probable that these were officers' plates. Oval brass plates
+have been found that are identical in size and construction to the
+plain ones but with the letters "U.S." embossed on them; however,
+these are difficult to date.
+
+[Footnote 85: Letters from Irvine in Records AGO: To Colonel Bogardus
+(Commanding Officer, 41st Infantry), February 16, 1814; to James
+Calhoun, January 14, 1815; and to General Scott, January 31, 1815.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 54.--Portrait in collection of The Filson Club,
+Louisville, Kentucky.]
+
+It is extremely doubtful that waist-belt plates were issued to
+enlisted personnel of foot units during this period. In 1808 enlisted
+dragoons were authorized a waist-belt plate of tinned brass and, as
+far as known, perfectly plain.[86]
+
+[Footnote 86: Letter to the Purveyor of Public Supplies in 1808.]
+
+The 1812 regulations prescribed for the light dragoons a "buff leather
+waist belt, white plate in front with eagle in relief," and there is
+the possibility that the light artillery had such. In actuality, there
+was no call for a waist belt where a shoulder belt was authorized.
+Neither civilian trousers nor the few surviving military "pantaloons"
+of the period are fitted with belt loops, trousers being held up
+either by suspenders or by being buttoned directly to the shirt or
+waistcoat. No example of the dragoon plate has been found. However, a
+rather tantalizing possibility exists--a fragment of a pewter belt
+plate (fig. 55) was excavated at Sackets Harbor, New York, where the
+light dragoons are known to have served. The 1816 regulations
+specified for artillerymen "waist belts of white leather two inches
+wide, yellow oval plate of the same width." It is not made clear,
+however, whether this belt and plate was for officers only or for all
+ranks. The unusually striking oval specimen (fig. 56) may be this
+plate, but its ornateness indicates that this particular design was
+for officers only.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 55.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 56.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1790(?)-1812
+
+_USNM 12804. Figure 57._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 57]
+
+This plate was worn by Peter Gansevoort sometime during his military
+career, probably after 1790. Gansevoort, between 1775 and his death in
+1812, was successively major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, and
+brigadier general of New York State Militia and brigadier general U.S.
+Army (1809-1812). Although distinctly Militia in design, the specimen
+is included here as an example of the wide variety of such devices
+worn by officers of the 1800-1821 period.
+
+This plate is octagonal, slightly convex, and has beveled edges. The
+design is hand engraved on copper, and the whole is gold plated.
+Within an engraved border is the eagle-on-half-globe device of New
+York State. Two studs and a hook soldered to the reverse are not
+believed to be original.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604313 (S-K 469). Figure 58._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 58]
+
+This rectangular, slightly convex plate of silver on copper has
+beveled edges and a small slot in the center for the attachment of an
+ornament. The ornament is missing, although it can be surmised that it
+was an eagle. The reverse is fitted with two studs and a hook and
+bears the hallmark of "W. Pinchin, Philad{a}." William Pinchin is
+listed in the Philadelphia directory for 1809 as a silversmith at 326
+Sassafras Street. The 1810 directory lists only "Widow of," but
+another William Pinchin (probably the son) appears in the 1820's.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, LIGHT ARTILLERY(?), 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 60452-M (S-K 208). Figure 59._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 59]
+
+The design of this rectangular plate, struck in rather heavy brass, is
+the same as that offered as the 1814-pattern cap plate for the light
+artillery, although it is the product of a different and somewhat more
+crudely sunk die. The piece is dominated by an eagle with wings
+upraised, a shield on its breast, three arrows in its right talon, and
+an olive branch in its left talon. Crossed cannon are in the
+foreground, and there is a pile of six cannon balls in the lower right
+corner. The whole is superimposed on a trophy of colors and bayoneted
+muskets. Above is a 5-pointed "star of stars" made up of 20 5-pointed
+stars.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, OFFICER, ARTILLERY CORPS, 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 60448-M (S-K 204). Figure 60._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 60]
+
+The rectangular plate is struck in brass on a die of the same design
+as that used in making the 1814 Artillery Corps cap plate, type I (p.
+18). Before the strike was made, a piece of thin sheet iron, slightly
+narrower than the finished product, was applied to the reverse of the
+brass. After the strike, which shows through clearly on the iron, the
+ends of this applied metal were bent inward into tongues for
+attachments to the belt, and the remainder of the back was filled with
+pewter. The edges of the obverse were then beveled to finish the
+product. It seems very probable that plates such as this were produced
+for sale to officers.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICER, ARTILLERY CORPS, 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 60247 (S-K 5). Figure 61._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 61]
+
+This is a companion piece to the Artillery Corps waist-belt plate
+described above. It was struck in brass from the die of the 1814
+Artillery Corps cap plate, type I, again with a thin sheet of iron
+applied to the reverse before the strike. There is no pewter filling;
+the beveled edges of the piece together with the adhesive effect of
+the strike--which shows through very clearly--holds on the back. The
+plate is fitted with two simple bent-wire fasteners for attachment,
+indicating that it was intended for ornamental use only. Like its
+waist-belt plate counterpart, this specimen must be considered an
+officer's device.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 60248-M (S-K 6). Figure 62._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 62]
+
+This specimen is of the same design as the 1814 Infantry cap plate,
+type I (p. 15). It is oval, with raised edge. Within the oval is an
+eagle with an olive branch in its beak, three arrows in its right
+talon, and thunder bolts and lightning in its left talon. Below is a
+trophy of stacked muskets, drum, flag, and shield. The plate is silver
+on copper, with sheet-iron backing and bent-wire fasteners. As in the
+case of the Artillery Corps plate, just preceding, this must be
+considered an officer's plate. A similar oval plate bearing the design
+of the 1812 dragoon cap plate, and of similar construction, is known.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1814
+
+_USNM 66478-M. Figures 63, 64._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 63]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 64]
+
+Excavated on the site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New
+York, this plate is interesting in that it differs in both
+construction and method of attachment from similar plates of the same
+period in the national collections. Rather than being struck in thin
+brass with a backing and fasteners applied to the reverse, this
+specimen is cast in brass and the edges rather unevenly beveled, with
+two studs and a narrow tongue for attachment cast integrally with the
+plate and with hexagonal heads forced over the ends of the studs. This
+means of attachment, which indicates that the plate was intended to be
+utilitarian as well as merely ornamental, is similar to that on
+British plates of the period between the Revolution and the War of
+1812. The plate could have been worn by either infantry or artillery,
+for both were issued brass plates during this period,[87] however, it
+is more probable that it was worn by the infantry, since the majority
+of the artillery in the Sackets Harbor area were stationed nearby at
+either Fort Pike or Fort Tomkins.
+
+[Footnote 87: Letters from Irvine in Records AGO: To Colonel Bogardus,
+February 16, 1814; to James Calhoun, January 14, 1815.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604311 (S-K 467). Figure 65._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 65]
+
+The plain, oval, slightly convex plate of brass has a raised edge. The
+face is lapped over a piece of sheet-iron backing. On the reverse is
+soldered an early form of bent-wire fasteners. British shoulder-belt
+plates of the Revolutionary period normally had fasteners cast as
+integral parts of the plate proper.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604312 (S-K 468). Not illustrated._
+
+This plate is identical to the one described immediately above except
+that it is struck in copper and the surface is silvered.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604314 (S-K 470). Not illustrated._
+
+This plate, struck from solid brass, has a slightly beveled edge and
+bent-wire fasteners. It is slightly convex. Since it is smaller than
+the two preceding plates, it could have been designed for the Militia.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1815(?)-1821
+
+_USNM 60399-M (S-K 155). Figure 66._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 66]
+
+The two specimens of this plate in the national collections are
+undocumented. Similar in size and construction to the plain oval brass
+and silvered plates, it has the raised letters "U.S.," three-fourths
+inch high in the center. Definitely not later than 1832, it may well
+have been issued soon after the end of the War of 1812. It is
+considered a Regular Army item since the Militia did not use the
+designation "U.S." at this early period. In this latter connection it
+is interesting to note that an example of the 1812 Infantry cap plate,
+type II, with the letters "US" crudely stamped out, is known attached
+to a cap of distinct Militia origin.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL OFFICER, C. 1816
+
+_USNM 38212. Figure 67._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 67]
+
+After the War of 1812, the State of New York presented swords to
+several prominent officers of the Army and Navy who had distinguished
+themselves in actions within New York or near its borders. One of
+these swords (USNM 10294)[88] and an unusually fine gold embroidered
+belt (USNM 33097) with this gold belt buckle were presented to Maj.
+Gen. Jacob Brown.
+
+[Footnote 88: Detailed descriptions of this sword are given by HAROLD
+L. PETERSON, pp. 193-194, and BELOTE, pp. 30-31.]
+
+Chased in very fine gold, the buckle is considered by experts in the
+goldsmithing and silversmithing fields to be one of the outstanding
+pieces of American craftsmanship of its kind.[89] The central motif is
+the New York State eagle-on-half-globe device on a wreath of the
+colors. The head of the eagle is very similar to that on the cap
+plates of the 1807 Marine Corps, 1812 infantry, and 1814 Artillery
+Corps. The border is of a rose pattern distinctly American in feeling,
+and in each corner within the border are acanthus leaves in unusually
+delicate Viennese baroque design.
+
+[Footnote 89: Mr. Michael Arpad, well known and highly regarded
+silversmith, of Washington, D.C., has called this specimen "an
+exquisite piece of work by a master craftsman."]
+
+The maker of this buckle is unknown, but since it is reasonably
+certain that the hilt of the sword was designed by Moritz Furst (see
+p. 12), it is possible that the design of the buckle is his also,
+especially in view of the Viennese touch in the acanthus leaves, his
+training at the mint in Vienna, and the probability that he designed
+the 1812 infantry cap plate.
+
+
+¶ Although the 1821 regulations were very specific about the
+prohibition of nonregulation items of uniform and equipment, they were
+somewhat vague regarding specifications. General staff and engineer
+officers were to wear black belts with a "yellow plate," artillery
+"yellow oval plates ... with an eagle in the center," and infantry the
+same but "white" instead of yellow.[90] No oval plates meeting these
+vague descriptions are known, but the specimens described below may
+well have been those actually approved by the Ordnance Department, and
+thus, worn.
+
+[Footnote 90: _General Regulations for the Army_, pp. 154-162.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, C. 1822
+
+_USNM 604118-M (S-K 274). Figure 68._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 68]
+
+This plate, struck in copper and silvered, is round with an outer
+ring. It is attached to a white buff belt. The plate proper contains
+an eagle with wings outspread, shield on breast, olive branch in right
+talon, and three arrows in left talon. The whole is within a ring of
+24 5-pointed stars. The outer ring is decorated as a wreath, and the
+narrow rectangular belt attachments are embossed with a floral
+pattern. The 24 stars place this specimen between 1822 and 1836.
+Similar buckles are known in yellow metal for either staff or
+artillery and containing 24, 26, and 28 stars, indicating that they
+probably were worn until the rectangular eagle-wreath plate was
+prescribed in 1851.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1821-1835
+
+_USNM 60454 (S-K 210). Figure 69._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 69]
+
+This specimen is offered as another possibility for the 1821
+regulation plate. It is identical in size and similar in design to the
+preceding plate. The plate proper contains an eagle with wings spread,
+a breast shield containing the letter "I," an olive branch in right
+talon, and three arrows in left talon. There is no outer ring of
+stars. The outer ring of the buckle is decorated with a wreath, but
+the rectangular belt attachments are plain. The 1821 regulations
+called for eagle buttons of "yellow" and "white" metal with the
+letters "A" and "I" (for artillery and infantry) on the eagle's
+shield, and the belt plate may have been designed to conform. There is
+also the possibility that this plate, as well as the one described
+below, was designed to conform to the 1835 regulations which
+prescribed a waist belt with a "round" clasp.[91]
+
+[Footnote 91: _General Regulations for the Army of the United States_,
+p. 222.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY OFFICER, 1821-1835
+
+_USNM 60455-M (S-K 211). Not illustrated._
+
+Nearly identical to the infantry officer's plate above, this buckle,
+in brass, has the artillery "A" on the eagle's breast shield.
+
+
+¶ Although the regulations for this period do not mention
+shoulder-belt plates for enlisted men (officers had none as they wore
+their swords on their waist belts), it can be assumed that they were
+worn. The two specimens described below must be dated later than
+1812-1821 because of the belt attachments. The earlier specimens had
+rudimentary bent-wire fasteners, but these, more refined, have two
+round studs and a hook soldered to the plate proper.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 604316 (S-K 472). Figures 70, 71._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 70]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 71]
+
+This plate, of silver on copper, is plain oval and slightly convex.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 604315 (S-K 471). Not illustrated._
+
+This specimen is identical to the preceding one except that it is in
+plain brass.
+
+
+¶ The 1832 uniform regulations brought some well-defined changes.
+General and staff officers were to wear gilt waist-belt plates "having
+the letters U S and a sprig of laurel on each side in silver," and the
+bottom of the skirts of officers' coats were to bear distinctive
+devices--a gold-embroidered star for general officers and officers of
+the general staff, a shell and flame in gold embroidery for artillery
+officers, and silver-embroidered bugles for infantry officers.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1832
+
+_USNM 664. Figure 72._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 72]
+
+The plate and the belt to which it is attached formerly belonged to
+Capt. Charles O. Collins, an 1824 graduate of the Military Academy.
+The belt is of patent leather, as specified for undress wear, and is
+1-1/2 inches wide. The plate is cast in brass and has raised edges.
+Rather than having "a sprig of laurel on each side," it has a wreath
+of laurel enclosing the letters "U S," in Old English, in silvered
+metal affixed to the front. It is attached on the right side by a
+rectangular belt attachment with a flat hook on the left rear.
+
+
+¶ The 1832 regulations specified for engineer officers a waist-belt
+plate to be "gilt, elliptical, two inches in the shortest diameter,
+bearing the device of the button." Such a plate (fig. 73) is in the
+collections of the Valley Forge Chapel Museum. It is entirely possible
+that this plate is even earlier than 1832, for the 1821 and 1825
+regulations state that the engineer buttons were to contain "the
+device and motto heretofore established."
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 73]
+
+In the collections of the West Point Museum is a button, carrying the
+"Essayons" device, that was excavated in the area behind the "Long
+Barracks," which burned in 1825. Another such button excavated at
+Sackets Harbor on the site of an 1812-1815 barracks bears a maker's
+name (Wishart) of the 1812-1816 period.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1832(?)-1850
+
+_USNM 604145-M (S-K 301). Figure 74._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 74.--Specimen in Valley Forge Chapel Museum,
+Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.]
+
+This buckle is similar to the one (shown in fig. 73) that belonged to
+Capt. Charles O. Collins, but it is different in that the letters
+"U.S." are enclosed not by a laurel wreath but by a sprig of laurel on
+the right side and a sprig of palm on the left. The 1841 uniform
+regulations specified such a belt plate for officers of the Corps of
+Engineers, but with a "turreted castle, raised in silver" rather than
+the letters "U.S." This places the probable date of manufacture of
+this specimen in the 1840's.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, GENERAL STAFF, 1832
+
+_USNM 8040. Figure 75._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 75]
+
+This skirt ornament, on buff cloth, is from a coat worn by Capt.
+Thomas Swords when he was assistant quartermaster general in 1838. The
+design consists of three 6-pointed stars of gold bullion cord: a line
+star of twisted cord superimposed upon a larger star of closely
+stitched cord that in turn is superimposed upon a still larger star of
+sunburst type.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, GENERAL STAFF, 1832
+
+_USNM 62057-M (S-K 181). Figure 76._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 76]
+
+Like the preceding specimen, this ornament, on buff cloth, is
+comprised of three stars. A star made of lines of sequins secured by
+two strands of twisted bullion is superimposed upon a 6-pointed star
+of gold embroidery that in turn is superimposed upon a 6-pointed star
+made up of gold sequins secured by gold bullion cord.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, ARTILLERY OFFICER, 1832
+
+_USNM 15929. Figure 77._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 77]
+
+This specimen, on red cloth, is on a coat worn by William Tecumseh
+Sherman when he was a lieutenant in the 3d Artillery. The bomb is made
+of whorls of gold bullion cord, while the flames are composed of
+curving lines of twisted bullion. The lowest flame on either side
+terminates in arrow heads.
+
+There are a number of gold-embroidered shell and flame devices in the
+national collections, all varying considerably in size and
+composition. Some are skirt ornaments for artillery officers, both
+Regular Army and Militia, while some are cap ornaments for ordnance
+officers. Indeed, two coats formerly belonging to Maj. Levi Twiggs,
+U.S. Marine Corps, carry the same device.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1832
+
+_USNM 59861-M. Figure 78._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 78]
+
+The silver coat-skirt horn ornaments of infantry officers varied
+almost as much as the shell and flame devices, generally in relation
+to the affluence of the individual concerned. Unlike such ornaments of
+the other services, the horns were paired in rights and lefts on the
+coat.
+
+This specimen, of silver bullion cord, is on a coat that once belonged
+to Lt. William Williams Mather, an 1828 graduate of the Military
+Academy who left the service in 1836. The horn is looped, and it is
+suspended by twisted bullion from a simple 3-leaf-clover knot. The
+whole is backed on blue cloth.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1832
+
+_USNM 1056. Figure 79._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 79]
+
+This rather elaborate specimen is on a coat worn by John Porter Hatch
+when he was a lieutenant of infantry in 1845. The body of the
+horn--which is merely curved rather than looped--is made of silver
+lamé encircled by three ornamented bands of bullion. The mouthpiece
+and bell are of bullion. The whole is suspended by a rather ornate
+3-leaf-clover knot of bands of edged bullion and is backed on blue
+cloth.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, 1839(?)
+
+_USNM 22702. Figure 80._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 80]
+
+The uniform regulations for the period 1832-1846 carry no mention of
+coat-skirt ornaments for the Corps of Topographical Engineers, rather
+only prescribing the "slashed skirt flaps to be embroidered in gold,
+with oak leaves and acorns" like the collar and cuffs. There is in the
+national collections, however, a uniform for the Corps that
+corresponds with 1839 regulations in every way except that the coat
+skirts carry this ornament--a shield within a wreath of oak leaves--of
+gold embroidery. The device appears to be of the same vintage as the
+other embroidery on the coat.
+
+
+¶ Although the 1832 uniform regulations make no mention of swords for
+noncommissioned officers, in 1833 the Ames Manufacturing Company of
+Chicopee, Massachusetts, began the manufacture of a new sword for the
+Regular artillery. Based on a European pattern, this weapon was the
+popular conception of the short Roman stabbing sword, or _gladius_. In
+1834 this weapon was also authorized for infantry noncommissioned
+officers.[92]
+
+[Footnote 92: _Regulations for the Government of the Ordnance
+Department_, p. 64; and HAROLD L. PETERSON, pp. 42-43.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1833
+
+_USNM 654384 (S-K 531). Figure 81._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 81]
+
+This is the belt-plate assembly designed for carrying the short "Roman
+pattern" NCO sword. The plate is of two round pieces joined by an
+S-hook that is open on one end for unbuckling. Each round piece has a
+flat loop for attachment to the white buff belt. The right-hand round
+piece has an eagle with head to the left, wings drooping, three arrows
+in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left talon. The
+left-hand piece has crossed cannons and the letters "U.S." The whole
+is cast in rough bronze.
+
+Assemblies of this type were popularly known as "Dingee" belts,
+because one of the primary contractors for them was Robert Dingee of
+New York City. The eagle on this plate is very similar to the one on
+Dingee's contract rifle flasks of 1832.[93]
+
+[Footnote 93: See PATTERSON, p. 8.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1834
+
+_USNM 604111 (S-K 267). Figure 82._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 82]
+
+This plate and belt are identical to the artillery specimen above
+except that the left-hand round portion exhibits three stacked muskets
+and a drum instead of crossed cannon.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 83.--Specimen in collection of William E. Codd,
+Towson, Maryland.]
+
+
+¶ NCO belt plates similar to the two above also appeared in what might
+be called a staff or branch immaterial pattern, with the crossed
+cannon and/or stacked muskets and drum replaced by the letters "US"
+alone (fig. 83). This pattern apparently was intended for wear by
+NCO's other than those assigned to the infantry, artillery, or
+dragoons.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, DRAGOON OFFICER, 1833
+
+_USNM 5664. Figure 84._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 84]
+
+This plate, which formerly belonged to Gen. William S. Harney when he
+commanded the 2d Dragoons in 1836, is identical to the general and
+staff officers' plate of the 1832 regulations except that the letters
+"U.S." have been replaced by the letter "D" in Old English, as
+prescribed.[94]
+
+[Footnote 94: General Order No. 38, Headquarters of the Army, May 2,
+1833 (photostatic copy in files of the division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1836
+
+_USNM 604114-M (S-K 268). Figure 85._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 85]
+
+The 1835 uniform regulations replaced the rather impractical S-hook
+NCO belt plate with a "round clasp" on which the branch designation
+was replaced with the raised letters "U S." Similar in over-all design
+to the 1821 officers' plate, round with outer ring, these plates were
+rough cast in brass and had a stippled surface.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1836
+
+_USNM 604114 (S-K 270). Not illustrated._
+
+This specimen is very similar to the preceding plate, but it is of a
+definitely different casting and is generally heavier in over-all
+appearance, the inner ring is much more convex, and the letters "U S"
+are raised only slightly and spread farther apart.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICERS, 1839
+
+_USNM 40886. Figure 86._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 86]
+
+The 1839 uniform regulations specified a shoulder belt (rather than a
+waist belt) for carrying the sword, with a "breast plate according to
+the pattern to be furnished by the Ordnance Department." This plate,
+which was worn by Capt. Erastus Capron, 1st Artillery, an 1833
+graduate of the Military Academy, is believed to be that
+specified.[95] The specimen is rectangular with beveled edges, cast in
+brass, and has the lines of a modified sunburst radiating outward. In
+the center, within a wreath of laurel, are the letters "U S" in Old
+English. Both the wreath and letters are of silvered copper and are
+applied. The plate is attached by three broad hooks rather than two
+studs and a hook.
+
+[Footnote 95: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (April 1841), illustrations for
+"United States Infantry, Full Dress" and "United States Artillery
+(Captain)."]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICERS, 1839
+
+_USNM 604330 (S-K 486). Not illustrated._
+
+This plate is almost identical to the Capron specimen above except
+that the letters "U S," instead of being in Old English, are formed of
+oak leaves.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, 1839
+
+_USNM 22702. Figure 87._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 87]
+
+The 1839 uniform regulations prescribed this plate for the Corps of
+Topographical Engineers. The oval inner plate, which contains the
+prescribed eagle, shield, and the letters "U S" in Old English, is
+struck in medium weight copper and gilded. This inner plate is
+soldered to a cast-bronze and gilded tongue which in turn is brazed to
+a cast-bronze belt attachment. The oval outer ring, bearing the
+prescribed "CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS" in Roman capitals, is
+cast in brass and gilded. To the inner edge of this outer ring are
+brazed two curved seats for the inner oval. The whole is brazed to the
+belt attachment, also cast in brass and gilded.
+
+
+¶ In view of the large and somewhat elaborate cap plates as well as
+shoulder-belt plates adopted by both the Regulars and Militia early in
+the 19th century, it is somewhat surprising that apparently neither
+component had ornamentation on its cartridge boxes until the Ordnance
+Regulations of 1834 prescribed a very ornate design embossed on the
+leather flap.[96] Certainly there was precedent for such, for both the
+British and German mercenary troops of the Revolution and the British
+and Canadian troops of the War of 1812 wore metal ornaments on their
+cartridge boxes. At least partial explanation for this omission may
+lie in one of Callender Irvine's reasons for rejecting brass cartridge
+boxes in favor of leather ones: "The leather ... affords no mark for
+the enemy to sight at. The brass ... would afford a central object, as
+regards the body of the Soldier, and one which would be seen at a
+great distance to fire at."[97] Why Irvine did not object equally to
+the large white and yellow metal cap and shoulder-belt plates as
+targets is unknown. In any case--with a possible few Militia
+exceptions such as a Militia cartridge box with a plate bearing the
+likeness of Washington in silver, both about 1835--the 1839 model oval
+plates were the first to be worn.
+
+[Footnote 96: _See Military Collector and Historian_ (June 1950), vol.
+2, no. 2, pp. 29-30.]
+
+[Footnote 97: Letter dated June 29, 1813, from Irvine to Secretary of
+War (Records AGO).]
+
+The ordnance regulations of 1839 and the ordnance manual of 1841
+brought in two distinctly new types of plates, the familiar brass oval
+waist-belt and cartridge-box plates with the letters "U. S." and the
+round shoulder-belt plate with the eagle. The oval plates fall into
+two general sizes, 3.5 inches by 2.2 inches (for plates on the
+infantry's cartridge box and the cavalry's waist belts)[98] and 2.8
+inches by 1.6 inches (for plates on the infantry's waist belts and the
+cavalry's carbine cartridge boxes and pistol cartridge boxes). The use
+of each plate is determined by the type of fastener. These plates were
+struck in thin brass and the backs generally leaded, although some
+were used without such backing, probably to save both weight and
+material. Cartridge boxes were also embossed with the outline of this
+oval plate in lieu of the plate itself. It is interesting to note that
+the larger plates with lead backs weighed about 5-1/2 ounces and the
+smaller ones just over 2 ounces.
+
+[Footnote 98: The cavalry waist-belt plate is actually specified to be
+3.6 inches by 2.2 inches.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CAVALRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604408 (S-K 555). Figures 88, 89._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 88]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 89]
+
+The specimen is oval, slightly convex, and struck in thin brass. The
+face has a raised edge and the letters "U S." The reverse is leaded,
+carries two studs and a hook (indicating its use), and is stamped with
+the maker's name, "W. H. Smith, Brooklyn." Smith is listed in New York
+City directories of the Civil War period as a contractor for metal and
+leather supplies.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604403 (S-K 550). Figure 90._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 90]
+
+This plate is identical to the preceding one except that it is leaded
+and fitted with two looped-wire fasteners. The reverse is stamped with
+the name of the maker, "J. L. Pittman," who, like Smith, was a
+contractor in the New York City area in the Civil War period.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, CAVALRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604395 (S-K 542). Not illustrated._
+
+This is the oval "US" plate of the smaller size (2-3/4 by 1-1/8 in.),
+otherwise identical to the larger plate. It is fitted with two
+looped-wire fasteners.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604398 (S-K 545). Figure 91._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 91]
+
+This specimen is identical to the preceding plate except that it is
+fitted with two brass hooks for attachment to the belt and the reverse
+is stamped with the maker's name, "Boyd & Sons." No trace of a
+manufacturer of such products by the name of Boyd has been found. It
+is probable that he worked during the Civil War period when there were
+many such contractors.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604399 (S-K 546). Not illustrated._
+
+This plate is identical to those above except that the reverse is
+stamped with the maker's name. "H. A. Dingee."
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604397 (S-K 544). Figure 92._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 92]
+
+The reverse side of this plate is fitted with the rather rudimentary
+wire fasteners similar to those on shoulder-belt plates of the
+1812-1821 period. In other respects the specimen is identical to the
+preceding ones of 1839.
+
+
+¶ The 1839 regulations specified a bayonet-belt plate "round, brass,
+with eagle." The 1841 ordnance manual was more exact, specifying the
+plate to be "brass, circular, 2.5 in. diameter, with an Eagle," and
+then stating: "The bayonet belt is about to be discontinued ..."
+Although not so authorized at the time, this plate, so familiar during
+the Civil War period, was switched over to the shoulder belt
+supporting the cartridge box. Such plates were manufactured in great
+quantities and in many variations of the original design by a dozen or
+more contractors during the period 1861-1865.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, 1839
+
+_USNM 60338-M (S-K 94). Figure 93._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 93]
+
+This circular plate, with raised rim, is dominated by an eagle of
+refined design that is very similar to the eagles appearing on the War
+of 1812 plates. The eagle has its wings drooped, head to the left,
+three arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left
+talon. This specimen can be dated with the earliest cartridge-box
+plates because of its backing and the type of fasteners. Whereas the
+backs of the later models were lead-filled, this plate was struck in
+thin brass over tin and the edges of the obverse crimped to retain the
+backing. The fasteners are of the bent-wire type typical of the
+1812-1832 period and are not the "2 eyes of iron wire" called for in
+the ordnance manual of 1850. None of the later examples of this design
+evidence any of the refinement of the original. At least eight
+variations are represented in the national collections.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, 1839, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM 60339-M (S-K 95). Not illustrated._
+
+This is a die sample, struck in copper, of the plate described above.
+
+
+SWORD-BELT PLATE, 1851
+
+_USNM 38017. Figures 94, 95._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 94]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 95]
+
+The 1851 regulations prescribed this plate for all officers and
+enlisted men. It was specified to be "gilt, rectangular, two inches
+wide, with a raised bright rim; a silver wreath of laurel encircling
+the 'Arms of the United States'; eagle, scroll, edge of cloud and rays
+bright. The motto, 'E Pluribus Unum,' in silver letters upon the
+scroll; stars also of silver; according to pattern."[99]
+
+[Footnote 99: _Regulations for the Uniform and Dress_, pl. 21.]
+
+This plate has had a longer history than any other similar Army
+device. It was authorized for all personnel until 1881 when it was
+dropped as an item of enlisted equipment. It was retained for
+officers, first for general wear, then for dress only. It was worn
+with officers' dress blue uniforms until 1941, but was not revived
+when blues reappeared after World War II. A plate of the same general
+size and pattern, although gilt in its entirety, was prescribed for
+senior NCO's of the Marine Corps until about 1950 or 1951.
+
+The buckle appears in many variations of design, at least 12 being
+represented in the national collections. Many of these variations are
+the result of the plate being produced in great numbers by many
+different contractors during the Civil War. The original design itself
+is interesting. The 1851 description called for an "edge of cloud and
+rays" and the official, full size drawing in _Regulations for the
+Uniform and Dress of the Army_ includes the "edge of cloud" and
+pictures the eagle with its head to the heraldic left. At least 50 of
+these plates were examined by the authors, but only this specimen had
+the "edge of cloud," silver letters and stars, and the eagle with its
+head to the left. In most specimens the plate proper is bronze, in one
+piece, and with the wreath silvered or left plain; in a few specimens
+the wreath is in white metal and has been applied after casting. This
+particular specimen is of an early issue. It is cast in heavy brass,
+with the wreath applied, and has the narrow brass tongue for
+attachment on the reverse (fig. 95), typical of the early types.
+
+
+SWORD-BELT PLATE, 1851, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM. 60342-M (S-K 98). Figure 96._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 96]
+
+This is a sample struck from a die which apparently was not approved
+for the 1851 pattern plate. The eagle has wings upraised (2 inches tip
+to tip), head to right, shield on breast, scroll with "E Pluribus
+Unum" in beak, three arrows in right talon, and an olive branch in
+left talon. Stars are intermixed with "edge of cloud" and rays.
+
+The specimen leads to the interesting speculation as to the weight
+given to correct heraldic usage at this period. The significance of
+the clouds, or lack of them, is unknown, but it should be noted that
+in all but the earliest specimens the eagle's head is turned to the
+right, or the side of honor, and the olive branch is placed in the
+right talon, indicating peaceful national motives as opposed to the
+three arrows, signs of belligerency, in the left talon. In this
+respect, it is interesting to note that until 1945 the eagle on the
+President's seal and flag carried its head turned to the heraldic
+left.
+
+
+
+
+_Insignia of the Uniformed Militia_
+
+
+Cap and Helmet Devices
+
+HAT ORNAMENT, INDEPENDENT DRAGOONS(?), c. 1800
+
+_USNM 14978. Figure 97._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 97]
+
+This silver ornament is one of the most unusual pieces of military
+insignia in the national collections. Obviously military, it is just
+as obviously of Militia origin. Although hardly artistic in design, it
+has a rather attractive simplicity and has been made with considerable
+care. The eagle is of the "frogleg" design that first appeared on
+buttons of the post-Revolutionary Army and, later on, of the Legion.
+In its right talon the eagle is grasping what appear to be rather
+stylized thunderbolts, and in its left, arrows. The arc above the
+eagle's head is comprised of sunrays, an edge of clouds, and 16
+6-pointed stars. If the number of stars is of significance, the piece
+would date prior to November 1802 when the 17th state, Ohio, was
+admitted to the union. The "frog-legged" aspect of the design would
+tend to confirm such dating, and the thunderbolts in the right talon,
+symbolic of a belligerent attitude, could be attributed to the
+national temper during the "quasi war" with France, 1798-1800. The
+"ID," in delicate floriated script on the eagle's breast, quite out of
+consonance with the design and execution of the piece proper and
+obviously the work of a talented engraver, is interpreted as
+"Independent Dragoons." Too small for a hat frontpiece, it was
+probably worn as a side ornament on a dragoon helmet.
+
+
+LEATHER FAN COCKADE, C. 1810
+
+_USNM 60257-M (S-K 15). Figure 98._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 98]
+
+The leather fan cockade became a part of the uniform in the late 18th
+century, having evolved from the cloth cockade adopted early in the
+Revolution.[100] Enlisted men's cockades of the early 19th century
+were of leather, as were those of line officers.[101] This cockade, of
+black tooled leather with painted gold fan tips, was a common form of
+the period and was worn with an eagle in the center or possibly on the
+upper fan. It is assigned to the Militia because of the gold
+ornamentation.
+
+[Footnote 100: FINKE, pp. 71-73.]
+
+[Footnote 101: TODD, "Three Leather Cockades," pp. 24-25.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1810
+
+_USNM 60275-M (S-K 33). Figure 99._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 99]
+
+This grenadier-type plate, which is untrimmed and thus may be a die
+sample, is a rare example of the use of coiled snakes as a military
+device after 1800. A familiar motif of the Revolution, coiled snakes
+were not revived as a popular military symbol during the War of 1812.
+This specimen is struck in brass and is believed to have been made for
+a specific independent Militia organization, designation unknown, for
+wear prior to 1812.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, 1812-1815
+
+_USNM 60361-M (S-K 117). Figure 100._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 100]
+
+The eagle-on-clouds design, which first appeared on coins on the 1795
+silver dollar, was popular on insignia during the period 1812-1821.
+The heraldic significance of the clouds, if any, is unknown. Somewhat
+larger than most cockade devices, this eagle is struck in brass and
+silvered and has two simple wire fasteners soldered to the reverse. A
+very similar badge is shown by Rembrandt Peale in an oil portrait of
+Col. Joseph O. Bogart of the 3d Flying Artillery.[102]
+
+[Footnote 102: Reproduced in _Antiques_ (July 1947), vol. 52, no. 7,
+p. 16.]
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1814
+
+_USNM 60379-M (S-K 135). Figure 101._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 101]
+
+This eagle, of the general design first seen on the 1807 half-dollar,
+is very similar to the one on buttons ascribed to staff officers,
+1814-1821.[103] The eagle, struck in brass, has wings upraised and the
+familiar hooked beak; it stands on a wreath of the colors. The wire
+fasteners on the reverse are of a somewhat unusual type and may not be
+contemporary.
+
+[Footnote 103: JOHNSON, specimen nos. 101-105.]
+
+
+¶ Die work for cap, shoulder-belt, and waist-belt plates was
+expensive, and many Militia organizations found it expedient to
+purchase devices "ready made" from existing dies. By varying the
+trimming and adding borders of various designs, the same dies could be
+used to strike all three types of plates. Such badges are called
+"common" plates.
+
+The common plates that follow were very popular during the period
+1812-1835 and, although relatively rare today, were made in
+considerable quantity and in many die variations for the Militia in
+every part of the country. They are known in brass, copper, and
+silver-on-copper. It is possible that specimens such as these may have
+been worn by some officers of the Regular Establishment between 1814
+and 1821.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60263-M (S-K 21). Figure 102._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 102]
+
+This is a typical example of the common plates of the 1814-1835
+period. The piece is struck in brass and has an edged and stippled
+border. The design is dominated by an eagle with wings outspread, head
+to left, arrows in right talon, olive branch in left talon, and with
+the national motto on a ribbon overhead. The whole is superimposed on
+a trophy of arms and colors with an arc of 13 6-pointed stars above. A
+plume socket, apparently original, is soldered to the reverse, as are
+two looped-wire fasteners. The fasteners are of a later period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60264-M (S-K 22). Figure 103._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 103]
+
+Struck in copper and silvered, this piece is a die variant of the
+preceding plate. A floral border replaces the plain border, and the
+overhead arc has 5-pointed rather than 6-pointed stars. The floral
+border marks it as probably an officer's device.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60313-M (S-K 69). Figure 104._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 104]
+
+A die variant of the preceding plate, this device has an unusually
+wide floral border. As in so many of the common pieces of this period,
+the center device was purposely designed small so that the die could
+be used to strike matching waist-belt plates. Examples of waist-belt
+plates struck from dies of this particular design are known. Struck in
+copper, there is a plume socket soldered to the reverse along with two
+looped-wire fasteners. The fasteners are not contemporary.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60314-M (S-K 70). Figure 105._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 105]
+
+This is a die variant of the three plates immediately preceding.
+However, the center device lacks the fineness of detail of the others,
+a fact that suggests that several makers working with different die
+sinkers produced this basic pattern. The plate is struck in copper,
+and originally it had a plume socket attached to the reverse. The
+present looped-wire fasteners are not original.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60299-M (S-K 57). Figure 106._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 106]
+
+This plate, which is of brass, is of a less common design than its
+predecessors. However, since there is another such plate, but of
+silver-on-copper, in the national collections, it can be surmised that
+pieces of this same pattern were made for use by several different
+units.
+
+A floral-bordered shield is topped by an out-sized sunburst with 13
+stars, clouds, and the motto "Unity is Strength." In the center of
+the shield is the eagle, with wings widely outspread and with
+lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the left
+talon. The lightning bolt device, obvious sign of belligerency, first
+appeared about 1800 and is not seen in plates designed after 1821. The
+motto and the date 1776 are far more typical of Militia than Regular
+Army usage.
+
+
+¶ In 1821 the Regular Army discarded all its large cap plates and
+adopted the bell-crown leather cap. Militia organizations lost no time
+in adopting a similar cap and, conversely, placing on it--and on the
+tall beaver which followed in the 1830's--the largest plates it could
+accommodate, using variations of discarded Regular Army patterns as
+well as original designs.
+
+From 1821 until well into the 1840's large cap plates were
+mass-produced by manufacturers in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and
+perhaps other cities of the New England metal manufacturing area. The
+few early platemakers, such as Crumpton and Armitage of Philadelphia
+and Peasley of Boston, were joined by a number of others. Prominent
+among these were Charles John Joullain, who made plates in New York
+during the 1820's, and William Pinchin of Philadelphia. Joullain is
+first listed in New York directories, in 1817, as a "gilder," and so
+continues through 1828. Sometimes his given name is listed as Charles,
+sometimes as James, and finally as Charles James. From 1820 to 1828
+his address is the same, 32 Spring Street. There is a William Pinchin
+(Pinchon) listed in the Philadelphia directories as a silverplater or
+silversmith almost continuously from 1785 through 1863, indicating the
+possibility of a family occupation.
+
+It is believed that some of the New England makers of uniform buttons
+also manufactured plates. Among such buttonmakers of the 1820's and
+1830's were R. and W. Robinson, D. Evans and Co., Leavenworth and Co.,
+Benedict and Coe, and others in Connecticut and Massachusetts.
+Buttonmakers often stamped their names or easily recognizable
+hallmarks on the back of their products.
+
+In most cases it is virtually impossible to ascertain the precise
+units for which these different plates were first designed, and the
+problem is further complicated because the maker would sell a specific
+plate design to several different units. Those designs that
+incorporate all or part of a state's seal were originally made for
+Militia organizations of the particular state, but in several
+instances these plates were sold--altered or not--to units in other
+parts of the country. Militia organizations that were widely separated
+geographically purchased cap plates from distant manufacturers who had
+perhaps a dozen or more stock patterns to offer at a cost much lower
+than that involved in making a new die from which to strike
+custom-made ornaments. It made no difference to the Savannah Greys, in
+Georgia, that their new cap plates were the same as those worn by
+organizations in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. Toward the end of
+this period of large cap plates, manufacturers came out with two-piece
+ornaments. After 1833, when the Regiment of United States Dragoons was
+authorized its large sunburst plate with separate eagle ornament in
+the center, insignia makers introduced a veritable rash of full
+sunburst, three-quarter sunburst, and half-sunburst cap plates with
+interchangeable centers. And for the first time small Militia units
+could afford their own distinctive devices at little extra cost.
+Shoulder-belt and waist-belt plates underwent the same evolution, and
+by the late 1830's such plates had become a mixture of either single
+die stampings or composite plates made of several parts soldered or
+otherwise held onto a rectangular or oval background.
+
+Study of cap plates and other insignia in the Huddy and Duval prints
+in _U.S. Military Magazine_ points to the years between 1833 and
+perhaps 1837 or 1838 as the transition period from single to composite
+ornaments, years during which there was also tremendous growth in the
+popularity and number of independent Militia units. In contrast to the
+1820's when the Militia often waited until the Regulars discarded a
+device before adopting it, in 1840 there were no less than five
+organizations, mounted and dismounted, wearing the 1833 dragoon plate
+in full form while it was still in use by the Regulars. _U.S. Military
+Magazine_ illustrates such plates for the Richmond Light Infantry
+Blues, the Georgia Hussars, the Macon Volunteers, the Jackson Rifle
+Corps of Lancaster, Pa., the Montgomery Light Guard, and the Harrison
+Guards of Allentown, Pa. The plate of the Harrison Guards is an
+example of the license sometimes practiced by Huddy and Duval in the
+preparation of their military prints. The color bearer in this print
+is depicted wearing a full sunburst plate, while the description of
+the uniform called for "a semi-circular plate or _gloria_."[104]
+
+[Footnote 104: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (March 1839), p. 4.]
+
+In the following descriptions of plates, the term "stock pattern" is
+used because the insignia are known to have been worn by more than one
+organization, because their basic designs are so elementary that it
+appears obvious that they were made for wide distribution, or because
+they are known to have been made both in silver and in gilt metals.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60307-M (S-K 64). Figure 107._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 107]
+
+On the raised center of this shield-shaped plate is the
+eagle-on-cannon device within an oval floral border; the Federal
+shield is below. The whole is superimposed on a trophy of arms and
+colors with portions of a modified sunburst appearing on the sides.
+The plate is struck in brass. The eagle-on-cannon first appeared on
+Regular artillery buttons in 1802. About 1808 it was used as an
+embossed device on the leather fan cockade, and in 1814 it became the
+principal design element of the cap plate for Regulars. This plate is
+thought to be one of the earliest of the post-1821 series of Militia
+cap plates incorporating the discarded design of the Regular
+artillery.
+
+
+UNIDENTIFIED ORNAMENT, PROBABLY CAP PLATE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60331-M (S-K 87). Figure 108._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 108]
+
+This silver-on-copper plate is unique in size, shape, and over-all
+design. It is one of the most unusual Militia insignia in the national
+collections. The standing eagle of the 1807 mint design with Federal
+shield, the panoply of arms and colors, and the rayed background all
+suggest that this plate was made not later than the early 1820's.
+Quite possibly it is a cap plate of the War of 1812 period, but
+positive dating is impossible. Three simple wire fasteners are affixed
+to the reverse.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60255-M (S-K 13). Figure 109._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 109]
+
+Although the Regular riflemen wore a diamond-shaped plate from 1812 to
+1814, this shape does not appear on Militia caps until the mid-1820's.
+It was a common form through the 1830's, but since it was always made
+as a one-piece die-struck plate it became out-dated in the late 1830's
+when the composite plates came into vogue.
+
+This plate, struck in brass and bearing the eagle-on-cannon device,
+must be considered a stock pattern available to many organizations.
+Insignia struck from the same die could have been easily made into
+shoulder-belt plates as well.
+
+
+CAP PLATE AND PLUME HOLDER, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 604748 (S-K 893). Figure 110._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 110]
+
+This brass plate is similar in many respects to the regular infantry
+cap plate, type I, 1814-1821. It is attached to a bell-crowned shako
+of distinctly Militia origin and is cut in the diamond shape popular
+with the Militia in the 1820's and 1830's. The design lies within a
+raised oval dominated by an eagle similar to ones used on War of 1812
+insignia. Below the eagle is a Federal shield and a trophy of stacked
+muskets, a drum surmounted by a dragoon helmet, a gun on a truck
+carriage, and colors--one the National Colors with 16 stars in the
+canton.
+
+The plume holder attached to the cap above the plate is an unusually
+interesting and distinctive device. It is a hemisphere of thin brass
+with a round plume socket at the top. The hemisphere has an eagle on a
+shield and a superimposed wreath device in silver. The blazonry of the
+shield cannot be identified with any particular state or locality.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60262 (S-K 20). Figure 111._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 111]
+
+The familiar hooked-beak eagle dominates the center of this brass,
+scalloped-edge plate. The arrows of belligerency, however, are held in
+the left talon. Surrounding the eagle is a three-quarter wreath of
+olive with the national motto above and the date 1776 below. While
+there is a possibility that this plate may fall into the period
+1814-1821 because of its outline shape, it lacks the panoply of arms
+associated with that era. It is much more probable that this is one of
+the earliest plates made for Militia during the years 1821-1830. Since
+this plate is also known in silver-on-copper, it is considered a stock
+pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MILITIA, ARTILLERY(?), C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60306-M (S-K 63). Figure 112._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 112]
+
+This oval, brass-struck plate framed within a large wreath of laurel
+is one of the finest in the national collections, comprising as it
+does a number of devices of excellent design and considerable detail
+standing in high relief. The curving line of 21 stars above the motto,
+decreasing in size laterally, is an interesting detail, and the eagle
+and panoply of arms is reminiscent of those on the plate ascribed to
+the Regiment of Light Artillery, 1814-1821, and on several of the
+common Militia plates of the same period. It is assigned to the
+artillery because of its "yellow metal" composition. It has simple
+wire fasteners, applied to the reverse, and carries no plume socket.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60273-M (S-K 31). Figure 113._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 113]
+
+This unusually large, shield-shaped plate, struck in brass, is
+dominated by an eagle--within a smaller shield with raised
+edge--standing on a half globe and wreath of the colors, both of which
+are superimposed on a trophy of arms and flags; clouds and sun rays
+are above. The specimen represents one of the large cap plate patterns
+adopted by the Militia for wear on the bell-crown cap soon after it
+came into general use in the early 1820's. While a stock pattern in a
+sense, its use was most likely confined to New York State Militia
+because its principal device, the eagle-on-half-globe, is taken
+directly from that state's seal. These large plates were widely worn
+until the middle or late 1830's when newer styles began to replace
+them. The plume socket affixed to the reverse appears to be
+contemporary, but has been resoldered.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60356-M (S-K 112). Figure 114._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 114]
+
+This is a variant of the preceding plate and well illustrates how an
+insignia-maker could adapt a single die for several products. The
+eagle-on-half-globe, with a portion of the trophy of arms and colors,
+and the clouds and sunburst above have merely been cut out from the
+plate proper for use alone. The plate is struck in brass.
+
+Another specimen, of silver-on-copper, is known, indicating that this
+insignia was made for wear by infantry as well as by other branches of
+the service; consequently, it may be termed a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60266-M (S-K 24). Figure 115._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 115]
+
+Illustrating fine craftsmanship, this elaborate brass cap plate
+comprises perhaps the most ornate and intricately detailed design ever
+attempted by a military ornament die sinker. The strike itself has
+been so well executed that the most minute details are even today
+readily discernible, even after very apparent use. Made for New York
+Militia, its central theme is the eagle-on-half-globe superimposed on
+a trophy of arms and flags.
+
+Many of the facets of detail are of particular interest. Almost every
+ray of the aura of sunlight can still be clearly seen; the North Pole
+is well marked with a vertical arrow; the Arctic Circle, Tropic of
+Capricorn, and the Equator are included on the half-globe, as are the
+meridians of longitude and the parallels of latitude; both North
+America and South America are shown, and that portion of North America
+east of the Mississippi basin is clearly denominated "UNITED STATES."
+An unusual feature of the design is the way the arrows are held in the
+eagle's left talon--some of the arrow heads point inward, some
+outward. What appears to have been a contemporary plume socket has
+been resoldered to the reverse.
+
+Although this plate is unmarked as to maker, another plate of a
+similar design but of silver-on-copper has the maker's mark "J.
+JOULLAIN, MAKER, N. YORK." Since two distinct but similar designs are
+known, and the finished product is found in both brass and
+silver-on-copper, it seems probable that this plate was produced by
+more than one maker, and for all arms of the service. It is therefore
+deemed a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60267-M (S-K 25). Figure 116._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 116]
+
+Almost immediately after the last Regular rifle regiment was disbanded
+in 1821, Militia riflemen adopted the large open horn with loops and
+tassels that the Regulars had worn from 1817 to 1821. The basic device
+was altered slightly by showing an eagle in flight and the horn
+suspended much lower on its cords. The illustrated brass plate is one
+of four die variants, and more than a dozen similar to it have been
+examined. It is significant that all are of brass, for these were made
+and worn during the period when the trimmings for infantry were silver
+or "white metal."
+
+This plate differs from the others examined in that it has 17
+6-pointed stars along the upper and lower parts of the shield inside
+the border. The number of stars cannot be significant in dating for
+the plate was obviously made long after 1812 when the 18th state,
+Louisiana, was admitted to the Union. A plume socket affixed to the
+reverse appears to be original.
+
+Undoubtedly made as a stock pattern by several manufacturers, these
+plates continued in use for at least 15 years after they first
+appeared about 1825. Although _U.S. Military Magazine_ illustrates
+many large cap plates for the period 1839-1841, none has a shield
+outline. This may indicate a decline in the popularity of the design,
+but it must be remembered that Huddy and Duval presented the uniforms
+of only a small cross-section of the Militia of the period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60267-M (S-K 26). Figure 117._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 117]
+
+This is a second form of Militia riflemen's plates. Struck in brass,
+it differs from the preceding primarily in the placement of 17
+5-pointed stars along the upper half of the shield, between the
+borders. Other small differences show that the basic die was not that
+used for the preceding specimen. The most obvious difference is the
+legend "E PLURIBUS UNUM" carried on the ribbon behind the knotted cord
+of the horn, an element not present in the other.
+
+A third form, not illustrated, substitutes a floral border for the
+plain border around the edge of the shield and contains no stars as
+part of the design. Still a fourth form, also not illustrated, has the
+same center device of eagle and open horn placed in a longer and
+narrower shield, with 23 6-pointed stars between the borders.
+
+
+¶ These various combinations of devices give a good clue as to the
+method of manufacture of stock patterns, and indicate the use of
+several different dies and hand punches. The blank metal was first
+struck by a die that formed the plain or floral border and cut the
+outline of the plate. Next, a smaller die containing the center device
+of eagle and horn was used. Then the stars, and sometimes elements of
+the floral border, were added by individual striking with a hand
+punch. This latter method is clearly revealed by the comparison of
+several "identical" plates in which the stars or elements of the
+border are irregularly and differently spaced.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMAN PATTERN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60398-M (S-K 154). Figure 118._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 118]
+
+This plate is called "rifleman pattern" because it is silver-on-copper
+and is the only known example of this type of insignia made for wear
+by infantry, or possibly for Militia riflemen whose trimmings were,
+incorrectly, silver.
+
+There are several conjectures about this cut-out device made from a
+die of the preceding series of shield plates. It may have been made
+after 1834, when the open horn with cord and tassels was adopted by
+the Regular infantry as a branch device. It is equally possible that
+it was submitted to a Militia infantry organization by some maker as a
+sample during the 1820's and when selected was silvered to conform
+with other trimmings. In either case, it illustrates how a single die
+could serve to make many different variations from a basic design.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60304-M (S-K 61B). Figure 119._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 119]
+
+The very unusual construction of this brass plate for riflemen
+indicates that it is possibly one of the earliest of the composite
+plates. Within a wreath of crossed laurel boughs is a small center
+circle with raised edge to which has been soldered the eagle and horn
+device struck in convex form.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60252-M (S-K 10). Figure 120._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 120]
+
+The diamond-shaped plate was in vogue with Militia units during the
+late 1820's and the 1830's. Examples of such plates for the Washington
+Grays (Philadelphia) and the Philadelphia Grays are recorded in _U.S.
+Military Magazine_.[105] This brass plate, possibly made for a
+particular unit from stock dies, is a typical example of the endless
+variety possible with the use of a few dies. The blank was struck with
+a die for the center device of eagle and horn, but the irregularity of
+the spacing of the stars shows that they were added later by hand.
+Similar plates may be found with essentially this same device, but
+placed on small shields or backgrounds of other shapes.
+
+[Footnote 105: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 11.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 604851-M (S-K 996). Figure 121._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 121]
+
+The eagle and horn devices were sometimes separated by the
+manufacturer to produce this type ornament open with cord and tassels.
+Struck in brass, it differs in form and detail from the silver horn
+adopted by the Regular infantry in 1834 as a cap plate.
+
+Several Militia units of the late 1830's and 1840's used a horn as an
+additional ornament on the rear of the cap, notably the State
+Fencibles (Philadelphia) and the National Guard (Philadelphia). On the
+rear of the leather cap of the State Fencibles were "two broad rich
+stripes of silver lace, starting from the same point at the top and
+running down, forming an angle, in the center of which is a bugle
+ornament...."[106] The cap of the National Guard has been described as
+being "of blue cloth ... and in the rear a plated bugle
+ornament."[107]
+
+[Footnote 106: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (March 1839), p. 3 and pl. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 107: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (October 1841), p. 32.]
+
+
+¶ In the following series of rather similar plates, four different
+dies are used for the center ornament, perhaps made by as many
+different die sinkers. The relatively large number of these plates
+still in existence suggests that they were worn very extensively.
+Those with silver finish were used by infantry; the gilt or copper
+ones by artillery and perhaps by staff officers. All specimens are
+currently fitted with plain wire fasteners and plume sockets, both of
+which may or may not be original.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60271-M (S-K 29). Figure 122._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 122]
+
+The floral-bordered shield outline of this silver-on-copper infantry
+plate is known to have been used also with the rifleman's eagle-horn
+device in the center. The panoply of arms and flags used as a
+background for the center device, which is characterized by the long
+neck of the eagle swung far to the right, links it closely to the
+plate of similar type worn during the period 1814-1821. Because of its
+large size, it is assigned to the post-1821 era of the bell-crown cap,
+contemporary with the riflemen's large plates. The 13 5-pointed stars
+were added with a hand punch.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60298-M (S-K 56). Figure 123._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 123]
+
+This brass plate is a duplicate of the preceding, lacking only the
+hand-applied stars. The crispness of detail indicates that it was one
+of the very early products of the die.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60269-M (S-K 27). Figure 124._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 124]
+
+The second variation of the series is a product of perhaps the best
+executed die of the group, with unusually fine detail in the eagle's
+wings and with neatly stacked cannon balls at the bottom of the center
+device. It includes other excellent detail not found in other dies: an
+eagle-head pommel on one sword, a star pattern made of smaller stars
+in the cantons of the flags, and crossed cannon, rammer, and worm
+behind the Federal shield. It is struck in brass.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60297-M (S-K 55). Figure 125._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 125]
+
+A tall, slender, rather graceless eagle with broad wings and erect
+head reminiscent of the Napoleonic eagle is the outstanding difference
+in this third example of the series. The floral border lacks a
+finished look because the plate, which is of brass, was apparently
+hand trimmed.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60270-M (S-K 28). Figure 126._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 126]
+
+This fourth variation, of silver-on-copper, bears an eagle with very
+small legs (somewhat out of proportion), an erect head, a fierce mien,
+and a heavy round breast. The design is struck on a shield-plate with
+the exact measurements as on one of the riflemen series.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60302-M (S-K 60). Figure 127._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 127]
+
+The oldest known plate made expressly for musicians, this
+silver-on-copper, floral-bordered shield bears an eagle similar to one
+for riflemen of the same period (see fig. 116). Among the early
+musical instruments easily identifiable in the design are the tambor,
+the serpent, the French horn, and the rack of bells. Such a plate was
+undoubtedly a stock pattern, available in either gilt or silver
+finish, and was probably sold well into the 1840's. The reverse is
+fitted with what appears to be a contemporary plume socket, although
+resoldered, and two simple wire fasteners.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 6030-M (S-K 61A). Figure 128._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 128]
+
+This gilded brass plate, while not as old as the preceding one, is of
+an unusual pattern. Made for New York State Militia, it carries the
+eagle-on-half-globe device at the top. The central design includes a
+French horn, a serpent, and a straight horn, all intertwined about an
+open roll of sheet music. It is probably a stock pattern. The reverse
+is fitted with three simple bent-wire fasteners.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60250-M (S-K 8). Figure 129._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 129]
+
+The design on this brass plate, reminiscent of that on the regular
+infantry cap plate, 1814-1821, was adopted for wear by the Militia
+after being discarded by the Regular Establishment. The ornate floral
+border and diamond shape place it in the late 1820's and the 1830's,
+although the lightning in the eagle's left talon and the arrows in its
+right talon are usually associated with plates designed prior to 1821.
+It has been suggested that this is the plate worn by the West Point
+cadets after 1821, but such seems doubtful.
+
+
+¶ No Militia plates enjoyed wider use or longer life than those
+patterned after the plate that disappeared from the Regular
+Establishment with the disbanding of the dragoons in 1815. More than a
+dozen die variants are known, several worn by more than one Militia
+unit. Although size and shape may vary, any plate exhibiting a mounted
+trooper with upraised saber can safely be assigned to mounted Militia.
+However, the dating of such plates is a real problem because they are
+known to have been in use as late as 1861.
+
+A Huddy and Duval print of the Washington Cavalry of Philadelphia
+County shows that unit wearing a plate similar to the one used by the
+Regulars, differing only in its brass composition, as opposed to the
+original pewter of the 1812 regulations.[108] A cap in the collections
+of the Valley Forge Museum that was worn by a member of this unit in
+the period 1835-1845 is very similar to the one shown in the Huddy and
+Duval print. The cap is a copy of the 1812 Regular Army pattern, with
+somewhat more ornate brass bindings in place of the iron strips. A
+similar cap, carrying the label "Canfield and Bro., Baltimore," is
+owned by Lexington, Virginia, descendants of a member of the
+Rockbridge [Virginia] Dragoons. That unit is said to have worn such a
+cap upon first entering Confederate service in 1861.
+
+[Footnote 108: See _U.S. Military Magazine_ (February 1840), pl. 29.]
+
+In the national collections there is a dragoon cap (USNM 604767, S-K
+912) carrying a plate of this design struck on a massive
+diamond-shaped piece with concave sides. There are additional
+variations in several private collections and at the Fort Ticonderoga
+Museum. The mounted horseman device was also struck on heart-shaped
+martingale ornaments.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, DRAGOONS, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60254-M (S-K 12). Figure 130._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 130]
+
+The horseman on this brass plate, designed with a rather crude,
+childlike simplicity, is garbed quite differently than the Regular
+dragoon on the 1812 pewter specimen. The plate is assigned to the
+general 1830 period to fit the era of the diamond-shaped plates, but
+its use doubtless continued on into the 1840's. By nature of its
+design it would have been a manufacturer's stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY(?), C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60301-M (S-K 59). Figure 131._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 131]
+
+The eagle on this brass plate is similar to the ones on the preceding
+shield plates, but the Federal shield on which he stands is ornamented
+with three star devices composed of smaller stars. An unusual feature
+of this plate is the addition of the flaming portion of a grenade
+rising from the eagle's head, a device not a part of any other known
+cap plate. This symbol suggests artillery, and the plate is of the
+proper color. Although an unusual over-all design, the lack of any
+components of state arms or crests indicate that it may have been a
+stock pattern. The reverse is fitted with two simple bent-wire
+fasteners.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60355-M (S-K 111). Figure 132._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 132]
+
+This silver-on-copper plate bears the familiar elements of the
+Massachusetts seal: Indian, in hunting shirt, with bow in right hand,
+arrow with point downward in left hand, and star above right shoulder.
+The crest--an arm grasping a broad sword on a wreath of the colors--is
+superimposed on a burst of sun rays above. The State's motto is
+written around the shield. The earlier plates containing elements of
+state arms were for the most part confined to the States of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York. No large plates bearing
+Pennsylvania State symbols that can be dated prior to 1835 are known.
+
+This seal was not authorized by law until 1885. However, the devices
+and the motto were elements of the seal of the Commonwealth of
+Massachusetts ordered prepared by the state legislature in 1780 and,
+although apparently never formally approved, used as such for many
+years. It differs considerably in detail from the seal in use from
+1629 to 1684.[109]
+
+[Footnote 109: See ZIEBER, pp. 141-144.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 60316-M (S-K 72). Figure 133._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 133]
+
+This scalloped plate, which is struck in thin iron metal and silvered,
+bears elements of the Massachusetts seal, minus the motto, and the
+legend "MASSACHUSETTS MILITIA." Its silver color assigns it to the
+infantry. The form of the specimen indicates that it was probably
+designed prior to 1839. In consideration of its over-all design and
+the use of the word "MILITIA," it was probably made as a stock pattern
+and sold to several different organizations. A plume holder, which has
+been resoldered to the reverse, appears to be of the same metal as the
+plate proper. It is pierced at the sides for attachment.
+
+
+¶ Painted cap fronts were worn during the War of the Revolution by
+several units of the Continental Army--including the Light Infantry
+Company of the Canadian Regiment, Haslet's Delaware Regiment, and the
+Rhode Island Train of Artillery[110]--and it is probable that the
+practice continued among some volunteer corps up to the War of 1812.
+Their use in the uniformed Militia units generally declined after the
+introduction of die-struck metal cap plates. Two notable exceptions
+are a cap plate of the Morris Rangers that is attached to a
+civilian-type round hat of the 1812-1814 period[111] and the cap front
+described below (fig. 137).
+
+[Footnote 110: Illustrated in LEFFERTS, pls. 4, 7, 21.]
+
+[Footnote 111: In the collections of the Morristown National
+Historical Park. The Morris Rangers was one of three uniformed Militia
+units in Morris County, New Jersey, at the outbreak of the War of
+1812; it saw service at Paulus Hook in 1814 (HOPKINS, pp. 271-272).]
+
+Although discarded by the more elite volunteer corps, painted metal
+hat fronts in the "tombstone" shape similar to that of the Morris
+Rangers continued to be used, to some extent, by the common Militia.
+Easily attached to the ordinary civilian hat of the period, they
+provided the common Militia a quick and inexpensive transformation
+from civilian to military dress at their infrequent musters perhaps as
+late as 1840. There are several contemporary sketches of these musters
+and in one, dated 1829 (fig. 134), these "tombstone" plates can be
+identified.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 134.--From Library of Congress print.]
+
+A total of perhaps a dozen of these hat fronts are known. Most are of
+Connecticut origin, although at least two containing New York State
+devices are extant. The most elaborate of these devices bears, oddly
+enough, elements of the Connecticut State seal, the motto _Qui Trans.
+Sust._, and the crest of the Massachusetts coat of arms--an arm
+grasping a broad-sword (fig. 135). The elaborate detail of this plate
+indicates that it was probably an officer's. The fact that unit
+designations on other such known hat fronts run as high as the "23d
+Regt." is definite proof that these were devices of the common Militia
+as opposed to the volunteer corps.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 135.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+
+PAINTED CAP FRONT, CONNECTICUT, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 604764-M (S-K 909). Figure 136._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 136]
+
+This painted front, of leather rather than metal, forms an integral
+part of the cap itself. Edged in gold, it has the unit designation
+"LIGHT INFANTRY: 2d COMP." in gold at the top; a shield in the center
+contains elements of the Connecticut State seal, and below it is the
+state motto "QUI TRANS SUST" ("He who brought us over here will
+sustains us").
+
+
+CAP FRONT, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60243-M (S-K 1). Figure 137._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 137]
+
+A majority of these hat fronts are very similar in design, size, and
+shape, and are painted over a black background on thin precut sheets
+of tinned iron. This specimen carries a gold eagle with the Federal
+shield on its breast and a ribbon in its beak. The unit designation,
+"2d COMP{Y}. 23d REG{T}.", also in gold, is below. The artwork,
+although somewhat unartistically executed, has an attractive
+simplicity. Other such hat fronts in the national collections are of
+the 2d Company, 6th Regiment; 3d Company, 6th Regiment; and 1st
+Company, 8th Regiment. The plate shown here has metal loops soldered
+to the reverse close to the edge midway between top and bottom for
+attachment to a civilian type hat by means of a ribbon or strip of
+cloth. Other such plates have hole for attachment with string.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, c. 1835-1850
+
+_USNM 60318-M (S-K 74). Figure 138._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 138]
+
+This crescent-shaped, silver-on-copper plate bears an eagle that is
+very similar in design to the one adopted by the Regular Army in 1821.
+Sometimes mistakenly identified as a gorget because of its shape, the
+crescent form of the specimen is an old South Carolina State heraldic
+device. A cap worn by the Charleston Light Dragoons after the Civil
+War, and probably before, carries a similar crescent-shaped plate,
+with the familiar palmetto tree device substituted for the eagle.[112]
+The design of the eagle, however, places this piece in the 1835-1850
+period. A silvered ornament, it may have been made originally for
+either infantry or dragoons, and must be considered a manufacturer's
+stock pattern.
+
+[Footnote 112: Illustrated in _Military Collector and Historian_
+(1951), vol. 3, no. 3, p. 59.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 60251-M (S-K 9). Figure 139._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 139]
+
+This brass, diamond-shaped plate was worn by the Washington Grays, a
+light artillery outfit of Philadelphia. Within a raised oval are a
+profile of Washington--with his shoulders draped in a toga, a
+typically neoclassic touch--and, below, the unit designation "GRAYS"
+in raised letters. A matching oval shoulder-belt plate struck from the
+same die is known.[113]
+
+[Footnote 113: See _U.S. Military Magazine_ (April 1839), pl. 5.]
+
+Many Militia units named themselves after prominent military
+personalities. There were Washington Guards, Washington Rifles,
+Jackson Artillerists, and so forth.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, NATIONAL GREYS, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 60291-M (S-K 49). Figure 140._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 140]
+
+An illustration in _U.S. Military Magazine_[114] shows this plate
+being worn by the National Greys; however, with such a nondistinctive
+center ornament as the rosette of six petals, it must surely have been
+a stock pattern sold to many different organizations. The sunburst
+proper is struck in brass, as is the rosette, and each of the rays is
+pierced at the end for attachment. The rosette is affixed with a brass
+bolt, also for attachment, which must have extended through the front
+of the cap.
+
+[Footnote 114: May 1839, pl. 7.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840-1850
+
+_USNM 60333-M (S-K 89). Figure 141._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 141]
+
+This plate is struck in very thin brass. The combination of devices in
+the design, especially of the cannon and cannon balls, indicates that
+it was probably made for Militia artillery. Its shape suggests that it
+may have been worn high on the cap front, with the sunburst serving an
+added function as a cockade of sorts. It was very probably a stock
+pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MOUNTED TROOPS, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60319-M (S-K 75). Figure 142._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 142]
+
+From the size of this brass plate it can be assumed that it was worn
+without other ornament on the front of the round leather cap
+associated with mounted troops. The upper portion of the shield bears
+8-pointed stars, an unusual feature. The arrows in the eagle's left
+talon point inward, a characteristic of eagle representation between
+1832 and 1836. The plate is known both in brass and with silver
+finish. It was probably a stock pattern issued to both cavalry and
+mounted artillery.
+
+
+CAP EAGLE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60391-M (S-K 147). Figure 143._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 143]
+
+This brass eagle was worn in combination with backgrounds of full-,
+half-, and three-quarter sunbursts and as a single ornament on the cap
+front. The inward-pointed arrows in the left talon place it in the
+1832-1836 period. Known in both brass and silver-on-copper, it was a
+popular stock pattern sold to many units.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60381-M (S-K 137). Figure 144._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 144]
+
+Struck in copper, and silvered, this eagle, which is very similar in
+design to that prescribed for the Regular Establishment in both 1821
+and 1832, was made for Militia infantry from about 1836 to perhaps as
+late as 1851. Specimens struck in brass are also known, and the same
+eagle is found on half-sunburst backgrounds. It is quite possible that
+this is the eagle illustrated in the Huddy and Duval prints as being
+worn by both the Washington Blues of Philadelphia and the U.S. Marine
+Corps.[115]
+
+[Footnote 115: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (February 1840), pl. 28;
+(November 1840), unnumbered plate.]
+
+
+CHAPEAU ORNAMENT, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60287-M (S-K 45). Figure 145._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 145]
+
+This brass ornament is a die sample or unfinished badge. After the
+circular device was trimmed from the brass square, it would have been
+worn as an officer's chapeau ornament or as a side ornament on the
+round leather dragoon cap of the period. The four arrows in the
+eagle's left talon are unusual.
+
+
+CHAPEAU COCKADE, GENERAL OFFICER, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604962-M (S-K 1156). Figure 146._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 146]
+
+This large, round chapeau cockade with its gold embroidery and sequins
+on black-ribbed silk and its ring of 24 silver-metal stars appears to
+be identical to cockades that have been shown as being worn around
+1839 by Gen. Edmund P. Gaines and Gen. Winfield Scott[116] but without
+the added center eagle. Close examination of this cockade shows it to
+be complete, with no traces of a center eagle ever having been added.
+The 24 stars would have been appropriate at any time between 1821 and
+1836.
+
+[Footnote 116: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (May 1841), unnumbered plate;
+(March 1841), unnumbered plate.]
+
+
+CAP AND CAP PLATE, JACKSON ARTILLERISTS, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604780 (S-K 925). Figure 147._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 147]
+
+The Jackson Artillerists of Philadelphia, after the appearance of the
+regular dragoon cap plate in 1833 and the large crossed cannon of the
+regular artillery one year later, lost no time in combining these two
+devices to make their distinctive cap device.[117] It seems probable,
+however, that the plate was adopted by other artillery units and
+eventually became more or less of a stock pattern.
+
+[Footnote 117: Illustrated in _U.S. Military Magazine_ (January 1840),
+pl. 26.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS(?), C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604608-M (S-K 755). Figure 148._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 148]
+
+The Washington Grays of Philadelphia wore a diamond-shaped plate with
+a likeness of George Washington in the center (see fig. 139), but
+this plate, for some other "Washington" unit, bears his likeness in
+silver metal on a brass sunburst background. This silver outline of
+the head of Washington is also known on cartridge-box flaps of the
+period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, DIE SAMPLE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60288-M (S-K 46). Figure 149._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 149]
+
+This uncut, brass cap plate may have been a manufacturer's die strike
+sent out as a sample, with others, so that a distant Militia
+organization could select a pattern. The finished plate is known on a
+bell-crown cap of the pattern of the 1820's, but its design indicates
+that it probably should be dated after 1834 when the Regular artillery
+first adopted the crossed-cannon device. The eagle is distinctly
+similar to the one adopted by the Regulars in lieu of cap plates in
+1821, and the modified sunburst background probably was taken from the
+1833 dragoon device.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60292-M (S-K 50) Figure 150._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 150]
+
+This cap plate is a somewhat wider variation of the 1833 dragoon
+device than most of the Militia plates of that type popular in the
+late 1830's and the 1840's. While the brass sunburst has the usual
+8-pointed form, the eagle, applied to the center, is unusually small
+(1-3/8 by 1 in.) and gives every indication of having been originally
+designed as a cockade eagle at a somewhat earlier period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60274-M (S-K 32). Figure 151._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 151]
+
+This pattern of the 1833 dragoon eagle on a half-sunburst, struck in
+brass and silvered, was worn by the Washington [D.C.] Light Infantry
+[118] and possibly by other units of the period. Both the eagle and
+the half-sunburst were obviously stock items.
+
+[Footnote 118: Illustrated in _U.S. Military Magazine_ (August 1839),
+pl. 15.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, REPUBLICAN BLUES, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604606 (S-K 753). Figure 152._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 152]
+
+This silver-metal plate can be accurately identified by reading its
+devices. The center device is from the seal of the State of Georgia.
+During the period that the plate was worn, one of the best known of
+the State's Militia organizations was the Republican Blues--the "RB"
+on the plate--of Savannah.[119] The silver color of the plate also
+agrees with the other trimmings of the uniform of that unit.
+
+[Footnote 119: A volunteer Militia company known as the Republican
+Blues was organized in Savannah in 1808. From notes filed under
+"Georgia National Guard" in Organizational History and Honors Branch,
+Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army,
+Washington, D.C.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, IRISH DRAGOONS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604605 (S-K 752). Figure 153._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 153]
+
+This three-quarter-sunburst plate with the monogram "I D" applied in
+silver is identical to one on a brass-bound dragoon cap in the
+national collections carrying in its crown the label "Irish Dragoons,
+Brooklyn, N.Y." (USNM 604691, S-K 837). It is typical of the two-piece
+sunburst-type plates and was probably worn until the 1850's. The plate
+was attached by means of two looped-wire fasteners that were run
+through holes in the helmet and secured by leather thongs.
+
+
+CAP AND PLATE, LANCER TYPE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604688-M (S-K 834). Figure 154._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 154]
+
+With no regulations but their own to restrain them, Militia
+organizations designed their uniforms to suit their fancies, although
+generally following the regulations for the Regulars. This often led
+to odd and unusual cap shapes and trimmings and bindings on clothing,
+and to somewhat garish horse furniture in in some mounted units.
+
+The illustrated cap and plate is very similar to the ones worn by the
+Boston Light Infantry[120] about 1839-1840 except that the upper or
+"mortar board" portion is beige instead of red and the plate is a full
+instead of a three-quarter sunburst. The mortar board form is that
+introduced by the Polish lancers in Europe in the early years of the
+19th century and worn by most European lancer regiments of the same
+period. Lancer units in the British Army adopted this type cap in 1816
+when they were first converted from light dragoons.[121] The large,
+brass, eagle-on-sunburst plate was obviously patterned after the one
+prescribed for the Regular dragoons in 1833.
+
+[Footnote 120: Depicted in _U.S. Military Magazine_ (November 1839),
+pl. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 121: BARNES, p. 106 and pl. 2(14).]
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60377-M (S-K 133). Figure 155._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 155]
+
+As an example of more than a dozen known variants of the eagle, this
+silver-on-copper specimen is illustrated to show the general form and
+size of Militia cockade eagles that became distinct types in the
+1830's and continued until about 1851. All such eagles were obviously
+stock patterns.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604960-M (S-K 1104). Figure 156._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 156]
+
+This gold-embroidered cockade eagle with a wreath of silver lamé about
+its breast appears to have been patterned directly after the eagle on
+the 1833 Regular dragoon cap plate (see fig. 38). It possibly is one
+of a type worn by general officers of Militia. On this specimen, both
+the eye and mouth of the eagle are indicated with red thread.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604959-M (S-K 1103). Figure 157._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 157]
+
+This gold-embroidered eagle, with wings and tail of gold embroidery
+and gold sequins, was worn by staff and field officers, and possibly
+general officers, of Militia. A duplicate on an original chapeau is in
+the collections of the Maryland Historical Society in Baltimore,
+Maryland. Eagle ornaments such as this were generally centered on a
+round cloth cockade about 6 inches in diameter. The eagle's mouth is
+indicated by embroidery with red thread. Similar eagles of a smaller
+size are known on epaulets of the same period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60451l-M (S-K 658). Figure 158._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 158]
+
+The flaming grenade, adopted by the Regulars in 1832 after long usage
+by the British and other foreign armies, was quickly adopted by the
+Militia. This specimen, of silver-on-copper, was worn as a cap plate
+either in conjunction with another device below it on the cap front or
+as a lone distinctive ornament. It cannot precisely be identified as
+an artillery plate, but since some Militia artillery units are
+definitely known to have worn silver buttons of the artillery pattern,
+such is highly probable. Also known in brass and in smaller sizes, it
+is a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604526 (S-K 673). Figure 159._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 159]
+
+Although this plate appears to be of possible French or British
+origin, close examination indicates that it is probably an American
+Militia device of the 1840's. Its looped-wire fasteners indicate that
+it is a cap plate. The design of the modified Napoleonic-type eagle is
+almost exactly that used in the 1833 Regular dragoon cap plate and
+other Militia plates; and the period of apparent manufacture coincides
+with the early use of the flaming grenade as an American device.
+Incorporating two devices common to the period, it would have been a
+stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60432-M (S-K 188). Figure 160._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 160]
+
+The 1840 button for the Ordnance Corps bears a flaming grenade over
+crossed cannon, devices that date from 1832 and 1834 respectively.
+Consequently, it seems likely that this combination emerged as a stock
+pattern for Militia artillery early in the 1840's. This specimen,
+struck from a single piece of brass, is a copy of the French artillery
+device of the same period, and, while it is believed to be American,
+it may be a foreign insignia. Confusion arises in the case of foreign
+designs, for die sinkers often used as a model either an actual
+imported badge or a scale drawing of one.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604548-M (S-K 695). Figure 161._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 161]
+
+This is a variation of the pattern of the preceding specimen in which
+silver-metal devices have been placed on a small, gilt, half-sunburst
+plate. This was probably a stock pattern available to any Militia
+organization beginning about 1840 and worn for the next 20 or 30
+years.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604533-M (S-K 680). Figure 162._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 162]
+
+The palmetto of South Carolina in outline form first appeared as a
+large cap ornament about 1840, after having been worn in smaller size
+as a cockade ornament and on the side of dragoon caps. A Huddy and
+Duval print shows it on the caps of the DeKalb Rifle Guards of Camden,
+South Carolina.[122] The illustrated specimen was worn into the
+1850's, and it is highly probable that some South Carolina troops wore
+plates such as this in the early days of the Civil War.
+
+[Footnote 122: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (August 1841), unnumbered
+plate].
+
+The palmetto was adopted as the principal heraldic device of South
+Carolina in commemoration of the defeat of Admiral Sir Peter Parker's
+fleet by the garrison of Sullivan's Island under Col. William Moultrie
+in June 1776. The defenses of the island were constructed primarily of
+palmetto logs. The devices comprising this brass plate are all taken
+from the state seal, including the mottos _Animis Opibusque Parati_
+and _Dum Spiro Spero Spes_. The date "1776" alludes to the year of
+Moultrie's victory and not to the organization date of any particular
+unit.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604532-M (S-K 679). Figure 163._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 163]
+
+Struck from a different die, with broader fronds and a wider base,
+this brass plate is of the same period as the preceding one.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60295-M (S-K 53). Figure 164._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 164]
+
+This grenadier-type plate, struck in brass, is one of the most
+beautiful examples of the die maker's art in the national collections.
+On a sunburst-over-clouds background is an eagle grasping the top of
+the Federal shield superimposed on panoply of arms and colors. The
+national motto is on a ribbon below. Certainly not from a stock
+pattern, this plate obviously was made for a specific Militia unit of
+considerable affluence. Three simple wire fasteners soldered to the
+reverse provide means of attachment.
+
+This specimen is one of the scarce examples of military plates bearing
+the maker's name "BALE," which may be seen just above the raised lower
+edge and below the "UNUM." This was probably Thomas Bale of New York
+who is first listed in New York directories, in 1832, as an engraver
+at 68 Nassau Street. The 1842 directory lists him as a die sinker at
+the same address in partnership with a Frederick B. Smith. He is last
+listed in 1851.
+
+
+CAP AND CAP PLATE, 1ST ARTILLERY, PENNSYLVANIA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604672 (S-K 819). Figure 165._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 165]
+
+The plate on this cap uses only the shield of the Pennsylvania seal
+without crest or supporters. It is surrounded at the sides and bottom
+with a wreath carrying a ribbon with the unit designation "first
+artily." Equally interesting and unusual is the small separate
+insignia at the pompon socket. It is based on the 1840 flaming grenade
+ordnance device with crossed cannon superimposed.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60394-M (S-K 150). Figure 166._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 166]
+
+This eagle is of a rather odd design, and the five arrows in its left
+talon is an even more unusual variation. It is believed to be a
+cockade eagle because of its form and size, but it may well have been
+used elsewhere on the person as a piece of uniform insignia.
+
+
+CHAPEAU COCKADE, STATE FENCIBLES (PENNSYLVANIA), C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60259-M (S-K 17). Figure 167._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 167]
+
+The State Fencibles of Philadelphia were originally organized as "Sea
+Fencibles" in 1812 for duty at the port of Philadelphia. This cockade,
+with brass eagle, was first worn about 1840 and it continued in use
+for many years thereafter. Dates incorporated as parts of devices are
+generally the original organizational dates of the units concerned--as
+is the case in this instance--and bear no necessary relation to the
+age of the badges. Some Militia cap plates bear the date "1776," and
+there are waist-belt plates bearing organization dates of 100 years
+earlier than the dates at which the plates were made.
+
+
+¶ The transition to composite plates in the late 1830's was a
+tremendous step forward in the field of military ornament. Handsome
+insignia could be manufactured less expensively and individual units
+were able to have plates distinctive to themselves at relatively low
+cost; however, only gold and silver colors could be used. In the
+mid-1840's there was introduced a new manufacturing technique which
+opened this field even wider. In this innovation, various stock
+patterns were struck with a round center as a part of the design. In
+either the initial strike, or a second, this round center was punched
+out, leaving a hole. Then pieces of colored leather or painted tin,
+carrying distinctive numerals, letters, monograms, or other devices
+were affixed to the reverse of the plate, in effect filling the hole.
+Although this added a step in manufacture, it permitted the
+incorporation of bright colors, which added zest and sparkle to the
+finished product. Such plates remained popular until the 1890's, and a
+few are still worn on the full-dress caps of some units. This type of
+insignia came into use at the time when many of the independent
+companies of the larger states, such as New York and Pennsylvania,
+were starting to become elements of regiments and brigades within the
+over-all Militia structure of the state, thus the use of distinctive
+numbers and/or letters on the badges. Many of these units, however,
+retained their original designation[123] and continued to wear
+insignia distinctive to themselves on full-dress uniforms.
+
+[Footnote 123: _New York Military Magazine_ (June 26, 1841), vol. 1,
+no. 3, p. 45.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1845-1850
+
+_USNM 604559-M (S-K 706). Figure 168._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 168]
+
+The first of the stock patterns, with basic wreath and 8-pointed
+starlike sunburst, has the numeral "1" on black leather as a center
+device. Other specimens in the national collections have single
+numerals, single letters, branch of service devices, and state coats
+of arms. This plate, and those following, were worn through the 1850's
+on the dress cap copied after the pattern adopted for the Regular
+Establishment in 1851. It is struck in brass.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1845-1850
+
+_USNM 604617-M (S-K 764). Figure 169._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 169]
+
+This stock pattern, in brass, is very definitely military in
+composition, employing cannon and flag-staff spearheads radiating from
+a beaded center and superimposed on a sunburst background. The metal
+letter "1" is backed with black leather.
+
+
+CAP AND CAP PLATE, ALBANY BURGESSES CORPS, C. 1851
+
+_USNM 604681-M (S-K 827). Figure 170._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 170]
+
+This unusually ornate and distinctive plate is that of the Albany [New
+York] Burgesses Corps that was founded, as stated on the plate itself,
+October 8, 1833. The arms and the motto "ASSIDUITY", appearing above
+the ribbon with the letters "A B C," are those of the city of Albany.
+
+
+CAP AND CAP PLATE, RIFLES, C. 1851
+
+_USNM 604666-M (S-K 813). Figure 171._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 171]
+
+The original buttons on the sides of this cap have the eagle with the
+letter "R" (used by both Regulars and Militia) on the shield. The
+brass plate proper, however, includes no device indicative of any
+particular branch of service; combining flags and a Federal shield
+surmounted by an eagle, it may well have been a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1850(?)
+
+_USNM 604551 (S-K 698). Figure 172._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 172]
+
+The type and form of this eagle plate give no clue to its age, or to
+the identity of the unit that wore it other than the numeral "1" in
+the eagle's beak and the letter "E" in the shield. It is a type more
+apt to have been made about 1850 than later. The eagle is struck in
+brass, and the stippled inner portion of the shield, product of a
+separate strike, is soldered in place; thus, the plate proper must be
+considered a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1850(?)
+
+_USNM 604552-M (S-K 699). Figure 173._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 173]
+
+A companion piece to the preceding plate, this specimen differs in
+that the letters "R G" and their stippled background are struck
+integrally with the plate proper--indicating that two dies were
+combined for a single strike--and in that the shield, ribbon, and
+numeral "1" have been silvered.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 10TH REGIMENT, MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEER MILITIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60358-M (S-K 114). Figure 174._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 174]
+
+This plate is of a type form worn on Militia dress caps prior to the
+Civil War. There is little doubt that plates such as this continued in
+use for several decades after their initial appearance. This brass
+specimen, surmounted by elements of the Massachusetts seal, is struck
+as a stock pattern for Massachusetts troops with the center left
+blank. The numeral "10" is applied to a black-painted metal disk
+affixed with simple wire fasteners.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, GEORGIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604545-M (S-K 692). Figure 175._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 175]
+
+This plate and the one following are of Militia types worn on caps in
+the 1850's and perhaps earlier. Such plates are known to have been in
+use with little or no change almost to the present day on military
+school dress shakos and dress caps worn by some National Guard units.
+The plate proper, which is of brass, is the well-known half-sunburst
+device so popular in the 1830's and 1840's. The Georgia state seal,
+also in brass, is applied with wire fasteners. The plate is dated
+later than a similar one of the Republican Blues (fig. 152) because of
+the "feel" of the piece and the fact that it cannot be ascribed to a
+particular unit whose existence can be dated.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, VIRGINIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604547-M (S-K 694). Figure 176._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 176]
+
+This plate differs from the preceding one only in that it substitutes
+the coat of arms of Virginia for that of Georgia. The backgrounds,
+although very similar, are products of different dies.
+
+
+Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, 1ST MARINE ARTILLERY, 1813
+
+_USNM 60323-M (S-K 79). Figure 177._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 177]
+
+Undoubtedly one of the most interesting of all the Militia plates of
+the War of 1812 period is this rectangular one worn by John S. Stiles
+of (as indicated by the engraving) the "First Marine Artillery of the
+Union." Engraved in brass, it bears an unusual combination of military
+and naval devices--the familiar eagle-on-cannon of the Regular
+artillery and the eagle with oval shield that appears on naval
+officers' buttons of the period.[124] Actually, the devices befit the
+character of the organization. The following quotation from _Niles
+Weekly Register_ of Baltimore, June 26, 1813, tells something of the
+unit:
+
+     The First Marine Artillery of the Union, an association of the
+     masters and mates of vessels in Baltimore, about 170 strong all
+     told, assembled on Sunday last and proceeded to the Rev. Mr.
+     Glendy's church in full uniform, where they received an address
+     suited to the occasion; which, as usual, done honor to the head
+     and heart to the reverend orator. We cannot pass over this
+     pleasant incident without observing that the members of this
+     invaluable corps are they who, of all other classes of society,
+     feel the burthens and privations of the war.
+
+[Footnote 124: JOHNSON, vol. 1, pp. 40, 74.]
+
+Obviously, this organization was one of the state fencible units
+enlisted for defense only, but little else is known about it. In 1814
+there was in Baltimore, a Corps of Marine Artillery commanded by a
+Capt. George Stiles. The roster of this unit, however, does not
+include the name John S. Stiles. Other records do indicate that a Lt.
+John S. Stiles commanded a section of the Baltimore Union Artillery at
+the Battle of North Point in 1814.[125] It is probable that John
+Stiles, originally a member of the 1st Marine Artillery of the Union
+had transferred his commission to the Baltimore Union Artillery.
+
+[Footnote 125: SWANSON, pp. 253, 382.]
+
+
+¶ An example of Militia officers' shoulder-belt plates of the period
+1812-1816 is a solid silver oval plate (fig. 178) engraved with an
+eagle and elements of the arms of Massachusetts within a shield
+suspended from the eagle's neck. Being silver, the plate probably was
+worn by infantry or possibly dragoons. Many such plates were locally
+made, as was this one, and examination of a number of specimens gives
+reason to believe that many were made by rolling out large silver
+coins into thin ovals, which were then engraved and fitted with
+fasteners on the reverse. The fasteners on all pieces studied indicate
+that the plates were intended to be ornamental rather than functional.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 178.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+In the Pennsylvania State Museum there is a similar oval plate that
+was worn by Col. Philip Spengler of that State's Militia in 1812-1816.
+Ornamented with an eagle, with the initials "PS" within an oval below,
+it generally follows the construction of the illustrated plate,
+differing only slightly in size. Since plates of this general type
+were made locally by hand, each is unique in itself. Identification
+must depend upon an interpretation of the devices engraved on the
+face. The initials of the officer for whom the plate was made are
+often included.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604310-M (S-K 466). Figure 179._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 179]
+
+A second example of a Militia officer's plate is this engraved brass
+specimen with the design placed along the longer axis of the oval.
+Since there probably were many "Volunteer Rifle Companies," it is
+impossible to determine precisely which one wore this plate. The
+initials of the officer may be read either "I. B." or "J. B.," for
+many of the early-19th-century engravers used the forms of the letters
+"I" and "J" interchangeably. The two small hooks on the reverse
+indicate that the plate was for a shoulder belt rather than for a
+waist belt, and that it was ornamental rather than functional.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT BUCKLE, C. 1812(?)
+
+_USNM 60325-M (S-K 81). Figure 180._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 180]
+
+This brass buckle, obviously made for a sword hanger, has an eagle in
+flight above, a 13-star flag below, and four 5-pointed stars on either
+side. The spearhead on the pike of the flag is definitely of military
+design, and, in the absence of nautical devices in the engraving, the
+buckle must be considered an army item.
+
+
+ORNAMENTED WAIST-BELT PLATE, 1812-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 604121-M (S-K 278). Figure 181._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 181]
+
+Cast in silver and then carefully finished, this rectangular plate
+with beveled edge is one of the most ornate and beautiful known. In
+the center is an officer's marquee with an eagle, wings spread,
+perched on top. In front of the marquee are a field piece with bombs,
+cannon balls, and drum; the whole on grassy ground and superimposed on
+a trophy of colors and bayonetted muskets. The canton of one color
+has, instead of stars, an eagle with a shield on its breast and a
+ribbon in its beak. It has been suggested that the eagle-in-canton
+flag would tend to date the piece after 1820 when many Militia units
+had the design in its colors;[126] however, flags of such design are
+known to have been used as early as the last year of the
+Revolution.[127] In addition, the "feel" of the specimen is early, and
+it is included here as a possible Militia dragoon officer's plate
+since the dragoons of the War of 1812 period generally wore their
+swords attached to a waist belt rather than to a shoulder belt.
+
+[Footnote 126: The national collections contain several such Militia
+colors.]
+
+[Footnote 127: See WALL.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60449-M (S-K 205). Figure 182._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 182]
+
+This plate is typical of the early waist-belt plates, which generally
+were more square than rectangular. It bears the over-all design of the
+1814-1821 series of "common" cap plates. Struck in copper and
+silvered, it would have been appropriate for either infantry or
+dragoons, as both wore "white metal" trimmings during this period.
+There are as many die variations known for this type belt plate as for
+the matching cap plates.
+
+The wide latitude allowed officers in selecting their own insignia
+makes it quite possible that this design was worn by some officers of
+the Regular Establishment, particularly those in the high-numbered
+regiments, which were organized during the course of the War of 1812.
+A third use of this basic design is indicated by a museum specimen at
+Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y.: cut into its outline form, it was worn on the
+side of Militia dragoon caps.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60451-M (S-K 207). Figure 183._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 183]
+
+This brass plate is one of several similar examples made of both brass
+and silvered copper that differ only in small die variations and the
+use of either 5-pointed or 6-pointed stars. The arc of 17 stars in
+this specimen may or may not be significant, because there were 17
+states in the Union from 1802 until 1812 when Louisiana was admitted.
+Not until 1816 did the 19th state, Indiana, come into the Union. After
+thinking in terms of and working with 17 stars for a 10-year period,
+die sinkers may well have overlooked the inclusion of a star for
+Louisiana. Buttons for the Regular rifles made after 1812 but before
+1821 show an arc of 17 stars.[128] As in the case of the preceding
+plate, there is a good possibility that this one was worn by Regular
+officers in 1814-1821. It is also probable that the pattern was made
+and sold to Militia for many years after 1821.
+
+[Footnote 128: JOHNSON, vol. 1, pp. 61.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MILITIA ARTILLERY, C. 1821-1840(?)
+
+_USNM 60453-M (S-K 209). Figure 184._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 184]
+
+While this plate could have been worn by an officer of the Regular
+artillery in the period 1814-1821 when uniform regulations were vague
+and seldom enforced, it is more probable that it was a Militia item of
+about 1821-1835. The reason for this is that the eagle-on-cannon
+device was adopted quickly by Militia units when it was discarded by
+the Regulars in 1821, and the over-all design of the plate itself
+follows the pattern adopted by the Regulars in 1821 (see fig. 68).
+Several artillery organizations of the Massachusetts Militia wore the
+discarded button pattern (eagle-on-cannon with the word "CORPS" below)
+until the 1840's,[129] and this plate would have been an ideal match.
+
+[Footnote 129: JOHNSON, vol. 1, pp. 161, 162.]
+
+The whole is cast in brass, the inner ring rather crudely so. The
+outer ring is embossed with zig-zag fretwork enclosing a circle of
+5-pointed stars; the rectangular belt attachments have a floral
+design.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MAINE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 604123 (S-K 279). Figure 185._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 185]
+
+This plate, struck in copper, contains the basic devices of the State
+of Maine seal enclosed by a curled ribbon border embellished with
+5-pointed stars. The specimen is more square than rectangular, a
+characteristic of waist-belt plates of the early 1800's. It was
+probably worn by Maine Militia no later than the 1820's, possibly a
+few years earlier. The method of attachment also is indicative of this
+early period: the heavy vertical wire is brazed to one end of the
+reverse, and the L-shaped tongue to the other. This plate obviously
+was a stock pattern.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60329-M (S-K 85). Figure 186._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 186]
+
+This plate, cast in brass, is typical of the small plates, both round
+and rectangular, that were worn with light-weight, full-dress staff
+swords. It is an example of the early, hand-made, bench-assembled
+types. The outer ring carries the wreath typical of the period, while
+the inner ring carries the eagle with its head to the right, shield on
+breast, arrows in left talon, and olive branch in right talon. The
+whole lies within a ring of 13 5-pointed stars; the uppermost five
+stars are mixed with a sunburst rising from the eagle's wings.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1821(?)-1830
+
+_USNM 60466-M (S-K 222). Figure 187._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 187]
+
+This brass, bench-assembled plate is similar to the Regular artillery
+belt plate of 1816 (fig. 56) in that the design on the inner ring is
+struck with a series of separate hand-held dies on a piece of blank
+round stock. The floral design on the belt attachments is cast. In
+many of the early bench-made plates, the final assemblyman marked the
+matching pairs so that they could readily be re-paired after buffing
+and plating. In this specimen, each ring bears the numeral XXVIII.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60467-M (S-K 223). Figure 188._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 188]
+
+This plate, with the center ring struck in medium brass and the belt
+attachment cast, was worn by Militia of New York State, as indicated
+by the eagle-on-half-globe device taken from that state's seal. Of
+brass, it is assigned to the artillery. The quality of the belt to
+which it is attached and the ornateness of the plate itself indicate
+that it was made for an officer. The left-hand belt attachment is
+missing.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60470-M (S-K 226). Figure 189._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 189]
+
+This small, cast-brass plate is another example of the plates made for
+social or full-dress wear with the light-weight staff sword. The
+design on the inner ring is unusual in that the eagle, with upraised
+wings, is standing on the Federal shield. The plate is a bench-made
+product, with the inner and outer rings bearing the numeral VII. It
+was very probably a stock pattern for officers.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60414-M (S-K 300). Figure 190._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 190]
+
+Rather unusual in construction, this small silver-on-copper
+rectangular plate was struck in thin metal. Two broad tongues, for
+attachment to a belt, are inserted in the rear; and the reverse is
+filled with lead to imbed the fasteners. The eagle design is very
+similar to the one prescribed for the caps of the Regular
+Establishment in 1821, although somewhat reduced in size. The general
+lack of finish and polish in construction indicates that the specimen
+was probably the product of an inexperienced and small-scale
+manufacturer.
+
+
+OFFICER'S WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1837
+
+_USNM 60326-M (S-K 82). Figure 191._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 191]
+
+This unusually large plate, which is struck in medium brass and with
+the edges crimped over a heavier piece of brass backing, is believed
+to be an officer's plate because of its size, gilt finish, and
+over-all ornate design. Within a floral and star pattern border, the
+specimen is dominated by an eagle, on a sunburst background, that
+holds in its left talon five arrows with points inward; above are 25
+stars and an edge of clouds above. Arrows held with points inward are
+usually considered indicative of the general period 1832-1836. If the
+number of stars is of any significance, such dating would be correct,
+as the canton of the National Colors contained 25 stars from 1836 to
+1837. The central design used without the border is also known in
+smaller, more standard sized plates. The design is a stock pattern.
+This type plate is also known in both brass and silver.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 604348-M (S-K 504). Figure 192._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 192]
+
+This may well be a companion piece to the diamond-shaped cap plate
+ascribed to the Washington Greys[130] of Philadelphia (see fig. 139).
+In any case, the two appear to have been struck from the same die. It
+may also have been worn by the Washington Greys of Reading,
+Pennsylvania, or by another company of the same designation. The
+specimen is struck in thin brass with a tin backing applied before the
+strike and the edges crimped over the reverse. Three soldered
+copper-wire staples provide means of attachment.
+
+[Footnote 130: The spelling of "Grays" may or may not be significant.
+A Huddy and Duval print of the Washington Greys in _U.S. Military
+Magazine_ (April 1839, pl. 5) used "Greys" in the title and "Grays" on
+an ammunition box in the same print.]
+
+
+¶ Militia organizations generally modeled their uniforms rather
+closely on those of the Regular Establishment; of course, there were
+certain exceptions, notably the flamboyant Zouave units. However, the
+Militia often added additional trimmings that gave the "gay and gaudy"
+touch for which they were noted. Following the example of the
+Regulars, the Militia adopted coat-skirt ornaments almost immediately
+after their appearance in 1832. They used the regulation flaming
+grenades, open and looped horns, and 5-and 6-pointed stars, but in
+both gold and silver on varicolored backgrounds and in a wide variety
+of sizes. They also used a number of peculiarly Militia forms, such as
+crossed-cannon, elements of state seals, and devices peculiar to
+specific units.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, ARTILLERY, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604961-M (S-K 1105). Figure 193._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 193]
+
+Typical of Militia coat-skirt ornaments is this pair of crossed cannon
+devices for Militia artillery. They are of gold embroidery on a
+background of black velvet. Similar pairs in the national collections
+are embroidered in silver. The Regular artillery never wore the
+crossed cannon device on the skirt of the coat; so used, it was
+exclusively a Militia ornament.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604963 (S-K 1107). Figure 194._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 194]
+
+Another coat-skirt ornament with an even more distinctly Militia touch
+is this small palmetto tree of gold embroidery, with sequins, on
+black wool cloth. As the palmetto tree is the basic device of the
+South Carolina seal (see pp. 81 and 83), this specimen must be
+attributed to the Militia of that state.
+
+
+¶ Most Militia cartridge-box plates made in the decade after 1841 were
+oval, following the pattern of the Regulars. While a few of these
+varied from the prescribed sizes, most were almost identical in both
+size and shape to those of the Regular Establishment, but with
+strictly Militia ornamentation. The exact years in which these plates
+were produced cannot be determined, but it is reasonably sure that
+they were supplied to Militia for some years prior to the opening of
+the Civil War. Not included here are similar types known to have been
+made for units born of the war as the Pennsylvania Fire Zouaves,
+Pennsylvania Home Guard, Pennsylvania Reserve Brigade, and the Ohio
+Volunteer Militia. Cartridge-box and waist-belt plates often are
+identical except for the methods of attachment. The plates for
+cartridge boxes have two wire loops imbedded in the backing (see fig.
+90), while those for waist belts have one or two round, or sometimes
+arrowheaded, prongs on one side of the reverse, and with a narrow
+tongue on the opposite side bent parallel to the plane of the plate
+(see fig. 91).
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, C. 1841
+
+_USNM 60400-M (S-K 156). Figure 195._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 195]
+
+This brass, oval cartridge-box plate, with its eagle on a panoply of
+arms and colors, closely matches in size the 1841 Regular cavalry's
+plates for carbine cartridge boxes and the infantry's waist belts.
+Although plates of this design were worn as waist-belt plates, the two
+looped-wire fasteners on the reverse of this specimen clearly indicate
+its use on a cartridge box. This was undoubtedly a stock pattern. An
+oil painting of Capt. George Bumm, Pennsylvania State Artillery, c.
+1840, shows the subject wearing a waist-belt plate of this same
+design.[131]
+
+[Footnote 131: _Old Print Shop Folio_, p. 216.]
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, C. 1841
+
+_USNM 60401-M (S-K 157). Figure 196._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 196]
+
+Slightly smaller than the preceding specimen, this brass plate bears
+the eagle design popular from 1821 to 1851. Fitted with looped-wire
+fasteners, it would have been a stock pattern for cartridge boxes.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, MAINE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60354-M (S-K 606). Figure 197._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 197]
+
+A frequently misidentified plate is this brass-struck, lead-filled
+oval with the raised letters "VMM" for Volunteer Maine Militia. It is
+also known in a smaller size. The reverse is fitted with the two
+looped-wire fasteners normal to such plates.
+
+Other prewar oval plates bearing raised letters are known for the
+Alabama Volunteer Corps (AVC), North Carolina (NC), South Carolina
+(SC), State of New York (SNY), and New Hampshire State Militia (NHSM).
+Many such plates recently have been reproduced for sale, and more
+probably will be made if a market is created. Thus, all plates of
+this general type should be cautiously considered.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, DIE SAMPLE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60354-M (S-K 110). Figure 198._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 198]
+
+One of the more unusual forms of the militant eagle used on ornaments
+is shown on this brass die sample for a waist-belt plate. The eagle,
+with fierce mien and wings outspread, stands high on a craggy ledge.
+An example of an untold number of odd and unusual pieces of insignia,
+this specimen is unidentified as to unit or area of intended use. It
+may well have been designed for use as a stock pattern.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604103-M (S-K 259). Figure 199._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 199]
+
+A stock pattern, this plate is struck in brass with the open-horn
+device of riflemen, which has been previously discussed. Wire
+fasteners are on the reverse. Although the outer ring of the plate is
+missing, it was probably decorated with a wreath, a common form in the
+1830's and 1840's.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CHARLESTOWN ARTILLERY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604385-M (S-K 532). Figure 200._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 200]
+
+This 2-piece, brass-cast plate was worn by members of a Charlestown,
+Massachusetts, unit. The date "1786," as on nearly all dated pieces
+of insignia, refers to the date of original organization of the unit.
+The design of the plate is typical of early- to mid-Victorian taste.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60497-M (S-K 253). Figure 201._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 201]
+
+Bearing elements of the seal of the State of Massachusetts, this plate
+likely was a stock pattern sold to many officers. In construction, it
+is a composite piece similar to the plate for officers of the Corps of
+Topographical Engineers (see fig. 87 and p. 45) with the device
+applied to the inner oval. Because of its unusually striking
+appearance, it would have been a most appropriate type for staff and
+field officers, and possibly general officers.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604126-M (S-K 282). Figure 202._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 202]
+
+This plate, struck in poor-quality, medium-weight brass, is of a stock
+pattern bearing the eagle-on-half-globe device and the motto
+"Excelsior" from the New York State seal superimposed on a panoply of
+arms and colors. This type of belt plate, with the device on the inner
+panel and a wreath between the inner and outer borders, is most
+characteristic of the 1840's. More than ten different plates are known
+that vary only as to the design of the inner panel; some contain New
+York State heraldic devices, and others contain variants of the usual
+eagle design of the period.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, PHILADELPHIA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604390 (S-K 537). Figure 203._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 203]
+
+The devices on this cast-brass plate comprise the arms of the City of
+Philadelphia, and its form and pattern, especially the floral design
+of the outer ring, place it in the 1840's. The piece is bench-made and
+carries on the reverse many marks of the file used in its final
+assembly. It must be considered a stock pattern.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604241-M (S-K 397). Figure 204._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 204]
+
+Somewhat larger than many plates of the period, this brass specimen
+carries the South Carolina palmetto device. Such plates also were
+struck in copper and silver plated. It obviously was a stock pattern
+sold to several different units. The rectangular plate with the
+vine-patterned border was a stock pattern in itself, with many
+different devices being added in the center as ordered. This is one of
+the many pieces of insignia too often called Confederate but which
+ante-date the Civil War by almost two decades.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604388-M (S-K 535). Figure 205._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 205]
+
+The eagle device on this silver-on-copper specimen closely resembles
+that on the cap plate of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry
+(USNM 604964-M) and may possibly be the matching belt-plate worn by
+that organization. Such an eagle, however, would have been a stock
+pattern of the manufacturer, and sold to many different units. A very
+unusual aspect of this particular eagle are the three arrows held in
+the left talon: two of them point inward, the third outward.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604106-M (S-K 262). Figure 206._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 206]
+
+Although members of the artillery of the Regular Establishment wore
+the crossed-cannon device on their shakos, they never wore it on
+waist- or shoulder-belt plates. Thus, this cast-brass plate must have
+been a stock pattern sold to many Militia units. The outer ring is
+missing.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604107-M (S-K 263). Figure 207._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 207]
+
+This specimen, roughly cast in brass and gilded, is unusual because
+the Militia rarely used the letters "U S" on any of its equipment. The
+pattern does not conform to anything prescribed for Regulars and the
+quality does not come up to standards required by the Regular
+Establishment; hence it must have been worn by Militia. It would have
+been a stock pattern. There is the possibility that it might have been
+worn by diplomatic personnel, but its poor quality makes this
+unlikely.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604387-M (S-K 534). Figure 208._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 208]
+
+The over-all design of this plate, which is cast roughly in brass and
+gilded, reflects the growing ornateness of the Victorian era.
+Obviously a stock pattern, it would have suited the fancy of several
+units and cannot be identified further than "for Militia." The design
+of the eagle is unusual in that three arrows are carried in the right
+talon--although it is possible that this is intended to reflect the
+belligerency inherent in the period of the War with Mexico--and there
+is a single large star in the canton of the Federal shield.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604458-M (S-K 605). Figure 209._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 209]
+
+The generalities that apply to all "stock pattern" insignia are
+equally valid in referring to this brass-struck plate with a 5-pointed
+star as its sole ornament. Dating its period of design poses no
+difficulty, for it contains the panel with wreath inside an edging
+border characteristic of the 1840's. The star device would have been
+appropriate for Militia units of Maine ("North Star"), Texas ("Lone
+Star"), or for dragoon units that took the star as a distinctive
+insignia. Although it may have been worn by Texans, it is doubtful
+that it was made originally for them. The design enjoyed a long life,
+and plates of this general pattern were struck well into the 1880's.
+The major difference between earlier and later specimens is that the
+early ones were struck on rather heavy sheets of copper-colored brass,
+with fasteners consisting of a tongue and heavy wire loops brazed to
+the reverse. The later plates have a bright brassy color, are struck
+on thin brass, and have the loop and tongue soldered rather than
+brazed.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604108-M (S-K 264). Figure 210._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 210]
+
+The lack of a mane on the beast on this plate marks it as a tiger. The
+best known and most affluent Militia organization with the nickname
+"Tigers" was the Boston Light Infantry, although a number of others
+also were so-called. The craftsmanship and general elegance of this
+gold-plated brass specimen suggests that it was worn by an officer,
+though an occasional volunteer company was so richly endowed that all
+its members, officers and enlisted men alike, wore expensive devices.
+The bench-assembled manufacturing technique, gaudy embellishment, and
+lack of a distinct Victorian touch date the piece about 1840. The
+tiger's head is applied.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604104-M (S-K 260). Figure 211._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 211]
+
+The full-flowing mane on the beast on this plate identifies it as a
+lion. The device would have been appropriate for wear by the Albany
+Burgesses Corps, which, when founded in 1833, almost immediately
+adopted the lion's head as its distinctive insignia. The unit
+continued to wear this plate for about half a century. While that
+unit's cap plate (fig. 170) is much more formal and is without a
+lion's head, its buttons contain the lion--with head turned to
+half-right--as a principal ornament. While it is probable that the
+original die for this cast-brass plate was sunk for the Albany
+organization, the manufacturer would not have hesitated to offer it
+for sale to any interested Militia unit.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60479-M (S-K 235). Figure 212._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 212]
+
+The raised letters "W G" on this cast-brass and gilded plate would
+have been suitable for many Militia units of the period. We can only
+suggest that it may have been worn by members of a "Washington Greys"
+or "Washington Guard" from Pennsylvania or New York. A round plate
+with an outer wreath would have been more appropriate for officers
+than for enlisted personnel.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, WASHINGTON GREYS, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604137-M (S-K 293). Figure 213._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 213]
+
+The waist-belt plates shown in the _U.S. Military Magazine_[132] for
+the Washington Greys of Philadelphia and Reading, Pennsylvania, while
+indistinct, are definitely not of this pattern. Thus, this brass plate
+with its sunken letters filled with black enamel must have been worn
+by yet a third unit with such a name. Additional specimens in the
+national collections have the company letters "G" and "K."
+
+[Footnote 132: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 10.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604294-M (S-K 450). Figure 214._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 214]
+
+This oval, convex, brass plate, with two studs and a hook soldered to
+the reverse for attachment, very probably was originally a
+shoulder-belt plate. The letters "W L G" incised on the obverse are
+very patently the added work of an engraver of no great talent. The
+letters doubtless stand for Washington Light Guard, and, since there
+were several Militia units of that designation, it seems possible that
+one of the less affluent units bought the plates and had them engraved
+locally.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CITY GUARDS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604386-M (S-K 533). Figure 215._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 215]
+
+There were City Guards in Charleston, South Carolina, New York City,
+Philadelphia, and possibly in other places. Thus it is impossible to
+determine just which of these units wore this cast-brass plate. The
+ornamented outer oval is typical of the 1840's.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NATIONAL GUARD, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60206-M. Figure 216._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 216]
+
+A number of Militia units carried the designation "National Guard."
+The unit that used this particular plate was from New Jersey, for
+scratched on the reverse is "Sergeant O. Clinton, October 9th, 1851,
+1st Reg Hudson Brigade, NJSM"; However, the adjutant general, State of
+New Jersey, was unable to give any information on such an
+organization. The specimen is cut from rolled brass with sunken
+letters filled with black enamel.
+
+
+¶ Shoulder-belt plates underwent the same transition as cap plates did
+beginning about 1837-1838, with the single die strike plate yielding
+to the composite plate, and applied devices being attached to oval,
+rectangular, or rectangular "clipped corner" plates. While some single
+die plates were made and worn after 1840, no composite types that
+predate 1835 are known. The following group of shoulder-belt plates
+are typical of those that first appeared about 1840. Of these, several
+continued unchanged through the Civil War and into the 1870's and
+1880's.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604341-M (S-K 497). Figure 217._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 217]
+
+This unusually large, oval, brass plate with the letters "C G" in
+silver applied with wire fasteners is another of that sizable group of
+lettered insignia that cannot be attributed definitely to a particular
+organization. The "C G" may stand variously for City Guard, Cleveland
+Greys, Charleston Guard, or some other organization. With a stock of
+oval and rectangular blanks and a set of lettering and number-cutting
+dies, an almost limitless combination of plates could be turned out by
+a single manufacturer.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604470-M (S-K 617). Figure 218._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 218]
+
+The basic form of this brass plate--with one of the many variations of
+the seal of the State of New York[133] applied with wire fasteners--is
+a copy, with minor changes, of the bevelled plate prescribed for the
+Regular Establishment in 1839. Distinctly an officer's plate, it would
+have been appropriate for artillery or staff.
+
+[Footnote 133: ZIEBER, p. 166.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604331-M (S-K 487). Figure 219._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 219]
+
+This composite plate, struck in brass, has a bevelled, rectangular
+base almost identical to the base of the 1839 regulation plate (see
+fig. 86). The design consists of a silvered center ornament comprising
+a trophy of flags, a sword, and a liberty pole surmounted by a wreath
+of laurel inclosing fasces and a Federal shield with 26 stars in its
+canton. This silver ornament is applied with four simple wire
+fasteners rather than soldered. Since the sun rays in the background
+radiate outward not from the center but from the edge of a circle
+about 1-1/2 inches in diameter, almost any desired center ornament
+could have been added to the basic strike, or the plate could be
+struck a second time to add a device integral to it. Thus the
+background portion of the specimen must be considered a stock pattern.
+A print of the National Guards of Philadelphia in _U.S. Military
+Magazine_ for October 1841 shows an officer wearing a similar plate.
+If the stars are significant, the plate can be dated between 1837 and
+1845.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604471-M (S-K 618). Figure 220._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 220]
+
+In this plate, the center ornament used in the preceding specimen has
+been struck directly in a rectangular, bevelled background. However,
+the background of this plate has a stippled surface rather than a
+sunburst. An interesting feature is that there are four slots punched
+through the plate for the attachment of an additional device over the
+wreath and shield. This is another of the many examples of how a unit
+might have an insignia distinctive to itself at little extra cost.
+This plate is obviously of a stock pattern. The national collections
+also contain a die sample of this particular plate.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604472-M (S-K 619). Figure 221._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 221]
+
+Another example of the rectangular, bevelled-edged, shoulder-belt
+plate for officers is this brass-cast copy of the 1839 Regular Army
+pattern with the wire-fastened letters "S V G" substituted for "U. S."
+The specimen bears a touchmark "W. Pinchin Philad" on the reverse (see
+p. 33). The unit for which this plate was made is unidentified.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT(?) PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604394-M (S-K 541). Figure 222._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 222]
+
+The silver letters "S F" applied with wire fasteners to the small
+brass plate are most appropriate for the State Fencibles of
+Philadelphia, and it is believed to have possibly been worn by that
+unit in the 1840's. A print in the _U.S. Military Magazine_[134]
+portraying this unit shows an officer wearing a plate of an entirely
+different design, but since a plate in this simple form would most
+probably have been worn by enlisted personnel, and the soldier in the
+print is to be seen only from the rear, such identification as to unit
+may be correct.
+
+[Footnote 134: March 1839, pl. 2.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, BOSTON LIGHT INFANTRY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604339-M (S-K 495). Figure 223._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 223]
+
+This unusually large silver-on-copper plate with its brass letters "B
+L I", "1798", and brass tiger's head is attributed to the Boston Light
+Infantry. The applied devices are attached with simple wire fasteners.
+The date 1798 is believed to be the year of the original organization
+of the unit, but the adjutant general of the Commonwealth of
+Massachusetts was unable to verify this.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK LIGHT GUARD, C. 1840
+
+_USNM. 604351-M (S-K 507). Figure 224._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 224]
+
+The _New York Military Magazine_ provides us with a strong clue in
+identifying this clipped-corner, bevelled-edged brass plate with a
+silver-on-copper tiger's head applied. In a sketch of the Light Guard
+of New York it is related that, following a visit in 1836 to the
+Boston Light Infantry, members of the company "adopted, as part of
+their uniform, a silver tiger's head, to be placed on the breast
+plate, as a further memento of the spirited and elegant corps whose
+guests they had been."[135] This specimen is in agreement with that
+description.
+
+[Footnote 135: _New York Military Magazine_ (1841), vol. 1, p. 118.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, DRAGOONS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604352-M (S-K 508). Figure 225._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 225]
+
+An unusual manufacturing technique was used in making this plate. It
+was struck in very heavy brass about 1/16 inch thick and the whole
+tinned; then, all the tin on the obverse, except that on the crested
+helmet device, was buffed away, giving the center ornament the
+appearance of having been silvered. The specimen obviously was made
+for a particular mounted unit, designation unknown. An interesting
+detail is the letter "A" on the half-sunburst plate of the dragoon
+helmet device.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604350-M (S-K 506). Figure 226._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 226]
+
+This plate, which is of brass with a cast, white-metal likeness of
+Washington applied with wire fasteners, may well have belonged to
+either the Washington Greys of Philadelphia or the unit of the same
+designation of Reading, Pennsylvania. Prints of these two
+organizations in _U.S. Military Magazine_[136] show profiles on the
+shoulder-belts plates, although the plate of the Reading unit is
+depicted as being oval.
+
+[Footnote 136: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 10.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604337-M (S-K 493). Figure 227._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 227]
+
+This brass plate with its wire-applied devices obviously belonged to
+an Irish-group Militia unit. The Huddy and Duval print of the Hibernia
+Greens of Philadelphia[137] definitely depicts an Irish harp on both
+the shoulder-belt plate and the cap plate, but the motto "ERIN GO
+BRAGH" is not included. The specimen would have been suitable for
+several Militia organizations, such as the Irish Jasper Greens of
+Savannah, Georgia, and the Montgomery Hibernia Greens. Its devices are
+wire-applied, and it possibly was a stock pattern.
+
+[Footnote 137: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (January 1840), pl. 27.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604340 (S-K 496). Figure 228._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 228]
+
+This plain brass plate, having wire-applied pewter letters "S L I" is
+believed to have been worn by the Salem Light Infantry of
+Massachusetts.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW ENGLAND GUARDS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604343-M (S-K 499). Figure 229._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 229]
+
+Letters signifying the New England Guards are embossed on a shield of
+white metal that is attached to this brass plate, which has scalloped
+corners. Although the officer depicted in the Huddy and Duval print of
+the New England Guards[138] wears a waist belt rather than a shoulder
+belt for his sword, the soldier standing in the background is shown
+with crossed shoulder belts. Thus, this plate may have been an item of
+equipment for enlisted personnel rather than for officers.
+
+[Footnote 138: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (November 1839), pl. 21.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604342-M (S-K 498). Figure 230._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 230]
+
+Although the white-metal arm and sword on wreath device wired to this
+large brass plate immediately identifies the origin of the specimen as
+Massachusetts, the considerable heraldic license taken by this
+insignia-maker is only too evident. When the Massachusetts State seal
+was first adopted in 1780, the blazonry of the crest was given as
+follows: "On a Wreath a dexter Arm cloathed and ruffled proper,
+grasping a Broad Sword...."[139] The designer has placed the arm in
+armor and replaced the "broad sword" with a scimiter-like, edged
+weapon. The use of the crest of a state seal or coat of arms to
+indicate the state was common usage, with the eagle-on-half-globe of
+New York providing an excellent example. This plate would have been
+appropriate for wear by any Massachusetts unit, and is thus considered
+to have been a stock pattern.
+
+[Footnote 139: ZIEBER, pp. 143-144.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604454-M (S-K 601). Figure 231._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 231]
+
+The silver palmetto tree identifies this as a South Carolina plate.
+The letters "L" and "A" are subject to several interpretations, the
+more probable being "Light Artillery." The devices are attached with
+simple wire fasteners, and the basic brass plate can be considered to
+have been a stock item adaptable to any number of units.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1845
+
+_USNM 60357-M (S-K 113). Figure 232._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 232]
+
+This brass, lead-backed badge bears no devices that would assist in
+identifying it as to unit, and its general composition would have made
+it appealing to more than one Militia organization. It is considered a
+stock pattern. The stars-on-belt motif, forming the border of the
+oval, is very unusual, as are the 14 arrows in the eagle's left talon
+and the star beneath its beak. The center eagle device is applied with
+simple wire fasteners.
+
+
+¶ Following the War with Mexico, many State Militia, especially those
+in the south, began using their state coats of arms as the principal
+devices on their waist-belt plates. The plates for officers followed
+the earlier pattern for Regulars, a round device clasped within an
+outer ring. Plates of enlisted personnel more often were rectangular,
+but there were many exceptions. The following series includes examples
+of both types.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, ALABAMA C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604221-M (S-K 377). Figure 233._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 233]
+
+The old Alabama State seal with a representation of a map of the State
+hung from a tree trunk, as depicted on the inner ring of this
+cast-brass waist-belt plate, became obsolete after the Civil War when
+the "reconstruction" government changed the device to that of an eagle
+resting on a Federal shield. Some years later, however, the original
+seal, in somewhat modified form, was readopted. Although made in the
+early 1850's, plates of this type were worn by personnel of the
+Confederate States Army throughout the Civil War. Many plates of this
+same basic pattern were made in England and run through the blockade.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CALIFORNIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604389-M (S-K 536). Figure 234._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 234]
+
+The 31 six-pointed stars in the outer ring of this cast-brass plate
+bearing the central elements of the California State seal indicate
+that it was made after statehood was granted in 1850 but before 1858
+when Minnesota became the 32d State. Actually, this design for the
+arms of the State was adopted in anticipation of admission to the
+Union, on October 2, 1849.[140] The ornate design of this plate is
+more characteristic of the 1840's than later, indicating that it was
+made very early in the 1850's.
+
+[Footnote 140: ZIEBER, p. 114.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, FLORIDA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604224-M (S-K 380). Figure 235._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 235]
+
+The palm tree, standing alone, although sometimes mistaken for the
+palmetto of South Carolina, is representative of the State of Florida.
+Thus, this plate is ascribed to Florida Militia, about 1850. The late
+Richard D. Steuart, of Baltimore, Maryland, an outstanding authority
+on Confederate equipment and accoutrements, was firm in asserting that
+this pattern should be ascribed to Florida.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604124-M (S-K 280). Figure 236._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 236]
+
+While cast-brass plates of this type were first made in the early
+1850's, their use continued for 20 years or more after that decade.
+The principal device on this specimen is taken from the arms of the
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The form of the plate is identical to
+the pattern of the eagle-wreath plate adopted by the Regulars in 1851.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1845
+
+_USNM 604244-M (S-K 400). Figure 237._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 237]
+
+The star device was used by the Militia of both Texas and Maine, as
+well as by volunteer units located in other states; thus, this plate
+cannot be ascribed to any particular geographical area. Plates such as
+this, with the silver wreath of laurel and palm, are patterned
+directly after the basic plate prescribed for officers of the Corps of
+Engineers in 1841. They would have been stock items for general sale.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604242-M (S-K 398). Figure 238._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 238]
+
+This cast-brass officer's plate, a pre-Civil War product of American
+manufacture, would have been appropriate for wear by Texas Militia.
+Obviously a stock pattern, it would also have been sold to Militia
+organizations in other parts of the country. As in the case of most
+round plates, the outer ring is of a standard design; variation in
+pattern would occur on the inner ring.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604125-M (S-K 281). Figure 239._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 239]
+
+This brass-struck rectangular plate carries the arms of the State of
+New York[141] with its familiar eagle-on-half-globe device. The whole
+is superimposed on a sunburst background. The plate originally was
+made for Militia, but it is conceivable that such a plate may have
+been worn by early uniformed police.
+
+[Footnote 141: For the variations in the arms of New York see ZIEBER,
+pp. 166-167.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60487-M (S-K 243). Figure 240._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 240]
+
+This brass-cast plate with its letters "S N Y" for State of New York
+is copied directly from the 1836 plate for noncommissioned officers of
+the Regular Establishment. The example is the oldest known use of the
+letters "S N Y" for New York Militia. In later patterns, the letters
+"S N Y" and "N Y" were placed on rectangular plates and on oval plates
+worn on the waist belt and on cartridge boxes just prior to and during
+the Civil War. Small square plates with silver, Old English letters
+"NY" are included in the 1900 catalog of the Warnock Uniform Co. of
+New York as regulation pattern that year for National Guard officers.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK CITY, C. 1850
+
+_USNM. 604141-M (S-K 297). Figure 241._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 241]
+
+This cast-brass plate bears the arms of the city of New York
+superimposed on an almost full sunburst. The surrounding wreath of
+laurel is taken directly from the plate authorized for general and
+staff officers of the Regular Establishment in 1832. While this is
+thought to be the plate for the New York City Guards, for whom a
+matching shoulder-belt plate is known, there is the possibility that
+it was also worn by uniformed police of the 1850's.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604393-M (S-K 340). Figure 242._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 242]
+
+A stock pattern, this cast-brass and gilded plate would have been
+appropriate for any of the several organizations called "National
+Guards" or "National Greys" that existed in a number of states. The
+letters "N G" do not connote the National Guard as we know it today.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, OHIO, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604136-M (S-K 292). Figure 243._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 243]
+
+The center piece applied to this cast-brass plate with wire fasteners
+bears an early form of the arms of the State of Ohio.[142] The plate
+proper has holes in it other than those needed to apply the present
+device, which indicates that it was a stock part, or possibly that the
+present center device is not original to the plate.
+
+[Footnote 142: For an interesting discussion of the evolution of the
+arms of Ohio see PREBLE, pp. 639-642.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, OHIO, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604130-M (S-K 286). Figure 244._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 244]
+
+This plate bears another variation of the Ohio State arms. Here, the
+arms lie within a wreath as prescribed for Regular general and staff
+officers in 1832. The entire specimen is cast in brass; the wreath,
+sun, arrows, canal wall, and hull of keelboat are silvered.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, PENNSYLVANIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60474-M (S-K 230). Figure 245._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 245]
+
+Officers of the Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia wore plates of this
+type in the 1850's, although most were discarded in 1861 when
+Pennsylvania troops went into active Federal service. The outer ring,
+with floral wreath design, has been modified to give the appearance of
+a solid rectangle. Another plate in the national collections bears the
+letters "P V M" with the conventional outer ring.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60480-M (S-K 236). Figure 246._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 246]
+
+Just prior to 1850 there were two Militia units in Philadelphia using
+the letters "P G" to indicate organizational designation--the
+Philadelphia Guards and the Philadelphia City Greys. This brass-cast
+plate is believed to have been worn by the Philadelphia Guards, whose
+buttons were marked "P G." The buttons worn by the Philadelphia City
+Greys carried the three letters "P C G."[143]
+
+[Footnote 143: JOHNSON, vol. 1, p. 145, vol. 2, pl. 63.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, PROVIDENCE MARINE CORPS ARTILLERY C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604147-M (S-K 303). Figure 247._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 247]
+
+The letters and device on this rather unusual brass plate make its
+identification easy. The letters stand for the Providence [R.I.]
+Marine Corps Artillery; the date 1801 is the unit's original
+organization date. The crossed cannon indicate Militia artillery. The
+letters and numerals are of white metal and brazed to the plate. The
+brass crossed cannon are affixed with wire fasteners. The reverse is
+fitted with a broad tongue and two wire hooks for attachment.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604455-M (S-K 602). Figure 248._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 248]
+
+Although this specimen is not so old as the similar South Carolina
+plate described previously (fig. 162), it is believed to date about
+1850. The plate proper is of rolled brass, and the applied device,
+which comprises well-known elements of the arms of South Carolina, is
+struck in brass and attached by means of two wire staples and leather
+thongs.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, VIRGINIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604253-M (S-K 409). Figure 249._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 249]
+
+This plate, carrying the Virginia seal, was made about 1850 for wear by
+officers. Similar plates made by British manufacturers during the Civil
+War to be run through the blockade are generally distinguishable by
+their unusually sharp, clean die work. The center device of this
+specimen is struck in brass and brazed in place; the remainder of the
+plate is brass-cast.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, GRAY GUARDS, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60489-M (S-K 245). Figure 250._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 250]
+
+The unit for which this plate was made cannot be precisely identified.
+It is reasonable to assume that there were several Militia
+organizations called "Gray Guards." The central "G" probably indicates
+"Company G." The whole is cast brass.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60490-M (S-K 246). Figure 251._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 251]
+
+This plain brass plate of unusually fine manufacture is very
+definitely a stock pattern which could have been sold without ornament
+or, as was more likely, with a center device added by soldering or
+brazing. The plate was cast in three pieces, with the round center
+brazed to the belt attachment. It was bench-fitted, as indicated by
+the numbers on the reverse of the inner and outer rings.
+
+
+WASTE-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60498-M (S-K 254). Figure 252._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 252]
+
+This is a typical stock pattern with the company designation "E."
+Other specimens in the national collections have the letters "D," "F,"
+"K," and "R." Although rather crudely cast in brass, this piece has
+been bench-fitted and then gilded.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60492-M (S-K 248). Figure 253._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 253]
+
+This is another stock pattern with company designation. In this case,
+the numeral "1" has been applied with wire fasteners rather than cast
+integrally with the two portions of the plate. The national
+collections also contain similar plates with the numerals "2," "26,"
+and "36."
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60468-M (S-K 224). Figure 254._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 254]
+
+This is another typical stock pattern with the eagle-on-shield device
+surrounded by 13 5-pointed stars as the center ornament. It is cast in
+brass in two pieces. An example of this plate, on a belt, formed part
+of a cased Sharps rifle outfit displayed at the 1960 National Rifle
+Association meeting in Washington, D.C.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60499-M (S-K 255). Figure 255._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 255]
+
+The musician's lyre has never been strictly a military ornament, being
+widely worn by civilian bands; thus, this plate cannot precisely be
+identified as military or nonmilitary. Unlike most plates of this type
+and period, the entire piece is struck in brass rather than cast.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60485-M (S-K 241). Figure 256._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 256]
+
+The letters "T C B" on this brass-cast plate open wide the doors of
+conjecture as to interpretation. Possible combinations range from
+Trenton City Blues (if such a Militia organization ever existed) to
+Troy Cornet Band, a nonmilitary unit. Plates such as this can seldom
+be positively identified.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60478-M (S-K 234). Figure 257._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 257]
+
+As in the case of the preceding plate, the letters "H R" on this
+specimen cannot be specifically identified. Similar unidentified
+plates in the national collections have the letters "S O I" and "P B."
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604167-M (S-K 323). Figure 258._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 258]
+
+This plate is known both in heavy metal stamping and in thin, cheap
+brass. Examples of the latter type appear to have been struck in the
+period of the 1890's from a die then 50 years old. A plate similar to
+this one has been excavated from a Civil War battlefield site. A stock
+pattern, the design was obsolete for issue to Militia before the
+Civil War, but it is known to have been continued almost to the end of
+the century for use by groups such as secondary school cadet corps.
+
+
+¶ The shoulder-belt plates worn in the 1850's were little changed from
+those of the preceding decade. In the Regular Establishment the
+shoulder belt and plate for officers had been discarded in favor of
+the waist belt for carrying the sword, but Militia officers--bound by
+no regulations--continued to wear the shoulder belt. Enlisted
+personnel wore at least one shoulder belt, and in many cases used two
+belts, which crossed, one belt carrying the cartridge box and the
+other the bayonet and scabbard. Mounted Militia sometimes wore the
+saber on a waist belt and the carbine cartridge box on a shoulder
+belt. It is interesting to note that the custom of using elements of
+state seals on waist-belt plates was not followed to any great extent
+in the embellishment of shoulder-belt plates except in the Southern
+States.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1845(?)
+
+_USNM 604451-M (S-K 598). Figure 259._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 259]
+
+In size and pattern this plate is exactly like that prescribed for the
+Regular Establishment in 1841, substituting the arms of South Carolina
+for the eagle. It possibly may date as early as 1845. Made for South
+Carolina Militia, plates similar to this were worn during the Civil
+War and several have been recovered from battlefield sites. The
+specimen is struck in brass and the reverse filled with lead. It has
+three bent-wire fasteners imbedded in the reverse, which indicates
+that it was decorative rather than functional. A similar plate with
+elements of the Virginia State seal is known. Modern reproductions of
+both are being sold.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604446-M (S-K 593). Figure 260._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 260]
+
+A popular stock pattern of the 1850's, this design with the silver
+numeral "1" on a rectangle of rolled brass was worn for at least half
+a century after it first appeared. Similar plates are known with all
+numerals through 9 and a few higher numbers. Other plates of the same
+general type are known with company letters "A" through "M." The plate
+proper is fitted with two brass wire hooks and a medium width tongue,
+indicating a functional use. The numeral is attached by means of two
+staples with leather thongs reeved through on the reverse of the
+plate.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 654360-M (S-K 516). Figure 261._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 261]
+
+This rolled-brass plate with its silver "TC" monogram is presently
+unidentified. In the national collections there is a Militia helmet
+with the same device used as part of the cap plate; also known is
+another insignia, comprising the monogram alone, that was used as a
+cartridge-box device. _New York Military Magazine_ for July 17, 1841,
+refers to the elegant armory of the Troy [N.Y.] Corps where the Light
+Guard of New York had been visitors. This plate may have been an
+insignia of that organization. The monogram is affixed with staples
+and leather thongs, and the plate proper carries a large safety pin
+soldered to the reverse for purely decorative attachment. It is
+unknown whether the safety pin fasteners are contemporary with the
+plates to which they are attached. Rudimentary safety pins were known
+in Egypt before Christ, but they apparently did not appear in America
+until the 1830's and 1840's. Walter Hunt patented the first American
+safety pin in 1849.[144]
+
+[Footnote 144: U.S. Patent 6281 (April 10, 1849).]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604361-M (S-K 517). Figure 262._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 262]
+
+Several Militia organizations of the 1840's and 1850's were called
+"Republican Guards," and this silver "RG" monogram on a rolled-brass
+rectangle would have been appropriate on shoulder belts of so-named
+units. The monogram is affixed with wire fasteners, but the means of
+attachment for the plate proper are missing.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604362 (S-K 518). Figure 263._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 263]
+
+The silver letters "GG" on this rolled-brass plate present several
+possibilities for identification. Among the uniformed Militia units
+of the 1840's and 1850's were Garibaldi Guards, German Guards, and
+Gray Guards. This piece could have been the device of any of the
+three. The letters are affixed with wire fasteners, and a safety pin
+is soldered to the rear of the plate proper for decorative attachment.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604363-M (S-K 519). Figure 264._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 264]
+
+This oval brass plate with the wire-affixed silver-on-copper letters
+"AG" is unidentified, but it might well have been worn by the American
+Guards, or by a uniformed company from some city as Atlanta or Albany,
+with the letter "G" representing "Grays," "Guards," "Grenadiers," or
+the like. It was attached to the belt with three simple wire
+fasteners.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604335-M (S-K 491). Figure 265._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 265]
+
+The white-metal device on this brass plate comprises elements of the
+arms of "New Amsterdam" topped by the crest of the arms of New York
+State with supporting figures representing the original Indian owner
+of Manhattan Island and the mariner who became the first white
+settler. The specimen is believed to have been worn by the New York
+City Guard. The device is affixed with three staples originally
+intended to be reeved through with leather thongs, although now bent
+over. The means of attachment of the plate proper are missing.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604364-M (S-K 520). Figure 266._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 266]
+
+The letters "K L G" forming the white-metal monogram on this brass
+plate indicate that it could well have been worn by the Kentish Light
+Guard of Rhode Island. The monogram is attached by means of two
+staples with thongs reeved through, and the plate proper is fitted
+with four similar staples. The reverse bears the hallmark of William
+H. Horstmann and Sons, well-known military outfitters of Philadelphia.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604336-M (S-K 492). Figure 267._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 267]
+
+The white-metal letters "SG" on this brass plate lend themselves to so
+many interpretations that no identification is attempted. The applied
+device has two staples for attachment, and the plate proper is fitted
+with a safety pin on the reverse.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604338-M (S-K 494). Figure 268._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 268]
+
+Many volunteer companies used the designation "Rifle Guards," and this
+plate with the initials "C R G" probably falls into such a category.
+The "C," of course, cannot be identified. The monogram is of pewter
+and has three round lugs fitted through holes in the plate proper for
+attachment with pins. The plate itself has a safety pin soldered to
+the reverse for attachment.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, SCOTT LEGION(?), C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604347-M (S-K 503). Figure 269._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 269]
+
+Although this plate bearing the profile of Gen. Winfield Scott is very
+similar in design and construction to several bearing the head of
+Washington and dated much earlier, it is believed to postdate the War
+with Mexico when Scott's popularity was at its zenith. There were
+several volunteer units called "Scott Legion" during this period. The
+piece was struck, with a tin backing applied, and the edges of the
+obverse were then crimped over. It is fitted with three wire staples
+for attachment.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604327-M (S-K 483). Figure 270._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 270]
+
+This is a stock pattern in cast brass. It is oval with raised edges
+and has a white-metal "F" applied with simple wire fasteners. Although
+the piece has the appearance of a waist-belt plate or cartridge-box
+plate, the wire fasteners on the reverse indicate that it was intended
+for shoulder-belt wear. In the national collections is a similar plate
+with the letter "I," indicating that the letters designate companies
+of larger units rather than a unit itself.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604356-M (S-K 512). Figure 271._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 271]
+
+This rolled-brass plate with a wire-applied silvered "A" and pile of
+cannon balls topped by the hand die-struck motto "ALWAYS READY" is
+unidentified beyond the fact that it was worn by a member of Company A
+of a Militia unit using a popular motto. Similar specimens in the
+national collections have center letters "B," "D," and "E." The plate
+was attached to the shoulder belt by means of two flat brass fasteners
+soldered to the reverse. The fasteners are almost as wide as the plate
+itself.
+
+
+BALDRIC DEVICE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60409-M (S-K 165). Figure 272._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 272]
+
+The baldric is a highly ornamented wide sash normally worn by drum
+majors and sometimes by band leaders. During at least part of the
+Civil War, baldrics were worn by some aides-de-camp, and the 1902
+uniform regulations specified them for Signal Corps officers. This
+specimen and the one that follows are the earlier of several examples
+in the national collections; they fall in the early 1850's. The
+shield, suspended from a lion's mouth by small chains, carries an
+eagle with a shield on its breast. The stars and edge of clouds,
+above, are somewhat similar to those on the 1851 regulation
+waist-belt plate. The whole is superimposed on a three-quarter
+sunburst. Both the lion's head and the shield are fitted with simple
+wire fasteners for attachment.
+
+
+BALDRIC DEVICE AND BALDRIC, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 66622-M. Figure 273._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 273]
+
+The device is attached to a red, gold-edged-embroidered baldric worn
+by the drum major of the 72d New York Militia during the Civil War but
+believed to ante-date 1861. The brass shield, with ebony drum sticks,
+is suspended from an eagle of the 1834 Regular Army pattern for wear
+as a cap device. The shield, convex with beveled edges, is very
+similar to waist-belt and shoulder-belt plates of about 1850.
+
+
+¶ Few Militia gorgets are known, and this scarcity leads us to believe
+that few were made and worn, despite the Militia's love for the "gay
+and gaudy." Still, some units did adopt them, and officers of the
+Portland [Maine] Rifle Corps were still wearing them in the late
+1850's.[145] As a military symbol for officers, the gorget passed its
+zenith in the late 18th century. Gorgets were worn during the War of
+the Revolution by both American and British officers, and the British
+also gave them to Indian chiefs as marks of authority. Officers in at
+least one regiment of the Regular Establishment wore them as part of
+their regulation dress about the turn of the 19th century, but they
+were not a part of the prescribed uniform during or after the War of
+1812.
+
+[Footnote 145: In the national collections are a uniform jacket,
+chapeau, and gorget once owned by Frederick Forsyth, a member of the
+Portland Rifle Corps in 1857.]
+
+
+GORGET, C. 1821(?)
+
+_USNM 60311-M (S-K 67B). Figure 274._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 274]
+
+This gorget, of gilded brass, is of 2-piece construction. The
+eagle-on-clouds, very similar to cockade eagles worn in 1808-1821, is
+attached by four wire fasteners rather than brazed. The engraved
+edging on the gorget proper is rather crudely done. Although composite
+insignia did not come into general use until the mid-1830's, it seems
+reasonable to assume that this particular design of the eagle device
+applied to the chapeau might equally have been applied to a gorget. A
+similar specimen in the national collections has a silver-on-copper
+eagle instead of a brass one.
+
+
+GORGET, C. 1830-1840
+
+_USNM 60310-M (S-K 67A). Figure 275._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 275]
+
+This gorget is of 3-piece construction, the specimen proper being of
+brass and the wreath and eagle of gilded brass applied with wire
+fasteners. Although the eagle is of the early "on-clouds" design, the
+feel of the piece is later, and this, together with the rather wide
+crescent indicate that it belongs to the period of the 1830's and
+1840's.
+
+
+GORGET, STATE FENCIBLES, NEW YORK, C. 1840-1850
+
+_USNM 60309-M (S-K 66). Figure 276._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 276]
+
+This brass gorget, with wreath and letters in applied silver, is an
+example of one of the later types worn by Militia. The letters "S F"
+are interpreted as "State Fencibles," and the "Excelsior" buttons on
+the ends of the crescent identify the origin of the unit as New York
+State. Fencibles were basically troop units organized for home defense
+only. There was a volunteer Militia company called the "State
+Fencibles" in New York City as early as 1800. It apparently lost its
+identity as such in 1847 or 1848 when the organization split, half
+entering the 8th Regiment and half entering the 9th Regiment of New
+York State Militia.[146]
+
+[Footnote 146: Personal communication from Frederick P. Todd, July 6,
+1960. Mr. Todd is the foremost authority on New York Militia units.]
+
+
+U.S. Government Printing Office: 1963
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of American Military Insignia 1800-1851, by 
+J. Duncan Campbell
+
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<title>The Project Gutenberg e-Book of American Military Insignia, 1800-1851; Author: J. Duncan Campbell and Edgar M. Howell.</title>
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of American Military Insignia 1800-1851, by 
+J. Duncan Campbell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: American Military Insignia 1800-1851
+
+Author: J. Duncan Campbell
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2012 [EBook #38738]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN MILITARY INSIGNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Joseph Cooper, Christine P.
+Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="p4 noindent">SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION<br>
+UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM</p>
+
+<a id="img000" name="img000"></a>
+<div class="floatright4">
+<img src="images/img000.jpg" width="100" height="98" alt="" title="">
+<p class="center smaller">BULLETIN 235<br>
+WASHINGTON, D.C.<br>
+1963</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="nofloat"><i>Publications of the United States National Museum</i></h3>
+
+<p>The scholarly publications of the United States National Museum include
+two series, <i>Proceedings of the United States National Museum</i> and
+<i>United States National Museum Bulletin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing
+with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly
+acquired facts in the fields of Anthropology, Biology, History, Geology,
+and Technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to libraries
+and scientific organizations and to specialists and others interested in
+the different subjects.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Proceedings</i>, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in
+separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes, octavo
+in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in the table
+of contents in the volume.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Bulletin</i> series, the first of which was issued in 1875, appear
+longer, separate publications consisting of monographs (occasionally in
+several parts) and volumes in which are collected works on related
+subjects. <i>Bulletins</i> are either octavo or quarto in size, depending on
+the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers relating to the
+botanical collections of the Museum have been published in the
+<i>Bulletin</i> series under the heading <i>Contributions from the United
+States National Herbarium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This work is number 235 of the <i>Bulletin</i> series.</p>
+
+<p class="right10"><span class="smcap">Frank A. Taylor</span><br>
+  <i>Director, United States National Museum</i></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center small">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
+  Washington 25, D.C.&mdash;Price $2</p>
+
+<a id="img001" name="img001"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img001.jpg" width="400" height="527" alt="" title="">
+<p>Shoulder-belt plate of Vermont Militia, attributed to
+Ethan Allen, about 1785. In collection of Dr. John Lattimer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p4 center">MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY</p>
+
+<h1>American Military Insignia<br>
+1800-1851</h1>
+
+<p class="center">J. Duncan Campbell and Edgar M. Howell</p>
+
+<p class="p4 center">SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D.C.<br>
+1963</p>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagevii" name="pagevii"></a>(p. vii)</span> Contents</h2>
+
+<div class="toc">
+<ul class="none">
+<li>&nbsp;<span class="ralign10"><i>Page</i></span></li>
+
+<li>Preface
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#pageix">ix</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Bibliography
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#pagexiv">xiv</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Introduction
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page3">3</a></span></li>
+<li class="add2em">Organization of the Regular Army
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page3">3</a></span></li>
+<li class="add2em">Organization of the Militia
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page6">6</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Insignia of the Regular Army
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page7">7</a></span></li>
+<li class="add2em">Cap and Helmet Devices
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page7">7</a></span></li>
+<li class="add2em">Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page31">31</a></span></li>
+
+<li>Insignia of the Uniformed Militia
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page51">51</a></span></li>
+<li class="add2em">Cap and Helmet Devices
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page51">51</a></span></li>
+<li class="add2em">Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates
+<span class="ralign10"><a href="#page88">88</a></span></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pageix" name="pageix"></a>(p. ix)</span> Preface</h2>
+
+<p>This catalog is a descriptive and interpretive listing of the insignia
+of the Army of the United States&mdash;other than buttons, epaulets, and
+horse furniture&mdash;in the National Collections that were prescribed or
+worn during the period 1800-1851. The subject of early American military
+buttons has been covered by L. F. Emilio in <i>The Emilio Collection of
+Military Buttons</i> (Salem, Massachusetts: Essex Institute, 1911), W. L.
+Calver and R. P. Bolton in <i>History Written with Pick and Shovel</i> (New
+York: New York Historical Society, 1950), and David F. Johnson in
+<i>Uniform Buttons, American Armed Forces</i>, 1784-1948. (Watkins Glen, New
+York: Century House, 1948, 2 vols.). For epaulets, see Mendel L.
+Peterson, "American Army Epaulets, 1814-1872," <i>Military Collector and
+Historian</i> (March 1961, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-14).</p>
+
+<p>Most of the specimens described here are from the huge W. Stokes Kirk
+Collection acquired in 1959, supplemented by the War Department
+Collection and the numerous biographical collections of the United
+States National Museum; in addition, a few insignia in the collections
+of J. Duncan Campbell and others are included.</p>
+
+<p>The unique W. Stokes Kirk Collection, unmatched in scope, volume, and
+rarity, is worthy of special note. It was begun in 1878 by W. Stokes
+Kirk, Sr., of Philadelphia, a dealer in U.S. Government surplus. Struck
+by the beautiful design and delicate art work in some of the early
+insignia, Mr. Kirk put aside all old and unusual devices for his
+personal collection. As his business expanded, so did his interest in
+military rarities and curios. After each bulk purchase from government
+sources, he would have all the odd and unusual items sorted out for his
+examination. The best of such items went into his personal collection,
+which included rare firearms, powder flasks, insignia, epaulets,
+military caps, and the like. W. Stokes Kirk, Jr., who succeeded his
+father and expanded the business nationally until it became almost as
+well known as Bannerman's Military Store in New York City, maintained
+and enlarged the collection. After his death, in 1946, the collection
+was continued by his widow, Mrs. Linnie A. Kirk Mosler. Items in this
+catalog from the W. Stokes Kirk Collection are indicated by the letters
+"S-K" in parentheses following the United States National Museum number.</p>
+
+<p>Although this catalog is, in more than one sense, a developmental
+history of American military insignia, it is not, and is not intended to
+be, a definitive study. The picture is far too incomplete. Whereas the
+record of Regular Army devices after 1821 is fairly clear&mdash;despite the
+fact that the uniform regulations continued sometimes to use the
+tantalizing phrase "according to pattern"&mdash;there remain serious gaps in
+the pre-1821 period when regulations were exceedingly vague and
+fragmentary at best; <span class="pagenum"><a id="pagex" name="pagex"></a>(p. x)</span> for example, the badges of the Regiment of
+Light Artillery (1812-1821). These gaps will be filled only by
+excavating at sites known to have been occupied by specific Regular
+units during particular periods. Indeed, since this study was begun,
+four unique and significant insignia were excavated at the site of a War
+of 1812 cantonment, and these greatly enrich our knowledge of the
+period.</p>
+
+<p>The record of insignia of the veritable multitude of independent
+uniformed Militia companies in existence during the period under
+consideration may never be complete. The selection presented here,
+however, is an excellent representative chronological cross section of
+typical designs and variations of insignia worn by the uniformed or
+"volunteer" Militia, as opposed to the "common" or "standing" Militia.</p>
+
+<p>The best sources of documentation and dating for Regular Army devices
+are the uniform regulations and ordnance regulations; these are
+supplemented by pertinent records in the National Archives, notably the
+letter files of the Purveyor of Public Supplies and of the Commissary
+General of Purchases. The letter files are voluminous, but in some cases
+badly mixed and in many cases incomplete. We have conjectured a reason
+for this incompleteness. The two prime contractors for military insignia
+during the period 1812-1821 were George Armitage and William Crumpton,
+both of whom had their small factories in Philadelphia within a mile of
+the office of Callendar Irvine, Commissary General of Purchases. The
+paucity of written transactions in the records in the National Archives
+between these gentlemen and Irvine tends to bear out our assumption that
+most of their dealings were conducted verbally in Irvine's office. This
+would account for the lack of sketches and drawings of cap plates and
+belt plates in files of the National Archives. In cases where no
+specific documentary evidence is available, dating has been based on a
+careful evaluation of design development and comparison with
+biographical specimens that can be more fairly dated through knowledge
+of the former owner's career. Excavated insignia from datable sites have
+also reduced the problem considerably.</p>
+
+<p>For Militia insignia worn about 1835, the best documentation is to be
+found in <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i>, published between 1839 and 1842 by
+Huddy and Duval of Philadelphia, and in <i>New York Military Magazine</i>,
+published by Labree and Stockton of New York during 1841. In 1939,
+Frederick P. Todd described the Huddy and Duval prints in detail
+(<i>Journal of the American Military Institute</i>, 1939, vol. 3, no. 3, pp.
+166-176). However, evaluation and consideration of over-all design
+development and comparison with dated biographical specimens of the
+earlier period, before 1835, are difficult and must be done cautiously,
+as there is no orderly pattern. One generalization does seem clear:
+during the decade after 1821, when the Regulars discarded large cap
+plates, the Militia almost universally adopted them and continued to
+wear them well into the 1840's. Very few insignia include the maker's
+name or initials, but when they do, bracketing within a definite period
+is relatively easy. Similarly, when a cap plate appears to be original
+to a cap, the design of the cap and its maker's label, if included, are
+of great help. Finally, when there is nothing else to rely on, the
+"feel" of the specimen, gained through the experience of studying
+several thousand, has been used, although with reluctance.</p>
+
+<p>The year 1800 was selected as the opening date of the study because it
+was in that year that the first metal ornament was prescribed to
+designate a particular branch of service. The closing date of 1851 was
+chosen because Regular Army devices for that year and thereafter are
+well documented in uniform regulations, manuals, and catalogs of
+manufacturers such as William Horstmann and Sons. Militia dress after
+that general date becomes so increasingly complex that it should be
+attempted only as a separate study.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexi" name="pagexi"></a>(p. xi)</span> Most of the specimens described in this study were struck from
+steel dies; however&mdash;despite the relative wealth of knowledge on the
+striking of coins&mdash;little is known of the exact process, especially
+prior to the appearance of the punch press in the 1830's. Several
+insignia dies dating as early as the War of 1812 period and a number
+dating in the 1840's do exist, however. All of these examined were found
+to be female dies, with the design in intaglio rather than in relief.
+The design was worked into the die&mdash;the art generally termed
+"die-sinking"&mdash;in the same basic manner as in coin dies. The die sinker
+first softened the steel to suit his particular taste and then incised
+the design, using a succession of small chisels. The steel was then
+retempered to withstand high impact pressures. Although there is no
+documentation on the subject, manufacturing techniques of the period
+indicate that the following process was probably employed: the die was
+locked in place at the base of a drop press, similar to a guillotine, so
+that it could be struck accurately from above; a piece of pure lead was
+then affixed to the bottom of the weighted drop and allowed to strike
+the die a sufficient number of times to completely receive the
+impression of the die and become, in effect, a male counterpart; lastly,
+a thin sheet of brass, copper, or pewter was placed on the female die
+and struck with the weighted lead male, receiving the desired impression
+but without the excessive stretching and resultant cracking that a
+steel-on-steel strike might have produced. Examination of finished
+products in the national collections bears out this theory of
+production; few if any of the specimens show evidence of having been
+struck with a steel male die.</p>
+
+<p>With only a few exceptions, all specimens have been photographed on a
+1-inch grid. All references to right and left are made according to
+heraldic usage; the heraldic right is always on the left as viewed.</p>
+
+<p>During the months this work has been in progress, many people and
+institutions have generously assisted in many ways. It is a pleasure to
+thank them for their help.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Detmar Finke of the Office of the Chief of Military History,
+Department of the Army, reviewed the Regular Army portions of the
+manuscript and made many valuable suggestions. Mr. Frederick P. Todd,
+director of The West Point Museum, graciously answered many questions
+relative to both Regular Army and Militia insignia. Through the courtesy
+of Mr. James Koping and Miss Elizabeth Ulrich of the Pennsylvania State
+Library, The <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> of Huddy and Duval was made
+available for unlimited use.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks are also given to the following, who furnished photographs of
+specimens in their collections: Mr. Waverly P. Lewis, Devon,
+Connecticut; Mr. William E. Codd, Monkton, Maryland; The Filson Club,
+Louisville, Kentucky; The West Point Museum; The Fort Sill Museum; Old
+Fort Erie Museum, Ontario, Canada; The Niagara Historical Society
+Museum, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; The Washington County
+Historical Society Museum, Fort Calhoun, Nebraska; the Valley Forge
+Chapel Museum, and Dr. John Lattimer, New York City.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Michael Arpad of Washington, D.C., was especially helpful in matters
+pertaining to the techniques of chasing and die sinking.</p>
+
+<p class="right10"><span class="smcap">J. Duncan Campbell<br>
+  Edgar M. Howell</span></p>
+
+<p><i>March 1, 1963.</i></p>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexiii" name="pagexiii"></a>(p. xiii)</span> Bibliography</h2>
+
+<p>The following works have been used in gathering the material for this
+book. They are frequently referred to in the text in shortened form.</p>
+
+<ul class="none biblio">
+<li><i>American military history, 1607-1953.</i> (ROTC Manual 145-20, Department
+of the Army.) Washington, 1956.</li>
+
+<li><i>American state papers, class V, military affairs.</i> Vol. 1. Washington:
+Gales and Seaton, 1832.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Ansell, S. T.</span> Legal and historical aspects of the Militia. <i>Yale Law
+Journal</i> (April 1917), vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 471-480.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Barnes, R. M.</span> <i>Military uniforms of Britain and the Empire.</i> London:
+Seeley Service and Co., 1960.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Belote, Theodore T.</span> <i>American and European swords in the historical
+collections of the United States National Museum.</i> (U.S. National Museum
+Bulletin 163.) Washington, 1932.</li>
+
+<li>A bit of U.S. Mint history. <i>American Journal of Numismatics</i> (1908),
+vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 45-50.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Calver, W. L.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Bolton, R. P.</span> <i>History written with pick and shovel.</i>
+New York: New York Historical Society, 1950.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Chamberlain, Georgia S.</span> Moritz Furst, die-sinker and artist. <i>The
+Numismatist.</i> (June 1954), vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 588-592.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Davis, Gherardi.</span> <i>The colors of the United States Army, 1789-1912.</i> New
+York: Privately printed, 1912.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Emilio, L. F.</span> <i>The Emilio collection of military buttons.</i> Salem,
+Massachusetts: Essex Institute, 1911.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Finke, Detmar H.</span> Insignia of rank in the Continental Army, 1775-1783.
+<i>Military Collector and Historian</i> (fall 1956), vol. 8, no. 3, pp.
+71-73.</li>
+
+<li><i>General regulations for the Army.</i> Philadelphia: M. Carey and Sons,
+1821.</li>
+
+<li><i>General regulations for the Army of the United States.</i> Washington:
+Department of the Army, 1835.</li>
+
+<li><i>General regulations for the Army of the United States, 1847.</i>
+Washington: J. and G. S. Gideon, 1847.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Gronert, T. G.</span> The first national pastime in the Middle West. <i>Indiana
+Magazine of History</i> (September 1933), vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 171-186.</li>
+
+<li>History of the organization of the United States cavalry. MS, Office of
+the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexiv" name="pagexiv"></a>(p. xiv)</span> <span class="smcap">Hopkins, Alfred F.</span> Volunteer corps hat of 1814. <i>Military
+Affairs</i> (winter 1941), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 271-272.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Johnson, David F.</span> <i>Uniform buttons, American armed forces, 1784-1948.</i> 2
+vols. Watkins Glen, New York: Century House, 1948.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Jones, Willard L.</span> History of the organization of the United States Field
+Artillery. MS, Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of
+the Army, Washington, D.C.</li>
+
+<li><i>Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789.</i> Edit. Worthington
+Chauncey Ford and others. 34 vols. Washington: Carnegie Foundation,
+1904-1937.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Kivett, Marvin F.</span> Excavations at Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, a preliminary
+report. <i>Nebraska History</i> (March 1959), vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 39-66.</li>
+
+<li>Knox papers. MSS Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Kuhn, Edward C.</span> U.S. Army colors and standards of 1808. <i>Military
+Affairs</i> (winter 1941), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 263-267.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Lefferts, Charles W.</span> <i>Uniforms of the American, British, French, and
+German Armies in the War of the American Revolution.</i> New York: New York
+Historical Society, 1926.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Lewis, Waverly P.</span> <i>U.S. military headgear, 1770-1880.</i> Devon,
+Connecticut: Privately printed, 1960.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Lundeberg, Philip K.</span> A history of the North Carolina Militia, 1784-1848.
+Master's dissertation, Duke University, 1947.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Mahon, John K.</span> The citizen soldier in national defense, 1789-1815.
+Doctor's dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 1950.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;. History of the organization of the United States Infantry. (Pp.
+1-61 in vol. 2 of <i>The Army lineage book</i>, Washington: Department of the
+Army, 1953.)</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">McBarron, H. Charles.</span> Regiment of Riflemen, winter uniform, 1812-1815.
+Military Collector and Historian (December 1954), vol. 6, no. 4, p. 100.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;. The 18th U.S. Infantry Regiment, 1814-1815. <i>Military Collector
+and Historian</i> (summer 1955), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 48-49.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">McClellan, E. N.</span> Uniforms of the American Marines, 1775 to 1827.
+Mimeographed in 1932 by Marine Corps Historical Section, Department of
+the Navy, Washington, D.C.</li>
+
+<li><i>The military laws of the United States.</i> Edit. John F. Callan.
+Philadelphia: George W. Childes, 1863.</li>
+
+<li><i>New York Military Magazine</i> (1841).</li>
+
+<li><i>Official Army register, corrected to October 31, 1848.</i> Washington,
+1848.</li>
+
+<li>Official drawings for the U.S. Army uniform regulations of 1851.
+<i>Military Collector and Historian</i>, vol. 10, no. 1 (spring 1958), pp.
+17-19; vol. 10, no. 2 (summer 1958), pp. 43-45.</li>
+
+<li><i>Old Print Shop Portfolio</i> (May 1961), vol. 20, no. 9.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Parkyn, Maj. H. G.</span> <i>Shoulder-belt plates and buttons.</i> Aldershot, Hants,
+England: Gale and Polden, Ltd., 1956.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Patterson, C. Meade.</span> The military rifle flasks of 1832 and 1837.
+<i>Military Collector and Historian</i> (March 1953), vol. 5, no. 1, pp.
+7-12.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Peterson, Harold L.</span> <i>The American sword</i>, New Hope, Pennsylvania: The
+River House, 1954.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Peterson, Mendel L.</span> American Army epaulets, 1841-1872. <i>Military
+Collector and Historian</i> (March 1951), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-14.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Preble, George Henry.</span> <i>History of the flag of the United States of
+America.</i> Boston: A. Williams and Co., 1880.</li>
+
+<li><span class="pagenum"><a id="pagexv" name="pagexv"></a>(p. xv)</span> Records of the Adjutant General's Office. Record Group 94,
+National Archives, Washington, D.C.</li>
+
+<li><i>Regulations for the government of the Ordnance Department.</i> Washington:
+Francis P. Blair, 1834.</li>
+
+<li><i>Regulations for the uniform and dress of the Army of the United States,
+June 1851.</i> Philadelphia: William H. Horstmann and Sons, 1851.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Riker, William H.</span> <i>Soldiers of the States.</i> Washington: Public Affairs
+Press, 1957.</li>
+
+<li>Standing Order Book, 1st Infantry, Detroit. MSS Division, Library of
+Congress, Washington, D. C.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Swanson, Neil H.</span> <i>The perilous flight.</i> New York: Farrar and Rinehart,
+1945.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Todd, Frederick P.</span> The Huddy and Duval prints. <i>Journal of the American
+Military Institute</i> (1939), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 166-176.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;. Notes on the dress of the Regiment of Light Artillery, U.S.A.
+<i>Military Collector and Historian</i> (March 1950), vol. 2, no. 1, p. 10.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;. Our National Guard: An introduction to its history. <i>Military
+Affairs</i>, vol. 5, no. 2 (summer 1941), pp. 73-86; vol. 5, no. 3 (fall
+1941), pp. 152-170.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;. The curious case of the Voltigeur uniform. <i>Military Collector and
+Historian</i> (June 1952), vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 44-45.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;. Notes on the organization and uniforms of South Carolina military
+forces, 1860-1861. <i>Military Collector and Historian</i> (September 1951),
+vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 53-62.</li>
+
+<li>&mdash;&mdash;. Three leather cockades. <i>Military Collector and Historian</i> (spring
+1956), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 24-25.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Townsend, F. C.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Todd, Frederick P.</span> Branch insignia of the Regular
+cavalry, 1833-1872. <i>Military Collector and Historian</i> (spring 1956),
+vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-5.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Upton, Emory.</span> The military policy of the United States. Senate Document
+No. 379, 64th Congress, 1st Session. Washington: 1916.</li>
+
+<li><i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (1839-1842), vols. 1-3.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Wall, Alexander J.</span> The flag with an eagle in the canton. <i>New York
+Historical Society Quarterly Bulletin</i> (October 1933), vol. 17, no. 3,
+pp. 51-67.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Wike, John W.</span> Untitled MS, Office of the Chief of Military History,
+Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.</li>
+
+<li><i>Writings of George Washington.</i> Edit. John G. Fitzpatrick. Washington:
+1944.</li>
+
+<li><span class="smcap">Zieber, Eugene.</span> <i>Heraldry in America.</i> Philadelphia: Bailey, Banks, and
+Biddle, 1909.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h1>American<br>
+Military Insignia<br>
+1800-1851</h1>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page3" name="page3"></a>(p. 3)</span> Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>In almost all armies it long has been standard practice to use
+distinctive devices of cloth and metal to distinguish between arms and
+services, and between individual units of each arm, to enhance morale
+and develop esprit de corps. Colors of units of the British Army have
+had ancient badges emblazoned on them since before the establishment of
+the present standing army in 1661. By the end of the first half of the
+18th century some of these badges had been authorized for placement on
+horse furniture or for wear on grenadier caps. This was especially true
+of the regiments of horse and a few of the older regiments of foot. The
+infantry regiments received numerical designations in 1751, and these
+numbers were worn on waist belts, shoulder belts, and cartridge-box
+plates. When the infantry units acquired county titles in 1782, these
+names often were added to the plates. In 1767 regimental numbers were
+ordered placed on the buttons of officers and other ranks; in practice
+these numbers were often combined with other devices.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1" title="Go to footnote 1"><span class="smaller">[1]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>In the American Army such devices have taken many forms, ranging from
+distinctive buttons, plumes, cockades, cap plates, shoulder-belt plates,
+and waist-belt and cartridge-box plates to the well-known shoulder
+sleeve insignia and distinctive unit insignia of the present day. The
+origin of much of this insignia and many of the changes in its design
+can be tied more or less directly to the organization of the Regular
+Army&mdash;its contractions and expansions and its changes in arm and service
+designations&mdash;and to the peculiar circumstances surrounding the origin
+and growth of the volunteer or uniformed Militia. Thus, a short
+discussion of the organization of each is in order.<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2" title="Go to footnote 2"><span class="smaller">[2]</span></a></p>
+
+<h3>Organization of the Regular Army</h3>
+
+<p>Two months after the War of the Revolution officially ended with the
+signing of a peace treaty on September 3, 1783, General Washington
+directed the Army to turn in its arms and disband.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3" title="Go to footnote 3"><span class="smaller">[3]</span></a> Since the
+Continental Congress had made no provision for a permanent
+establishment, Washington retained in service one infantry regiment and
+a battalion of artillery to guard military stores and take over posts to
+be evacuated by the British.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4" title="Go to footnote 4"><span class="smaller">[4]</span></a> Early in June 1784 Congress ordered
+these units disbanded except for <span class="pagenum"><a id="page4" name="page4"></a>(p. 4)</span> detachments to guard stores at
+Fort Pitt and West Point; then, in order to secure the frontier against
+Indian unrest, it immediately authorized a regiment to be raised from
+the militia of four of the States to comprise eight companies of
+infantry and two of artillery.<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5" title="Go to footnote 5"><span class="smaller">[5]</span></a> This unit, called the First American
+Regiment, gradually turned into a regular organization.</p>
+
+<p>The failure of an expedition commanded by Col. Josiah Harmar of the
+First American Regiment against the Indians in 1790 awakened the
+Congress somewhat to the threat in the Northwest and resulted in the
+organization of another infantry regiment, which was designated the 2d
+Infantry Regiment; the First American Regiment was redesignated the
+"1st".<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6" title="Go to footnote 6"><span class="smaller">[6]</span></a> Trouble with the Indians continued, and after another severe
+reverse Congress authorized the raising of three additional infantry
+regiments and, at the same time, empowered the President to organize the
+Army as he might see fit.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7" title="Go to footnote 7"><span class="smaller">[7]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Under this discretionary power, the Army was reorganized into the Legion
+of the United States. This was a field army in which the three combat
+branches&mdash;infantry, cavalry, and artillery&mdash;were combined. The Legion
+was in turn broken down into four sublegions, with each containing
+infantry, cavalry, artillery, and riflemen; thus, the sublegions were
+the fore-runners of the modern combined arms team. The 1st and 2d
+Infantries became the 1st and 2d Sublegions. Of the three additional
+infantry regiments authorized, only two were organized, these becoming
+the 3d and 4th Sublegions.<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8" title="Go to footnote 8"><span class="smaller">[8]</span></a> Under the forceful leadership of Gen.
+Anthony Wayne the Legion reversed the record on the frontier and
+decisively defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The
+temporary peace which followed turned attention to the problem of
+protecting the Atlantic seaboard, and in 1794 Congress authorized a
+large increase in the artillery, assigned engineer officers, and
+designated the new organization the Corps of Artillerists and
+Engineers.<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9" title="Go to footnote 9"><span class="smaller">[9]</span></a> The Legion was continued until it was replaced in 1796 by
+the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Infantry Regiments, which were constituted from
+the four sublegions, two troops of light dragoons, and the
+above-mentioned Corps.<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10" title="Go to footnote 10"><span class="smaller">[10]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The threat of war with France in 1798 brought further expansions. In
+April of that year an "additional regiment" of artillerists and
+engineers was authorized, with the Corps created in 1794 becoming the
+1st and the new unit being designated the 2d Regiment of Artillerists
+and Engineers.<a id="footnotetag11" name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11" title="Go to footnote 11"><span class="smaller">[11]</span></a> In the following July, 12 more regiments of infantry
+and 6 troops of light dragoons&mdash;to be combined with the two troops in
+existence to form a regiment&mdash;were authorized; an additional 24
+regiments of infantry, plus units of other arms, authorized the
+following winter made a total of 40 regiments of infantry.<a id="footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12" title="Go to footnote 12"><span class="smaller">[12]</span></a> Actually,
+the greatest part of this force remained on paper. Only the 1st and 2d
+Infantries ever attained their required strength, and only 3,400 men
+were enlisted for the 5th through the 16th. There were no enlistments at
+all for the other regiments. Officers were assigned to the six troops of
+light dragoons, but no enlisted personnel were raised and no horses were
+bought.<a id="footnotetag13" name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13" title="Go to footnote 13"><span class="smaller">[13]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>More quickly than it had arisen, the threat of a war with France abated.
+Early in 1800 action was suspended under the two acts creating the paper
+regiments, and the Army was reduced to the regular establishment of four
+regiments of infantry, two regiments of artillerists and engineers, and
+two troops of light dragoons.<a id="footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14" title="Go to footnote 14"><span class="smaller">[14]</span></a> Two years later the antipathy of the
+new Jefferson administration to a standing army further reduced this
+establishment to two regiments of infantry and one of artillery. The
+Corps of Artillerists and Engineers was abolished; a Corps of Engineers
+was organized to be stationed at West Point and "constitute a military
+academy"; and the light dragoons were disbanded.<a id="footnotetag15" name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15" title="Go to footnote 15"><span class="smaller">[15]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The Jeffersonian theories regarding a strong militia and a small
+professional army were rudely shaken in 1807 by the <i>Chesapeake-Leopard</i>
+affair. With war seeming imminent, Congress added to the Regular
+Establishment, though cautiously "for a limited time," five regiments of
+infantry, one regiment of riflemen, one of light artillery, and one of
+light dragoons. The new regiments of infantry were numbered the 3d
+through <span class="pagenum"><a id="page5" name="page5"></a>(p. 5)</span> the 7th.<a id="footnotetag16" name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16" title="Go to footnote 16"><span class="smaller">[16]</span></a> There was no further preparation for a
+fight with England until just before war was actually declared. In
+January 1812, 10 regiments of infantry, two of artillery, and one
+regiment of light dragoons were added; three months later a Corps of
+Artificers was organized; and in June provision was made for eight more
+infantry regiments, making a total of 25.<a id="footnotetag17" name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17" title="Go to footnote 17"><span class="smaller">[17]</span></a> In January 1813, following
+the discouragements of the early campaigns in the Northwest, Congress
+constituted 20 more infantry regiments, bringing the total to 45, the
+largest number in the Regular Establishment until the 20th century.<a id="footnotetag18" name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18" title="Go to footnote 18"><span class="smaller">[18]</span></a>
+A year later three more regiments of riflemen, designated the 2d through
+the 4th, were formed.<a id="footnotetag19" name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19" title="Go to footnote 19"><span class="smaller">[19]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>In March 1814 Congress reorganized both the artillery and the dragoons.
+The three artillery regiments, which had never operated as such, but
+rather by company or detachment, were consolidated into the Corps of
+Artillery; and the two regiments of dragoons, which had never been
+adequately trained and generally had given a poor account of themselves,
+were merged into one.<a id="footnotetag20" name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20" title="Go to footnote 20"><span class="smaller">[20]</span></a> The Regiment of Light Artillery remained
+untouched.</p>
+
+<p>Almost as soon as the war ended, Congress moved to reduce the Army<a id="footnotetag21" name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21" title="Go to footnote 21"><span class="smaller">[21]</span></a>
+by limiting the peacetime establishment to 10,000 men, to be divided
+among infantry, artillery, and riflemen, plus the Corps of Engineers.
+The number of wartime infantry units was reduced to eight, and the rifle
+units to one. The Corps of Artillery and the Regiment of Light Artillery
+were retained, but dragoons were eliminated.<a id="footnotetag22" name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22" title="Go to footnote 22"><span class="smaller">[22]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>By 1821 the prospects of a prolonged peace appeared so good that
+Congress felt safe in further reducing the Army. Consequently, in that
+year the number of infantry regiments was cut to seven; the Rifle
+Regiment was disbanded; the Corps of Artillery and the Regiment of Light
+Artillery were disbanded, with four artillery regiments being organized
+in their stead; and the Ordnance Department was merged with the
+artillery,<a id="footnotetag23" name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23" title="Go to footnote 23"><span class="smaller">[23]</span></a> an arrangement that continued until 1832.</p>
+
+<p>The opening of the West in the decades following the War of 1812 brought
+an important change in the organization of the Army. Experience having
+shown that infantry were at a distinct disadvantage when pitted against
+the fleetly mounted Indians, in 1832 a battalion of mounted rangers was
+organized to quell disturbances on the northwest frontier,<a id="footnotetag24" name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24" title="Go to footnote 24"><span class="smaller">[24]</span></a> but this
+loosely knit force was replaced by a regiment of dragoons the following
+year.<a id="footnotetag25" name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25" title="Go to footnote 25"><span class="smaller">[25]</span></a> The mounted arm had come to stay in the Army.</p>
+
+<p>When the second Seminole War broke out in 1836, a second regiment of
+dragoons was organized.<a id="footnotetag26" name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26" title="Go to footnote 26"><span class="smaller">[26]</span></a> And, as the war dragged through another
+inconclusive year, a reluctant Congress was forced to increase the size
+of existing line units and to authorize an additional regiment of
+infantry, the 8th. Meanwhile, increasing demands for surveying and
+mapping services resulted in the creation of the Corps of Topographical
+Engineers as a separate entity.<a id="footnotetag27" name="footnotetag27"></a><a href="#footnote27" title="Go to footnote 27"><span class="smaller">[27]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, the responsibilities of the Army in the opening of the West
+continued to increase, and in 1846 the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen was
+organized to consolidate the northern route to the Pacific by
+establishing and manning a series of posts along the Oregon Trail.<a id="footnotetag28" name="footnotetag28"></a><a href="#footnote28" title="Go to footnote 28"><span class="smaller">[28]</span></a>
+However, the outbreak of the War with Mexico postponed this mission.</p>
+
+<p>At the start of the War with Mexico Congress leaned heavily on volunteer
+units, with the hard <span class="pagenum"><a id="page6" name="page6"></a>(p. 6)</span> core of the Regulars remaining unchanged.
+But early in 1847 it was found necessary to add nine regiments of
+infantry and one regiment of dragoons.<a id="footnotetag29" name="footnotetag29"></a><a href="#footnote29" title="Go to footnote 29"><span class="smaller">[29]</span></a> Of the infantry unit's, eight
+were of the conventional type; the ninth was formed as the Regiment of
+Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen. Theoretically, only half of this latter
+regiment was to be mounted. Each horseman was to be paired with a foot
+soldier who was to get up behind and ride double when speed was needed.
+In practice, however, none of the Voltigeurs were mounted; the entire
+unit fought as foot riflemen.<a id="footnotetag30" name="footnotetag30"></a><a href="#footnote30" title="Go to footnote 30"><span class="smaller">[30]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>All of these new units proved merely creatures of the war, and the
+coming of peace saw a reduction to the old establishment of eight
+regiments of infantry, four of artillery, two of dragoons, and one
+regiment of mounted riflemen.<a id="footnotetag31" name="footnotetag31"></a><a href="#footnote31" title="Go to footnote 31"><span class="smaller">[31]</span></a> This organization remained
+substantially unchanged until 1855.<a id="footnotetag32" name="footnotetag32"></a><a href="#footnote32" title="Go to footnote 32"><span class="smaller">[32]</span></a></p>
+
+<h3>Organization of the Militia</h3>
+
+<p>The "common" Militia was first established by the various colonies of
+all able-bodied men between roughly the ages of 16 and 60 for protection
+against Indian attack. These militiamen were required by law to be
+enrolled in the unit of their township or county, furnish their own arms
+and equipment, and appear periodically for training. They were civilian
+soldiers who had little or no taste for things military, as their
+performance in both peace and war almost invariably demonstrated. They
+were not uniformed and contributed little or nothing to the field of
+military dress.</p>
+
+<p>The "volunteer" or "independent" Militia companies, on the other hand,
+were something else again. These units, composed of men who enjoyed
+military life, or rather certain aspects of it, appeared rather early in
+the Nation's history. The first of these, formed in 1638, was The
+Military Company of the Massachusetts, later and better known as the
+Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. By 1750 there
+were a number of independent companies in existence&mdash;many of them
+chartered&mdash;and membership in them had become a recognized part of the
+social life of the larger urban centers.</p>
+
+<p>The concept of volunteer Militia units was confirmed in the Uniform
+Militia Act of 1792, which prescribed flank companies of grenadiers,
+light infantry, or riflemen for the "common" Militia battalions and a
+company of artillery and a troop of horse for each division, to be
+formed of volunteers from the Militia at large and to be uniformed and
+equipped at the individual volunteer's expense. Thus, from within the
+national Militia structure emerged an elite corps of amateur&mdash;as opposed
+to civilian&mdash;soldiers who enjoyed military exercise, and the pomp and
+circumstance accompanying it, and who were willing to sacrifice both the
+time and the money necessary to enjoy it. Since the members were
+volunteers, they were ready to submit to discipline up to a point; they
+trained rather frequently; many of the officers made an effort to
+educate themselves militarily; they chose their own officers; and their
+relative permanency gave rise to an excellent esprit de corps. In
+actuality, these organizations became private military clubs, and
+differed from other male social and fraternal groups only in externals.</p>
+
+<p>The great urban growth of the Nation during the period 1825-1860 was the
+golden age of the volunteer companies, and by 1845 these units had all
+but supplanted the common Militia. It would be difficult to even
+estimate the number of volunteer companies during this period. They
+sprang up almost everywhere, more in answer to a demand by the younger
+men of the Nation for a recreation that would meet a social and physical
+need and by emigrant minorities for a group expression than for reasons
+military. It was a "gay and gaudy" Militia, with each unit in its own
+distinctive and generally resplendent uniform. If the "Raleigh
+Cossacks," the "Hibernia Greens," the "Velvet Light Infantry Company,"
+or the "Teutonic Rifles" were more "invincible in peace" than visible in
+war, they were a spectacular, colorful, and exciting integral of the
+social and military life of the first half of the 19th century.</p>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page7" name="page7"></a>(p. 7)</span> Insignia of the Regular Army</h2>
+
+<p>Uniform regulations prior to 1821 were loosely and vaguely worded, and
+this was especially true in regard to officers' insignia. For example
+General Orders of March 30, 1800, stated: "... the swords of all
+officers, except the generals, to be attached by a white shoulder belt
+three inches wide, with an oval plate three inches by two and a half
+ornamented with an eagle."<a id="footnotetag33" name="footnotetag33"></a><a href="#footnote33" title="Go to footnote 33"><span class="smaller">[33]</span></a> In 1801 the 1st Infantry Regiment
+directed that "the sword ... for platoon officers ... be worn with a
+white belt over the coat with a breast plate such as have been by the
+Colonel established,"<a id="footnotetag34" name="footnotetag34"></a><a href="#footnote34" title="Go to footnote 34"><span class="smaller">[34]</span></a> and in 1810 a regulation stated that "those
+gentlemen who have white sword belts and plates [are] to consider them
+as uniform, but those not so provided will be permitted to wear their
+waist belts."<a id="footnotetag35" name="footnotetag35"></a><a href="#footnote35" title="Go to footnote 35"><span class="smaller">[35]</span></a> As a result, the officers generally wore what they
+wished, and there was a wide variation in design. Most officer insignia
+were the product of local jewelers and silversmiths, although some known
+specimens are obviously the work of master craftsmen. Quality varied as
+well as design, depending on the affluence of the officer concerned.
+Some of the plainer plates appear to have been made by rolling silver
+dollars into an oval shape.</p>
+
+<p>In regard to enlisted men's insignia, only the descriptions of the 1800
+dragoon helmet plate and the 1814 and 1817 riflemen's cap plates give us
+anything approaching a clear picture. "Oblong silver plates ... bearing
+the name of the corps and the number of the regiment" for the infantry
+in 1812, "plates in front" for the 1812 dragoons, and "gilt plate in
+front" for the 1812 light artillery are typical examples. As a result,
+the establishment of a proper chronology for these devices has depended
+on the careful consideration of specimens excavated at posts where
+specific units are known to have served at specific times, combined with
+research in pertinent records of the period in the National Archives.</p>
+
+<h3>Cap and Helmet Devices</h3>
+
+<h4>DRAGOON HELMET PLATE, 1800</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 66330-M (S-K 86). Figure 1.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img002" name="img002"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img002.jpg" width="300" height="389" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 1</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first known distinctive metal branch insignia authorized for the
+Army was this helmet plate. General Order, U.S. Army, dated March 30,
+1800, prescribed for "Cavalry ... a helmet of leather crowned with black
+horse hair and having a brass front, with a mounted dragoon in the act
+of charging."<a id="footnotetag36" name="footnotetag36"></a><a href="#footnote36" title="Go to footnote 36"><span class="smaller">[36]</span></a> This oval plate, struck in thin brass with lead-filled
+back, has a raised rim, within which is a mounted, helmeted horseman in
+the act of charging; overhead is an eagle with a wreath in its beak. A
+double-wire fastener soldered to the back is not contemporary.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page8" name="page8"></a>(p. 8)</span> DRAGOON HELMET PLATE, 1800, DIE SAMPLE</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60283-M (S-K 41). Figure 2.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img003" name="img003"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img003.jpg" width="300" height="393" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 2</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although from a different die, this plate, struck in thin brass, appears
+to be a die sample of the plate described above. It is also possible
+that it is a sample of the dragoon plate authorized in 1812.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The 1813 uniform regulations specified for enlisted men of the
+artillery a "black leather cockade, with points 4 inches in diameter, a
+yellow button and eagle in the center, the button in uniform with the
+coat button."<a id="footnotetag37" name="footnotetag37"></a><a href="#footnote37" title="Go to footnote 37"><span class="smaller">[37]</span></a> This specification gives some validity to the belief
+that a cockade with an approximation of the artillery button tooled on
+it may also have been worn.</p>
+
+
+
+<h4>LEATHER COCKADE, ARTILLERY, C. 1808-1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60256-M (S-K 14). Figure 3.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img004" name="img004"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img004.jpg" width="300" height="363" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 3</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This cockade is of black leather of the size prescribed by the 1813
+regulations. Tooled into the upper fan is an eagle-on-cannon device with
+a stack of 6 cannon balls under the trail; an arc of 15 stars partially
+surrounds the eagle device. It is believed to have been worn on
+artillery <i>chapeaux de bras</i> as early as 1808.</p>
+
+<p>The specimen is unmarked as to maker, but from correspondence of
+Callendar Irvine, Commissary General of Purchases from 1812 to 1841, it
+seems very possible that cockades similar to this one were made by
+Robert Dingee of New York City. Dingee is first listed in New York
+directories as a "saddler" (1812); he is listed later as "city weigher"
+(1828) and "inspector of green hides" (1831). The eagle-on-cannon design
+is similar to that of several Regular artillery buttons worn between
+1802 and 1821, but it most closely approximates a button Johnson assigns
+to the period 1794-1810.<a id="footnotetag38" name="footnotetag38"></a><a href="#footnote38" title="Go to footnote 38"><span class="smaller">[38]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The question has been raised as to whether the Regulars ever wore a
+cockade with such a device. The 1813 and 1814 uniform regulations merely
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page9" name="page9"></a>(p. 9)</span> specified black leather cockades of 4 inches and 4-1/2 inches in
+diameter respectively. However, since the Militia generally did not
+start adopting Regular Army devices until the 1820's it seems probable
+that this cockade was an item of Regular Army issue, despite the lack of
+evidence of specific authorization.</p>
+
+<p>As early as January 1799 War Office orders specified: "All persons
+belonging to the Army, to wear a black cockade, with a small white eagle
+in the center. The cockade of noncommissioned officers, musicians, and
+privates to be of leather with Eagles of tin."<a id="footnotetag39" name="footnotetag39"></a><a href="#footnote39" title="Go to footnote 39"><span class="smaller">[39]</span></a> This regulation was
+repeated in 1800.<a id="footnotetag40" name="footnotetag40"></a><a href="#footnote40" title="Go to footnote 40"><span class="smaller">[40]</span></a> By 1802 these cockade eagles had taken the colors
+used for the buttons and lace of the different arms. The Purveyor of
+Public Supplies in that year purchased cockade eagles in tin (white) for
+infantry and in brass (yellow) for artillery enlisted men at a cost of
+one and two cents, respectively.<a id="footnotetag41" name="footnotetag41"></a><a href="#footnote41" title="Go to footnote 41"><span class="smaller">[41]</span></a> The cockade eagles of infantry
+officers were to be of silver and those of artillery officers of gold.
+Cockades for company officers and enlisted personnel were to be of
+leather. The loosely worded regulation of 1813 infers that field
+officers' cockades might be of silk similar to the "black Ribbon"
+binding specified for their hats.<a id="footnotetag42" name="footnotetag42"></a><a href="#footnote42" title="Go to footnote 42"><span class="smaller">[42]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>It is extremely difficult to determine whether cockade eagles are of
+Regular Army or Militia origin, and to date them if the latter. They
+have been found in a wide variety of design and size, ranging from the
+rather plain example (fig. <a href="#img007">6</a>) to the highly refined one on the general
+officer's <i>chapeau de bras</i> (fig. <a href="#img005">4</a>). Examination of hats worn by both
+Regulars and Militia prior to 1821 reveals that there is little to
+choose between the eagles worn by the two components. After 1821,
+however, when Militia insignia tended to become more ornate and Regular
+devices more uniform, some of the Militia specimens emerge as distinct
+types because they have no Regular counterparts. Origin of the specimen,
+including excavations of military cantonment sites where the make-up of
+the garrison can be determined, has been the primary criterion used in
+assignment to either Regular Army or Militia, and to a lesser extent in
+dating. Over-all design and method of manufacture have also been
+considered in dating.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, GENERAL OFFICER, 1800-1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 12813. Figure 4.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img005" name="img005"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img005.jpg" width="400" height="304" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 4</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Unusually refined in design, the eagle is of gold, with head to right,
+federal shield on breast, and olive branch in right talon. Three arrows,
+with points outward, are held in left talon.</p>
+
+<p>This cockade eagle is on a <i>chapeau de bras</i> formerly belonging to Peter
+Gansevoort, brigadier general of the New York State Militia and
+brigadier general, U.S. Army, 1809-1812. Although Gansevoort wore this
+<i>chapeau</i> while serving as a Militia officer, as evidenced by a New York
+State button attached to it, this eagle is included with Regular Army
+devices because it is typical of those probably worn by high-ranking
+officers of both components.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page10" name="page10"></a>(p. 10)</span> COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1800-1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60362-M (S-K 118). Figure 5.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img006" name="img006"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img006.jpg" width="250" height="256" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 5</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cast in pewter and gold-finished, this eagle looks to the right, stands
+on clouds, and holds three arrows (facing inward) in the right talon and
+an upright olive branch in the left.</p>
+
+<p>The eagle-on-clouds design is first seen on coins on the 1795 silver
+dollar.<a id="footnotetag43" name="footnotetag43"></a><a href="#footnote43" title="Go to footnote 43"><span class="smaller">[43]</span></a> It was popular during the War of 1812 period, and was not
+used in new designs by the Regular Army after 1821. Eagles of identical
+design and size are also known in pewter without finish. Such an eagle
+could have been worn by Militia as well as Regulars. Similar specimens
+have been excavated at Regular Army cantonment sites of the period.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, OFFICERS, 1800-1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 66352-M. Figure 6.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img007" name="img007"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img007.jpg" width="250" height="254" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 6</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This cockade eagle, which is struck in thin brass and silvered, was
+excavated on the site of a War of 1812 cantonment. Comparison with
+similar specimens in other collections indicates that the missing head
+was turned to the right. This eagle is classed as an officer's device
+because of its silvered brass composition. The elements comprising the
+arc on which the eagle stands cannot be identified because of the
+lightness of the strike.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ When the dragoons were disbanded in the 1802 reduction following the
+dissipation of the French scare, distinctive hat devices other than
+cockades <span class="pagenum"><a id="page11" name="page11"></a>(p. 11)</span> disappeared from the service. In 1808, when the Army
+was increased, the newly constituted regiments of light dragoons, light
+artillery, and riflemen were authorized to wear leather caps. The cap
+devices for these units were prescribed as Roman letters, "<span class="smcap">U.S.L.D.</span>,"
+"<span class="smcap">U.S.L.A.</span>," and "<span class="smcap">U.S.R.R</span>.," rather than plates. The letters were to be
+of brass, 1-1/2 inches "in length."<a id="footnotetag44" name="footnotetag44"></a><a href="#footnote44" title="Go to footnote 44"><span class="smaller">[44]</span></a></p>
+
+<a id="img008" name="img008"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img008.jpg" width="300" height="305" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 7.</span>&mdash;Specimens in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Illustrated in figure 7 are the letters "<span class="smcap">U</span>" and "<span class="smcap">L</span>", of brass, slightly
+more than 1 inch "in length" and a letter <span class="smcap">d</span>, of pewter, 1 inch "in
+length." The latter was excavated at Sackets Harbor, New York, where
+elements of the light artillery dragoons and riflemen are known to have
+served during 1813 and 1814. It seems obvious that pewter letters were
+worn by the dragoons as consonant with their other trimmings, for in
+July 1812 Col. James Burn of the 2d Light Dragoons requested official
+permission to issue such.<a id="footnotetag45" name="footnotetag45"></a><a href="#footnote45" title="Go to footnote 45"><span class="smaller">[45]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>With the large increase in the Army in 1812 came a change in the
+headgear of some corps and also a change in insignia. The light
+artillery was to wear a yoeman-crowned (i.e., wider at the crown than at
+the base) black cap with "gilt plate in front," and the infantry platoon
+officers and enlisted men were finally to have the black cylindrical
+caps (first prescribed in 1810) with "an oblong silver plate in front of
+the cap bearing the name of the corps and number of the regiment."<a id="footnotetag46" name="footnotetag46"></a><a href="#footnote46" title="Go to footnote 46"><span class="smaller">[46]</span></a>
+The rifle platoon officers and enlisted men were also to wear infantry
+caps, but with yellow trimmings.<a id="footnotetag47" name="footnotetag47"></a><a href="#footnote47" title="Go to footnote 47"><span class="smaller">[47]</span></a> The dragoons were authorized
+"helmets" with "plates" in 1812, and the foot artillery regiments in the
+fall of the same year were ordered to wear caps like the light artillery
+instead of the <i>chapeaux de bras</i> previously worn, which would have
+necessitated the use of plates.</p>
+
+<p>The foot units received their new insignia almost immediately, the cap
+plates having been designed, contracted for, and delivered by late
+February 1812 for the 5th, 6th, 12th, and 15th Infantry Regiments<a id="footnotetag48" name="footnotetag48"></a><a href="#footnote48" title="Go to footnote 48"><span class="smaller">[48]</span></a>
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page12" name="page12"></a>(p. 12)</span> (the latter two were new units). This rapid action in regard to
+the infantry plates appears to be strong witness to the emphasis placed
+on distinctive insignia as morale factors and aids to enlistment, for
+active recruiting for the 10 new regiments did not begin until several
+months later. There were three different patterns of this infantry plate
+manufactured and issued, two of which are described below.</p>
+
+<p>All arms were wearing cap plates by the middle of 1813, for there is
+record of such issue to the dragoons as well as record of rejection of
+ill-struck specimens for infantry, artillery, and rifles.<a id="footnotetag49" name="footnotetag49"></a><a href="#footnote49" title="Go to footnote 49"><span class="smaller">[49]</span></a> These
+plates were made variously by William Crumpton and George Armitage of
+Philadelphia, and Aaron M. Peasley of Boston.<a id="footnotetag50" name="footnotetag50"></a><a href="#footnote50" title="Go to footnote 50"><span class="smaller">[50]</span></a> Philadelphia
+directories list Crumpton as a button maker and silversmith between 1811
+and 1822. Armitage is first listed in Philadelphia directories, in 1800,
+as a "silver plate worker"; in 1801 he is listed as "silverplater," and
+in 1820 as a "silverplater and military ornament maker." Peasley was an
+ornament and insignia maker in Boston during the same period.<a id="footnotetag51" name="footnotetag51"></a><a href="#footnote51" title="Go to footnote 51"><span class="smaller">[51]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The three types of infantry cap plates issued between 1812 and 1814
+are somewhat similar, and all carry the prescribed "name of the corps
+and number of the regiment." All three specimens of these types are
+ground finds, two having been excavated after this work was in draft.
+The first pictured specimen (fig. <a href="#img009">8</a>, left) is believed to be the
+earliest pattern issued. Infantry plates as specified in the regulations
+were contracted for with William Crumpton late in 1811 or early 1812 by
+Tench Coxe, Purveyor of Public Supplies, and issued to troop units not
+later than the early summer.<a id="footnotetag52" name="footnotetag52"></a><a href="#footnote52" title="Go to footnote 52"><span class="smaller">[52]</span></a> They had been in use but a few months
+when their generally poor quality of composition forced several
+regimental commanders to complain to the new Commissary General of
+Purchases, Callendar Irvine, who had just superseded Coxe, and to
+request something better. Irvine approved, and he let a contract for new
+plates with George Armitage of Philadelphia.<a id="footnotetag53" name="footnotetag53"></a><a href="#footnote53" title="Go to footnote 53"><span class="smaller">[53]</span></a> Irvine's reaction to
+the matter of the plates is an example of his opinion of his
+predecessor, Coxe, and Coxe's work in general, which he had observed
+while serving as Superintendent of Military Stores in Philadelphia. In
+replying to the complaint of Colonel Simonds, commanding officer of the
+6th Infantry, Irvine wrote: "The plates are mere tin, in some respects
+like the man who designed and contracted for them, differing to him only
+as to durability ... I am contracting for a plate of decent composition
+to issue with your next year's clothing."<a id="footnotetag54" name="footnotetag54"></a><a href="#footnote54" title="Go to footnote 54"><span class="smaller">[54]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The first pattern carries the "name of the corps and the number of the
+regiment," the 15th Infantry, commanded by Col. Zebulon Pike who was one
+of the officers who complained to Irvine about the poor quality of cap
+plates. The specimen is of tinned iron and the letters and numerals have
+been struck with individual hand dies.</p>
+
+<p>The two Armitage plates, very similar in over-all design (figures 8,
+right, and 9), have been designated the second and third patterns. At
+least one of these&mdash;perhaps both&mdash;apparently was designed by, and its
+die sunk by, Moritz Furst, well-known die sinker and designer of
+Philadelphia. On March 6, 1813, Irvine wrote the Secretary of War: "Mr.
+Furst executed a die for this office for striking infantry cap plates,
+designed by him, which has been admitted by judges to be equal, if not
+superior, to anything of the kind ever produced in this country."<a id="footnotetag55" name="footnotetag55"></a><a href="#footnote55" title="Go to footnote 55"><span class="smaller">[55]</span></a>
+Furst was Hungarian by birth. He studied design and die sinking at the
+mint in Vienna and came to the United States in 1807 with the
+expectation of becoming Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint, an
+appointment which he did not receive. He sank the dies for many of the
+medals voted to War of 1812 leaders, did the obverse die work for a
+number of Indian peace medals, and is believed to have designed the
+swords given by the State of New York to Generals Brown, Scott, Gaines,
+and Macomb.<a id="footnotetag56" name="footnotetag56"></a><a href="#footnote56" title="Go to footnote 56"><span class="smaller">[56]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page13" name="page13"></a>(p. 13)</span> CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, 1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 66456-M. Figure 8, right.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img009" name="img009"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img009.jpg" width="235" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 8</span>, left.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img010" name="img010"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img010.jpg" width="214" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 8</span>, right.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">This is the second pattern of the infantry cap plate described in the
+1812 regulations as an "oblong silver plate ... bearing the name of the
+corps and the number of the regiment." The specimen was excavated on the
+site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New York, known to have
+been occupied by Regular infantry during the 1812-1815 period. The piece
+is struck in "white metal" and tinned [the term "silver" in the
+regulation referred only to color]. It is rectangular, with clipped
+corners, and is dominated by an eagle, with wings outspread, grasping
+lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the left
+talon. Below is a panoply of stacked arms, flags with 6-pointed stars,
+two drums, and a cartridge box marked "<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>" The corps designation "<span class="smcap">U.S.
+INFANTRY</span>" is above; the unit designation is blank with the letters
+"<span class="smcap">REGT.</span>" on the left. The plate is pierced with four pairs of holes on
+each side for attachment.</p>
+
+<p>Another example of this second pattern is known; it is attached to an
+original cap and bears the unit designation "<span class="smcap">12 REGT.</span>"</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, 1812 (REPRODUCTION)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60249 (S-K 7). Figure 9.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img011" name="img011"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img011.jpg" width="300" height="466" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 9</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is the third pattern of the infantry cap plate prescribed in the
+1812 regulations. Like the preceding plate, of the second pattern, the
+original plate from which this reproduction was made was excavated on
+the site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New York. Made of
+tin-alloy, as is the original, and rectangular with clipped corners, the
+piece is dominated by an unusually fierce looking eagle that first
+appeared on one of the 1807 half-dollars struck <span class="pagenum"><a id="page14" name="page14"></a>(p. 14)</span> at the
+Philadelphia Mint. The eagle has an out-sized, curved upper beak and is
+grasping lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the
+left. Below is a panoply of flags and muskets with drum, saber, and
+cartridge box. The corps designation "<span class="smcap">US INFAN<sup>Y</sup>.</span>" is above, and the
+unit designation "<span class="smcap">16 REG<sup>T</sup></span>" is below. The "16" appears to have been
+added with separate die strikes. The specimen is pierced with two pairs
+of holes on each side for attachment.</p>
+
+<p>This third pattern was also struck in brass and silvered for wear by
+officers. Several fragments of such a plate were excavated at Sackets
+Harbor; these, although of the third pattern, are the product of a die
+different from that used in striking the piece described above.</p>
+
+
+<h4>DRAGOON CAP PLATE, 1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 62054-M (S-K 1807). Figure 10.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img012" name="img012"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img012.jpg" width="300" height="401" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 10</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is an almost exact duplicate of the 1800 dragoon plate except that
+it is struck in pewter, "white metal," the color used by the infantry
+and dragoons. It is rectangular with clipped corners that are pierced
+for attachment. No detailed description of the 1812 plate has ever been
+found, but several identical specimens are known attached to dragoon
+helmets made by a contractor named Henry Cressman. The name "Cressman"
+is stamped on the lower side of the visor alongside the initials of an
+inspector named George Flomerfelt, who is known to have been employed by
+the Army as an inspector in Philadelphia during the period. Henry
+Cressman is listed in the Philadelphia directories from 1807 through
+1817 as a shoemaker. From 1825 to 1839 he is listed as a military cap
+maker.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ On January 12, 1814, Irvine wrote to the Secretary of War as follows:
+"I send herewith an infantry cap plate which, with your permission, I
+will substitute for that now in use. The advantages of the former over
+the latter are that it is lighter, neater, and will not cost half [the]
+price. The present plate covers the greater part of the front of the
+cap, is heavy in its <span class="pagenum"><a id="page15" name="page15"></a>(p. 15)</span> appearance, and adds much to the weight of
+the cap ...<a id="footnotetag57" name="footnotetag57"></a><a href="#footnote57" title="Go to footnote 57"><span class="smaller">[57]</span></a>" This proposal was approved on January 18.<a id="footnotetag58" name="footnotetag58"></a><a href="#footnote58" title="Go to footnote 58"><span class="smaller">[58]</span></a></p>
+
+<a id="img013" name="img013"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img013.jpg" width="233" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 230px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 11.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img014" name="img014"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img014.jpg" width="228" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 230px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 12.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">But here we enter an area of some confusion and controversy. Were these
+new plates to carry the name of the corps and/or the number of the
+regiment? Irvine's correspondence gives us no clue, but on the following
+March 28 he wrote at least two of his deputy commissary generals that he
+was forwarding 8,752 plates for distribution to 14 specifically named
+infantry regiments plus 851 "blank" plates.<a id="footnotetag59" name="footnotetag59"></a><a href="#footnote59" title="Go to footnote 59"><span class="smaller">[59]</span></a> From the total of 8,752
+forwarded for specific units, it would seem that these were probably
+plates of the new design, but then the variance in the number sent for
+individual regiments&mdash;from a low of 152 for the 5th Infantry to highs of
+1,016 and 1,050 for the 19th and 25th, respectively&mdash;appears odd.
+Specimens of the 1812 pattern are known both with and without the
+regimental number, while no examples of the 1814 pattern have been found
+with unit designation. Two extant examples of the 1814 pattern,
+representing two very similar but distinct designs (figs. 11, 12), were
+excavated at Sackets Harbor, New York, and Fort Atkinson, Nebraska,
+where Regular infantry served during 1813-1816 and 1819-1821,
+respectively. Both plates are "blank," and there is no appropriate place
+on either for the addition of the number of the unit, as in the case of
+the 1812 pattern.</p>
+
+<p>Another example of the 1814 pattern is known; it is attached to a
+bell-crowned cap of Militia origin, which indicates that the plate was
+adopted by the Militia after being discarded by the Regular
+Establishment. A plate of the same design, but struck in pewter and cut
+in the diamond shape popular in the 1820's and 1830's, is also known; it
+is obviously a Militia item.</p>
+
+
+<h4>INFANTRY CAP PLATE, 1814-1821, DIE SAMPLE</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60284-M (S-K 42). Figure 13.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img015" name="img015"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img015.jpg" width="300" height="425" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 13</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Like practically all die samples, this one is struck in brass. It is
+rectangular with unclipped corners, but <span class="pagenum"><a id="page16" name="page16"></a>(p. 16)</span> is marked for clipping.
+Within a raised oval an eagle, very similar to that on the 1812 plate,
+carries an olive branch in its beak, three arrows in its right talon,
+and thunder bolts and lightning in its left talon; below, there is a
+trophy of stacked muskets, drum, flag, and shield. Although this
+specimen is struck in brass, the plate in used specimens is known only
+in silver on copper, despite the fact that there was considerable talk
+of issuing it in brass.<a id="footnotetag60" name="footnotetag60"></a><a href="#footnote60" title="Go to footnote 60"><span class="smaller">[60]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1814-1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604747 (S-K 892). Figure 14.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img016" name="img016"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img016.jpg" width="300" height="428" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 14</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, which is original to the hat to which it is affixed, may
+well have been worn by a regular infantry officer during the period
+1814-1821. The cap is of the style first issued in October 1813, with
+the front rising above the crown.<a id="footnotetag61" name="footnotetag61"></a><a href="#footnote61" title="Go to footnote 61"><span class="smaller">[61]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The plate, of silver on copper, is rectangular with four scallops top
+and bottom. A floral border, 3/16 of an inch wide, that surrounds the
+whole, strongly suggests that it was an officer's plate. Within a
+central oval an eagle, with wings outspread, is superimposed upon a
+trophy of arms and flags; above, on a ribbon, are "<span class="smcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>" and
+15 5-pointed stars. It is possible that this plate is a Militia item,
+but the fact that it appears to be original on a leather cap of the type
+worn by Regulars makes it more likely that it is another example of
+officers' license in the matter of insignia during this period. Its
+attachment to the cap is a variant method: two hasp-like metal loops,
+affixed to the plate, have been run through holes in the hat and a
+leather thong threaded <span class="pagenum"><a id="page17" name="page17"></a>(p. 17)</span> through them. Most cap plates of this
+period were pierced at the corners for attachment by threads.</p>
+
+<a id="img017" name="img017"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img017.jpg" width="246" height="350" alt="" title="">
+<p  style="width: 250px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 15.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Fort Erie Museum, Ontario,
+Canada.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img018" name="img018"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img018.jpg" width="238" height="350" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 240px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 16.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2 nofloat">¶ The cap plates issued to the artillery regiments (less the Regiment of
+Light Artillery) and the riflemen during the period 1812-1821 are known,
+but only a fragment of one is represented in the national collections.
+Illustrations of all extant are included to complete the picture. Two of
+the 1812 plates issued the 2d Regiment of Artillery (fig. <a href="#img017">15</a>) have been
+excavated at Fort Erie, Ontario, and are in the collections of the
+museum there. A plate of the 3d Regiment (fig. <a href="#img018">16</a>) excavated at Sackets
+Harbor, New York, is of an entirely different design. The lower third of
+a plate of the 1st Regiment (fig. <a href="#img019">17</a>), again of a different design, was
+excavated by the authors in 1961. In 1814, when the three regiments were
+consolidated into the Corps of Artillery, these plates were superseded
+by one bearing the eagle-on-cannon device closely resembling the button
+of the artillery for the period 1814-1821, which has the word "Corps"
+inscribed.<a id="footnotetag62" name="footnotetag62"></a><a href="#footnote62" title="Go to footnote 62"><span class="smaller">[62]</span></a> Specimens of this latter plate representing two distinct
+though similar designs have been excavated at posts known to have been
+manned by Regular artillery in 1814 and later (figs. 18, 19). The same
+general design appears also on cross-belt plates and waist-belt plates
+(see below pp. <a href="#page34">34</a>-35).</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, 1ST REGIMENT ARTILLERY, 1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 67240-M. Figure 17.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img019" name="img019"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img019.jpg" width="300" height="418" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 17</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The over-all design of the plate of which this brass-struck fragment
+represents approximately one-third can be rather accurately surmised by
+comparing it with several of the ornamented buttons issued to the
+infantry in 1812-1815. It is probably the work of the same designer.<a id="footnotetag63" name="footnotetag63"></a><a href="#footnote63" title="Go to footnote 63"><span class="smaller">[63]</span></a>
+The plate is rectangular with <span class="pagenum"><a id="page18" name="page18"></a>(p. 18)</span> clipped corners. Within a raised
+border is an oval surrounded by cannon, cannon balls, and a drum, with
+the unit designation "1 <span class="smcap">R<sup>T</sup> ART<sup>Y</sup></span>". At the top of the oval can be seen
+grasping claws, obviously those of an eagle (as sketched in by the
+artist) and similar to those on the buttons referred to above. Single
+holes at the clipped corners provided means of attachment. It seems
+probable that the design of the missing portion also include flags and
+additional arms and accoutrements.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The design of the "yellow front plate" authorized and issued to the
+Regiment of Light Artillery<a id="footnotetag64" name="footnotetag64"></a><a href="#footnote64" title="Go to footnote 64"><span class="smaller">[64]</span></a> in 1812 was unknown for many years. In
+May 1961 one of the authors fortunately located this plate (fig. <a href="#img022">20</a>) in
+the collections of the Niagara Historical Society Museum at
+Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, included in a group of British badges of
+the War of 1812 period. There can be no doubt that the specimen is
+American: the eagle's head is of the same design as that on the third
+pattern 1812 infantry cap plate (fig. <a href="#img011">9</a>); the wreath of laurel appears
+on both the 1800 and 1812 dragoon helmet plates; and the thunderbolts in
+the eagle's right talon are wholly American, as opposed to British, and
+are of the period. In the Fort Ticonderoga Museum collections there is a
+gold signet ring (original owner unknown) that has an almost identical
+design.</p>
+
+<a id="img020" name="img020"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img020.jpg" width="300" height="399" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 18.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is one of the largest plates ever worn by the Regular
+Establishment. It measures 4-1/4 by 5-1/4 inches, and it is not
+surprising that it was replaced because of its size. On May 19, 1814,
+the Commissary General of Purchases wrote Lt. Col. J. R. Fenwick,
+second-in-command of the light artillery, asking his opinion of a new
+design and stating flatly: "The present light artillery plate is too
+large by one-half."<a id="footnotetag65" name="footnotetag65"></a><a href="#footnote65" title="Go to footnote 65"><span class="smaller">[65]</span></a> The plate illustrated as figure 21 is offered as
+a possible <span class="pagenum"><a id="page19" name="page19"></a>(p. 19)</span> example of the 1814 design. A matching waist-belt
+plate is described below (p. 34).</p>
+
+<a id="img021" name="img021"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img021.jpg" width="261" height="350" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 260px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 19.</span>&mdash;Specimen in U.S. Army Artillery and Missile
+Center Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img022" name="img022"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img022.jpg" width="289" height="350" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 280px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 20.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Niagara Historical Society
+Museum, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img023" name="img023"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img023.jpg" width="294" height="350" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 290px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 21.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img024" name="img024"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img024.jpg" width="289" height="350" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 290px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 22.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">&nbsp;</p>
+<a id="img025" name="img025"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img025.jpg" width="286" height="350" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 23.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">There are four different patterns of riflemen's cap plates that can be
+fairly bracketed in three periods. The large (6-1/4 by 5 inches)
+diamond-shaped brass plate with the letters "R.R." (fig. <a href="#img024">22</a>) was adopted
+for wear in the spring of 1812 as replacement for the letters "<span class="smcap">USRR</span>"
+that had been worn on the cap since the organization of the Regiment of
+Riflemen in 1808. It was excavated in the interior of one of the
+barracks comprising Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New York,
+where riflemen were stationed as early as August 1812. The style of the
+"R" is very similar to that on the 1812 Artillery cap plate, and the
+"<span class="smcap">R.R.</span>" designation conforms to that on the button authorized for the
+riflemen in 1808. The pattern of the second diamond-shaped plate (fig.
+<a href="#img025">23</a>), also in brass and almost identical in size, although a ground find,
+is more difficult to account for, despite the fact that it most
+certainly falls in the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page20" name="page20"></a>(p. 20)</span> same period. The most logical
+explanation seems that the riflemen, who considered themselves a cut
+above the common infantry, became disgruntled with the utter plainness
+of their plates when compared with those just issued the infantry, and
+asked for and received, possibly late in 1812, the plate with the eagle
+and the designation "U.S. Rifle Men." The fact that the plate bears the
+designation "1 <span class="smcap">REG<sup>T</sup></span>"&mdash;although there were no other rifle regiments from
+1812 to 1814&mdash;can be explained by reference to the "national color" of
+the Rifle Regiment completed in 1808, which bore the inscription "1st
+Rifle Regt.&mdash;U.S." and the standard and national color of the light
+artillery which were inscribed "The First Regiment of Light Artillery"
+when there was never more than one light artillery unit in the Army.<a id="footnotetag66" name="footnotetag66"></a><a href="#footnote66" title="Go to footnote 66"><span class="smaller">[66]</span></a>
+In any case, accurate dating of the third and fourth patterns definitely
+places the second pattern in the 1812-1813 period by process of
+elimination. It was superseded in 1814<a id="footnotetag67" name="footnotetag67"></a><a href="#footnote67" title="Go to footnote 67"><span class="smaller">[67]</span></a> very possibly for the same
+reason that the infantry plate was changed&mdash;heaviness in both appearance
+and weight&mdash;and replaced by a plate with a "design similar to that of
+the button ... flat yellow buttons which shall exhibit a bugle
+surrounded by stars with the number of the regiment within the curve of
+the bugle."<a id="footnotetag68" name="footnotetag68"></a><a href="#footnote68" title="Go to footnote 68"><span class="smaller">[68]</span></a> At least three specimens of this third-pattern plate are
+known. They all are 3-1/4 inches in diameter, and thus are large enough
+for a hat frontpiece and too large to be a cockade device. One of these
+plates is without a numeral (fig. <a href="#img026">24</a>); one has the numeral "1," and one
+has the numeral "4" (fig. <a href="#img027">25</a>). The first and second of these were found
+at Fort Atkinson, but very probably were not worn as late as 1819-1821.
+Portions of specimens of this 1814 plate have also been recovered from
+an early Pawnee village site in Webster County, Nebraska, indicating
+their possible use as trade goods after the rifle regiment changed its
+plates in 1817.<a id="footnotetag69" name="footnotetag69"></a><a href="#footnote69" title="Go to footnote 69"><span class="smaller">[69]</span></a> The fourth pattern, with an eagle over a horn (fig.
+<a href="#img028">26</a>) was authorized<a id="footnotetag70" name="footnotetag70"></a><a href="#footnote70" title="Go to footnote 70"><span class="smaller">[70]</span></a> in 1817. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page21" name="page21"></a>(p. 21)</span> Apparently it was worn until
+1821, since several examples of it have been found at Atkinson; other
+examples also are known.</p>
+
+<a id="img026" name="img026"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img026.jpg" width="297" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 290px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 24.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img027" name="img027"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img027.jpg" width="309" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 25</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img028" name="img028"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img028.jpg" width="278" height="250" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 270px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 26.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img029" name="img029"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img029.jpg" width="174" height="250" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 170px;"><span class="smcap">Figure 27.</span>&mdash;Specimen in collection of Waverly P. Lewis,
+Devon, Connecticut.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">The cap plate for the U.S. Military Academy, c. 1815, is illustrated
+(fig. <a href="#img029">27</a>) because it completes the cycle for insignia of the Regular
+Establishment for the period. Apparently it is the work of the same
+designer as most of the insignia of the period 1812-1815. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page22" name="page22"></a>(p. 22)</span>
+Scratched on its reverse side is the name George W. Frost, a Virginian
+who entered the Military Academy as a cadet in 1814 and resigned on
+March 8, 1816.</p>
+
+<p>The two plates of the U.S. Marine Corps, despite the fact that they are
+naval rather than military, are included because they fit very precisely
+into the device design pattern of the strictly army items of the period
+and because they are unique in their rarity.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, U.S. MARINE CORPS, C. 1807, DIE SAMPLE</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 58671-N-(1). Figure 28.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img030" name="img030"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img030.jpg" width="300" height="346" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 28</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen was extremely puzzling for many years. The design is
+obviously that of the War of 1812 period, bearing strong similarity to
+both the 1812 and 1814 infantry plates and the 1814 Artillery Corps
+plate, possibly the work of the same die sinker. The 1804 Marine Corps
+uniform regulations specified merely a "Brass Eagle and Plate," but the
+1807 regulations called for "Octagon plates."<a id="footnotetag71" name="footnotetag71"></a><a href="#footnote71" title="Go to footnote 71"><span class="smaller">[71]</span></a> Thus there was
+considerable reluctance to accept this die sample as the authentic
+design. In the summer of 1959, however, the authors, excavating at Fort
+Tomkins, New York, which was known to have had a small barracks for the
+use of naval personnel ashore, recovered parts of two brass plates of
+this identical design, and in the octagon shape&mdash;that is, rectangular
+with clipped corners (fig. <a href="#img031">29</a>). The design may thus be precisely dated.</p>
+
+<a id="img031" name="img031"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img031.jpg" width="300" height="321" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 29</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The specimen is struck in rectangular brass with a raised edge. The
+whole is dominated by an eagle that is very similar to the eagles on the
+infantry and artillery corps plates described above. The talons grasp
+the shank of a large fouled anchor; a ribbon, held in the beak and
+streaming overhead, is embossed with the motto "<span class="smcap">FORTITUDINE.</span>" The whole
+is on a trophy of arms and flags, and below the lower raised edge is
+embossed the word "<span class="smcap">MARINES.</span>" The excavated specimens vary slightly in
+size, but average 3-3/8 by 4-3/4 inches. Reproductions of this die
+strike were made prior to its acquisition by the National Museum, and
+specimens outside the national collections should be considered with
+caution.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP OR SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, U.S. MARINE CORPS, 1815-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 58671-N-(2). Figure 30.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img032" name="img032"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img032.jpg" width="300" height="347" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 30</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen is known only in die samples. Because of its similarity in
+design to the 1814 infantry <span class="pagenum"><a id="page23" name="page23"></a>(p. 23)</span> plates, it cannot be dated later
+than 1825. Since no naval uniformed Militia units are known for the
+period 1815-1825, and since the plate is obviously not a device of the
+regular Navy, it must be assigned to the Marine Corps. In studying this
+plate, however, we must recognize the possibility that the maker may
+have been designing and sinking dies in the hope of having a sample
+accepted and approved for issue rather than actually executing a
+contract. The plate is struck in rectangular brass, and the corners are
+marked for clipping. The design, within a wide oval with raised edge,
+consists of an eagle above a trophy of arms, flags, and a shield. The
+right talon grasps a fluke of a fouled anchor, and the left talon holds
+the pike of a stand of colors. Reproductions of this die strike were
+made prior to its acquisition by the National Museum, and specimens
+outside the national collections should be considered with caution.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The 1821 uniform regulations were significant in several respects: cap
+plates were eliminated as distinctive insignia of the various arms; the
+color of certain items of dress and equipment remained the sole
+distinction; and the rules regarding nonregulation dress were more
+precisely stated than before. The cap plates were replaced by eagles,
+measuring 3 inches between wing tips, and the number of the regiment was
+cut in the shield. Regulations tersely stated that "all articles of
+uniform or equipment, more or less, than those prescribed, or in any
+manner differing from them, are prohibited."<a id="footnotetag72" name="footnotetag72"></a><a href="#footnote72" title="Go to footnote 72"><span class="smaller">[72]</span></a> General and staff
+officers were to wear black sword belts with "yellow plates"; artillery
+officers were to wear white waist belts with a yellow oval plate 1-1/2
+inches wide and with an eagle in the center; infantry officers were to
+wear a similar plate that was white instead of yellow. Cockade eagles
+for <i>chapeau de bras</i> were to be gold and measure 1-1/2 inches between
+wing tips. Since enlisted men were no longer authorized to wear swords,
+they had no waist belts.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP AND PLATE, THIRD ARTILLERY, 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 66603-M. Figure 31.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img033" name="img033"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img033.jpg" width="300" height="309" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 31</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although several "yellow" eagles that can be attributed to the 1821-1832
+period are known, this brass specimen on the bell-crowned cap is the
+only one known to the authors that has the prescribed regimental number
+cut out of the shield. The button on the pompon rosette&mdash;which appears
+to be definitely original to the cap, as does the eagle&mdash;carries the
+artillery "A," thus the assignment to that branch of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page24" name="page24"></a>(p. 24)</span> the
+service. The eagle bears a close similarity to the eagles on the 1812
+and 1814 infantry cap plates and the 1807 Marine Corps cap plate, and is
+possibly the work of the same designer.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, INFANTRY, 1822</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60364-M (SK-120). Figure 32.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img034" name="img034"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img034.jpg" width="300" height="222" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 32</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Early in 1822, the Secretary of War, acting on a suggestion of Callendar
+Irvine, ordered that all metal equipment of the infantry be of "white
+metal" in keeping with its pompons, tassels, and lace.<a id="footnotetag73" name="footnotetag73"></a><a href="#footnote73" title="Go to footnote 73"><span class="smaller">[73]</span></a> This
+specimen, struck in copper and silvered, is believed to have been issued
+as a result of that order.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The 1821 regulations stated that cockade eagles should measure 1-1/2
+inches between wing tips. In 1832 this wingspread was increased to 2-1/2
+inches. Thus, specimens of a relatively uniform pattern and measuring
+approximately 1-1/2 inches in wingspread will be considered as of the
+Regular Army, 1821-1832. Similarly, those of a relatively uniform
+pattern and measuring approximately 2-1/2 inches in wingspread are dated
+1832-1851.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60371-M (S-K 127). Figure 33.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img035" name="img035"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img035.jpg" width="300" height="305" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 33</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This eagle, struck in brass, has wings extended, head to the right,
+federal shield on breast with no stars, olive branch in right talon, and
+three arrows in left talon.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60372-M (S-K 128). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>This eagle is struck from the same die as the preceding specimen, but it
+is in white metal rather than brass.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60367-M (S-K 123). Figure 34.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img036" name="img036"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img036.jpg" width="300" height="299" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 34</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Of silver on copper, this eagle is similar to the two preceding
+specimens, but is struck from a variant die. It possibly was worn by the
+Militia.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60373-M (S-K 130). Figure 35.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img037" name="img037"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img037.jpg" width="300" height="265" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 35</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen is very similar to those above, but it has 13 stars in the
+shield on the eagle's breast.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Despite the fact that it was found attached to a shako of distinct
+Militia origin, the cap plate shown in figure 36 is believed to be that
+prescribed for the cadets of the Military Academy in the 1821 uniform
+regulations and described as "yellow plate, diamond shape." The letters
+"<span class="smcap">U S M A</span>" in the angles of the diamond, the word "<span class="smcap">CADET</span>" at the top of
+the oval, what appears to be the designation "<span class="smcap">W POINT</span>" at the left top
+of the map, and the tools of instruction (so similar to those
+embellishing the cadet diploma, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page25" name="page25"></a>(p. 25)</span> although totally different in
+rendering), make it difficult to assign this plate to any source other
+than the Academy. It is possible, of course, that this was a
+manufacturer's sample which was never actually adopted for wear at West
+Point. The apparent maker's name, "<span class="smcap">CASAD</span>," at the bottom of the oval,
+does not appear in the city directories of any of the larger
+manufacturing centers of the period.</p>
+
+<a id="img038" name="img038"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img038.jpg" width="300" height="383" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 36.</span>&mdash;Specimen in West Point Museum, West Point,
+New York.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, 1832(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60365-M (S-K 121). Figure 37.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img039" name="img039"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img039.jpg" width="300" height="227" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 37</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Despite the facts that there was no change in cap insignia authorized in
+the 1832 uniform regulations and that this specimen is similar in most
+respects to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page26" name="page26"></a>(p. 26)</span> the 1821 eagle, its refinement of design and
+manufacture indicates that it possibly belongs to the period of the
+1830's and 1840's. It is struck in thin brass and has three plain wire
+fasteners soldered to the reverse.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, 1832(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60366-M (S-K 122). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>Although similar to the preceding plate, this specimen measures 3-1/4 by
+2-1/4 inches, is struck from a different die, and has a much wider
+breast shield. Of somewhat heavier brass than most such similar eagles
+and exhibiting a well-developed patina, it may have been an officer's
+device.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, DRAGOONS, 1833</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60276-M (S-K 34). Figure 38.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img040" name="img040"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img040.jpg" width="300" height="313" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 38</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the dragoons returned to the Army in 1833, their cap device was
+described as "a gilt star, silver eagle ... the star to be worn in
+front."<a id="footnotetag74" name="footnotetag74"></a><a href="#footnote74" title="Go to footnote 74"><span class="smaller">[74]</span></a> An 8-pointed, sunburst-type star, this plate is struck in
+brass and has a superimposed eagle that is struck in brass and silvered.
+The eagle is basically the Napoleonic type adopted by the British after
+the Battle of Waterloo and altered by omitting the lightning in the
+talons and adding a wreath to the breast. Plain wire fasteners are
+soldered to the back.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ In 1834, possibly as a result of the newly organized dragoons
+receiving distinctive branch insignia, the infantry and artillery once
+again were authorized devices on the dress cap designating their
+particular arm. The gilt eagle was retained. Below the eagle was an open
+horn with cords and tassels in silver for infantry, and cross cannons in
+"gilt" for artillery. The number of the regiment was added over the
+cannon or within the curve of the horn. These devices remained in use
+until the change in headgear in 1851.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, INFANTRY, 1834-1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 62055-M, 62056-M (SK-1808, 1809). Figure 39.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img041" name="img041"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img041.jpg" width="300" height="496" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 39</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This eagle is similar to the 1821 pattern, although somewhat more
+compact in design. It is struck in brass, has wings upraised, head to
+the right, shield on breast, olive branch in right talon, and three
+arrows in left talon. The open horn, struck in brass and silvered, is
+suspended, with bell to the right, by four twisted cords tied in a
+3-leaf-clover knot; the tassels on the four cord-ends hang below.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, ARTILLERY, 1834-1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60426-M (S-K 182). Figure 40.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img042" name="img042"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img042.jpg" width="300" height="218" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 40</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is the "gilt ... cross cannons" device prescribed for artillery in
+the 1834 regulations. Struck in sheet brass of medium thickness, the
+superimposed cannon has trunnions and dolphins.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FORAGE CAP STAR, DRAGOON OFFICER, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604967-M (S-K 1111). Figure 41.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img043" name="img043"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img043.jpg" width="300" height="284" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 41</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although uniform regulations for the period of the 1830's and 1840's
+make no mention of a distinctive device for the dragoon forage cap,
+photographs in the National Archives show that officers' caps, at least,
+carried a 6-pointed star, apparently gold-embroidered.<a id="footnotetag75" name="footnotetag75"></a><a href="#footnote75" title="Go to footnote 75"><span class="smaller">[75]</span></a> This specimen
+is believed to be such a star. Made of gold bullion and with rather
+large sequins sewed onto a heavy paper background, the star is mounted
+on dark blue wool. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page27" name="page27"></a>(p. 27)</span> points of the star are extended with
+gold embroidery on the cloth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA. CADET'S, U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY, 1842, AND ENGINEER
+SOLDIERS, 1846</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604529 (S-K 676) Figure 42.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img044" name="img044"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img044.jpg" width="300" height="222" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 42</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1839 the cadets at the Military Academy discarded the bell-crowned
+caps they had worn since 1821 and wore a cylindrical black shako similar
+to that worn by the Regular artillery and infantry. The <span class="pagenum"><a id="page28" name="page28"></a>(p. 28)</span>
+artillery gilt eagle and crossed cannon replaced the diamond-shaped
+plate on the front. In 1842-1843 the crossed cannon were replaced by the
+engineer castle as more in keeping with the original mission of the
+Academy and the general orientation of its curriculum.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the beginning of hostilities with Mexico in 1846, the
+Congress authorized the enlistment of a company of "engineer soldiers"
+that was designated the Company of Sappers, Miners, and Pontoniers.
+These were the first enlisted men authorized the Corps of Engineers
+since the period of the War of 1812. The headgear for these men was
+prescribed as "Schako&mdash;same pattern as that of the artillery, bearing a
+yellow eagle over a castle like that worn by the Cadets."<a id="footnotetag76" name="footnotetag76"></a><a href="#footnote76" title="Go to footnote 76"><span class="smaller">[76]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Struck in thin to medium brass, this plate is the familiar turreted
+castle of the Corps of Engineers so well known today. It was worn below
+the eagle.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ To complete the branches of the Regular Establishment during the
+Mexican War period, the Regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen must be
+mentioned, although they were apparently without any distinctive branch
+insignia.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment was constituted on February 11, 1847, and its uniform<a id="footnotetag77" name="footnotetag77"></a><a href="#footnote77" title="Go to footnote 77"><span class="smaller">[77]</span></a>
+was prescribed 9 days later in the War Department's General Order No. 7.
+However, the regiment was issued infantry woolen jackets and trousers
+and never received what little gray issue clothing was sent to them in
+Mexico almost a year later. Uniform trimmings were to be as for the
+infantry, with the substitution of the letter "v" where appropriate. So
+far as presently known, this substitution affected only the button
+pattern&mdash;an appropriate letter "v" on the shield centered on the eagle's
+breast.</p>
+
+<p>The 1851 uniform regulations radically changed almost every item of the
+Army's dress. Most of the distinctive devices were also altered,
+although more in size and composition than general design. Some devices
+were completely eliminated. While officers retained insignia of their
+arm or branch on their hats, enlisted personnel, with the exception of
+those of engineers and ordnance, had only the letter of their company,
+their particular arm being designated by the color of collars, cuffs,
+bands on hats, pompons, epaulets, chevrons, and the like. A newly
+designed sword or waist-belt plate was prescribed for all personnel. All
+items of uniform and insignia authorized in 1851 were included in an
+illustrated edition of the Regulations for the Uniform and Dress of the
+Army of the United States, June 1851, published by William H. Horstmann
+and Sons, well-known uniform and insignia dealers in Philadelphia.<a id="footnotetag78" name="footnotetag78"></a><a href="#footnote78" title="Go to footnote 78"><span class="smaller">[78]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>POMPON EAGLE, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604853 (S-K 998). Figure 43.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img045" name="img045"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img045.jpg" width="300" height="410" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 43</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Worn attached to the base of the pompon by all enlisted personnel, this
+brass eagle, similar in general design to that worn on the shako in the
+1830's, stands with wings upraised, olive branch in right talon, three
+arrows in left talon, and a scroll, with national motto, in beak. Above
+are stars, clouds, and bursts of sun rays. Officers wore an eagle of
+similar design of gold embroidery on cloth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604862 (S-K 1007). Figure 44.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img046" name="img046"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img046.jpg" width="300" height="242" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 44</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen, in accord with regulations, is on dark blue cloth and
+consists of a gold-embroidered wreath encircling Old English letters
+"U.S." in silver bullion. Embroidered insignia of this period were all
+made by hand, and they varied considerably in both detail and size.
+During the 1861-1865 period the same design was made about half this
+size for wear on officers' forage caps, and the device appeared in
+variant forms. One example is known where the numeral "15" is
+embroidered over the letters "<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>";<a id="footnotetag79" name="footnotetag79"></a><a href="#footnote79" title="Go to footnote 79"><span class="smaller">[79]</span></a> and Miller's <i>Photographic
+History of the Civil War</i> includes several photos of general officers
+whose wreath insignia on the forage cap substitute small rank insignia
+stars for the letters.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, ENGINEERS, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 300720. Figure 45.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img047" name="img047"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img047.jpg" width="350" height="219" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 45</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On dark blue cloth, this device comprises a gold-embroidered wreath of
+laurel and palm encircling a turreted castle in silver metal as
+prescribed in regulations. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page29" name="page29"></a>(p. 29)</span> Other examples are known with the
+castle embroidered.</p>
+
+
+<h4>HAT INSIGNIA, OFFICER, ARTILLERY, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604872 (S-K 1017). Figure 46.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img048" name="img048"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img048.jpg" width="300" height="208" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 46</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen adheres almost exactly to the 1851 regulations, but it
+lacks the number of the regiment as called for. The number was a
+separate insignia embroidered above the cannon. The cannon are of gold
+embroidery. The device was also made in gold metal imitation-embroidery
+in several variant designs.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, INFANTRY, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604888 (S-K 1033). Figure 47.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img049" name="img049"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img049.jpg" width="300" height="194" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 47</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On dark blue cloth, this device is the well-known looped horn in gold
+embroidery with three cords and tassels. The regimental number "4," in
+silver bullion, lies within the loop of the horn. This insignia is also
+common in metal imitation-embroidery.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP AND COLLAR INSIGNIA, ENLISTED ORDNANCE, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604520 (S-K 667). Figure 48.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img050" name="img050"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img050.jpg" width="300" height="398" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 48</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Struck in brass, this device was worn on the caps and coat collars of
+ordnance enlisted personnel. Although the shell and flame insignia
+appears in a <span class="pagenum"><a id="page30" name="page30"></a>(p. 30)</span> number of variations of design, this specimen
+conforms exactly to the regulations of 1851 as published by Horstmann.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP AND COLLAR INSIGNIA, ENGINEER SOLDIERS, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 61618. Figure 49.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img051" name="img051"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img051.jpg" width="300" height="233" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 49</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The 1851 uniform regulations called for a "castle of yellow metal one
+and five-eighths inches by one and one-fourth inches high" on both the
+coat collar and the hat of "Engineer Soldiers." This specimen, struck in
+brass, conforms exactly to the descriptions and drawing in the Horstmann
+publication of the regulations.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, DRAGOON OFFICERS, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604879 (S-K 1024). Figure 50.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img052" name="img052"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img052.jpg" width="300" height="209" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 50</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Comprising crossed sabers of gold, with edges upward, this insignia is
+similar to the well-known device worn by the Regular cavalry as late as
+1953.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ In 1846 the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen was organized to consolidate
+the northern route to the Pacific by establishing and manning a series
+of posts along the Oregon Trail.<a id="footnotetag80" name="footnotetag80"></a><a href="#footnote80" title="Go to footnote 80"><span class="smaller">[80]</span></a> The outbreak of the War with Mexico
+postponed this mission and the unit was diverted to the theater of
+operations. Shortly after the regiment was constituted it was authorized
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page31" name="page31"></a>(p. 31)</span> to wear a forage cap device prescribed as "a gold embroidered
+spread eagle, with the letter R in silver, on the shield."<a id="footnotetag81" name="footnotetag81"></a><a href="#footnote81" title="Go to footnote 81"><span class="smaller">[81]</span></a> No
+surviving specimen of this insignia is known, and there seems some doubt
+that it was ever actually manufactured.<a id="footnotetag82" name="footnotetag82"></a><a href="#footnote82" title="Go to footnote 82"><span class="smaller">[82]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, REGIMENT OF MOUNTED RIFLEMEN, 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604854 (SK 999). Figure 51.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img053" name="img053"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img053.jpg" width="200" height="322" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 51</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In 1850 the regiment was given a "trumpet" hat device. Officers were to
+wear "a trumpet, perpendicular, embroidered in gold, with the number of
+the regiment, in silver, within the bend."<a id="footnotetag83" name="footnotetag83"></a><a href="#footnote83" title="Go to footnote 83"><span class="smaller">[83]</span></a> This trumpet is also
+known in metal imitation-embroidery. The prescribed regimental number,
+which is illustrated in the Horstmann publication of the regulations
+(pl. 15), is not included on the device, probably because there was but
+one such unit in the Regular Establishment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP INSIGNIA, ENLISTED, REGIMENT OF MOUNTED RIFLEMEN, 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 62053-M (SK-1806). Figure 52.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img054" name="img054"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img054.jpg" width="200" height="337" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 52</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The same general order that gave rifle officers a gold-embroidered
+trumpet prescribed for enlisted men a similar device to be of "yellow
+metal." This insignia lasted but one year for the men in the ranks,
+being unmentioned in the 1851 regulations.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates</h3>
+
+<p>Oval shoulder-belt plates were worn by American officers during the War
+of the Revolution, but no extant specimens are known. Highly ornamented
+or engraved officers' plates for the period after 1790 are in several
+collections (fig. <a href="#img055">53</a>) and others are illustrated in contemporary
+portraits (fig. <a href="#img056">54</a>). Just what year shoulder-belt plates were issued to
+enlisted personnel is unknown, but their use appears to have been well
+established by 1812. The uniform regulations for that year specified
+swords for sergeants of infantry to be "worn with a white cross belt
+3-1/2 inches wide," but nothing was said about a device on the belt.<a id="footnotetag84" name="footnotetag84"></a><a href="#footnote84" title="Go to footnote 84"><span class="smaller">[84]</span></a></p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page32" name="page32"></a>(p. 32)</span>
+<a id="img055" name="img055"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img055.jpg" width="350" height="445" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 53.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Normally, brass or "yellow metal" plates were authorized for the
+artillery and silvered or "white metal" for the infantry and dragoons,
+as consonant with the rest of their trimmings. In actuality, however,
+white-metal shoulder-belt plates do not seem to have been issued to the
+infantry prior to 1814, and brass ones were still being issued in
+1815.<a id="footnotetag85" name="footnotetag85"></a><a href="#footnote85" title="Go to footnote 85"><span class="smaller">[85]</span></a> Most of these plates were plain oval, although a few are known
+that were struck with devices similar to those on cap plates; and at
+least one rectangular cap plate, fitted with the two studs and hook on
+the reverse normal to shoulder-belt plates, has been found. It seems
+probable that these were officers' plates. Oval brass plates have been
+found that are identical in size and construction to the plain ones but
+with the letters "<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>" embossed on them; however, these are difficult
+to date.</p>
+
+<a id="img056" name="img056"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img056.jpg" width="350" height="449" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 54.</span>&mdash;Portrait in collection of The Filson Club,
+Louisville, Kentucky.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is extremely doubtful that waist-belt plates were issued to enlisted
+personnel of foot units during this period. In 1808 enlisted dragoons
+were authorized a waist-belt plate of tinned brass and, as far as known,
+perfectly plain.<a id="footnotetag86" name="footnotetag86"></a><a href="#footnote86" title="Go to footnote 86"><span class="smaller">[86]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>The 1812 regulations prescribed for the light dragoons a "buff leather
+waist belt, white plate in front with eagle in relief," and there is the
+possibility that the light artillery had such. In actuality, there was
+no call for a waist belt where a shoulder belt was authorized. Neither
+civilian trousers nor the few surviving military "pantaloons" of the
+period are fitted with belt loops, trousers being held up either by
+suspenders or by being buttoned directly to the shirt or waistcoat. No
+example of the dragoon plate has been found. However, a rather
+tantalizing possibility exists&mdash;a fragment of a pewter belt plate (fig.
+<a href="#img057">55</a>) was excavated at Sackets Harbor, New York, where the light dragoons
+are known to have served. The 1816 regulations specified for
+artillerymen "waist belts of white leather two inches wide, yellow oval
+plate of the same width." It is not made clear, however, whether this
+belt and plate was for <span class="pagenum"><a id="page33" name="page33"></a>(p. 33)</span> officers only or for all ranks. The
+unusually striking oval specimen (fig. <a href="#img058">56</a>) may be this plate, but its
+ornateness indicates that this particular design was for officers only.</p>
+
+<a id="img057" name="img057"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img057.jpg" width="284" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 280px"><span class="smcap">Figure 55.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img058" name="img058"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img058.jpg" width="325" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p style="width: 320px"><span class="smcap">Figure 56.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h4 class="nofloat">SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1790(?)-1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 12804. Figure 57.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img059" name="img059"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img059.jpg" width="300" height="378" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 57</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate was worn by Peter Gansevoort sometime during his military
+career, probably after 1790. Gansevoort, between 1775 and his death in
+1812, was successively major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, and brigadier
+general of New York State Militia and brigadier general U.S. Army
+(1809-1812). Although distinctly Militia in design, the specimen is
+included here as an example of the wide variety of such devices worn by
+officers of the 1800-1821 period.</p>
+
+<p>This plate is octagonal, slightly convex, and has beveled edges. The
+design is hand engraved on copper, and the whole is gold plated. Within
+an engraved border is the eagle-on-half-globe device of New York State.
+Two studs and a hook soldered to the reverse are not believed to be
+original.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, C. 1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604313 (S-K 469). Figure 58.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img060" name="img060"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img060.jpg" width="300" height="215" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 58</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This rectangular, slightly convex plate of silver on copper has beveled
+edges and a small slot in the center for the attachment of an ornament.
+The ornament is missing, although it can be surmised that it was an
+eagle. The reverse is fitted with two studs and a hook and bears the
+hallmark of "W. Pinchin, Philad<sup>a</sup>." William Pinchin is listed in the
+Philadelphia directory for 1809 as a silversmith at 326 Sassafras
+Street. The 1810 directory lists only "Widow of," but another William
+Pinchin (probably the son) appears in the 1820's.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, LIGHT ARTILLERY(?), 1814-1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60452-M (S-K 208). Figure 59.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img061" name="img061"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img061.jpg" width="300" height="302" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 59</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The design of this rectangular plate, struck in rather heavy brass, is
+the same as that offered as the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page34" name="page34"></a>(p. 34)</span> 1814-pattern cap plate for the
+light artillery, although it is the product of a different and somewhat
+more crudely sunk die. The piece is dominated by an eagle with wings
+upraised, a shield on its breast, three arrows in its right talon, and
+an olive branch in its left talon. Crossed cannon are in the foreground,
+and there is a pile of six cannon balls in the lower right corner. The
+whole is superimposed on a trophy of colors and bayoneted muskets. Above
+is a 5-pointed "star of stars" made up of 20 5-pointed stars.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, OFFICER, ARTILLERY CORPS, 1814-1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60448-M (S-K 204). Figure 60.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img062" name="img062"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img062.jpg" width="300" height="229" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 60</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The rectangular plate is struck in brass on a die of the same design as
+that used in making the 1814 Artillery Corps cap plate, type I (p. 18).
+Before the strike was made, a piece of thin sheet iron, slightly
+narrower than the finished product, was applied to the reverse of the
+brass. After the strike, which shows through clearly on the iron, the
+ends of this applied metal were bent inward into tongues for attachments
+to the belt, and the remainder of the back was filled with pewter. The
+edges of the obverse were then beveled to finish the product. It seems
+very probable that plates such as this were produced for sale to
+officers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICER, ARTILLERY CORPS, 1814-1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60247 (S-K 5). Figure 61.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img063" name="img063"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img063.jpg" width="300" height="394" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 61</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a companion piece to the Artillery Corps waist-belt plate
+described above. It was struck in brass from the die of the 1814
+Artillery Corps cap plate, type I, again with a thin sheet of iron
+applied to the reverse before the strike. There is no pewter filling;
+the beveled edges of the piece together with the adhesive effect of the
+strike&mdash;which shows through very clearly&mdash;holds on the back. The plate
+is fitted with two simple bent-wire fasteners for attachment, indicating
+that it was intended for ornamental use only. Like its waist-belt plate
+counterpart, this specimen must be considered an officer's device.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page35" name="page35"></a>(p. 35)</span> SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60248-M (S-K 6). Figure 62.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img064" name="img064"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img064.jpg" width="300" height="428" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 62</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen is of the same design as the 1814 Infantry cap plate, type
+I (p. 15). It is oval, with raised edge. Within the oval is an eagle
+with an olive branch in its beak, three arrows in its right talon, and
+thunder bolts and lightning in its left talon. Below is a trophy of
+stacked muskets, drum, flag, and shield. The plate is silver on copper,
+with sheet-iron backing and bent-wire fasteners. As in the case of the
+Artillery Corps plate, just preceding, this must be considered an
+officer's plate. A similar oval plate bearing the design of the 1812
+dragoon cap plate, and of similar construction, is known.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1814</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 66478-M. Figures 63, 64.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img065" name="img065"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img065.jpg" width="212" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 63</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img066" name="img066"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img066.jpg" width="223" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 64</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">Excavated on the site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New York,
+this plate is interesting in that it differs in both construction and
+method of attachment from similar plates of the same period in the
+national collections. Rather than being struck in thin brass with a
+backing and fasteners applied to the reverse, this specimen is cast in
+brass and the edges rather unevenly beveled, with two studs and a narrow
+tongue for attachment cast integrally with the plate and with hexagonal
+heads forced over the ends of the studs. This means of attachment, which
+indicates that the plate was intended to be utilitarian as well as
+merely ornamental, is similar to that on British plates of the period
+between the Revolution and the War of 1812. The plate could have been
+worn by either infantry or artillery, for both were issued brass plates
+during this period,<a id="footnotetag87" name="footnotetag87"></a><a href="#footnote87" title="Go to footnote 87"><span class="smaller">[87]</span></a> however, it is more probable that it was worn by
+the infantry, since the majority of the artillery in the Sackets Harbor
+area were stationed nearby at either Fort Pike or Fort Tomkins.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page36" name="page36"></a>(p. 36)</span> SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604311 (S-K 467). Figure 65.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img067" name="img067"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img067.jpg" width="300" height="389" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 65</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The plain, oval, slightly convex plate of brass has a raised edge. The
+face is lapped over a piece of sheet-iron backing. On the reverse is
+soldered an early form of bent-wire fasteners. British shoulder-belt
+plates of the Revolutionary period normally had fasteners cast as
+integral parts of the plate proper.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604312 (S-K 468). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>This plate is identical to the one described immediately above except
+that it is struck in copper and the surface is silvered.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604314 (S-K 470). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>This plate, struck from solid brass, has a slightly beveled edge and
+bent-wire fasteners. It is slightly convex. Since it is smaller than the
+two preceding plates, it could have been designed for the Militia.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1815(?)-1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60399-M (S-K 155). Figure 66.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img068" name="img068"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img068.jpg" width="300" height="415" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 66</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The two specimens of this plate in the national collections are
+undocumented. Similar in size and construction to the plain oval brass
+and silvered plates, it has the raised letters "<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>," three-fourths
+inch high in the center. Definitely not later than 1832, it may well
+have been issued soon after the end of the War of 1812. It is considered
+a Regular Army item since the Militia did not use the designation "<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>"
+at this early period. In this latter connection it is interesting to
+note that an example of the 1812 Infantry cap plate, type II, with the
+letters "<span class="smcap">US</span>" crudely stamped out, is known attached to a cap of distinct
+Militia origin.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page37" name="page37"></a>(p. 37)</span> WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL OFFICER, C. 1816</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 38212. Figure 67.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img069" name="img069"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img069.jpg" width="300" height="286" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 67</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>After the War of 1812, the State of New York presented swords to several
+prominent officers of the Army and Navy who had distinguished themselves
+in actions within New York or near its borders. One of these swords
+(USNM 10294)<a id="footnotetag88" name="footnotetag88"></a><a href="#footnote88" title="Go to footnote 88"><span class="smaller">[88]</span></a> and an unusually fine gold embroidered belt (USNM
+33097) with this gold belt buckle were presented to Maj. Gen. Jacob
+Brown.</p>
+
+<p>Chased in very fine gold, the buckle is considered by experts in the
+goldsmithing and silversmithing fields to be one of the outstanding
+pieces of American craftsmanship of its kind.<a id="footnotetag89" name="footnotetag89"></a><a href="#footnote89" title="Go to footnote 89"><span class="smaller">[89]</span></a> The central motif is
+the New York State eagle-on-half-globe device on a wreath of the colors.
+The head of the eagle is very similar to that on the cap plates of the
+1807 Marine Corps, 1812 infantry, and 1814 Artillery Corps. The border
+is of a rose pattern distinctly American in feeling, and in each corner
+within the border are <span class="pagenum"><a id="page38" name="page38"></a>(p. 38)</span> acanthus leaves in unusually delicate
+Viennese baroque design.</p>
+
+<p>The maker of this buckle is unknown, but since it is reasonably certain
+that the hilt of the sword was designed by Moritz Furst (see p. <a href="#page12">12</a>), it
+is possible that the design of the buckle is his also, especially in
+view of the Viennese touch in the acanthus leaves, his training at the
+mint in Vienna, and the probability that he designed the 1812 infantry
+cap plate.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Although the 1821 regulations were very specific about the prohibition
+of nonregulation items of uniform and equipment, they were somewhat
+vague regarding specifications. General staff and engineer officers were
+to wear black belts with a "yellow plate," artillery "yellow oval plates
+... with an eagle in the center," and infantry the same but "white"
+instead of yellow.<a id="footnotetag90" name="footnotetag90"></a><a href="#footnote90" title="Go to footnote 90"><span class="smaller">[90]</span></a> No oval plates meeting these vague descriptions
+are known, but the specimens described below may well have been those
+actually approved by the Ordnance Department, and thus, worn.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, C. 1822</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604118-M (S-K 274). Figure 68.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img070" name="img070"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img070.jpg" width="300" height="212" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 68</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, struck in copper and silvered, is round with an outer ring.
+It is attached to a white buff belt. The plate proper contains an eagle
+with wings outspread, shield on breast, olive branch in right talon, and
+three arrows in left talon. The whole is within a ring of 24 5-pointed
+stars. The outer ring is decorated as a wreath, and the narrow
+rectangular belt attachments are embossed with a floral pattern. The 24
+stars place this specimen between 1822 and 1836. Similar buckles are
+known in yellow metal for either staff or artillery and containing 24,
+26, and 28 stars, indicating that they probably were worn until the
+rectangular eagle-wreath plate was prescribed in 1851.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1821-1835</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60454 (S-K 210). Figure 69.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img071" name="img071"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img071.jpg" width="300" height="214" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 69</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen is offered as another possibility for the 1821 regulation
+plate. It is identical in size and similar in design to the preceding
+plate. The plate proper contains an eagle with wings spread, a breast
+shield containing the letter "<span class="smcap">I</span>," an olive branch in right talon, and
+three arrows in left talon. There is no outer ring of stars. The outer
+ring of the buckle is decorated with a wreath, but the rectangular belt
+attachments are plain. The 1821 regulations called for eagle buttons of
+"yellow" and "white" metal with the letters "<span class="smcap">A</span>" and "<span class="smcap">I</span>" (for artillery
+and infantry) on the eagle's shield, and the belt plate may have been
+designed to conform. There is also the possibility that this plate, as
+well as the one described below, was designed to conform to the 1835
+regulations which prescribed a waist belt with a "round" clasp.<a id="footnotetag91" name="footnotetag91"></a><a href="#footnote91" title="Go to footnote 91"><span class="smaller">[91]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page39" name="page39"></a>(p. 39)</span> WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY OFFICER, 1821-1835</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60455-M (S-K 211). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>Nearly identical to the infantry officer's plate above, this buckle, in
+brass, has the artillery "<span class="smcap">A</span>" on the eagle's breast shield.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Although the regulations for this period do not mention shoulder-belt
+plates for enlisted men (officers had none as they wore their swords on
+their waist belts), it can be assumed that they were worn. The two
+specimens described below must be dated later than 1812-1821 because of
+the belt attachments. The earlier specimens had rudimentary bent-wire
+fasteners, but these, more refined, have two round studs and a hook
+soldered to the plate proper.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604316 (S-K 472). Figures 70, 71.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img072" name="img072"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img072.jpg" width="293" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 70</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img073" name="img073"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img073.jpg" width="274" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 71</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">This plate, of silver on copper, is plain oval and slightly convex.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604315 (S-K 471). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>This specimen is identical to the preceding one except that it is in
+plain brass.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The 1832 uniform regulations brought some well-defined changes.
+General and staff officers were to wear gilt waist-belt plates "having
+the letters <span class="smcap">U S</span> and a sprig of laurel on each side in silver," and the
+bottom of the skirts of officers' coats were to bear distinctive
+devices&mdash;a gold-embroidered star for general officers and officers of
+the general staff, a shell and flame in gold embroidery for artillery
+officers, and silver-embroidered bugles for infantry officers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1832</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 664. Figure 72.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img074" name="img074"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img074.jpg" width="300" height="195" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 72</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The plate and the belt to which it is attached formerly belonged to
+Capt. Charles O. Collins, an 1824 graduate of the Military Academy. The
+belt is of patent leather, as specified for undress wear, and is 1-1/2
+inches wide. The plate is cast in brass and has raised edges. Rather
+than having "a sprig of laurel on each side," it has a wreath of laurel
+enclosing the letters "<span class="smcap">U S</span>," in Old English, in silvered metal <span class="pagenum"><a id="page40" name="page40"></a>(p. 40)</span>
+affixed to the front. It is attached on the right side by a rectangular
+belt attachment with a flat hook on the left rear.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The 1832 regulations specified for engineer officers a waist-belt
+plate to be "gilt, elliptical, two inches in the shortest diameter,
+bearing the device of the button." Such a plate (fig. <a href="#img075">73</a>) is in the
+collections of the Valley Forge Chapel Museum. It is entirely possible
+that this plate is even earlier than 1832, for the 1821 and 1825
+regulations state that the engineer buttons were to contain "the device
+and motto heretofore established."</p>
+
+<a id="img075" name="img075"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img075.jpg" width="300" height="201" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 73</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the collections of the West Point Museum is a button, carrying the
+"Essayons" device, that was excavated in the area behind the "Long
+Barracks," which burned in 1825. Another such button excavated at
+Sackets Harbor on the site of an 1812-1815 barracks bears a maker's name
+(Wishart) of the 1812-1816 period.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1832(?)-1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604145-M (S-K 301). Figure 74.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img076" name="img076"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img076.jpg" width="300" height="225" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 74.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Valley Forge Chapel Museum,
+Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This buckle is similar to the one (shown in fig. <a href="#img075">73</a>) that belonged to
+Capt. Charles O. Collins, but it is different in that the letters "<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>"
+are enclosed not by a laurel wreath but by a sprig of laurel on the
+right side and a sprig of palm on the left. The 1841 uniform regulations
+specified such a belt plate for officers of the Corps of Engineers, but
+with a "turreted castle, raised in silver" rather than the letters
+"<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>" This places the probable date of manufacture of this specimen in
+the 1840's.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, GENERAL STAFF, 1832</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 8040. Figure 75.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img077" name="img077"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img077.jpg" width="300" height="332" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 75</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This skirt ornament, on buff cloth, is from a coat worn by Capt. Thomas
+Swords when he was assistant quartermaster general in 1838. The design
+consists of three 6-pointed stars of gold bullion cord: a line <span class="pagenum"><a id="page41" name="page41"></a>(p. 41)</span>
+star of twisted cord superimposed upon a larger star of closely stitched
+cord that in turn is superimposed upon a still larger star of sunburst
+type.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, GENERAL STAFF, 1832</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 62057-M (S-K 181). Figure 76.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img078" name="img078"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img078.jpg" width="300" height="374" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 76</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Like the preceding specimen, this ornament, on buff cloth, is comprised
+of three stars. A star made of lines of sequins secured by two strands
+of twisted bullion is superimposed upon a 6-pointed star of gold
+embroidery that in turn is superimposed upon a 6-pointed star made up of
+gold sequins secured by gold bullion cord.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, ARTILLERY OFFICER, 1832</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 15929. Figure 77.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img079" name="img079"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img079.jpg" width="300" height="323" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 77</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen, on red cloth, is on a coat worn by William Tecumseh
+Sherman when he was a lieutenant in the 3d Artillery. The bomb is made
+of whorls of gold bullion cord, while the flames are composed of curving
+lines of twisted bullion. The lowest flame on either side terminates in
+arrow heads.</p>
+
+<p>There are a number of gold-embroidered shell and flame devices in the
+national collections, all varying considerably in size and composition.
+Some are skirt ornaments for artillery officers, both Regular Army and
+Militia, while some are cap ornaments for ordnance officers. Indeed, two
+coats formerly belonging to Maj. Levi Twiggs, U.S. Marine Corps, carry
+the same device.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1832</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 59861-M. Figure 78.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img080" name="img080"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img080.jpg" width="300" height="323" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 78</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The silver coat-skirt horn ornaments of infantry officers varied almost
+as much as the shell and flame devices, generally in relation to the
+affluence of the individual concerned. Unlike such ornaments of the
+other services, the horns were paired in rights and lefts on the coat.</p>
+
+<p>This specimen, of silver bullion cord, is on a coat that once belonged
+to Lt. William Williams Mather, an 1828 graduate of the Military Academy
+who left the service in 1836. The horn is looped, and it is suspended by
+twisted bullion from a simple 3-leaf-clover knot. The whole is backed on
+blue cloth.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page42" name="page42"></a>(p. 42)</span> COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1832</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 1056. Figure 79.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img081" name="img081"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img081.jpg" width="300" height="266" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 79</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This rather elaborate specimen is on a coat worn by John Porter Hatch
+when he was a lieutenant of infantry in 1845. The body of the
+horn&mdash;which is merely curved rather than looped&mdash;is made of silver lamé
+encircled by three ornamented bands of bullion. The mouthpiece and bell
+are of bullion. The whole is suspended by a rather ornate 3-leaf-clover
+knot of bands of edged bullion and is backed on blue cloth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, 1839(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 22702. Figure 80.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img082" name="img082"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img082.jpg" width="300" height="238" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 80</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The uniform regulations for the period 1832-1846 carry no mention of
+coat-skirt ornaments for the Corps of Topographical Engineers, rather
+only prescribing the "slashed skirt flaps to be embroidered in gold,
+with oak leaves and acorns" like the collar and cuffs. There is in the
+national collections, however, a uniform for the Corps that corresponds
+with 1839 regulations in every way except that the coat skirts carry
+this ornament&mdash;a shield within a wreath of oak leaves&mdash;of gold
+embroidery. The device appears to be of the same vintage as the other
+embroidery on the coat.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Although the 1832 uniform regulations make no mention of swords for
+noncommissioned officers, in 1833 the Ames Manufacturing Company of
+Chicopee, Massachusetts, began the manufacture of a new sword for the
+Regular artillery. Based on a European pattern, this weapon was the
+popular conception of the short Roman stabbing sword, or <i>gladius</i>. In
+1834 this weapon was also authorized for infantry noncommissioned
+officers.<a id="footnotetag92" name="footnotetag92"></a><a href="#footnote92" title="Go to footnote 92"><span class="smaller">[92]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page43" name="page43"></a>(p. 43)</span> WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1833</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 654384 (S-K 531). Figure 81.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img083" name="img083"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img083.jpg" width="300" height="176" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 81</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is the belt-plate assembly designed for carrying the short "Roman
+pattern" NCO sword. The plate is of two round pieces joined by an
+S-hook that is open on one end for unbuckling. Each round
+piece has a flat loop for attachment to the white buff belt. The
+right-hand round piece has an eagle with head to the left, wings
+drooping, three arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the
+left talon. The left-hand piece has crossed cannons and the letters
+"<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>" The whole is cast in rough bronze.</p>
+
+<p>Assemblies of this type were popularly known as "Dingee" belts, because
+one of the primary contractors for them was Robert Dingee of New York
+City. The eagle on this plate is very similar to the one on Dingee's
+contract rifle flasks of 1832.<a id="footnotetag93" name="footnotetag93"></a><a href="#footnote93" title="Go to footnote 93"><span class="smaller">[93]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1834</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604111 (S-K 267). Figure 82.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img084" name="img084"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img084.jpg" width="300" height="144" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 82</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate and belt are identical to the artillery specimen above except
+that the left-hand round portion exhibits three stacked muskets and a
+drum instead of crossed cannon.</p>
+
+<a id="img085" name="img085"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img085.jpg" width="300" height="173" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 83.</span>&mdash;Specimen in collection of William E. Codd,
+Towson, Maryland.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ NCO belt plates similar to the two above also appeared in what might
+be called a staff or branch immaterial pattern, with the crossed cannon
+and/or stacked muskets and drum replaced by the letters "<span class="smcap">US</span>" alone (fig.
+<a href="#img085">83</a>). This pattern apparently was intended for wear by NCO's other than
+those assigned to the infantry, artillery, or dragoons.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, DRAGOON OFFICER, 1833</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 5664. Figure 84.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img086" name="img086"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img086.jpg" width="300" height="207" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 84</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, which formerly belonged to Gen. William S. Harney when he
+commanded the 2d Dragoons in 1836, is identical to the general and staff
+officers' plate of the 1832 regulations except that the letters "<span class="smcap">U.S.</span>"
+have been replaced by the letter "<span class="smcap">D</span>" in Old English, as prescribed.<a id="footnotetag94" name="footnotetag94"></a><a href="#footnote94" title="Go to footnote 94"><span class="smaller">[94]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page44" name="page44"></a>(p. 44)</span> WAIST-BELT PLATE, NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604114-M (S-K 268). Figure 85.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img087" name="img087"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img087.jpg" width="300" height="249" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 85</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The 1835 uniform regulations replaced the rather impractical S-hook
+NCO belt plate with a "round clasp" on which the branch
+designation was replaced with the raised letters "<span class="smcap">U S.</span>" Similar in
+over-all design to the 1821 officers' plate, round with outer ring,
+these plates were rough cast in brass and had a stippled surface.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604114 (S-K 270). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>This specimen is very similar to the preceding plate, but it is of a
+definitely different casting and is generally heavier in over-all
+appearance, the inner ring is much more convex, and the letters "<span class="smcap">U S</span>"
+are raised only slightly and spread farther apart.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICERS, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 40886. Figure 86.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img088" name="img088"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img088.jpg" width="300" height="388" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 86</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The 1839 uniform regulations specified a shoulder belt (rather than a
+waist belt) for carrying the sword, with a "breast plate according to
+the pattern to be furnished by the Ordnance Department." This plate,
+which was worn by Capt. Erastus Capron, 1st Artillery, an 1833 graduate
+of the Military Academy, is believed to be that specified.<a id="footnotetag95" name="footnotetag95"></a><a href="#footnote95" title="Go to footnote 95"><span class="smaller">[95]</span></a> The
+specimen is rectangular with beveled edges, cast in brass, and has
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page45" name="page45"></a>(p. 45)</span> the lines of a modified sunburst radiating outward. In the
+center, within a wreath of laurel, are the letters "<span class="smcap">U S</span>" in Old English.
+Both the wreath and letters are of silvered copper and are applied. The
+plate is attached by three broad hooks rather than two studs and a hook.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICERS, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604330 (S-K 486). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>This plate is almost identical to the Capron specimen above except that
+the letters "<span class="smcap">U S</span>," instead of being in Old English, are formed of oak
+leaves.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 22702. Figure 87.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img089" name="img089"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img089.jpg" width="300" height="233" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 87</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The 1839 uniform regulations prescribed this plate for the Corps of
+Topographical Engineers. The oval inner plate, which contains the
+prescribed eagle, shield, and the letters "<span class="smcap">U S</span>" in Old English, is
+struck in medium weight copper and gilded. This inner plate is soldered
+to a cast-bronze and gilded tongue which in turn is brazed to a
+cast-bronze belt attachment. The oval outer ring, bearing the prescribed
+"<span class="smcap">CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS</span>" in Roman capitals, is cast in brass
+and gilded. To the inner edge of this outer ring are brazed two curved
+seats for the inner oval. The whole is brazed to the belt attachment,
+also cast in brass and gilded.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ In view of the large and somewhat elaborate cap plates as well as
+shoulder-belt plates adopted by both the Regulars and Militia early in
+the 19th century, it is somewhat surprising that apparently neither
+component had ornamentation on its cartridge boxes until the Ordnance
+Regulations of 1834 prescribed a very ornate design embossed on the
+leather flap.<a id="footnotetag96" name="footnotetag96"></a><a href="#footnote96" title="Go to footnote 96"><span class="smaller">[96]</span></a> Certainly there was precedent for such, for both the
+British and German mercenary troops of the Revolution and the British
+and Canadian troops of the War of 1812 wore metal ornaments on their
+cartridge boxes. At least partial explanation for this omission may lie
+in one of Callender Irvine's reasons for rejecting brass cartridge boxes
+in favor of leather ones: "The leather ... affords no mark for the enemy
+to sight at. The brass ... would afford a central object, as regards the
+body of the Soldier, and one which would be seen at a great distance to
+fire at."<a id="footnotetag97" name="footnotetag97"></a><a href="#footnote97" title="Go to footnote 97"><span class="smaller">[97]</span></a> Why Irvine did not object equally to the large white and
+yellow metal cap and shoulder-belt plates as targets is unknown. In any
+case&mdash;with a possible few Militia exceptions such as a Militia cartridge
+box with a plate bearing the likeness of Washington in silver, both
+about 1835&mdash;the 1839 model oval plates were the first to be worn.</p>
+
+<p>The ordnance regulations of 1839 and the ordnance manual of 1841 brought
+in two distinctly new types of plates, the familiar brass oval
+waist-belt and cartridge-box plates with the letters "<span class="smcap">U. S.</span>" and the
+round shoulder-belt plate with the eagle. The oval plates fall into two
+general sizes, 3.5 inches by 2.2 inches (for plates on the infantry's
+cartridge box and the cavalry's waist belts)<a id="footnotetag98" name="footnotetag98"></a><a href="#footnote98" title="Go to footnote 98"><span class="smaller">[98]</span></a> and 2.8 inches by 1.6
+inches (for plates on the infantry's waist belts and the cavalry's
+carbine cartridge boxes and pistol cartridge boxes). The use of each
+plate is determined by the type of fastener. These plates were struck in
+thin brass and the backs generally leaded, although some were used
+without such backing, probably to save both weight and material.
+Cartridge boxes were also embossed with the outline of this oval plate
+in lieu of the plate itself. It is interesting to note that the larger
+plates with lead backs weighed about 5-1/2 ounces and the smaller ones
+just over 2 ounces.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page46" name="page46"></a>(p. 46)</span> WAIST-BELT PLATE, CAVALRY, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604408 (S-K 555). Figures 88, 89.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img090" name="img090"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img090.jpg" width="283" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 88</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img091" name="img091"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img091.jpg" width="292" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 89</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">The specimen is oval, slightly convex, and struck in thin brass. The
+face has a raised edge and the letters "<span class="smcap">U S.</span>" The reverse is leaded,
+carries two studs and a hook (indicating its use), and is stamped with
+the maker's name, "W. H. Smith, Brooklyn." Smith is listed in New York
+City directories of the Civil War period as a contractor for metal and
+leather supplies.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604403 (S-K 550). Figure 90.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img092" name="img092"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img092.jpg" width="300" height="209" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 90</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate is identical to the preceding one except that it is leaded
+and fitted with two looped-wire fasteners. The reverse is stamped with
+the name of the maker, "J. L. Pittman," who, like Smith, was a
+contractor in the New York City area in the Civil War period.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, CAVALRY, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604395 (S-K 542). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>This is the oval "<span class="smcap">US</span>" plate of the smaller size (2-3/4 by 1-1/8 in.),
+otherwise identical to the larger plate. It is fitted with two
+looped-wire fasteners.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604398 (S-K 545). Figure 91.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img093" name="img093"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img093.jpg" width="300" height="173" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 91</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen is identical to the preceding plate except that it is
+fitted with two brass hooks for attachment to the belt and the reverse
+is stamped with the maker's name, "Boyd &amp; Sons." No trace of a
+manufacturer of such products by the name of Boyd <span class="pagenum"><a id="page47" name="page47"></a>(p. 47)</span> has been
+found. It is probable that he worked during the Civil War period when
+there were many such contractors.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604399 (S-K 546). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<p>This plate is identical to those above except that the reverse is
+stamped with the maker's name. "H. A. Dingee."</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604397 (S-K 544). Figure 92.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img094" name="img094"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img094.jpg" width="300" height="192" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 92</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The reverse side of this plate is fitted with the rather rudimentary
+wire fasteners similar to those on shoulder-belt plates of the 1812-1821
+period. In other respects the specimen is identical to the preceding
+ones of 1839.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The 1839 regulations specified a bayonet-belt plate "round, brass,
+with eagle." The 1841 ordnance manual was more exact, specifying the
+plate to be "brass, circular, 2.5 in. diameter, with an Eagle," and then
+stating: "The bayonet belt is about to be discontinued ..." Although not
+so authorized at the time, this plate, so familiar during the Civil War
+period, was switched over to the shoulder belt supporting the cartridge
+box. Such plates were manufactured in great quantities and in many
+variations of the original design by a dozen or more contractors during
+the period 1861-1865.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, 1839</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60338-M (S-K 94). Figure 93.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img095" name="img095"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img095.jpg" width="300" height="300" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 93</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This circular plate, with raised rim, is dominated by an eagle of
+refined design that is very similar to the eagles appearing on the War
+of 1812 plates. The eagle has its wings drooped, head to the left, three
+arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left talon. This
+specimen can be dated with the earliest cartridge-box plates because of
+its backing and the type of fasteners. Whereas the backs of the later
+models were lead-filled, this plate was struck in thin brass over tin
+and the edges of the obverse crimped to retain the backing. The
+fasteners are of the bent-wire type typical of the 1812-1832 period and
+are not the "2 eyes of iron wire" called for in the ordnance manual of
+1850. None of the later examples of this design evidence any of the
+refinement of the original. At least eight variations are represented in
+the national collections.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, 1839, DIE SAMPLE</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60339-M (S-K 95). Not illustrated.</i></p>
+
+<h4>This is a die sample, struck in copper, of the plate described above.</h4>
+
+
+<h4>SWORD-BELT PLATE, 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 38017. Figures 94, 95.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img096" name="img096"></a>
+<div class="floatleft">
+<img src="images/img096.jpg" width="300" height="187" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 94</p>
+</div>
+
+<a id="img097" name="img097"></a>
+<div class="floatright">
+<img src="images/img097.jpg" width="300" height="180" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 95</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="nofloat">The 1851 regulations prescribed this plate for all officers and enlisted
+men. It was specified to be "gilt, rectangular, two inches wide, with a
+raised bright rim; a silver wreath of laurel encircling the 'Arms of the
+United States'; eagle, scroll, edge of cloud and rays bright. The motto,
+'E Pluribus Unum,' in silver letters upon the scroll; stars also of
+silver; according to pattern."<a id="footnotetag99" name="footnotetag99"></a><a href="#footnote99" title="Go to footnote 99"><span class="smaller">[99]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>This plate has had a longer history than any other similar Army device.
+It was authorized for all personnel until 1881 when it was dropped as an
+item of enlisted equipment. It was retained for officers, first for
+general wear, then for dress only. It was worn with officers' dress blue
+uniforms until 1941, but was not revived when blues reappeared after
+World War II. A plate of the same general size and pattern, although
+gilt in its entirety, was prescribed for senior NCO's of the Marine
+Corps until about 1950 or 1951.</p>
+
+<p>The buckle appears in many variations of design, at least 12 being
+represented in the national collections. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page48" name="page48"></a>(p. 48)</span> Many of these
+variations are the result of the plate being produced in great numbers
+by many different contractors during the Civil War. The original design
+itself is interesting. The 1851 description called for an "edge of cloud
+and rays" and the official, full size drawing in <i>Regulations for the
+Uniform and Dress of the Army</i> includes the "edge of cloud" and pictures
+the eagle with its head to the heraldic left. At least 50 of these
+plates were examined by the authors, but only this specimen had the
+"edge of cloud," silver letters and stars, and the eagle with its head
+to the left. In most specimens the plate proper is bronze, in one piece,
+and with the wreath silvered or left plain; in a few specimens the
+wreath is in white metal and has been applied after casting. This
+particular specimen is of an early issue. It is cast in heavy brass,
+with the wreath applied, and has the narrow brass tongue for attachment
+on the reverse (fig. <a href="#img097">95</a>), typical of the early types.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SWORD-BELT PLATE, 1851, DIE SAMPLE</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM. 60342-M (S-K 98). Figure 96.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img098" name="img098"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img098.jpg" width="300" height="217" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 96</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a sample struck from a die which apparently was not approved for
+the 1851 pattern plate. The eagle has wings upraised (2 inches tip to
+tip), head to right, shield on breast, scroll with "E Pluribus Unum" in
+beak, three arrows in right talon, and an olive branch in left talon.
+Stars are intermixed with "edge of cloud" and rays.</p>
+
+<p>The specimen leads to the interesting speculation as to the weight given
+to correct heraldic usage at <span class="pagenum"><a id="page49" name="page49"></a>(p. 49)</span> this period. The significance of
+the clouds, or lack of them, is unknown, but it should be noted that in
+all but the earliest specimens the eagle's head is turned to the right,
+or the side of honor, and the olive branch is placed in the right talon,
+indicating peaceful national motives as opposed to the three arrows,
+signs of belligerency, in the left talon. In this respect, it is
+interesting to note that until 1945 the eagle on the President's seal
+and flag carried its head turned to the heraldic left.</p>
+
+<h2><span class="pagenum"><a id="page51" name="page51"></a>(p. 51)</span> <i>Insignia of the Uniformed Militia</i></h2>
+
+<h3>Cap and Helmet Devices</h3>
+
+<h4>HAT ORNAMENT, INDEPENDENT DRAGOONS(?), c. 1800</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 14978. Figure 97.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img099" name="img099"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img099.jpg" width="300" height="294" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 97</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This silver ornament is one of the most unusual pieces of military
+insignia in the national collections. Obviously military, it is just as
+obviously of Militia origin. Although hardly artistic in design, it has
+a rather attractive simplicity and has been made with considerable care.
+The eagle is of the "frogleg" design that first appeared on buttons of
+the post-Revolutionary Army and, later on, of the Legion. In its right
+talon the eagle is grasping what appear to be rather stylized
+thunderbolts, and in its left, arrows. The arc above the eagle's head is
+comprised of sunrays, an edge of clouds, and 16 6-pointed stars. If the
+number of stars is of significance, the piece would date prior to
+November 1802 when the 17th state, Ohio, was admitted to the union. The
+"frog-legged" aspect of the design would tend to confirm such dating,
+and the thunderbolts in the right talon, symbolic of a belligerent
+attitude, could be attributed to the national temper during the "quasi
+war" with France, 1798-1800. The "ID," in delicate floriated script on
+the eagle's breast, quite out of consonance with the design and
+execution of the piece proper and obviously the work of a talented
+engraver, is interpreted as "Independent Dragoons." Too small for a hat
+frontpiece, it was probably worn as a side ornament on a dragoon helmet.</p>
+
+
+<h4>LEATHER FAN COCKADE, C. 1810</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60257-M (S-K 15). Figure 98.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img100" name="img100"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img100.jpg" width="300" height="373" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 98</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The leather fan cockade became a part of the uniform in the late 18th
+century, having evolved from the cloth cockade adopted early in the
+Revolution.<a id="footnotetag100" name="footnotetag100"></a><a href="#footnote100" title="Go to footnote 100"><span class="smaller">[100]</span></a> Enlisted men's cockades of the early 19th century were
+of leather, as were those of line officers.<a id="footnotetag101" name="footnotetag101"></a><a href="#footnote101" title="Go to footnote 101"><span class="smaller">[101]</span></a> This cockade, of black
+tooled leather <span class="pagenum"><a id="page52" name="page52"></a>(p. 52)</span> with painted gold fan tips, was a common form of
+the period and was worn with an eagle in the center or possibly on the
+upper fan. It is assigned to the Militia because of the gold
+ornamentation.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1810</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60275-M (S-K 33). Figure 99.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img101" name="img101"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img101.jpg" width="350" height="222" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 99</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This grenadier-type plate, which is untrimmed and thus may be a die
+sample, is a rare example of the use of coiled snakes as a military
+device after 1800. A familiar motif of the Revolution, coiled snakes
+were not revived as a popular military symbol during the War of 1812.
+This specimen is struck in brass and is believed to have been made for a
+specific independent Militia organization, designation unknown, for wear
+prior to 1812.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, 1812-1815</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60361-M (S-K 117). Figure 100.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img102" name="img102"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img102.jpg" width="300" height="333" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 100</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The eagle-on-clouds design, which first appeared on coins on the 1795
+silver dollar, was popular on insignia during the period 1812-1821. The
+heraldic significance of the clouds, if any, is unknown. Somewhat larger
+than most cockade devices, this eagle is <span class="pagenum"><a id="page53" name="page53"></a>(p. 53)</span> struck in brass and
+silvered and has two simple wire fasteners soldered to the reverse. A
+very similar badge is shown by Rembrandt Peale in an oil portrait of
+Col. Joseph O. Bogart of the 3d Flying Artillery.<a id="footnotetag102" name="footnotetag102"></a><a href="#footnote102" title="Go to footnote 102"><span class="smaller">[102]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1814</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60379-M (S-K 135). Figure 101.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img103" name="img103"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img103.jpg" width="300" height="285" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 101</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This eagle, of the general design first seen on the 1807 half-dollar, is
+very similar to the one on buttons ascribed to staff officers,
+1814-1821.<a id="footnotetag103" name="footnotetag103"></a><a href="#footnote103" title="Go to footnote 103"><span class="smaller">[103]</span></a> The eagle, struck in brass, has wings upraised and the
+familiar hooked beak; it stands on a wreath of the colors. The wire
+fasteners on the reverse are of a somewhat unusual type and may not be
+contemporary.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Die work for cap, shoulder-belt, and waist-belt plates was expensive,
+and many Militia organizations found it expedient to purchase devices
+"ready made" from existing dies. By varying the trimming and adding
+borders of various designs, the same dies could be used to strike all
+three types of plates. Such badges are called "common" plates.</p>
+
+<p>The common plates that follow were very popular during the period
+1812-1835 and, although relatively rare today, were made in considerable
+quantity and in many die variations for the Militia in every part of the
+country. They are known in brass, copper, and silver-on-copper. It is
+possible that specimens such as these may have been worn by some
+officers of the Regular Establishment between 1814 and 1821.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60263-M (S-K 21). Figure 102.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img104" name="img104"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img104.jpg" width="300" height="399" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 102</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a typical example of the common plates of the 1814-1835 period.
+The piece is struck in brass and has an edged and stippled border. The
+design is dominated by an eagle with wings outspread, head to left,
+arrows in right talon, olive branch in left talon, and with the national
+motto on a ribbon overhead. The whole is superimposed on a trophy of
+arms and colors with an arc of 13 6-pointed stars above. A plume socket,
+apparently original, is soldered to the reverse, as are two looped-wire
+fasteners. The fasteners are of a later period.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page54" name="page54"></a>(p. 54)</span> CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60264-M (S-K 22). Figure 103.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img105" name="img105"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img105.jpg" width="300" height="411" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 103</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Struck in copper and silvered, this piece is a die variant of the
+preceding plate. A floral border replaces the plain border, and the
+overhead arc has 5-pointed rather than 6-pointed stars. The floral
+border marks it as probably an officer's device.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60313-M (S-K 69). Figure 104.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img106" name="img106"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img106.jpg" width="300" height="384" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 104</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A die variant of the preceding plate, this device has an unusually wide
+floral border. As in so many of the common pieces of this period, the
+center device was purposely designed small so that the die could be used
+to strike matching waist-belt plates. Examples of waist-belt plates
+struck from dies of this particular design are known. Struck in copper,
+there is a plume socket soldered to the reverse along with two
+looped-wire fasteners. The fasteners are not contemporary.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60314-M (S-K 70). Figure 105.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img107" name="img107"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img107.jpg" width="300" height="389" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 105</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a die variant of the three plates immediately preceding.
+However, the center device lacks the fineness of detail of the others, a
+fact that suggests that several makers working with different die
+sinkers produced this basic pattern. The plate is struck in copper, and
+originally it had a plume socket attached to the reverse. The present
+looped-wire fasteners are not original.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60299-M (S-K 57). Figure 106.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img108" name="img108"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img108.jpg" width="300" height="390" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 106</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, which is of brass, is of a less common design than its
+predecessors. However, since there is another such plate, but of
+silver-on-copper, in the national collections, it can be surmised that
+pieces of this same pattern were made for use by several different
+units.</p>
+
+<p>A floral-bordered shield is topped by an out-sized sunburst with 13
+stars, clouds, and the motto "Unity <span class="pagenum"><a id="page55" name="page55"></a>(p. 55)</span> is Strength." In the center
+of the shield is the eagle, with wings widely outspread and with
+lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the left
+talon. The lightning bolt device, obvious sign of belligerency, first
+appeared about 1800 and is not seen in plates designed after 1821. The
+motto and the date 1776 are far more typical of Militia than Regular
+Army usage.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ In 1821 the Regular Army discarded all its large cap plates and
+adopted the bell-crown leather cap. Militia organizations lost no time
+in adopting a similar cap and, conversely, placing on it&mdash;and on the
+tall beaver which followed in the 1830's&mdash;the largest plates it could
+accommodate, using variations of discarded Regular Army patterns as well
+as original designs.</p>
+
+<p>From 1821 until well into the 1840's large cap plates were mass-produced
+by manufacturers in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and perhaps other
+cities of the New England metal manufacturing area. The few early
+platemakers, such as Crumpton and Armitage of Philadelphia and Peasley
+of Boston, were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page56" name="page56"></a>(p. 56)</span> joined by a number of others. Prominent among
+these were Charles John Joullain, who made plates in New York during the
+1820's, and William Pinchin of Philadelphia. Joullain is first listed in
+New York directories, in 1817, as a "gilder," and so continues through
+1828. Sometimes his given name is listed as Charles, sometimes as James,
+and finally as Charles James. From 1820 to 1828 his address is the same,
+32 Spring Street. There is a William Pinchin (Pinchon) listed in the
+Philadelphia directories as a silverplater or silversmith almost
+continuously from 1785 through 1863, indicating the possibility of a
+family occupation.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that some of the New England makers of uniform buttons
+also manufactured plates. Among such buttonmakers of the 1820's and
+1830's were R. and W. Robinson, D. Evans and Co., Leavenworth and Co.,
+Benedict and Coe, and others in Connecticut and Massachusetts.
+Buttonmakers often stamped their names or easily recognizable hallmarks
+on the back of their products.</p>
+
+<p>In most cases it is virtually impossible to ascertain the precise units
+for which these different plates were first designed, and the problem is
+further complicated because the maker would sell a specific plate design
+to several different units. Those designs that incorporate all or part
+of a state's seal were originally made for Militia organizations of the
+particular state, but in several instances these plates were
+sold&mdash;altered or not&mdash;to units in other parts of the country. Militia
+organizations that were widely separated geographically purchased cap
+plates from distant manufacturers who had perhaps a dozen or more stock
+patterns to offer at a cost much lower than that involved in making a
+new die from which to strike custom-made ornaments. It made no
+difference to the Savannah Greys, in Georgia, that their new cap plates
+were the same as those worn by organizations in Pennsylvania and
+Massachusetts. Toward the end of this period of large cap plates,
+manufacturers came out with two-piece ornaments. After 1833, when the
+Regiment of United States Dragoons was authorized its large sunburst
+plate with separate eagle ornament in the center, insignia makers
+introduced a veritable rash of full sunburst, three-quarter sunburst,
+and half-sunburst cap plates with interchangeable centers. And for the
+first time small Militia units could afford their own distinctive
+devices at little extra cost. Shoulder-belt and waist-belt plates
+underwent the same evolution, and by the late 1830's such plates had
+become a mixture of either single die stampings or composite plates made
+of several parts soldered or otherwise held onto a rectangular or oval
+background.</p>
+
+<p>Study of cap plates and other insignia in the Huddy and Duval prints in
+<i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> points to the years between 1833 and perhaps
+1837 or 1838 as the transition period from single to composite
+ornaments, years during which there was also tremendous growth in the
+popularity and number of independent Militia units. In contrast to the
+1820's when the Militia often waited until the Regulars discarded a
+device before adopting it, in 1840 there were no less than five
+organizations, mounted and dismounted, wearing the 1833 dragoon plate in
+full form while it was still in use by the Regulars. <i>U.S. Military
+Magazine</i> illustrates such plates for the Richmond Light Infantry Blues,
+the Georgia Hussars, the Macon Volunteers, the Jackson Rifle Corps of
+Lancaster, Pa., the Montgomery Light Guard, and the Harrison Guards of
+Allentown, Pa. The plate of the Harrison Guards is an example of the
+license sometimes practiced by Huddy and Duval in the preparation of
+their military prints. The color bearer in this print is depicted
+wearing a full sunburst plate, while the description of the uniform
+called for "a semi-circular plate or <i>gloria</i>."<a id="footnotetag104" name="footnotetag104"></a><a href="#footnote104" title="Go to footnote 104"><span class="smaller">[104]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>In the following descriptions of plates, the term "stock pattern" is
+used because the insignia are known to have been worn by more than one
+organization, because their basic designs are so elementary that it
+appears obvious that they were made for wide distribution, or because
+they are known to have been made both in silver and in gilt metals.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60307-M (S-K 64). Figure 107.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img109" name="img109"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img109.jpg" width="300" height="385" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 107</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the raised center of this shield-shaped plate is the eagle-on-cannon
+device within an oval floral border; the Federal shield is below. The
+whole is superimposed on a trophy of arms and colors with portions of a
+modified sunburst appearing on the sides. The plate is struck in brass.
+The eagle-on-cannon first appeared on Regular artillery buttons in 1802.
+About 1808 it was used as an embossed device on the leather fan cockade,
+and in 1814 it became the principal design element of the cap plate for
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page57" name="page57"></a>(p. 57)</span> Regulars. This plate is thought to be one of the earliest of
+the post-1821 series of Militia cap plates incorporating the discarded
+design of the Regular artillery.</p>
+
+
+<h4>UNIDENTIFIED ORNAMENT, PROBABLY CAP PLATE, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60331-M (S-K 87). Figure 108.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img110" name="img110"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img110.jpg" width="400" height="166" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 108</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This silver-on-copper plate is unique in size, shape, and over-all
+design. It is one of the most unusual Militia insignia in the national
+collections. The standing eagle of the 1807 mint design with Federal
+shield, the panoply of arms and colors, and the rayed background all
+suggest that this plate was made not later than the early 1820's. Quite
+possibly it is a cap plate of the War of 1812 period, but positive
+dating is impossible. Three simple wire fasteners are affixed to the
+reverse.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60255-M (S-K 13). Figure 109.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img111" name="img111"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img111.jpg" width="300" height="401" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 109</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although the Regular riflemen wore a diamond-shaped plate from 1812 to
+1814, this shape does not appear on Militia caps until the mid-1820's.
+It was a common form through the 1830's, but since it was always made as
+a one-piece die-struck plate it became out-dated in the late 1830's when
+the composite plates came into vogue.</p>
+
+<p>This plate, struck in brass and bearing the eagle-on-cannon device, must
+be considered a stock pattern available to many organizations. Insignia
+struck from the same die could have been easily made into shoulder-belt
+plates as well.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page58" name="page58"></a>(p. 58)</span> CAP PLATE AND PLUME HOLDER, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604748 (S-K 893). Figure 110.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img112" name="img112"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img112.jpg" width="300" height="387" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 110</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass plate is similar in many respects to the regular infantry cap
+plate, type I, 1814-1821. It is attached to a bell-crowned shako of
+distinctly Militia origin and is cut in the diamond shape popular with
+the Militia in the 1820's and 1830's. The design lies within a raised
+oval dominated by an eagle similar to ones used on War of 1812 insignia.
+Below the eagle is a Federal shield and a trophy of stacked muskets, a
+drum surmounted by a dragoon helmet, a gun on a truck carriage, and
+colors&mdash;one the National Colors with 16 stars in the canton.</p>
+
+<p>The plume holder attached to the cap above the plate is an unusually
+interesting and distinctive device. It is a hemisphere of thin brass
+with a round plume socket at the top. The hemisphere has an eagle on a
+shield and a superimposed wreath device in silver. The blazonry of the
+shield cannot be identified with any particular state or locality.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60262 (S-K 20). Figure 111.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img113" name="img113"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img113.jpg" width="300" height="381" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 111</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The familiar hooked-beak eagle dominates the center of this brass,
+scalloped-edge plate. The arrows of belligerency, however, are held in
+the left talon. Surrounding the eagle is a three-quarter wreath of olive
+with the national motto above and the date 1776 below. While there is a
+possibility that this plate may fall into the period 1814-1821 because
+of its outline shape, it lacks the panoply of arms associated with that
+era. It is much more probable that this is one of the earliest plates
+made for Militia during the years 1821-1830. Since this plate is also
+known in silver-on-copper, it is considered a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, MILITIA, ARTILLERY(?), C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60306-M (S-K 63). Figure 112.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img114" name="img114"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img114.jpg" width="300" height="392" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 112</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This oval, brass-struck plate framed within a large wreath of laurel is
+one of the finest in the national collections, comprising as it does a
+number of devices of excellent design and considerable detail standing
+in high relief. The curving line of 21 stars above the motto, decreasing
+in size laterally, is an interesting detail, and the eagle and panoply
+of arms is reminiscent of those on the plate ascribed to the Regiment of
+Light Artillery, 1814-1821, and on several of the common Militia plates
+of the same period. It is <span class="pagenum"><a id="page59" name="page59"></a>(p. 59)</span> assigned to the artillery because of
+its "yellow metal" composition. It has simple wire fasteners, applied to
+the reverse, and carries no plume socket.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60273-M (S-K 31). Figure 113.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img115" name="img115"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img115.jpg" width="300" height="413" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 113</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This unusually large, shield-shaped plate, struck in brass, is dominated
+by an eagle&mdash;within a smaller shield with raised edge&mdash;standing on a
+half globe and wreath of the colors, both of which are superimposed on a
+trophy of arms and flags; clouds and sun rays are above. The specimen
+represents one of the large cap plate patterns adopted by the Militia
+for wear on the bell-crown cap soon after it came into general use in
+the early 1820's. While a stock pattern in a sense, its use was most
+likely confined to New York State Militia because its principal device,
+the eagle-on-half-globe, is taken directly from that state's seal. These
+large plates were widely worn until the middle or late 1830's when newer
+styles began to replace them. The plume socket affixed to the reverse
+appears to be contemporary, but has been resoldered.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60356-M (S-K 112). Figure 114.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img116" name="img116"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img116.jpg" width="300" height="370" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 114</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a variant of the preceding plate and well illustrates how an
+insignia-maker could adapt a single die for several products. The
+eagle-on-half-globe, with a portion of the trophy of arms and colors,
+and the clouds and sunburst above have merely been cut out from the
+plate proper for use alone. The plate is struck in brass.</p>
+
+<p>Another specimen, of silver-on-copper, is known, indicating that this
+insignia was made for wear by infantry as well as by other branches of
+the service; consequently, it may be termed a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60266-M (S-K 24). Figure 115.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img117" name="img117"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img117.jpg" width="300" height="356" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 115</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Illustrating fine craftsmanship, this elaborate brass cap plate
+comprises perhaps the most ornate and intricately detailed design ever
+attempted by a military ornament die sinker. The strike itself has been
+so well executed that the most minute details are <span class="pagenum"><a id="page60" name="page60"></a>(p. 60)</span> even today
+readily discernible, even after very apparent use. Made for New York
+Militia, its central theme is the eagle-on-half-globe superimposed on a
+trophy of arms and flags.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the facets of detail are of particular interest. Almost every
+ray of the aura of sunlight can still be clearly seen; the North Pole is
+well marked with a vertical arrow; the Arctic Circle, Tropic of
+Capricorn, and the Equator are included on the half-globe, as are the
+meridians of longitude and the parallels of latitude; both North America
+and South America are shown, and that portion of North America east of
+the Mississippi basin is clearly denominated "<span class="smcap">United States.</span>" An unusual
+feature of the design is the way the arrows are held in the eagle's left
+talon&mdash;some of the arrow heads point inward, some outward. What appears
+to have been a contemporary plume socket has been resoldered to the
+reverse.</p>
+
+<p>Although this plate is unmarked as to maker, another plate of a similar
+design but of silver-on-copper has the maker's mark "<span class="smcap">J. JOULLAIN, MAKER,
+N. YORK</span>." Since two distinct but similar designs are known, and the
+finished product is found in both brass and silver-on-copper, it seems
+probable that this plate was produced by more than one maker, and for
+all arms of the service. It is therefore deemed a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60267-M (S-K 25). Figure 116.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img118" name="img118"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img118.jpg" width="300" height="412" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 116</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Almost immediately after the last Regular rifle regiment was disbanded
+in 1821, Militia riflemen adopted the large open horn with loops and
+tassels that the Regulars had worn from 1817 to 1821. The basic device
+was altered slightly by showing an eagle in flight and the horn
+suspended much lower on its cords. The illustrated brass plate is one of
+four die variants, and more than a dozen similar to it have been
+examined. It is significant that all are of brass, for these were made
+and worn during the period when the trimmings for infantry were silver
+or "white metal."</p>
+
+<p>This plate differs from the others examined in that it has 17 6-pointed
+stars along the upper and lower parts of the shield inside the border.
+The number of stars cannot be significant in dating for the plate was
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page61" name="page61"></a>(p. 61)</span> obviously made long after 1812 when the 18th state, Louisiana,
+was admitted to the Union. A plume socket affixed to the reverse appears
+to be original.</p>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly made as a stock pattern by several manufacturers, these
+plates continued in use for at least 15 years after they first appeared
+about 1825. Although <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> illustrates many large cap
+plates for the period 1839-1841, none has a shield outline. This may
+indicate a decline in the popularity of the design, but it must be
+remembered that Huddy and Duval presented the uniforms of only a small
+cross-section of the Militia of the period.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60267-M (S-K 26). Figure 117.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img119" name="img119"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img119.jpg" width="300" height="404" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 117</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a second form of Militia riflemen's plates. Struck in brass, it
+differs from the preceding primarily in the placement of 17 5-pointed
+stars along the upper half of the shield, between the borders. Other
+small differences show that the basic die was not that used for the
+preceding specimen. The most obvious difference <span class="pagenum"><a id="page62" name="page62"></a>(p. 62)</span> is the legend
+"<span class="smcap">E PLURIBUS UNUM</span>" carried on the ribbon behind the knotted cord of the
+horn, an element not present in the other.</p>
+
+<p>A third form, not illustrated, substitutes a floral border for the plain
+border around the edge of the shield and contains no stars as part of
+the design. Still a fourth form, also not illustrated, has the same
+center device of eagle and open horn placed in a longer and narrower
+shield, with 23 6-pointed stars between the borders.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ These various combinations of devices give a good clue as to the
+method of manufacture of stock patterns, and indicate the use of several
+different dies and hand punches. The blank metal was first struck by a
+die that formed the plain or floral border and cut the outline of the
+plate. Next, a smaller die containing the center device of eagle and
+horn was used. Then the stars, and sometimes elements of the floral
+border, were added by individual striking with a hand punch. This latter
+method is clearly revealed by the comparison of several "identical"
+plates in which the stars or elements of the border are irregularly and
+differently spaced.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, RIFLEMAN PATTERN, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60398-M (S-K 154). Figure 118.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img120" name="img120"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img120.jpg" width="300" height="305" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 118</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate is called "rifleman pattern" because it is silver-on-copper
+and is the only known example of this type of insignia made for wear by
+infantry, or possibly for Militia riflemen whose trimmings were,
+incorrectly, silver.</p>
+
+<p>There are several conjectures about this cut-out device made from a die
+of the preceding series of shield plates. It may have been made after
+1834, when the open horn with cord and tassels was adopted by the
+Regular infantry as a branch device. It is equally possible that it was
+submitted to a Militia infantry organization by some maker as a sample
+during the 1820's and when selected was silvered to conform with other
+trimmings. In either case, it illustrates how a single die could serve
+to make many different variations from a basic design.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60304-M (S-K 61B). Figure 119.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img121" name="img121"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img121.jpg" width="300" height="378" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 119</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The very unusual construction of this brass plate for riflemen indicates
+that it is possibly one of the earliest of the composite plates. Within
+a wreath of crossed laurel boughs is a small center circle with raised
+edge to which has been soldered the eagle and horn device struck in
+convex form.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page63" name="page63"></a>(p. 63)</span> CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60252-M (S-K 10). Figure 120.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img122" name="img122"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img122.jpg" width="300" height="406" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 120</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The diamond-shaped plate was in vogue with Militia units during the late
+1820's and the 1830's. Examples of such plates for the Washington Grays
+(Philadelphia) and the Philadelphia Grays are recorded in <i>U.S. Military
+Magazine</i>.<a id="footnotetag105" name="footnotetag105"></a><a href="#footnote105" title="Go to footnote 105"><span class="smaller">[105]</span></a> This brass plate, possibly made for a particular unit
+from stock dies, is a typical example of the endless variety possible
+with the use of a few dies. The blank was struck with a die for the
+center device of eagle and horn, but the irregularity of the spacing of
+the stars shows that they were added later by hand. Similar plates may
+be found with essentially this same device, but placed on small shields
+or backgrounds of other shapes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1835</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604851-M (S-K 996). Figure 121.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img123" name="img123"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img123.jpg" width="300" height="298" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 121</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The eagle and horn devices were sometimes separated by the manufacturer
+to produce this type ornament open with cord and tassels. Struck in
+brass, it differs in form and detail from the silver horn adopted by the
+Regular infantry in 1834 as a cap plate.</p>
+
+<p>Several Militia units of the late 1830's and 1840's used a horn as an
+additional ornament on the rear of the cap, notably the State Fencibles
+(Philadelphia) and the National Guard (Philadelphia). On the rear of the
+leather cap of the State Fencibles were "two broad rich stripes of
+silver lace, starting from the same point at the top and running down,
+forming an angle, in the center of which is a bugle ornament...."<a id="footnotetag106" name="footnotetag106"></a><a href="#footnote106" title="Go to footnote 106"><span class="smaller">[106]</span></a>
+The cap of the National Guard has been described as being "of blue cloth
+... and in the rear a plated bugle ornament."<a id="footnotetag107" name="footnotetag107"></a><a href="#footnote107" title="Go to footnote 107"><span class="smaller">[107]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ In the following series of rather similar plates, four different dies
+are used for the center ornament, perhaps made by as many different die
+sinkers. The relatively large number of these plates still in existence
+suggests that they were worn very extensively. Those with silver finish
+were used by infantry; the gilt or copper ones by artillery and perhaps
+by staff officers. All specimens are currently fitted with plain wire
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page64" name="page64"></a>(p. 64)</span> fasteners and plume sockets, both of which may or may not be
+original.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60271-M (S-K 29). Figure 122.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img124" name="img124"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img124.jpg" width="300" height="384" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 122</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The floral-bordered shield outline of this silver-on-copper infantry
+plate is known to have been used also with the rifleman's eagle-horn
+device in the center. The panoply of arms and flags used as a background
+for the center device, which is characterized by the long neck of the
+eagle swung far to the right, links it closely to the plate of similar
+type worn during the period 1814-1821. Because of its large size, it is
+assigned to the post-1821 era of the bell-crown cap, contemporary with
+the riflemen's large plates. The 13 5-pointed stars were added with a
+hand punch.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60298-M (S-K 56). Figure 123.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img125" name="img125"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img125.jpg" width="300" height="378" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 123</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass plate is a duplicate of the preceding, lacking only the
+hand-applied stars. The crispness of detail indicates that it was one of
+the very early products of the die.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60269-M (S-K 27). Figure 124.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img126" name="img126"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img126.jpg" width="300" height="372" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 124</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The second variation of the series is a product of perhaps the best
+executed die of the group, with unusually fine detail in the eagle's
+wings and with neatly stacked cannon balls at the bottom of the center
+device. It includes other excellent detail not found in other dies: an
+eagle-head pommel on one sword, a star pattern made of smaller stars in
+the cantons of the flags, and crossed cannon, rammer, and worm behind
+the Federal shield. It is struck in brass.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60297-M (S-K 55). Figure 125.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img127" name="img127"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img127.jpg" width="300" height="369" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 125</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A tall, slender, rather graceless eagle with broad wings and erect head
+reminiscent of the Napoleonic eagle is the outstanding difference in
+this third example of the series. The floral border lacks a finished
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page65" name="page65"></a>(p. 65)</span> look because the plate, which is of brass, was apparently hand
+trimmed.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60270-M (S-K 28). Figure 126.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img128" name="img128"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img128.jpg" width="300" height="404" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 126</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This fourth variation, of silver-on-copper, bears an eagle with very
+small legs (somewhat out of proportion), an erect head, a fierce mien,
+and a heavy round breast. The design is struck on a shield-plate with
+the exact measurements as on one of the riflemen series.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1825</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60302-M (S-K 60). Figure 127.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img129" name="img129"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img129.jpg" width="300" height="351" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 127</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The oldest known plate made expressly for musicians, this
+silver-on-copper, floral-bordered shield bears an eagle similar to one
+for riflemen of the same period (see fig. <a href="#img118">116</a>). Among the early musical
+instruments easily identifiable in the design are the tambor, the
+serpent, the French horn, and the rack of bells. Such a plate was
+undoubtedly a stock pattern, available in either gilt or silver finish,
+and was probably sold well into the 1840's. The reverse is fitted with
+what appears to be a contemporary plume socket, although resoldered, and
+two simple wire fasteners.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1835</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 6030-M (S-K 61A). Figure 128.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img130" name="img130"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img130.jpg" width="300" height="468" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 128</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This gilded brass plate, while not as old as the preceding one, is of an
+unusual pattern. Made for New York State Militia, it carries the
+eagle-on-half-globe device at the top. The central design includes a
+French horn, a serpent, and a straight horn, all intertwined about an
+open roll of sheet music. It is probably a stock pattern. The reverse is
+fitted with three simple bent-wire fasteners.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60250-M (S-K 8). Figure 129.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img131" name="img131"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img131.jpg" width="300" height="408" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 129</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The design on this brass plate, reminiscent of that on the regular
+infantry cap plate, 1814-1821, was adopted for wear by the Militia after
+being discarded by the Regular Establishment. The ornate floral border
+and diamond shape place it in the late 1820's and the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page66" name="page66"></a>(p. 66)</span> 1830's,
+although the lightning in the eagle's left talon and the arrows in its
+right talon are usually associated with plates designed prior to 1821.
+It has been suggested that this is the plate worn by the West Point
+cadets after 1821, but such seems doubtful.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ No Militia plates enjoyed wider use or longer life than those
+patterned after the plate that disappeared from the Regular
+Establishment with the disbanding of the dragoons in 1815. More than a
+dozen die variants are known, several worn by more than one Militia
+unit. Although size and shape may vary, any plate exhibiting a mounted
+trooper with upraised saber can safely be assigned to mounted Militia.
+However, the dating of such plates is a real problem because they are
+known to have been in use as late as 1861.</p>
+
+<p>A Huddy and Duval print of the Washington Cavalry of Philadelphia County
+shows that unit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page67" name="page67"></a>(p. 67)</span> wearing a plate similar to the one used by the
+Regulars, differing only in its brass composition, as opposed to the
+original pewter of the 1812 regulations.<a id="footnotetag108" name="footnotetag108"></a><a href="#footnote108" title="Go to footnote 108"><span class="smaller">[108]</span></a> A cap in the collections
+of the Valley Forge Museum that was worn by a member of this unit in the
+period 1835-1845 is very similar to the one shown in the Huddy and Duval
+print. The cap is a copy of the 1812 Regular Army pattern, with somewhat
+more ornate brass bindings in place of the iron strips. A similar cap,
+carrying the label "Canfield and Bro., Baltimore," is owned by
+Lexington, Virginia, descendants of a member of the Rockbridge
+[Virginia] Dragoons. That unit is said to have worn such a cap upon
+first entering Confederate service in 1861.</p>
+
+<p>In the national collections there is a dragoon cap (USNM 604767, S-K
+912) carrying a plate of this design struck on a massive diamond-shaped
+piece with concave sides. There are additional variations in several
+private collections and at the Fort Ticonderoga Museum. The mounted
+horseman device was also struck on heart-shaped martingale ornaments.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, DRAGOONS, C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60254-M (S-K 12). Figure 130.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img132" name="img132"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img132.jpg" width="300" height="422" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 130</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The horseman on this brass plate, designed with a rather crude,
+childlike simplicity, is garbed quite differently than the Regular
+dragoon on the 1812 pewter specimen. The plate is assigned to the
+general 1830 period to fit the era of the diamond-shaped plates, but its
+use doubtless continued on into the 1840's. By nature of its design it
+would have been a manufacturer's stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY(?), C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60301-M (S-K 59). Figure 131.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img133" name="img133"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img133.jpg" width="300" height="531" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 131</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The eagle on this brass plate is similar to the ones on the preceding
+shield plates, but the Federal shield on which he stands is ornamented
+with three star devices composed of smaller stars. An unusual feature of
+this plate is the addition of the flaming portion of a grenade rising
+from the eagle's head, a device not a part of any other known cap plate.
+This <span class="pagenum"><a id="page68" name="page68"></a>(p. 68)</span> symbol suggests artillery, and the plate is of the proper
+color. Although an unusual over-all design, the lack of any components
+of state arms or crests indicate that it may have been a stock pattern.
+The reverse is fitted with two simple bent-wire fasteners.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60355-M (S-K 111). Figure 132.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img134" name="img134"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img134.jpg" width="300" height="376" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 132</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This silver-on-copper plate bears the familiar elements of the
+Massachusetts seal: Indian, in hunting shirt, with bow in right hand,
+arrow with point downward in left hand, and star above right shoulder.
+The crest&mdash;an arm grasping a broad sword on a wreath of the colors&mdash;is
+superimposed on a burst of sun rays above. The State's motto is written
+around the shield. The earlier plates containing elements of state arms
+were for the most part confined to the States of Massachusetts,
+Connecticut, and New York. No large plates bearing Pennsylvania State
+symbols that can be dated prior to 1835 are known.</p>
+
+<p>This seal was not authorized by law until 1885. However, the devices and
+the motto were elements of the seal of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
+ordered prepared by the state legislature in 1780 and, although
+apparently never formally approved, used as such for many years. It
+differs considerably in detail from the seal in use from 1629 to
+1684.<a id="footnotetag109" name="footnotetag109"></a><a href="#footnote109" title="Go to footnote 109"><span class="smaller">[109]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, C. 1835</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60316-M (S-K 72). Figure 133.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img135" name="img135"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img135.jpg" width="300" height="397" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 133</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This scalloped plate, which is struck in thin iron metal and silvered,
+bears elements of the Massachusetts seal, minus the motto, and the
+legend "<span class="smcap">Massachusetts Militia</span>." Its silver color assigns it <span class="pagenum"><a id="page69" name="page69"></a>(p. 69)</span> to
+the infantry. The form of the specimen indicates that it was probably
+designed prior to 1839. In consideration of its over-all design and the
+use of the word "<span class="smcap">Militia</span>," it was probably made as a stock pattern and
+sold to several different organizations. A plume holder, which has been
+resoldered to the reverse, appears to be of the same metal as the plate
+proper. It is pierced at the sides for attachment.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Painted cap fronts were worn during the War of the Revolution by
+several units of the Continental Army&mdash;including the Light Infantry
+Company of the Canadian Regiment, Haslet's Delaware Regiment, and the
+Rhode Island Train of Artillery<a id="footnotetag110" name="footnotetag110"></a><a href="#footnote110" title="Go to footnote 110"><span class="smaller">[110]</span></a>&mdash;and it is probable that the
+practice continued among some volunteer corps up to the War of 1812.
+Their use in the uniformed Militia units generally declined after the
+introduction of die-struck metal cap plates. Two notable exceptions are
+a cap plate of the Morris Rangers that is attached to a civilian-type
+round hat of the 1812-1814 period<a id="footnotetag111" name="footnotetag111"></a><a href="#footnote111" title="Go to footnote 111"><span class="smaller">[111]</span></a> and the cap front described below
+(fig. <a href="#img139">137</a>).</p>
+
+<p>Although discarded by the more elite volunteer corps, painted metal hat
+fronts in the "tombstone" shape similar to that of the Morris Rangers
+continued to be used, to some extent, by the common Militia. Easily
+attached to the ordinary civilian hat of the period, they provided the
+common Militia a quick and inexpensive transformation from civilian to
+military dress at their infrequent musters perhaps as late as 1840.
+There are several contemporary sketches of these musters and in one,
+dated 1829 (fig. <a href="#img136">134</a>), these "tombstone" plates can be identified.</p>
+
+<a id="img136" name="img136"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img136.jpg" width="500" height="323" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 134.</span>&mdash;From Library of Congress print.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A total of perhaps a dozen of these hat fronts are known. Most are of
+Connecticut origin, although at least two containing New York State
+devices are extant. The most elaborate of these devices bears, oddly
+enough, elements of the Connecticut State seal, the motto <i>Qui Trans.
+Sust.</i>, and the crest of the Massachusetts coat of arms&mdash;an arm grasping
+a broad-sword (fig. <a href="#img137">135</a>). The elaborate detail of this plate indicates
+that it was probably an officer's. The fact that unit designations on
+other such known hat fronts run as high as the "23d Regt." is definite
+proof that these were devices of the common Militia as opposed to the
+volunteer corps.</p>
+
+<a id="img137" name="img137"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img137.jpg" width="300" height="326" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 135.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h4>PAINTED CAP FRONT, CONNECTICUT, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604764-M (S-K 909). Figure 136.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img138" name="img138"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img138.jpg" width="300" height="310" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 136</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This painted front, of leather rather than metal, forms an integral part
+of the cap itself. Edged in gold, it has the unit designation "<span class="smcap">LIGHT
+INFANTRY</span>: 2d <span class="smcap">COMP.</span>" in gold at the top; a shield in the center contains
+elements of the Connecticut State seal, and below it is the state motto
+"<span class="smcap">QUI TRANS SUST</span>" ("He who brought us over here will sustains us").</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP FRONT, C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60243-M (S-K 1). Figure 137.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img139" name="img139"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img139.jpg" width="300" height="465" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 137</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A majority of these hat fronts are very similar in design, size, and
+shape, and are painted over a black background on thin precut sheets of
+tinned iron. This specimen carries a gold eagle with the Federal shield
+on its breast and a ribbon in its beak. The unit <span class="pagenum"><a id="page71" name="page71"></a>(p. 71)</span> designation,
+"2d <span class="smcap">COMP<sup>Y</sup>.</span> 23d <span class="smcap">REG<sup>T</sup>.</span>", also in gold, is below. The artwork, although
+somewhat unartistically executed, has an attractive simplicity. Other
+such hat fronts in the national collections are of the 2d Company, 6th
+Regiment; 3d Company, 6th Regiment; and 1st Company, 8th Regiment. The
+plate shown here has metal loops soldered to the reverse close to the
+edge midway between top and bottom for attachment to a civilian type hat
+by means of a ribbon or strip of cloth. Other such plates have hole for
+attachment with string.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, c. 1835-1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60318-M (S-K 74). Figure 138.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img140" name="img140"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img140.jpg" width="300" height="297" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 138</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This crescent-shaped, silver-on-copper plate bears an eagle that is very
+similar in design to the one adopted by the Regular Army in 1821.
+Sometimes mistakenly identified as a gorget because of its shape, the
+crescent form of the specimen is an old South Carolina State heraldic
+device. A cap worn by the Charleston Light Dragoons after the Civil War,
+and <span class="pagenum"><a id="page72" name="page72"></a>(p. 72)</span> probably before, carries a similar crescent-shaped plate,
+with the familiar palmetto tree device substituted for the eagle.<a id="footnotetag112" name="footnotetag112"></a><a href="#footnote112" title="Go to footnote 112"><span class="smaller">[112]</span></a>
+The design of the eagle, however, places this piece in the 1835-1850
+period. A silvered ornament, it may have been made originally for either
+infantry or dragoons, and must be considered a manufacturer's stock
+pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS, C. 1835</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60251-M (S-K 9). Figure 139.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img141" name="img141"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img141.jpg" width="300" height="440" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 139</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass, diamond-shaped plate was worn by the Washington Grays, a
+light artillery outfit of Philadelphia. Within a raised oval are a
+profile of Washington&mdash;with his shoulders draped in a toga, a typically
+neoclassic touch&mdash;and, below, the unit designation "<span class="smcap">GRAYS</span>" in raised
+letters. A matching oval shoulder-belt plate struck from the same die is
+known.<a id="footnotetag113" name="footnotetag113"></a><a href="#footnote113" title="Go to footnote 113"><span class="smaller">[113]</span></a></p>
+
+<p>Many Militia units named themselves after prominent military
+personalities. There were Washington Guards, Washington Rifles, Jackson
+Artillerists, and so forth.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, NATIONAL GREYS, C. 1835</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60291-M (S-K 49). Figure 140.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img142" name="img142"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img142.jpg" width="300" height="308" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 140</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>An illustration in <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i><a id="footnotetag114" name="footnotetag114"></a><a href="#footnote114" title="Go to footnote 114"><span class="smaller">[114]</span></a> shows this plate being
+worn by the National Greys; however, with such a nondistinctive center
+ornament as the rosette of six petals, it must surely have been a stock
+pattern sold to many different organizations. The sunburst proper is
+struck in brass, as is the rosette, and each of the rays is pierced at
+the end for attachment. The rosette is affixed with a brass bolt, also
+for attachment, which must have extended through the front of the cap.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840-1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60333-M (S-K 89). Figure 141.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img143" name="img143"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img143.jpg" width="300" height="447" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 141</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate is struck in very thin brass. The combination of devices in
+the design, especially of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page73" name="page73"></a>(p. 73)</span> cannon and cannon balls,
+indicates that it was probably made for Militia artillery. Its shape
+suggests that it may have been worn high on the cap front, with the
+sunburst serving an added function as a cockade of sorts. It was very
+probably a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, MOUNTED TROOPS, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60319-M (S-K 75). Figure 142.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img144" name="img144"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img144.jpg" width="350" height="202" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 142</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the size of this brass plate it can be assumed that it was worn
+without other ornament on the front of the round leather cap associated
+with mounted troops. The upper portion of the shield bears 8-pointed
+stars, an unusual feature. The arrows in the eagle's left talon point
+inward, a characteristic of eagle representation between 1832 and 1836.
+The plate is known both in brass and with silver finish. It was probably
+a stock pattern issued to both cavalry and mounted artillery.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP EAGLE, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60391-M (S-K 147). Figure 143.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img145" name="img145"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img145.jpg" width="300" height="236" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 143</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass eagle was worn in combination with backgrounds of full-,
+half-, and three-quarter sunbursts and as a single ornament on the cap
+front. The inward-pointed arrows in the left talon place it in the
+1832-1836 period. Known in both brass and silver-on-copper, it was a
+popular stock pattern sold to many units.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60381-M (S-K 137). Figure 144.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img146" name="img146"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img146.jpg" width="300" height="214" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 144</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Struck in copper, and silvered, this eagle, which is very similar in
+design to that prescribed for the Regular Establishment in both 1821 and
+1832, was made for Militia infantry from about 1836 to perhaps as late
+as 1851. Specimens struck in brass are also known, and the same eagle is
+found on half-sunburst backgrounds. It is quite possible that this is
+the eagle illustrated in the Huddy and Duval prints as being worn by
+both the Washington Blues of Philadelphia and the U.S. Marine
+Corps.<a id="footnotetag115" name="footnotetag115"></a><a href="#footnote115" title="Go to footnote 115"><span class="smaller">[115]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPEAU ORNAMENT, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60287-M (S-K 45). Figure 145.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img147" name="img147"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img147.jpg" width="300" height="299" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 145</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass ornament is a die sample or unfinished badge. After the
+circular device was trimmed from <span class="pagenum"><a id="page74" name="page74"></a>(p. 74)</span> the brass square, it would
+have been worn as an officer's chapeau ornament or as a side ornament on
+the round leather dragoon cap of the period. The four arrows in the
+eagle's left talon are unusual.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPEAU COCKADE, GENERAL OFFICER, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604962-M (S-K 1156). Figure 146.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img148" name="img148"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img148.jpg" width="300" height="400" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 146</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This large, round chapeau cockade with its gold embroidery and sequins
+on black-ribbed silk and its ring of 24 silver-metal stars appears to be
+identical to cockades that have been shown as being worn around 1839 by
+Gen. Edmund P. Gaines and Gen. Winfield Scott<a id="footnotetag116" name="footnotetag116"></a><a href="#footnote116" title="Go to footnote 116"><span class="smaller">[116]</span></a> but without the added
+center eagle. Close examination of this cockade shows it to be complete,
+with no traces of a center eagle ever having been added. The 24 stars
+would have been appropriate at any time between 1821 and 1836.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP AND CAP PLATE, JACKSON ARTILLERISTS, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604780 (S-K 925). Figure 147.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img149" name="img149"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img149.jpg" width="300" height="400" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 147</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Jackson Artillerists of Philadelphia, after the appearance of the
+regular dragoon cap plate in 1833 and the large crossed cannon of the
+regular artillery one year later, lost no time in combining these two
+devices to make their distinctive cap device.<a id="footnotetag117" name="footnotetag117"></a><a href="#footnote117" title="Go to footnote 117"><span class="smaller">[117]</span></a> It seems probable,
+however, that the plate was adopted by other artillery units and
+eventually became more or less of a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS(?), C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604608-M (S-K 755). Figure 148.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img150" name="img150"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img150.jpg" width="300" height="314" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 148</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Washington Grays of Philadelphia wore a diamond-shaped plate with a
+likeness of George <span class="pagenum"><a id="page75" name="page75"></a>(p. 75)</span> Washington in the center (see fig. <a href="#img141">139</a>), but
+this plate, for some other "Washington" unit, bears his likeness in
+silver metal on a brass sunburst background. This silver outline of the
+head of Washington is also known on cartridge-box flaps of the period.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, DIE SAMPLE, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60288-M (S-K 46). Figure 149.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img151" name="img151"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img151.jpg" width="300" height="243" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 149</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This uncut, brass cap plate may have been a manufacturer's die strike
+sent out as a sample, with others, so that a distant Militia
+organization could select a pattern. The finished plate is known on a
+bell-crown cap of the pattern of the 1820's, but its design indicates
+that it probably should be dated after 1834 when the Regular artillery
+first adopted the crossed-cannon device. The eagle is distinctly similar
+to the one adopted by the Regulars in lieu of cap plates in 1821, and
+the modified sunburst background probably was taken from the 1833
+dragoon device.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page76" name="page76"></a>(p. 76)</span> CAP PLATE, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60292-M (S-K 50) Figure 150.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img152" name="img152"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img152.jpg" width="300" height="321" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 150</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This cap plate is a somewhat wider variation of the 1833 dragoon device
+than most of the Militia plates of that type popular in the late 1830's
+and the 1840's. While the brass sunburst has the usual 8-pointed form,
+the eagle, applied to the center, is unusually small (1-3/8 by 1 in.)
+and gives every indication of having been originally designed as a
+cockade eagle at a somewhat earlier period.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60274-M (S-K 32). Figure 151.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img153" name="img153"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img153.jpg" width="350" height="226" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 151</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This pattern of the 1833 dragoon eagle on a half-sunburst, struck in
+brass and silvered, was worn by the Washington [D.C.] Light Infantry
+<a id="footnotetag118" name="footnotetag118"></a><a href="#footnote118" title="Go to footnote 118"><span class="smaller">[118]</span></a> and possibly by other units of the period. Both the eagle and the
+half-sunburst were obviously stock items.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page78" name="page78"></a>(p. 78)</span> CAP PLATE, REPUBLICAN BLUES, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604606 (S-K 753). Figure 152.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img154" name="img154"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img154.jpg" width="300" height="259" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 152</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This silver-metal plate can be accurately identified by reading its
+devices. The center device is from the seal of the State of Georgia.
+During the period that the plate was worn, one of the best known of the
+State's Militia organizations was the Republican Blues&mdash;the "<span class="smcap">RB</span>" on the
+plate&mdash;of Savannah.<a id="footnotetag119" name="footnotetag119"></a><a href="#footnote119" title="Go to footnote 119"><span class="smaller">[119]</span></a> The silver color of the plate also agrees with
+the other trimmings of the uniform of that unit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, IRISH DRAGOONS, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604605 (S-K 752). Figure 153.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img155" name="img155"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img155.jpg" width="300" height="257" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 153</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This three-quarter-sunburst plate with the monogram "<span class="smcap">I D</span>" applied in
+silver is identical to one on a brass-bound dragoon cap in the national
+collections carrying in its crown the label "Irish Dragoons, Brooklyn,
+N.Y." (USNM 604691, S-K 837). It is typical of the two-piece
+sunburst-type plates and was probably worn until the 1850's. The plate
+was attached by means of two looped-wire fasteners that were run through
+holes in the helmet and secured by leather thongs.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP AND PLATE, LANCER TYPE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604688-M (S-K 834). Figure 154.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img156" name="img156"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img156.jpg" width="300" height="345" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 154</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>With no regulations but their own to restrain them, Militia
+organizations designed their uniforms to suit their fancies, although
+generally following the regulations <span class="pagenum"><a id="page79" name="page79"></a>(p. 79)</span> for the Regulars. This
+often led to odd and unusual cap shapes and trimmings and bindings on
+clothing, and to somewhat garish horse furniture in in some mounted
+units.</p>
+
+<p>The illustrated cap and plate is very similar to the ones worn by the
+Boston Light Infantry<a id="footnotetag120" name="footnotetag120"></a><a href="#footnote120" title="Go to footnote 120"><span class="smaller">[120]</span></a> about 1839-1840 except that the upper or
+"mortar board" portion is beige instead of red and the plate is a full
+instead of a three-quarter sunburst. The mortar board form is that
+introduced by the Polish lancers in Europe in the early years of the
+19th century and worn by most European lancer regiments of the same
+period. Lancer units in the British Army adopted this type cap in 1816
+when they were first converted from light dragoons.<a id="footnotetag121" name="footnotetag121"></a><a href="#footnote121" title="Go to footnote 121"><span class="smaller">[121]</span></a> The large,
+brass, eagle-on-sunburst plate was obviously patterned after the one
+prescribed for the Regular dragoons in 1833.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60377-M (S-K 133). Figure 155.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img157" name="img157"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img157.jpg" width="300" height="229" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 155</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As an example of more than a dozen known variants of the eagle, this
+silver-on-copper specimen is illustrated to show the general form and
+size of Militia cockade eagles that became distinct types in the 1830's
+and continued until about 1851. All such eagles were obviously stock
+patterns.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604960-M (S-K 1104). Figure 156.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img158" name="img158"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img158.jpg" width="300" height="312" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 156</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This gold-embroidered cockade eagle with a wreath of silver lamé about
+its breast appears to have been patterned directly after the eagle on
+the 1833 Regular dragoon cap plate (see fig. <a href="#img040">38</a>). It possibly is one of
+a type worn by general officers of Militia. On this specimen, both the
+eye and mouth of the eagle are indicated with red thread.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604959-M (S-K 1103). Figure 157.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img159" name="img159"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img159.jpg" width="300" height="327" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 157</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This gold-embroidered eagle, with wings and tail of gold embroidery and
+gold sequins, was worn by staff and field officers, and possibly general
+officers, of Militia. A duplicate on an original chapeau is in the
+collections of the Maryland Historical Society in Baltimore, Maryland.
+Eagle ornaments such as this were generally centered on a round cloth
+cockade about 6 inches in diameter. The eagle's mouth is indicated by
+embroidery with red thread. Similar eagles of a smaller size are known
+on epaulets of the same period.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page80" name="page80"></a>(p. 80)</span> CAP PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60451l-M (S-K 658). Figure 158.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img160" name="img160"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img160.jpg" width="300" height="435" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 158</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The flaming grenade, adopted by the Regulars in 1832 after long usage by
+the British and other foreign armies, was quickly adopted by the
+Militia. This specimen, of silver-on-copper, was worn as a cap plate
+either in conjunction with another device below it on the cap front or
+as a lone distinctive ornament. It cannot precisely be identified as an
+artillery plate, but since some Militia artillery units are definitely
+known to have worn silver buttons of the artillery pattern, such is
+highly probable. Also known in brass and in smaller sizes, it is a stock
+pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604526 (S-K 673). Figure 159.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img161" name="img161"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img161.jpg" width="300" height="449" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 159</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although this plate appears to be of possible French or British origin,
+close examination indicates that it is probably an American Militia
+device of the 1840's. Its looped-wire fasteners indicate that it is a
+cap plate. The design of the modified Napoleonic-type eagle is almost
+exactly that used in the 1833 Regular dragoon cap plate and other
+Militia plates; and the period of apparent manufacture coincides with
+the early use of the flaming grenade as an American device.
+Incorporating two devices common to the period, it would have been a
+stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60432-M (S-K 188). Figure 160.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img162" name="img162"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img162.jpg" width="300" height="289" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 160</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The 1840 button for the Ordnance Corps bears a flaming grenade over
+crossed cannon, devices that date from 1832 and 1834 respectively.
+Consequently, it seems likely that this combination emerged as a stock
+pattern for Militia artillery early in the 1840's. This specimen, struck
+from a single piece of brass, is a copy of the French artillery device
+of the same period, and, while it is believed to be American, it may be
+a foreign insignia. Confusion arises in the case of foreign designs, for
+die sinkers often used as a model either an actual imported badge or a
+scale drawing of one.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page81" name="page81"></a>(p. 81)</span> CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604548-M (S-K 695). Figure 161.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img163" name="img163"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img163.jpg" width="300" height="259" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 161</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a variation of the pattern of the preceding specimen in which
+silver-metal devices have been placed on a small, gilt, half-sunburst
+plate. This was probably a stock pattern available to any Militia
+organization beginning about 1840 and worn for the next 20 or 30 years.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604533-M (S-K 680). Figure 162.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img164" name="img164"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img164.jpg" width="300" height="453" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 162</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The palmetto of South Carolina in outline form first appeared as a large
+cap ornament about 1840, after having been worn in smaller size as a
+cockade ornament and on the side of dragoon caps. A Huddy and Duval
+print shows it on the caps of the DeKalb Rifle Guards of Camden, South
+Carolina.<a id="footnotetag122" name="footnotetag122"></a><a href="#footnote122" title="Go to footnote 122"><span class="smaller">[122]</span></a> The illustrated specimen was worn into the 1850's, and it
+is highly probable that some South Carolina troops wore plates such as
+this in the early days of the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>The palmetto was adopted as the principal heraldic device of South
+Carolina in commemoration of the defeat of Admiral Sir Peter Parker's
+fleet by the garrison of Sullivan's Island under Col. William Moultrie
+in June 1776. The defenses of the island were constructed primarily of
+palmetto logs. The devices comprising this brass plate are all taken
+from the state seal, including the mottos <i>Animis Opibusque Parati</i> and
+<i>Dum Spiro Spero Spes</i>. The date "1776" alludes to the year of
+Moultrie's victory and not to the organization date of any particular
+unit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604532-M (S-K 679). Figure 163.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img165" name="img165"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img165.jpg" width="300" height="399" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 163</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Struck from a different die, with broader fronds and a wider base, this
+brass plate is of the same period as the preceding one.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60295-M (S-K 53). Figure 164.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img166" name="img166"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img166.jpg" width="350" height="267" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 164</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This grenadier-type plate, struck in brass, is one of the most beautiful
+examples of the die maker's art in the national collections. On a
+sunburst-over-clouds <span class="pagenum"><a id="page82" name="page82"></a>(p. 82)</span> background is an eagle grasping the top of
+the Federal shield superimposed on panoply of arms and colors. The
+national motto is on a ribbon below. Certainly not from a stock pattern,
+this plate obviously was made for a specific Militia unit of
+considerable affluence. Three simple wire fasteners soldered to the
+reverse provide means of attachment.</p>
+
+<p>This specimen is one of the scarce examples of military plates bearing
+the maker's name "<span class="smcap">BALE</span>," which may be seen just above the raised lower
+edge and below the "<span class="smcap">UNUM</span>." This was probably Thomas Bale of New York who
+is first listed in New York directories, in 1832, as an engraver at 68
+Nassau Street. The 1842 directory lists him as a die sinker at the same
+address in partnership with a Frederick B. Smith. He is last listed in
+1851.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP AND CAP PLATE, 1ST ARTILLERY, PENNSYLVANIA, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604672 (S-K 819). Figure 165.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img167" name="img167"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img167.jpg" width="300" height="318" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 165</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The plate on this cap uses only the shield of the Pennsylvania seal
+without crest or supporters. It is surrounded at the sides and bottom
+with a wreath carrying a ribbon with the unit designation "first
+artily." Equally interesting and unusual is the small separate insignia
+at the pompon socket. It is based on the 1840 flaming grenade ordnance
+device with crossed cannon superimposed.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60394-M (S-K 150). Figure 166.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img168" name="img168"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img168.jpg" width="350" height="161" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 166</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This eagle is of a rather odd design, and the five arrows in its left
+talon is an even more unusual variation. <span class="pagenum"><a id="page83" name="page83"></a>(p. 83)</span> It is believed to be a
+cockade eagle because of its form and size, but it may well have been
+used elsewhere on the person as a piece of uniform insignia.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CHAPEAU COCKADE, STATE FENCIBLES (PENNSYLVANIA), C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60259-M (S-K 17). Figure 167.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img169" name="img169"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img169.jpg" width="300" height="340" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 167</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The State Fencibles of Philadelphia were originally organized as "Sea
+Fencibles" in 1812 for duty at the port of Philadelphia. This cockade,
+with brass eagle, was first worn about 1840 and it continued in use for
+many years thereafter. Dates incorporated as parts of devices are
+generally the original organizational dates of the units concerned&mdash;as
+is the case in this instance&mdash;and bear no necessary relation to the age
+of the badges. Some Militia cap plates bear the date "1776," and there
+are waist-belt plates bearing organization dates of 100 years earlier
+than the dates at which the plates were made.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The transition to composite plates in the late 1830's was a tremendous
+step forward in the field of military ornament. Handsome insignia could
+be manufactured less expensively and individual units were able to have
+plates distinctive to themselves at relatively low cost; however, only
+gold and silver colors could be used. In the mid-1840's there was
+introduced a new manufacturing technique which opened this field even
+wider. In this innovation, various stock patterns were struck with a
+round center as a part of the design. In either the initial strike, or a
+second, this round center was punched out, leaving a hole. Then pieces
+of colored leather or painted tin, carrying distinctive numerals,
+letters, monograms, or other devices were affixed to the reverse of the
+plate, in effect filling the hole. Although this added a step in
+manufacture, it permitted the incorporation of bright colors, which
+added zest and sparkle to the finished product. Such plates remained
+popular until the 1890's, and a few are still worn on the full-dress
+caps of some units. This type of insignia came into use at the time when
+many of the independent companies <span class="pagenum"><a id="page84" name="page84"></a>(p. 84)</span> of the larger states, such as
+New York and Pennsylvania, were starting to become elements of regiments
+and brigades within the over-all Militia structure of the state, thus
+the use of distinctive numbers and/or letters on the badges. Many of
+these units, however, retained their original designation<a id="footnotetag123" name="footnotetag123"></a><a href="#footnote123" title="Go to footnote 123"><span class="smaller">[123]</span></a> and
+continued to wear insignia distinctive to themselves on full-dress
+uniforms.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, 1845-1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604559-M (S-K 706). Figure 168.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img170" name="img170"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img170.jpg" width="300" height="313" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 168</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The first of the stock patterns, with basic wreath and 8-pointed
+starlike sunburst, has the numeral "1" on black leather as a center
+device. Other specimens in the national collections have single
+numerals, single letters, branch of service devices, and state coats of
+arms. This plate, and those following, were worn through the 1850's on
+the dress cap copied after the pattern adopted for the Regular
+Establishment in 1851. It is struck in brass.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, 1845-1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604617-M (S-K 764). Figure 169.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img171" name="img171"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img171.jpg" width="300" height="310" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 169</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This stock pattern, in brass, is very definitely military in
+composition, employing cannon and flag-staff spearheads radiating from a
+beaded center and superimposed on a sunburst background. The metal
+letter "1" is backed with black leather.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page85" name="page85"></a>(p. 85)</span> CAP AND CAP PLATE, ALBANY BURGESSES CORPS, C. 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604681-M (S-K 827). Figure 170.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img172" name="img172"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img172.jpg" width="300" height="292" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 170</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This unusually ornate and distinctive plate is that of the Albany [New
+York] Burgesses Corps that was founded, as stated on the plate itself,
+October 8, 1833. The arms and the motto "<span class="smcap">ASSIDUITY</span>", appearing above the
+ribbon with the letters "<span class="smcap">A B C</span>," are those of the city of Albany.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP AND CAP PLATE, RIFLES, C. 1851</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604666-M (S-K 813). Figure 171.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img173" name="img173"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img173.jpg" width="300" height="305" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 171</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The original buttons on the sides of this cap have the eagle with the
+letter "<span class="smcap">R</span>" (used by both Regulars and Militia) on the shield. The brass
+plate proper, however, includes no device indicative of any particular
+branch of service; combining flags and a Federal <span class="pagenum"><a id="page86" name="page86"></a>(p. 86)</span> shield
+surmounted by an eagle, it may well have been a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, C. 1850(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604551 (S-K 698). Figure 172.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img174" name="img174"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img174.jpg" width="300" height="273" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 172</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The type and form of this eagle plate give no clue to its age, or to the
+identity of the unit that wore it other than the numeral "1" in the
+eagle's beak and the letter "<span class="smcap">E</span>" in the shield. It is a type more apt to
+have been made about 1850 than later. The eagle is struck in brass, and
+the stippled inner portion of the shield, product of a separate strike,
+is soldered in place; thus, the plate proper must be considered a stock
+pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page87" name="page87"></a>(p. 87)</span> CAP PLATE, C. 1850(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604552-M (S-K 699). Figure 173.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img175" name="img175"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img175.jpg" width="300" height="289" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 173</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A companion piece to the preceding plate, this specimen differs in that
+the letters "<span class="smcap">R G</span>" and their stippled background are struck integrally
+with the plate proper&mdash;indicating that two dies were combined for a
+single strike&mdash;and in that the shield, ribbon, and numeral "1" have been
+silvered.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, 10TH REGIMENT, MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEER MILITIA, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60358-M (S-K 114). Figure 174.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img176" name="img176"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img176.jpg" width="300" height="338" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 174</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate is of a type form worn on Militia dress caps prior to the
+Civil War. There is little doubt that plates such as this continued in
+use for several decades after their initial appearance. This brass
+specimen, surmounted by elements of the Massachusetts seal, is struck as
+a stock pattern for Massachusetts troops with the center left blank. The
+numeral "10" is applied to a black-painted metal disk affixed with
+simple wire fasteners.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, GEORGIA, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604545-M (S-K 692). Figure 175.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img177" name="img177"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img177.jpg" width="350" height="252" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 175</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate and the one following are of Militia types worn on caps in
+the 1850's and perhaps earlier. Such plates are known to have been in
+use with little or no change almost to the present day on military
+school dress shakos and dress caps worn by some National Guard units.
+The plate proper, which is of brass, is the well-known half-sunburst
+device so popular in the 1830's and 1840's. The Georgia state seal, also
+in brass, is applied with wire fasteners. The plate is dated later than
+a similar one of the Republican Blues (fig. <a href="#img154">152</a>) because of the "feel"
+of the piece and the fact that it cannot be ascribed to a particular
+unit whose existence can be dated.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CAP PLATE, VIRGINIA, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604547-M (S-K 694). Figure 176.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img178" name="img178"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img178.jpg" width="350" height="263" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 176</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate differs from the preceding one only in that it substitutes
+the coat of arms of Virginia for that of Georgia. The backgrounds,
+although very similar, are products of different dies.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="pagenum"><a id="page88" name="page88"></a>(p. 88)</span> Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates</h3>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, 1ST MARINE ARTILLERY, 1813</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60323-M (S-K 79). Figure 177.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img179" name="img179"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img179.jpg" width="300" height="222" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 177</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Undoubtedly one of the most interesting of all the Militia plates of the
+War of 1812 period is this rectangular one worn by John S. Stiles of (as
+indicated by the engraving) the "First Marine Artillery of the Union."
+Engraved in brass, it bears an unusual combination of military and naval
+devices&mdash;the familiar eagle-on-cannon of the Regular artillery and the
+eagle with oval shield that appears on naval officers' buttons of the
+period.<a id="footnotetag124" name="footnotetag124"></a><a href="#footnote124" title="Go to footnote 124"><span class="smaller">[124]</span></a> Actually, the devices befit the character of the
+organization. The following quotation from <i>Niles Weekly Register</i> of
+Baltimore, June 26, 1813, tells something of the unit:</p>
+
+<p class="quote">The First Marine Artillery of the Union, an association of the
+     masters and mates of vessels in Baltimore, about 170 strong all
+     told, assembled on Sunday last and proceeded to the Rev. Mr.
+     Glendy's church in full uniform, where they received an address
+     suited to the occasion; which, as usual, done honor to the head
+     and heart to the reverend orator. We cannot pass over this
+     pleasant incident without observing that the members of this
+     invaluable corps are they who, of all other classes of society,
+     feel the burthens and privations of the war.</p>
+
+<p>Obviously, this organization was one of the state fencible units
+enlisted for defense only, but little else is known about it. In 1814
+there was in Baltimore, a Corps of Marine Artillery commanded by a Capt.
+George Stiles. The roster of this unit, however, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page89" name="page89"></a>(p. 89)</span> does not
+include the name John S. Stiles. Other records do indicate that a Lt.
+John S. Stiles commanded a section of the Baltimore Union Artillery at
+the Battle of North Point in 1814.<a id="footnotetag125" name="footnotetag125"></a><a href="#footnote125" title="Go to footnote 125"><span class="smaller">[125]</span></a> It is probable that John Stiles,
+originally a member of the 1st Marine Artillery of the Union had
+transferred his commission to the Baltimore Union Artillery.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ An example of Militia officers' shoulder-belt plates of the period
+1812-1816 is a solid silver oval plate (fig. <a href="#img180">178</a>) engraved with an eagle
+and elements of the arms of Massachusetts within a shield suspended from
+the eagle's neck. Being silver, the plate probably was worn by infantry
+or possibly dragoons. Many such <span class="pagenum"><a id="page90" name="page90"></a>(p. 90)</span> plates were locally made, as
+was this one, and examination of a number of specimens gives reason to
+believe that many were made by rolling out large silver coins into thin
+ovals, which were then engraved and fitted with fasteners on the
+reverse. The fasteners on all pieces studied indicate that the plates
+were intended to be ornamental rather than functional.</p>
+
+<a id="img180" name="img180"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img180.jpg" width="300" height="375" alt="" title="">
+<p><span class="smcap">Figure 178.</span>&mdash;Specimen in Campbell collection.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the Pennsylvania State Museum there is a similar oval plate that was
+worn by Col. Philip Spengler of that State's Militia in 1812-1816.
+Ornamented with an eagle, with the initials "<span class="smcap">PS</span>" within an oval below,
+it generally follows the construction of the illustrated plate,
+differing only slightly in size. Since plates of this general type were
+made locally by hand, each is unique in itself. Identification must
+depend upon an interpretation of the devices engraved on the face. The
+initials of the officer for whom the plate was made are often included.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604310-M (S-K 466). Figure 179.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img181" name="img181"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img181.jpg" width="300" height="219" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 179</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A second example of a Militia officer's plate is this engraved brass
+specimen with the design placed along the longer axis of the oval. Since
+there probably were many "Volunteer Rifle Companies," it is impossible
+to determine precisely which one wore this plate. The initials of the
+officer may be read either "<span class="smcap">I. B.</span>" or "<span class="smcap">J. B.,</span>" for many of the
+early-19th-century engravers used the forms of the letters "<span class="smcap">I</span>" and "<span class="smcap">J</span>"
+interchangeably. The two small hooks on the reverse indicate that the
+plate was for a shoulder belt rather than for a waist belt, and that it
+was ornamental rather than functional.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT BUCKLE, C. 1812(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60325-M (S-K 81). Figure 180.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img182" name="img182"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img182.jpg" width="300" height="436" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 180</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass buckle, obviously made for a sword hanger, has an eagle in
+flight above, a 13-star flag below, and four 5-pointed stars on either
+side. The spearhead on the pike of the flag is definitely of military
+design, and, in the absence of nautical devices in the engraving, the
+buckle must be considered an army item.</p>
+
+
+<h4>ORNAMENTED WAIST-BELT PLATE, 1812-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604121-M (S-K 278). Figure 181.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img183" name="img183"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img183.jpg" width="300" height="204" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 181</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Cast in silver and then carefully finished, this rectangular plate with
+beveled edge is one of the most ornate and beautiful known. In the
+center is an officer's marquee with an eagle, wings spread, perched on
+top. In front of the marquee are a field piece with bombs, cannon balls,
+and drum; the whole on grassy ground and superimposed on a trophy of
+colors and bayonetted muskets. The canton of one color has, instead of
+stars, an eagle with a shield on <span class="pagenum"><a id="page91" name="page91"></a>(p. 91)</span> its breast and a ribbon in its
+beak. It has been suggested that the eagle-in-canton flag would tend to
+date the piece after 1820 when many Militia units had the design in its
+colors;<a id="footnotetag126" name="footnotetag126"></a><a href="#footnote126" title="Go to footnote 126"><span class="smaller">[126]</span></a> however, flags of such design are known to have been used
+as early as the last year of the Revolution.<a id="footnotetag127" name="footnotetag127"></a><a href="#footnote127" title="Go to footnote 127"><span class="smaller">[127]</span></a> In addition, the
+"feel" of the specimen is early, and it is included here as a possible
+Militia dragoon officer's plate since the dragoons of the War of 1812
+period generally wore their swords attached to a waist belt rather than
+to a shoulder belt.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60449-M (S-K 205). Figure 182.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img184" name="img184"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img184.jpg" width="300" height="250" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 182</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate is typical of the early waist-belt plates, which generally
+were more square than rectangular. It bears the over-all design of the
+1814-1821 series of "common" cap plates. Struck in copper and silvered,
+it would have been appropriate for either infantry or dragoons, as both
+wore "white metal" trimmings during this period. There are as many die
+variations known for this type belt plate as for the matching cap
+plates.</p>
+
+<p>The wide latitude allowed officers in selecting their own insignia makes
+it quite possible that this design was worn by some officers of the
+Regular Establishment, particularly those in the high-numbered
+regiments, which were organized during the course of the War of 1812. A
+third use of this basic design is indicated by a museum specimen at Fort
+Ticonderoga, N.Y.: cut into its outline form, it was worn on the side of
+Militia dragoon caps.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page92" name="page92"></a>(p. 92)</span> WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1825(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60451-M (S-K 207). Figure 183.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img185" name="img185"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img185.jpg" width="300" height="258" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 183</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass plate is one of several similar examples made of both brass
+and silvered copper that differ only in small die variations and the use
+of either 5-pointed or 6-pointed stars. The arc of 17 stars in this
+specimen may or may not be significant, because there were 17 states in
+the Union from 1802 until 1812 when Louisiana was admitted. Not until
+1816 did the 19th state, Indiana, come into the Union. After thinking in
+terms of and working with 17 stars for a 10-year period, die sinkers may
+well have overlooked the inclusion of a star for Louisiana. Buttons for
+the Regular rifles made after 1812 but before 1821 show an arc of 17
+stars.<a id="footnotetag128" name="footnotetag128"></a><a href="#footnote128" title="Go to footnote 128"><span class="smaller">[128]</span></a> As in the case of the preceding plate, there is a good
+possibility that this one was worn by Regular officers in 1814-1821. It
+is also probable that the pattern was made and sold to Militia for many
+years after 1821.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, MILITIA ARTILLERY, C. 1821-1840(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60453-M (S-K 209). Figure 184.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img186" name="img186"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img186.jpg" width="300" height="199" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 184</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>While this plate could have been worn by an officer of the Regular
+artillery in the period 1814-1821 when uniform regulations were vague
+and seldom enforced, it is more probable that it was a Militia item of
+about 1821-1835. The reason for this is that the eagle-on-cannon device
+was adopted quickly by Militia units when it was discarded by the
+Regulars in 1821, and the over-all design of the plate itself follows
+the pattern adopted by the Regulars in 1821 (see fig. <a href="#img070">68</a>). Several
+artillery organizations of the Massachusetts Militia wore the discarded
+button pattern (eagle-on-cannon with the word "<span class="smcap">Corps</span>" below) until the
+1840's,<a id="footnotetag129" name="footnotetag129"></a><a href="#footnote129" title="Go to footnote 129"><span class="smaller">[129]</span></a> and this plate would have been an ideal match.</p>
+
+<p>The whole is cast in brass, the inner ring rather crudely so. The outer
+ring is embossed with zig-zag fretwork enclosing a circle of 5-pointed
+stars; the rectangular belt attachments have a floral design.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, MAINE, C. 1821</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604123 (S-K 279). Figure 185.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img187" name="img187"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img187.jpg" width="300" height="263" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 185</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, struck in copper, contains the basic devices of the State of
+Maine seal enclosed by a curled ribbon border embellished with 5-pointed
+stars. The specimen is more square than rectangular, a characteristic of
+waist-belt plates of the early 1800's. It was probably worn by Maine
+Militia no later than the 1820's, possibly a few years earlier. The
+method of attachment also is indicative of this early period: the heavy
+vertical wire is brazed to one end of the reverse, and the L-shaped
+tongue to the other. This plate obviously was a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page93" name="page93"></a>(p. 93)</span> WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60329-M (S-K 85). Figure 186.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img188" name="img188"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img188.jpg" width="300" height="187" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 186</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, cast in brass, is typical of the small plates, both round
+and rectangular, that were worn with light-weight, full-dress staff
+swords. It is an example of the early, hand-made, bench-assembled types.
+The outer ring carries the wreath typical of the period, while the inner
+ring carries the eagle with its head to the right, shield on breast,
+arrows in left talon, and olive branch in right talon. The whole lies
+within a ring of 13 5-pointed stars; the uppermost five stars are mixed
+with a sunburst rising from the eagle's wings.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1821(?)-1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60466-M (S-K 222). Figure 187.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img189" name="img189"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img189.jpg" width="300" height="176" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 187</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass, bench-assembled plate is similar to the Regular artillery
+belt plate of 1816 (fig. <a href="#img058">56</a>) in that the design on the inner ring is
+struck with a series of separate hand-held dies on a piece of blank
+round stock. The floral design on the belt attachments is cast. In many
+of the early bench-made plates, the final assemblyman marked the
+matching pairs so that they could readily be re-paired after buffing and
+plating. In this specimen, each ring bears the numeral <span class="smcap">XXVIII</span>.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60467-M (S-K 223). Figure 188.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img190" name="img190"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img190.jpg" width="300" height="205" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 188</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, with the center ring struck in medium brass and the belt
+attachment cast, was worn by Militia of New York State, as indicated by
+the eagle-on-half-globe device taken from that state's seal. Of brass,
+it is assigned to the artillery. The quality of the belt to which it is
+attached and the ornateness of the plate itself indicate that it was
+made for an officer. The left-hand belt attachment is missing.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1830</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60470-M (S-K 226). Figure 189.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img191" name="img191"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img191.jpg" width="300" height="218" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 189</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This small, cast-brass plate is another example of the plates made for
+social or full-dress wear with the light-weight staff sword. The design
+on the inner ring is unusual in that the eagle, with upraised wings, is
+standing on the Federal shield. The plate is a bench-made product, with
+the inner and outer rings <span class="pagenum"><a id="page94" name="page94"></a>(p. 94)</span> bearing the numeral <span class="smcap">VII</span>. It was very
+probably a stock pattern for officers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60414-M (S-K 300). Figure 190.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img192" name="img192"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img192.jpg" width="300" height="194" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 190</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Rather unusual in construction, this small silver-on-copper rectangular
+plate was struck in thin metal. Two broad tongues, for attachment to a
+belt, are inserted in the rear; and the reverse is filled with lead to
+imbed the fasteners. The eagle design is very similar to the one
+prescribed for the caps of the Regular Establishment in 1821, although
+somewhat reduced in size. The general lack of finish and polish in
+construction indicates that the specimen was probably the product of an
+inexperienced and small-scale manufacturer.</p>
+
+
+<h4>OFFICER'S WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1837</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60326-M (S-K 82). Figure 191.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img193" name="img193"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img193.jpg" width="300" height="247" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 191</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This unusually large plate, which is struck in medium brass and with the
+edges crimped over a heavier piece of brass backing, is believed to be
+an officer's plate because of its size, gilt finish, and over-all ornate
+design. Within a floral and star pattern border, the specimen is
+dominated by an eagle, on a sunburst background, that holds in its left
+talon five arrows with points inward; above are 25 stars and an edge of
+clouds above. Arrows held with points inward are usually considered
+indicative of the general period <span class="pagenum"><a id="page95" name="page95"></a>(p. 95)</span> 1832-1836. If the number of
+stars is of any significance, such dating would be correct, as the
+canton of the National Colors contained 25 stars from 1836 to 1837. The
+central design used without the border is also known in smaller, more
+standard sized plates. The design is a stock pattern. This type plate is
+also known in both brass and silver.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS, C. 1835</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604348-M (S-K 504). Figure 192.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img194" name="img194"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img194.jpg" width="300" height="331" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 192</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This may well be a companion piece to the diamond-shaped cap plate
+ascribed to the Washington Greys<a id="footnotetag130" name="footnotetag130"></a><a href="#footnote130" title="Go to footnote 130"><span class="smaller">[130]</span></a> of Philadelphia (see fig. <a href="#img141">139</a>). In
+any case, the two appear to have been struck from the same die. It may
+also have been worn by the Washington Greys of Reading, Pennsylvania, or
+by another company of the same designation. The specimen is struck in
+thin brass with a tin backing applied before the strike and the edges
+crimped over the reverse. Three soldered copper-wire staples provide
+means of attachment.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Militia organizations generally modeled their uniforms rather closely
+on those of the Regular Establishment; of course, there were certain
+exceptions, notably the flamboyant Zouave units. However, the Militia
+often added additional trimmings that gave the "gay and gaudy" touch for
+which they were noted. Following the example of the Regulars, the
+Militia adopted coat-skirt ornaments almost immediately after their
+appearance in 1832. They used the regulation flaming grenades, open and
+looped horns, and 5-and 6-pointed stars, but in both gold and silver on
+varicolored backgrounds and in a wide variety of sizes. They also used a
+number of peculiarly Militia forms, such as crossed-cannon, elements of
+state seals, and devices peculiar to specific units.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, ARTILLERY, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604961-M (S-K 1105). Figure 193.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img195" name="img195"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img195.jpg" width="300" height="237" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 193</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Typical of Militia coat-skirt ornaments is this pair of crossed cannon
+devices for Militia artillery. They are of gold embroidery on a
+background of black velvet. Similar pairs in the national collections
+are embroidered in silver. The Regular artillery never wore the crossed
+cannon device on the skirt of the coat; so used, it was exclusively a
+Militia ornament.</p>
+
+
+<h4>COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1836</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604963 (S-K 1107). Figure 194.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img196" name="img196"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img196.jpg" width="300" height="366" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 194</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another coat-skirt ornament with an even more distinctly Militia touch
+is this small palmetto tree of <span class="pagenum"><a id="page96" name="page96"></a>(p. 96)</span> gold embroidery, with sequins,
+on black wool cloth. As the palmetto tree is the basic device of the
+South Carolina seal (see pp. <a href="#page81">81</a> and <a href="#page83">83</a>), this specimen must be
+attributed to the Militia of that state.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Most Militia cartridge-box plates made in the decade after 1841 were
+oval, following the pattern of the Regulars. While a few of these varied
+from the prescribed sizes, most were almost identical in both size and
+shape to those of the Regular Establishment, but with strictly Militia
+ornamentation. The exact years in which these plates were produced
+cannot be determined, but it is reasonably sure that they were supplied
+to Militia for some years prior to the opening of the Civil War. Not
+included here are similar types known to have been made for units born
+of the war as the Pennsylvania Fire Zouaves, Pennsylvania Home Guard,
+Pennsylvania Reserve Brigade, and the Ohio Volunteer Militia.
+Cartridge-box and waist-belt plates often are identical except for the
+methods of attachment. The plates for cartridge boxes have two wire
+loops imbedded in the backing (see fig. <a href="#img092">90</a>), while those for waist belts
+have one or two round, or sometimes arrowheaded, prongs on one side of
+the reverse, and with a narrow tongue on the opposite side bent parallel
+to the plane of the plate (see fig. <a href="#img093">91</a>).</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, C. 1841</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60400-M (S-K 156). Figure 195.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img197" name="img197"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img197.jpg" width="300" height="213" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 195</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass, oval cartridge-box plate, with its eagle on a panoply of
+arms and colors, closely matches in size the 1841 Regular cavalry's
+plates for carbine cartridge boxes and the infantry's waist belts.
+Although plates of this design were worn as waist-belt plates, the two
+looped-wire fasteners on the reverse of this specimen clearly indicate
+its use on a cartridge box. This was undoubtedly a stock pattern. An oil
+painting of Capt. George Bumm, Pennsylvania State Artillery, c. 1840,
+shows the subject wearing a waist-belt plate of this same design.<a id="footnotetag131" name="footnotetag131"></a><a href="#footnote131" title="Go to footnote 131"><span class="smaller">[131]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, C. 1841</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60401-M (S-K 157). Figure 196.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img198" name="img198"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img198.jpg" width="300" height="216" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 196</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Slightly smaller than the preceding specimen, this brass plate bears the
+eagle design popular from 1821 to 1851. Fitted with looped-wire
+fasteners, it would have been a stock pattern for cartridge boxes.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, MAINE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60354-M (S-K 606). Figure 197.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img199" name="img199"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img199.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 197</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A frequently misidentified plate is this brass-struck, lead-filled oval
+with the raised letters "<span class="smcap">VMM</span>" for Volunteer Maine Militia. It is also
+known in a smaller size. The reverse is fitted with the two looped-wire
+fasteners normal to such plates.</p>
+
+<p>Other prewar oval plates bearing raised letters are known for the
+Alabama Volunteer Corps (AVC), North Carolina (NC), South Carolina (SC),
+State of New York (SNY), and New Hampshire State Militia (NHSM). Many
+such plates recently have been reproduced for sale, and more probably
+will be made <span class="pagenum"><a id="page97" name="page97"></a>(p. 97)</span> if a market is created. Thus, all plates of this
+general type should be cautiously considered.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, DIE SAMPLE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60354-M (S-K 110). Figure 198.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img200" name="img200"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img200.jpg" width="300" height="230" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 198</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the more unusual forms of the militant eagle used on ornaments is
+shown on this brass die sample for a waist-belt plate. The eagle, with
+fierce mien and wings outspread, stands high on a craggy ledge. An
+example of an untold number of odd and unusual pieces of insignia, this
+specimen is unidentified as to unit or area of intended use. It may well
+have been designed for use as a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604103-M (S-K 259). Figure 199.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img201" name="img201"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img201.jpg" width="300" height="219" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 199</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A stock pattern, this plate is struck in brass with the open-horn device
+of riflemen, which has been previously discussed. Wire fasteners are on
+the reverse. Although the outer ring of the plate is missing, it was
+probably decorated with a wreath, a common form in the 1830's and
+1840's.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, CHARLESTOWN ARTILLERY, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604385-M (S-K 532). Figure 200.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img202" name="img202"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img202.jpg" width="300" height="181" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 200</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This 2-piece, brass-cast plate was worn by members of a Charlestown,
+Massachusetts, unit. The date <span class="pagenum"><a id="page98" name="page98"></a>(p. 98)</span> "1786," as on nearly all dated
+pieces of insignia, refers to the date of original organization of the
+unit. The design of the plate is typical of early- to mid-Victorian
+taste.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60497-M (S-K 253). Figure 201.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img203" name="img203"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img203.jpg" width="300" height="217" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 201</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Bearing elements of the seal of the State of Massachusetts, this plate
+likely was a stock pattern sold to many officers. In construction, it is
+a composite piece similar to the plate for officers of the Corps of
+Topographical Engineers (see fig. <a href="#img089">87</a> and p. <a href="#page45">45</a>) with the device applied
+to the inner oval. Because of its unusually striking appearance, it
+would have been a most appropriate type for staff and field officers,
+and possibly general officers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604126-M (S-K 282). Figure 202.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img204" name="img204"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img204.jpg" width="300" height="212" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 202</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, struck in poor-quality, medium-weight brass, is of a stock
+pattern bearing the eagle-on-half-globe device and the motto "Excelsior"
+from the New York State seal superimposed on a panoply of arms and
+colors. This type of belt plate, with the device on the inner panel and
+a wreath between the inner and outer borders, is most characteristic of
+the 1840's. More than ten different plates are known that vary only as
+to the design of the inner panel; some contain New York State heraldic
+devices, and others contain variants of the usual eagle design of the
+period.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, PHILADELPHIA, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604390 (S-K 537). Figure 203.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img205" name="img205"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img205.jpg" width="300" height="209" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 203</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The devices on this cast-brass plate comprise the arms of the City of
+Philadelphia, and its form and pattern, especially the floral design of
+the outer ring, place it in the 1840's. The piece is bench-made and
+carries on the reverse many marks of the file used in its final
+assembly. It must be considered a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604241-M (S-K 397). Figure 204.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img206" name="img206"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img206.jpg" width="300" height="237" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 204</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Somewhat larger than many plates of the period, this brass specimen
+carries the South Carolina palmetto device. Such plates also were struck
+in copper and silver plated. It obviously was a stock pattern <span class="pagenum"><a id="page99" name="page99"></a>(p. 99)</span>
+sold to several different units. The rectangular plate with the
+vine-patterned border was a stock pattern in itself, with many different
+devices being added in the center as ordered. This is one of the many
+pieces of insignia too often called Confederate but which ante-date the
+Civil War by almost two decades.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604388-M (S-K 535). Figure 205.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img207" name="img207"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img207.jpg" width="300" height="216" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 205</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The eagle device on this silver-on-copper specimen closely resembles
+that on the cap plate of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry (USNM
+604964-M) and may possibly be the matching belt-plate worn by that
+organization. Such an eagle, however, would have been a stock pattern of
+the manufacturer, and sold to many different units. A very unusual
+aspect of this particular eagle are the three arrows held in the left
+talon: two of them point inward, the third outward.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604106-M (S-K 262). Figure 206.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img208" name="img208"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img208.jpg" width="300" height="249" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 206</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although members of the artillery of the Regular Establishment wore the
+crossed-cannon device on their shakos, they never wore it on waist- or
+shoulder-belt plates. Thus, this cast-brass plate must have been
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page100" name="page100"></a>(p. 100)</span> a stock pattern sold to many Militia units. The outer ring is
+missing.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604107-M (S-K 263). Figure 207.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img209" name="img209"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img209.jpg" width="300" height="208" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 207</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This specimen, roughly cast in brass and gilded, is unusual because the
+Militia rarely used the letters "<span class="smcap">U S</span>" on any of its equipment. The
+pattern does not conform to anything prescribed for Regulars and the
+quality does not come up to standards required by the Regular
+Establishment; hence it must have been worn by Militia. It would have
+been a stock pattern. There is the possibility that it might have been
+worn by diplomatic personnel, but its poor quality makes this unlikely.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604387-M (S-K 534). Figure 208.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img210" name="img210"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img210.jpg" width="300" height="212" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 208</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The over-all design of this plate, which is cast roughly in brass and
+gilded, reflects the growing ornateness of the Victorian era. Obviously
+a stock pattern, it would have suited the fancy of several units and
+cannot be identified further than "for Militia." The design of the eagle
+is unusual in that three arrows are carried in the right talon&mdash;although
+it is possible that this is intended to reflect the belligerency
+inherent in the period of the War with Mexico&mdash;and there is a single
+large star in the canton of the Federal shield.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604458-M (S-K 605). Figure 209.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img211" name="img211"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img211.jpg" width="300" height="213" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 209</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The generalities that apply to all "stock pattern" insignia are equally
+valid in referring to this brass-struck plate with a 5-pointed star as
+its sole ornament. Dating its period of design poses no difficulty, for
+it contains the panel with wreath inside an edging border characteristic
+of the 1840's. The star device would have been appropriate for Militia
+units of Maine ("North Star"), Texas ("Lone Star"), or for dragoon units
+that took the star as a distinctive insignia. Although it may have been
+worn by Texans, it is doubtful that it was made originally for them.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page101" name="page101"></a>(p. 101)</span> The design enjoyed a long life, and plates of this general
+pattern were struck well into the 1880's. The major difference between
+earlier and later specimens is that the early ones were struck on rather
+heavy sheets of copper-colored brass, with fasteners consisting of a
+tongue and heavy wire loops brazed to the reverse. The later plates have
+a bright brassy color, are struck on thin brass, and have the loop and
+tongue soldered rather than brazed.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604108-M (S-K 264). Figure 210.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img212" name="img212"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img212.jpg" width="300" height="184" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 210</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The lack of a mane on the beast on this plate marks it as a tiger. The
+best known and most affluent Militia organization with the nickname
+"Tigers" was the Boston Light Infantry, although a number of others also
+were so-called. The craftsmanship and general elegance of this
+gold-plated brass specimen suggests that it was worn by an officer,
+though an occasional volunteer company was so richly endowed that all
+its members, officers and enlisted men alike, wore expensive devices.
+The bench-assembled manufacturing technique, gaudy embellishment, and
+lack of a distinct Victorian touch date the piece about 1840. The
+tiger's head is applied.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604104-M (S-K 260). Figure 211.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img213" name="img213"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img213.jpg" width="300" height="220" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 211</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The full-flowing mane on the beast on this plate identifies it as a
+lion. The device would have been appropriate for wear by the Albany
+Burgesses Corps, which, when founded in 1833, almost immediately adopted
+the lion's head as its distinctive insignia. The unit continued to wear
+this plate for about half a century. While that unit's cap plate (fig.
+<a href="#img172">170</a>) is much more formal and is without a lion's head, its buttons
+contain the lion&mdash;with head turned to half-right&mdash;as a principal
+ornament. While it is probable that the original die for this cast-brass
+plate was sunk for the Albany organization, the manufacturer would not
+have hesitated to offer it for sale to any interested Militia unit.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60479-M (S-K 235). Figure 212.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img214" name="img214"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img214.jpg" width="300" height="216" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 212</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The raised letters "<span class="smcap">W G</span>" on this cast-brass and gilded plate would have
+been suitable for many <span class="pagenum"><a id="page102" name="page102"></a>(p. 102)</span> Militia units of the period. We can
+only suggest that it may have been worn by members of a "Washington
+Greys" or "Washington Guard" from Pennsylvania or New York. A round
+plate with an outer wreath would have been more appropriate for officers
+than for enlisted personnel.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, WASHINGTON GREYS, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604137-M (S-K 293). Figure 213.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img215" name="img215"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img215.jpg" width="300" height="233" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 213</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The waist-belt plates shown in the <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i><a id="footnotetag132" name="footnotetag132"></a><a href="#footnote132" title="Go to footnote 132"><span class="smaller">[132]</span></a> for the
+Washington Greys of Philadelphia and Reading, Pennsylvania, while
+indistinct, are definitely not of this pattern. Thus, this brass plate
+with its sunken letters filled with black enamel must have been worn by
+yet a third unit with such a name. Additional specimens in the national
+collections have the company letters "<span class="smcap">G</span>" and "<span class="smcap">K</span>."</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604294-M (S-K 450). Figure 214.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img216" name="img216"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img216.jpg" width="300" height="211" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 214</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This oval, convex, brass plate, with two studs and a hook soldered to
+the reverse for attachment, very probably was originally a shoulder-belt
+plate. The letters "<span class="smcap">W L G</span>" incised on the obverse are very patently the
+added work of an engraver of no great talent. The letters doubtless
+stand for Washington Light Guard, and, since there were several Militia
+units of that designation, it seems possible that one of the less
+affluent units bought the plates and had them engraved locally.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, CITY GUARDS, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604386-M (S-K 533). Figure 215.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img217" name="img217"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img217.jpg" width="300" height="208" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 215</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There were City Guards in Charleston, South Carolina, New York City,
+Philadelphia, and possibly in other places. Thus it is impossible to
+determine just which of these units wore this cast-brass plate. The
+ornamented outer oval is typical of the 1840's.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, NATIONAL GUARD, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60206-M. Figure 216.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img218" name="img218"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img218.jpg" width="300" height="228" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 216</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A number of Militia units carried the designation "National Guard." The
+unit that used this particular plate was from New Jersey, for scratched
+on the reverse is "Sergeant O. Clinton, October 9th, 1851, 1st Reg
+Hudson Brigade, NJSM"; However, the adjutant general, State of New
+Jersey, was unable to give any information on such an organization. The
+specimen is cut from rolled brass with sunken letters filled with black
+enamel.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Shoulder-belt plates underwent the same transition as cap plates did
+beginning about 1837-1838, with the single die strike plate yielding to
+the composite plate, and applied devices being attached to oval,
+rectangular, or rectangular "clipped corner" plates. While some single
+die plates were made and worn <span class="pagenum"><a id="page103" name="page103"></a>(p. 103)</span> after 1840, no composite types
+that predate 1835 are known. The following group of shoulder-belt plates
+are typical of those that first appeared about 1840. Of these, several
+continued unchanged through the Civil War and into the 1870's and
+1880's.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604341-M (S-K 497). Figure 217.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img219" name="img219"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img219.jpg" width="300" height="383" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 217</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This unusually large, oval, brass plate with the letters "<span class="smcap">C G</span>" in silver
+applied with wire fasteners is another of that sizable group of lettered
+insignia that cannot be attributed definitely to a particular
+organization. The "<span class="smcap">C G</span>" may stand variously for City Guard, Cleveland
+Greys, Charleston Guard, or some other organization. With a stock of
+oval and rectangular blanks and a set of lettering and number-cutting
+dies, an almost limitless combination of plates could be turned out by a
+single manufacturer.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604470-M (S-K 617). Figure 218.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img220" name="img220"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img220.jpg" width="300" height="364" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 218</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The basic form of this brass plate&mdash;with one of the many variations of
+the seal of the State of New York<a id="footnotetag133" name="footnotetag133"></a><a href="#footnote133" title="Go to footnote 133"><span class="smaller">[133]</span></a> applied with wire fasteners&mdash;is a
+copy, with minor changes, of the bevelled plate prescribed for the
+Regular Establishment in 1839. Distinctly an officer's plate, it would
+have been appropriate for artillery or staff.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604331-M (S-K 487). Figure 219.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img221" name="img221"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img221.jpg" width="300" height="359" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 219</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This composite plate, struck in brass, has a bevelled, rectangular base
+almost identical to the base of the 1839 regulation plate (see fig. <a href="#img088">86</a>).
+The design consists of a silvered center ornament comprising a trophy of
+flags, a sword, and a liberty pole surmounted by a wreath of laurel
+inclosing fasces and a Federal shield with 26 stars in its canton. This
+silver ornament is applied with four simple wire fasteners rather than
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page104" name="page104"></a>(p. 104)</span> soldered. Since the sun rays in the background radiate outward
+not from the center but from the edge of a circle about 1-1/2 inches in
+diameter, almost any desired center ornament could have been added to
+the basic strike, or the plate could be struck a second time to add a
+device integral to it. Thus the background portion of the specimen must
+be considered a stock pattern. A print of the National Guards of
+Philadelphia in <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> for October 1841 shows an
+officer wearing a similar plate. If the stars are significant, the plate
+can be dated between 1837 and 1845.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604471-M (S-K 618). Figure 220.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img222" name="img222"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img222.jpg" width="300" height="397" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 220</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In this plate, the center ornament used in the preceding specimen has
+been struck directly in a rectangular, bevelled background. However, the
+background of this plate has a stippled surface rather than a sunburst.
+An interesting feature is that there are four slots punched through the
+plate for the attachment of an additional device over the wreath and
+shield. This is another of the many examples of how a unit might have an
+insignia distinctive to itself at little extra cost. This plate is
+obviously of a stock pattern. The national collections also contain a
+die sample of this particular plate.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604472-M (S-K 619). Figure 221.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img223" name="img223"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img223.jpg" width="300" height="363" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 221</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another example of the rectangular, bevelled-edged, shoulder-belt plate
+for officers is this brass-cast copy <span class="pagenum"><a id="page105" name="page105"></a>(p. 105)</span> of the 1839 Regular Army
+pattern with the wire-fastened letters "<span class="smcap">S V G</span>" substituted for "<span class="smcap">U. S.</span>"
+The specimen bears a touchmark "W. Pinchin Philad" on the reverse (see
+p. <a href="#page33">33</a>). The unit for which this plate was made is unidentified.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT(?) PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604394-M (S-K 541). Figure 222.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img224" name="img224"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img224.jpg" width="300" height="259" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 222</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The silver letters "<span class="smcap">S F</span>" applied with wire fasteners to the small brass
+plate are most appropriate for the State Fencibles of Philadelphia, and
+it is believed to have possibly been worn by that unit in the 1840's. A
+print in the <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i><a id="footnotetag134" name="footnotetag134"></a><a href="#footnote134" title="Go to footnote 134"><span class="smaller">[134]</span></a> portraying this unit shows an
+officer wearing a plate of an entirely different design, but since a
+plate in this simple form would most probably have been worn by enlisted
+personnel, and the soldier in the print is to be seen only from the
+rear, such identification as to unit may be correct.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, BOSTON LIGHT INFANTRY, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604339-M (S-K 495). Figure 223.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img225" name="img225"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img225.jpg" width="300" height="381" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 223</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This unusually large silver-on-copper plate with its brass letters "<span class="smcap">B L
+I</span>", "1798", and brass tiger's head is attributed to the Boston Light
+Infantry. The applied devices are attached with simple wire fasteners.
+The date 1798 is believed to be the year of the original organization of
+the unit, but the adjutant general of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
+was unable to verify this.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page106" name="page106"></a>(p. 106)</span> SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK LIGHT GUARD, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM. 604351-M (S-K 507). Figure 224.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img226" name="img226"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img226.jpg" width="300" height="385" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 224</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <i>New York Military Magazine</i> provides us with a strong clue in
+identifying this clipped-corner, bevelled-edged brass plate with a
+silver-on-copper tiger's head applied. In a sketch of the Light Guard of
+New York it is related that, following a visit in 1836 to the Boston
+Light Infantry, members of the company "adopted, as part of their
+uniform, a silver tiger's head, to be placed on the breast plate, as a
+further memento of the spirited and elegant corps whose guests they had
+been."<a id="footnotetag135" name="footnotetag135"></a><a href="#footnote135" title="Go to footnote 135"><span class="smaller">[135]</span></a> This specimen is in agreement with that description.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, DRAGOONS, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604352-M (S-K 508). Figure 225.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img227" name="img227"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img227.jpg" width="300" height="474" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 225</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>An unusual manufacturing technique was used in making this plate. It was
+struck in very heavy brass about 1/16 inch thick and the whole tinned;
+then, all the tin on the obverse, except that on the crested helmet
+device, was buffed away, giving the center ornament the appearance of
+having been silvered. The specimen obviously was made for a particular
+mounted unit, designation unknown. An interesting detail is the letter
+"<span class="smcap">A</span>" on the half-sunburst plate of the dragoon helmet device.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604350-M (S-K 506). Figure 226.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img228" name="img228"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img228.jpg" width="300" height="382" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 226</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, which is of brass with a cast, white-metal likeness of
+Washington applied with wire fasteners, may well have belonged to either
+the Washington Greys of Philadelphia or the unit of the same designation
+of Reading, Pennsylvania. Prints of these two organizations in <i>U.S.
+Military Magazine</i><a id="footnotetag136" name="footnotetag136"></a><a href="#footnote136" title="Go to footnote 136"><span class="smaller">[136]</span></a> show profiles on the shoulder-belts plates,
+although the plate of the Reading unit is depicted as being oval.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page107" name="page107"></a>(p. 107)</span> SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604337-M (S-K 493). Figure 227.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img229" name="img229"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img229.jpg" width="300" height="399" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 227</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass plate with its wire-applied devices obviously belonged to an
+Irish-group Militia unit. The Huddy and Duval print of the Hibernia
+Greens of Philadelphia<a id="footnotetag137" name="footnotetag137"></a><a href="#footnote137" title="Go to footnote 137"><span class="smaller">[137]</span></a> definitely depicts an Irish harp on both the
+shoulder-belt plate and the cap plate, but the motto "<span class="smcap">ERIN GO BRAGH</span>" is
+not included. The specimen would have been suitable for several Militia
+organizations, such as the Irish Jasper Greens of Savannah, Georgia, and
+the Montgomery Hibernia Greens. Its devices are wire-applied, and it
+possibly was a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604340 (S-K 496). Figure 228.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img230" name="img230"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img230.jpg" width="300" height="416" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 228</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plain brass plate, having wire-applied pewter letters "<span class="smcap">S L I</span>" is
+believed to have been worn by the Salem Light Infantry of Massachusetts.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW ENGLAND GUARDS, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604343-M (S-K 499). Figure 229.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img231" name="img231"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img231.jpg" width="300" height="390" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 229</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Letters signifying the New England Guards are embossed on a shield of
+white metal that is attached to this brass plate, which has scalloped
+corners. Although the officer depicted in the Huddy and Duval print of
+the New England Guards<a id="footnotetag138" name="footnotetag138"></a><a href="#footnote138" title="Go to footnote 138"><span class="smaller">[138]</span></a> wears a waist belt rather than a shoulder
+belt for his sword, the soldier standing in the background is shown with
+crossed shoulder belts. Thus, this plate may have been an item of
+equipment for enlisted personnel rather than for officers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604342-M (S-K 498). Figure 230.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img232" name="img232"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img232.jpg" width="300" height="396" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 230</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although the white-metal arm and sword on wreath device wired to this
+large brass plate immediately identifies the origin of the specimen as
+Massachusetts, the considerable heraldic license taken by this
+insignia-maker is only too evident. When the Massachusetts State seal
+was first adopted in 1780, the blazonry of the crest was given as
+follows: "On a Wreath a dexter Arm cloathed and ruffled proper,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page108" name="page108"></a>(p. 108)</span> grasping a Broad Sword...."<a id="footnotetag139" name="footnotetag139"></a><a href="#footnote139" title="Go to footnote 139"><span class="smaller">[139]</span></a> The designer has placed the
+arm in armor and replaced the "broad sword" with a scimiter-like, edged
+weapon. The use of the crest of a state seal or coat of arms to indicate
+the state was common usage, with the eagle-on-half-globe of New York
+providing an excellent example. This plate would have been appropriate
+for wear by any Massachusetts unit, and is thus considered to have been
+a stock pattern.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604454-M (S-K 601). Figure 231.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img233" name="img233"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img233.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 231</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The silver palmetto tree identifies this as a South Carolina plate. The
+letters "<span class="smcap">L</span>" and "<span class="smcap">A</span>" are subject to several interpretations, the more
+probable being "Light Artillery." The devices are attached with simple
+wire fasteners, and the basic brass plate can be considered to have been
+a stock item adaptable to any number of units.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page109" name="page109"></a>(p. 109)</span> SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1845</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60357-M (S-K 113). Figure 232.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img234" name="img234"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img234.jpg" width="300" height="396" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 232</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass, lead-backed badge bears no devices that would assist in
+identifying it as to unit, and its general composition would have made
+it appealing to more than one Militia organization. It is considered a
+stock pattern. The stars-on-belt motif, forming the border of the oval,
+is very unusual, as are the 14 arrows in the eagle's left talon and the
+star beneath its beak. The center eagle device is applied with simple
+wire fasteners.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Following the War with Mexico, many State Militia, especially those in
+the south, began using their state coats of arms as the principal
+devices on their waist-belt plates. The plates for officers followed the
+earlier pattern for Regulars, a round device clasped within an outer
+ring. Plates of enlisted personnel more often were rectangular, but
+there were many exceptions. The following series includes examples of
+both types.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, ALABAMA C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604221-M (S-K 377). Figure 233.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img235" name="img235"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img235.jpg" width="300" height="201" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 233</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The old Alabama State seal with a representation of a map of the State
+hung from a tree trunk, as depicted on the inner ring of this cast-brass
+waist-belt plate, became obsolete after the Civil War when the
+"reconstruction" government changed the device to that of an eagle
+resting on a Federal shield. Some years later, however, the original
+seal, in somewhat modified form, was readopted. Although made in the
+early 1850's, plates of this type were worn by personnel of the
+Confederate States Army throughout the Civil War. Many plates of this
+same basic pattern were made in England and run through the blockade.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, CALIFORNIA, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604389-M (S-K 536). Figure 234.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img236" name="img236"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img236.jpg" width="300" height="201" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 234</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The 31 six-pointed stars in the outer ring of this cast-brass plate
+bearing the central elements of the <span class="pagenum"><a id="page110" name="page110"></a>(p. 110)</span> California State seal
+indicate that it was made after statehood was granted in 1850 but before
+1858 when Minnesota became the 32d State. Actually, this design for the
+arms of the State was adopted in anticipation of admission to the Union,
+on October 2, 1849.<a id="footnotetag140" name="footnotetag140"></a><a href="#footnote140" title="Go to footnote 140"><span class="smaller">[140]</span></a> The ornate design of this plate is more
+characteristic of the 1840's than later, indicating that it was made
+very early in the 1850's.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, FLORIDA, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604224-M (S-K 380). Figure 235.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img237" name="img237"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img237.jpg" width="300" height="190" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 235</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The palm tree, standing alone, although sometimes mistaken for the
+palmetto of South Carolina, is representative of the State of Florida.
+Thus, this plate is ascribed to Florida Militia, about 1850. The late
+Richard D. Steuart, of Baltimore, Maryland, an outstanding authority on
+Confederate equipment and accoutrements, was firm in asserting that this
+pattern should be ascribed to Florida.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604124-M (S-K 280). Figure 236.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img238" name="img238"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img238.jpg" width="300" height="202" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 236</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>While cast-brass plates of this type were first made in the early
+1850's, their use continued for 20 years or more after that decade. The
+principal device on this specimen is taken from the arms of the
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The form of the plate is identical to the
+pattern of the eagle-wreath plate adopted by the Regulars in 1851.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1845</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604244-M (S-K 400). Figure 237.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img239" name="img239"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img239.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 237</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The star device was used by the Militia of both Texas and Maine, as well
+as by volunteer units located in other states; thus, this plate cannot
+be ascribed to any particular geographical area. Plates such as this,
+with the silver wreath of laurel and palm, are patterned directly after
+the basic plate prescribed for officers of the Corps of Engineers in
+1841. They would have been stock items for general sale.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604242-M (S-K 398). Figure 238.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img240" name="img240"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img240.jpg" width="300" height="194" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 238</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This cast-brass officer's plate, a pre-Civil War product of American
+manufacture, would have been appropriate <span class="pagenum"><a id="page111" name="page111"></a>(p. 111)</span> for wear by Texas
+Militia. Obviously a stock pattern, it would also have been sold to
+Militia organizations in other parts of the country. As in the case of
+most round plates, the outer ring is of a standard design; variation in
+pattern would occur on the inner ring.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604125-M (S-K 281). Figure 239.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img241" name="img241"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img241.jpg" width="300" height="215" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 239</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass-struck rectangular plate carries the arms of the State of New
+York<a id="footnotetag141" name="footnotetag141"></a><a href="#footnote141" title="Go to footnote 141"><span class="smaller">[141]</span></a> with its familiar eagle-on-half-globe device. The whole is
+superimposed on a sunburst background. The plate originally was made for
+Militia, but it is conceivable that such a plate may have been worn by
+early uniformed police.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60487-M (S-K 243). Figure 240.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img242" name="img242"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img242.jpg" width="300" height="214" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 240</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass-cast plate with its letters "<span class="smcap">S N Y</span>" for State of New York is
+copied directly from the 1836 plate for noncommissioned officers of the
+Regular Establishment. The example is the oldest known use of the
+letters "<span class="smcap">S N Y</span>" for New York Militia. In later patterns, the letters "<span class="smcap">S
+N Y</span>" and "<span class="smcap">N Y</span>" were placed on rectangular plates and on oval plates worn
+on the waist belt and on cartridge boxes just prior to and during the
+Civil War. Small square plates with silver, Old English letters "<span class="smcap">NY</span>" are
+included in the 1900 catalog of the Warnock Uniform Co. of New <span class="pagenum"><a id="page112" name="page112"></a>(p. 112)</span>
+York as regulation pattern that year for National Guard officers.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK CITY, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM. 604141-M (S-K 297). Figure 241.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img243" name="img243"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img243.jpg" width="300" height="193" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 241</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This cast-brass plate bears the arms of the city of New York
+superimposed on an almost full sunburst. The surrounding wreath of
+laurel is taken directly from the plate authorized for general and staff
+officers of the Regular Establishment in 1832. While this is thought to
+be the plate for the New York City Guards, for whom a matching
+shoulder-belt plate is known, there is the possibility that it was also
+worn by uniformed police of the 1850's.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604393-M (S-K 340). Figure 242.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img244" name="img244"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img244.jpg" width="300" height="217" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 242</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A stock pattern, this cast-brass and gilded plate would have been
+appropriate for any of the several organizations called "National
+Guards" or "National Greys" that existed in a number of states. The
+letters "<span class="smcap">N G</span>" do not connote the National Guard as we know it today.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, OHIO, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604136-M (S-K 292). Figure 243.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img245" name="img245"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img245.jpg" width="300" height="202" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 243</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The center piece applied to this cast-brass plate with wire fasteners
+bears an early form of the arms of the State of Ohio.<a id="footnotetag142" name="footnotetag142"></a><a href="#footnote142" title="Go to footnote 142"><span class="smaller">[142]</span></a> The plate
+proper has holes in it other than those needed to apply the present
+device, which indicates that it was a stock part, or possibly that the
+present center device is not original to the plate.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, OHIO, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604130-M (S-K 286). Figure 244.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img246" name="img246"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img246.jpg" width="300" height="194" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 244</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate bears another variation of the Ohio State arms. Here, the
+arms lie within a wreath as prescribed for Regular general and staff
+officers in 1832. The entire specimen is cast in brass; the wreath, sun,
+arrows, canal wall, and hull of keelboat are silvered.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, PENNSYLVANIA, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60474-M (S-K 230). Figure 245.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img247" name="img247"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img247.jpg" width="300" height="214" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 245</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Officers of the Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia wore plates of this type
+in the 1850's, although most were <span class="pagenum"><a id="page113" name="page113"></a>(p. 113)</span> discarded in 1861 when
+Pennsylvania troops went into active Federal service. The outer ring,
+with floral wreath design, has been modified to give the appearance of a
+solid rectangle. Another plate in the national collections bears the
+letters "<span class="smcap">P V M</span>" with the conventional outer ring.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60480-M (S-K 236). Figure 246.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img248" name="img248"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img248.jpg" width="300" height="204" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 246</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Just prior to 1850 there were two Militia units in Philadelphia using
+the letters "<span class="smcap">P G</span>" to indicate organizational designation&mdash;the
+Philadelphia Guards and the Philadelphia City Greys. This brass-cast
+plate is believed to have been worn by the Philadelphia Guards, whose
+buttons were marked "<span class="smcap">P G</span>." The buttons worn by the Philadelphia City
+Greys carried the three letters "<span class="smcap">P C G</span>."<a id="footnotetag143" name="footnotetag143"></a><a href="#footnote143" title="Go to footnote 143"><span class="smaller">[143]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, PROVIDENCE MARINE CORPS ARTILLERY C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604147-M (S-K 303). Figure 247.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img249" name="img249"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img249.jpg" width="300" height="326" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 247</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The letters and device on this rather unusual brass plate make its
+identification easy. The letters stand for the Providence [R.I.] Marine
+Corps Artillery; the date 1801 is the unit's original organization date.
+The crossed cannon indicate Militia artillery. The letters and numerals
+are of white metal and brazed to the plate. The brass crossed cannon are
+affixed with wire fasteners. The reverse is fitted with a broad tongue
+and two wire hooks for attachment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604455-M (S-K 602). Figure 248.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img250" name="img250"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img250.jpg" width="300" height="219" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 248</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although this specimen is not so old as the similar South Carolina plate
+described previously (fig. <a href="#img164">162</a>), it is believed to date about 1850. The
+plate proper is of rolled brass, and the applied device, which comprises
+well-known elements of the arms of South Carolina, is struck in brass
+and attached by means of two wire staples and leather thongs.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, VIRGINIA, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604253-M (S-K 409). Figure 249.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img251" name="img251"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img251.jpg" width="300" height="243" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 249</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate, carrying the Virginia seal, was made about 1850 for wear by
+officers. Similar plates made by British manufacturers during the Civil
+War to <span class="pagenum"><a id="page114" name="page114"></a>(p. 114)</span> be run through the blockade are generally
+distinguishable by their unusually sharp, clean die work. The center
+device of this specimen is struck in brass and brazed in place; the
+remainder of the plate is brass-cast.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, GRAY GUARDS, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60489-M (S-K 245). Figure 250.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img252" name="img252"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img252.jpg" width="300" height="222" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 250</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The unit for which this plate was made cannot be precisely identified.
+It is reasonable to assume that there were several Militia organizations
+called "Gray Guards." The central "<span class="smcap">G</span>" probably indicates "Company G."
+The whole is cast brass.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60490-M (S-K 246). Figure 251.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img253" name="img253"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img253.jpg" width="300" height="169" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 251</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plain brass plate of unusually fine manufacture is very definitely
+a stock pattern which could have been sold without ornament or, as was
+more likely, with a center device added by soldering or brazing. The
+plate was cast in three pieces, with the round center brazed to the belt
+attachment. It was bench-fitted, as indicated by the numbers on the
+reverse of the inner and outer rings.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page115" name="page115"></a>(p. 115)</span> WASTE-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60498-M (S-K 254). Figure 252.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img254" name="img254"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img254.jpg" width="300" height="239" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 252</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a typical stock pattern with the company designation "<span class="smcap">E</span>." Other
+specimens in the national collections have the letters "<span class="smcap">D</span>," "<span class="smcap">F</span>," "<span class="smcap">K</span>,"
+and "<span class="smcap">R</span>." Although rather crudely cast in brass, this piece has been
+bench-fitted and then gilded.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60492-M (S-K 248). Figure 253.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img255" name="img255"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img255.jpg" width="300" height="223" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 253</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is another stock pattern with company designation. In this case,
+the numeral "1" has been applied with wire fasteners rather than cast
+integrally with the two portions of the plate. The national collections
+also contain similar plates with the numerals "2," "26," and "36."</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60468-M (S-K 224). Figure 254.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img256" name="img256"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img256.jpg" width="300" height="204" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 254</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is another typical stock pattern with the eagle-on-shield device
+surrounded by 13 5-pointed stars as the center ornament. It is cast in
+brass in two pieces. An example of this plate, on a belt, formed part of
+a cased Sharps rifle outfit displayed at the 1960 National Rifle
+Association meeting in Washington, D.C.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60499-M (S-K 255). Figure 255.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img257" name="img257"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img257.jpg" width="300" height="203" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 255</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The musician's lyre has never been strictly a military ornament, being
+widely worn by civilian bands; thus, this plate cannot precisely be
+identified as military or nonmilitary. Unlike most plates of this type
+and period, the entire piece is struck in brass rather than cast.</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60485-M (S-K 241). Figure 256.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img258" name="img258"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img258.jpg" width="300" height="198" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 256</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The letters "<span class="smcap">T C B</span>" on this brass-cast plate open wide the doors of
+conjecture as to interpretation. Possible combinations range from
+Trenton City Blues (if such a Militia organization ever existed) to Troy
+Cornet Band, a nonmilitary unit. Plates such as this can seldom be
+positively identified.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page116" name="page116"></a>(p. 116)</span> WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60478-M (S-K 234). Figure 257.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img259" name="img259"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img259.jpg" width="300" height="200" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 257</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As in the case of the preceding plate, the letters "<span class="smcap">H R</span>" on this
+specimen cannot be specifically identified. Similar unidentified plates
+in the national collections have the letters "<span class="smcap">S O I</span>" and "<span class="smcap">P B</span>."</p>
+
+
+<h4>WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604167-M (S-K 323). Figure 258.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img260" name="img260"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img260.jpg" width="300" height="210" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 258</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This plate is known both in heavy metal stamping and in thin, cheap
+brass. Examples of the latter type appear to have been struck in the
+period of the 1890's from a die then 50 years old. A plate similar to
+this one has been excavated from a Civil War battlefield site. A stock
+pattern, the design was obsolete for <span class="pagenum"><a id="page117" name="page117"></a>(p. 117)</span> issue to Militia before
+the Civil War, but it is known to have been continued almost to the end
+of the century for use by groups such as secondary school cadet corps.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ The shoulder-belt plates worn in the 1850's were little changed from
+those of the preceding decade. In the Regular Establishment the shoulder
+belt and plate for officers had been discarded in favor of the waist
+belt for carrying the sword, but Militia officers&mdash;bound by no
+regulations&mdash;continued to wear the shoulder belt. Enlisted personnel
+wore at least one shoulder belt, and in many cases used two belts, which
+crossed, one belt carrying the cartridge box and the other the bayonet
+and scabbard. Mounted Militia sometimes wore the saber on a waist belt
+and the carbine cartridge box on a shoulder belt. It is interesting to
+note that the custom of using elements of state seals on waist-belt
+plates was not followed to any great extent in the embellishment of
+shoulder-belt plates except in the Southern States.</p>
+
+
+<h4>CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1845(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604451-M (S-K 598). Figure 259.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img261" name="img261"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img261.jpg" width="300" height="277" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 259</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In size and pattern this plate is exactly like that prescribed for the
+Regular Establishment in 1841, substituting the arms of South Carolina
+for the eagle. It possibly may date as early as 1845. Made for South
+Carolina Militia, plates similar to this were worn during the Civil War
+and several have been recovered from battlefield sites. The specimen is
+struck in brass and the reverse filled with lead. It has three bent-wire
+fasteners imbedded in the reverse, which indicates that it was
+decorative rather than functional. A similar plate with elements of the
+Virginia State seal is known. Modern reproductions of both are being
+sold.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604446-M (S-K 593). Figure 260.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img262" name="img262"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img262.jpg" width="300" height="283" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 260</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A popular stock pattern of the 1850's, this design with the silver
+numeral "1" on a rectangle of rolled brass was worn for at least half a
+century after it first appeared. Similar plates are known with all
+numerals through 9 and a few higher numbers. Other plates of the same
+general type are known with company letters "<span class="smcap">A</span>" through "<span class="smcap">M</span>." The plate
+proper is fitted with two brass wire hooks and a medium width tongue,
+indicating a functional use. The numeral is attached by means of two
+staples with leather thongs reeved through on the reverse of the plate.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 654360-M (S-K 516). Figure 261.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img263" name="img263"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img263.jpg" width="300" height="410" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 261</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This rolled-brass plate with its silver "<span class="smcap">TC</span>" monogram is presently
+unidentified. In the national <span class="pagenum"><a id="page118" name="page118"></a>(p. 118)</span> collections there is a Militia
+helmet with the same device used as part of the cap plate; also known is
+another insignia, comprising the monogram alone, that was used as a
+cartridge-box device. <i>New York Military Magazine</i> for July 17, 1841,
+refers to the elegant armory of the Troy [N.Y.] Corps where the Light
+Guard of New York had been visitors. This plate may have been an
+insignia of that organization. The monogram is affixed with staples and
+leather thongs, and the plate proper carries a large safety pin soldered
+to the reverse for purely decorative attachment. It is unknown whether
+the safety pin fasteners are contemporary with the plates to which they
+are attached. Rudimentary safety pins were known in Egypt before Christ,
+but they apparently did not appear in America until the 1830's and
+1840's. Walter Hunt patented the first American safety pin in 1849.<a id="footnotetag144" name="footnotetag144"></a><a href="#footnote144" title="Go to footnote 144"><span class="smaller">[144]</span></a></p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604361-M (S-K 517). Figure 262.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img264" name="img264"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img264.jpg" width="300" height="377" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 262</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Several Militia organizations of the 1840's and 1850's were called
+"Republican Guards," and this silver "<span class="smcap">RG</span>" monogram on a rolled-brass
+rectangle would have been appropriate on shoulder belts of so-named
+units. The monogram is affixed with wire fasteners, but the means of
+attachment for the plate proper are missing.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604362 (S-K 518). Figure 263.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img265" name="img265"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img265.jpg" width="300" height="367" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 263</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The silver letters "<span class="smcap">GG</span>" on this rolled-brass plate present several
+possibilities for identification. Among <span class="pagenum"><a id="page119" name="page119"></a>(p. 119)</span> the uniformed Militia
+units of the 1840's and 1850's were Garibaldi Guards, German Guards, and
+Gray Guards. This piece could have been the device of any of the three.
+The letters are affixed with wire fasteners, and a safety pin is
+soldered to the rear of the plate proper for decorative attachment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604363-M (S-K 519). Figure 264.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img266" name="img266"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img266.jpg" width="300" height="391" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 264</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This oval brass plate with the wire-affixed silver-on-copper letters
+"<span class="smcap">AG</span>" is unidentified, but it might well have been worn by the American
+Guards, or by a uniformed company from some city as Atlanta or Albany,
+with the letter "<span class="smcap">G</span>" representing "Grays," "Guards," "Grenadiers," or the
+like. It was attached to the belt with three simple wire fasteners.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604335-M (S-K 491). Figure 265.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img267" name="img267"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img267.jpg" width="300" height="395" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 265</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The white-metal device on this brass plate comprises elements of the
+arms of "New Amsterdam" topped by the crest of the arms of New York
+State with supporting figures representing the original Indian owner of
+Manhattan Island and the mariner who became the first white settler. The
+specimen is believed to have been worn by the New York City Guard. The
+device is affixed with three staples originally intended to be reeved
+through with leather thongs, although now bent over. The means of
+attachment of the plate proper are missing.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604364-M (S-K 520). Figure 266.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img268" name="img268"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img268.jpg" width="300" height="420" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 266</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The letters "<span class="smcap">K L G</span>" forming the white-metal monogram on this brass plate
+indicate that it could well have been worn by the Kentish Light Guard of
+Rhode Island. The monogram is attached by means of two staples with
+thongs reeved through, and the plate proper is fitted with four similar
+staples. The reverse bears the hallmark of William H. Horstmann and
+Sons, well-known military outfitters of Philadelphia.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604336-M (S-K 492). Figure 267.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img269" name="img269"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img269.jpg" width="300" height="418" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 267</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The white-metal letters "<span class="smcap">SG</span>" on this brass plate lend themselves to so
+many interpretations that no identification is attempted. The applied
+device has two staples for attachment, and the plate proper is fitted
+with a safety pin on the reverse.</p>
+
+
+<h4><span class="pagenum"><a id="page120" name="page120"></a>(p. 120)</span> SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604338-M (S-K 494). Figure 268.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img270" name="img270"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img270.jpg" width="300" height="482" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 268</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many volunteer companies used the designation "Rifle Guards," and this
+plate with the initials "<span class="smcap">C R G</span>" probably falls into such a category. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page121" name="page121"></a>(p. 121)</span> "<span class="smcap">C</span>," of course, cannot be identified. The monogram is of
+pewter and has three round lugs fitted through holes in the plate proper
+for attachment with pins. The plate itself has a safety pin soldered to
+the reverse for attachment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, SCOTT LEGION(?), C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604347-M (S-K 503). Figure 269.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img271" name="img271"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img271.jpg" width="300" height="372" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 269</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although this plate bearing the profile of Gen. Winfield Scott is very
+similar in design and construction to several bearing the head of
+Washington and dated much earlier, it is believed to postdate the War
+with Mexico when Scott's popularity was at its zenith. There were
+several volunteer units called "Scott Legion" during this period. The
+piece was struck, with a tin backing applied, and the edges of the
+obverse were then crimped over. It is fitted with three wire staples for
+attachment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604327-M (S-K 483). Figure 270.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img272" name="img272"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img272.jpg" width="300" height="185" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 270</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is a stock pattern in cast brass. It is oval with raised edges and
+has a white-metal "<span class="smcap">F</span>" applied with simple wire fasteners. Although the
+piece has the appearance of a waist-belt plate or cartridge-box plate,
+the wire fasteners on the reverse indicate that it was intended for
+shoulder-belt wear. In the national collections is a similar plate with
+the letter "<span class="smcap">I</span>," indicating that the letters designate companies of
+larger units rather than a unit itself.</p>
+
+
+<h4>SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 604356-M (S-K 512). Figure 271.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img273" name="img273"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img273.jpg" width="300" height="365" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 271</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This rolled-brass plate with a wire-applied silvered "<span class="smcap">A</span>" and pile of
+cannon balls topped by the hand die-struck motto "<span class="smcap">ALWAYS READY</span>" is
+unidentified beyond the fact that it was worn by a member of Company A
+of a Militia unit using a popular motto. Similar specimens in the
+national collections have center letters "<span class="smcap">B</span>," "<span class="smcap">D</span>," and "<span class="smcap">E</span>." The plate
+was attached to the shoulder belt by means of two flat brass fasteners
+soldered to the reverse. The fasteners are almost as wide as the plate
+itself.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BALDRIC DEVICE, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60409-M (S-K 165). Figure 272.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img274" name="img274"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img274.jpg" width="220" height="458" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 272</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The baldric is a highly ornamented wide sash normally worn by drum
+majors and sometimes by band leaders. During at least part of the Civil
+War, baldrics were worn by some aides-de-camp, and the 1902 uniform
+regulations specified them for Signal Corps officers. This specimen and
+the one that follows are the earlier of several examples in the national
+collections; they fall in the early 1850's. The shield, suspended from a
+lion's mouth by small chains, carries an eagle with a shield on its
+breast. The stars and edge of clouds, above, are somewhat similar to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="page122" name="page122"></a>(p. 122)</span> those on the 1851 regulation waist-belt plate. The whole is
+superimposed on a three-quarter sunburst. Both the lion's head and the
+shield are fitted with simple wire fasteners for attachment.</p>
+
+
+<h4>BALDRIC DEVICE AND BALDRIC, C. 1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 66622-M. Figure 273.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img275" name="img275"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img275.jpg" width="250" height="457" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 273</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The device is attached to a red, gold-edged-embroidered baldric worn by
+the drum major of the 72d New York Militia during the Civil War but
+believed to ante-date 1861. The brass shield, with ebony drum sticks, is
+suspended from an eagle of the 1834 Regular Army pattern for wear as a
+cap device. The shield, convex with beveled edges, is very similar to
+waist-belt and shoulder-belt plates of about 1850.</p>
+
+<p class="p2">¶ Few Militia gorgets are known, and this scarcity leads us to believe
+that few were made and worn, despite the Militia's love for the "gay and
+gaudy." Still, some units did adopt them, and officers of the Portland
+[Maine] Rifle Corps were still wearing them <span class="pagenum"><a id="page123" name="page123"></a>(p. 123)</span> in the late
+1850's.<a id="footnotetag145" name="footnotetag145"></a><a href="#footnote145" title="Go to footnote 145"><span class="smaller">[145]</span></a> As a military symbol for officers, the gorget passed its
+zenith in the late 18th century. Gorgets were worn during the War of the
+Revolution by both American and British officers, and the British also
+gave them to Indian chiefs as marks of authority. Officers in at least
+one regiment of the Regular Establishment wore them as part of their
+regulation dress about the turn of the 19th century, but they were not a
+part of the prescribed uniform during or after the War of 1812.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GORGET, C. 1821(?)</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60311-M (S-K 67B). Figure 274.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img276" name="img276"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img276.jpg" width="300" height="302" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 274</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This gorget, of gilded brass, is of 2-piece construction. The
+eagle-on-clouds, very similar to cockade eagles worn in 1808-1821, is
+attached by four wire fasteners rather than brazed. The engraved edging
+on the gorget proper is rather crudely done. Although composite insignia
+did not come into general use until the mid-1830's, it seems reasonable
+to assume that this particular design of the eagle device applied to the
+chapeau might equally have been applied to a gorget. A similar specimen
+in the national collections has a silver-on-copper eagle instead of a
+brass one.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GORGET, C. 1830-1840</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60310-M (S-K 67A). Figure 275.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img277" name="img277"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img277.jpg" width="350" height="238" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 275</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This gorget is of 3-piece construction, the specimen proper being of
+brass and the wreath and eagle of gilded brass applied with wire
+fasteners. Although the eagle is of the early "on-clouds" design, the
+feel of the piece is later, and this, together with the rather wide
+crescent indicate that it belongs to the period of the 1830's and
+1840's.</p>
+
+
+<h4>GORGET, STATE FENCIBLES, NEW YORK, C. 1840-1850</h4>
+
+<p class="center"><i>USNM 60309-M (S-K 66). Figure 276.</i></p>
+
+<a id="img278" name="img278"></a>
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/img278.jpg" width="350" height="258" alt="" title="">
+<p class="smcap">Figure 276</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This brass gorget, with wreath and letters in applied silver, is an
+example of one of the later <span class="pagenum"><a id="page124" name="page124"></a>(p. 124)</span> types worn by Militia. The letters
+"<span class="smcap">S F</span>" are interpreted as "State Fencibles," and the "Excelsior" buttons
+on the ends of the crescent identify the origin of the unit as New York
+State. Fencibles were basically troop units organized for home defense
+only. There was a volunteer Militia company called the "State Fencibles"
+in New York City as early as 1800. It apparently lost its identity as
+such in 1847 or 1848 when the organization split, half entering the 8th
+Regiment and half entering the 9th Regiment of New York State
+Militia.<a id="footnotetag146" name="footnotetag146"></a><a href="#footnote146" title="Go to footnote 146"><span class="smaller">[146]</span></a></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center small">U.S. Government Printing Office: 1963</p>
+
+<h2>Notes</h2>
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag1">1</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Parkyn's</span> <i>Shoulder-Belt Plates and Buttons</i> contains a
+wealth of information on British regimental devices.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag2">2</a></b>: For history of the organization of the Army, see <i>American
+Military History, 1607-1953</i>; <span class="smcap">Mahon</span>, "History of the Organization of the
+United States Infantry"; and <span class="smcap">Jones</span>, "History of the Organization of the
+United States Field Artillery."</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, there is no single, completely satisfactory source on the
+militia system of the United States. The following works, however,
+contain sound information and, when taken together, provide an excellent
+background on the subject: <span class="smcap">Todd</span>, "Our National Guard"; <span class="smcap">Mahon</span>, "Citizen
+Soldier"; <span class="smcap">Lundeberg</span>, "History of the North Carolina Militia"; <span class="smcap">Ansell</span>,
+"Legal and Historical Aspects of the Militia"; <span class="smcap">Gronert</span>, "First National
+Pastime in the Middle West"; and <span class="smcap">Riker</span>, <i>Soldiers of the States</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag3">3</a></b>: <i>Writings of George Washington</i>, vol. 27, p. 222.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag4">4</a></b>: Ibid., pp. 256-258; also letter dated January 3, 1784, from
+Henry Knox, Commander in Chief of the Army, to President of the
+Continental Congress (in Knox papers).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag5">5</a></b>: Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. 27, p. 524;
+also, <span class="smcap">Upton</span>, p. 69.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag6">6</a></b>: Act of March 3, 1791 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 90-91).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag7">7</a></b>: Act of March 5, 1792 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 92-94).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag8">8</a></b>: <i>American State Papers</i>, pp. 40-41.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag9">9</a></b>: Act of May 9, 1794 (<i>Military Laws</i>, p. 104).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag10">10</a></b>: Act of May 30, 1796 (<i>Military Laws</i>, p. 114).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag11">11</a></b>: Act of April 27, 1798 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 119-120).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag12">12</a></b>: Acts of July 16, 1798, and March 2, 1799 (<i>Military Laws</i>,
+pp. 127-128).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag13">13</a></b>: <i>American State Papers</i>, p. 137.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag14">14</a></b>: Acts of February 20 and May 14, 1800 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp.
+139, 141); also, <i>American State Papers</i>, p. 139.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote15" name="footnote15"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag15">15</a></b>: Act of March 16, 1802 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 141-149).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote16" name="footnote16"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag16">16</a></b>: Act of April 12, 1808 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 200-203).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote17" name="footnote17"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag17">17</a></b>: Acts of January 11, April 23, and June 26, 1812 (<i>Military
+Laws</i>, pp. 212-215, 222-223, 230).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote18" name="footnote18"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag18">18</a></b>: Act of January 1813 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 238-240). There
+is some confusion as to just how many infantry regiments were organized
+and actually came into being. The Act of January 29, 1813, authorized
+the President to raise such regiments of infantry as he should see fit,
+"not exceeding twenty." It seems that 19 were actually formed, made up
+partly of 1-year men and partly of 5-year men. There are 46 regiments
+listed in the Army Register for January 1, 1815, and it is known that
+several volunteer regiments were designated as units of the Regular
+Establishment and that a 47th and a 48th were redesignated as lower
+numbered units when several regiments were consolidated because of low
+recruitment rate. Mahon (in "History of the Organization of the United
+States Infantry") is not clear on this point. There is an organizational
+chart of the Army for this period in the files of the Office of the
+Chief of Military History, Department of the Army.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote19" name="footnote19"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag19">19</a></b>: Act of February 10, 1814 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 251-252).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote20" name="footnote20"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag20">20</a></b>: Act of March 30, 1814 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 252-255);
+<span class="smcap">Jones</span>, p. 58; "History of the Organization of the United States
+Cavalry."</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote21" name="footnote21"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag21">21</a></b>: Act of March 3, 1815 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 266-267).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote22" name="footnote22"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag22">22</a></b>: The reorganization of 1815 is treated by <span class="smcap">Mahon</span> "History of
+the Organization of the United States Infantry" (pp. 11-12), <span class="smcap">Jones</span>
+"History of the Organization of the United States Field Artillery" (pp.
+59-60), and <span class="smcap">Wike</span>, unpublished study.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote23" name="footnote23"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag23">23</a></b>: Act of March 2, 1821 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 303-309).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote24" name="footnote24"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag24">24</a></b>: Acts of April 5 and June 15, 1832 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp.
+322-323, 325-326).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote25" name="footnote25"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag25">25</a></b>: Act of March 2, 1833 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 329-330).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote26" name="footnote26"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag26">26</a></b>: Act of May 23, 1836 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 336-337).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote27" name="footnote27"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag27">27</a></b>: Act of July 5, 1838 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 341-349).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote28" name="footnote28"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag28">28</a></b>: Act of May 19, 1846 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 371-372).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote29" name="footnote29"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag29">29</a></b>: Act of February 11, 1847 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 379-382).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote30" name="footnote30"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag30">30</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Mahon</span>, "History of the Organization of the United States
+Infantry," p. 16.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote31" name="footnote31"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag31">31</a></b>: Official Army Register, 1848.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote32" name="footnote32"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag32">32</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Upton</span>, p. 223.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote33" name="footnote33"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag33">33</a></b>: General Orders, March 30, 1800 (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote34" name="footnote34"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag34">34</a></b>: Standing Order Book, folio 1, October 1, 1801.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote35" name="footnote35"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag35">35</a></b>: Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote36" name="footnote36"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag36">36</a></b>: Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote37" name="footnote37"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag37">37</a></b>: General Order, Southern Department, U.S. Army, January 24,
+1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution); also, <i>American State Papers</i>, p. 434.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote38" name="footnote38"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag38">38</a></b>: Specimen no. 156 in <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, vol. 1, p. 43, vol. 2, p. 9.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote39" name="footnote39"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag39">39</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Todd</span>, "Three Leather Cockades," pp. 24-25.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote40" name="footnote40"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag40">40</a></b>: General Order, March 30, 1800 (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote41" name="footnote41"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag41">41</a></b>: "Statement of Articles of Clothing, 1802," in papers of
+Purveyor of Public Supplies (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote42" name="footnote42"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag42">42</a></b>: General Order, Southern Department, U.S. Army, January 24,
+1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution); also, <i>American State Papers</i>, p. 434.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote43" name="footnote43"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag43">43</a></b>: Engraved by Robert Scott after a design by Gilbert
+Stuart.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote44" name="footnote44"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag44">44</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Todd</span>, "Notes on the Dress," p. 10. Also, receipts from
+George Green and Son, and letter dated August 6, 1808, from J. Smith
+(Commissary General at Washington) to Tench Coxe requesting "brass
+letters U.S.R.R." (Records AGO). George Green is listed in Philadelphia
+directories of the period as a "brass founder and gilder."</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote45" name="footnote45"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag45">45</a></b>: Letter dated July 8, 1812, from J. Burn to William Eustis
+(Secretary of War) and letter dated July 9, 1812, from B. Mifflin
+(Deputy Commissary General of Purchases). Both letters are in Records
+AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote46" name="footnote46"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag46">46</a></b>: General Orders, January 24, 1813 (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote47" name="footnote47"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag47">47</a></b>: Letter dated March 30, 1812, from Coxe to Eustis (Records
+AGO); McBarron, "Regiment of Riflemen," p. 100.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote48" name="footnote48"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag48">48</a></b>: Bill dated February 24, 1812, from William Crumpton
+(Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote49" name="footnote49"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag49">49</a></b>: Letter dated August 31, 1812, from Eustis to Irvine;
+General Order of January 24, 1813, Southern Department; letter dated
+March 31, 1813, from Irvine to Amasa Stetson (Deputy Commissary General
+of Purchases, Boston); and letter dated July 13, 1813, from Irvine to M.
+T. Wickham. This material is in Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote50" name="footnote50"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag50">50</a></b>: Letter from Irvine to Wickham dated July 13, 1813, and
+bill from William Crumpton dated February 24, 1812 (both in Records
+AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote51" name="footnote51"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag51">51</a></b>: Statement of purchases for September 1813, by Stetson
+(Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote52" name="footnote52"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag52">52</a></b>: Bill dated February 24, 1812, from William Crumpton
+(Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote53" name="footnote53"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag53">53</a></b>: Letter dated November 8, 1812, from Irvine to Colonel
+Simonds (Commanding Officer, 6th Infantry); letter dated November 3,
+1812, from Irvine to Colonel Pike (Commanding Officer, 15th Infantry);
+and letter dated November 23, 1812, from Irvine to Armitage. These
+letters are in Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote54" name="footnote54"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag54">54</a></b>: Letter from Irvine to Simonds cited in preceding note.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote55" name="footnote55"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag55">55</a></b>: Letter in Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote56" name="footnote56"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag56">56</a></b>: "A Bit of U.S. Mint History," pp. 45-50; and <span class="smcap">Chamberlain</span>,
+pp. 588-592.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote57" name="footnote57"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag57">57</a></b>: Letter in Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote58" name="footnote58"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag58">58</a></b>: Letter from Secretary of War to Irvine (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote59" name="footnote59"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag59">59</a></b>: Letters in Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote60" name="footnote60"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag60">60</a></b>: Letters in Records AGO: Irvine to James Calhoun (Deputy
+Commissary General of Purchases, Baltimore), January 14, 1815; Irvine to
+General Scott, January 13, 1815; Irvine to George Armitage, July 10,
+1815.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote61" name="footnote61"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag61">61</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">McBarron</span>, "The 18th U.S. Infantry," pp. 48-49.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote62" name="footnote62"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag62">62</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, vol. 1, p. 45, and vol. 2, p. 10.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote63" name="footnote63"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag63">63</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, vol. 2, specimen nos. 183, 184, 210-213.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote64" name="footnote64"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag64">64</a></b>: Letter dated February 26, 1812, from Irvine to Secretary
+of War (Records AGO). In clothing returns for 1812 of light artillery
+companies stationed at Williamsville, N. Y., "caps and plates" are
+listed as being "on hand" (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote65" name="footnote65"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag65">65</a></b>: Letter in Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote66" name="footnote66"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag66">66</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">Kuhn</span>, pp. 263-267, and <span class="smcap">Davis</span>, pp. 13-14 and pl. 3.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote67" name="footnote67"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag67">67</a></b>: Act of February 10, 1814 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 251-252).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote68" name="footnote68"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag68">68</a></b>: Letter dated January 12, 1814, from Irvine to Secretary of
+War (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote69" name="footnote69"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag69">69</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">Kivett</span>, p. 59.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote70" name="footnote70"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag70">70</a></b>: A letter dated July 29, 1817, from Irvine to Secretary of
+War describes the device; a letter dated August 4, 1817, from the
+Adjutant and Inspector General (Daniel Parker) to Irvine authorizes the
+plate but gives no description. Both letters are in Records AGO.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote71" name="footnote71"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag71">71</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">McClellan</span>, pp. 25, 44.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote72" name="footnote72"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag72">72</a></b>: <i>General Regulations</i>, pp. 154-162.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote73" name="footnote73"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag73">73</a></b>: Letter dated January 4, 1822, from Secretary of War to
+Irvine (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote74" name="footnote74"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag74">74</a></b>: General Order No. 38, Headquarters of the Army, May 2,
+1833. (Photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution.)</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote75" name="footnote75"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag75">75</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Townsend and Todd</span>, pp. 1-2.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote76" name="footnote76"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag76">76</a></b>: <i>General Regulations for the Army of the United States,
+1847</i>, pp. 192-193.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote77" name="footnote77"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag77">77</a></b>: A detailed description is given in <i>Military Collector and
+Historian</i> (June 1952), vol. 4, no. 2, p. 44.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote78" name="footnote78"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag78">78</a></b>: A partial republication of this work appears in <i>Military
+Collector and Historian</i>, vol. 10, no. 1 (spring 1958), pp. 16, 17; no.
+2 (summer 1958), pp. 43-45.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote79" name="footnote79"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag79">79</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Lewis</span>, p. 64.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote80" name="footnote80"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag80">80</a></b>: Act of May 19, 1846 (<i>Military Laws</i>, pp. 371-372).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote81" name="footnote81"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag81">81</a></b>: General Order No. 18, June 4, 1846, War Department
+(photostatic copy in files of division of military history, Smithsonian
+Institution).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote82" name="footnote82"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag82">82</a></b>: Insignia of the riflemen are discussed by Townsend and
+Todd, pp. 2-3.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote83" name="footnote83"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag83">83</a></b>: General Order No. 2, February 13, 1850, War Department
+(photostatic copy in files of division of military history, Smithsonian
+Institution).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote84" name="footnote84"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag84">84</a></b>: General Order, Southern Department U.S. Army, January 24,
+1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote85" name="footnote85"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag85">85</a></b>: Letters from Irvine in Records AGO: To Colonel Bogardus
+(Commanding Officer, 41st Infantry), February 16, 1814; to James
+Calhoun, January 14, 1815; and to General Scott, January 31, 1815.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote86" name="footnote86"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag86">86</a></b>: Letter to the Purveyor of Public Supplies in 1808.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote87" name="footnote87"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag87">87</a></b>: Letters from Irvine in Records AGO: To Colonel Bogardus,
+February 16, 1814; to James Calhoun, January 14, 1815.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote88" name="footnote88"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag88">88</a></b>: Detailed descriptions of this sword are given by <span class="smcap">Harold L.
+Peterson</span>, pp. 193-194, and <span class="smcap">Belote</span>, pp. 30-31.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote89" name="footnote89"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag89">89</a></b>: Mr. Michael Arpad, well known and highly regarded
+silversmith, of Washington, D.C., has called this specimen "an exquisite
+piece of work by a master craftsman."</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote90" name="footnote90"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag90">90</a></b>: <i>General Regulations for the Army</i>, pp. 154-162.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote91" name="footnote91"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag91">91</a></b>: <i>General Regulations for the Army of the United States</i>,
+p. 222.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote92" name="footnote92"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag92">92</a></b>: <i>Regulations for the Government of the Ordnance
+Department</i>, p. 64; and <span class="smcap">Harold L. Peterson</span>, pp. 42-43.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote93" name="footnote93"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag93">93</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">Patterson</span>, p. 8.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote94" name="footnote94"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag94">94</a></b>: General Order No. 38, Headquarters of the Army, May 2,
+1833 (photostatic copy in files of the division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote95" name="footnote95"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag95">95</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (April 1841), illustrations for
+"United States Infantry, Full Dress" and "United States Artillery
+(Captain)."</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote96" name="footnote96"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag96">96</a></b>: See<i> Military Collector and Historian</i> (June 1950), vol.
+2, no. 2, pp. 29-30.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote97" name="footnote97"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag97">97</a></b>: Letter dated June 29, 1813, from Irvine to Secretary of
+War (Records AGO).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote98" name="footnote98"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag98">98</a></b>: The cavalry waist-belt plate is actually specified to be
+3.6 inches by 2.2 inches.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote99" name="footnote99"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag99">99</a></b>: <i>Regulations for the Uniform and Dress</i>, pl. 21.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote100" name="footnote100"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag100">100</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Finke</span>, pp. 71-73.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote101" name="footnote101"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag101">101</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Todd</span>, "Three Leather Cockades," pp. 24-25.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote102" name="footnote102"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag102">102</a></b>: Reproduced in <i>Antiques</i> (July 1947), vol. 52, no. 7, p.
+16.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote103" name="footnote103"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag103">103</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, specimen nos. 101-105.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote104" name="footnote104"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag104">104</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (March 1839), p. 4.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote105" name="footnote105"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag105">105</a></b>: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 11.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote106" name="footnote106"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag106">106</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (March 1839), p. 3 and pl. 2.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote107" name="footnote107"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag107">107</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (October 1841), p. 32.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote108" name="footnote108"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag108">108</a></b>: See <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (February 1840), pl. 29.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote109" name="footnote109"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag109">109</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">Zieber</span>, pp. 141-144.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote110" name="footnote110"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag110">110</a></b>: Illustrated in <span class="smcap">Lefferts</span>, pls. 4, 7, 21.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote111" name="footnote111"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag111">111</a></b>: In the collections of the Morristown National Historical
+Park. The Morris Rangers was one of three uniformed Militia units in
+Morris County, New Jersey, at the outbreak of the War of 1812; it saw
+service at Paulus Hook in 1814 (<span class="smcap">Hopkins</span>, pp. 271-272).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote112" name="footnote112"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag112">112</a></b>: Illustrated in <i>Military Collector and Historian</i> (1951),
+vol. 3, no. 3, p. 59.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote113" name="footnote113"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag113">113</a></b>: See <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (April 1839), pl. 5.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote114" name="footnote114"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag114">114</a></b>: May 1839, pl. 7.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote115" name="footnote115"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag115">115</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (February 1840), pl. 28;
+(November 1840), unnumbered plate.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote116" name="footnote116"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag116">116</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (May 1841), unnumbered plate;
+(March 1841), unnumbered plate.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote117" name="footnote117"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag117">117</a></b>: Illustrated in <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (January 1840),
+pl. 26.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote118" name="footnote118"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag118">118</a></b>: Illustrated in <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (August 1839),
+pl. 15.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote119" name="footnote119"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag119">119</a></b>: A volunteer Militia company known as the Republican Blues
+was organized in Savannah in 1808. From notes filed under "Georgia
+National Guard" in Organizational History and Honors Branch, Office of
+the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote120" name="footnote120"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag120">120</a></b>: Depicted in <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (November 1839), pl.
+22.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote121" name="footnote121"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag121">121</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Barnes</span>, p. 106 and pl. 2(14).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote122" name="footnote122"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag122">122</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (August 1841), unnumbered
+plate</p>.
+
+<p><a id="footnote123" name="footnote123"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag123">123</a></b>: <i>New York Military Magazine</i> (June 26, 1841), vol. 1, no.
+3, p. 45.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote124" name="footnote124"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag124">124</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, vol. 1, pp. 40, 74.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote125" name="footnote125"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag125">125</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Swanson</span>, pp. 253, 382.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote126" name="footnote126"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag126">126</a></b>: The national collections contain several such Militia
+colors.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote127" name="footnote127"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag127">127</a></b>: See <span class="smcap">Wall</span>.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote128" name="footnote128"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag128">128</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, vol. 1, pp. 61.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote129" name="footnote129"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag129">129</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, vol. 1, pp. 161, 162.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote130" name="footnote130"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag130">130</a></b>: The spelling of "Grays" may or may not be significant. A
+Huddy and Duval print of the Washington Greys in <i>U.S. Military
+Magazine</i> (April 1839, pl. 5) used "Greys" in the title and "Grays" on
+an ammunition box in the same print.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote131" name="footnote131"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag131">131</a></b>: <i>Old Print Shop Folio</i>, p. 216.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote132" name="footnote132"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag132">132</a></b>: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 10.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote133" name="footnote133"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag133">133</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Zieber</span>, p. 166.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote134" name="footnote134"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag134">134</a></b>: March 1839, pl. 2.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote135" name="footnote135"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag135">135</a></b>: <i>New York Military Magazine</i> (1841), vol. 1, p. 118.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote136" name="footnote136"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag136">136</a></b>: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 10.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote137" name="footnote137"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag137">137</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (January 1840), pl. 27.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote138" name="footnote138"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag138">138</a></b>: <i>U.S. Military Magazine</i> (November 1839), pl. 21.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote139" name="footnote139"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag139">139</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Zieber</span>, pp. 143-144.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote140" name="footnote140"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag140">140</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Zieber</span>, p. 114.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote141" name="footnote141"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag141">141</a></b>: For the variations in the arms of New York see <span class="smcap">Zieber</span>,
+pp. 166-167.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote142" name="footnote142"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag142">142</a></b>: For an interesting discussion of the evolution of the
+arms of Ohio see <span class="smcap">Preble</span>, pp. 639-642.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote143" name="footnote143"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag143">143</a></b>: <span class="smcap">Johnson</span>, vol. 1, p. 145, vol. 2, pl. 63.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote144" name="footnote144"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag144">144</a></b>: U.S. Patent 6281 (April 10, 1849).</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote145" name="footnote145"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag145">145</a></b>: In the national collections are a uniform jacket,
+chapeau, and gorget once owned by Frederick Forsyth, a member of the
+Portland Rifle Corps in 1857.</p>
+
+<p><a id="footnote146" name="footnote146"></a>
+<b><a href="#footnotetag146">146</a></b>: Personal communication from Frederick P. Todd, July 6,
+1960. Mr. Todd is the foremost authority on New York Militia units.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of American Military Insignia 1800-1851, by 
+J. Duncan Campbell
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,6689 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of American Military Insignia 1800-1851, by
+J. Duncan Campbell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: American Military Insignia 1800-1851
+
+Author: J. Duncan Campbell
+
+Release Date: February 2, 2012 [EBook #38738]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN MILITARY INSIGNIA ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Joseph Cooper, Christine P.
+Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+http://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's notes: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected,
+all other inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's
+spelling has been maintained.
+
+Characters enclosed in { } are superscripts.]
+
+
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
+
+UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
+
+BULLETIN 235
+
+WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+1963
+
+
+
+
+_Publications of the United States National Museum_
+
+The scholarly publications of the United States National Museum
+include two series, _Proceedings of the United States National Museum_
+and _United States National Museum Bulletin_.
+
+In these series are published original articles and monographs dealing
+with the collections and work of the Museum and setting forth newly
+acquired facts in the fields of Anthropology, Biology, History,
+Geology, and Technology. Copies of each publication are distributed to
+libraries and scientific organizations and to specialists and others
+interested in the different subjects.
+
+The _Proceedings_, begun in 1878, are intended for the publication, in
+separate form, of shorter papers. These are gathered in volumes,
+octavo in size, with the publication date of each paper recorded in
+the table of contents in the volume.
+
+In the _Bulletin_ series, the first of which was issued in 1875,
+appear longer, separate publications consisting of monographs
+(occasionally in several parts) and volumes in which are collected
+works on related subjects. _Bulletins_ are either octavo or quarto in
+size, depending on the needs of the presentation. Since 1902 papers
+relating to the botanical collections of the Museum have been
+published in the _Bulletin_ series under the heading _Contributions
+from the United States National Herbarium_.
+
+This work is number 235 of the _Bulletin_ series.
+
+                                                  FRANK A. TAYLOR
+                             _Director, United States National Museum_
+
+
+  For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
+  Office
+  Washington 25, D.C.--Price $2
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Shoulder-belt plate of Vermont Militia, attributed to
+Ethan Allen, about 1785. In collection of Dr. John Lattimer.]
+
+
+
+
+MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY
+
+
+American Military Insignia
+
+1800-1851
+
+
+J. Duncan Campbell and Edgar M. Howell
+
+
+SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, WASHINGTON, D.C.
+
+1963
+
+
+
+
+Contents
+
+                                            _Page_
+
+  Preface                                      ix
+
+  Bibliography                                xiv
+
+  Introduction                                  3
+    Organization of the Regular Army            3
+    Organization of the Militia                 6
+
+  Insignia of the Regular Army                  7
+    Cap and Helmet Devices                      7
+    Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates        31
+
+  Insignia of the Uniformed Militia            51
+    Cap and Helmet Devices                     51
+    Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates        88
+
+
+
+
+Preface
+
+
+This catalog is a descriptive and interpretive listing of the insignia
+of the Army of the United States--other than buttons, epaulets, and
+horse furniture--in the National Collections that were prescribed or
+worn during the period 1800-1851. The subject of early American
+military buttons has been covered by L. F. Emilio in _The Emilio
+Collection of Military Buttons_ (Salem, Massachusetts: Essex
+Institute, 1911), W. L. Calver and R. P. Bolton in _History Written
+with Pick and Shovel_ (New York: New York Historical Society, 1950),
+and David F. Johnson in _Uniform Buttons, American Armed Forces_,
+1784-1948. (Watkins Glen, New York: Century House, 1948, 2 vols.). For
+epaulets, see Mendel L. Peterson, "American Army Epaulets, 1814-1872,"
+_Military Collector and Historian_ (March 1961, vol. 3, no. 1, pp.
+1-14).
+
+Most of the specimens described here are from the huge W. Stokes Kirk
+Collection acquired in 1959, supplemented by the War Department
+Collection and the numerous biographical collections of the United
+States National Museum; in addition, a few insignia in the collections
+of J. Duncan Campbell and others are included.
+
+The unique W. Stokes Kirk Collection, unmatched in scope, volume, and
+rarity, is worthy of special note. It was begun in 1878 by W. Stokes
+Kirk, Sr., of Philadelphia, a dealer in U.S. Government surplus.
+Struck by the beautiful design and delicate art work in some of the
+early insignia, Mr. Kirk put aside all old and unusual devices for his
+personal collection. As his business expanded, so did his interest in
+military rarities and curios. After each bulk purchase from government
+sources, he would have all the odd and unusual items sorted out for
+his examination. The best of such items went into his personal
+collection, which included rare firearms, powder flasks, insignia,
+epaulets, military caps, and the like. W. Stokes Kirk, Jr., who
+succeeded his father and expanded the business nationally until it
+became almost as well known as Bannerman's Military Store in New York
+City, maintained and enlarged the collection. After his death, in
+1946, the collection was continued by his widow, Mrs. Linnie A. Kirk
+Mosler. Items in this catalog from the W. Stokes Kirk Collection are
+indicated by the letters "S-K" in parentheses following the United
+States National Museum number.
+
+Although this catalog is, in more than one sense, a developmental
+history of American military insignia, it is not, and is not intended
+to be, a definitive study. The picture is far too incomplete. Whereas
+the record of Regular Army devices after 1821 is fairly clear--despite
+the fact that the uniform regulations continued sometimes to use the
+tantalizing phrase "according to pattern"--there remain serious gaps
+in the pre-1821 period when regulations were exceedingly vague and
+fragmentary at best; for example, the badges of the Regiment of Light
+Artillery (1812-1821). These gaps will be filled only by excavating at
+sites known to have been occupied by specific Regular units during
+particular periods. Indeed, since this study was begun, four unique
+and significant insignia were excavated at the site of a War of 1812
+cantonment, and these greatly enrich our knowledge of the period.
+
+The record of insignia of the veritable multitude of independent
+uniformed Militia companies in existence during the period under
+consideration may never be complete. The selection presented here,
+however, is an excellent representative chronological cross section of
+typical designs and variations of insignia worn by the uniformed or
+"volunteer" Militia, as opposed to the "common" or "standing" Militia.
+
+The best sources of documentation and dating for Regular Army devices
+are the uniform regulations and ordnance regulations; these are
+supplemented by pertinent records in the National Archives, notably
+the letter files of the Purveyor of Public Supplies and of the
+Commissary General of Purchases. The letter files are voluminous, but
+in some cases badly mixed and in many cases incomplete. We have
+conjectured a reason for this incompleteness. The two prime
+contractors for military insignia during the period 1812-1821 were
+George Armitage and William Crumpton, both of whom had their small
+factories in Philadelphia within a mile of the office of Callendar
+Irvine, Commissary General of Purchases. The paucity of written
+transactions in the records in the National Archives between these
+gentlemen and Irvine tends to bear out our assumption that most of
+their dealings were conducted verbally in Irvine's office. This would
+account for the lack of sketches and drawings of cap plates and belt
+plates in files of the National Archives. In cases where no specific
+documentary evidence is available, dating has been based on a careful
+evaluation of design development and comparison with biographical
+specimens that can be more fairly dated through knowledge of the
+former owner's career. Excavated insignia from datable sites have also
+reduced the problem considerably.
+
+For Militia insignia worn about 1835, the best documentation is to be
+found in _U.S. Military Magazine_, published between 1839 and 1842 by
+Huddy and Duval of Philadelphia, and in _New York Military Magazine_,
+published by Labree and Stockton of New York during 1841. In 1939,
+Frederick P. Todd described the Huddy and Duval prints in detail
+(_Journal of the American Military Institute_, 1939, vol. 3, no. 3,
+pp. 166-176). However, evaluation and consideration of over-all design
+development and comparison with dated biographical specimens of the
+earlier period, before 1835, are difficult and must be done
+cautiously, as there is no orderly pattern. One generalization does
+seem clear: during the decade after 1821, when the Regulars discarded
+large cap plates, the Militia almost universally adopted them and
+continued to wear them well into the 1840's. Very few insignia include
+the maker's name or initials, but when they do, bracketing within a
+definite period is relatively easy. Similarly, when a cap plate
+appears to be original to a cap, the design of the cap and its maker's
+label, if included, are of great help. Finally, when there is nothing
+else to rely on, the "feel" of the specimen, gained through the
+experience of studying several thousand, has been used, although with
+reluctance.
+
+The year 1800 was selected as the opening date of the study because it
+was in that year that the first metal ornament was prescribed to
+designate a particular branch of service. The closing date of 1851 was
+chosen because Regular Army devices for that year and thereafter are
+well documented in uniform regulations, manuals, and catalogs of
+manufacturers such as William Horstmann and Sons. Militia dress after
+that general date becomes so increasingly complex that it should be
+attempted only as a separate study.
+
+Most of the specimens described in this study were struck from steel
+dies; however--despite the relative wealth of knowledge on the
+striking of coins--little is known of the exact process, especially
+prior to the appearance of the punch press in the 1830's. Several
+insignia dies dating as early as the War of 1812 period and a number
+dating in the 1840's do exist, however. All of these examined were
+found to be female dies, with the design in intaglio rather than in
+relief. The design was worked into the die--the art generally termed
+"die-sinking"--in the same basic manner as in coin dies. The die
+sinker first softened the steel to suit his particular taste and then
+incised the design, using a succession of small chisels. The steel was
+then retempered to withstand high impact pressures. Although there is
+no documentation on the subject, manufacturing techniques of the
+period indicate that the following process was probably employed: the
+die was locked in place at the base of a drop press, similar to a
+guillotine, so that it could be struck accurately from above; a piece
+of pure lead was then affixed to the bottom of the weighted drop and
+allowed to strike the die a sufficient number of times to completely
+receive the impression of the die and become, in effect, a male
+counterpart; lastly, a thin sheet of brass, copper, or pewter was
+placed on the female die and struck with the weighted lead male,
+receiving the desired impression but without the excessive stretching
+and resultant cracking that a steel-on-steel strike might have
+produced. Examination of finished products in the national collections
+bears out this theory of production; few if any of the specimens show
+evidence of having been struck with a steel male die.
+
+With only a few exceptions, all specimens have been photographed on a
+1-inch grid. All references to right and left are made according to
+heraldic usage; the heraldic right is always on the left as viewed.
+
+During the months this work has been in progress, many people and
+institutions have generously assisted in many ways. It is a pleasure
+to thank them for their help.
+
+Mr. Detmar Finke of the Office of the Chief of Military History,
+Department of the Army, reviewed the Regular Army portions of the
+manuscript and made many valuable suggestions. Mr. Frederick P. Todd,
+director of The West Point Museum, graciously answered many questions
+relative to both Regular Army and Militia insignia. Through the
+courtesy of Mr. James Koping and Miss Elizabeth Ulrich of the
+Pennsylvania State Library, The _U.S. Military Magazine_ of Huddy and
+Duval was made available for unlimited use.
+
+Thanks are also given to the following, who furnished photographs of
+specimens in their collections: Mr. Waverly P. Lewis, Devon,
+Connecticut; Mr. William E. Codd, Monkton, Maryland; The Filson Club,
+Louisville, Kentucky; The West Point Museum; The Fort Sill Museum; Old
+Fort Erie Museum, Ontario, Canada; The Niagara Historical Society
+Museum, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada; The Washington County
+Historical Society Museum, Fort Calhoun, Nebraska; the Valley Forge
+Chapel Museum, and Dr. John Lattimer, New York City.
+
+Mr. Michael Arpad of Washington, D.C., was especially helpful in
+matters pertaining to the techniques of chasing and die sinking.
+
+                                               J. DUNCAN CAMPBELL
+                                                  EDGAR M. HOWELL
+
+  _March 1, 1963._
+
+
+
+
+Bibliography
+
+The following works have been used in gathering the material for this
+book. They are frequently referred to in the text in shortened form.
+
+
+_American military history, 1607-1953._ (ROTC Manual 145-20,
+Department of the Army.) Washington, 1956.
+
+_American state papers, class V, military affairs._ Vol. 1.
+Washington: Gales and Seaton, 1832.
+
+ANSELL, S. T. Legal and historical aspects of the Militia. _Yale Law
+Journal_ (April 1917), vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 471-480.
+
+BARNES, R. M. _Military uniforms of Britain and the Empire._ London:
+Seeley Service and Co., 1960.
+
+BELOTE, THEODORE T. _American and European swords in the historical
+collections of the United States National Museum._ (U.S. National
+Museum Bulletin 163.) Washington, 1932.
+
+A bit of U.S. Mint history. _American Journal of Numismatics_ (1908),
+vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 45-50.
+
+CALVER, W. L., and BOLTON, R. P. _History written with pick and
+shovel._ New York: New York Historical Society, 1950.
+
+CHAMBERLAIN, GEORGIA S. Moritz Furst, die-sinker and artist. _The
+Numismatist._ (June 1954), vol. 67, no. 6, pp. 588-592.
+
+DAVIS, GHERARDI. _The colors of the United States Army, 1789-1912._
+New York: Privately printed, 1912.
+
+EMILIO, L. F. _The Emilio collection of military buttons._ Salem,
+Massachusetts: Essex Institute, 1911.
+
+FINKE, DETMAR H. Insignia of rank in the Continental Army, 1775-1783.
+_Military Collector and Historian_ (fall 1956), vol. 8, no. 3, pp.
+71-73.
+
+_General regulations for the Army._ Philadelphia: M. Carey and Sons,
+1821.
+
+_General regulations for the Army of the United States._ Washington:
+Department of the Army, 1835.
+
+_General regulations for the Army of the United States, 1847._
+Washington: J. and G. S. Gideon, 1847.
+
+GRONERT, T. G. The first national pastime in the Middle West. _Indiana
+Magazine of History_ (September 1933), vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 171-186.
+
+History of the organization of the United States cavalry. MS, Office
+of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington,
+D.C.
+
+HOPKINS, ALFRED F. Volunteer corps hat of 1814. _Military Affairs_
+(winter 1941), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 271-272.
+
+JOHNSON, DAVID F. _Uniform buttons, American armed forces, 1784-1948._
+2 vols. Watkins Glen, New York: Century House, 1948.
+
+JONES, WILLARD L. History of the organization of the United States
+Field Artillery. MS, Office of the Chief of Military History,
+Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.
+
+_Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789._ Edit. Worthington
+Chauncey Ford and others. 34 vols. Washington: Carnegie Foundation,
+1904-1937.
+
+KIVETT, MARVIN F. Excavations at Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, a
+preliminary report. _Nebraska History_ (March 1959), vol. 40, no. 1,
+pp. 39-66.
+
+Knox papers. MSS Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
+
+KUHN, EDWARD C. U.S. Army colors and standards of 1808. _Military
+Affairs_ (winter 1941), vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 263-267.
+
+LEFFERTS, CHARLES W. _Uniforms of the American, British, French, and
+German Armies in the War of the American Revolution._ New York: New
+York Historical Society, 1926.
+
+LEWIS, WAVERLY P. _U.S. military headgear, 1770-1880._ Devon,
+Connecticut: Privately printed, 1960.
+
+LUNDEBERG, PHILIP K. A history of the North Carolina Militia,
+1784-1848. Master's dissertation, Duke University, 1947.
+
+MAHON, JOHN K. The citizen soldier in national defense, 1789-1815.
+Doctor's dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 1950.
+
+----. History of the organization of the United States Infantry. (Pp.
+1-61 in vol. 2 of _The Army lineage book_, Washington: Department of
+the Army, 1953.)
+
+MCBARRON, H. CHARLES. Regiment of Riflemen, winter uniform, 1812-1815.
+Military Collector and Historian (December 1954), vol. 6, no. 4, p.
+100.
+
+----. The 18th U.S. Infantry Regiment, 1814-1815. _Military Collector
+and Historian_ (summer 1955), vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 48-49.
+
+MCCLELLAN, E. N. Uniforms of the American Marines, 1775 to 1827.
+Mimeographed in 1932 by Marine Corps Historical Section, Department of
+the Navy, Washington, D.C.
+
+_The military laws of the United States._ Edit. John F. Callan.
+Philadelphia: George W. Childes, 1863.
+
+_New York Military Magazine_ (1841).
+
+_Official Army register, corrected to October 31, 1848._ Washington,
+1848.
+
+Official drawings for the U.S. Army uniform regulations of 1851.
+_Military Collector and Historian_, vol. 10, no. 1 (spring 1958), pp.
+17-19; vol. 10, no. 2 (summer 1958), pp. 43-45.
+
+_Old Print Shop Portfolio_ (May 1961), vol. 20, no. 9.
+
+PARKYN, MAJ. H. G. _Shoulder-belt plates and buttons._ Aldershot,
+Hants, England: Gale and Polden, Ltd., 1956.
+
+PATTERSON, C. MEADE. The military rifle flasks of 1832 and 1837.
+_Military Collector and Historian_ (March 1953), vol. 5, no. 1, pp.
+7-12.
+
+PETERSON, HAROLD L. _The American sword_, New Hope, Pennsylvania: The
+River House, 1954.
+
+PETERSON, MENDEL L. American Army epaulets, 1841-1872. _Military
+Collector and Historian_ (March 1951), vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-14.
+
+PREBLE, GEORGE HENRY. _History of the flag of the United States of
+America._ Boston: A. Williams and Co., 1880.
+
+Records of the Adjutant General's Office. Record Group 94, National
+Archives, Washington, D.C.
+
+_Regulations for the government of the Ordnance Department._
+Washington: Francis P. Blair, 1834.
+
+_Regulations for the uniform and dress of the Army of the United
+States, June 1851._ Philadelphia: William H. Horstmann and Sons, 1851.
+
+RIKER, WILLIAM H. _Soldiers of the States._ Washington: Public Affairs
+Press, 1957.
+
+Standing Order Book, 1st Infantry, Detroit. MSS Division, Library of
+Congress, Washington, D. C.
+
+SWANSON, NEIL H. _The perilous flight._ New York: Farrar and Rinehart,
+1945.
+
+TODD, FREDERICK P. The Huddy and Duval prints. _Journal of the
+American Military Institute_ (1939), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 166-176.
+
+----. Notes on the dress of the Regiment of Light Artillery, U.S.A.
+_Military Collector and Historian_ (March 1950), vol. 2, no. 1, p. 10.
+
+----. Our National Guard: An introduction to its history. _Military
+Affairs_, vol. 5, no. 2 (summer 1941), pp. 73-86; vol. 5, no. 3 (fall
+1941), pp. 152-170.
+
+----. The curious case of the Voltigeur uniform. _Military Collector
+and Historian_ (June 1952), vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 44-45.
+
+----. Notes on the organization and uniforms of South Carolina
+military forces, 1860-1861. _Military Collector and Historian_
+(September 1951), vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 53-62.
+
+----. Three leather cockades. _Military Collector and Historian_
+(spring 1956), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 24-25.
+
+TOWNSEND, F. C., and TODD, FREDERICK P. Branch insignia of the Regular
+cavalry, 1833-1872. _Military Collector and Historian_ (spring 1956),
+vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-5.
+
+UPTON, EMORY. The military policy of the United States. Senate
+Document No. 379, 64th Congress, 1st Session. Washington: 1916.
+
+_U.S. Military Magazine_ (1839-1842), vols. 1-3.
+
+WALL, ALEXANDER J. The flag with an eagle in the canton. _New York
+Historical Society Quarterly Bulletin_ (October 1933), vol. 17, no. 3,
+pp. 51-67.
+
+WIKE, JOHN W. Untitled MS, Office of the Chief of Military History,
+Department of the Army, Washington, D.C.
+
+_Writings of George Washington._ Edit. John G. Fitzpatrick.
+Washington: 1944.
+
+ZIEBER, EUGENE. _Heraldry in America._ Philadelphia: Bailey, Banks,
+and Biddle, 1909.
+
+
+
+
+American
+
+Military Insignia
+
+1800-1851
+
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+In almost all armies it long has been standard practice to use
+distinctive devices of cloth and metal to distinguish between arms and
+services, and between individual units of each arm, to enhance morale
+and develop esprit de corps. Colors of units of the British Army have
+had ancient badges emblazoned on them since before the establishment
+of the present standing army in 1661. By the end of the first half of
+the 18th century some of these badges had been authorized for
+placement on horse furniture or for wear on grenadier caps. This was
+especially true of the regiments of horse and a few of the older
+regiments of foot. The infantry regiments received numerical
+designations in 1751, and these numbers were worn on waist belts,
+shoulder belts, and cartridge-box plates. When the infantry units
+acquired county titles in 1782, these names often were added to the
+plates. In 1767 regimental numbers were ordered placed on the buttons
+of officers and other ranks; in practice these numbers were often
+combined with other devices.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: PARKYN'S _Shoulder-Belt Plates and Buttons_ contains a
+wealth of information on British regimental devices.]
+
+In the American Army such devices have taken many forms, ranging from
+distinctive buttons, plumes, cockades, cap plates, shoulder-belt
+plates, and waist-belt and cartridge-box plates to the well-known
+shoulder sleeve insignia and distinctive unit insignia of the present
+day. The origin of much of this insignia and many of the changes in
+its design can be tied more or less directly to the organization of
+the Regular Army--its contractions and expansions and its changes in
+arm and service designations--and to the peculiar circumstances
+surrounding the origin and growth of the volunteer or uniformed
+Militia. Thus, a short discussion of the organization of each is in
+order.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: For history of the organization of the Army, see
+_American Military History, 1607-1953_; MAHON, "History of the
+Organization of the United States Infantry"; and JONES, "History of
+the Organization of the United States Field Artillery."
+
+Unfortunately, there is no single, completely satisfactory source on
+the militia system of the United States. The following works, however,
+contain sound information and, when taken together, provide an
+excellent background on the subject: TODD, "Our National Guard";
+MAHON, "Citizen Soldier"; LUNDEBERG, "History of the North Carolina
+Militia"; ANSELL, "Legal and Historical Aspects of the Militia";
+GRONERT, "First National Pastime in the Middle West"; and RIKER,
+_Soldiers of the States_.]
+
+
+Organization of the Regular Army
+
+Two months after the War of the Revolution officially ended with the
+signing of a peace treaty on September 3, 1783, General Washington
+directed the Army to turn in its arms and disband.[3] Since the
+Continental Congress had made no provision for a permanent
+establishment, Washington retained in service one infantry regiment
+and a battalion of artillery to guard military stores and take over
+posts to be evacuated by the British.[4] Early in June 1784 Congress
+ordered these units disbanded except for detachments to guard stores
+at Fort Pitt and West Point; then, in order to secure the frontier
+against Indian unrest, it immediately authorized a regiment to be
+raised from the militia of four of the States to comprise eight
+companies of infantry and two of artillery.[5] This unit, called the
+First American Regiment, gradually turned into a regular organization.
+
+[Footnote 3: _Writings of George Washington_, vol. 27, p. 222.]
+
+[Footnote 4: Ibid., pp. 256-258; also letter dated January 3, 1784,
+from Henry Knox, Commander in Chief of the Army, to President of the
+Continental Congress (in Knox papers).]
+
+[Footnote 5: Journals of the Continental Congress, vol. 27, p. 524;
+also, UPTON, p. 69.]
+
+The failure of an expedition commanded by Col. Josiah Harmar of the
+First American Regiment against the Indians in 1790 awakened the
+Congress somewhat to the threat in the Northwest and resulted in the
+organization of another infantry regiment, which was designated the 2d
+Infantry Regiment; the First American Regiment was redesignated the
+"1st".[6] Trouble with the Indians continued, and after another severe
+reverse Congress authorized the raising of three additional infantry
+regiments and, at the same time, empowered the President to organize
+the Army as he might see fit.[7]
+
+[Footnote 6: Act of March 3, 1791 (_Military Laws_, pp. 90-91).]
+
+[Footnote 7: Act of March 5, 1792 (_Military Laws_, pp. 92-94).]
+
+Under this discretionary power, the Army was reorganized into the
+Legion of the United States. This was a field army in which the three
+combat branches--infantry, cavalry, and artillery--were combined. The
+Legion was in turn broken down into four sublegions, with each
+containing infantry, cavalry, artillery, and riflemen; thus, the
+sublegions were the fore-runners of the modern combined arms team. The
+1st and 2d Infantries became the 1st and 2d Sublegions. Of the three
+additional infantry regiments authorized, only two were organized,
+these becoming the 3d and 4th Sublegions.[8] Under the forceful
+leadership of Gen. Anthony Wayne the Legion reversed the record on the
+frontier and decisively defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen
+Timbers. The temporary peace which followed turned attention to the
+problem of protecting the Atlantic seaboard, and in 1794 Congress
+authorized a large increase in the artillery, assigned engineer
+officers, and designated the new organization the Corps of
+Artillerists and Engineers.[9] The Legion was continued until it was
+replaced in 1796 by the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th Infantry Regiments, which
+were constituted from the four sublegions, two troops of light
+dragoons, and the above-mentioned Corps.[10]
+
+[Footnote 8: _American State Papers_, pp. 40-41.]
+
+[Footnote 9: Act of May 9, 1794 (_Military Laws_, p. 104).]
+
+[Footnote 10: Act of May 30, 1796 (_Military Laws_, p. 114).]
+
+The threat of war with France in 1798 brought further expansions. In
+April of that year an "additional regiment" of artillerists and
+engineers was authorized, with the Corps created in 1794 becoming the
+1st and the new unit being designated the 2d Regiment of Artillerists
+and Engineers.[11] In the following July, 12 more regiments of
+infantry and 6 troops of light dragoons--to be combined with the two
+troops in existence to form a regiment--were authorized; an additional
+24 regiments of infantry, plus units of other arms, authorized the
+following winter made a total of 40 regiments of infantry.[12]
+Actually, the greatest part of this force remained on paper. Only the
+1st and 2d Infantries ever attained their required strength, and only
+3,400 men were enlisted for the 5th through the 16th. There were no
+enlistments at all for the other regiments. Officers were assigned to
+the six troops of light dragoons, but no enlisted personnel were
+raised and no horses were bought.[13]
+
+[Footnote 11: Act of April 27, 1798 (_Military Laws_, pp. 119-120).]
+
+[Footnote 12: Acts of July 16, 1798, and March 2, 1799 (_Military
+Laws_, pp. 127-128).]
+
+[Footnote 13: _American State Papers_, p. 137.]
+
+More quickly than it had arisen, the threat of a war with France
+abated. Early in 1800 action was suspended under the two acts creating
+the paper regiments, and the Army was reduced to the regular
+establishment of four regiments of infantry, two regiments of
+artillerists and engineers, and two troops of light dragoons.[14] Two
+years later the antipathy of the new Jefferson administration to a
+standing army further reduced this establishment to two regiments of
+infantry and one of artillery. The Corps of Artillerists and Engineers
+was abolished; a Corps of Engineers was organized to be stationed at
+West Point and "constitute a military academy"; and the light dragoons
+were disbanded.[15]
+
+[Footnote 14: Acts of February 20 and May 14, 1800 (_Military Laws_,
+pp. 139, 141); also, _American State Papers_, p. 139.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Act of March 16, 1802 (_Military Laws_, pp. 141-149).]
+
+The Jeffersonian theories regarding a strong militia and a small
+professional army were rudely shaken in 1807 by the _Chesapeake-Leopard_
+affair. With war seeming imminent, Congress added to the Regular
+Establishment, though cautiously "for a limited time," five regiments of
+infantry, one regiment of riflemen, one of light artillery, and one of
+light dragoons. The new regiments of infantry were numbered the 3d
+through the 7th.[16] There was no further preparation for a fight with
+England until just before war was actually declared. In January 1812, 10
+regiments of infantry, two of artillery, and one regiment of light
+dragoons were added; three months later a Corps of Artificers was
+organized; and in June provision was made for eight more infantry
+regiments, making a total of 25.[17] In January 1813, following the
+discouragements of the early campaigns in the Northwest, Congress
+constituted 20 more infantry regiments, bringing the total to 45, the
+largest number in the Regular Establishment until the 20th century.[18]
+A year later three more regiments of riflemen, designated the 2d through
+the 4th, were formed.[19]
+
+[Footnote 16: Act of April 12, 1808 (_Military Laws_, pp. 200-203).]
+
+[Footnote 17: Acts of January 11, April 23, and June 26, 1812
+(_Military Laws_, pp. 212-215, 222-223, 230).]
+
+[Footnote 18: Act of January 1813 (_Military Laws_, pp. 238-240).
+There is some confusion as to just how many infantry regiments were
+organized and actually came into being. The Act of January 29, 1813,
+authorized the President to raise such regiments of infantry as he
+should see fit, "not exceeding twenty." It seems that 19 were actually
+formed, made up partly of 1-year men and partly of 5-year men. There
+are 46 regiments listed in the Army Register for January 1, 1815, and
+it is known that several volunteer regiments were designated as units
+of the Regular Establishment and that a 47th and a 48th were
+redesignated as lower numbered units when several regiments were
+consolidated because of low recruitment rate. Mahon (in "History of
+the Organization of the United States Infantry") is not clear on this
+point. There is an organizational chart of the Army for this period in
+the files of the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department
+of the Army.]
+
+[Footnote 19: Act of February 10, 1814 (_Military Laws_, pp.
+251-252).]
+
+In March 1814 Congress reorganized both the artillery and the
+dragoons. The three artillery regiments, which had never operated as
+such, but rather by company or detachment, were consolidated into the
+Corps of Artillery; and the two regiments of dragoons, which had never
+been adequately trained and generally had given a poor account of
+themselves, were merged into one.[20] The Regiment of Light Artillery
+remained untouched.
+
+[Footnote 20: Act of March 30, 1814 (_Military Laws_, pp. 252-255);
+JONES, p. 58; "History of the Organization of the United States
+Cavalry."]
+
+Almost as soon as the war ended, Congress moved to reduce the Army[21]
+by limiting the peacetime establishment to 10,000 men, to be divided
+among infantry, artillery, and riflemen, plus the Corps of Engineers.
+The number of wartime infantry units was reduced to eight, and the
+rifle units to one. The Corps of Artillery and the Regiment of Light
+Artillery were retained, but dragoons were eliminated.[22]
+
+[Footnote 21: Act of March 3, 1815 (_Military Laws_, pp. 266-267).]
+
+[Footnote 22: The reorganization of 1815 is treated by MAHON "History
+of the Organization of the United States Infantry" (pp. 11-12), JONES
+"History of the Organization of the United States Field Artillery"
+(pp. 59-60), and WIKE, unpublished study.]
+
+By 1821 the prospects of a prolonged peace appeared so good that
+Congress felt safe in further reducing the Army. Consequently, in that
+year the number of infantry regiments was cut to seven; the Rifle
+Regiment was disbanded; the Corps of Artillery and the Regiment of
+Light Artillery were disbanded, with four artillery regiments being
+organized in their stead; and the Ordnance Department was merged with
+the artillery,[23] an arrangement that continued until 1832.
+
+[Footnote 23: Act of March 2, 1821 (_Military Laws_, pp. 303-309).]
+
+The opening of the West in the decades following the War of 1812
+brought an important change in the organization of the Army.
+Experience having shown that infantry were at a distinct disadvantage
+when pitted against the fleetly mounted Indians, in 1832 a battalion
+of mounted rangers was organized to quell disturbances on the
+northwest frontier,[24] but this loosely knit force was replaced by a
+regiment of dragoons the following year.[25] The mounted arm had come
+to stay in the Army.
+
+[Footnote 24: Acts of April 5 and June 15, 1832 (_Military Laws_, pp.
+322-323, 325-326).]
+
+[Footnote 25: Act of March 2, 1833 (_Military Laws_, pp. 329-330).]
+
+When the second Seminole War broke out in 1836, a second regiment of
+dragoons was organized.[26] And, as the war dragged through another
+inconclusive year, a reluctant Congress was forced to increase the
+size of existing line units and to authorize an additional regiment of
+infantry, the 8th. Meanwhile, increasing demands for surveying and
+mapping services resulted in the creation of the Corps of
+Topographical Engineers as a separate entity.[27]
+
+[Footnote 26: Act of May 23, 1836 (_Military Laws_, pp. 336-337).]
+
+[Footnote 27: Act of July 5, 1838 (_Military Laws_, pp. 341-349).]
+
+Meanwhile, the responsibilities of the Army in the opening of the West
+continued to increase, and in 1846 the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen
+was organized to consolidate the northern route to the Pacific by
+establishing and manning a series of posts along the Oregon Trail.[28]
+However, the outbreak of the War with Mexico postponed this mission.
+
+[Footnote 28: Act of May 19, 1846 (_Military Laws_, pp. 371-372).]
+
+At the start of the War with Mexico Congress leaned heavily on
+volunteer units, with the hard core of the Regulars remaining
+unchanged. But early in 1847 it was found necessary to add nine
+regiments of infantry and one regiment of dragoons.[29] Of the
+infantry unit's, eight were of the conventional type; the ninth was
+formed as the Regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen. Theoretically,
+only half of this latter regiment was to be mounted. Each horseman was
+to be paired with a foot soldier who was to get up behind and ride
+double when speed was needed. In practice, however, none of the
+Voltigeurs were mounted; the entire unit fought as foot riflemen.[30]
+
+[Footnote 29: Act of February 11, 1847 (_Military Laws_, pp.
+379-382).]
+
+[Footnote 30: MAHON, "History of the Organization of the United States
+Infantry," p. 16.]
+
+All of these new units proved merely creatures of the war, and the
+coming of peace saw a reduction to the old establishment of eight
+regiments of infantry, four of artillery, two of dragoons, and one
+regiment of mounted riflemen.[31] This organization remained
+substantially unchanged until 1855.[32]
+
+[Footnote 31: Official Army Register, 1848.]
+
+[Footnote 32: UPTON, p. 223.]
+
+
+Organization of the Militia
+
+The "common" Militia was first established by the various colonies of
+all able-bodied men between roughly the ages of 16 and 60 for
+protection against Indian attack. These militiamen were required by
+law to be enrolled in the unit of their township or county, furnish
+their own arms and equipment, and appear periodically for training.
+They were civilian soldiers who had little or no taste for things
+military, as their performance in both peace and war almost invariably
+demonstrated. They were not uniformed and contributed little or
+nothing to the field of military dress.
+
+The "volunteer" or "independent" Militia companies, on the other hand,
+were something else again. These units, composed of men who enjoyed
+military life, or rather certain aspects of it, appeared rather early
+in the Nation's history. The first of these, formed in 1638, was The
+Military Company of the Massachusetts, later and better known as the
+Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts. By 1750
+there were a number of independent companies in existence--many of
+them chartered--and membership in them had become a recognized part of
+the social life of the larger urban centers.
+
+The concept of volunteer Militia units was confirmed in the Uniform
+Militia Act of 1792, which prescribed flank companies of grenadiers,
+light infantry, or riflemen for the "common" Militia battalions and a
+company of artillery and a troop of horse for each division, to be
+formed of volunteers from the Militia at large and to be uniformed and
+equipped at the individual volunteer's expense. Thus, from within the
+national Militia structure emerged an elite corps of amateur--as
+opposed to civilian--soldiers who enjoyed military exercise, and the
+pomp and circumstance accompanying it, and who were willing to
+sacrifice both the time and the money necessary to enjoy it. Since the
+members were volunteers, they were ready to submit to discipline up to
+a point; they trained rather frequently; many of the officers made an
+effort to educate themselves militarily; they chose their own
+officers; and their relative permanency gave rise to an excellent
+esprit de corps. In actuality, these organizations became private
+military clubs, and differed from other male social and fraternal
+groups only in externals.
+
+The great urban growth of the Nation during the period 1825-1860 was
+the golden age of the volunteer companies, and by 1845 these units had
+all but supplanted the common Militia. It would be difficult to even
+estimate the number of volunteer companies during this period. They
+sprang up almost everywhere, more in answer to a demand by the younger
+men of the Nation for a recreation that would meet a social and
+physical need and by emigrant minorities for a group expression than
+for reasons military. It was a "gay and gaudy" Militia, with each unit
+in its own distinctive and generally resplendent uniform. If the
+"Raleigh Cossacks," the "Hibernia Greens," the "Velvet Light Infantry
+Company," or the "Teutonic Rifles" were more "invincible in peace"
+than visible in war, they were a spectacular, colorful, and exciting
+integral of the social and military life of the first half of the 19th
+century.
+
+
+
+
+Insignia of the Regular Army
+
+
+Uniform regulations prior to 1821 were loosely and vaguely worded, and
+this was especially true in regard to officers' insignia. For example
+General Orders of March 30, 1800, stated: "... the swords of all
+officers, except the generals, to be attached by a white shoulder belt
+three inches wide, with an oval plate three inches by two and a half
+ornamented with an eagle."[33] In 1801 the 1st Infantry Regiment
+directed that "the sword ... for platoon officers ... be worn with a
+white belt over the coat with a breast plate such as have been by the
+Colonel established,"[34] and in 1810 a regulation stated that "those
+gentlemen who have white sword belts and plates [are] to consider them
+as uniform, but those not so provided will be permitted to wear their
+waist belts."[35] As a result, the officers generally wore what they
+wished, and there was a wide variation in design. Most officer
+insignia were the product of local jewelers and silversmiths, although
+some known specimens are obviously the work of master craftsmen.
+Quality varied as well as design, depending on the affluence of the
+officer concerned. Some of the plainer plates appear to have been made
+by rolling silver dollars into an oval shape.
+
+[Footnote 33: General Orders, March 30, 1800 (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 34: Standing Order Book, folio 1, October 1, 1801.]
+
+[Footnote 35: Records AGO.]
+
+In regard to enlisted men's insignia, only the descriptions of the
+1800 dragoon helmet plate and the 1814 and 1817 riflemen's cap plates
+give us anything approaching a clear picture. "Oblong silver plates
+... bearing the name of the corps and the number of the regiment" for
+the infantry in 1812, "plates in front" for the 1812 dragoons, and
+"gilt plate in front" for the 1812 light artillery are typical
+examples. As a result, the establishment of a proper chronology for
+these devices has depended on the careful consideration of specimens
+excavated at posts where specific units are known to have served at
+specific times, combined with research in pertinent records of the
+period in the National Archives.
+
+
+Cap and Helmet Devices
+
+DRAGOON HELMET PLATE, 1800
+
+_USNM 66330-M (S-K 86). Figure 1._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 1]
+
+The first known distinctive metal branch insignia authorized for the
+Army was this helmet plate. General Order, U.S. Army, dated March 30,
+1800, prescribed for "Cavalry ... a helmet of leather crowned with
+black horse hair and having a brass front, with a mounted dragoon in
+the act of charging."[36] This oval plate, struck in thin brass with
+lead-filled back, has a raised rim, within which is a mounted,
+helmeted horseman in the act of charging; overhead is an eagle with a
+wreath in its beak. A double-wire fastener soldered to the back is not
+contemporary.
+
+[Footnote 36: Records AGO.]
+
+
+DRAGOON HELMET PLATE, 1800, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM 60283-M (S-K 41). Figure 2._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 2]
+
+Although from a different die, this plate, struck in thin brass,
+appears to be a die sample of the plate described above. It is also
+possible that it is a sample of the dragoon plate authorized in 1812.
+
+
+¶ The 1813 uniform regulations specified for enlisted men of the
+artillery a "black leather cockade, with points 4 inches in diameter,
+a yellow button and eagle in the center, the button in uniform with
+the coat button."[37] This specification gives some validity to the
+belief that a cockade with an approximation of the artillery button
+tooled on it may also have been worn.
+
+[Footnote 37: General Order, Southern Department, U.S. Army, January
+24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution); also, _American State Papers_, p. 434.]
+
+
+LEATHER COCKADE, ARTILLERY, C. 1808-1812
+
+_USNM 60256-M (S-K 14). Figure 3._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 3]
+
+This cockade is of black leather of the size prescribed by the 1813
+regulations. Tooled into the upper fan is an eagle-on-cannon device
+with a stack of 6 cannon balls under the trail; an arc of 15 stars
+partially surrounds the eagle device. It is believed to have been worn
+on artillery _chapeaux de bras_ as early as 1808.
+
+The specimen is unmarked as to maker, but from correspondence of
+Callendar Irvine, Commissary General of Purchases from 1812 to 1841,
+it seems very possible that cockades similar to this one were made by
+Robert Dingee of New York City. Dingee is first listed in New York
+directories as a "saddler" (1812); he is listed later as "city
+weigher" (1828) and "inspector of green hides" (1831). The
+eagle-on-cannon design is similar to that of several Regular artillery
+buttons worn between 1802 and 1821, but it most closely approximates a
+button Johnson assigns to the period 1794-1810.[38]
+
+[Footnote 38: Specimen no. 156 in JOHNSON, vol. 1, p. 43, vol. 2, p.
+9.]
+
+
+¶ The question has been raised as to whether the Regulars ever wore a
+cockade with such a device. The 1813 and 1814 uniform regulations
+merely specified black leather cockades of 4 inches and 4-1/2 inches
+in diameter respectively. However, since the Militia generally did not
+start adopting Regular Army devices until the 1820's it seems probable
+that this cockade was an item of Regular Army issue, despite the lack
+of evidence of specific authorization.
+
+As early as January 1799 War Office orders specified: "All persons
+belonging to the Army, to wear a black cockade, with a small white
+eagle in the center. The cockade of noncommissioned officers,
+musicians, and privates to be of leather with Eagles of tin."[39] This
+regulation was repeated in 1800.[40] By 1802 these cockade eagles had
+taken the colors used for the buttons and lace of the different arms.
+The Purveyor of Public Supplies in that year purchased cockade eagles
+in tin (white) for infantry and in brass (yellow) for artillery
+enlisted men at a cost of one and two cents, respectively.[41] The
+cockade eagles of infantry officers were to be of silver and those of
+artillery officers of gold. Cockades for company officers and enlisted
+personnel were to be of leather. The loosely worded regulation of 1813
+infers that field officers' cockades might be of silk similar to the
+"black Ribbon" binding specified for their hats.[42]
+
+[Footnote 39: TODD, "Three Leather Cockades," pp. 24-25.]
+
+[Footnote 40: General Order, March 30, 1800 (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 41: "Statement of Articles of Clothing, 1802," in papers of
+Purveyor of Public Supplies (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 42: General Order, Southern Department, U.S. Army, January
+24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution); also, _American State Papers_, p. 434.]
+
+It is extremely difficult to determine whether cockade eagles are of
+Regular Army or Militia origin, and to date them if the latter. They
+have been found in a wide variety of design and size, ranging from the
+rather plain example (fig. 6) to the highly refined one on the general
+officer's _chapeau de bras_ (fig. 4). Examination of hats worn by both
+Regulars and Militia prior to 1821 reveals that there is little to
+choose between the eagles worn by the two components. After 1821,
+however, when Militia insignia tended to become more ornate and
+Regular devices more uniform, some of the Militia specimens emerge as
+distinct types because they have no Regular counterparts. Origin of
+the specimen, including excavations of military cantonment sites where
+the make-up of the garrison can be determined, has been the primary
+criterion used in assignment to either Regular Army or Militia, and to
+a lesser extent in dating. Over-all design and method of manufacture
+have also been considered in dating.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, GENERAL OFFICER, 1800-1812
+
+_USNM 12813. Figure 4._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 4]
+
+Unusually refined in design, the eagle is of gold, with head to right,
+federal shield on breast, and olive branch in right talon. Three
+arrows, with points outward, are held in left talon.
+
+This cockade eagle is on a _chapeau de bras_ formerly belonging to
+Peter Gansevoort, brigadier general of the New York State Militia and
+brigadier general, U.S. Army, 1809-1812. Although Gansevoort wore this
+_chapeau_ while serving as a Militia officer, as evidenced by a New
+York State button attached to it, this eagle is included with Regular
+Army devices because it is typical of those probably worn by
+high-ranking officers of both components.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1800-1821
+
+_USNM 60362-M (S-K 118). Figure 5._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 5]
+
+Cast in pewter and gold-finished, this eagle looks to the right,
+stands on clouds, and holds three arrows (facing inward) in the right
+talon and an upright olive branch in the left.
+
+The eagle-on-clouds design is first seen on coins on the 1795 silver
+dollar.[43] It was popular during the War of 1812 period, and was not
+used in new designs by the Regular Army after 1821. Eagles of
+identical design and size are also known in pewter without finish.
+Such an eagle could have been worn by Militia as well as Regulars.
+Similar specimens have been excavated at Regular Army cantonment sites
+of the period.
+
+[Footnote 43: Engraved by Robert Scott after a design by Gilbert
+Stuart.]
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, OFFICERS, 1800-1821
+
+_USNM 66352-M. Figure 6._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 6]
+
+This cockade eagle, which is struck in thin brass and silvered, was
+excavated on the site of a War of 1812 cantonment. Comparison with
+similar specimens in other collections indicates that the missing head
+was turned to the right. This eagle is classed as an officer's device
+because of its silvered brass composition. The elements comprising the
+arc on which the eagle stands cannot be identified because of the
+lightness of the strike.
+
+
+¶ When the dragoons were disbanded in the 1802 reduction following the
+dissipation of the French scare, distinctive hat devices other than
+cockades disappeared from the service. In 1808, when the Army was
+increased, the newly constituted regiments of light dragoons, light
+artillery, and riflemen were authorized to wear leather caps. The cap
+devices for these units were prescribed as Roman letters, "U.S.L.D.,"
+"U.S.L.A.," and "U.S.R.R.," rather than plates. The letters were to be
+of brass, 1-1/2 inches "in length."[44]
+
+[Footnote 44: TODD, "Notes on the Dress," p. 10. Also, receipts from
+George Green and Son, and letter dated August 6, 1808, from J. Smith
+(Commissary General at Washington) to Tench Coxe requesting "brass
+letters U.S.R.R." (Records AGO). George Green is listed in
+Philadelphia directories of the period as a "brass founder and
+gilder."]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 7.--Specimens in Campbell collection.]
+
+Illustrated in figure 7 are the letters "U" and "L", of brass,
+slightly more than 1 inch "in length" and a letter D, of pewter, 1
+inch "in length." The latter was excavated at Sackets Harbor, New
+York, where elements of the light artillery dragoons and riflemen are
+known to have served during 1813 and 1814. It seems obvious that
+pewter letters were worn by the dragoons as consonant with their other
+trimmings, for in July 1812 Col. James Burn of the 2d Light Dragoons
+requested official permission to issue such.[45]
+
+[Footnote 45: Letter dated July 8, 1812, from J. Burn to William
+Eustis (Secretary of War) and letter dated July 9, 1812, from B.
+Mifflin (Deputy Commissary General of Purchases). Both letters are in
+Records AGO.]
+
+With the large increase in the Army in 1812 came a change in the
+headgear of some corps and also a change in insignia. The light
+artillery was to wear a yoeman-crowned (i.e., wider at the crown than
+at the base) black cap with "gilt plate in front," and the infantry
+platoon officers and enlisted men were finally to have the black
+cylindrical caps (first prescribed in 1810) with "an oblong silver
+plate in front of the cap bearing the name of the corps and number of
+the regiment."[46] The rifle platoon officers and enlisted men were
+also to wear infantry caps, but with yellow trimmings.[47] The
+dragoons were authorized "helmets" with "plates" in 1812, and the foot
+artillery regiments in the fall of the same year were ordered to wear
+caps like the light artillery instead of the _chapeaux de bras_
+previously worn, which would have necessitated the use of plates.
+
+[Footnote 46: General Orders, January 24, 1813 (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 47: Letter dated March 30, 1812, from Coxe to Eustis
+(Records AGO); McBarron, "Regiment of Riflemen," p. 100.]
+
+The foot units received their new insignia almost immediately, the cap
+plates having been designed, contracted for, and delivered by late
+February 1812 for the 5th, 6th, 12th, and 15th Infantry Regiments[48]
+(the latter two were new units). This rapid action in regard to the
+infantry plates appears to be strong witness to the emphasis placed on
+distinctive insignia as morale factors and aids to enlistment, for
+active recruiting for the 10 new regiments did not begin until several
+months later. There were three different patterns of this infantry
+plate manufactured and issued, two of which are described below.
+
+[Footnote 48: Bill dated February 24, 1812, from William Crumpton
+(Records AGO).]
+
+All arms were wearing cap plates by the middle of 1813, for there is
+record of such issue to the dragoons as well as record of rejection of
+ill-struck specimens for infantry, artillery, and rifles.[49] These
+plates were made variously by William Crumpton and George Armitage of
+Philadelphia, and Aaron M. Peasley of Boston.[50] Philadelphia
+directories list Crumpton as a button maker and silversmith between
+1811 and 1822. Armitage is first listed in Philadelphia directories,
+in 1800, as a "silver plate worker"; in 1801 he is listed as
+"silverplater," and in 1820 as a "silverplater and military ornament
+maker." Peasley was an ornament and insignia maker in Boston during
+the same period.[51]
+
+[Footnote 49: Letter dated August 31, 1812, from Eustis to Irvine;
+General Order of January 24, 1813, Southern Department; letter dated
+March 31, 1813, from Irvine to Amasa Stetson (Deputy Commissary
+General of Purchases, Boston); and letter dated July 13, 1813, from
+Irvine to M. T. Wickham. This material is in Records AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Letter from Irvine to Wickham dated July 13, 1813, and
+bill from William Crumpton dated February 24, 1812 (both in Records
+AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 51: Statement of purchases for September 1813, by Stetson
+(Records AGO).]
+
+
+¶ The three types of infantry cap plates issued between 1812 and 1814
+are somewhat similar, and all carry the prescribed "name of the corps
+and number of the regiment." All three specimens of these types are
+ground finds, two having been excavated after this work was in draft.
+The first pictured specimen (fig. 8, left) is believed to be the
+earliest pattern issued. Infantry plates as specified in the
+regulations were contracted for with William Crumpton late in 1811 or
+early 1812 by Tench Coxe, Purveyor of Public Supplies, and issued to
+troop units not later than the early summer.[52] They had been in use
+but a few months when their generally poor quality of composition
+forced several regimental commanders to complain to the new Commissary
+General of Purchases, Callendar Irvine, who had just superseded Coxe,
+and to request something better. Irvine approved, and he let a
+contract for new plates with George Armitage of Philadelphia.[53]
+Irvine's reaction to the matter of the plates is an example of his
+opinion of his predecessor, Coxe, and Coxe's work in general, which he
+had observed while serving as Superintendent of Military Stores in
+Philadelphia. In replying to the complaint of Colonel Simonds,
+commanding officer of the 6th Infantry, Irvine wrote: "The plates are
+mere tin, in some respects like the man who designed and contracted
+for them, differing to him only as to durability ... I am contracting
+for a plate of decent composition to issue with your next year's
+clothing."[54]
+
+[Footnote 52: Bill dated February 24, 1812, from William Crumpton
+(Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 53: Letter dated November 8, 1812, from Irvine to Colonel
+Simonds (Commanding Officer, 6th Infantry); letter dated November 3,
+1812, from Irvine to Colonel Pike (Commanding Officer, 15th Infantry);
+and letter dated November 23, 1812, from Irvine to Armitage. These
+letters are in Records AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 54: Letter from Irvine to Simonds cited in preceding note.]
+
+The first pattern carries the "name of the corps and the number of the
+regiment," the 15th Infantry, commanded by Col. Zebulon Pike who was
+one of the officers who complained to Irvine about the poor quality of
+cap plates. The specimen is of tinned iron and the letters and
+numerals have been struck with individual hand dies.
+
+The two Armitage plates, very similar in over-all design (figures 8,
+right, and 9), have been designated the second and third patterns. At
+least one of these--perhaps both--apparently was designed by, and its
+die sunk by, Moritz Furst, well-known die sinker and designer of
+Philadelphia. On March 6, 1813, Irvine wrote the Secretary of War:
+"Mr. Furst executed a die for this office for striking infantry cap
+plates, designed by him, which has been admitted by judges to be
+equal, if not superior, to anything of the kind ever produced in this
+country."[55] Furst was Hungarian by birth. He studied design and die
+sinking at the mint in Vienna and came to the United States in 1807
+with the expectation of becoming Chief Engraver at the Philadelphia
+Mint, an appointment which he did not receive. He sank the dies for
+many of the medals voted to War of 1812 leaders, did the obverse die
+work for a number of Indian peace medals, and is believed to have
+designed the swords given by the State of New York to Generals Brown,
+Scott, Gaines, and Macomb.[56]
+
+[Footnote 55: Letter in Records AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 56: "A Bit of U.S. Mint History," pp. 45-50; and
+Chamberlain, pp. 588-592.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, 1812
+
+_USNM 66456-M. Figure 8, right._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 8, left.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 8, right.]
+
+This is the second pattern of the infantry cap plate described in the
+1812 regulations as an "oblong silver plate ... bearing the name of
+the corps and the number of the regiment." The specimen was excavated
+on the site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New York, known
+to have been occupied by Regular infantry during the 1812-1815 period.
+The piece is struck in "white metal" and tinned [the term "silver" in
+the regulation referred only to color]. It is rectangular, with
+clipped corners, and is dominated by an eagle, with wings outspread,
+grasping lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the
+left talon. Below is a panoply of stacked arms, flags with 6-pointed
+stars, two drums, and a cartridge box marked "U.S." The corps
+designation "U.S. INFANTRY" is above; the unit designation is blank
+with the letters "REGT." on the left. The plate is pierced with four
+pairs of holes on each side for attachment.
+
+Another example of this second pattern is known; it is attached to an
+original cap and bears the unit designation "12 REGT."
+
+
+CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, 1812 (REPRODUCTION)
+
+_USNM 60249 (S-K 7). Figure 9._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 9]
+
+This is the third pattern of the infantry cap plate prescribed in the
+1812 regulations. Like the preceding plate, of the second pattern, the
+original plate from which this reproduction was made was excavated on
+the site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New York. Made of
+tin-alloy, as is the original, and rectangular with clipped corners,
+the piece is dominated by an unusually fierce looking eagle that first
+appeared on one of the 1807 half-dollars struck at the Philadelphia
+Mint. The eagle has an out-sized, curved upper beak and is grasping
+lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the left.
+Below is a panoply of flags and muskets with drum, saber, and
+cartridge box. The corps designation "US INFAN{Y}." is above, and the
+unit designation "16 REG{T}" is below. The "16" appears to have been
+added with separate die strikes. The specimen is pierced with two
+pairs of holes on each side for attachment.
+
+This third pattern was also struck in brass and silvered for wear by
+officers. Several fragments of such a plate were excavated at Sackets
+Harbor; these, although of the third pattern, are the product of a die
+different from that used in striking the piece described above.
+
+
+DRAGOON CAP PLATE, 1812
+
+_USNM 62054-M (S-K 1807). Figure 10._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 10]
+
+This is an almost exact duplicate of the 1800 dragoon plate except
+that it is struck in pewter, "white metal," the color used by the
+infantry and dragoons. It is rectangular with clipped corners that are
+pierced for attachment. No detailed description of the 1812 plate has
+ever been found, but several identical specimens are known attached to
+dragoon helmets made by a contractor named Henry Cressman. The name
+"Cressman" is stamped on the lower side of the visor alongside the
+initials of an inspector named George Flomerfelt, who is known to have
+been employed by the Army as an inspector in Philadelphia during the
+period. Henry Cressman is listed in the Philadelphia directories from
+1807 through 1817 as a shoemaker. From 1825 to 1839 he is listed as a
+military cap maker.
+
+
+¶ On January 12, 1814, Irvine wrote to the Secretary of War as
+follows: "I send herewith an infantry cap plate which, with your
+permission, I will substitute for that now in use. The advantages of
+the former over the latter are that it is lighter, neater, and will
+not cost half [the] price. The present plate covers the greater part
+of the front of the cap, is heavy in its appearance, and adds much to
+the weight of the cap ...[57]" This proposal was approved on January
+18.[58]
+
+[Footnote 57: Letter in Records AGO.]
+
+[Footnote 58: Letter from Secretary of War to Irvine (Records AGO).]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 11.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 12.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+But here we enter an area of some confusion and controversy. Were
+these new plates to carry the name of the corps and/or the number of
+the regiment? Irvine's correspondence gives us no clue, but on the
+following March 28 he wrote at least two of his deputy commissary
+generals that he was forwarding 8,752 plates for distribution to 14
+specifically named infantry regiments plus 851 "blank" plates.[59]
+From the total of 8,752 forwarded for specific units, it would seem
+that these were probably plates of the new design, but then the
+variance in the number sent for individual regiments--from a low of
+152 for the 5th Infantry to highs of 1,016 and 1,050 for the 19th and
+25th, respectively--appears odd. Specimens of the 1812 pattern are
+known both with and without the regimental number, while no examples
+of the 1814 pattern have been found with unit designation. Two extant
+examples of the 1814 pattern, representing two very similar but
+distinct designs (figs. 11, 12), were excavated at Sackets Harbor, New
+York, and Fort Atkinson, Nebraska, where Regular infantry served
+during 1813-1816 and 1819-1821, respectively. Both plates are "blank,"
+and there is no appropriate place on either for the addition of the
+number of the unit, as in the case of the 1812 pattern.
+
+[Footnote 59: Letters in Records AGO.]
+
+Another example of the 1814 pattern is known; it is attached to a
+bell-crowned cap of Militia origin, which indicates that the plate was
+adopted by the Militia after being discarded by the Regular
+Establishment. A plate of the same design, but struck in pewter and
+cut in the diamond shape popular in the 1820's and 1830's, is also
+known; it is obviously a Militia item.
+
+
+INFANTRY CAP PLATE, 1814-1821, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM 60284-M (S-K 42). Figure 13._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 13]
+
+Like practically all die samples, this one is struck in brass. It is
+rectangular with unclipped corners, but is marked for clipping.
+Within a raised oval an eagle, very similar to that on the 1812 plate,
+carries an olive branch in its beak, three arrows in its right talon,
+and thunder bolts and lightning in its left talon; below, there is a
+trophy of stacked muskets, drum, flag, and shield. Although this
+specimen is struck in brass, the plate in used specimens is known only
+in silver on copper, despite the fact that there was considerable talk
+of issuing it in brass.[60]
+
+[Footnote 60: Letters in Records AGO: Irvine to James Calhoun (Deputy
+Commissary General of Purchases, Baltimore), January 14, 1815; Irvine
+to General Scott, January 13, 1815; Irvine to George Armitage, July
+10, 1815.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 604747 (S-K 892). Figure 14._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 14]
+
+This plate, which is original to the hat to which it is affixed, may
+well have been worn by a regular infantry officer during the period
+1814-1821. The cap is of the style first issued in October 1813, with
+the front rising above the crown.[61]
+
+[Footnote 61: See MCBARRON, "The 18th U.S. Infantry," pp. 48-49.]
+
+The plate, of silver on copper, is rectangular with four scallops top
+and bottom. A floral border, 3/16 of an inch wide, that surrounds the
+whole, strongly suggests that it was an officer's plate. Within a
+central oval an eagle, with wings outspread, is superimposed upon a
+trophy of arms and flags; above, on a ribbon, are "E PLURIBUS UNUM"
+and 15 5-pointed stars. It is possible that this plate is a Militia
+item, but the fact that it appears to be original on a leather cap of
+the type worn by Regulars makes it more likely that it is another
+example of officers' license in the matter of insignia during this
+period. Its attachment to the cap is a variant method: two hasp-like
+metal loops, affixed to the plate, have been run through holes in the
+hat and a leather thong threaded through them. Most cap plates of
+this period were pierced at the corners for attachment by threads.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 15.--Specimen in Fort Erie Museum, Ontario,
+Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 16.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+
+¶ The cap plates issued to the artillery regiments (less the Regiment
+of Light Artillery) and the riflemen during the period 1812-1821 are
+known, but only a fragment of one is represented in the national
+collections. Illustrations of all extant are included to complete the
+picture. Two of the 1812 plates issued the 2d Regiment of Artillery
+(fig. 15) have been excavated at Fort Erie, Ontario, and are in the
+collections of the museum there. A plate of the 3d Regiment (fig. 16)
+excavated at Sackets Harbor, New York, is of an entirely different
+design. The lower third of a plate of the 1st Regiment (fig. 17),
+again of a different design, was excavated by the authors in 1961. In
+1814, when the three regiments were consolidated into the Corps of
+Artillery, these plates were superseded by one bearing the
+eagle-on-cannon device closely resembling the button of the artillery
+for the period 1814-1821, which has the word "Corps" inscribed.[62]
+Specimens of this latter plate representing two distinct though
+similar designs have been excavated at posts known to have been manned
+by Regular artillery in 1814 and later (figs. 18, 19). The same
+general design appears also on cross-belt plates and waist-belt plates
+(see below pp. 34-35).
+
+[Footnote 62: See JOHNSON, vol. 1, p. 45, and vol. 2, p. 10.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1ST REGIMENT ARTILLERY, 1812
+
+_USNM 67240-M. Figure 17._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 17]
+
+The over-all design of the plate of which this brass-struck fragment
+represents approximately one-third can be rather accurately surmised
+by comparing it with several of the ornamented buttons issued to the
+infantry in 1812-1815. It is probably the work of the same
+designer.[63] The plate is rectangular with clipped corners. Within a
+raised border is an oval surrounded by cannon, cannon balls, and a
+drum, with the unit designation "1 R{T} ART{Y}". At the top of the
+oval can be seen grasping claws, obviously those of an eagle (as
+sketched in by the artist) and similar to those on the buttons
+referred to above. Single holes at the clipped corners provided means
+of attachment. It seems probable that the design of the missing
+portion also include flags and additional arms and accoutrements.
+
+[Footnote 63: See JOHNSON, vol. 2, specimen nos. 183, 184, 210-213.]
+
+
+¶ The design of the "yellow front plate" authorized and issued to the
+Regiment of Light Artillery[64] in 1812 was unknown for many years. In
+May 1961 one of the authors fortunately located this plate (fig. 20)
+in the collections of the Niagara Historical Society Museum at
+Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, included in a group of British badges of
+the War of 1812 period. There can be no doubt that the specimen is
+American: the eagle's head is of the same design as that on the third
+pattern 1812 infantry cap plate (fig. 9); the wreath of laurel appears
+on both the 1800 and 1812 dragoon helmet plates; and the thunderbolts
+in the eagle's right talon are wholly American, as opposed to British,
+and are of the period. In the Fort Ticonderoga Museum collections
+there is a gold signet ring (original owner unknown) that has an
+almost identical design.
+
+[Footnote 64: Letter dated February 26, 1812, from Irvine to Secretary
+of War (Records AGO). In clothing returns for 1812 of light artillery
+companies stationed at Williamsville, N. Y., "caps and plates" are
+listed as being "on hand" (Records AGO).]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 18.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+This is one of the largest plates ever worn by the Regular
+Establishment. It measures 4-1/4 by 5-1/4 inches, and it is not
+surprising that it was replaced because of its size. On May 19, 1814,
+the Commissary General of Purchases wrote Lt. Col. J. R. Fenwick,
+second-in-command of the light artillery, asking his opinion of a new
+design and stating flatly: "The present light artillery plate is too
+large by one-half."[65] The plate illustrated as figure 21 is offered
+as a possible example of the 1814 design. A matching waist-belt plate
+is described below (p. 34).
+
+[Footnote 65: Letter in Records AGO.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 19.--Specimen in U.S. Army Artillery and Missile
+Center Museum, Fort Sill, Oklahoma.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 20.--Specimen in Niagara Historical Society
+Museum, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 21.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 22.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 23.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+There are four different patterns of riflemen's cap plates that can be
+fairly bracketed in three periods. The large (6-1/4 by 5 inches)
+diamond-shaped brass plate with the letters "R.R." (fig. 22) was
+adopted for wear in the spring of 1812 as replacement for the letters
+"USRR" that had been worn on the cap since the organization of the
+Regiment of Riflemen in 1808. It was excavated in the interior of one
+of the barracks comprising Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New
+York, where riflemen were stationed as early as August 1812. The style
+of the "R" is very similar to that on the 1812 Artillery cap plate,
+and the "R.R." designation conforms to that on the button authorized
+for the riflemen in 1808. The pattern of the second diamond-shaped
+plate (fig. 23), also in brass and almost identical in size, although
+a ground find, is more difficult to account for, despite the fact that
+it most certainly falls in the same period. The most logical
+explanation seems that the riflemen, who considered themselves a cut
+above the common infantry, became disgruntled with the utter plainness
+of their plates when compared with those just issued the infantry, and
+asked for and received, possibly late in 1812, the plate with the
+eagle and the designation "U.S. Rifle Men." The fact that the plate
+bears the designation "1 REG{T}"--although there were no other rifle
+regiments from 1812 to 1814--can be explained by reference to the
+"national color" of the Rifle Regiment completed in 1808, which bore
+the inscription "1st Rifle Regt.--U.S." and the standard and national
+color of the light artillery which were inscribed "The First Regiment
+of Light Artillery" when there was never more than one light artillery
+unit in the Army.[66] In any case, accurate dating of the third and
+fourth patterns definitely places the second pattern in the 1812-1813
+period by process of elimination. It was superseded in 1814[67] very
+possibly for the same reason that the infantry plate was
+changed--heaviness in both appearance and weight--and replaced by a
+plate with a "design similar to that of the button ... flat yellow
+buttons which shall exhibit a bugle surrounded by stars with the
+number of the regiment within the curve of the bugle."[68] At least
+three specimens of this third-pattern plate are known. They all are
+3-1/4 inches in diameter, and thus are large enough for a hat
+frontpiece and too large to be a cockade device. One of these plates
+is without a numeral (fig. 24); one has the numeral "1," and one has
+the numeral "4" (fig. 25). The first and second of these were found at
+Fort Atkinson, but very probably were not worn as late as 1819-1821.
+Portions of specimens of this 1814 plate have also been recovered from
+an early Pawnee village site in Webster County, Nebraska, indicating
+their possible use as trade goods after the rifle regiment changed its
+plates in 1817.[69] The fourth pattern, with an eagle over a horn
+(fig. 26) was authorized[70] in 1817. Apparently it was worn until
+1821, since several examples of it have been found at Atkinson; other
+examples also are known.
+
+[Footnote 66: See KUHN, pp. 263-267, and DAVIS, pp. 13-14 and pl. 3.]
+
+[Footnote 67: Act of February 10, 1814 (_Military Laws_, pp.
+251-252).]
+
+[Footnote 68: Letter dated January 12, 1814, from Irvine to Secretary
+of War (Records AGO).]
+
+[Footnote 69: See KIVETT, p. 59.]
+
+[Footnote 70: A letter dated July 29, 1817, from Irvine to Secretary
+of War describes the device; a letter dated August 4, 1817, from the
+Adjutant and Inspector General (Daniel Parker) to Irvine authorizes
+the plate but gives no description. Both letters are in Records AGO.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 24.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 25]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 26.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 27.--Specimen in collection of Waverly P. Lewis,
+Devon, Connecticut.]
+
+The cap plate for the U.S. Military Academy, c. 1815, is illustrated
+(fig. 27) because it completes the cycle for insignia of the Regular
+Establishment for the period. Apparently it is the work of the same
+designer as most of the insignia of the period 1812-1815. Scratched
+on its reverse side is the name George W. Frost, a Virginian who
+entered the Military Academy as a cadet in 1814 and resigned on March
+8, 1816.
+
+The two plates of the U.S. Marine Corps, despite the fact that they
+are naval rather than military, are included because they fit very
+precisely into the device design pattern of the strictly army items of
+the period and because they are unique in their rarity.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, U.S. MARINE CORPS, C. 1807, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM 58671-N-(1). Figure 28._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 28]
+
+This specimen was extremely puzzling for many years. The design is
+obviously that of the War of 1812 period, bearing strong similarity to
+both the 1812 and 1814 infantry plates and the 1814 Artillery Corps
+plate, possibly the work of the same die sinker. The 1804 Marine Corps
+uniform regulations specified merely a "Brass Eagle and Plate," but
+the 1807 regulations called for "Octagon plates."[71] Thus there was
+considerable reluctance to accept this die sample as the authentic
+design. In the summer of 1959, however, the authors, excavating at
+Fort Tomkins, New York, which was known to have had a small barracks
+for the use of naval personnel ashore, recovered parts of two brass
+plates of this identical design, and in the octagon shape--that is,
+rectangular with clipped corners (fig. 29). The design may thus be
+precisely dated.
+
+[Footnote 71: See MCCLELLAN, pp. 25, 44.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 29]
+
+The specimen is struck in rectangular brass with a raised edge. The
+whole is dominated by an eagle that is very similar to the eagles on
+the infantry and artillery corps plates described above. The talons
+grasp the shank of a large fouled anchor; a ribbon, held in the beak
+and streaming overhead, is embossed with the motto "FORTITUDINE." The
+whole is on a trophy of arms and flags, and below the lower raised
+edge is embossed the word "MARINES." The excavated specimens vary
+slightly in size, but average 3-3/8 by 4-3/4 inches. Reproductions of
+this die strike were made prior to its acquisition by the National
+Museum, and specimens outside the national collections should be
+considered with caution.
+
+
+CAP OR SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, U.S. MARINE CORPS, 1815-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 58671-N-(2). Figure 30._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 30]
+
+This specimen is known only in die samples. Because of its similarity
+in design to the 1814 infantry plates, it cannot be dated later than
+1825. Since no naval uniformed Militia units are known for the period
+1815-1825, and since the plate is obviously not a device of the
+regular Navy, it must be assigned to the Marine Corps. In studying
+this plate, however, we must recognize the possibility that the maker
+may have been designing and sinking dies in the hope of having a
+sample accepted and approved for issue rather than actually executing
+a contract. The plate is struck in rectangular brass, and the corners
+are marked for clipping. The design, within a wide oval with raised
+edge, consists of an eagle above a trophy of arms, flags, and a
+shield. The right talon grasps a fluke of a fouled anchor, and the
+left talon holds the pike of a stand of colors. Reproductions of this
+die strike were made prior to its acquisition by the National Museum,
+and specimens outside the national collections should be considered
+with caution.
+
+
+¶ The 1821 uniform regulations were significant in several respects:
+cap plates were eliminated as distinctive insignia of the various
+arms; the color of certain items of dress and equipment remained the
+sole distinction; and the rules regarding nonregulation dress were
+more precisely stated than before. The cap plates were replaced by
+eagles, measuring 3 inches between wing tips, and the number of the
+regiment was cut in the shield. Regulations tersely stated that "all
+articles of uniform or equipment, more or less, than those prescribed,
+or in any manner differing from them, are prohibited."[72] General and
+staff officers were to wear black sword belts with "yellow plates";
+artillery officers were to wear white waist belts with a yellow oval
+plate 1-1/2 inches wide and with an eagle in the center; infantry
+officers were to wear a similar plate that was white instead of
+yellow. Cockade eagles for _chapeau de bras_ were to be gold and
+measure 1-1/2 inches between wing tips. Since enlisted men were no
+longer authorized to wear swords, they had no waist belts.
+
+[Footnote 72: _General Regulations_, pp. 154-162.]
+
+
+CAP AND PLATE, THIRD ARTILLERY, 1821
+
+_USNM 66603-M. Figure 31._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 31]
+
+Although several "yellow" eagles that can be attributed to the
+1821-1832 period are known, this brass specimen on the bell-crowned
+cap is the only one known to the authors that has the prescribed
+regimental number cut out of the shield. The button on the pompon
+rosette--which appears to be definitely original to the cap, as does
+the eagle--carries the artillery "A," thus the assignment to that
+branch of the service. The eagle bears a close similarity to the
+eagles on the 1812 and 1814 infantry cap plates and the 1807 Marine
+Corps cap plate, and is possibly the work of the same designer.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, INFANTRY, 1822
+
+_USNM 60364-M (SK-120). Figure 32._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 32]
+
+Early in 1822, the Secretary of War, acting on a suggestion of
+Callendar Irvine, ordered that all metal equipment of the infantry be
+of "white metal" in keeping with its pompons, tassels, and lace.[73]
+This specimen, struck in copper and silvered, is believed to have been
+issued as a result of that order.
+
+[Footnote 73: Letter dated January 4, 1822, from Secretary of War to
+Irvine (Records AGO).]
+
+
+¶ The 1821 regulations stated that cockade eagles should measure 1-1/2
+inches between wing tips. In 1832 this wingspread was increased to
+2-1/2 inches. Thus, specimens of a relatively uniform pattern and
+measuring approximately 1-1/2 inches in wingspread will be considered
+as of the Regular Army, 1821-1832. Similarly, those of a relatively
+uniform pattern and measuring approximately 2-1/2 inches in wingspread
+are dated 1832-1851.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60371-M (S-K 127). Figure 33._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 33]
+
+This eagle, struck in brass, has wings extended, head to the right,
+federal shield on breast with no stars, olive branch in right talon,
+and three arrows in left talon.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60372-M (S-K 128). Not illustrated._
+
+This eagle is struck from the same die as the preceding specimen, but
+it is in white metal rather than brass.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60367-M (S-K 123). Figure 34._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 34]
+
+Of silver on copper, this eagle is similar to the two preceding
+specimens, but is struck from a variant die. It possibly was worn by
+the Militia.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60373-M (S-K 130). Figure 35._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 35]
+
+This specimen is very similar to those above, but it has 13 stars in
+the shield on the eagle's breast.
+
+
+¶ Despite the fact that it was found attached to a shako of distinct
+Militia origin, the cap plate shown in figure 36 is believed to be
+that prescribed for the cadets of the Military Academy in the 1821
+uniform regulations and described as "yellow plate, diamond shape."
+The letters "U S M A" in the angles of the diamond, the word "CADET"
+at the top of the oval, what appears to be the designation "W POINT"
+at the left top of the map, and the tools of instruction (so similar
+to those embellishing the cadet diploma, although totally different
+in rendering), make it difficult to assign this plate to any source
+other than the Academy. It is possible, of course, that this was a
+manufacturer's sample which was never actually adopted for wear at
+West Point. The apparent maker's name, "CASAD," at the bottom of the
+oval, does not appear in the city directories of any of the larger
+manufacturing centers of the period.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 36.--Specimen in West Point Museum, West Point,
+New York.]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, 1832(?)
+
+_USNM 60365-M (S-K 121). Figure 37._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 37]
+
+Despite the facts that there was no change in cap insignia authorized
+in the 1832 uniform regulations and that this specimen is similar in
+most respects to the 1821 eagle, its refinement of design and
+manufacture indicates that it possibly belongs to the period of the
+1830's and 1840's. It is struck in thin brass and has three plain wire
+fasteners soldered to the reverse.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, 1832(?)
+
+_USNM 60366-M (S-K 122). Not illustrated._
+
+Although similar to the preceding plate, this specimen measures 3-1/4
+by 2-1/4 inches, is struck from a different die, and has a much wider
+breast shield. Of somewhat heavier brass than most such similar eagles
+and exhibiting a well-developed patina, it may have been an officer's
+device.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, DRAGOONS, 1833
+
+_USNM 60276-M (S-K 34). Figure 38._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 38]
+
+When the dragoons returned to the Army in 1833, their cap device was
+described as "a gilt star, silver eagle ... the star to be worn in
+front."[74] An 8-pointed, sunburst-type star, this plate is struck in
+brass and has a superimposed eagle that is struck in brass and
+silvered. The eagle is basically the Napoleonic type adopted by the
+British after the Battle of Waterloo and altered by omitting the
+lightning in the talons and adding a wreath to the breast. Plain wire
+fasteners are soldered to the back.
+
+[Footnote 74: General Order No. 38, Headquarters of the Army, May 2,
+1833. (Photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution.)]
+
+
+¶ In 1834, possibly as a result of the newly organized dragoons
+receiving distinctive branch insignia, the infantry and artillery once
+again were authorized devices on the dress cap designating their
+particular arm. The gilt eagle was retained. Below the eagle was an
+open horn with cords and tassels in silver for infantry, and cross
+cannons in "gilt" for artillery. The number of the regiment was added
+over the cannon or within the curve of the horn. These devices
+remained in use until the change in headgear in 1851.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, INFANTRY, 1834-1851
+
+_USNM 62055-M, 62056-M (SK-1808, 1809). Figure 39._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 39]
+
+This eagle is similar to the 1821 pattern, although somewhat more
+compact in design. It is struck in brass, has wings upraised, head to
+the right, shield on breast, olive branch in right talon, and three
+arrows in left talon. The open horn, struck in brass and silvered, is
+suspended, with bell to the right, by four twisted cords tied in a
+3-leaf-clover knot; the tassels on the four cord-ends hang below.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, ARTILLERY, 1834-1851
+
+_USNM 60426-M (S-K 182). Figure 40._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 40]
+
+This is the "gilt ... cross cannons" device prescribed for artillery
+in the 1834 regulations. Struck in sheet brass of medium thickness,
+the superimposed cannon has trunnions and dolphins.
+
+
+FORAGE CAP STAR, DRAGOON OFFICER, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604967-M (S-K 1111). Figure 41._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 41]
+
+Although uniform regulations for the period of the 1830's and 1840's
+make no mention of a distinctive device for the dragoon forage cap,
+photographs in the National Archives show that officers' caps, at
+least, carried a 6-pointed star, apparently gold-embroidered.[75] This
+specimen is believed to be such a star. Made of gold bullion and with
+rather large sequins sewed onto a heavy paper background, the star is
+mounted on dark blue wool. The points of the star are extended with
+gold embroidery on the cloth.
+
+[Footnote 75: TOWNSEND AND TODD, pp. 1-2.]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA. CADET'S, U.S. MILITARY ACADEMY, 1842, AND ENGINEER
+SOLDIERS, 1846
+
+_USNM 604529 (S-K 676) Figure 42._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 42]
+
+In 1839 the cadets at the Military Academy discarded the bell-crowned
+caps they had worn since 1821 and wore a cylindrical black shako
+similar to that worn by the Regular artillery and infantry. The
+artillery gilt eagle and crossed cannon replaced the diamond-shaped
+plate on the front. In 1842-1843 the crossed cannon were replaced by
+the engineer castle as more in keeping with the original mission of
+the Academy and the general orientation of its curriculum.
+
+Shortly after the beginning of hostilities with Mexico in 1846, the
+Congress authorized the enlistment of a company of "engineer soldiers"
+that was designated the Company of Sappers, Miners, and Pontoniers.
+These were the first enlisted men authorized the Corps of Engineers
+since the period of the War of 1812. The headgear for these men was
+prescribed as "Schako--same pattern as that of the artillery, bearing
+a yellow eagle over a castle like that worn by the Cadets."[76]
+
+[Footnote 76: _General Regulations for the Army of the United States,
+1847_, pp. 192-193.]
+
+Struck in thin to medium brass, this plate is the familiar turreted
+castle of the Corps of Engineers so well known today. It was worn
+below the eagle.
+
+
+¶ To complete the branches of the Regular Establishment during the
+Mexican War period, the Regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen must
+be mentioned, although they were apparently without any distinctive
+branch insignia.
+
+The regiment was constituted on February 11, 1847, and its uniform[77]
+was prescribed 9 days later in the War Department's General Order
+No. 7. However, the regiment was issued infantry woolen jackets and
+trousers and never received what little gray issue clothing was sent
+to them in Mexico almost a year later. Uniform trimmings were to be as
+for the infantry, with the substitution of the letter "v" where
+appropriate. So far as presently known, this substitution affected
+only the button pattern--an appropriate letter "v" on the shield
+centered on the eagle's breast.
+
+[Footnote 77: A detailed description is given in _Military Collector
+and Historian_ (June 1952), vol. 4, no. 2, p. 44.]
+
+The 1851 uniform regulations radically changed almost every item of
+the Army's dress. Most of the distinctive devices were also altered,
+although more in size and composition than general design. Some
+devices were completely eliminated. While officers retained insignia
+of their arm or branch on their hats, enlisted personnel, with the
+exception of those of engineers and ordnance, had only the letter of
+their company, their particular arm being designated by the color of
+collars, cuffs, bands on hats, pompons, epaulets, chevrons, and the
+like. A newly designed sword or waist-belt plate was prescribed for
+all personnel. All items of uniform and insignia authorized in 1851
+were included in an illustrated edition of the Regulations for the
+Uniform and Dress of the Army of the United States, June 1851,
+published by William H. Horstmann and Sons, well-known uniform and
+insignia dealers in Philadelphia.[78]
+
+[Footnote 78: A partial republication of this work appears in
+_Military Collector and Historian_, vol. 10, no. 1 (spring 1958), pp.
+16, 17; no. 2 (summer 1958), pp. 43-45.]
+
+
+POMPON EAGLE, 1851
+
+_USNM 604853 (S-K 998). Figure 43._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 43]
+
+Worn attached to the base of the pompon by all enlisted personnel,
+this brass eagle, similar in general design to that worn on the shako
+in the 1830's, stands with wings upraised, olive branch in right
+talon, three arrows in left talon, and a scroll, with national motto,
+in beak. Above are stars, clouds, and bursts of sun rays. Officers
+wore an eagle of similar design of gold embroidery on cloth.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1851
+
+_USNM 604862 (S-K 1007). Figure 44._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 44]
+
+This specimen, in accord with regulations, is on dark blue cloth and
+consists of a gold-embroidered wreath encircling Old English letters
+"U.S." in silver bullion. Embroidered insignia of this period were all
+made by hand, and they varied considerably in both detail and size.
+During the 1861-1865 period the same design was made about half this
+size for wear on officers' forage caps, and the device appeared in
+variant forms. One example is known where the numeral "15" is
+embroidered over the letters "U.S.";[79] and Miller's _Photographic
+History of the Civil War_ includes several photos of general officers
+whose wreath insignia on the forage cap substitute small rank insignia
+stars for the letters.
+
+[Footnote 79: LEWIS, p. 64.]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, ENGINEERS, 1851
+
+_USNM 300720. Figure 45._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 45]
+
+On dark blue cloth, this device comprises a gold-embroidered wreath of
+laurel and palm encircling a turreted castle in silver metal as
+prescribed in regulations. Other examples are known with the castle
+embroidered.
+
+
+HAT INSIGNIA, OFFICER, ARTILLERY, 1851
+
+_USNM 604872 (S-K 1017). Figure 46._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 46]
+
+This specimen adheres almost exactly to the 1851 regulations, but it
+lacks the number of the regiment as called for. The number was a
+separate insignia embroidered above the cannon. The cannon are of gold
+embroidery. The device was also made in gold metal imitation-embroidery
+in several variant designs.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, INFANTRY, 1851
+
+_USNM 604888 (S-K 1033). Figure 47._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 47]
+
+On dark blue cloth, this device is the well-known looped horn in gold
+embroidery with three cords and tassels. The regimental number "4," in
+silver bullion, lies within the loop of the horn. This insignia is
+also common in metal imitation-embroidery.
+
+
+CAP AND COLLAR INSIGNIA, ENLISTED ORDNANCE, 1851
+
+_USNM 604520 (S-K 667). Figure 48._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 48]
+
+Struck in brass, this device was worn on the caps and coat collars of
+ordnance enlisted personnel. Although the shell and flame insignia
+appears in a number of variations of design, this specimen conforms
+exactly to the regulations of 1851 as published by Horstmann.
+
+
+CAP AND COLLAR INSIGNIA, ENGINEER SOLDIERS, 1851
+
+_USNM 61618. Figure 49._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 49]
+
+The 1851 uniform regulations called for a "castle of yellow metal one
+and five-eighths inches by one and one-fourth inches high" on both the
+coat collar and the hat of "Engineer Soldiers." This specimen, struck
+in brass, conforms exactly to the descriptions and drawing in the
+Horstmann publication of the regulations.
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, DRAGOON OFFICERS, 1851
+
+_USNM 604879 (S-K 1024). Figure 50._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 50]
+
+Comprising crossed sabers of gold, with edges upward, this insignia is
+similar to the well-known device worn by the Regular cavalry as late
+as 1953.
+
+
+¶ In 1846 the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen was organized to
+consolidate the northern route to the Pacific by establishing and
+manning a series of posts along the Oregon Trail.[80] The outbreak of
+the War with Mexico postponed this mission and the unit was diverted
+to the theater of operations. Shortly after the regiment was
+constituted it was authorized to wear a forage cap device prescribed
+as "a gold embroidered spread eagle, with the letter R in silver, on
+the shield."[81] No surviving specimen of this insignia is known, and
+there seems some doubt that it was ever actually manufactured.[82]
+
+[Footnote 80: Act of May 19, 1846 (_Military Laws_, pp. 371-372).]
+
+[Footnote 81: General Order No. 18, June 4, 1846, War Department
+(photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).]
+
+[Footnote 82: Insignia of the riflemen are discussed by Townsend and
+Todd, pp. 2-3.]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, OFFICER, REGIMENT OF MOUNTED RIFLEMEN, 1850
+
+_USNM 604854 (SK 999). Figure 51._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 51]
+
+In 1850 the regiment was given a "trumpet" hat device. Officers were
+to wear "a trumpet, perpendicular, embroidered in gold, with the
+number of the regiment, in silver, within the bend."[83] This trumpet
+is also known in metal imitation-embroidery. The prescribed regimental
+number, which is illustrated in the Horstmann publication of the
+regulations (pl. 15), is not included on the device, probably because
+there was but one such unit in the Regular Establishment.
+
+[Footnote 83: General Order No. 2, February 13, 1850, War Department
+(photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).]
+
+
+CAP INSIGNIA, ENLISTED, REGIMENT OF MOUNTED RIFLEMEN, 1850
+
+_USNM 62053-M (SK-1806). Figure 52._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 52]
+
+The same general order that gave rifle officers a gold-embroidered
+trumpet prescribed for enlisted men a similar device to be of "yellow
+metal." This insignia lasted but one year for the men in the ranks,
+being unmentioned in the 1851 regulations.
+
+
+Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates
+
+Oval shoulder-belt plates were worn by American officers during the
+War of the Revolution, but no extant specimens are known. Highly
+ornamented or engraved officers' plates for the period after 1790 are
+in several collections (fig. 53) and others are illustrated in
+contemporary portraits (fig. 54). Just what year shoulder-belt plates
+were issued to enlisted personnel is unknown, but their use appears to
+have been well established by 1812. The uniform regulations for that
+year specified swords for sergeants of infantry to be "worn with a
+white cross belt 3-1/2 inches wide," but nothing was said about a
+device on the belt.[84]
+
+[Footnote 84: General Order, Southern Department U.S. Army, January
+24, 1813 (photostatic copy in files of division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 53.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+Normally, brass or "yellow metal" plates were authorized for the
+artillery and silvered or "white metal" for the infantry and dragoons,
+as consonant with the rest of their trimmings. In actuality, however,
+white-metal shoulder-belt plates do not seem to have been issued to
+the infantry prior to 1814, and brass ones were still being issued in
+1815.[85] Most of these plates were plain oval, although a few are
+known that were struck with devices similar to those on cap plates;
+and at least one rectangular cap plate, fitted with the two studs and
+hook on the reverse normal to shoulder-belt plates, has been found. It
+seems probable that these were officers' plates. Oval brass plates
+have been found that are identical in size and construction to the
+plain ones but with the letters "U.S." embossed on them; however,
+these are difficult to date.
+
+[Footnote 85: Letters from Irvine in Records AGO: To Colonel Bogardus
+(Commanding Officer, 41st Infantry), February 16, 1814; to James
+Calhoun, January 14, 1815; and to General Scott, January 31, 1815.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 54.--Portrait in collection of The Filson Club,
+Louisville, Kentucky.]
+
+It is extremely doubtful that waist-belt plates were issued to
+enlisted personnel of foot units during this period. In 1808 enlisted
+dragoons were authorized a waist-belt plate of tinned brass and, as
+far as known, perfectly plain.[86]
+
+[Footnote 86: Letter to the Purveyor of Public Supplies in 1808.]
+
+The 1812 regulations prescribed for the light dragoons a "buff leather
+waist belt, white plate in front with eagle in relief," and there is
+the possibility that the light artillery had such. In actuality, there
+was no call for a waist belt where a shoulder belt was authorized.
+Neither civilian trousers nor the few surviving military "pantaloons"
+of the period are fitted with belt loops, trousers being held up
+either by suspenders or by being buttoned directly to the shirt or
+waistcoat. No example of the dragoon plate has been found. However, a
+rather tantalizing possibility exists--a fragment of a pewter belt
+plate (fig. 55) was excavated at Sackets Harbor, New York, where the
+light dragoons are known to have served. The 1816 regulations
+specified for artillerymen "waist belts of white leather two inches
+wide, yellow oval plate of the same width." It is not made clear,
+however, whether this belt and plate was for officers only or for all
+ranks. The unusually striking oval specimen (fig. 56) may be this
+plate, but its ornateness indicates that this particular design was
+for officers only.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 55.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 56.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1790(?)-1812
+
+_USNM 12804. Figure 57._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 57]
+
+This plate was worn by Peter Gansevoort sometime during his military
+career, probably after 1790. Gansevoort, between 1775 and his death in
+1812, was successively major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, and
+brigadier general of New York State Militia and brigadier general U.S.
+Army (1809-1812). Although distinctly Militia in design, the specimen
+is included here as an example of the wide variety of such devices
+worn by officers of the 1800-1821 period.
+
+This plate is octagonal, slightly convex, and has beveled edges. The
+design is hand engraved on copper, and the whole is gold plated.
+Within an engraved border is the eagle-on-half-globe device of New
+York State. Two studs and a hook soldered to the reverse are not
+believed to be original.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604313 (S-K 469). Figure 58._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 58]
+
+This rectangular, slightly convex plate of silver on copper has
+beveled edges and a small slot in the center for the attachment of an
+ornament. The ornament is missing, although it can be surmised that it
+was an eagle. The reverse is fitted with two studs and a hook and
+bears the hallmark of "W. Pinchin, Philad{a}." William Pinchin is
+listed in the Philadelphia directory for 1809 as a silversmith at 326
+Sassafras Street. The 1810 directory lists only "Widow of," but
+another William Pinchin (probably the son) appears in the 1820's.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, LIGHT ARTILLERY(?), 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 60452-M (S-K 208). Figure 59._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 59]
+
+The design of this rectangular plate, struck in rather heavy brass, is
+the same as that offered as the 1814-pattern cap plate for the light
+artillery, although it is the product of a different and somewhat more
+crudely sunk die. The piece is dominated by an eagle with wings
+upraised, a shield on its breast, three arrows in its right talon, and
+an olive branch in its left talon. Crossed cannon are in the
+foreground, and there is a pile of six cannon balls in the lower right
+corner. The whole is superimposed on a trophy of colors and bayoneted
+muskets. Above is a 5-pointed "star of stars" made up of 20 5-pointed
+stars.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, OFFICER, ARTILLERY CORPS, 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 60448-M (S-K 204). Figure 60._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 60]
+
+The rectangular plate is struck in brass on a die of the same design
+as that used in making the 1814 Artillery Corps cap plate, type I (p.
+18). Before the strike was made, a piece of thin sheet iron, slightly
+narrower than the finished product, was applied to the reverse of the
+brass. After the strike, which shows through clearly on the iron, the
+ends of this applied metal were bent inward into tongues for
+attachments to the belt, and the remainder of the back was filled with
+pewter. The edges of the obverse were then beveled to finish the
+product. It seems very probable that plates such as this were produced
+for sale to officers.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICER, ARTILLERY CORPS, 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 60247 (S-K 5). Figure 61._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 61]
+
+This is a companion piece to the Artillery Corps waist-belt plate
+described above. It was struck in brass from the die of the 1814
+Artillery Corps cap plate, type I, again with a thin sheet of iron
+applied to the reverse before the strike. There is no pewter filling;
+the beveled edges of the piece together with the adhesive effect of
+the strike--which shows through very clearly--holds on the back. The
+plate is fitted with two simple bent-wire fasteners for attachment,
+indicating that it was intended for ornamental use only. Like its
+waist-belt plate counterpart, this specimen must be considered an
+officer's device.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1821
+
+_USNM 60248-M (S-K 6). Figure 62._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 62]
+
+This specimen is of the same design as the 1814 Infantry cap plate,
+type I (p. 15). It is oval, with raised edge. Within the oval is an
+eagle with an olive branch in its beak, three arrows in its right
+talon, and thunder bolts and lightning in its left talon. Below is a
+trophy of stacked muskets, drum, flag, and shield. The plate is silver
+on copper, with sheet-iron backing and bent-wire fasteners. As in the
+case of the Artillery Corps plate, just preceding, this must be
+considered an officer's plate. A similar oval plate bearing the design
+of the 1812 dragoon cap plate, and of similar construction, is known.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1814
+
+_USNM 66478-M. Figures 63, 64._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 63]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 64]
+
+Excavated on the site of Smith's Cantonment at Sackets Harbor, New
+York, this plate is interesting in that it differs in both
+construction and method of attachment from similar plates of the same
+period in the national collections. Rather than being struck in thin
+brass with a backing and fasteners applied to the reverse, this
+specimen is cast in brass and the edges rather unevenly beveled, with
+two studs and a narrow tongue for attachment cast integrally with the
+plate and with hexagonal heads forced over the ends of the studs. This
+means of attachment, which indicates that the plate was intended to be
+utilitarian as well as merely ornamental, is similar to that on
+British plates of the period between the Revolution and the War of
+1812. The plate could have been worn by either infantry or artillery,
+for both were issued brass plates during this period,[87] however, it
+is more probable that it was worn by the infantry, since the majority
+of the artillery in the Sackets Harbor area were stationed nearby at
+either Fort Pike or Fort Tomkins.
+
+[Footnote 87: Letters from Irvine in Records AGO: To Colonel Bogardus,
+February 16, 1814; to James Calhoun, January 14, 1815.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604311 (S-K 467). Figure 65._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 65]
+
+The plain, oval, slightly convex plate of brass has a raised edge. The
+face is lapped over a piece of sheet-iron backing. On the reverse is
+soldered an early form of bent-wire fasteners. British shoulder-belt
+plates of the Revolutionary period normally had fasteners cast as
+integral parts of the plate proper.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604312 (S-K 468). Not illustrated._
+
+This plate is identical to the one described immediately above except
+that it is struck in copper and the surface is silvered.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604314 (S-K 470). Not illustrated._
+
+This plate, struck from solid brass, has a slightly beveled edge and
+bent-wire fasteners. It is slightly convex. Since it is smaller than
+the two preceding plates, it could have been designed for the Militia.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, 1815(?)-1821
+
+_USNM 60399-M (S-K 155). Figure 66._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 66]
+
+The two specimens of this plate in the national collections are
+undocumented. Similar in size and construction to the plain oval brass
+and silvered plates, it has the raised letters "U.S.," three-fourths
+inch high in the center. Definitely not later than 1832, it may well
+have been issued soon after the end of the War of 1812. It is
+considered a Regular Army item since the Militia did not use the
+designation "U.S." at this early period. In this latter connection it
+is interesting to note that an example of the 1812 Infantry cap plate,
+type II, with the letters "US" crudely stamped out, is known attached
+to a cap of distinct Militia origin.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL OFFICER, C. 1816
+
+_USNM 38212. Figure 67._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 67]
+
+After the War of 1812, the State of New York presented swords to
+several prominent officers of the Army and Navy who had distinguished
+themselves in actions within New York or near its borders. One of
+these swords (USNM 10294)[88] and an unusually fine gold embroidered
+belt (USNM 33097) with this gold belt buckle were presented to Maj.
+Gen. Jacob Brown.
+
+[Footnote 88: Detailed descriptions of this sword are given by HAROLD
+L. PETERSON, pp. 193-194, and BELOTE, pp. 30-31.]
+
+Chased in very fine gold, the buckle is considered by experts in the
+goldsmithing and silversmithing fields to be one of the outstanding
+pieces of American craftsmanship of its kind.[89] The central motif is
+the New York State eagle-on-half-globe device on a wreath of the
+colors. The head of the eagle is very similar to that on the cap
+plates of the 1807 Marine Corps, 1812 infantry, and 1814 Artillery
+Corps. The border is of a rose pattern distinctly American in feeling,
+and in each corner within the border are acanthus leaves in unusually
+delicate Viennese baroque design.
+
+[Footnote 89: Mr. Michael Arpad, well known and highly regarded
+silversmith, of Washington, D.C., has called this specimen "an
+exquisite piece of work by a master craftsman."]
+
+The maker of this buckle is unknown, but since it is reasonably
+certain that the hilt of the sword was designed by Moritz Furst (see
+p. 12), it is possible that the design of the buckle is his also,
+especially in view of the Viennese touch in the acanthus leaves, his
+training at the mint in Vienna, and the probability that he designed
+the 1812 infantry cap plate.
+
+
+¶ Although the 1821 regulations were very specific about the
+prohibition of nonregulation items of uniform and equipment, they were
+somewhat vague regarding specifications. General staff and engineer
+officers were to wear black belts with a "yellow plate," artillery
+"yellow oval plates ... with an eagle in the center," and infantry the
+same but "white" instead of yellow.[90] No oval plates meeting these
+vague descriptions are known, but the specimens described below may
+well have been those actually approved by the Ordnance Department, and
+thus, worn.
+
+[Footnote 90: _General Regulations for the Army_, pp. 154-162.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, C. 1822
+
+_USNM 604118-M (S-K 274). Figure 68._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 68]
+
+This plate, struck in copper and silvered, is round with an outer
+ring. It is attached to a white buff belt. The plate proper contains
+an eagle with wings outspread, shield on breast, olive branch in right
+talon, and three arrows in left talon. The whole is within a ring of
+24 5-pointed stars. The outer ring is decorated as a wreath, and the
+narrow rectangular belt attachments are embossed with a floral
+pattern. The 24 stars place this specimen between 1822 and 1836.
+Similar buckles are known in yellow metal for either staff or
+artillery and containing 24, 26, and 28 stars, indicating that they
+probably were worn until the rectangular eagle-wreath plate was
+prescribed in 1851.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1821-1835
+
+_USNM 60454 (S-K 210). Figure 69._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 69]
+
+This specimen is offered as another possibility for the 1821
+regulation plate. It is identical in size and similar in design to the
+preceding plate. The plate proper contains an eagle with wings spread,
+a breast shield containing the letter "I," an olive branch in right
+talon, and three arrows in left talon. There is no outer ring of
+stars. The outer ring of the buckle is decorated with a wreath, but
+the rectangular belt attachments are plain. The 1821 regulations
+called for eagle buttons of "yellow" and "white" metal with the
+letters "A" and "I" (for artillery and infantry) on the eagle's
+shield, and the belt plate may have been designed to conform. There is
+also the possibility that this plate, as well as the one described
+below, was designed to conform to the 1835 regulations which
+prescribed a waist belt with a "round" clasp.[91]
+
+[Footnote 91: _General Regulations for the Army of the United States_,
+p. 222.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY OFFICER, 1821-1835
+
+_USNM 60455-M (S-K 211). Not illustrated._
+
+Nearly identical to the infantry officer's plate above, this buckle,
+in brass, has the artillery "A" on the eagle's breast shield.
+
+
+¶ Although the regulations for this period do not mention
+shoulder-belt plates for enlisted men (officers had none as they wore
+their swords on their waist belts), it can be assumed that they were
+worn. The two specimens described below must be dated later than
+1812-1821 because of the belt attachments. The earlier specimens had
+rudimentary bent-wire fasteners, but these, more refined, have two
+round studs and a hook soldered to the plate proper.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 604316 (S-K 472). Figures 70, 71._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 70]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 71]
+
+This plate, of silver on copper, is plain oval and slightly convex.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 604315 (S-K 471). Not illustrated._
+
+This specimen is identical to the preceding one except that it is in
+plain brass.
+
+
+¶ The 1832 uniform regulations brought some well-defined changes.
+General and staff officers were to wear gilt waist-belt plates "having
+the letters U S and a sprig of laurel on each side in silver," and the
+bottom of the skirts of officers' coats were to bear distinctive
+devices--a gold-embroidered star for general officers and officers of
+the general staff, a shell and flame in gold embroidery for artillery
+officers, and silver-embroidered bugles for infantry officers.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1832
+
+_USNM 664. Figure 72._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 72]
+
+The plate and the belt to which it is attached formerly belonged to
+Capt. Charles O. Collins, an 1824 graduate of the Military Academy.
+The belt is of patent leather, as specified for undress wear, and is
+1-1/2 inches wide. The plate is cast in brass and has raised edges.
+Rather than having "a sprig of laurel on each side," it has a wreath
+of laurel enclosing the letters "U S," in Old English, in silvered
+metal affixed to the front. It is attached on the right side by a
+rectangular belt attachment with a flat hook on the left rear.
+
+
+¶ The 1832 regulations specified for engineer officers a waist-belt
+plate to be "gilt, elliptical, two inches in the shortest diameter,
+bearing the device of the button." Such a plate (fig. 73) is in the
+collections of the Valley Forge Chapel Museum. It is entirely possible
+that this plate is even earlier than 1832, for the 1821 and 1825
+regulations state that the engineer buttons were to contain "the
+device and motto heretofore established."
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 73]
+
+In the collections of the West Point Museum is a button, carrying the
+"Essayons" device, that was excavated in the area behind the "Long
+Barracks," which burned in 1825. Another such button excavated at
+Sackets Harbor on the site of an 1812-1815 barracks bears a maker's
+name (Wishart) of the 1812-1816 period.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, GENERAL AND STAFF OFFICERS, 1832(?)-1850
+
+_USNM 604145-M (S-K 301). Figure 74._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 74.--Specimen in Valley Forge Chapel Museum,
+Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.]
+
+This buckle is similar to the one (shown in fig. 73) that belonged to
+Capt. Charles O. Collins, but it is different in that the letters
+"U.S." are enclosed not by a laurel wreath but by a sprig of laurel on
+the right side and a sprig of palm on the left. The 1841 uniform
+regulations specified such a belt plate for officers of the Corps of
+Engineers, but with a "turreted castle, raised in silver" rather than
+the letters "U.S." This places the probable date of manufacture of
+this specimen in the 1840's.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, GENERAL STAFF, 1832
+
+_USNM 8040. Figure 75._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 75]
+
+This skirt ornament, on buff cloth, is from a coat worn by Capt.
+Thomas Swords when he was assistant quartermaster general in 1838. The
+design consists of three 6-pointed stars of gold bullion cord: a line
+star of twisted cord superimposed upon a larger star of closely
+stitched cord that in turn is superimposed upon a still larger star of
+sunburst type.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, GENERAL STAFF, 1832
+
+_USNM 62057-M (S-K 181). Figure 76._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 76]
+
+Like the preceding specimen, this ornament, on buff cloth, is
+comprised of three stars. A star made of lines of sequins secured by
+two strands of twisted bullion is superimposed upon a 6-pointed star
+of gold embroidery that in turn is superimposed upon a 6-pointed star
+made up of gold sequins secured by gold bullion cord.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, ARTILLERY OFFICER, 1832
+
+_USNM 15929. Figure 77._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 77]
+
+This specimen, on red cloth, is on a coat worn by William Tecumseh
+Sherman when he was a lieutenant in the 3d Artillery. The bomb is made
+of whorls of gold bullion cord, while the flames are composed of
+curving lines of twisted bullion. The lowest flame on either side
+terminates in arrow heads.
+
+There are a number of gold-embroidered shell and flame devices in the
+national collections, all varying considerably in size and
+composition. Some are skirt ornaments for artillery officers, both
+Regular Army and Militia, while some are cap ornaments for ordnance
+officers. Indeed, two coats formerly belonging to Maj. Levi Twiggs,
+U.S. Marine Corps, carry the same device.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1832
+
+_USNM 59861-M. Figure 78._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 78]
+
+The silver coat-skirt horn ornaments of infantry officers varied
+almost as much as the shell and flame devices, generally in relation
+to the affluence of the individual concerned. Unlike such ornaments of
+the other services, the horns were paired in rights and lefts on the
+coat.
+
+This specimen, of silver bullion cord, is on a coat that once belonged
+to Lt. William Williams Mather, an 1828 graduate of the Military
+Academy who left the service in 1836. The horn is looped, and it is
+suspended by twisted bullion from a simple 3-leaf-clover knot. The
+whole is backed on blue cloth.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, INFANTRY OFFICER, 1832
+
+_USNM 1056. Figure 79._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 79]
+
+This rather elaborate specimen is on a coat worn by John Porter Hatch
+when he was a lieutenant of infantry in 1845. The body of the
+horn--which is merely curved rather than looped--is made of silver
+lame encircled by three ornamented bands of bullion. The mouthpiece
+and bell are of bullion. The whole is suspended by a rather ornate
+3-leaf-clover knot of bands of edged bullion and is backed on blue
+cloth.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, 1839(?)
+
+_USNM 22702. Figure 80._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 80]
+
+The uniform regulations for the period 1832-1846 carry no mention of
+coat-skirt ornaments for the Corps of Topographical Engineers, rather
+only prescribing the "slashed skirt flaps to be embroidered in gold,
+with oak leaves and acorns" like the collar and cuffs. There is in the
+national collections, however, a uniform for the Corps that
+corresponds with 1839 regulations in every way except that the coat
+skirts carry this ornament--a shield within a wreath of oak leaves--of
+gold embroidery. The device appears to be of the same vintage as the
+other embroidery on the coat.
+
+
+¶ Although the 1832 uniform regulations make no mention of swords for
+noncommissioned officers, in 1833 the Ames Manufacturing Company of
+Chicopee, Massachusetts, began the manufacture of a new sword for the
+Regular artillery. Based on a European pattern, this weapon was the
+popular conception of the short Roman stabbing sword, or _gladius_. In
+1834 this weapon was also authorized for infantry noncommissioned
+officers.[92]
+
+[Footnote 92: _Regulations for the Government of the Ordnance
+Department_, p. 64; and HAROLD L. PETERSON, pp. 42-43.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1833
+
+_USNM 654384 (S-K 531). Figure 81._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 81]
+
+This is the belt-plate assembly designed for carrying the short "Roman
+pattern" NCO sword. The plate is of two round pieces joined by an
+S-hook that is open on one end for unbuckling. Each round piece has a
+flat loop for attachment to the white buff belt. The right-hand round
+piece has an eagle with head to the left, wings drooping, three arrows
+in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left talon. The
+left-hand piece has crossed cannons and the letters "U.S." The whole
+is cast in rough bronze.
+
+Assemblies of this type were popularly known as "Dingee" belts,
+because one of the primary contractors for them was Robert Dingee of
+New York City. The eagle on this plate is very similar to the one on
+Dingee's contract rifle flasks of 1832.[93]
+
+[Footnote 93: See PATTERSON, p. 8.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1834
+
+_USNM 604111 (S-K 267). Figure 82._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 82]
+
+This plate and belt are identical to the artillery specimen above
+except that the left-hand round portion exhibits three stacked muskets
+and a drum instead of crossed cannon.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 83.--Specimen in collection of William E. Codd,
+Towson, Maryland.]
+
+
+¶ NCO belt plates similar to the two above also appeared in what might
+be called a staff or branch immaterial pattern, with the crossed
+cannon and/or stacked muskets and drum replaced by the letters "US"
+alone (fig. 83). This pattern apparently was intended for wear by
+NCO's other than those assigned to the infantry, artillery, or
+dragoons.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, DRAGOON OFFICER, 1833
+
+_USNM 5664. Figure 84._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 84]
+
+This plate, which formerly belonged to Gen. William S. Harney when he
+commanded the 2d Dragoons in 1836, is identical to the general and
+staff officers' plate of the 1832 regulations except that the letters
+"U.S." have been replaced by the letter "D" in Old English, as
+prescribed.[94]
+
+[Footnote 94: General Order No. 38, Headquarters of the Army, May 2,
+1833 (photostatic copy in files of the division of military history,
+Smithsonian Institution).]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1836
+
+_USNM 604114-M (S-K 268). Figure 85._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 85]
+
+The 1835 uniform regulations replaced the rather impractical S-hook
+NCO belt plate with a "round clasp" on which the branch designation
+was replaced with the raised letters "U S." Similar in over-all design
+to the 1821 officers' plate, round with outer ring, these plates were
+rough cast in brass and had a stippled surface.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER, 1836
+
+_USNM 604114 (S-K 270). Not illustrated._
+
+This specimen is very similar to the preceding plate, but it is of a
+definitely different casting and is generally heavier in over-all
+appearance, the inner ring is much more convex, and the letters "U S"
+are raised only slightly and spread farther apart.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICERS, 1839
+
+_USNM 40886. Figure 86._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 86]
+
+The 1839 uniform regulations specified a shoulder belt (rather than a
+waist belt) for carrying the sword, with a "breast plate according to
+the pattern to be furnished by the Ordnance Department." This plate,
+which was worn by Capt. Erastus Capron, 1st Artillery, an 1833
+graduate of the Military Academy, is believed to be that
+specified.[95] The specimen is rectangular with beveled edges, cast in
+brass, and has the lines of a modified sunburst radiating outward. In
+the center, within a wreath of laurel, are the letters "U S" in Old
+English. Both the wreath and letters are of silvered copper and are
+applied. The plate is attached by three broad hooks rather than two
+studs and a hook.
+
+[Footnote 95: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (April 1841), illustrations for
+"United States Infantry, Full Dress" and "United States Artillery
+(Captain)."]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, OFFICERS, 1839
+
+_USNM 604330 (S-K 486). Not illustrated._
+
+This plate is almost identical to the Capron specimen above except
+that the letters "U S," instead of being in Old English, are formed of
+oak leaves.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS, 1839
+
+_USNM 22702. Figure 87._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 87]
+
+The 1839 uniform regulations prescribed this plate for the Corps of
+Topographical Engineers. The oval inner plate, which contains the
+prescribed eagle, shield, and the letters "U S" in Old English, is
+struck in medium weight copper and gilded. This inner plate is
+soldered to a cast-bronze and gilded tongue which in turn is brazed to
+a cast-bronze belt attachment. The oval outer ring, bearing the
+prescribed "CORPS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL ENGINEERS" in Roman capitals, is
+cast in brass and gilded. To the inner edge of this outer ring are
+brazed two curved seats for the inner oval. The whole is brazed to the
+belt attachment, also cast in brass and gilded.
+
+
+¶ In view of the large and somewhat elaborate cap plates as well as
+shoulder-belt plates adopted by both the Regulars and Militia early in
+the 19th century, it is somewhat surprising that apparently neither
+component had ornamentation on its cartridge boxes until the Ordnance
+Regulations of 1834 prescribed a very ornate design embossed on the
+leather flap.[96] Certainly there was precedent for such, for both the
+British and German mercenary troops of the Revolution and the British
+and Canadian troops of the War of 1812 wore metal ornaments on their
+cartridge boxes. At least partial explanation for this omission may
+lie in one of Callender Irvine's reasons for rejecting brass cartridge
+boxes in favor of leather ones: "The leather ... affords no mark for
+the enemy to sight at. The brass ... would afford a central object, as
+regards the body of the Soldier, and one which would be seen at a
+great distance to fire at."[97] Why Irvine did not object equally to
+the large white and yellow metal cap and shoulder-belt plates as
+targets is unknown. In any case--with a possible few Militia
+exceptions such as a Militia cartridge box with a plate bearing the
+likeness of Washington in silver, both about 1835--the 1839 model oval
+plates were the first to be worn.
+
+[Footnote 96: _See Military Collector and Historian_ (June 1950), vol.
+2, no. 2, pp. 29-30.]
+
+[Footnote 97: Letter dated June 29, 1813, from Irvine to Secretary of
+War (Records AGO).]
+
+The ordnance regulations of 1839 and the ordnance manual of 1841
+brought in two distinctly new types of plates, the familiar brass oval
+waist-belt and cartridge-box plates with the letters "U. S." and the
+round shoulder-belt plate with the eagle. The oval plates fall into
+two general sizes, 3.5 inches by 2.2 inches (for plates on the
+infantry's cartridge box and the cavalry's waist belts)[98] and 2.8
+inches by 1.6 inches (for plates on the infantry's waist belts and the
+cavalry's carbine cartridge boxes and pistol cartridge boxes). The use
+of each plate is determined by the type of fastener. These plates were
+struck in thin brass and the backs generally leaded, although some
+were used without such backing, probably to save both weight and
+material. Cartridge boxes were also embossed with the outline of this
+oval plate in lieu of the plate itself. It is interesting to note that
+the larger plates with lead backs weighed about 5-1/2 ounces and the
+smaller ones just over 2 ounces.
+
+[Footnote 98: The cavalry waist-belt plate is actually specified to be
+3.6 inches by 2.2 inches.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CAVALRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604408 (S-K 555). Figures 88, 89._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 88]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 89]
+
+The specimen is oval, slightly convex, and struck in thin brass. The
+face has a raised edge and the letters "U S." The reverse is leaded,
+carries two studs and a hook (indicating its use), and is stamped with
+the maker's name, "W. H. Smith, Brooklyn." Smith is listed in New York
+City directories of the Civil War period as a contractor for metal and
+leather supplies.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604403 (S-K 550). Figure 90._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 90]
+
+This plate is identical to the preceding one except that it is leaded
+and fitted with two looped-wire fasteners. The reverse is stamped with
+the name of the maker, "J. L. Pittman," who, like Smith, was a
+contractor in the New York City area in the Civil War period.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, CAVALRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604395 (S-K 542). Not illustrated._
+
+This is the oval "US" plate of the smaller size (2-3/4 by 1-1/8 in.),
+otherwise identical to the larger plate. It is fitted with two
+looped-wire fasteners.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604398 (S-K 545). Figure 91._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 91]
+
+This specimen is identical to the preceding plate except that it is
+fitted with two brass hooks for attachment to the belt and the reverse
+is stamped with the maker's name, "Boyd & Sons." No trace of a
+manufacturer of such products by the name of Boyd has been found. It
+is probable that he worked during the Civil War period when there were
+many such contractors.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604399 (S-K 546). Not illustrated._
+
+This plate is identical to those above except that the reverse is
+stamped with the maker's name. "H. A. Dingee."
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1839
+
+_USNM 604397 (S-K 544). Figure 92._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 92]
+
+The reverse side of this plate is fitted with the rather rudimentary
+wire fasteners similar to those on shoulder-belt plates of the
+1812-1821 period. In other respects the specimen is identical to the
+preceding ones of 1839.
+
+
+¶ The 1839 regulations specified a bayonet-belt plate "round, brass,
+with eagle." The 1841 ordnance manual was more exact, specifying the
+plate to be "brass, circular, 2.5 in. diameter, with an Eagle," and
+then stating: "The bayonet belt is about to be discontinued ..."
+Although not so authorized at the time, this plate, so familiar during
+the Civil War period, was switched over to the shoulder belt
+supporting the cartridge box. Such plates were manufactured in great
+quantities and in many variations of the original design by a dozen or
+more contractors during the period 1861-1865.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, 1839
+
+_USNM 60338-M (S-K 94). Figure 93._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 93]
+
+This circular plate, with raised rim, is dominated by an eagle of
+refined design that is very similar to the eagles appearing on the War
+of 1812 plates. The eagle has its wings drooped, head to the left,
+three arrows in the right talon, and an olive branch in the left
+talon. This specimen can be dated with the earliest cartridge-box
+plates because of its backing and the type of fasteners. Whereas the
+backs of the later models were lead-filled, this plate was struck in
+thin brass over tin and the edges of the obverse crimped to retain the
+backing. The fasteners are of the bent-wire type typical of the
+1812-1832 period and are not the "2 eyes of iron wire" called for in
+the ordnance manual of 1850. None of the later examples of this design
+evidence any of the refinement of the original. At least eight
+variations are represented in the national collections.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, 1839, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM 60339-M (S-K 95). Not illustrated._
+
+This is a die sample, struck in copper, of the plate described above.
+
+
+SWORD-BELT PLATE, 1851
+
+_USNM 38017. Figures 94, 95._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 94]
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 95]
+
+The 1851 regulations prescribed this plate for all officers and
+enlisted men. It was specified to be "gilt, rectangular, two inches
+wide, with a raised bright rim; a silver wreath of laurel encircling
+the 'Arms of the United States'; eagle, scroll, edge of cloud and rays
+bright. The motto, 'E Pluribus Unum,' in silver letters upon the
+scroll; stars also of silver; according to pattern."[99]
+
+[Footnote 99: _Regulations for the Uniform and Dress_, pl. 21.]
+
+This plate has had a longer history than any other similar Army
+device. It was authorized for all personnel until 1881 when it was
+dropped as an item of enlisted equipment. It was retained for
+officers, first for general wear, then for dress only. It was worn
+with officers' dress blue uniforms until 1941, but was not revived
+when blues reappeared after World War II. A plate of the same general
+size and pattern, although gilt in its entirety, was prescribed for
+senior NCO's of the Marine Corps until about 1950 or 1951.
+
+The buckle appears in many variations of design, at least 12 being
+represented in the national collections. Many of these variations are
+the result of the plate being produced in great numbers by many
+different contractors during the Civil War. The original design itself
+is interesting. The 1851 description called for an "edge of cloud and
+rays" and the official, full size drawing in _Regulations for the
+Uniform and Dress of the Army_ includes the "edge of cloud" and
+pictures the eagle with its head to the heraldic left. At least 50 of
+these plates were examined by the authors, but only this specimen had
+the "edge of cloud," silver letters and stars, and the eagle with its
+head to the left. In most specimens the plate proper is bronze, in one
+piece, and with the wreath silvered or left plain; in a few specimens
+the wreath is in white metal and has been applied after casting. This
+particular specimen is of an early issue. It is cast in heavy brass,
+with the wreath applied, and has the narrow brass tongue for
+attachment on the reverse (fig. 95), typical of the early types.
+
+
+SWORD-BELT PLATE, 1851, DIE SAMPLE
+
+_USNM. 60342-M (S-K 98). Figure 96._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 96]
+
+This is a sample struck from a die which apparently was not approved
+for the 1851 pattern plate. The eagle has wings upraised (2 inches tip
+to tip), head to right, shield on breast, scroll with "E Pluribus
+Unum" in beak, three arrows in right talon, and an olive branch in
+left talon. Stars are intermixed with "edge of cloud" and rays.
+
+The specimen leads to the interesting speculation as to the weight
+given to correct heraldic usage at this period. The significance of
+the clouds, or lack of them, is unknown, but it should be noted that
+in all but the earliest specimens the eagle's head is turned to the
+right, or the side of honor, and the olive branch is placed in the
+right talon, indicating peaceful national motives as opposed to the
+three arrows, signs of belligerency, in the left talon. In this
+respect, it is interesting to note that until 1945 the eagle on the
+President's seal and flag carried its head turned to the heraldic
+left.
+
+
+
+
+_Insignia of the Uniformed Militia_
+
+
+Cap and Helmet Devices
+
+HAT ORNAMENT, INDEPENDENT DRAGOONS(?), c. 1800
+
+_USNM 14978. Figure 97._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 97]
+
+This silver ornament is one of the most unusual pieces of military
+insignia in the national collections. Obviously military, it is just
+as obviously of Militia origin. Although hardly artistic in design, it
+has a rather attractive simplicity and has been made with considerable
+care. The eagle is of the "frogleg" design that first appeared on
+buttons of the post-Revolutionary Army and, later on, of the Legion.
+In its right talon the eagle is grasping what appear to be rather
+stylized thunderbolts, and in its left, arrows. The arc above the
+eagle's head is comprised of sunrays, an edge of clouds, and 16
+6-pointed stars. If the number of stars is of significance, the piece
+would date prior to November 1802 when the 17th state, Ohio, was
+admitted to the union. The "frog-legged" aspect of the design would
+tend to confirm such dating, and the thunderbolts in the right talon,
+symbolic of a belligerent attitude, could be attributed to the
+national temper during the "quasi war" with France, 1798-1800. The
+"ID," in delicate floriated script on the eagle's breast, quite out of
+consonance with the design and execution of the piece proper and
+obviously the work of a talented engraver, is interpreted as
+"Independent Dragoons." Too small for a hat frontpiece, it was
+probably worn as a side ornament on a dragoon helmet.
+
+
+LEATHER FAN COCKADE, C. 1810
+
+_USNM 60257-M (S-K 15). Figure 98._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 98]
+
+The leather fan cockade became a part of the uniform in the late 18th
+century, having evolved from the cloth cockade adopted early in the
+Revolution.[100] Enlisted men's cockades of the early 19th century
+were of leather, as were those of line officers.[101] This cockade, of
+black tooled leather with painted gold fan tips, was a common form of
+the period and was worn with an eagle in the center or possibly on the
+upper fan. It is assigned to the Militia because of the gold
+ornamentation.
+
+[Footnote 100: FINKE, pp. 71-73.]
+
+[Footnote 101: TODD, "Three Leather Cockades," pp. 24-25.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1810
+
+_USNM 60275-M (S-K 33). Figure 99._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 99]
+
+This grenadier-type plate, which is untrimmed and thus may be a die
+sample, is a rare example of the use of coiled snakes as a military
+device after 1800. A familiar motif of the Revolution, coiled snakes
+were not revived as a popular military symbol during the War of 1812.
+This specimen is struck in brass and is believed to have been made for
+a specific independent Militia organization, designation unknown, for
+wear prior to 1812.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, 1812-1815
+
+_USNM 60361-M (S-K 117). Figure 100._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 100]
+
+The eagle-on-clouds design, which first appeared on coins on the 1795
+silver dollar, was popular on insignia during the period 1812-1821.
+The heraldic significance of the clouds, if any, is unknown. Somewhat
+larger than most cockade devices, this eagle is struck in brass and
+silvered and has two simple wire fasteners soldered to the reverse. A
+very similar badge is shown by Rembrandt Peale in an oil portrait of
+Col. Joseph O. Bogart of the 3d Flying Artillery.[102]
+
+[Footnote 102: Reproduced in _Antiques_ (July 1947), vol. 52, no. 7,
+p. 16.]
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1814
+
+_USNM 60379-M (S-K 135). Figure 101._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 101]
+
+This eagle, of the general design first seen on the 1807 half-dollar,
+is very similar to the one on buttons ascribed to staff officers,
+1814-1821.[103] The eagle, struck in brass, has wings upraised and the
+familiar hooked beak; it stands on a wreath of the colors. The wire
+fasteners on the reverse are of a somewhat unusual type and may not be
+contemporary.
+
+[Footnote 103: JOHNSON, specimen nos. 101-105.]
+
+
+¶ Die work for cap, shoulder-belt, and waist-belt plates was
+expensive, and many Militia organizations found it expedient to
+purchase devices "ready made" from existing dies. By varying the
+trimming and adding borders of various designs, the same dies could be
+used to strike all three types of plates. Such badges are called
+"common" plates.
+
+The common plates that follow were very popular during the period
+1812-1835 and, although relatively rare today, were made in
+considerable quantity and in many die variations for the Militia in
+every part of the country. They are known in brass, copper, and
+silver-on-copper. It is possible that specimens such as these may have
+been worn by some officers of the Regular Establishment between 1814
+and 1821.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60263-M (S-K 21). Figure 102._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 102]
+
+This is a typical example of the common plates of the 1814-1835
+period. The piece is struck in brass and has an edged and stippled
+border. The design is dominated by an eagle with wings outspread, head
+to left, arrows in right talon, olive branch in left talon, and with
+the national motto on a ribbon overhead. The whole is superimposed on
+a trophy of arms and colors with an arc of 13 6-pointed stars above. A
+plume socket, apparently original, is soldered to the reverse, as are
+two looped-wire fasteners. The fasteners are of a later period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60264-M (S-K 22). Figure 103._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 103]
+
+Struck in copper and silvered, this piece is a die variant of the
+preceding plate. A floral border replaces the plain border, and the
+overhead arc has 5-pointed rather than 6-pointed stars. The floral
+border marks it as probably an officer's device.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60313-M (S-K 69). Figure 104._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 104]
+
+A die variant of the preceding plate, this device has an unusually
+wide floral border. As in so many of the common pieces of this period,
+the center device was purposely designed small so that the die could
+be used to strike matching waist-belt plates. Examples of waist-belt
+plates struck from dies of this particular design are known. Struck in
+copper, there is a plume socket soldered to the reverse along with two
+looped-wire fasteners. The fasteners are not contemporary.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60314-M (S-K 70). Figure 105._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 105]
+
+This is a die variant of the three plates immediately preceding.
+However, the center device lacks the fineness of detail of the others,
+a fact that suggests that several makers working with different die
+sinkers produced this basic pattern. The plate is struck in copper,
+and originally it had a plume socket attached to the reverse. The
+present looped-wire fasteners are not original.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60299-M (S-K 57). Figure 106._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 106]
+
+This plate, which is of brass, is of a less common design than its
+predecessors. However, since there is another such plate, but of
+silver-on-copper, in the national collections, it can be surmised that
+pieces of this same pattern were made for use by several different
+units.
+
+A floral-bordered shield is topped by an out-sized sunburst with 13
+stars, clouds, and the motto "Unity is Strength." In the center of
+the shield is the eagle, with wings widely outspread and with
+lightning bolts in the right talon and an olive branch in the left
+talon. The lightning bolt device, obvious sign of belligerency, first
+appeared about 1800 and is not seen in plates designed after 1821. The
+motto and the date 1776 are far more typical of Militia than Regular
+Army usage.
+
+
+¶ In 1821 the Regular Army discarded all its large cap plates and
+adopted the bell-crown leather cap. Militia organizations lost no time
+in adopting a similar cap and, conversely, placing on it--and on the
+tall beaver which followed in the 1830's--the largest plates it could
+accommodate, using variations of discarded Regular Army patterns as
+well as original designs.
+
+From 1821 until well into the 1840's large cap plates were
+mass-produced by manufacturers in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and
+perhaps other cities of the New England metal manufacturing area. The
+few early platemakers, such as Crumpton and Armitage of Philadelphia
+and Peasley of Boston, were joined by a number of others. Prominent
+among these were Charles John Joullain, who made plates in New York
+during the 1820's, and William Pinchin of Philadelphia. Joullain is
+first listed in New York directories, in 1817, as a "gilder," and so
+continues through 1828. Sometimes his given name is listed as Charles,
+sometimes as James, and finally as Charles James. From 1820 to 1828
+his address is the same, 32 Spring Street. There is a William Pinchin
+(Pinchon) listed in the Philadelphia directories as a silverplater or
+silversmith almost continuously from 1785 through 1863, indicating the
+possibility of a family occupation.
+
+It is believed that some of the New England makers of uniform buttons
+also manufactured plates. Among such buttonmakers of the 1820's and
+1830's were R. and W. Robinson, D. Evans and Co., Leavenworth and Co.,
+Benedict and Coe, and others in Connecticut and Massachusetts.
+Buttonmakers often stamped their names or easily recognizable
+hallmarks on the back of their products.
+
+In most cases it is virtually impossible to ascertain the precise
+units for which these different plates were first designed, and the
+problem is further complicated because the maker would sell a specific
+plate design to several different units. Those designs that
+incorporate all or part of a state's seal were originally made for
+Militia organizations of the particular state, but in several
+instances these plates were sold--altered or not--to units in other
+parts of the country. Militia organizations that were widely separated
+geographically purchased cap plates from distant manufacturers who had
+perhaps a dozen or more stock patterns to offer at a cost much lower
+than that involved in making a new die from which to strike
+custom-made ornaments. It made no difference to the Savannah Greys, in
+Georgia, that their new cap plates were the same as those worn by
+organizations in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. Toward the end of
+this period of large cap plates, manufacturers came out with two-piece
+ornaments. After 1833, when the Regiment of United States Dragoons was
+authorized its large sunburst plate with separate eagle ornament in
+the center, insignia makers introduced a veritable rash of full
+sunburst, three-quarter sunburst, and half-sunburst cap plates with
+interchangeable centers. And for the first time small Militia units
+could afford their own distinctive devices at little extra cost.
+Shoulder-belt and waist-belt plates underwent the same evolution, and
+by the late 1830's such plates had become a mixture of either single
+die stampings or composite plates made of several parts soldered or
+otherwise held onto a rectangular or oval background.
+
+Study of cap plates and other insignia in the Huddy and Duval prints
+in _U.S. Military Magazine_ points to the years between 1833 and
+perhaps 1837 or 1838 as the transition period from single to composite
+ornaments, years during which there was also tremendous growth in the
+popularity and number of independent Militia units. In contrast to the
+1820's when the Militia often waited until the Regulars discarded a
+device before adopting it, in 1840 there were no less than five
+organizations, mounted and dismounted, wearing the 1833 dragoon plate
+in full form while it was still in use by the Regulars. _U.S. Military
+Magazine_ illustrates such plates for the Richmond Light Infantry
+Blues, the Georgia Hussars, the Macon Volunteers, the Jackson Rifle
+Corps of Lancaster, Pa., the Montgomery Light Guard, and the Harrison
+Guards of Allentown, Pa. The plate of the Harrison Guards is an
+example of the license sometimes practiced by Huddy and Duval in the
+preparation of their military prints. The color bearer in this print
+is depicted wearing a full sunburst plate, while the description of
+the uniform called for "a semi-circular plate or _gloria_."[104]
+
+[Footnote 104: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (March 1839), p. 4.]
+
+In the following descriptions of plates, the term "stock pattern" is
+used because the insignia are known to have been worn by more than one
+organization, because their basic designs are so elementary that it
+appears obvious that they were made for wide distribution, or because
+they are known to have been made both in silver and in gilt metals.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60307-M (S-K 64). Figure 107._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 107]
+
+On the raised center of this shield-shaped plate is the
+eagle-on-cannon device within an oval floral border; the Federal
+shield is below. The whole is superimposed on a trophy of arms and
+colors with portions of a modified sunburst appearing on the sides.
+The plate is struck in brass. The eagle-on-cannon first appeared on
+Regular artillery buttons in 1802. About 1808 it was used as an
+embossed device on the leather fan cockade, and in 1814 it became the
+principal design element of the cap plate for Regulars. This plate is
+thought to be one of the earliest of the post-1821 series of Militia
+cap plates incorporating the discarded design of the Regular
+artillery.
+
+
+UNIDENTIFIED ORNAMENT, PROBABLY CAP PLATE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60331-M (S-K 87). Figure 108._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 108]
+
+This silver-on-copper plate is unique in size, shape, and over-all
+design. It is one of the most unusual Militia insignia in the national
+collections. The standing eagle of the 1807 mint design with Federal
+shield, the panoply of arms and colors, and the rayed background all
+suggest that this plate was made not later than the early 1820's.
+Quite possibly it is a cap plate of the War of 1812 period, but
+positive dating is impossible. Three simple wire fasteners are affixed
+to the reverse.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60255-M (S-K 13). Figure 109._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 109]
+
+Although the Regular riflemen wore a diamond-shaped plate from 1812 to
+1814, this shape does not appear on Militia caps until the mid-1820's.
+It was a common form through the 1830's, but since it was always made
+as a one-piece die-struck plate it became out-dated in the late 1830's
+when the composite plates came into vogue.
+
+This plate, struck in brass and bearing the eagle-on-cannon device,
+must be considered a stock pattern available to many organizations.
+Insignia struck from the same die could have been easily made into
+shoulder-belt plates as well.
+
+
+CAP PLATE AND PLUME HOLDER, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 604748 (S-K 893). Figure 110._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 110]
+
+This brass plate is similar in many respects to the regular infantry
+cap plate, type I, 1814-1821. It is attached to a bell-crowned shako
+of distinctly Militia origin and is cut in the diamond shape popular
+with the Militia in the 1820's and 1830's. The design lies within a
+raised oval dominated by an eagle similar to ones used on War of 1812
+insignia. Below the eagle is a Federal shield and a trophy of stacked
+muskets, a drum surmounted by a dragoon helmet, a gun on a truck
+carriage, and colors--one the National Colors with 16 stars in the
+canton.
+
+The plume holder attached to the cap above the plate is an unusually
+interesting and distinctive device. It is a hemisphere of thin brass
+with a round plume socket at the top. The hemisphere has an eagle on a
+shield and a superimposed wreath device in silver. The blazonry of the
+shield cannot be identified with any particular state or locality.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60262 (S-K 20). Figure 111._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 111]
+
+The familiar hooked-beak eagle dominates the center of this brass,
+scalloped-edge plate. The arrows of belligerency, however, are held in
+the left talon. Surrounding the eagle is a three-quarter wreath of
+olive with the national motto above and the date 1776 below. While
+there is a possibility that this plate may fall into the period
+1814-1821 because of its outline shape, it lacks the panoply of arms
+associated with that era. It is much more probable that this is one of
+the earliest plates made for Militia during the years 1821-1830. Since
+this plate is also known in silver-on-copper, it is considered a stock
+pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MILITIA, ARTILLERY(?), C. 1821
+
+_USNM 60306-M (S-K 63). Figure 112._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 112]
+
+This oval, brass-struck plate framed within a large wreath of laurel
+is one of the finest in the national collections, comprising as it
+does a number of devices of excellent design and considerable detail
+standing in high relief. The curving line of 21 stars above the motto,
+decreasing in size laterally, is an interesting detail, and the eagle
+and panoply of arms is reminiscent of those on the plate ascribed to
+the Regiment of Light Artillery, 1814-1821, and on several of the
+common Militia plates of the same period. It is assigned to the
+artillery because of its "yellow metal" composition. It has simple
+wire fasteners, applied to the reverse, and carries no plume socket.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60273-M (S-K 31). Figure 113._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 113]
+
+This unusually large, shield-shaped plate, struck in brass, is
+dominated by an eagle--within a smaller shield with raised
+edge--standing on a half globe and wreath of the colors, both of which
+are superimposed on a trophy of arms and flags; clouds and sun rays
+are above. The specimen represents one of the large cap plate patterns
+adopted by the Militia for wear on the bell-crown cap soon after it
+came into general use in the early 1820's. While a stock pattern in a
+sense, its use was most likely confined to New York State Militia
+because its principal device, the eagle-on-half-globe, is taken
+directly from that state's seal. These large plates were widely worn
+until the middle or late 1830's when newer styles began to replace
+them. The plume socket affixed to the reverse appears to be
+contemporary, but has been resoldered.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60356-M (S-K 112). Figure 114._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 114]
+
+This is a variant of the preceding plate and well illustrates how an
+insignia-maker could adapt a single die for several products. The
+eagle-on-half-globe, with a portion of the trophy of arms and colors,
+and the clouds and sunburst above have merely been cut out from the
+plate proper for use alone. The plate is struck in brass.
+
+Another specimen, of silver-on-copper, is known, indicating that this
+insignia was made for wear by infantry as well as by other branches of
+the service; consequently, it may be termed a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60266-M (S-K 24). Figure 115._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 115]
+
+Illustrating fine craftsmanship, this elaborate brass cap plate
+comprises perhaps the most ornate and intricately detailed design ever
+attempted by a military ornament die sinker. The strike itself has
+been so well executed that the most minute details are even today
+readily discernible, even after very apparent use. Made for New York
+Militia, its central theme is the eagle-on-half-globe superimposed on
+a trophy of arms and flags.
+
+Many of the facets of detail are of particular interest. Almost every
+ray of the aura of sunlight can still be clearly seen; the North Pole
+is well marked with a vertical arrow; the Arctic Circle, Tropic of
+Capricorn, and the Equator are included on the half-globe, as are the
+meridians of longitude and the parallels of latitude; both North
+America and South America are shown, and that portion of North America
+east of the Mississippi basin is clearly denominated "UNITED STATES."
+An unusual feature of the design is the way the arrows are held in the
+eagle's left talon--some of the arrow heads point inward, some
+outward. What appears to have been a contemporary plume socket has
+been resoldered to the reverse.
+
+Although this plate is unmarked as to maker, another plate of a
+similar design but of silver-on-copper has the maker's mark "J.
+JOULLAIN, MAKER, N. YORK." Since two distinct but similar designs are
+known, and the finished product is found in both brass and
+silver-on-copper, it seems probable that this plate was produced by
+more than one maker, and for all arms of the service. It is therefore
+deemed a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60267-M (S-K 25). Figure 116._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 116]
+
+Almost immediately after the last Regular rifle regiment was disbanded
+in 1821, Militia riflemen adopted the large open horn with loops and
+tassels that the Regulars had worn from 1817 to 1821. The basic device
+was altered slightly by showing an eagle in flight and the horn
+suspended much lower on its cords. The illustrated brass plate is one
+of four die variants, and more than a dozen similar to it have been
+examined. It is significant that all are of brass, for these were made
+and worn during the period when the trimmings for infantry were silver
+or "white metal."
+
+This plate differs from the others examined in that it has 17
+6-pointed stars along the upper and lower parts of the shield inside
+the border. The number of stars cannot be significant in dating for
+the plate was obviously made long after 1812 when the 18th state,
+Louisiana, was admitted to the Union. A plume socket affixed to the
+reverse appears to be original.
+
+Undoubtedly made as a stock pattern by several manufacturers, these
+plates continued in use for at least 15 years after they first
+appeared about 1825. Although _U.S. Military Magazine_ illustrates
+many large cap plates for the period 1839-1841, none has a shield
+outline. This may indicate a decline in the popularity of the design,
+but it must be remembered that Huddy and Duval presented the uniforms
+of only a small cross-section of the Militia of the period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60267-M (S-K 26). Figure 117._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 117]
+
+This is a second form of Militia riflemen's plates. Struck in brass,
+it differs from the preceding primarily in the placement of 17
+5-pointed stars along the upper half of the shield, between the
+borders. Other small differences show that the basic die was not that
+used for the preceding specimen. The most obvious difference is the
+legend "E PLURIBUS UNUM" carried on the ribbon behind the knotted cord
+of the horn, an element not present in the other.
+
+A third form, not illustrated, substitutes a floral border for the
+plain border around the edge of the shield and contains no stars as
+part of the design. Still a fourth form, also not illustrated, has the
+same center device of eagle and open horn placed in a longer and
+narrower shield, with 23 6-pointed stars between the borders.
+
+
+¶ These various combinations of devices give a good clue as to the
+method of manufacture of stock patterns, and indicate the use of
+several different dies and hand punches. The blank metal was first
+struck by a die that formed the plain or floral border and cut the
+outline of the plate. Next, a smaller die containing the center device
+of eagle and horn was used. Then the stars, and sometimes elements of
+the floral border, were added by individual striking with a hand
+punch. This latter method is clearly revealed by the comparison of
+several "identical" plates in which the stars or elements of the
+border are irregularly and differently spaced.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMAN PATTERN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60398-M (S-K 154). Figure 118._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 118]
+
+This plate is called "rifleman pattern" because it is silver-on-copper
+and is the only known example of this type of insignia made for wear
+by infantry, or possibly for Militia riflemen whose trimmings were,
+incorrectly, silver.
+
+There are several conjectures about this cut-out device made from a
+die of the preceding series of shield plates. It may have been made
+after 1834, when the open horn with cord and tassels was adopted by
+the Regular infantry as a branch device. It is equally possible that
+it was submitted to a Militia infantry organization by some maker as a
+sample during the 1820's and when selected was silvered to conform
+with other trimmings. In either case, it illustrates how a single die
+could serve to make many different variations from a basic design.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60304-M (S-K 61B). Figure 119._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 119]
+
+The very unusual construction of this brass plate for riflemen
+indicates that it is possibly one of the earliest of the composite
+plates. Within a wreath of crossed laurel boughs is a small center
+circle with raised edge to which has been soldered the eagle and horn
+device struck in convex form.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60252-M (S-K 10). Figure 120._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 120]
+
+The diamond-shaped plate was in vogue with Militia units during the
+late 1820's and the 1830's. Examples of such plates for the Washington
+Grays (Philadelphia) and the Philadelphia Grays are recorded in _U.S.
+Military Magazine_.[105] This brass plate, possibly made for a
+particular unit from stock dies, is a typical example of the endless
+variety possible with the use of a few dies. The blank was struck with
+a die for the center device of eagle and horn, but the irregularity of
+the spacing of the stars shows that they were added later by hand.
+Similar plates may be found with essentially this same device, but
+placed on small shields or backgrounds of other shapes.
+
+[Footnote 105: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 11.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 604851-M (S-K 996). Figure 121._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 121]
+
+The eagle and horn devices were sometimes separated by the
+manufacturer to produce this type ornament open with cord and tassels.
+Struck in brass, it differs in form and detail from the silver horn
+adopted by the Regular infantry in 1834 as a cap plate.
+
+Several Militia units of the late 1830's and 1840's used a horn as an
+additional ornament on the rear of the cap, notably the State
+Fencibles (Philadelphia) and the National Guard (Philadelphia). On the
+rear of the leather cap of the State Fencibles were "two broad rich
+stripes of silver lace, starting from the same point at the top and
+running down, forming an angle, in the center of which is a bugle
+ornament...."[106] The cap of the National Guard has been described as
+being "of blue cloth ... and in the rear a plated bugle
+ornament."[107]
+
+[Footnote 106: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (March 1839), p. 3 and pl. 2.]
+
+[Footnote 107: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (October 1841), p. 32.]
+
+
+¶ In the following series of rather similar plates, four different
+dies are used for the center ornament, perhaps made by as many
+different die sinkers. The relatively large number of these plates
+still in existence suggests that they were worn very extensively.
+Those with silver finish were used by infantry; the gilt or copper
+ones by artillery and perhaps by staff officers. All specimens are
+currently fitted with plain wire fasteners and plume sockets, both of
+which may or may not be original.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, INFANTRY, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60271-M (S-K 29). Figure 122._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 122]
+
+The floral-bordered shield outline of this silver-on-copper infantry
+plate is known to have been used also with the rifleman's eagle-horn
+device in the center. The panoply of arms and flags used as a
+background for the center device, which is characterized by the long
+neck of the eagle swung far to the right, links it closely to the
+plate of similar type worn during the period 1814-1821. Because of its
+large size, it is assigned to the post-1821 era of the bell-crown cap,
+contemporary with the riflemen's large plates. The 13 5-pointed stars
+were added with a hand punch.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60298-M (S-K 56). Figure 123._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 123]
+
+This brass plate is a duplicate of the preceding, lacking only the
+hand-applied stars. The crispness of detail indicates that it was one
+of the very early products of the die.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60269-M (S-K 27). Figure 124._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 124]
+
+The second variation of the series is a product of perhaps the best
+executed die of the group, with unusually fine detail in the eagle's
+wings and with neatly stacked cannon balls at the bottom of the center
+device. It includes other excellent detail not found in other dies: an
+eagle-head pommel on one sword, a star pattern made of smaller stars
+in the cantons of the flags, and crossed cannon, rammer, and worm
+behind the Federal shield. It is struck in brass.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60297-M (S-K 55). Figure 125._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 125]
+
+A tall, slender, rather graceless eagle with broad wings and erect
+head reminiscent of the Napoleonic eagle is the outstanding difference
+in this third example of the series. The floral border lacks a
+finished look because the plate, which is of brass, was apparently
+hand trimmed.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60270-M (S-K 28). Figure 126._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 126]
+
+This fourth variation, of silver-on-copper, bears an eagle with very
+small legs (somewhat out of proportion), an erect head, a fierce mien,
+and a heavy round breast. The design is struck on a shield-plate with
+the exact measurements as on one of the riflemen series.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1825
+
+_USNM 60302-M (S-K 60). Figure 127._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 127]
+
+The oldest known plate made expressly for musicians, this
+silver-on-copper, floral-bordered shield bears an eagle similar to one
+for riflemen of the same period (see fig. 116). Among the early
+musical instruments easily identifiable in the design are the tambor,
+the serpent, the French horn, and the rack of bells. Such a plate was
+undoubtedly a stock pattern, available in either gilt or silver
+finish, and was probably sold well into the 1840's. The reverse is
+fitted with what appears to be a contemporary plume socket, although
+resoldered, and two simple wire fasteners.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 6030-M (S-K 61A). Figure 128._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 128]
+
+This gilded brass plate, while not as old as the preceding one, is of
+an unusual pattern. Made for New York State Militia, it carries the
+eagle-on-half-globe device at the top. The central design includes a
+French horn, a serpent, and a straight horn, all intertwined about an
+open roll of sheet music. It is probably a stock pattern. The reverse
+is fitted with three simple bent-wire fasteners.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60250-M (S-K 8). Figure 129._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 129]
+
+The design on this brass plate, reminiscent of that on the regular
+infantry cap plate, 1814-1821, was adopted for wear by the Militia
+after being discarded by the Regular Establishment. The ornate floral
+border and diamond shape place it in the late 1820's and the 1830's,
+although the lightning in the eagle's left talon and the arrows in its
+right talon are usually associated with plates designed prior to 1821.
+It has been suggested that this is the plate worn by the West Point
+cadets after 1821, but such seems doubtful.
+
+
+¶ No Militia plates enjoyed wider use or longer life than those
+patterned after the plate that disappeared from the Regular
+Establishment with the disbanding of the dragoons in 1815. More than a
+dozen die variants are known, several worn by more than one Militia
+unit. Although size and shape may vary, any plate exhibiting a mounted
+trooper with upraised saber can safely be assigned to mounted Militia.
+However, the dating of such plates is a real problem because they are
+known to have been in use as late as 1861.
+
+A Huddy and Duval print of the Washington Cavalry of Philadelphia
+County shows that unit wearing a plate similar to the one used by the
+Regulars, differing only in its brass composition, as opposed to the
+original pewter of the 1812 regulations.[108] A cap in the collections
+of the Valley Forge Museum that was worn by a member of this unit in
+the period 1835-1845 is very similar to the one shown in the Huddy and
+Duval print. The cap is a copy of the 1812 Regular Army pattern, with
+somewhat more ornate brass bindings in place of the iron strips. A
+similar cap, carrying the label "Canfield and Bro., Baltimore," is
+owned by Lexington, Virginia, descendants of a member of the
+Rockbridge [Virginia] Dragoons. That unit is said to have worn such a
+cap upon first entering Confederate service in 1861.
+
+[Footnote 108: See _U.S. Military Magazine_ (February 1840), pl. 29.]
+
+In the national collections there is a dragoon cap (USNM 604767, S-K
+912) carrying a plate of this design struck on a massive
+diamond-shaped piece with concave sides. There are additional
+variations in several private collections and at the Fort Ticonderoga
+Museum. The mounted horseman device was also struck on heart-shaped
+martingale ornaments.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, DRAGOONS, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60254-M (S-K 12). Figure 130._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 130]
+
+The horseman on this brass plate, designed with a rather crude,
+childlike simplicity, is garbed quite differently than the Regular
+dragoon on the 1812 pewter specimen. The plate is assigned to the
+general 1830 period to fit the era of the diamond-shaped plates, but
+its use doubtless continued on into the 1840's. By nature of its
+design it would have been a manufacturer's stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY(?), C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60301-M (S-K 59). Figure 131._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 131]
+
+The eagle on this brass plate is similar to the ones on the preceding
+shield plates, but the Federal shield on which he stands is ornamented
+with three star devices composed of smaller stars. An unusual feature
+of this plate is the addition of the flaming portion of a grenade
+rising from the eagle's head, a device not a part of any other known
+cap plate. This symbol suggests artillery, and the plate is of the
+proper color. Although an unusual over-all design, the lack of any
+components of state arms or crests indicate that it may have been a
+stock pattern. The reverse is fitted with two simple bent-wire
+fasteners.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60355-M (S-K 111). Figure 132._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 132]
+
+This silver-on-copper plate bears the familiar elements of the
+Massachusetts seal: Indian, in hunting shirt, with bow in right hand,
+arrow with point downward in left hand, and star above right shoulder.
+The crest--an arm grasping a broad sword on a wreath of the colors--is
+superimposed on a burst of sun rays above. The State's motto is
+written around the shield. The earlier plates containing elements of
+state arms were for the most part confined to the States of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New York. No large plates bearing
+Pennsylvania State symbols that can be dated prior to 1835 are known.
+
+This seal was not authorized by law until 1885. However, the devices
+and the motto were elements of the seal of the Commonwealth of
+Massachusetts ordered prepared by the state legislature in 1780 and,
+although apparently never formally approved, used as such for many
+years. It differs considerably in detail from the seal in use from
+1629 to 1684.[109]
+
+[Footnote 109: See ZIEBER, pp. 141-144.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS INFANTRY, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 60316-M (S-K 72). Figure 133._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 133]
+
+This scalloped plate, which is struck in thin iron metal and silvered,
+bears elements of the Massachusetts seal, minus the motto, and the
+legend "MASSACHUSETTS MILITIA." Its silver color assigns it to the
+infantry. The form of the specimen indicates that it was probably
+designed prior to 1839. In consideration of its over-all design and
+the use of the word "MILITIA," it was probably made as a stock pattern
+and sold to several different organizations. A plume holder, which has
+been resoldered to the reverse, appears to be of the same metal as the
+plate proper. It is pierced at the sides for attachment.
+
+
+¶ Painted cap fronts were worn during the War of the Revolution by
+several units of the Continental Army--including the Light Infantry
+Company of the Canadian Regiment, Haslet's Delaware Regiment, and the
+Rhode Island Train of Artillery[110]--and it is probable that the
+practice continued among some volunteer corps up to the War of 1812.
+Their use in the uniformed Militia units generally declined after the
+introduction of die-struck metal cap plates. Two notable exceptions
+are a cap plate of the Morris Rangers that is attached to a
+civilian-type round hat of the 1812-1814 period[111] and the cap front
+described below (fig. 137).
+
+[Footnote 110: Illustrated in LEFFERTS, pls. 4, 7, 21.]
+
+[Footnote 111: In the collections of the Morristown National
+Historical Park. The Morris Rangers was one of three uniformed Militia
+units in Morris County, New Jersey, at the outbreak of the War of
+1812; it saw service at Paulus Hook in 1814 (HOPKINS, pp. 271-272).]
+
+Although discarded by the more elite volunteer corps, painted metal
+hat fronts in the "tombstone" shape similar to that of the Morris
+Rangers continued to be used, to some extent, by the common Militia.
+Easily attached to the ordinary civilian hat of the period, they
+provided the common Militia a quick and inexpensive transformation
+from civilian to military dress at their infrequent musters perhaps as
+late as 1840. There are several contemporary sketches of these musters
+and in one, dated 1829 (fig. 134), these "tombstone" plates can be
+identified.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 134.--From Library of Congress print.]
+
+A total of perhaps a dozen of these hat fronts are known. Most are of
+Connecticut origin, although at least two containing New York State
+devices are extant. The most elaborate of these devices bears, oddly
+enough, elements of the Connecticut State seal, the motto _Qui Trans.
+Sust._, and the crest of the Massachusetts coat of arms--an arm
+grasping a broad-sword (fig. 135). The elaborate detail of this plate
+indicates that it was probably an officer's. The fact that unit
+designations on other such known hat fronts run as high as the "23d
+Regt." is definite proof that these were devices of the common Militia
+as opposed to the volunteer corps.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 135.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+
+PAINTED CAP FRONT, CONNECTICUT, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 604764-M (S-K 909). Figure 136._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 136]
+
+This painted front, of leather rather than metal, forms an integral
+part of the cap itself. Edged in gold, it has the unit designation
+"LIGHT INFANTRY: 2d COMP." in gold at the top; a shield in the center
+contains elements of the Connecticut State seal, and below it is the
+state motto "QUI TRANS SUST" ("He who brought us over here will
+sustains us").
+
+
+CAP FRONT, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60243-M (S-K 1). Figure 137._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 137]
+
+A majority of these hat fronts are very similar in design, size, and
+shape, and are painted over a black background on thin precut sheets
+of tinned iron. This specimen carries a gold eagle with the Federal
+shield on its breast and a ribbon in its beak. The unit designation,
+"2d COMP{Y}. 23d REG{T}.", also in gold, is below. The artwork,
+although somewhat unartistically executed, has an attractive
+simplicity. Other such hat fronts in the national collections are of
+the 2d Company, 6th Regiment; 3d Company, 6th Regiment; and 1st
+Company, 8th Regiment. The plate shown here has metal loops soldered
+to the reverse close to the edge midway between top and bottom for
+attachment to a civilian type hat by means of a ribbon or strip of
+cloth. Other such plates have hole for attachment with string.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, c. 1835-1850
+
+_USNM 60318-M (S-K 74). Figure 138._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 138]
+
+This crescent-shaped, silver-on-copper plate bears an eagle that is
+very similar in design to the one adopted by the Regular Army in 1821.
+Sometimes mistakenly identified as a gorget because of its shape, the
+crescent form of the specimen is an old South Carolina State heraldic
+device. A cap worn by the Charleston Light Dragoons after the Civil
+War, and probably before, carries a similar crescent-shaped plate,
+with the familiar palmetto tree device substituted for the eagle.[112]
+The design of the eagle, however, places this piece in the 1835-1850
+period. A silvered ornament, it may have been made originally for
+either infantry or dragoons, and must be considered a manufacturer's
+stock pattern.
+
+[Footnote 112: Illustrated in _Military Collector and Historian_
+(1951), vol. 3, no. 3, p. 59.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 60251-M (S-K 9). Figure 139._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 139]
+
+This brass, diamond-shaped plate was worn by the Washington Grays, a
+light artillery outfit of Philadelphia. Within a raised oval are a
+profile of Washington--with his shoulders draped in a toga, a
+typically neoclassic touch--and, below, the unit designation "GRAYS"
+in raised letters. A matching oval shoulder-belt plate struck from the
+same die is known.[113]
+
+[Footnote 113: See _U.S. Military Magazine_ (April 1839), pl. 5.]
+
+Many Militia units named themselves after prominent military
+personalities. There were Washington Guards, Washington Rifles,
+Jackson Artillerists, and so forth.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, NATIONAL GREYS, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 60291-M (S-K 49). Figure 140._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 140]
+
+An illustration in _U.S. Military Magazine_[114] shows this plate
+being worn by the National Greys; however, with such a nondistinctive
+center ornament as the rosette of six petals, it must surely have been
+a stock pattern sold to many different organizations. The sunburst
+proper is struck in brass, as is the rosette, and each of the rays is
+pierced at the end for attachment. The rosette is affixed with a brass
+bolt, also for attachment, which must have extended through the front
+of the cap.
+
+[Footnote 114: May 1839, pl. 7.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840-1850
+
+_USNM 60333-M (S-K 89). Figure 141._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 141]
+
+This plate is struck in very thin brass. The combination of devices in
+the design, especially of the cannon and cannon balls, indicates that
+it was probably made for Militia artillery. Its shape suggests that it
+may have been worn high on the cap front, with the sunburst serving an
+added function as a cockade of sorts. It was very probably a stock
+pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, MOUNTED TROOPS, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60319-M (S-K 75). Figure 142._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 142]
+
+From the size of this brass plate it can be assumed that it was worn
+without other ornament on the front of the round leather cap
+associated with mounted troops. The upper portion of the shield bears
+8-pointed stars, an unusual feature. The arrows in the eagle's left
+talon point inward, a characteristic of eagle representation between
+1832 and 1836. The plate is known both in brass and with silver
+finish. It was probably a stock pattern issued to both cavalry and
+mounted artillery.
+
+
+CAP EAGLE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60391-M (S-K 147). Figure 143._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 143]
+
+This brass eagle was worn in combination with backgrounds of full-,
+half-, and three-quarter sunbursts and as a single ornament on the cap
+front. The inward-pointed arrows in the left talon place it in the
+1832-1836 period. Known in both brass and silver-on-copper, it was a
+popular stock pattern sold to many units.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60381-M (S-K 137). Figure 144._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 144]
+
+Struck in copper, and silvered, this eagle, which is very similar in
+design to that prescribed for the Regular Establishment in both 1821
+and 1832, was made for Militia infantry from about 1836 to perhaps as
+late as 1851. Specimens struck in brass are also known, and the same
+eagle is found on half-sunburst backgrounds. It is quite possible that
+this is the eagle illustrated in the Huddy and Duval prints as being
+worn by both the Washington Blues of Philadelphia and the U.S. Marine
+Corps.[115]
+
+[Footnote 115: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (February 1840), pl. 28;
+(November 1840), unnumbered plate.]
+
+
+CHAPEAU ORNAMENT, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60287-M (S-K 45). Figure 145._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 145]
+
+This brass ornament is a die sample or unfinished badge. After the
+circular device was trimmed from the brass square, it would have been
+worn as an officer's chapeau ornament or as a side ornament on the
+round leather dragoon cap of the period. The four arrows in the
+eagle's left talon are unusual.
+
+
+CHAPEAU COCKADE, GENERAL OFFICER, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604962-M (S-K 1156). Figure 146._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 146]
+
+This large, round chapeau cockade with its gold embroidery and sequins
+on black-ribbed silk and its ring of 24 silver-metal stars appears to
+be identical to cockades that have been shown as being worn around
+1839 by Gen. Edmund P. Gaines and Gen. Winfield Scott[116] but without
+the added center eagle. Close examination of this cockade shows it to
+be complete, with no traces of a center eagle ever having been added.
+The 24 stars would have been appropriate at any time between 1821 and
+1836.
+
+[Footnote 116: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (May 1841), unnumbered plate;
+(March 1841), unnumbered plate.]
+
+
+CAP AND CAP PLATE, JACKSON ARTILLERISTS, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604780 (S-K 925). Figure 147._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 147]
+
+The Jackson Artillerists of Philadelphia, after the appearance of the
+regular dragoon cap plate in 1833 and the large crossed cannon of the
+regular artillery one year later, lost no time in combining these two
+devices to make their distinctive cap device.[117] It seems probable,
+however, that the plate was adopted by other artillery units and
+eventually became more or less of a stock pattern.
+
+[Footnote 117: Illustrated in _U.S. Military Magazine_ (January 1840),
+pl. 26.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS(?), C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604608-M (S-K 755). Figure 148._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 148]
+
+The Washington Grays of Philadelphia wore a diamond-shaped plate with
+a likeness of George Washington in the center (see fig. 139), but
+this plate, for some other "Washington" unit, bears his likeness in
+silver metal on a brass sunburst background. This silver outline of
+the head of Washington is also known on cartridge-box flaps of the
+period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, DIE SAMPLE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60288-M (S-K 46). Figure 149._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 149]
+
+This uncut, brass cap plate may have been a manufacturer's die strike
+sent out as a sample, with others, so that a distant Militia
+organization could select a pattern. The finished plate is known on a
+bell-crown cap of the pattern of the 1820's, but its design indicates
+that it probably should be dated after 1834 when the Regular artillery
+first adopted the crossed-cannon device. The eagle is distinctly
+similar to the one adopted by the Regulars in lieu of cap plates in
+1821, and the modified sunburst background probably was taken from the
+1833 dragoon device.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60292-M (S-K 50) Figure 150._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 150]
+
+This cap plate is a somewhat wider variation of the 1833 dragoon
+device than most of the Militia plates of that type popular in the
+late 1830's and the 1840's. While the brass sunburst has the usual
+8-pointed form, the eagle, applied to the center, is unusually small
+(1-3/8 by 1 in.) and gives every indication of having been originally
+designed as a cockade eagle at a somewhat earlier period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60274-M (S-K 32). Figure 151._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 151]
+
+This pattern of the 1833 dragoon eagle on a half-sunburst, struck in
+brass and silvered, was worn by the Washington [D.C.] Light Infantry
+[118] and possibly by other units of the period. Both the eagle and
+the half-sunburst were obviously stock items.
+
+[Footnote 118: Illustrated in _U.S. Military Magazine_ (August 1839),
+pl. 15.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, REPUBLICAN BLUES, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604606 (S-K 753). Figure 152._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 152]
+
+This silver-metal plate can be accurately identified by reading its
+devices. The center device is from the seal of the State of Georgia.
+During the period that the plate was worn, one of the best known of
+the State's Militia organizations was the Republican Blues--the "RB"
+on the plate--of Savannah.[119] The silver color of the plate also
+agrees with the other trimmings of the uniform of that unit.
+
+[Footnote 119: A volunteer Militia company known as the Republican
+Blues was organized in Savannah in 1808. From notes filed under
+"Georgia National Guard" in Organizational History and Honors Branch,
+Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army,
+Washington, D.C.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, IRISH DRAGOONS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604605 (S-K 752). Figure 153._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 153]
+
+This three-quarter-sunburst plate with the monogram "I D" applied in
+silver is identical to one on a brass-bound dragoon cap in the
+national collections carrying in its crown the label "Irish Dragoons,
+Brooklyn, N.Y." (USNM 604691, S-K 837). It is typical of the two-piece
+sunburst-type plates and was probably worn until the 1850's. The plate
+was attached by means of two looped-wire fasteners that were run
+through holes in the helmet and secured by leather thongs.
+
+
+CAP AND PLATE, LANCER TYPE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604688-M (S-K 834). Figure 154._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 154]
+
+With no regulations but their own to restrain them, Militia
+organizations designed their uniforms to suit their fancies, although
+generally following the regulations for the Regulars. This often led
+to odd and unusual cap shapes and trimmings and bindings on clothing,
+and to somewhat garish horse furniture in in some mounted units.
+
+The illustrated cap and plate is very similar to the ones worn by the
+Boston Light Infantry[120] about 1839-1840 except that the upper or
+"mortar board" portion is beige instead of red and the plate is a full
+instead of a three-quarter sunburst. The mortar board form is that
+introduced by the Polish lancers in Europe in the early years of the
+19th century and worn by most European lancer regiments of the same
+period. Lancer units in the British Army adopted this type cap in 1816
+when they were first converted from light dragoons.[121] The large,
+brass, eagle-on-sunburst plate was obviously patterned after the one
+prescribed for the Regular dragoons in 1833.
+
+[Footnote 120: Depicted in _U.S. Military Magazine_ (November 1839),
+pl. 22.]
+
+[Footnote 121: BARNES, p. 106 and pl. 2(14).]
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, INFANTRY, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60377-M (S-K 133). Figure 155._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 155]
+
+As an example of more than a dozen known variants of the eagle, this
+silver-on-copper specimen is illustrated to show the general form and
+size of Militia cockade eagles that became distinct types in the
+1830's and continued until about 1851. All such eagles were obviously
+stock patterns.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604960-M (S-K 1104). Figure 156._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 156]
+
+This gold-embroidered cockade eagle with a wreath of silver lame about
+its breast appears to have been patterned directly after the eagle on
+the 1833 Regular dragoon cap plate (see fig. 38). It possibly is one
+of a type worn by general officers of Militia. On this specimen, both
+the eye and mouth of the eagle are indicated with red thread.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604959-M (S-K 1103). Figure 157._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 157]
+
+This gold-embroidered eagle, with wings and tail of gold embroidery
+and gold sequins, was worn by staff and field officers, and possibly
+general officers, of Militia. A duplicate on an original chapeau is in
+the collections of the Maryland Historical Society in Baltimore,
+Maryland. Eagle ornaments such as this were generally centered on a
+round cloth cockade about 6 inches in diameter. The eagle's mouth is
+indicated by embroidery with red thread. Similar eagles of a smaller
+size are known on epaulets of the same period.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60451l-M (S-K 658). Figure 158._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 158]
+
+The flaming grenade, adopted by the Regulars in 1832 after long usage
+by the British and other foreign armies, was quickly adopted by the
+Militia. This specimen, of silver-on-copper, was worn as a cap plate
+either in conjunction with another device below it on the cap front or
+as a lone distinctive ornament. It cannot precisely be identified as
+an artillery plate, but since some Militia artillery units are
+definitely known to have worn silver buttons of the artillery pattern,
+such is highly probable. Also known in brass and in smaller sizes, it
+is a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604526 (S-K 673). Figure 159._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 159]
+
+Although this plate appears to be of possible French or British
+origin, close examination indicates that it is probably an American
+Militia device of the 1840's. Its looped-wire fasteners indicate that
+it is a cap plate. The design of the modified Napoleonic-type eagle is
+almost exactly that used in the 1833 Regular dragoon cap plate and
+other Militia plates; and the period of apparent manufacture coincides
+with the early use of the flaming grenade as an American device.
+Incorporating two devices common to the period, it would have been a
+stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60432-M (S-K 188). Figure 160._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 160]
+
+The 1840 button for the Ordnance Corps bears a flaming grenade over
+crossed cannon, devices that date from 1832 and 1834 respectively.
+Consequently, it seems likely that this combination emerged as a stock
+pattern for Militia artillery early in the 1840's. This specimen,
+struck from a single piece of brass, is a copy of the French artillery
+device of the same period, and, while it is believed to be American,
+it may be a foreign insignia. Confusion arises in the case of foreign
+designs, for die sinkers often used as a model either an actual
+imported badge or a scale drawing of one.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604548-M (S-K 695). Figure 161._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 161]
+
+This is a variation of the pattern of the preceding specimen in which
+silver-metal devices have been placed on a small, gilt, half-sunburst
+plate. This was probably a stock pattern available to any Militia
+organization beginning about 1840 and worn for the next 20 or 30
+years.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604533-M (S-K 680). Figure 162._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 162]
+
+The palmetto of South Carolina in outline form first appeared as a
+large cap ornament about 1840, after having been worn in smaller size
+as a cockade ornament and on the side of dragoon caps. A Huddy and
+Duval print shows it on the caps of the DeKalb Rifle Guards of Camden,
+South Carolina.[122] The illustrated specimen was worn into the
+1850's, and it is highly probable that some South Carolina troops wore
+plates such as this in the early days of the Civil War.
+
+[Footnote 122: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (August 1841), unnumbered
+plate].
+
+The palmetto was adopted as the principal heraldic device of South
+Carolina in commemoration of the defeat of Admiral Sir Peter Parker's
+fleet by the garrison of Sullivan's Island under Col. William Moultrie
+in June 1776. The defenses of the island were constructed primarily of
+palmetto logs. The devices comprising this brass plate are all taken
+from the state seal, including the mottos _Animis Opibusque Parati_
+and _Dum Spiro Spero Spes_. The date "1776" alludes to the year of
+Moultrie's victory and not to the organization date of any particular
+unit.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604532-M (S-K 679). Figure 163._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 163]
+
+Struck from a different die, with broader fronds and a wider base,
+this brass plate is of the same period as the preceding one.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60295-M (S-K 53). Figure 164._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 164]
+
+This grenadier-type plate, struck in brass, is one of the most
+beautiful examples of the die maker's art in the national collections.
+On a sunburst-over-clouds background is an eagle grasping the top of
+the Federal shield superimposed on panoply of arms and colors. The
+national motto is on a ribbon below. Certainly not from a stock
+pattern, this plate obviously was made for a specific Militia unit of
+considerable affluence. Three simple wire fasteners soldered to the
+reverse provide means of attachment.
+
+This specimen is one of the scarce examples of military plates bearing
+the maker's name "BALE," which may be seen just above the raised lower
+edge and below the "UNUM." This was probably Thomas Bale of New York
+who is first listed in New York directories, in 1832, as an engraver
+at 68 Nassau Street. The 1842 directory lists him as a die sinker at
+the same address in partnership with a Frederick B. Smith. He is last
+listed in 1851.
+
+
+CAP AND CAP PLATE, 1ST ARTILLERY, PENNSYLVANIA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604672 (S-K 819). Figure 165._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 165]
+
+The plate on this cap uses only the shield of the Pennsylvania seal
+without crest or supporters. It is surrounded at the sides and bottom
+with a wreath carrying a ribbon with the unit designation "first
+artily." Equally interesting and unusual is the small separate
+insignia at the pompon socket. It is based on the 1840 flaming grenade
+ordnance device with crossed cannon superimposed.
+
+
+COCKADE EAGLE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60394-M (S-K 150). Figure 166._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 166]
+
+This eagle is of a rather odd design, and the five arrows in its left
+talon is an even more unusual variation. It is believed to be a
+cockade eagle because of its form and size, but it may well have been
+used elsewhere on the person as a piece of uniform insignia.
+
+
+CHAPEAU COCKADE, STATE FENCIBLES (PENNSYLVANIA), C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60259-M (S-K 17). Figure 167._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 167]
+
+The State Fencibles of Philadelphia were originally organized as "Sea
+Fencibles" in 1812 for duty at the port of Philadelphia. This cockade,
+with brass eagle, was first worn about 1840 and it continued in use
+for many years thereafter. Dates incorporated as parts of devices are
+generally the original organizational dates of the units concerned--as
+is the case in this instance--and bear no necessary relation to the
+age of the badges. Some Militia cap plates bear the date "1776," and
+there are waist-belt plates bearing organization dates of 100 years
+earlier than the dates at which the plates were made.
+
+
+¶ The transition to composite plates in the late 1830's was a
+tremendous step forward in the field of military ornament. Handsome
+insignia could be manufactured less expensively and individual units
+were able to have plates distinctive to themselves at relatively low
+cost; however, only gold and silver colors could be used. In the
+mid-1840's there was introduced a new manufacturing technique which
+opened this field even wider. In this innovation, various stock
+patterns were struck with a round center as a part of the design. In
+either the initial strike, or a second, this round center was punched
+out, leaving a hole. Then pieces of colored leather or painted tin,
+carrying distinctive numerals, letters, monograms, or other devices
+were affixed to the reverse of the plate, in effect filling the hole.
+Although this added a step in manufacture, it permitted the
+incorporation of bright colors, which added zest and sparkle to the
+finished product. Such plates remained popular until the 1890's, and a
+few are still worn on the full-dress caps of some units. This type of
+insignia came into use at the time when many of the independent
+companies of the larger states, such as New York and Pennsylvania,
+were starting to become elements of regiments and brigades within the
+over-all Militia structure of the state, thus the use of distinctive
+numbers and/or letters on the badges. Many of these units, however,
+retained their original designation[123] and continued to wear
+insignia distinctive to themselves on full-dress uniforms.
+
+[Footnote 123: _New York Military Magazine_ (June 26, 1841), vol. 1,
+no. 3, p. 45.]
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1845-1850
+
+_USNM 604559-M (S-K 706). Figure 168._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 168]
+
+The first of the stock patterns, with basic wreath and 8-pointed
+starlike sunburst, has the numeral "1" on black leather as a center
+device. Other specimens in the national collections have single
+numerals, single letters, branch of service devices, and state coats
+of arms. This plate, and those following, were worn through the 1850's
+on the dress cap copied after the pattern adopted for the Regular
+Establishment in 1851. It is struck in brass.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 1845-1850
+
+_USNM 604617-M (S-K 764). Figure 169._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 169]
+
+This stock pattern, in brass, is very definitely military in
+composition, employing cannon and flag-staff spearheads radiating from
+a beaded center and superimposed on a sunburst background. The metal
+letter "1" is backed with black leather.
+
+
+CAP AND CAP PLATE, ALBANY BURGESSES CORPS, C. 1851
+
+_USNM 604681-M (S-K 827). Figure 170._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 170]
+
+This unusually ornate and distinctive plate is that of the Albany [New
+York] Burgesses Corps that was founded, as stated on the plate itself,
+October 8, 1833. The arms and the motto "ASSIDUITY", appearing above
+the ribbon with the letters "A B C," are those of the city of Albany.
+
+
+CAP AND CAP PLATE, RIFLES, C. 1851
+
+_USNM 604666-M (S-K 813). Figure 171._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 171]
+
+The original buttons on the sides of this cap have the eagle with the
+letter "R" (used by both Regulars and Militia) on the shield. The
+brass plate proper, however, includes no device indicative of any
+particular branch of service; combining flags and a Federal shield
+surmounted by an eagle, it may well have been a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1850(?)
+
+_USNM 604551 (S-K 698). Figure 172._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 172]
+
+The type and form of this eagle plate give no clue to its age, or to
+the identity of the unit that wore it other than the numeral "1" in
+the eagle's beak and the letter "E" in the shield. It is a type more
+apt to have been made about 1850 than later. The eagle is struck in
+brass, and the stippled inner portion of the shield, product of a
+separate strike, is soldered in place; thus, the plate proper must be
+considered a stock pattern.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, C. 1850(?)
+
+_USNM 604552-M (S-K 699). Figure 173._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 173]
+
+A companion piece to the preceding plate, this specimen differs in
+that the letters "R G" and their stippled background are struck
+integrally with the plate proper--indicating that two dies were
+combined for a single strike--and in that the shield, ribbon, and
+numeral "1" have been silvered.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, 10TH REGIMENT, MASSACHUSETTS VOLUNTEER MILITIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60358-M (S-K 114). Figure 174._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 174]
+
+This plate is of a type form worn on Militia dress caps prior to the
+Civil War. There is little doubt that plates such as this continued in
+use for several decades after their initial appearance. This brass
+specimen, surmounted by elements of the Massachusetts seal, is struck
+as a stock pattern for Massachusetts troops with the center left
+blank. The numeral "10" is applied to a black-painted metal disk
+affixed with simple wire fasteners.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, GEORGIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604545-M (S-K 692). Figure 175._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 175]
+
+This plate and the one following are of Militia types worn on caps in
+the 1850's and perhaps earlier. Such plates are known to have been in
+use with little or no change almost to the present day on military
+school dress shakos and dress caps worn by some National Guard units.
+The plate proper, which is of brass, is the well-known half-sunburst
+device so popular in the 1830's and 1840's. The Georgia state seal,
+also in brass, is applied with wire fasteners. The plate is dated
+later than a similar one of the Republican Blues (fig. 152) because of
+the "feel" of the piece and the fact that it cannot be ascribed to a
+particular unit whose existence can be dated.
+
+
+CAP PLATE, VIRGINIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604547-M (S-K 694). Figure 176._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 176]
+
+This plate differs from the preceding one only in that it substitutes
+the coat of arms of Virginia for that of Georgia. The backgrounds,
+although very similar, are products of different dies.
+
+
+Shoulder-Belt and Waist-Belt Plates
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, 1ST MARINE ARTILLERY, 1813
+
+_USNM 60323-M (S-K 79). Figure 177._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 177]
+
+Undoubtedly one of the most interesting of all the Militia plates of
+the War of 1812 period is this rectangular one worn by John S. Stiles
+of (as indicated by the engraving) the "First Marine Artillery of the
+Union." Engraved in brass, it bears an unusual combination of military
+and naval devices--the familiar eagle-on-cannon of the Regular
+artillery and the eagle with oval shield that appears on naval
+officers' buttons of the period.[124] Actually, the devices befit the
+character of the organization. The following quotation from _Niles
+Weekly Register_ of Baltimore, June 26, 1813, tells something of the
+unit:
+
+     The First Marine Artillery of the Union, an association of the
+     masters and mates of vessels in Baltimore, about 170 strong all
+     told, assembled on Sunday last and proceeded to the Rev. Mr.
+     Glendy's church in full uniform, where they received an address
+     suited to the occasion; which, as usual, done honor to the head
+     and heart to the reverend orator. We cannot pass over this
+     pleasant incident without observing that the members of this
+     invaluable corps are they who, of all other classes of society,
+     feel the burthens and privations of the war.
+
+[Footnote 124: JOHNSON, vol. 1, pp. 40, 74.]
+
+Obviously, this organization was one of the state fencible units
+enlisted for defense only, but little else is known about it. In 1814
+there was in Baltimore, a Corps of Marine Artillery commanded by a
+Capt. George Stiles. The roster of this unit, however, does not
+include the name John S. Stiles. Other records do indicate that a Lt.
+John S. Stiles commanded a section of the Baltimore Union Artillery at
+the Battle of North Point in 1814.[125] It is probable that John
+Stiles, originally a member of the 1st Marine Artillery of the Union
+had transferred his commission to the Baltimore Union Artillery.
+
+[Footnote 125: SWANSON, pp. 253, 382.]
+
+
+¶ An example of Militia officers' shoulder-belt plates of the period
+1812-1816 is a solid silver oval plate (fig. 178) engraved with an
+eagle and elements of the arms of Massachusetts within a shield
+suspended from the eagle's neck. Being silver, the plate probably was
+worn by infantry or possibly dragoons. Many such plates were locally
+made, as was this one, and examination of a number of specimens gives
+reason to believe that many were made by rolling out large silver
+coins into thin ovals, which were then engraved and fitted with
+fasteners on the reverse. The fasteners on all pieces studied indicate
+that the plates were intended to be ornamental rather than functional.
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 178.--Specimen in Campbell collection.]
+
+In the Pennsylvania State Museum there is a similar oval plate that
+was worn by Col. Philip Spengler of that State's Militia in 1812-1816.
+Ornamented with an eagle, with the initials "PS" within an oval below,
+it generally follows the construction of the illustrated plate,
+differing only slightly in size. Since plates of this general type
+were made locally by hand, each is unique in itself. Identification
+must depend upon an interpretation of the devices engraved on the
+face. The initials of the officer for whom the plate was made are
+often included.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1812
+
+_USNM 604310-M (S-K 466). Figure 179._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 179]
+
+A second example of a Militia officer's plate is this engraved brass
+specimen with the design placed along the longer axis of the oval.
+Since there probably were many "Volunteer Rifle Companies," it is
+impossible to determine precisely which one wore this plate. The
+initials of the officer may be read either "I. B." or "J. B.," for
+many of the early-19th-century engravers used the forms of the letters
+"I" and "J" interchangeably. The two small hooks on the reverse
+indicate that the plate was for a shoulder belt rather than for a
+waist belt, and that it was ornamental rather than functional.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT BUCKLE, C. 1812(?)
+
+_USNM 60325-M (S-K 81). Figure 180._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 180]
+
+This brass buckle, obviously made for a sword hanger, has an eagle in
+flight above, a 13-star flag below, and four 5-pointed stars on either
+side. The spearhead on the pike of the flag is definitely of military
+design, and, in the absence of nautical devices in the engraving, the
+buckle must be considered an army item.
+
+
+ORNAMENTED WAIST-BELT PLATE, 1812-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 604121-M (S-K 278). Figure 181._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 181]
+
+Cast in silver and then carefully finished, this rectangular plate
+with beveled edge is one of the most ornate and beautiful known. In
+the center is an officer's marquee with an eagle, wings spread,
+perched on top. In front of the marquee are a field piece with bombs,
+cannon balls, and drum; the whole on grassy ground and superimposed on
+a trophy of colors and bayonetted muskets. The canton of one color
+has, instead of stars, an eagle with a shield on its breast and a
+ribbon in its beak. It has been suggested that the eagle-in-canton
+flag would tend to date the piece after 1820 when many Militia units
+had the design in its colors;[126] however, flags of such design are
+known to have been used as early as the last year of the
+Revolution.[127] In addition, the "feel" of the specimen is early, and
+it is included here as a possible Militia dragoon officer's plate
+since the dragoons of the War of 1812 period generally wore their
+swords attached to a waist belt rather than to a shoulder belt.
+
+[Footnote 126: The national collections contain several such Militia
+colors.]
+
+[Footnote 127: See WALL.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60449-M (S-K 205). Figure 182._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 182]
+
+This plate is typical of the early waist-belt plates, which generally
+were more square than rectangular. It bears the over-all design of the
+1814-1821 series of "common" cap plates. Struck in copper and
+silvered, it would have been appropriate for either infantry or
+dragoons, as both wore "white metal" trimmings during this period.
+There are as many die variations known for this type belt plate as for
+the matching cap plates.
+
+The wide latitude allowed officers in selecting their own insignia
+makes it quite possible that this design was worn by some officers of
+the Regular Establishment, particularly those in the high-numbered
+regiments, which were organized during the course of the War of 1812.
+A third use of this basic design is indicated by a museum specimen at
+Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y.: cut into its outline form, it was worn on the
+side of Militia dragoon caps.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, INFANTRY, 1814-1825(?)
+
+_USNM 60451-M (S-K 207). Figure 183._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 183]
+
+This brass plate is one of several similar examples made of both brass
+and silvered copper that differ only in small die variations and the
+use of either 5-pointed or 6-pointed stars. The arc of 17 stars in
+this specimen may or may not be significant, because there were 17
+states in the Union from 1802 until 1812 when Louisiana was admitted.
+Not until 1816 did the 19th state, Indiana, come into the Union. After
+thinking in terms of and working with 17 stars for a 10-year period,
+die sinkers may well have overlooked the inclusion of a star for
+Louisiana. Buttons for the Regular rifles made after 1812 but before
+1821 show an arc of 17 stars.[128] As in the case of the preceding
+plate, there is a good possibility that this one was worn by Regular
+officers in 1814-1821. It is also probable that the pattern was made
+and sold to Militia for many years after 1821.
+
+[Footnote 128: JOHNSON, vol. 1, pp. 61.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MILITIA ARTILLERY, C. 1821-1840(?)
+
+_USNM 60453-M (S-K 209). Figure 184._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 184]
+
+While this plate could have been worn by an officer of the Regular
+artillery in the period 1814-1821 when uniform regulations were vague
+and seldom enforced, it is more probable that it was a Militia item of
+about 1821-1835. The reason for this is that the eagle-on-cannon
+device was adopted quickly by Militia units when it was discarded by
+the Regulars in 1821, and the over-all design of the plate itself
+follows the pattern adopted by the Regulars in 1821 (see fig. 68).
+Several artillery organizations of the Massachusetts Militia wore the
+discarded button pattern (eagle-on-cannon with the word "CORPS" below)
+until the 1840's,[129] and this plate would have been an ideal match.
+
+[Footnote 129: JOHNSON, vol. 1, pp. 161, 162.]
+
+The whole is cast in brass, the inner ring rather crudely so. The
+outer ring is embossed with zig-zag fretwork enclosing a circle of
+5-pointed stars; the rectangular belt attachments have a floral
+design.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MAINE, C. 1821
+
+_USNM 604123 (S-K 279). Figure 185._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 185]
+
+This plate, struck in copper, contains the basic devices of the State
+of Maine seal enclosed by a curled ribbon border embellished with
+5-pointed stars. The specimen is more square than rectangular, a
+characteristic of waist-belt plates of the early 1800's. It was
+probably worn by Maine Militia no later than the 1820's, possibly a
+few years earlier. The method of attachment also is indicative of this
+early period: the heavy vertical wire is brazed to one end of the
+reverse, and the L-shaped tongue to the other. This plate obviously
+was a stock pattern.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60329-M (S-K 85). Figure 186._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 186]
+
+This plate, cast in brass, is typical of the small plates, both round
+and rectangular, that were worn with light-weight, full-dress staff
+swords. It is an example of the early, hand-made, bench-assembled
+types. The outer ring carries the wreath typical of the period, while
+the inner ring carries the eagle with its head to the right, shield on
+breast, arrows in left talon, and olive branch in right talon. The
+whole lies within a ring of 13 5-pointed stars; the uppermost five
+stars are mixed with a sunburst rising from the eagle's wings.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1821(?)-1830
+
+_USNM 60466-M (S-K 222). Figure 187._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 187]
+
+This brass, bench-assembled plate is similar to the Regular artillery
+belt plate of 1816 (fig. 56) in that the design on the inner ring is
+struck with a series of separate hand-held dies on a piece of blank
+round stock. The floral design on the belt attachments is cast. In
+many of the early bench-made plates, the final assemblyman marked the
+matching pairs so that they could readily be re-paired after buffing
+and plating. In this specimen, each ring bears the numeral XXVIII.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60467-M (S-K 223). Figure 188._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 188]
+
+This plate, with the center ring struck in medium brass and the belt
+attachment cast, was worn by Militia of New York State, as indicated
+by the eagle-on-half-globe device taken from that state's seal. Of
+brass, it is assigned to the artillery. The quality of the belt to
+which it is attached and the ornateness of the plate itself indicate
+that it was made for an officer. The left-hand belt attachment is
+missing.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1830
+
+_USNM 60470-M (S-K 226). Figure 189._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 189]
+
+This small, cast-brass plate is another example of the plates made for
+social or full-dress wear with the light-weight staff sword. The
+design on the inner ring is unusual in that the eagle, with upraised
+wings, is standing on the Federal shield. The plate is a bench-made
+product, with the inner and outer rings bearing the numeral VII. It
+was very probably a stock pattern for officers.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 60414-M (S-K 300). Figure 190._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 190]
+
+Rather unusual in construction, this small silver-on-copper
+rectangular plate was struck in thin metal. Two broad tongues, for
+attachment to a belt, are inserted in the rear; and the reverse is
+filled with lead to imbed the fasteners. The eagle design is very
+similar to the one prescribed for the caps of the Regular
+Establishment in 1821, although somewhat reduced in size. The general
+lack of finish and polish in construction indicates that the specimen
+was probably the product of an inexperienced and small-scale
+manufacturer.
+
+
+OFFICER'S WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1837
+
+_USNM 60326-M (S-K 82). Figure 191._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 191]
+
+This unusually large plate, which is struck in medium brass and with
+the edges crimped over a heavier piece of brass backing, is believed
+to be an officer's plate because of its size, gilt finish, and
+over-all ornate design. Within a floral and star pattern border, the
+specimen is dominated by an eagle, on a sunburst background, that
+holds in its left talon five arrows with points inward; above are 25
+stars and an edge of clouds above. Arrows held with points inward are
+usually considered indicative of the general period 1832-1836. If the
+number of stars is of any significance, such dating would be correct,
+as the canton of the National Colors contained 25 stars from 1836 to
+1837. The central design used without the border is also known in
+smaller, more standard sized plates. The design is a stock pattern.
+This type plate is also known in both brass and silver.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, WASHINGTON GRAYS, C. 1835
+
+_USNM 604348-M (S-K 504). Figure 192._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 192]
+
+This may well be a companion piece to the diamond-shaped cap plate
+ascribed to the Washington Greys[130] of Philadelphia (see fig. 139).
+In any case, the two appear to have been struck from the same die. It
+may also have been worn by the Washington Greys of Reading,
+Pennsylvania, or by another company of the same designation. The
+specimen is struck in thin brass with a tin backing applied before the
+strike and the edges crimped over the reverse. Three soldered
+copper-wire staples provide means of attachment.
+
+[Footnote 130: The spelling of "Grays" may or may not be significant.
+A Huddy and Duval print of the Washington Greys in _U.S. Military
+Magazine_ (April 1839, pl. 5) used "Greys" in the title and "Grays" on
+an ammunition box in the same print.]
+
+
+¶ Militia organizations generally modeled their uniforms rather
+closely on those of the Regular Establishment; of course, there were
+certain exceptions, notably the flamboyant Zouave units. However, the
+Militia often added additional trimmings that gave the "gay and gaudy"
+touch for which they were noted. Following the example of the
+Regulars, the Militia adopted coat-skirt ornaments almost immediately
+after their appearance in 1832. They used the regulation flaming
+grenades, open and looped horns, and 5-and 6-pointed stars, but in
+both gold and silver on varicolored backgrounds and in a wide variety
+of sizes. They also used a number of peculiarly Militia forms, such as
+crossed-cannon, elements of state seals, and devices peculiar to
+specific units.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, ARTILLERY, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604961-M (S-K 1105). Figure 193._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 193]
+
+Typical of Militia coat-skirt ornaments is this pair of crossed cannon
+devices for Militia artillery. They are of gold embroidery on a
+background of black velvet. Similar pairs in the national collections
+are embroidered in silver. The Regular artillery never wore the
+crossed cannon device on the skirt of the coat; so used, it was
+exclusively a Militia ornament.
+
+
+COAT-SKIRT ORNAMENT, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1836
+
+_USNM 604963 (S-K 1107). Figure 194._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 194]
+
+Another coat-skirt ornament with an even more distinctly Militia touch
+is this small palmetto tree of gold embroidery, with sequins, on
+black wool cloth. As the palmetto tree is the basic device of the
+South Carolina seal (see pp. 81 and 83), this specimen must be
+attributed to the Militia of that state.
+
+
+¶ Most Militia cartridge-box plates made in the decade after 1841 were
+oval, following the pattern of the Regulars. While a few of these
+varied from the prescribed sizes, most were almost identical in both
+size and shape to those of the Regular Establishment, but with
+strictly Militia ornamentation. The exact years in which these plates
+were produced cannot be determined, but it is reasonably sure that
+they were supplied to Militia for some years prior to the opening of
+the Civil War. Not included here are similar types known to have been
+made for units born of the war as the Pennsylvania Fire Zouaves,
+Pennsylvania Home Guard, Pennsylvania Reserve Brigade, and the Ohio
+Volunteer Militia. Cartridge-box and waist-belt plates often are
+identical except for the methods of attachment. The plates for
+cartridge boxes have two wire loops imbedded in the backing (see fig.
+90), while those for waist belts have one or two round, or sometimes
+arrowheaded, prongs on one side of the reverse, and with a narrow
+tongue on the opposite side bent parallel to the plane of the plate
+(see fig. 91).
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, C. 1841
+
+_USNM 60400-M (S-K 156). Figure 195._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 195]
+
+This brass, oval cartridge-box plate, with its eagle on a panoply of
+arms and colors, closely matches in size the 1841 Regular cavalry's
+plates for carbine cartridge boxes and the infantry's waist belts.
+Although plates of this design were worn as waist-belt plates, the two
+looped-wire fasteners on the reverse of this specimen clearly indicate
+its use on a cartridge box. This was undoubtedly a stock pattern. An
+oil painting of Capt. George Bumm, Pennsylvania State Artillery, c.
+1840, shows the subject wearing a waist-belt plate of this same
+design.[131]
+
+[Footnote 131: _Old Print Shop Folio_, p. 216.]
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, C. 1841
+
+_USNM 60401-M (S-K 157). Figure 196._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 196]
+
+Slightly smaller than the preceding specimen, this brass plate bears
+the eagle design popular from 1821 to 1851. Fitted with looped-wire
+fasteners, it would have been a stock pattern for cartridge boxes.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX PLATE, MAINE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60354-M (S-K 606). Figure 197._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 197]
+
+A frequently misidentified plate is this brass-struck, lead-filled
+oval with the raised letters "VMM" for Volunteer Maine Militia. It is
+also known in a smaller size. The reverse is fitted with the two
+looped-wire fasteners normal to such plates.
+
+Other prewar oval plates bearing raised letters are known for the
+Alabama Volunteer Corps (AVC), North Carolina (NC), South Carolina
+(SC), State of New York (SNY), and New Hampshire State Militia (NHSM).
+Many such plates recently have been reproduced for sale, and more
+probably will be made if a market is created. Thus, all plates of
+this general type should be cautiously considered.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, DIE SAMPLE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60354-M (S-K 110). Figure 198._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 198]
+
+One of the more unusual forms of the militant eagle used on ornaments
+is shown on this brass die sample for a waist-belt plate. The eagle,
+with fierce mien and wings outspread, stands high on a craggy ledge.
+An example of an untold number of odd and unusual pieces of insignia,
+this specimen is unidentified as to unit or area of intended use. It
+may well have been designed for use as a stock pattern.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, RIFLEMEN, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604103-M (S-K 259). Figure 199._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 199]
+
+A stock pattern, this plate is struck in brass with the open-horn
+device of riflemen, which has been previously discussed. Wire
+fasteners are on the reverse. Although the outer ring of the plate is
+missing, it was probably decorated with a wreath, a common form in the
+1830's and 1840's.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CHARLESTOWN ARTILLERY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604385-M (S-K 532). Figure 200._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 200]
+
+This 2-piece, brass-cast plate was worn by members of a Charlestown,
+Massachusetts, unit. The date "1786," as on nearly all dated pieces
+of insignia, refers to the date of original organization of the unit.
+The design of the plate is typical of early- to mid-Victorian taste.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60497-M (S-K 253). Figure 201._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 201]
+
+Bearing elements of the seal of the State of Massachusetts, this plate
+likely was a stock pattern sold to many officers. In construction, it
+is a composite piece similar to the plate for officers of the Corps of
+Topographical Engineers (see fig. 87 and p. 45) with the device
+applied to the inner oval. Because of its unusually striking
+appearance, it would have been a most appropriate type for staff and
+field officers, and possibly general officers.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604126-M (S-K 282). Figure 202._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 202]
+
+This plate, struck in poor-quality, medium-weight brass, is of a stock
+pattern bearing the eagle-on-half-globe device and the motto
+"Excelsior" from the New York State seal superimposed on a panoply of
+arms and colors. This type of belt plate, with the device on the inner
+panel and a wreath between the inner and outer borders, is most
+characteristic of the 1840's. More than ten different plates are known
+that vary only as to the design of the inner panel; some contain New
+York State heraldic devices, and others contain variants of the usual
+eagle design of the period.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, PHILADELPHIA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604390 (S-K 537). Figure 203._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 203]
+
+The devices on this cast-brass plate comprise the arms of the City of
+Philadelphia, and its form and pattern, especially the floral design
+of the outer ring, place it in the 1840's. The piece is bench-made and
+carries on the reverse many marks of the file used in its final
+assembly. It must be considered a stock pattern.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604241-M (S-K 397). Figure 204._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 204]
+
+Somewhat larger than many plates of the period, this brass specimen
+carries the South Carolina palmetto device. Such plates also were
+struck in copper and silver plated. It obviously was a stock pattern
+sold to several different units. The rectangular plate with the
+vine-patterned border was a stock pattern in itself, with many
+different devices being added in the center as ordered. This is one of
+the many pieces of insignia too often called Confederate but which
+ante-date the Civil War by almost two decades.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604388-M (S-K 535). Figure 205._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 205]
+
+The eagle device on this silver-on-copper specimen closely resembles
+that on the cap plate of the First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry
+(USNM 604964-M) and may possibly be the matching belt-plate worn by
+that organization. Such an eagle, however, would have been a stock
+pattern of the manufacturer, and sold to many different units. A very
+unusual aspect of this particular eagle are the three arrows held in
+the left talon: two of them point inward, the third outward.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604106-M (S-K 262). Figure 206._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 206]
+
+Although members of the artillery of the Regular Establishment wore
+the crossed-cannon device on their shakos, they never wore it on
+waist- or shoulder-belt plates. Thus, this cast-brass plate must have
+been a stock pattern sold to many Militia units. The outer ring is
+missing.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604107-M (S-K 263). Figure 207._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 207]
+
+This specimen, roughly cast in brass and gilded, is unusual because
+the Militia rarely used the letters "U S" on any of its equipment. The
+pattern does not conform to anything prescribed for Regulars and the
+quality does not come up to standards required by the Regular
+Establishment; hence it must have been worn by Militia. It would have
+been a stock pattern. There is the possibility that it might have been
+worn by diplomatic personnel, but its poor quality makes this
+unlikely.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604387-M (S-K 534). Figure 208._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 208]
+
+The over-all design of this plate, which is cast roughly in brass and
+gilded, reflects the growing ornateness of the Victorian era.
+Obviously a stock pattern, it would have suited the fancy of several
+units and cannot be identified further than "for Militia." The design
+of the eagle is unusual in that three arrows are carried in the right
+talon--although it is possible that this is intended to reflect the
+belligerency inherent in the period of the War with Mexico--and there
+is a single large star in the canton of the Federal shield.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604458-M (S-K 605). Figure 209._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 209]
+
+The generalities that apply to all "stock pattern" insignia are
+equally valid in referring to this brass-struck plate with a 5-pointed
+star as its sole ornament. Dating its period of design poses no
+difficulty, for it contains the panel with wreath inside an edging
+border characteristic of the 1840's. The star device would have been
+appropriate for Militia units of Maine ("North Star"), Texas ("Lone
+Star"), or for dragoon units that took the star as a distinctive
+insignia. Although it may have been worn by Texans, it is doubtful
+that it was made originally for them. The design enjoyed a long life,
+and plates of this general pattern were struck well into the 1880's.
+The major difference between earlier and later specimens is that the
+early ones were struck on rather heavy sheets of copper-colored brass,
+with fasteners consisting of a tongue and heavy wire loops brazed to
+the reverse. The later plates have a bright brassy color, are struck
+on thin brass, and have the loop and tongue soldered rather than
+brazed.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604108-M (S-K 264). Figure 210._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 210]
+
+The lack of a mane on the beast on this plate marks it as a tiger. The
+best known and most affluent Militia organization with the nickname
+"Tigers" was the Boston Light Infantry, although a number of others
+also were so-called. The craftsmanship and general elegance of this
+gold-plated brass specimen suggests that it was worn by an officer,
+though an occasional volunteer company was so richly endowed that all
+its members, officers and enlisted men alike, wore expensive devices.
+The bench-assembled manufacturing technique, gaudy embellishment, and
+lack of a distinct Victorian touch date the piece about 1840. The
+tiger's head is applied.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604104-M (S-K 260). Figure 211._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 211]
+
+The full-flowing mane on the beast on this plate identifies it as a
+lion. The device would have been appropriate for wear by the Albany
+Burgesses Corps, which, when founded in 1833, almost immediately
+adopted the lion's head as its distinctive insignia. The unit
+continued to wear this plate for about half a century. While that
+unit's cap plate (fig. 170) is much more formal and is without a
+lion's head, its buttons contain the lion--with head turned to
+half-right--as a principal ornament. While it is probable that the
+original die for this cast-brass plate was sunk for the Albany
+organization, the manufacturer would not have hesitated to offer it
+for sale to any interested Militia unit.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 60479-M (S-K 235). Figure 212._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 212]
+
+The raised letters "W G" on this cast-brass and gilded plate would
+have been suitable for many Militia units of the period. We can only
+suggest that it may have been worn by members of a "Washington Greys"
+or "Washington Guard" from Pennsylvania or New York. A round plate
+with an outer wreath would have been more appropriate for officers
+than for enlisted personnel.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, WASHINGTON GREYS, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604137-M (S-K 293). Figure 213._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 213]
+
+The waist-belt plates shown in the _U.S. Military Magazine_[132] for
+the Washington Greys of Philadelphia and Reading, Pennsylvania, while
+indistinct, are definitely not of this pattern. Thus, this brass plate
+with its sunken letters filled with black enamel must have been worn
+by yet a third unit with such a name. Additional specimens in the
+national collections have the company letters "G" and "K."
+
+[Footnote 132: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 10.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604294-M (S-K 450). Figure 214._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 214]
+
+This oval, convex, brass plate, with two studs and a hook soldered to
+the reverse for attachment, very probably was originally a
+shoulder-belt plate. The letters "W L G" incised on the obverse are
+very patently the added work of an engraver of no great talent. The
+letters doubtless stand for Washington Light Guard, and, since there
+were several Militia units of that designation, it seems possible that
+one of the less affluent units bought the plates and had them engraved
+locally.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CITY GUARDS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604386-M (S-K 533). Figure 215._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 215]
+
+There were City Guards in Charleston, South Carolina, New York City,
+Philadelphia, and possibly in other places. Thus it is impossible to
+determine just which of these units wore this cast-brass plate. The
+ornamented outer oval is typical of the 1840's.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NATIONAL GUARD, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60206-M. Figure 216._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 216]
+
+A number of Militia units carried the designation "National Guard."
+The unit that used this particular plate was from New Jersey, for
+scratched on the reverse is "Sergeant O. Clinton, October 9th, 1851,
+1st Reg Hudson Brigade, NJSM"; However, the adjutant general, State of
+New Jersey, was unable to give any information on such an
+organization. The specimen is cut from rolled brass with sunken
+letters filled with black enamel.
+
+
+¶ Shoulder-belt plates underwent the same transition as cap plates did
+beginning about 1837-1838, with the single die strike plate yielding
+to the composite plate, and applied devices being attached to oval,
+rectangular, or rectangular "clipped corner" plates. While some single
+die plates were made and worn after 1840, no composite types that
+predate 1835 are known. The following group of shoulder-belt plates
+are typical of those that first appeared about 1840. Of these, several
+continued unchanged through the Civil War and into the 1870's and
+1880's.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604341-M (S-K 497). Figure 217._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 217]
+
+This unusually large, oval, brass plate with the letters "C G" in
+silver applied with wire fasteners is another of that sizable group of
+lettered insignia that cannot be attributed definitely to a particular
+organization. The "C G" may stand variously for City Guard, Cleveland
+Greys, Charleston Guard, or some other organization. With a stock of
+oval and rectangular blanks and a set of lettering and number-cutting
+dies, an almost limitless combination of plates could be turned out by
+a single manufacturer.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604470-M (S-K 617). Figure 218._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 218]
+
+The basic form of this brass plate--with one of the many variations of
+the seal of the State of New York[133] applied with wire fasteners--is
+a copy, with minor changes, of the bevelled plate prescribed for the
+Regular Establishment in 1839. Distinctly an officer's plate, it would
+have been appropriate for artillery or staff.
+
+[Footnote 133: ZIEBER, p. 166.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604331-M (S-K 487). Figure 219._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 219]
+
+This composite plate, struck in brass, has a bevelled, rectangular
+base almost identical to the base of the 1839 regulation plate (see
+fig. 86). The design consists of a silvered center ornament comprising
+a trophy of flags, a sword, and a liberty pole surmounted by a wreath
+of laurel inclosing fasces and a Federal shield with 26 stars in its
+canton. This silver ornament is applied with four simple wire
+fasteners rather than soldered. Since the sun rays in the background
+radiate outward not from the center but from the edge of a circle
+about 1-1/2 inches in diameter, almost any desired center ornament
+could have been added to the basic strike, or the plate could be
+struck a second time to add a device integral to it. Thus the
+background portion of the specimen must be considered a stock pattern.
+A print of the National Guards of Philadelphia in _U.S. Military
+Magazine_ for October 1841 shows an officer wearing a similar plate.
+If the stars are significant, the plate can be dated between 1837 and
+1845.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604471-M (S-K 618). Figure 220._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 220]
+
+In this plate, the center ornament used in the preceding specimen has
+been struck directly in a rectangular, bevelled background. However,
+the background of this plate has a stippled surface rather than a
+sunburst. An interesting feature is that there are four slots punched
+through the plate for the attachment of an additional device over the
+wreath and shield. This is another of the many examples of how a unit
+might have an insignia distinctive to itself at little extra cost.
+This plate is obviously of a stock pattern. The national collections
+also contain a die sample of this particular plate.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604472-M (S-K 619). Figure 221._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 221]
+
+Another example of the rectangular, bevelled-edged, shoulder-belt
+plate for officers is this brass-cast copy of the 1839 Regular Army
+pattern with the wire-fastened letters "S V G" substituted for "U. S."
+The specimen bears a touchmark "W. Pinchin Philad" on the reverse (see
+p. 33). The unit for which this plate was made is unidentified.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT(?) PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604394-M (S-K 541). Figure 222._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 222]
+
+The silver letters "S F" applied with wire fasteners to the small
+brass plate are most appropriate for the State Fencibles of
+Philadelphia, and it is believed to have possibly been worn by that
+unit in the 1840's. A print in the _U.S. Military Magazine_[134]
+portraying this unit shows an officer wearing a plate of an entirely
+different design, but since a plate in this simple form would most
+probably have been worn by enlisted personnel, and the soldier in the
+print is to be seen only from the rear, such identification as to unit
+may be correct.
+
+[Footnote 134: March 1839, pl. 2.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, BOSTON LIGHT INFANTRY, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604339-M (S-K 495). Figure 223._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 223]
+
+This unusually large silver-on-copper plate with its brass letters "B
+L I", "1798", and brass tiger's head is attributed to the Boston Light
+Infantry. The applied devices are attached with simple wire fasteners.
+The date 1798 is believed to be the year of the original organization
+of the unit, but the adjutant general of the Commonwealth of
+Massachusetts was unable to verify this.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK LIGHT GUARD, C. 1840
+
+_USNM. 604351-M (S-K 507). Figure 224._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 224]
+
+The _New York Military Magazine_ provides us with a strong clue in
+identifying this clipped-corner, bevelled-edged brass plate with a
+silver-on-copper tiger's head applied. In a sketch of the Light Guard
+of New York it is related that, following a visit in 1836 to the
+Boston Light Infantry, members of the company "adopted, as part of
+their uniform, a silver tiger's head, to be placed on the breast
+plate, as a further memento of the spirited and elegant corps whose
+guests they had been."[135] This specimen is in agreement with that
+description.
+
+[Footnote 135: _New York Military Magazine_ (1841), vol. 1, p. 118.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, DRAGOONS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604352-M (S-K 508). Figure 225._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 225]
+
+An unusual manufacturing technique was used in making this plate. It
+was struck in very heavy brass about 1/16 inch thick and the whole
+tinned; then, all the tin on the obverse, except that on the crested
+helmet device, was buffed away, giving the center ornament the
+appearance of having been silvered. The specimen obviously was made
+for a particular mounted unit, designation unknown. An interesting
+detail is the letter "A" on the half-sunburst plate of the dragoon
+helmet device.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604350-M (S-K 506). Figure 226._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 226]
+
+This plate, which is of brass with a cast, white-metal likeness of
+Washington applied with wire fasteners, may well have belonged to
+either the Washington Greys of Philadelphia or the unit of the same
+designation of Reading, Pennsylvania. Prints of these two
+organizations in _U.S. Military Magazine_[136] show profiles on the
+shoulder-belts plates, although the plate of the Reading unit is
+depicted as being oval.
+
+[Footnote 136: April 1839, pl. 5; June 1839, pl. 10.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604337-M (S-K 493). Figure 227._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 227]
+
+This brass plate with its wire-applied devices obviously belonged to
+an Irish-group Militia unit. The Huddy and Duval print of the Hibernia
+Greens of Philadelphia[137] definitely depicts an Irish harp on both
+the shoulder-belt plate and the cap plate, but the motto "ERIN GO
+BRAGH" is not included. The specimen would have been suitable for
+several Militia organizations, such as the Irish Jasper Greens of
+Savannah, Georgia, and the Montgomery Hibernia Greens. Its devices are
+wire-applied, and it possibly was a stock pattern.
+
+[Footnote 137: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (January 1840), pl. 27.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604340 (S-K 496). Figure 228._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 228]
+
+This plain brass plate, having wire-applied pewter letters "S L I" is
+believed to have been worn by the Salem Light Infantry of
+Massachusetts.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, NEW ENGLAND GUARDS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604343-M (S-K 499). Figure 229._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 229]
+
+Letters signifying the New England Guards are embossed on a shield of
+white metal that is attached to this brass plate, which has scalloped
+corners. Although the officer depicted in the Huddy and Duval print of
+the New England Guards[138] wears a waist belt rather than a shoulder
+belt for his sword, the soldier standing in the background is shown
+with crossed shoulder belts. Thus, this plate may have been an item of
+equipment for enlisted personnel rather than for officers.
+
+[Footnote 138: _U.S. Military Magazine_ (November 1839), pl. 21.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604342-M (S-K 498). Figure 230._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 230]
+
+Although the white-metal arm and sword on wreath device wired to this
+large brass plate immediately identifies the origin of the specimen as
+Massachusetts, the considerable heraldic license taken by this
+insignia-maker is only too evident. When the Massachusetts State seal
+was first adopted in 1780, the blazonry of the crest was given as
+follows: "On a Wreath a dexter Arm cloathed and ruffled proper,
+grasping a Broad Sword...."[139] The designer has placed the arm in
+armor and replaced the "broad sword" with a scimiter-like, edged
+weapon. The use of the crest of a state seal or coat of arms to
+indicate the state was common usage, with the eagle-on-half-globe of
+New York providing an excellent example. This plate would have been
+appropriate for wear by any Massachusetts unit, and is thus considered
+to have been a stock pattern.
+
+[Footnote 139: ZIEBER, pp. 143-144.]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1840
+
+_USNM 604454-M (S-K 601). Figure 231._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 231]
+
+The silver palmetto tree identifies this as a South Carolina plate.
+The letters "L" and "A" are subject to several interpretations, the
+more probable being "Light Artillery." The devices are attached with
+simple wire fasteners, and the basic brass plate can be considered to
+have been a stock item adaptable to any number of units.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1845
+
+_USNM 60357-M (S-K 113). Figure 232._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 232]
+
+This brass, lead-backed badge bears no devices that would assist in
+identifying it as to unit, and its general composition would have made
+it appealing to more than one Militia organization. It is considered a
+stock pattern. The stars-on-belt motif, forming the border of the
+oval, is very unusual, as are the 14 arrows in the eagle's left talon
+and the star beneath its beak. The center eagle device is applied with
+simple wire fasteners.
+
+
+¶ Following the War with Mexico, many State Militia, especially those
+in the south, began using their state coats of arms as the principal
+devices on their waist-belt plates. The plates for officers followed
+the earlier pattern for Regulars, a round device clasped within an
+outer ring. Plates of enlisted personnel more often were rectangular,
+but there were many exceptions. The following series includes examples
+of both types.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, ALABAMA C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604221-M (S-K 377). Figure 233._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 233]
+
+The old Alabama State seal with a representation of a map of the State
+hung from a tree trunk, as depicted on the inner ring of this
+cast-brass waist-belt plate, became obsolete after the Civil War when
+the "reconstruction" government changed the device to that of an eagle
+resting on a Federal shield. Some years later, however, the original
+seal, in somewhat modified form, was readopted. Although made in the
+early 1850's, plates of this type were worn by personnel of the
+Confederate States Army throughout the Civil War. Many plates of this
+same basic pattern were made in England and run through the blockade.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, CALIFORNIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604389-M (S-K 536). Figure 234._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 234]
+
+The 31 six-pointed stars in the outer ring of this cast-brass plate
+bearing the central elements of the California State seal indicate
+that it was made after statehood was granted in 1850 but before 1858
+when Minnesota became the 32d State. Actually, this design for the
+arms of the State was adopted in anticipation of admission to the
+Union, on October 2, 1849.[140] The ornate design of this plate is
+more characteristic of the 1840's than later, indicating that it was
+made very early in the 1850's.
+
+[Footnote 140: ZIEBER, p. 114.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, FLORIDA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604224-M (S-K 380). Figure 235._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 235]
+
+The palm tree, standing alone, although sometimes mistaken for the
+palmetto of South Carolina, is representative of the State of Florida.
+Thus, this plate is ascribed to Florida Militia, about 1850. The late
+Richard D. Steuart, of Baltimore, Maryland, an outstanding authority
+on Confederate equipment and accoutrements, was firm in asserting that
+this pattern should be ascribed to Florida.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MASSACHUSETTS, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604124-M (S-K 280). Figure 236._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 236]
+
+While cast-brass plates of this type were first made in the early
+1850's, their use continued for 20 years or more after that decade.
+The principal device on this specimen is taken from the arms of the
+Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The form of the plate is identical to
+the pattern of the eagle-wreath plate adopted by the Regulars in 1851.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1845
+
+_USNM 604244-M (S-K 400). Figure 237._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 237]
+
+The star device was used by the Militia of both Texas and Maine, as
+well as by volunteer units located in other states; thus, this plate
+cannot be ascribed to any particular geographical area. Plates such as
+this, with the silver wreath of laurel and palm, are patterned
+directly after the basic plate prescribed for officers of the Corps of
+Engineers in 1841. They would have been stock items for general sale.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604242-M (S-K 398). Figure 238._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 238]
+
+This cast-brass officer's plate, a pre-Civil War product of American
+manufacture, would have been appropriate for wear by Texas Militia.
+Obviously a stock pattern, it would also have been sold to Militia
+organizations in other parts of the country. As in the case of most
+round plates, the outer ring is of a standard design; variation in
+pattern would occur on the inner ring.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604125-M (S-K 281). Figure 239._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 239]
+
+This brass-struck rectangular plate carries the arms of the State of
+New York[141] with its familiar eagle-on-half-globe device. The whole
+is superimposed on a sunburst background. The plate originally was
+made for Militia, but it is conceivable that such a plate may have
+been worn by early uniformed police.
+
+[Footnote 141: For the variations in the arms of New York see ZIEBER,
+pp. 166-167.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60487-M (S-K 243). Figure 240._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 240]
+
+This brass-cast plate with its letters "S N Y" for State of New York
+is copied directly from the 1836 plate for noncommissioned officers of
+the Regular Establishment. The example is the oldest known use of the
+letters "S N Y" for New York Militia. In later patterns, the letters
+"S N Y" and "N Y" were placed on rectangular plates and on oval plates
+worn on the waist belt and on cartridge boxes just prior to and during
+the Civil War. Small square plates with silver, Old English letters
+"NY" are included in the 1900 catalog of the Warnock Uniform Co. of
+New York as regulation pattern that year for National Guard officers.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, NEW YORK CITY, C. 1850
+
+_USNM. 604141-M (S-K 297). Figure 241._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 241]
+
+This cast-brass plate bears the arms of the city of New York
+superimposed on an almost full sunburst. The surrounding wreath of
+laurel is taken directly from the plate authorized for general and
+staff officers of the Regular Establishment in 1832. While this is
+thought to be the plate for the New York City Guards, for whom a
+matching shoulder-belt plate is known, there is the possibility that
+it was also worn by uniformed police of the 1850's.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604393-M (S-K 340). Figure 242._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 242]
+
+A stock pattern, this cast-brass and gilded plate would have been
+appropriate for any of the several organizations called "National
+Guards" or "National Greys" that existed in a number of states. The
+letters "N G" do not connote the National Guard as we know it today.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, OHIO, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604136-M (S-K 292). Figure 243._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 243]
+
+The center piece applied to this cast-brass plate with wire fasteners
+bears an early form of the arms of the State of Ohio.[142] The plate
+proper has holes in it other than those needed to apply the present
+device, which indicates that it was a stock part, or possibly that the
+present center device is not original to the plate.
+
+[Footnote 142: For an interesting discussion of the evolution of the
+arms of Ohio see PREBLE, pp. 639-642.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, OHIO, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604130-M (S-K 286). Figure 244._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 244]
+
+This plate bears another variation of the Ohio State arms. Here, the
+arms lie within a wreath as prescribed for Regular general and staff
+officers in 1832. The entire specimen is cast in brass; the wreath,
+sun, arrows, canal wall, and hull of keelboat are silvered.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, PENNSYLVANIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60474-M (S-K 230). Figure 245._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 245]
+
+Officers of the Pennsylvania Volunteer Militia wore plates of this
+type in the 1850's, although most were discarded in 1861 when
+Pennsylvania troops went into active Federal service. The outer ring,
+with floral wreath design, has been modified to give the appearance of
+a solid rectangle. Another plate in the national collections bears the
+letters "P V M" with the conventional outer ring.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60480-M (S-K 236). Figure 246._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 246]
+
+Just prior to 1850 there were two Militia units in Philadelphia using
+the letters "P G" to indicate organizational designation--the
+Philadelphia Guards and the Philadelphia City Greys. This brass-cast
+plate is believed to have been worn by the Philadelphia Guards, whose
+buttons were marked "P G." The buttons worn by the Philadelphia City
+Greys carried the three letters "P C G."[143]
+
+[Footnote 143: JOHNSON, vol. 1, p. 145, vol. 2, pl. 63.]
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, PROVIDENCE MARINE CORPS ARTILLERY C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604147-M (S-K 303). Figure 247._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 247]
+
+The letters and device on this rather unusual brass plate make its
+identification easy. The letters stand for the Providence [R.I.]
+Marine Corps Artillery; the date 1801 is the unit's original
+organization date. The crossed cannon indicate Militia artillery. The
+letters and numerals are of white metal and brazed to the plate. The
+brass crossed cannon are affixed with wire fasteners. The reverse is
+fitted with a broad tongue and two wire hooks for attachment.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604455-M (S-K 602). Figure 248._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 248]
+
+Although this specimen is not so old as the similar South Carolina
+plate described previously (fig. 162), it is believed to date about
+1850. The plate proper is of rolled brass, and the applied device,
+which comprises well-known elements of the arms of South Carolina, is
+struck in brass and attached by means of two wire staples and leather
+thongs.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, VIRGINIA, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604253-M (S-K 409). Figure 249._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 249]
+
+This plate, carrying the Virginia seal, was made about 1850 for wear by
+officers. Similar plates made by British manufacturers during the Civil
+War to be run through the blockade are generally distinguishable by
+their unusually sharp, clean die work. The center device of this
+specimen is struck in brass and brazed in place; the remainder of the
+plate is brass-cast.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, GRAY GUARDS, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60489-M (S-K 245). Figure 250._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 250]
+
+The unit for which this plate was made cannot be precisely identified.
+It is reasonable to assume that there were several Militia
+organizations called "Gray Guards." The central "G" probably indicates
+"Company G." The whole is cast brass.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60490-M (S-K 246). Figure 251._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 251]
+
+This plain brass plate of unusually fine manufacture is very
+definitely a stock pattern which could have been sold without ornament
+or, as was more likely, with a center device added by soldering or
+brazing. The plate was cast in three pieces, with the round center
+brazed to the belt attachment. It was bench-fitted, as indicated by
+the numbers on the reverse of the inner and outer rings.
+
+
+WASTE-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60498-M (S-K 254). Figure 252._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 252]
+
+This is a typical stock pattern with the company designation "E."
+Other specimens in the national collections have the letters "D," "F,"
+"K," and "R." Although rather crudely cast in brass, this piece has
+been bench-fitted and then gilded.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60492-M (S-K 248). Figure 253._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 253]
+
+This is another stock pattern with company designation. In this case,
+the numeral "1" has been applied with wire fasteners rather than cast
+integrally with the two portions of the plate. The national
+collections also contain similar plates with the numerals "2," "26,"
+and "36."
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60468-M (S-K 224). Figure 254._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 254]
+
+This is another typical stock pattern with the eagle-on-shield device
+surrounded by 13 5-pointed stars as the center ornament. It is cast in
+brass in two pieces. An example of this plate, on a belt, formed part
+of a cased Sharps rifle outfit displayed at the 1960 National Rifle
+Association meeting in Washington, D.C.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, MUSICIAN, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60499-M (S-K 255). Figure 255._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 255]
+
+The musician's lyre has never been strictly a military ornament, being
+widely worn by civilian bands; thus, this plate cannot precisely be
+identified as military or nonmilitary. Unlike most plates of this type
+and period, the entire piece is struck in brass rather than cast.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60485-M (S-K 241). Figure 256._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 256]
+
+The letters "T C B" on this brass-cast plate open wide the doors of
+conjecture as to interpretation. Possible combinations range from
+Trenton City Blues (if such a Militia organization ever existed) to
+Troy Cornet Band, a nonmilitary unit. Plates such as this can seldom
+be positively identified.
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60478-M (S-K 234). Figure 257._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 257]
+
+As in the case of the preceding plate, the letters "H R" on this
+specimen cannot be specifically identified. Similar unidentified
+plates in the national collections have the letters "S O I" and "P B."
+
+
+WAIST-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604167-M (S-K 323). Figure 258._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 258]
+
+This plate is known both in heavy metal stamping and in thin, cheap
+brass. Examples of the latter type appear to have been struck in the
+period of the 1890's from a die then 50 years old. A plate similar to
+this one has been excavated from a Civil War battlefield site. A stock
+pattern, the design was obsolete for issue to Militia before the
+Civil War, but it is known to have been continued almost to the end of
+the century for use by groups such as secondary school cadet corps.
+
+
+¶ The shoulder-belt plates worn in the 1850's were little changed from
+those of the preceding decade. In the Regular Establishment the
+shoulder belt and plate for officers had been discarded in favor of
+the waist belt for carrying the sword, but Militia officers--bound by
+no regulations--continued to wear the shoulder belt. Enlisted
+personnel wore at least one shoulder belt, and in many cases used two
+belts, which crossed, one belt carrying the cartridge box and the
+other the bayonet and scabbard. Mounted Militia sometimes wore the
+saber on a waist belt and the carbine cartridge box on a shoulder
+belt. It is interesting to note that the custom of using elements of
+state seals on waist-belt plates was not followed to any great extent
+in the embellishment of shoulder-belt plates except in the Southern
+States.
+
+
+CARTRIDGE-BOX-BELT PLATE, SOUTH CAROLINA, C. 1845(?)
+
+_USNM 604451-M (S-K 598). Figure 259._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 259]
+
+In size and pattern this plate is exactly like that prescribed for the
+Regular Establishment in 1841, substituting the arms of South Carolina
+for the eagle. It possibly may date as early as 1845. Made for South
+Carolina Militia, plates similar to this were worn during the Civil
+War and several have been recovered from battlefield sites. The
+specimen is struck in brass and the reverse filled with lead. It has
+three bent-wire fasteners imbedded in the reverse, which indicates
+that it was decorative rather than functional. A similar plate with
+elements of the Virginia State seal is known. Modern reproductions of
+both are being sold.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604446-M (S-K 593). Figure 260._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 260]
+
+A popular stock pattern of the 1850's, this design with the silver
+numeral "1" on a rectangle of rolled brass was worn for at least half
+a century after it first appeared. Similar plates are known with all
+numerals through 9 and a few higher numbers. Other plates of the same
+general type are known with company letters "A" through "M." The plate
+proper is fitted with two brass wire hooks and a medium width tongue,
+indicating a functional use. The numeral is attached by means of two
+staples with leather thongs reeved through on the reverse of the
+plate.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 654360-M (S-K 516). Figure 261._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 261]
+
+This rolled-brass plate with its silver "TC" monogram is presently
+unidentified. In the national collections there is a Militia helmet
+with the same device used as part of the cap plate; also known is
+another insignia, comprising the monogram alone, that was used as a
+cartridge-box device. _New York Military Magazine_ for July 17, 1841,
+refers to the elegant armory of the Troy [N.Y.] Corps where the Light
+Guard of New York had been visitors. This plate may have been an
+insignia of that organization. The monogram is affixed with staples
+and leather thongs, and the plate proper carries a large safety pin
+soldered to the reverse for purely decorative attachment. It is
+unknown whether the safety pin fasteners are contemporary with the
+plates to which they are attached. Rudimentary safety pins were known
+in Egypt before Christ, but they apparently did not appear in America
+until the 1830's and 1840's. Walter Hunt patented the first American
+safety pin in 1849.[144]
+
+[Footnote 144: U.S. Patent 6281 (April 10, 1849).]
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604361-M (S-K 517). Figure 262._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 262]
+
+Several Militia organizations of the 1840's and 1850's were called
+"Republican Guards," and this silver "RG" monogram on a rolled-brass
+rectangle would have been appropriate on shoulder belts of so-named
+units. The monogram is affixed with wire fasteners, but the means of
+attachment for the plate proper are missing.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604362 (S-K 518). Figure 263._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 263]
+
+The silver letters "GG" on this rolled-brass plate present several
+possibilities for identification. Among the uniformed Militia units
+of the 1840's and 1850's were Garibaldi Guards, German Guards, and
+Gray Guards. This piece could have been the device of any of the
+three. The letters are affixed with wire fasteners, and a safety pin
+is soldered to the rear of the plate proper for decorative attachment.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604363-M (S-K 519). Figure 264._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 264]
+
+This oval brass plate with the wire-affixed silver-on-copper letters
+"AG" is unidentified, but it might well have been worn by the American
+Guards, or by a uniformed company from some city as Atlanta or Albany,
+with the letter "G" representing "Grays," "Guards," "Grenadiers," or
+the like. It was attached to the belt with three simple wire
+fasteners.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604335-M (S-K 491). Figure 265._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 265]
+
+The white-metal device on this brass plate comprises elements of the
+arms of "New Amsterdam" topped by the crest of the arms of New York
+State with supporting figures representing the original Indian owner
+of Manhattan Island and the mariner who became the first white
+settler. The specimen is believed to have been worn by the New York
+City Guard. The device is affixed with three staples originally
+intended to be reeved through with leather thongs, although now bent
+over. The means of attachment of the plate proper are missing.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604364-M (S-K 520). Figure 266._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 266]
+
+The letters "K L G" forming the white-metal monogram on this brass
+plate indicate that it could well have been worn by the Kentish Light
+Guard of Rhode Island. The monogram is attached by means of two
+staples with thongs reeved through, and the plate proper is fitted
+with four similar staples. The reverse bears the hallmark of William
+H. Horstmann and Sons, well-known military outfitters of Philadelphia.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604336-M (S-K 492). Figure 267._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 267]
+
+The white-metal letters "SG" on this brass plate lend themselves to so
+many interpretations that no identification is attempted. The applied
+device has two staples for attachment, and the plate proper is fitted
+with a safety pin on the reverse.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604338-M (S-K 494). Figure 268._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 268]
+
+Many volunteer companies used the designation "Rifle Guards," and this
+plate with the initials "C R G" probably falls into such a category.
+The "C," of course, cannot be identified. The monogram is of pewter
+and has three round lugs fitted through holes in the plate proper for
+attachment with pins. The plate itself has a safety pin soldered to
+the reverse for attachment.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, SCOTT LEGION(?), C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604347-M (S-K 503). Figure 269._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 269]
+
+Although this plate bearing the profile of Gen. Winfield Scott is very
+similar in design and construction to several bearing the head of
+Washington and dated much earlier, it is believed to postdate the War
+with Mexico when Scott's popularity was at its zenith. There were
+several volunteer units called "Scott Legion" during this period. The
+piece was struck, with a tin backing applied, and the edges of the
+obverse were then crimped over. It is fitted with three wire staples
+for attachment.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604327-M (S-K 483). Figure 270._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 270]
+
+This is a stock pattern in cast brass. It is oval with raised edges
+and has a white-metal "F" applied with simple wire fasteners. Although
+the piece has the appearance of a waist-belt plate or cartridge-box
+plate, the wire fasteners on the reverse indicate that it was intended
+for shoulder-belt wear. In the national collections is a similar plate
+with the letter "I," indicating that the letters designate companies
+of larger units rather than a unit itself.
+
+
+SHOULDER-BELT PLATE, ARTILLERY, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 604356-M (S-K 512). Figure 271._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 271]
+
+This rolled-brass plate with a wire-applied silvered "A" and pile of
+cannon balls topped by the hand die-struck motto "ALWAYS READY" is
+unidentified beyond the fact that it was worn by a member of Company A
+of a Militia unit using a popular motto. Similar specimens in the
+national collections have center letters "B," "D," and "E." The plate
+was attached to the shoulder belt by means of two flat brass fasteners
+soldered to the reverse. The fasteners are almost as wide as the plate
+itself.
+
+
+BALDRIC DEVICE, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 60409-M (S-K 165). Figure 272._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 272]
+
+The baldric is a highly ornamented wide sash normally worn by drum
+majors and sometimes by band leaders. During at least part of the
+Civil War, baldrics were worn by some aides-de-camp, and the 1902
+uniform regulations specified them for Signal Corps officers. This
+specimen and the one that follows are the earlier of several examples
+in the national collections; they fall in the early 1850's. The
+shield, suspended from a lion's mouth by small chains, carries an
+eagle with a shield on its breast. The stars and edge of clouds,
+above, are somewhat similar to those on the 1851 regulation
+waist-belt plate. The whole is superimposed on a three-quarter
+sunburst. Both the lion's head and the shield are fitted with simple
+wire fasteners for attachment.
+
+
+BALDRIC DEVICE AND BALDRIC, C. 1850
+
+_USNM 66622-M. Figure 273._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 273]
+
+The device is attached to a red, gold-edged-embroidered baldric worn
+by the drum major of the 72d New York Militia during the Civil War but
+believed to ante-date 1861. The brass shield, with ebony drum sticks,
+is suspended from an eagle of the 1834 Regular Army pattern for wear
+as a cap device. The shield, convex with beveled edges, is very
+similar to waist-belt and shoulder-belt plates of about 1850.
+
+
+¶ Few Militia gorgets are known, and this scarcity leads us to believe
+that few were made and worn, despite the Militia's love for the "gay
+and gaudy." Still, some units did adopt them, and officers of the
+Portland [Maine] Rifle Corps were still wearing them in the late
+1850's.[145] As a military symbol for officers, the gorget passed its
+zenith in the late 18th century. Gorgets were worn during the War of
+the Revolution by both American and British officers, and the British
+also gave them to Indian chiefs as marks of authority. Officers in at
+least one regiment of the Regular Establishment wore them as part of
+their regulation dress about the turn of the 19th century, but they
+were not a part of the prescribed uniform during or after the War of
+1812.
+
+[Footnote 145: In the national collections are a uniform jacket,
+chapeau, and gorget once owned by Frederick Forsyth, a member of the
+Portland Rifle Corps in 1857.]
+
+
+GORGET, C. 1821(?)
+
+_USNM 60311-M (S-K 67B). Figure 274._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 274]
+
+This gorget, of gilded brass, is of 2-piece construction. The
+eagle-on-clouds, very similar to cockade eagles worn in 1808-1821, is
+attached by four wire fasteners rather than brazed. The engraved
+edging on the gorget proper is rather crudely done. Although composite
+insignia did not come into general use until the mid-1830's, it seems
+reasonable to assume that this particular design of the eagle device
+applied to the chapeau might equally have been applied to a gorget. A
+similar specimen in the national collections has a silver-on-copper
+eagle instead of a brass one.
+
+
+GORGET, C. 1830-1840
+
+_USNM 60310-M (S-K 67A). Figure 275._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 275]
+
+This gorget is of 3-piece construction, the specimen proper being of
+brass and the wreath and eagle of gilded brass applied with wire
+fasteners. Although the eagle is of the early "on-clouds" design, the
+feel of the piece is later, and this, together with the rather wide
+crescent indicate that it belongs to the period of the 1830's and
+1840's.
+
+
+GORGET, STATE FENCIBLES, NEW YORK, C. 1840-1850
+
+_USNM 60309-M (S-K 66). Figure 276._
+
+[Illustration: FIGURE 276]
+
+This brass gorget, with wreath and letters in applied silver, is an
+example of one of the later types worn by Militia. The letters "S F"
+are interpreted as "State Fencibles," and the "Excelsior" buttons on
+the ends of the crescent identify the origin of the unit as New York
+State. Fencibles were basically troop units organized for home defense
+only. There was a volunteer Militia company called the "State
+Fencibles" in New York City as early as 1800. It apparently lost its
+identity as such in 1847 or 1848 when the organization split, half
+entering the 8th Regiment and half entering the 9th Regiment of New
+York State Militia.[146]
+
+[Footnote 146: Personal communication from Frederick P. Todd, July 6,
+1960. Mr. Todd is the foremost authority on New York Militia units.]
+
+
+U.S. Government Printing Office: 1963
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of American Military Insignia 1800-1851, by
+J. Duncan Campbell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN MILITARY INSIGNIA ***
+
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