initial commit of ebook 38629HEADmain

13 files changed, 56355 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/38629-8.txt b/38629-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57b7350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16950 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Charles Darwin: His Life in an
+Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published
+Letters, by Charles Darwin, Edited by Sir Francis Darwin
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters
+
+
+Author: Charles Darwin
+
+Editor: Sir Francis Darwin
+
+Release Date: January 20, 2012  [eBook #38629]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES DARWIN: HIS LIFE IN AN
+AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER, AND IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED
+LETTERS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Martin
+Pettit, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 38629-h.htm or 38629-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38629/38629-h/38629-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38629/38629-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN:
+HIS LIFE TOLD IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER, AND
+IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED LETTERS.
+
+Edited by His Son, FRANCIS DARWIN, F.R.S.
+
+With a Portrait.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London:
+John Murray, Albemarle Street.
+1908.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Elliot & Fry, Photo._ _Walker & Cockerell, ph. sc._
+
+Ch. Darwin]
+
+
+
+Printed by
+William Clowes and Sons, Limited,
+London and Beccles.
+
+
+
+TO DR. HOLLAND, ST. MORITZ.
+
+_13th July, 1892._
+
+DEAR HOLLAND,
+
+This book is associated in my mind with St. Moritz (where I worked at
+it), and therefore with you.
+
+I inscribe your name on it, not only in token of my remembrance of your
+many acts of friendship, but also as a sign of my respect for one who
+lives a difficult life well.
+
+Yours gratefully,
+FRANCIS DARWIN.
+
+
+"For myself I found that I was fitted for nothing so well as for the
+study of Truth; ... as being gifted by nature with desire to seek,
+patience to doubt, fondness to meditate, slowness to assert, readiness
+to reconsider, carefulness to dispose and set in order; and as being a
+man that neither affects what is new nor admires what is old, and that
+hates every kind of imposture. So I thought my nature had a kind of
+familiarity and relationship with Truth."--BACON. (Proem to the
+_Interpretatio Naturę_.)
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE FIRST EDITION (1892).
+
+
+In preparing this volume, which is practically an abbreviation of the
+_Life and Letters_ (1887), my aim has been to retain as far as possible
+the personal parts of those volumes. To render this feasible, large
+numbers of the more purely scientific letters are omitted, or
+represented by the citation of a few sentences.[1] In certain periods of
+my father's life the scientific and the personal elements run a parallel
+course, rising and falling together in their degree of interest. Thus
+the writing of the _Origin of Species_, and its publication, appeal
+equally to the reader who follows my father's career from interest in
+the man, and to the naturalist who desires to know something of this
+turning point in the history of Biology. This part of the story has
+therefore been told with nearly the full amount of available detail.
+
+In arranging my material I have followed a roughly chronological
+sequence, but the character and variety of my father's researches make a
+strictly chronological order an impossibility. It was his habit to work
+more or less simultaneously at several subjects. Experimental work was
+often carried on as a refreshment or variety, while books entailing
+reasoning and the marshalling of large bodies of facts were being
+written. Moreover many of his researches were dropped only to be resumed
+after years had elapsed. Thus a chronological record of his work would
+be a patchwork, from which it would be difficult to disentangle the
+history of any given subject. The Table of Contents will show how I have
+tried to avoid this result. It will be seen, for instance, that after
+Chapter VIII. a break occurs; the story turns back from 1854 to 1831 in
+order that the Evolutionary chapters which follow may tell a continuous
+story. In the same way the Botanical Work which occupied so much of my
+father's time during the latter part of his life is treated separately
+in Chapters XVI. and XVII.
+
+With regard to Chapter IV., in which I have attempted to give an account
+of my father's manner of working, I may be allowed to say that I acted
+as his assistant during the last eight years of his life, and had
+therefore an opportunity of knowing something of his habits and methods.
+
+My acknowledgments are gladly made to the publishers of the _Century
+Magazine_, who have courteously given me the use of one of their
+illustrations for the heading of Chapter IV.
+
+FRANCIS DARWIN.
+
+WYCHFIELD, CAMBRIDGE,
+_August, 1892_.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] I have not thought it necessary to indicate all the omissions in the
+abbreviated letters.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+It is pleasure to me to acknowledge the kindness of Messrs. Elliott &
+Fry in allowing me to reproduce the fine photograph which appears as the
+frontispiece to the present issue.
+
+FRANCIS DARWIN.
+WYCHFIELD, CAMBRIDGE,
+_April, 1902_.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAP.                                                              PAGE
+    I.--The Darwins                                                   1
+
+   II.--Autobiography                                                 5
+
+  III.--Religion                                                     55
+
+   IV.--Reminiscences                                                66
+
+    V.--Cambridge Life--The Appointment to the _Beagle_: 1828-1831  104
+
+   VI.--The Voyage: 1831-1836                                       124
+
+  VII.--London and Cambridge: 1836-1842                             140
+
+ VIII.--Life at Down: 1842-1854                                     150
+
+   IX.--The Foundations of the _Origin of Species_: 1831-1844       165
+
+    X.--The Growth of the _Origin of Species_: 1843-1858            173
+
+   XI.--The Writing of the _Origin of Species_, June 1858, to
+        November 1859                                               185
+
+  XII.--The Publication of the _Origin of Species_, October to
+        December 1859                                               206
+
+ XIII.--The _Origin of Species_--Reviews and Criticisms--Adhesions
+        and Attacks: 1860                                           223
+
+  XIV.--The Spread of Evolution: 1861-1871                          245
+
+   XV.--Miscellanea--Revival of Geological Work--The Vivisection
+        Question--Honours                                           281
+
+  XVI.--The Fertilisation of Flowers                                297
+
+ XVII.--Climbing Plants--Power of Movement in Plants--Insectivorous
+        Plants--Kew Index of Plant Names                            313
+
+XVIII.--Conclusion                                                  325
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+APPENDIX
+ I.--The Funeral in Westminster Abbey                329
+
+II.--Portraits                                       331
+
+INDEX                                                333
+
+
+[Illustration: --led to comprehend two affinities. [illeg] My theory
+would give zest to recent & fossil Comparative Anatomy, it would lead to
+study of instincts, heredity & mind heredity, whole metaphysics - it
+would lead to closest examination of hybridity & generation, causes of
+change in order to know what we have come from & to what we tend - to
+what circumstances favour crossing & what prevents it; this & direct
+examination of direct passages of [species (crossed out)] structures in
+species, might lead to laws of change, which would then be main object
+of study, to guide our [past (crossed out)] speculations]
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE DARWINS.
+
+
+Charles Robert Darwin was the second son of Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, of
+Shrewsbury, where he was born on February 12, 1809. Dr. Darwin was a son
+of Erasmus Darwin, sometimes described as a poet, but more deservedly
+known as physician and naturalist. Charles Darwin's mother was Susannah,
+daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the well-known potter of Etruria, in
+Staffordshire.
+
+If such speculations are permissible, we may hazard the guess that
+Charles Darwin inherited his sweetness of disposition from the Wedgwood
+side, while the character of his genius came rather from the Darwin
+grandfather.[2]
+
+Robert Waring Darwin was a man of well-marked character. He had no
+pretensions to being a man of science, no tendency to generalise his
+knowledge, and though a successful physician he was guided more by
+intuition and everyday observation than by a deep knowledge of his
+subject. His chief mental characteristics were his keen powers of
+observation, and his knowledge of men, qualities which led him to "read
+the characters and even the thoughts of those whom he saw even for a
+short time." It is not therefore surprising that his help should have
+been sought, not merely in illness, but in cases of family trouble and
+sorrow. This was largely the case, and his wise sympathy, no less than
+his medical skill, obtained for him a strong influence over the lives of
+a large number of people. He was a man of a quick, vivid temperament,
+with a lively interest in even the smaller details in the lives of those
+with whom he came in contact. He was fond of society, and entertained a
+good deal, and with his large practice and many friends, the life at
+Shrewsbury must have been a stirring and varied one--very different in
+this respect to the later home of his son at Down.[3]
+
+We have a miniature of his wife, Susannah, with a remarkably sweet and
+happy face, bearing some resemblance to the portrait of her father
+painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds; a countenance expressive of the gentle
+and sympathetic nature which Miss Meteyard ascribes to her.[4] She died
+July 15, 1817, thirty-two years before her husband, whose death occurred
+on November 13, 1848. Dr. Darwin lived before his marriage for two or
+three years on St. John's Hill, afterwards at the Crescent, where his
+eldest daughter Marianne was born, lastly at the "Mount," in the part of
+Shrewsbury known as Frankwell, where the other children were born. This
+house was built by Dr. Darwin about 1800, it is now in the possession of
+Mr. Spencer Phillips, and has undergone but little alteration. It is a
+large, plain, square, red-brick house, of which the most attractive
+feature is the pretty green-house, opening out of the morning-room.
+
+The house is charmingly placed, on the top of a steep bank leading down
+to the Severn. The terraced bank is traversed by a long walk, leading
+from end to end, still called "the Doctor's Walk." At one point in this
+walk grows a Spanish chestnut, the branches of which bend back parallel
+to themselves in a curious manner, and this was Charles Darwin's
+favourite tree as a boy, where he and his sister Catharine had each
+their special seat.
+
+The Doctor took great pleasure in his garden, planting it with
+ornamental trees and shrubs, and being especially successful with fruit
+trees; and this love of plants was, I think, the only taste kindred to
+natural history which he possessed.
+
+Charles Darwin had the strongest feeling of love and respect for his
+father's memory. His recollection of everything that was connected with
+him was peculiarly distinct, and he spoke of him frequently, generally
+prefacing an anecdote with some such phrase as, "My father, who was the
+wisest man I ever knew," &c. It was astonishing how clearly he
+remembered his father's opinions, so that he was able to quote some
+maxim or hint of his in many cases of illness. As a rule he put small
+faith in doctors, and thus his unlimited belief in Dr. Darwin's medical
+instinct and methods of treatment was all the more striking.
+
+His reverence for him was boundless, and most touching. He would have
+wished to judge everything else in the world dispassionately, but
+anything his father had said was received with almost implicit faith.
+His daughter, Mrs. Litchfield, remembers him saying that he hoped none
+of his sons would ever believe anything because he said it, unless they
+were themselves convinced of its truth--a feeling in striking contrast
+with his own manner of faith.
+
+A visit which Charles Darwin made to Shrewsbury in 1869 left on the mind
+of the daughter who accompanied him a strong impression of his love for
+his old home. The tenant of the Mount at the time, showed them over the
+house, and with mistaken hospitality remained with the party during the
+whole visit. As they were leaving, Charles Darwin said, with a pathetic
+look of regret, "If I could have been left alone in that green-house for
+five minutes, I know I should have been able to see my father in his
+wheel-chair as vividly as if he had been there before me."
+
+Perhaps this incident shows what I think is the truth, that the memory
+of his father he loved the best, was that of him as an old man. Mrs.
+Litchfield has noted down a few words which illustrate well his feeling
+towards his father. She describes him as saying with the most tender
+respect, "I think my father was a little unjust to me when I was young;
+but afterwards, I am thankful to think I became a prime favourite with
+him." She has a vivid recollection of the expression of happy reverie
+that accompanied these words, as if he were reviewing the whole
+relation, and the remembrance left a deep sense of peace and gratitude.
+
+Dr. Darwin had six children, of whom none are now living: Marianne,
+married Dr. Henry Parker; Caroline, married Josiah Wedgwood; Erasmus
+Alvey; Susan, died unmarried; Charles Robert; Catharine, married Rev.
+Charles Langton.
+
+The elder son, Erasmus, was born in 1804, and died unmarried at the age
+of seventy-seven.
+
+His name, not known to the general public, may be remembered from a few
+words of description occurring in Carlyle's _Reminiscences_ (vol. ii. p.
+208). A truer and more sympathetic sketch of his character, by his
+cousin, Miss Julia Wedgwood, was published in the _Spectator_, September
+3, 1881.
+
+There was something pathetic in Charles Darwin's affection for his
+brother Erasmus, as if he always recollected his solitary life, and the
+touching patience and sweetness of his nature. He often spoke of him as
+"Poor old Ras," or "Poor dear old Philos." I imagine Philos
+(Philosopher) was a relic of the days when they worked at chemistry in
+the tool-house at Shrewsbury--a time of which he always preserved a
+pleasant memory. Erasmus was rather more than four years older than
+Charles Darwin, so that they were not long together at Cambridge, but
+previously at Edinburgh they shared the same lodgings, and after the
+Voyage they lived for a time together in Erasmus' house in Great
+Marlborough Street. In later years Erasmus Darwin came to Down
+occasionally, or joined his brother's family in a summer holiday. But
+gradually it came about that he could not, through ill health, make up
+his mind to leave London, and thus they only saw each other when Charles
+Darwin went for a week at a time to his brother's house in Queen Anne
+Street.
+
+This brief sketch of the family to which Charles Darwin belonged may
+perhaps suffice to introduce the reader to the autobiographical chapter
+which follows.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] See Charles Darwin's biographical sketch of his grandfather,
+prefixed to Ernst Krause's _Erasmus Darwin_. (Translated from the German
+by W. S. Dallas, 1878.) Also Miss Meteyard's _Life of Josiah Wedgwood_.
+
+[3] The above passage is, by permission of Messrs. Smith & Elder, taken
+from my article _Charles Darwin_, in the _Dictionary of National
+Biography_.
+
+[4] _A Group of Englishmen_, by Miss Meteyard, 1871.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
+
+     [My father's autobiographical recollections, given in the present
+     chapter, were written for his children,--and written without any
+     thought that they would ever be published. To many this may seem an
+     impossibility; but those who knew my father will understand how it
+     was not only possible, but natural. The autobiography bears the
+     heading, _Recollections of the Development of my Mind and
+     Character_, and ends with the following note:--"Aug. 3, 1876. This
+     sketch of my life was begun about May 28th at Hopedene,[5] and
+     since then I have written for nearly an hour on most afternoons."
+     It will easily be understood that, in a narrative of a personal and
+     intimate kind written for his wife and children, passages should
+     occur which must here be omitted; and I have not thought it
+     necessary to indicate where such omissions are made. It has been
+     found necessary to make a few corrections of obvious verbal slips,
+     but the number of such alterations has been kept down to the
+     minimum.--F. D]
+
+
+A German Editor having written to me for an account of the development
+of my mind and character with some sketch of my autobiography, I have
+thought that the attempt would amuse me, and might possibly interest my
+children or their children. I know that it would have interested me
+greatly to have read even so short and dull a sketch of the mind of my
+grandfather, written by himself, and what he thought and did, and how he
+worked. I have attempted to write the following account of myself, as if
+I were a dead man in another world looking back at my own life. Nor have
+I found this difficult, for life is nearly over with me. I have taken no
+pains about my style of writing.
+
+I was born at Shrewsbury on February 12th, 1809, and my earliest
+recollection goes back only to when I was a few months over four years
+old, when we went to near Abergele for sea-bathing, and I recollect some
+events and places there with some little distinctness.
+
+My mother died in July 1817, when I was a little over eight years old,
+and it is odd that I can remember hardly anything about her except her
+deathbed, her black velvet gown, and her curiously constructed
+work-table. In the spring of this same year I was sent to a day-school
+in Shrewsbury, where I stayed a year. I have been told that I was much
+slower in learning than my younger sister Catherine, and I believe that
+I was in many ways a naughty boy.
+
+By the time I went to this day-school[6] my taste for natural history,
+and more especially for collecting, was well developed. I tried to make
+out the names of plants, and collected all sorts of things, shells,
+seals, franks, coins, and minerals. The passion for collecting which
+leads a man to be a systematic naturalist, a virtuoso, or a miser, was
+very strong in me, and was clearly innate, as none of my sisters or
+brother ever had this taste.
+
+One little event during this year has fixed itself very firmly in my
+mind, and I hope that it has done so from my conscience having been
+afterwards sorely troubled by it; it is curious as showing that
+apparently I was interested at this early age in the variability of
+plants! I told another little boy (I believe it was Leighton,[7] who
+afterwards became a well-known lichenologist and botanist), that I could
+produce variously coloured polyanthuses and primroses by watering them
+with certain coloured fluids, which was of course a monstrous fable, and
+had never been tried by me. I may here also confess that as a little boy
+I was much given to inventing deliberate falsehoods, and this was always
+done for the sake of causing excitement. For instance, I once gathered
+much valuable fruit from my father's trees and hid it in the shrubbery,
+and then ran in breathless haste to spread the news that I had
+discovered a hoard of stolen fruit.[8]
+
+I must have been a very simple little fellow when I first went to the
+school. A boy of the name of Garnett took me into a cake shop one day,
+and bought some cakes for which he did not pay, as the shopman trusted
+him. When we came out I asked him why he did not pay for them, and he
+instantly answered, "Why, do you not know that my uncle left a great sum
+of money to the town on condition that every tradesman should give
+whatever was wanted without payment to any one who wore his old hat and
+moved [it] in a particular manner?" and he then showed me how it was
+moved. He then went into another shop where he was trusted, and asked
+for some small article, moving his hat in the proper manner, and of
+course obtained it without payment. When we came out he said, "Now if
+you like to go by yourself into that cake-shop (how well I remember its
+exact position), I will lend you my hat, and you can get whatever you
+like if you move the hat on your head properly." I gladly accepted the
+generous offer, and went in and asked for some cakes, moved the old hat,
+and was walking out of the shop, when the shopman made a rush at me, so
+I dropped the cakes and ran for dear life, and was astonished by being
+greeted with shouts of laughter by my false friend Garnett.
+
+I can say in my own favour that I was as a boy humane, but I owed this
+entirely to the instruction and example of my sisters. I doubt indeed
+whether humanity is a natural or innate quality. I was very fond of
+collecting eggs, but I never took more than a single egg out of a bird's
+nest, except on one single occasion, when I took all, not for their
+value, but from a sort of bravado.
+
+I had a strong taste for angling, and would sit for any number of hours
+on the bank of a river or pond watching the float; when at Maer[9] I was
+told that I could kill the worms with salt and water, and from that day
+I never spitted a living worm, though at the expense probably of some
+loss of success.
+
+Once as a very little boy whilst at the day school, or before that time,
+I acted cruelly, for I beat a puppy, I believe, simply from enjoying the
+sense of power; but the beating could not have been severe, for the
+puppy did not howl, of which I feel sure as the spot was near the house.
+This act lay heavily on my conscience, as is shown by my remembering the
+exact spot where the crime was committed. It probably lay all the
+heavier from my love of dogs being then, and for a long time afterwards,
+a passion. Dogs seemed to know this, for I was an adept in robbing their
+love from their masters.
+
+I remember clearly only one other incident during this year whilst at
+Mr. Case's daily school,--namely, the burial of a dragoon soldier; and
+it is surprising how clearly I can still see the horse with the man's
+empty boots and carbine suspended to the saddle, and the firing over the
+grave. This scene deeply stirred whatever poetic fancy there was in
+me.[10]
+
+In the summer of 1818 I went to Dr. Butler's great school in Shrewsbury,
+and remained there for seven years till Midsummer 1825, when I was
+sixteen years old. I boarded at this school, so that I had the great
+advantage of living the life of a true schoolboy; but as the distance
+was hardly more than a mile to my home, I very often ran there in the
+longer intervals between the callings over and before locking up at
+night. This, I think, was in many ways advantageous to me by keeping up
+home affections and interests. I remember in the early part of my school
+life that I often had to run very quickly to be in time, and from being
+a fleet runner was generally successful; but when in doubt I prayed
+earnestly to God to help me, and I well remember that I attributed my
+success to the prayers and not to my quick running, and marvelled how
+generally I was aided.
+
+I have heard my father and elder sister say that I had, as a very young
+boy, a strong taste for long solitary walks; but what I thought about I
+know not. I often became quite absorbed, and once, whilst returning to
+school on the summit of the old fortifications round Shrewsbury, which
+had been converted into a public foot-path with no parapet on one side,
+I walked off and fell to the ground, but the height was only seven or
+eight feet. Nevertheless, the number of thoughts which passed through my
+mind during this very short, but sudden and wholly unexpected fall, was
+astonishing, and seem hardly compatible with what physiologists have, I
+believe, proved about each thought requiring quite an appreciable amount
+of time.
+
+Nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind than Dr.
+Butler's school, as it was strictly classical, nothing else being
+taught, except a little ancient geography and history. The school as a
+means of education to me was simply a blank. During my whole life I
+have been singularly incapable of mastering any language. Especial
+attention was paid to verse-making, and this I could never do well. I
+had many friends, and got together a good collection of old verses,
+which by patching together, sometimes aided by other boys, I could work
+into any subject. Much attention was paid to learning by heart the
+lessons of the previous day; this I could effect with great facility,
+learning forty or fifty lines of Virgil or Homer, whilst I was in
+morning chapel; but this exercise was utterly useless, for every verse
+was forgotten in forty-eight hours. I was not idle, and with the
+exception of versification, generally worked conscientiously at my
+classics, not using cribs. The sole pleasure I ever received from such
+studies, was from some of the odes of Horace, which I admired greatly.
+
+When I left the school I was for my age neither high nor low in it; and
+I believe that I was considered by all my masters and by my father as a
+very ordinary boy, rather below the common standard in intellect. To my
+deep mortification my father once said to me, "You care for nothing but
+shooting, dogs, and rat-catching, and you will be a disgrace to yourself
+and all your family." But my father, who was the kindest man I ever
+knew, and whose memory I love with all my heart, must have been angry
+and somewhat unjust when he used such words.
+
+Looking back as well as I can at my character during my school life, the
+only qualities which at this period promised well for the future, were,
+that I had strong and diversified tastes, much zeal for whatever
+interested me, and a keen pleasure in understanding any complex subject
+or thing. I was taught Euclid by a private tutor, and I distinctly
+remember the intense satisfaction which the clear geometrical proofs
+gave me. I remember with equal distinctness the delight which my uncle
+(the father of Francis Galton) gave me by explaining the principle of
+the vernier of a barometer. With respect to diversified tastes,
+independently of science, I was fond of reading various books, and I
+used to sit for hours reading the historical plays of Shakespeare,
+generally in an old window in the thick walls of the school. I read also
+other poetry, such as Thomson's _Seasons_, and the recently published
+poems of Byron and Scott. I mention this because later in life I wholly
+lost, to my great regret, all pleasure from poetry of any kind,
+including Shakespeare. In connection with pleasure from poetry, I may
+add that in 1822 a vivid delight in scenery was first awakened in my
+mind, during a riding tour on the borders of Wales, and this has lasted
+longer than any other ęsthetic pleasure.
+
+Early in my school-days a boy had a copy of the _Wonders of the World_,
+which I often read, and disputed with other boys about the veracity of
+some of the statements; and I believe that this book first gave me a
+wish to travel in remote countries, which was ultimately fulfilled by
+the voyage of the _Beagle_. In the latter part of my school life I
+became passionately fond of shooting; I do not believe that any one
+could have shown more zeal for the most holy cause than I did for
+shooting birds. How well I remember killing my first snipe, and my
+excitement was so great that I had much difficulty in reloading my gun
+from the trembling of my hands. This taste long continued, and I became
+a very good shot. When at Cambridge I used to practice throwing up my
+gun to my shoulder before a looking glass to see that I threw it up
+straight. Another and better plan was to get a friend to wave about a
+lighted candle, and then to fire at it with a cap on the nipple, and if
+the aim was accurate the little puff of air would blow out the candle.
+The explosion of the cap caused a sharp crack, and I was told that the
+tutor of the college remarked, "What an extraordinary thing it is, Mr.
+Darwin seems to spend hours in cracking a horse-whip in his room, for I
+often hear the crack when I pass under his windows."
+
+I had many friends amongst the schoolboys, whom I loved dearly, and I
+think that my disposition was then very affectionate.
+
+With respect to science, I continued collecting minerals with much zeal,
+but quite unscientifically--all that I cared about was a new-named
+mineral, and I hardly attempted to classify them. I must have observed
+insects with some little care, for when ten years old (1819) I went for
+three weeks to Plas Edwards on the sea-coast in Wales, I was very much
+interested and surprised at seeing a large black and scarlet Hemipterous
+insect, many moths (Zygoena), and a Cicindela, which are not found in
+Shropshire. I almost made up my mind to begin collecting all the insects
+which I could find dead, for on consulting my sister, I concluded that
+it was not right to kill insects for the sake of making a collection.
+From reading White's _Selborne_, I took much pleasure in watching the
+habits of birds, and even made notes on the subject. In my simplicity, I
+remember wondering why every gentleman did not become an ornithologist.
+
+Towards the close of my school life, my brother worked hard at
+chemistry, and made a fair laboratory with proper apparatus in the
+tool-house in the garden, and I was allowed to aid him as a servant in
+most of his experiments. He made all the gases and many compounds, and I
+read with care several books on chemistry, such as Henry and Parkes'
+_Chemical Catechism_. The subject interested me greatly, and we often
+used to go on working till rather late at night. This was the best part
+of my education at school, for it showed me practically the meaning of
+experimental science. The fact that we worked at chemistry somehow got
+known at school, and as it was an unprecedented fact, I was nicknamed
+"Gas." I was also once publicly rebuked by the head-master, Dr. Butler,
+for thus wasting my time on such useless subjects; and he called me very
+unjustly a "poco curante," and as I did not understand what he meant, it
+seemed to me a fearful reproach.
+
+As I was doing no good at school, my father wisely took me away at a
+rather earlier age than usual, and sent me (October 1825) to
+Edinburgh[11] University with my brother, where I stayed for two years
+or sessions. My brother was completing his medical studies, though I do
+not believe he ever really intended to practise, and I was sent there to
+commence them. But soon after this period I became convinced from
+various small circumstances that my father would leave me property
+enough to subsist on with some comfort, though I never imagined that I
+should be so rich a man as I am; but my belief was sufficient to check
+any strenuous effort to learn medicine.
+
+The instruction at Edinburgh was altogether by lectures, and these were
+intolerably dull, with the exception of those on chemistry by Hope; but
+to my mind there are no advantages and many disadvantages in lectures
+compared with reading. Dr. Duncan's lectures on Materia Medica at 8
+o'clock on a winter's morning are something fearful to remember. Dr.
+Munro made his lectures on human anatomy as dull as he was himself, and
+the subject disgusted me. It has proved one of the greatest evils in my
+life that I was not urged to practise dissection, for I should soon have
+got over my disgust, and the practice would have been invaluable for all
+my future work. This has been an irremediable evil, as well as my
+incapacity to draw. I also attended regularly the clinical wards in the
+hospital. Some of the cases distressed me a good deal, and I still have
+vivid pictures before me of some of them; but I was not so foolish as to
+allow this to lessen my attendance. I cannot understand why this part of
+my medical course did not interest me in a greater degree; for during
+the summer before coming to Edinburgh, I began attending some of the
+poor people, chiefly children and women in Shrewsbury: I wrote down as
+full an account as I could of the case with all the symptoms, and read
+them aloud to my father, who suggested further inquiries and advised me
+what medicines to give, which I made up myself. At one time I had at
+least a dozen patients, and I felt a keen interest in the work.[12] My
+father, who was by far the best judge of character whom I ever knew,
+declared that I should make a successful physician,--meaning by this,
+one who would get many patients. He maintained that the chief element of
+success was exciting confidence; but what he saw in me which convinced
+him that I should create confidence I know not. I also attended on two
+occasions the operating theatre in the hospital at Edinburgh, and saw
+two very bad operations, one on a child, but I rushed away before they
+were completed. Nor did I ever attend again, for hardly any inducement
+would have been strong enough to make me do so; this being long before
+the blessed days of chloroform. The two cases fairly haunted me for many
+a long year.
+
+My brother stayed only one year at the University, so that during the
+second year I was left to my own resources; and this was an advantage,
+for I became well acquainted with several young men fond of natural
+science. One of these was Ainsworth, who afterwards published his
+travels in Assyria; he was a Wernerian geologist, and knew a little
+about many subjects. Dr. Coldstream[13] was a very different young man,
+prim, formal, highly religious, and most kind-hearted; he afterwards
+published some good zoological articles. A third young man was Hardie,
+who would, I think, have made a good botanist, but died early in India.
+Lastly, Dr. Grant, my senior by several years, but how I became
+acquainted with him I cannot remember; he published some first-rate
+zoological papers, but after coming to London as Professor in University
+College, he did nothing more in science, a fact which has always been
+inexplicable to me. I knew him well; he was dry and formal in manner,
+with much enthusiasm beneath this outer crust. He one day, when we were
+walking together, burst forth in high admiration of Lamarck and his
+views on evolution. I listened in silent astonishment, and as far as I
+can judge, without any effect on my mind. I had previously read the
+_Zoonomia_ of my grandfather, in which similar views are maintained, but
+without producing any effect on me. Nevertheless it is probable that the
+hearing rather early in life such views maintained and praised may have
+favoured my upholding them under a different form in my _Origin of
+Species_. At this time I admired greatly the _Zoonomia_; but on reading
+it a second time after an interval of ten or fifteen years, I was much
+disappointed; the proportion of speculation being so large to the facts
+given.
+
+Drs. Grant and Coldstream attended much to marine Zoology, and I often
+accompanied the former to collect animals in the tidal pools, which I
+dissected as well as I could. I also became friends with some of the
+Newhaven fishermen, and sometimes accompanied them when they trawled for
+oysters, and thus got many specimens. But from not having had any
+regular practice in dissection, and from possessing only a wretched
+microscope, my attempts were very poor. Nevertheless I made one
+interesting little discovery, and read, about the beginning of the year
+1826, a short paper on the subject before the Plinian Society. This was
+that the so-called ova of Flustra had the power of independent movement
+by means of cilia, and were in fact larvę. In another short paper, I
+showed that the little globular bodies which had been supposed to be the
+young state of _Fucus loreus_ were the egg-cases of the worm-like
+_Pontobdella muricata_.
+
+The Plinian Society[14] was encouraged and, I believe, founded by
+Professor Jameson: it consisted of students, and met in an underground
+room in the University for the sake of reading papers on natural science
+and discussing them. I used regularly to attend, and the meetings had a
+good effect on me in stimulating my zeal and giving me new congenial
+acquaintances. One evening a poor young man got up, and after stammering
+for a prodigious length of time, blushing crimson, he at last slowly got
+out the words, "Mr. President, I have forgotten what I was going to
+say." The poor fellow looked quite overwhelmed, and all the members were
+so surprised that no one could think of a word to say to cover his
+confusion. The papers which were read to our little society were not
+printed, so that I had not the satisfaction of seeing my paper in
+print; but I believe Dr. Grant noticed my small discovery in his
+excellent memoir on Flustra.
+
+I was also a member of the Royal Medical Society, and attended pretty
+regularly; but as the subjects were exclusively medical, I did not much
+care about them. Much rubbish was talked there, but there were some good
+speakers, of whom the best was the [late] Sir J. Kay-Shuttleworth. Dr.
+Grant took me occasionally to the meetings of the Wernerian Society,
+where various papers on natural history were read, discussed, and
+afterwards published in the Transactions. I heard Audubon deliver there
+some interesting discourses on the habits of N. American birds, sneering
+somewhat unjustly at Waterton. By the way, a negro lived in Edinburgh,
+who had travelled with Waterton, and gained his livelihood by stuffing
+birds, which he did excellently: he gave me lessons for payment, and I
+used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent
+man.
+
+Mr. Leonard Horner also took me once to a meeting of the Royal Society
+of Edinburgh, where I saw Sir Walter Scott in the chair as President,
+and he apologised to the meeting as not feeling fitted for such a
+position. I looked at him and at the whole scene with some awe and
+reverence, and I think it was owing to this visit during my youth, and
+to my having attended the Royal Medical Society, that I felt the honour
+of being elected a few years ago an honorary member of both these
+Societies, more than any other similar honour. If I had been told at
+that time that I should one day have been thus honoured, I declare that
+I should have thought it as ridiculous and improbable, as if I had been
+told that I should be elected King of England.
+
+During my second year at Edinburgh I attended Jameson's lectures on
+Geology and Zoology, but they were incredibly dull. The sole effect they
+produced on me was the determination never as long as I lived to read a
+book on Geology, or in any way to study the science. Yet I feel sure
+that I was prepared for a philosophical treatment of the subject; for an
+old Mr. Cotton, in Shropshire, who knew a good deal about rocks, had
+pointed out to me two or three years previously a well-known large
+erratic boulder in the town of Shrewsbury, called the "bell-stone;" he
+told me that there was no rock of the same kind nearer than Cumberland
+or Scotland, and he solemnly assured me that the world would come to an
+end before any one would be able to explain how this stone came where it
+now lay. This produced a deep impression on me, and I meditated over
+this wonderful stone. So that I felt the keenest delight when I first
+read of the action of icebergs in transporting boulders, and I gloried
+in the progress of Geology. Equally striking is the fact that I, though
+now only sixty-seven years old, heard the Professor, in a field lecture
+at Salisbury Craigs, discoursing on a trap-dyke, with amygdaloidal
+margins and the strata indurated on each side, with volcanic rocks all
+around us, say that it was a fissure filled with sediment from above,
+adding with a sneer that there were men who maintained that it had been
+injected from beneath in a molten condition. When I think of this
+lecture, I do not wonder that I determined never to attend to Geology.
+
+From attending Jameson's lectures, I became acquainted with the curator
+of the museum, Mr. Macgillivray, who afterwards published a large and
+excellent book on the birds of Scotland. I had much interesting
+natural-history talk with him, and he was very kind to me. He gave me
+some rare shells, for I at that time collected marine mollusca, but with
+no great zeal.
+
+My summer vacations during these two years were wholly given up to
+amusements, though I always had some book in hand, which I read with
+interest. During the summer of 1826, I took a long walking tour with two
+friends with knapsacks on our backs through North Wales. We walked
+thirty miles most days, including one day the ascent of Snowdon. I also
+went with my sister a riding tour in North Wales, a servant with
+saddle-bags carrying our clothes. The autumns were devoted to shooting,
+chiefly at Mr. Owen's, at Woodhouse, and at my Uncle Jos's,[15] at Maer.
+My zeal was so great that I used to place my shooting-boots open by my
+bed-side when I went to bed, so as not to lose half a minute in putting
+them on in the morning; and on one occasion I reached a distant part of
+the Maer estate, on the 20th of August for black-game shooting, before I
+could see: I then toiled on with the gamekeeper the whole day through
+thick heath and young Scotch firs.
+
+I kept an exact record of every bird which I shot throughout the whole
+season. One day when shooting at Woodhouse with Captain Owen, the eldest
+son, and Major Hill, his cousin, afterwards Lord Berwick, both of whom I
+liked very much, I thought myself shamefully used, for every time after
+I had fired and thought that I had killed a bird, one of the two acted
+as if loading his gun, and cried out, "You must not count that bird, for
+I fired at the same time," and the gamekeeper, perceiving the joke,
+backed them up. After some hours they told me the joke, but it was no
+joke to me, for I had shot a large number of birds, but did not know how
+many, and could not add them to my list, which I used to do by making a
+knot in a piece of string tied to a button-hole. This my wicked friends
+had perceived.
+
+How I did enjoy shooting! but I think that I must have been
+half-consciously ashamed of my zeal, for I tried to persuade myself that
+shooting was almost an intellectual employment; it required so much
+skill to judge where to find most game and to hunt the dogs well.
+
+One of my autumnal visits to Maer in 1827 was memorable from meeting
+there Sir J. Mackintosh, who was the best converser I ever listened to.
+I heard afterwards with a glow of pride that he had said, "There is
+something in that young man that interests me." This must have been
+chiefly due to his perceiving that I listened with much interest to
+everything which he said, for I was as ignorant as a pig about his
+subjects of history, politics, and moral philosophy. To hear of praise
+from an eminent person, though no doubt apt or certain to excite vanity,
+is, I think, good for a young man, as it helps to keep him in the right
+course.
+
+My visits to Maer during these two or three succeeding years were quite
+delightful, independently of the autumnal shooting. Life there was
+perfectly free; the country was very pleasant for walking or riding; and
+in the evening there was much very agreeable conversation, not so
+personal as it generally is in large family parties, together with
+music. In the summer the whole family used often to sit on the steps of
+the old portico with the flower-garden in front, and with the steep
+wooded bank opposite the house reflected in the lake, with here and
+there a fish rising or a water-bird paddling about. Nothing has left a
+more vivid picture on my mind than these evenings at Maer. I was also
+attached to and greatly revered my Uncle Jos; he was silent and
+reserved, so as to be a rather awful man; but he sometimes talked openly
+with me. He was the very type of an upright man, with the clearest
+judgment. I do not believe that any power on earth could have made him
+swerve an inch from what he considered the right course. I used to apply
+to him in my mind the well-known ode of Horace, now forgotten by me, in
+which the words "nec vultus tyranni, &c.,"[16] come in.
+
+_Cambridge_, 1828-1831.--After having spent two sessions in Edinburgh,
+my father perceived, or he heard from my sisters, that I did not like
+the thought of being a physician, so he proposed that I should become a
+clergyman. He was very properly vehement against my turning into an idle
+sporting man, which then seemed my probable destination. I asked for
+some time to consider, as from what little I had heard or thought on the
+subject I had scruples about declaring my belief in all the dogmas of
+the Church of England; though otherwise I liked the thought of being a
+country clergyman. Accordingly I read with great care _Pearson on the
+Creed_, and a few other books on divinity; and as I did not then in the
+least doubt the strict and literal truth of every word in the Bible, I
+soon persuaded myself that our Creed must be fully accepted.
+
+Considering how fiercely I have been attacked by the orthodox, it seems
+ludicrous that I once intended to be a clergyman. Nor was this intention
+and my father's wish ever formally given up, but died a natural death
+when, on leaving Cambridge, I joined the _Beagle_ as naturalist. If the
+phrenologists are to be trusted, I was well fitted in one respect to be
+a clergyman. A few years ago the secretaries of a German psychological
+society asked me earnestly by letter for a photograph of myself; and
+some time afterwards I received the proceedings of one of the meetings,
+in which it seemed that the shape of my head had been the subject of a
+public discussion, and one of the speakers declared that I had the bump
+of reverence developed enough for ten priests.
+
+As it was decided that I should be a clergyman, it was necessary that I
+should go to one of the English universities and take a degree; but as I
+had never opened a classical book since leaving school, I found to my
+dismay, that in the two intervening years, I had actually forgotten,
+incredible as it may appear, almost everything which I had learnt, even
+to some few of the Greek letters. I did not therefore proceed to
+Cambridge at the usual time in October, but worked with a private tutor
+in Shrewsbury, and went to Cambridge after the Christmas vacation, early
+in 1828. I soon recovered my school standard of knowledge, and could
+translate easy Greek books, such as Homer and the Greek Testament, with
+moderate facility.
+
+During the three years which I spent at Cambridge my time was wasted, as
+far as the academical studies were concerned, as completely as at
+Edinburgh and at school. I attempted mathematics, and even went during
+the summer of 1828 with a private tutor to Barmouth, but I got on very
+slowly. The work was repugnant to me, chiefly from my not being able to
+see any meaning in the early steps in algebra. This impatience was very
+foolish, and in after years I have deeply regretted that I did not
+proceed far enough at least to understand something of the great leading
+principles of mathematics, for men thus endowed seem to have an extra
+sense. But I do not believe that I should ever have succeeded beyond a
+very low grade. With respect to Classics I did nothing except attend a
+few compulsory college lectures, and the attendance was almost nominal.
+In my second year I had to work for a month or two to pass the
+Little-Go, which I did easily. Again, in my last year I worked with some
+earnestness for my final degree of B.A., and brushed up my Classics,
+together with a little Algebra and Euclid, which latter gave me much
+pleasure, as it did at school. In order to pass the B.A. examination, it
+was also necessary to get up Paley's _Evidences of Christianity_, and
+his _Moral Philosophy_. This was done in a thorough manner, and I am
+convinced that I could have written out the whole of the _Evidences_
+with perfect correctness, but not of course in the clear language of
+Paley. The logic of this book and, as I may add, of his _Natural
+Theology_, gave me as much delight as did Euclid. The careful study of
+these works, without attempting to learn any part by rote, was the only
+part of the academical course which, as I then felt, and as I still
+believe, was of the least use to me in the education of my mind. I did
+not at that time trouble myself about Paley's premises; and taking these
+on trust, I was charmed and convinced by the long line of argumentation.
+By answering well the examination questions in Paley, by doing Euclid
+well, and by not failing miserably in Classics, I gained a good place
+among the [Greek: oi polloi] or crowd of men who do not go in for
+honours. Oddly enough, I cannot remember how high I stood, and my memory
+fluctuates between the fifth, tenth, or twelfth, name on the list.[17]
+
+Public lectures on several branches were given in the University,
+attendance being quite voluntary; but I was so sickened with lectures at
+Edinburgh that I did not even attend Sedgwick's eloquent and interesting
+lectures. Had I done so I should probably have become a geologist
+earlier than I did. I attended, however, Henslow's lectures on Botany,
+and liked them much for their extreme clearness, and the admirable
+illustrations; but I did not study botany. Henslow used to take his
+pupils, including several of the older members of the University, field,
+excursions, on foot or in coaches, to distant places, or in a barge down
+the river, and lectured on the rarer plants and animals which were
+observed. These excursions were delightful.
+
+Although, as we shall presently see, there were some redeeming features
+in my life at Cambridge, my time was sadly wasted there, and worse than
+wasted. From my passion for shooting and for hunting, and, when this
+failed, for riding across country, I got into a sporting set, including
+some dissipated low-minded young men. We used often to dine together in
+the evening, though these dinners often included men of a higher stamp,
+and we sometimes drank too much, with jolly singing and playing at cards
+afterwards. I know that I ought to feel ashamed of days and evenings
+thus spent, but as some of my friends were very pleasant, and we were
+all in the highest spirits, I cannot help looking back to these times
+with much pleasure.[18]
+
+But I am glad to think that I had many other friends of a widely
+different nature. I was very intimate with Whitley,[19] who was
+afterwards Senior Wrangler, and we used continually to take long walks
+together. He inoculated me with a taste for pictures and good
+engravings, of which I bought some. I frequently went to the Fitzwilliam
+Gallery, and my taste must have been fairly good, for I certainly
+admired the best pictures, which I discussed with the old curator. I
+read also with much interest Sir Joshua Reynolds' book. This taste,
+though not natural to me, lasted for several years, and many of the
+pictures in the National Gallery in London gave me much pleasure; that
+of Sebastian del Piombo exciting in me a sense of sublimity.
+
+I also got into a musical set, I believe by means of my warm-hearted
+friend, Herbert,[20] who took a high wrangler's degree. From associating
+with these men, and hearing them play, I acquired a strong taste for
+music, and used very often to time my walks so as to hear on week days
+the anthem in King's College Chapel. This gave me intense pleasure, so
+that my backbone would sometimes shiver. I am sure that there was no
+affectation or mere imitation in this taste, for I used generally to go
+by myself to King's College, and I sometimes hired the chorister boys to
+sing in my rooms. Nevertheless I am so utterly destitute of an ear, that
+I cannot perceive a discord, or keep time and hum a tune correctly; and
+it is a mystery how I could possibly have derived pleasure from music.
+
+My musical friends soon perceived my state, and sometimes amused
+themselves by making me pass an examination, which consisted in
+ascertaining how many tunes I could recognise, when they were played
+rather more quickly or slowly than usual. 'God save the King,' when thus
+played, was a sore puzzle. There was another man with almost as bad an
+ear as I had, and strange to say he played a little on the flute. Once I
+had the triumph of beating him in one of our musical examinations.
+
+But no pursuit at Cambridge was followed with nearly so much eagerness
+or gave me so much pleasure as collecting beetles. It was the mere
+passion for collecting, for I did not dissect them, and rarely compared
+their external characters with published descriptions, but got them
+named anyhow. I will give a proof of my zeal: one day, on tearing off
+some old bark, I saw two rare beetles, and seized one in each hand; then
+I saw a third and new kind, which I could not bear to lose, so that I
+popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth. Alas! it
+ejected some intensely acrid fluid, which burnt my tongue so that I was
+forced to spit the beetle out, which was lost, as was the third one.
+
+I was very successful in collecting, and invented two new methods; I
+employed a labourer to scrape, during the winter, moss off old trees and
+place it in a large bag, and likewise to collect the rubbish at the
+bottom of the barges in which reeds are brought from the fens, and thus
+I got some very rare species. No poet ever felt more delighted at seeing
+his first poem published than I did at seeing, in Stephens'
+_Illustrations of British Insects_, the magic words, "captured by C.
+Darwin, Esq." I was introduced to entomology by my second cousin, W.
+Darwin Fox, a clever and most pleasant man, who was then at Christ's
+College, and with whom I became extremely intimate. Afterwards I became
+well acquainted, and went out collecting, with Albert Way of Trinity,
+who in after years became a well-known archaeologist; also with H.
+Thompson,[21] of the same College, afterwards a leading agriculturist,
+chairman of a great railway, and Member of Parliament. It seems,
+therefore, that a taste for collecting beetles is some indication of
+future success in life!
+
+I am surprised what an indelible impression many of the beetles which I
+caught at Cambridge have left on my mind. I can remember the exact
+appearance of certain posts, old trees and banks where I made a good
+capture. The pretty _Panagęus crux-major_ was a treasure in those days,
+and here at Down I saw a beetle running across a walk, and on picking it
+up instantly perceived that it differed slightly from _P. crux-major_,
+and it turned out to be _P. quadripunctatus_, which is only a variety or
+closely allied species, differing from it very slightly in outline. I
+had never seen in those old days Licinus alive, which to an uneducated
+eye hardly differs from many of the black Carabidous beetles; but my
+sons found here a specimen, and I instantly recognised that it was new
+to me; yet I had not looked at a British beetle for the last twenty
+years.
+
+I have not yet mentioned a circumstance which influenced my whole career
+more than any other. This was my friendship with Professor Henslow.
+Before coming up to Cambridge, I had heard of him from my brother as a
+man who knew every branch of science, and I was accordingly prepared to
+reverence him. He kept open house once every week[22] when all
+under-graduates and some older members of the University, who were
+attached to science, used to meet in the evening. I soon got, through
+Fox, an invitation, and went there regularly. Before long I became well
+acquainted with Henslow, and during the latter half of my time at
+Cambridge took long walks with him on most days; so that I was called by
+some of the dons "the man who walks with Henslow;" and in the evening I
+was very often asked to join his family dinner. His knowledge was great
+in botany, entomology, chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. His strongest
+taste was to draw conclusions from long-continued minute observations.
+His judgment was excellent, and his whole mind well-balanced; but I do
+not suppose that any one would say that he possessed much original
+genius.
+
+He was deeply religious, and so orthodox, that he told me one day he
+should be grieved if a single word of the Thirty-nine Articles were
+altered. His moral qualities were in every way admirable. He was free
+from every tinge of vanity or other petty feeling; and I never saw a man
+who thought so little about himself or his own concerns. His temper was
+imperturbably good, with the most winning and courteous manners; yet, as
+I have seen, he could be roused by any bad action to the warmest
+indignation and prompt action.
+
+I once saw in his company in the streets of Cambridge almost as horrid
+a scene as could have been witnessed during the French Revolution. Two
+body-snatchers had been arrested, and whilst being taken to prison had
+been torn from the constable by a crowd of the roughest men, who dragged
+them by their legs along the muddy and stony road. They were covered
+from head to foot with mud, and their faces were bleeding either from
+having been kicked or from the stones; they looked like corpses, but the
+crowd was so dense that I got only a few momentary glimpses of the
+wretched creatures. Never in my life have I seen such wrath painted on a
+man's face as was shown by Henslow at this horrid scene. He tried
+repeatedly to penetrate the mob; but it was simply impossible. He then
+rushed away to the mayor, telling me not to follow him, but to get more
+policemen. I forget the issue, except that the two men were got into the
+prison without being killed.
+
+Henslow's benevolence was unbounded, as he proved by his many excellent
+schemes for his poor parishioners, when in after years he held the
+living of Hitcham. My intimacy with such a man ought to have been, and I
+hope was, an inestimable benefit. I cannot resist mentioning a trifling
+incident, which showed his kind consideration. Whilst examining some
+pollen-grains on a damp surface, I saw the tubes exserted, and instantly
+rushed off to communicate my surprising discovery to him. Now I do not
+suppose any other professor of botany could have helped laughing at my
+coming in such a hurry to make such a communication. But he agreed how
+interesting the phenomenon was, and explained its meaning, but made me
+clearly understand how well it was known; so I left him not in the least
+mortified, but well pleased at having discovered for myself so
+remarkable a fact, but determined not to be in such a hurry again to
+communicate my discoveries.
+
+Dr. Whewell was one of the older and distinguished men who sometimes
+visited Henslow, and on several occasions I walked home with him at
+night. Next to Sir J. Mackintosh he was the best converser on grave
+subjects to whom I ever listened. Leonard Jenyns,[23] who afterwards
+published some good essays in Natural History, often stayed with
+Henslow, who was his brother-in-law. I visited him at his parsonage on
+the borders of the Fens [Swaffham Bulbeck], and had many a good walk
+and talk with him about Natural History. I became also acquainted with
+several other men older than me, who did not care much about science,
+but were friends of Henslow. One was a Scotchman, brother of Sir
+Alexander Ramsay, and tutor of Jesus College; he was a delightful man,
+but did not live for many years. Another was Mr. Dawes, afterwards Dean
+of Hereford, and famous for his success in the education of the poor.
+These men and others of the same standing, together with Henslow, used
+sometimes to take distant excursions into the country, which I was
+allowed to join, and they were most agreeable.
+
+Looking back, I infer that there must have been something in me a little
+superior to the common run of youths, otherwise the above-mentioned men,
+so much older than me and higher in academical position, would never
+have allowed me to associate with them. Certainly I was not aware of any
+such superiority, and I remember one of my sporting friends, Turner, who
+saw me at work with my beetles, saying that I should some day be a
+Fellow of the Royal Society, and the notion seemed to me preposterous.
+
+During my last year at Cambridge, I read with care and profound interest
+Humboldt's _Personal Narrative_. This work, and Sir J. Herschel's
+_Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy_, stirred up in me a
+burning zeal to add even the most humble contribution to the noble
+structure of Natural Science. No one or a dozen other books influenced
+me nearly so much as these two. I copied out from Humboldt long passages
+about Teneriffe, and read them aloud on one of the above-mentioned
+excursions, to (I think) Henslow, Ramsay, and Dawes, for on a previous
+occasion I had talked about the glories of Teneriffe, and some of the
+party declared they would endeavour to go there; but I think they were
+only half in earnest. I was, however, quite in earnest, and got an
+introduction to a merchant in London to enquire about ships; but the
+scheme was, of course, knocked on the head by the voyage of the
+_Beagle_.
+
+My summer vacations were given up to collecting beetles, to some
+reading, and short tours. In the autumn my whole time was devoted to
+shooting, chiefly at Woodhouse and Maer, and sometimes with young Eyton
+of Eyton. Upon the whole the three years which I spent at Cambridge were
+the most joyful in my happy life; for I was then in excellent health,
+and almost always in high spirits.
+
+As I had at first come up to Cambridge at Christmas, I was forced to
+keep two terms after passing my final examination, at the commencement
+of 1831; and Henslow then persuaded me to begin the study of geology.
+Therefore on my return to Shropshire I examined sections, and coloured a
+map of parts round Shrewsbury. Professor Sedgwick intended to visit
+North Wales in the beginning of August to pursue his famous geological
+investigations amongst the older rocks, and Henslow asked him to allow
+me to accompany him.[24] Accordingly he came and slept at my father's
+house.
+
+A short conversation with him during this evening produced a strong
+impression on my mind. Whilst examining an old gravel-pit near
+Shrewsbury, a labourer told me that he had found in it a large worn
+tropical Volute shell, such as may be seen on chimney-pieces of
+cottages; and as he would not sell the shell, I was convinced that he
+had really found it in the pit. I told Sedgwick of the fact, and he at
+once said (no doubt truly) that it must have been thrown away by some
+one into the pit; but then added, if really embedded there it would be
+the greatest misfortune to geology, as it would overthrow all that we
+know about the superficial deposits of the Midland Counties. These
+gravel-beds belong in fact to the glacial period, and in after years I
+found in them broken arctic shells. But I was then utterly astonished at
+Sedgwick not being delighted at so wonderful a fact as a tropical shell
+being found near the surface in the middle of England. Nothing before
+had ever made me thoroughly realise, though I had read various
+scientific books, that science consists in grouping facts so that
+general laws or conclusions may be drawn from them.
+
+Next morning we started for Llangollen, Conway, Bangor, and Capel Curig.
+This tour was of decided use in teaching me a little how to make out the
+geology of a country. Sedgwick often sent me on a line parallel to his,
+telling me to bring back specimens of the rocks and to mark the
+stratification on a map. I have little doubt that he did this for my
+good, as I was too ignorant to have aided him. On this tour I had a
+striking instance how easy it is to overlook phenomena, however
+conspicuous, before they have been observed by any one. We spent many
+hours in Cwm Idwal, examining all the rocks with extreme care, as
+Sedgwick was anxious to find fossils in them; but neither of us saw a
+trace of the wonderful glacial phenomena all around us; we did not
+notice the plainly scored rocks, the perched boulders, the lateral and
+terminal moraines. Yet these phenomena are so conspicuous that, as I
+declared in a paper published many years afterwards in the
+_Philosophical Magazine_,[25] a house burnt down by fire did not tell
+its story more plainly than did this valley. If it had still been filled
+by a glacier, the phenomena would have been less distinct than they now
+are.
+
+At Capel Curig I left Sedgwick and went in a straight line by compass
+and map across the mountains to Barmouth, never following any track
+unless it coincided with my course. I thus came on some strange wild
+places, and enjoyed much this manner of travelling. I visited Barmouth
+to see some Cambridge friends who were reading there, and thence
+returned to Shrewsbury and to Maer for shooting; for at that time I
+should have thought myself mad to give up the first days of
+partridge-shooting for geology or any other science.
+
+
+_Voyage of the 'Beagle': from December 27, 1831, to October 2, 1836._
+
+On returning home from my short geological tour in North Wales, I found
+a letter from Henslow, informing me that Captain Fitz-Roy was willing to
+give up part of his own cabin to any young man who would volunteer to go
+with him without pay as naturalist to the Voyage of the _Beagle_. I have
+given, as I believe, in my MS. Journal an account of all the
+circumstances which then occurred; I will here only say that I was
+instantly eager to accept the offer, but my father strongly objected,
+adding the words, fortunate for me, "If you can find any man of
+common-sense who advises you to go I will give my consent." So I wrote
+that evening and refused the offer. On the next morning I went to Maer
+to be ready for September 1st, and whilst out shooting, my uncle[26]
+sent for me, offering to drive me over to Shrewsbury and talk with my
+father, as my uncle thought it would be wise in me to accept the offer.
+My father always maintained that [my uncle] was one of the most sensible
+men in the world, and he at once consented in the kindest manner. I had
+been rather extravagant at Cambridge, and to console my father, said,
+"that I should be deuced clever to spend more than my allowance whilst
+on board the _Beagle_;" but he answered with a smile, "But they tell me
+you are very clever."
+
+Next day I started for Cambridge to see Henslow, and thence to London
+to see Fitz-Roy, and all was soon arranged. Afterwards, on becoming very
+intimate with Fitz-Roy, I heard that I had run a very narrow risk of
+being rejected on account of the shape of my nose! He was an ardent
+disciple of Lavater, and was convinced that he could judge of a man's
+character by the outline of his features; and he doubted whether any one
+with my nose could possess sufficient energy and determination for the
+voyage. But I think he was afterwards well satisfied that my nose had
+spoken falsely.
+
+Fitz-Roy's character was a singular one, with very many noble features:
+he was devoted to his duty, generous to a fault, bold, determined, and
+indomitably energetic, and an ardent friend to all under his sway. He
+would undertake any sort of trouble to assist those whom he thought
+deserved assistance. He was a handsome man, strikingly like a gentleman,
+with highly-courteous manners, which resembled those of his maternal
+uncle, the famous Lord Castlereagh, as I was told by the Minister at
+Rio. Nevertheless he must have inherited much in his appearance from
+Charles II., for Dr. Wallich gave me a collection of photographs which
+he had made, and I was struck with the resemblance of one to Fitz-Roy;
+and on looking at the name, I found it Ch. E. Sobieski Stuart, Count
+d'Albanie,[27] a descendant of the same monarch.
+
+Fitz-Roy's temper was a most unfortunate one. It was usually worst in
+the early morning, and with his eagle eye he could generally detect
+something amiss about the ship, and was then unsparing in his blame. He
+was very kind to me, but was a man very difficult to live with on the
+intimate terms which necessarily followed from our messing by ourselves
+in the same cabin. We had several quarrels; for instance, early in the
+voyage at Bahia, in Brazil, he defended and praised slavery, which I
+abominated, and told me that he had just visited a great slave-owner,
+who had called up many of his slaves and asked them whether they were
+happy, and whether they wished to be free, and all answered "No." I then
+asked him, perhaps with a sneer, whether he thought that the answer of
+slaves in the presence of their master was worth anything? This made him
+excessively angry, and he said that as I doubted his word we could not
+live any longer together. I thought that I should have been compelled to
+leave the ship; but as soon as the news spread, which it did quickly,
+as the captain sent for the first lieutenant to assuage his anger by
+abusing me, I was deeply gratified by receiving an invitation from all
+the gun-room officers to mess with them. But after a few hours Fitz-Roy
+showed his usual magnanimity by sending an officer to me with an apology
+and a request that I would continue to live with him.
+
+His character was in several respects one of the most noble which I have
+ever known.
+
+The voyage of the _Beagle_ has been by far the most important event in
+my life, and has determined my whole career; yet it depended on so small
+a circumstance as my uncle offering to drive me thirty miles to
+Shrewsbury, which few uncles would have done, and on such a trifle as
+the shape of my nose. I have always felt that I owe to the voyage the
+first real training or education of my mind; I was led to attend closely
+to several branches of natural history, and thus my powers of
+observation were improved, though they were always fairly developed.
+
+The investigation of the geology of all the places visited was far more
+important, as reasoning here comes into play. On first examining a new
+district, nothing can appear more hopeless than the chaos of rocks; but
+by recording the stratification and nature of the rocks and fossils at
+many points, always reasoning and predicting what will be found
+elsewhere, light soon begins to dawn on the district, and the structure
+of the whole becomes more or less intelligible. I had brought with me
+the first volume of Lyell's _Principles of Geology_, which I studied
+attentively; and the book was of the highest service to me in many ways.
+The very first place which I examined, namely, St. Jago, in the Cape de
+Verde islands, showed me clearly the wonderful superiority of Lyell's
+manner of treating geology, compared with that of any other author whose
+works I had with me or ever afterwards read.
+
+Another of my occupations was collecting animals of all classes, briefly
+describing and roughly dissecting many of the marine ones; but from not
+being able to draw, and from not having sufficient anatomical knowledge,
+a great pile of MS. which I made during the voyage has proved almost
+useless. I thus lost much time, with the exception of that spent in
+acquiring some knowledge of the Crustaceans, as this was of service when
+in after years I undertook a monograph of the Cirripedia.
+
+During some part of the day I wrote my Journal, and took much pains in
+describing carefully and vividly all that I had seen; and this was good
+practice. My Journal served also, in part, as letters to my home, and
+portions were sent to England whenever there was an opportunity.
+
+The above various special studies were, however, of no importance
+compared with the habit of energetic industry and of concentrated
+attention to whatever I was engaged in, which I then acquired.
+Everything about which I thought or read was made to bear directly on
+what I had seen or was likely to see; and this habit of mind was
+continued during the five years of the voyage. I feel sure that it was
+this training which has enabled me to do whatever I have done in
+science.
+
+Looking backwards, I can now perceive how my love for science gradually
+preponderated over every other taste. During the first two years my old
+passion for shooting survived in nearly full force, and I shot myself
+all the birds and animals for my collection; but gradually I gave up my
+gun more and more, and finally altogether, to my servant, as shooting
+interfered with my work, more especially with making out the geological
+structure of a country. I discovered, though unconsciously and
+insensibly, that the pleasure of observing and reasoning was a much
+higher one than that of skill and sport. That my mind became developed
+through my pursuits during the voyage is rendered probable by a remark
+made by my father, who was the most acute observer whom I ever saw, of a
+sceptical disposition, and far from being a believer in phrenology; for
+on first seeing me after the voyage, he turned round to my sisters, and
+exclaimed, "Why, the shape of his head is quite altered."
+
+To return to the voyage. On September 11th (1831), I paid a flying visit
+with Fitz-Roy to the _Beagle_ at Plymouth. Thence to Shrewsbury to wish
+my father and sisters a long farewell. On October 24th I took up my
+residence at Plymouth, and remained there until December 27th, when the
+_Beagle_ finally left the shores of England for her circumnavigation of
+the world. We made two earlier attempts to sail, but were driven back
+each time by heavy gales. These two months at Plymouth were the most
+miserable which I ever spent, though I exerted myself in various ways. I
+was out of spirits at the thought of leaving all my family and friends
+for so long a time, and the weather seemed to me inexpressibly gloomy. I
+was also troubled with palpitation and pain about the heart, and like
+many a young ignorant man, especially one with a smattering of medical
+knowledge, was convinced that I had heart disease. I did not consult
+any doctor, as I fully expected to hear the verdict that I was not fit
+for the voyage, and I was resolved to go at all hazards.
+
+I need not here refer to the events of the voyage--where we went and
+what we did--as I have given a sufficiently full account in my published
+Journal. The glories of the vegetation of the Tropics rise before my
+mind at the present time more vividly than anything else; though the
+sense of sublimity, which the great deserts of Patagonia and the
+forest-clad mountains of Tierra del Fuego excited in me, has left an
+indelible impression on my mind. The sight of a naked savage in his
+native land is an event which can never be forgotten. Many of my
+excursions on horseback through wild countries, or in the boats, some of
+which lasted several weeks, were deeply interesting; their discomfort
+and some degree of danger were at that time hardly a drawback, and none
+at all afterwards. I also reflect with high satisfaction on some of my
+scientific work, such as solving the problem of coral islands, and
+making out the geological structure of certain islands, for instance,
+St. Helena. Nor must I pass over the discovery of the singular relations
+of the animals and plants inhabiting the several islands of the
+Galapagos archipelago, and of all of them to the inhabitants of South
+America.
+
+As far as I can judge of myself, I worked to the utmost during the
+voyage from the mere pleasure of investigation, and from my strong
+desire to add a few facts to the great mass of facts in Natural Science.
+But I was also ambitious to take a fair place among scientific
+men,--whether more ambitious or less so than most of my fellow-workers,
+I can form no opinion.
+
+The geology of St. Jago is very striking, yet simple: a stream of lava
+formerly flowed over the bed of the sea, formed of triturated recent
+shells and corals, which it has baked into a hard white rock. Since then
+the whole island has been upheaved. But the line of white rock revealed
+to me a new and important fact, namely, that there had been afterwards
+subsidence round the craters, which had since been in action, and had
+poured forth lava. It then first dawned on me that I might perhaps write
+a book on the geology of the various countries visited, and this made me
+thrill with delight. That was a memorable hour to me, and how distinctly
+I can call to mind the low cliff of lava beneath which I rested, with
+the sun glaring hot, a few strange desert plants growing near, and with
+living corals in the tidal pools at my feet. Later in the voyage,
+Fitz-Roy asked me to read some of my Journal, and declared it would be
+worth publishing; so here was a second book in prospect!
+
+Towards the close of our voyage I received a letter whilst at Ascension,
+in which my sisters told me that Sedgwick had called on my father, and
+said that I should take a place among the leading scientific men. I
+could not at the time understand how he could have learnt anything of my
+proceedings, but I heard (I believe afterwards) that Henslow had read
+some of the letters which I wrote to him before the Philosophical
+Society of Cambridge,[28] and had printed them for private distribution.
+My collection of fossil bones, which had been sent to Henslow, also
+excited considerable attention amongst palęontologists. After reading
+this letter, I clambered over the mountains of Ascension with a bounding
+step and made the volcanic rocks resound under my geological hammer. All
+this shows how ambitious I was; but I think that I can say with truth
+that in after years, though I cared in the highest degree for the
+approbation of such men as Lyell and Hooker, who were my friends, I did
+not care much about the general public. I do not mean to say that a
+favourable review or a large sale of my books did not please me greatly,
+but the pleasure was a fleeting one, and I am sure that I have never
+turned one inch out of my course to gain fame.
+
+
+_From my return to England (October 2, 1836) to my marriage (January 29,
+1839)._
+
+These two years and three months wore the most active ones which I ever
+spent, though I was occasionally unwell, and so lost some time. After
+going backwards and forwards several times between Shrewsbury, Maer,
+Cambridge, and London, I settled in lodgings at Cambridge[29] on
+December 13th, where all my collections were under the care of Henslow.
+I stayed here three months, and got my minerals and rocks examined by
+the aid of Professor Miller.
+
+I began preparing my _Journal of Travels_, which was not hard work, as
+my MS. Journal had been written with care, and my chief labour was
+making an abstract of my more interesting scientific results. I sent
+also, at the request of Lyell, a short account of my observations on the
+elevation of the coast of Chili to the Geological Society.[30]
+
+On March 7th, 1837, I took lodgings in Great Marlborough Street in
+London, and remained there for nearly two years, until I was married.
+During these two years I finished my Journal, read several papers before
+the Geological Society, began preparing the MS. for my _Geological
+Observations_, and arranged for the publication of the _Zoology of the
+Voyage of the Beagle_. In July I opened my first note-book for facts in
+relation to the _Origin of Species_, about which I had long reflected,
+and never ceased working for the next twenty years.
+
+During these two years I also went a little into society, and acted as
+one of the honorary secretaries of the Geological Society. I saw a great
+deal of Lyell. One of his chief characteristics was his sympathy with
+the work of others, and I was as much astonished as delighted at the
+interest which he showed when, on my return to England, I explained to
+him my views on coral reefs. This encouraged me greatly, and his advice
+and example had much influence on me. During this time I saw also a good
+deal of Robert Brown; I used often to call and sit with him during his
+breakfast on Sunday mornings, and he poured forth a rich treasure of
+curious observations and acute remarks, but they almost always related
+to minute points, and he never with me discussed large or general
+questions in science.
+
+During these two years I took several short excursions as a relaxation,
+and one longer one to the parallel roads of Glen Roy, an account of
+which was published in the _Philosophical Transactions_.[31] This paper
+was a great failure, and I am ashamed of it. Having been deeply
+impressed with what I had seen of the elevation of the land in South
+America, I attributed the parallel lines to the action of the sea; but I
+had to give up this view when Agassiz propounded his glacier-lake
+theory. Because no other explanation was possible under our then state
+of knowledge, I argued in favour of sea-action; and my error has been a
+good lesson to me never to trust in science to the principle of
+exclusion.
+
+As I was not able to work all day at science, I read a good deal during
+these two years on various subjects, including some metaphysical books;
+but I was not well fitted for such studies. About this time I took much
+delight in Wordsworth's and Coleridge's poetry; and can boast that I
+read the _Excursion_ twice through. Formerly Milton's _Paradise Lost_
+had been my chief favourite, and in my excursions during the voyage of
+the _Beagle_, when I could take only a single volume, I always chose
+Milton.
+
+
+_From my marriage, January 29, 1839, and residence in Upper Gower
+Street, to our leaving London and settling at Down, September 14, 1842._
+
+[After speaking of his happy married life, and of his children, he
+continues:]
+
+During the three years and eight months whilst we resided in London, I
+did less scientific work, though I worked as hard as I possibly could,
+than during any other equal length of time in my life. This was owing to
+frequently recurring unwellness, and to one long and serious illness.
+The greater part of my time, when I could do anything, was devoted to my
+work on _Coral Reefs_, which I had begun before my marriage, and of
+which the last proof-sheet was corrected on May 6th, 1842. This book,
+though a small one, cost me twenty months of hard work, as I had to read
+every work on the islands of the Pacific and to consult many charts. It
+was thought highly of by scientific men, and the theory therein given
+is, I think, now well established.
+
+No other work of mine was begun in so deductive a spirit as this, for
+the whole theory was thought out on the west coast of South America,
+before I had seen a true coral reef. I had therefore only to verify and
+extend my views by a careful examination of living reefs. But it should
+be observed that I had during the two previous years been incessantly
+attending to the effects on the shores of South America of the
+intermittent elevation of the land, together with denudation and the
+deposition of sediment. This necessarily led me to reflect much on the
+effects of subsidence, and it was easy to replace in imagination the
+continued deposition of sediment by the upward growth of corals. To do
+this was to form my theory of the formation of barrier-reefs and atolls.
+
+Besides my work on coral-reefs, during my residence in London, I read
+before the Geological Society papers on the Erratic Boulders of South
+America,[32] on Earthquakes,[33] and on the Formation by the Agency of
+Earth-worms of Mould.[34] I also continued to superintend the
+publication of the _Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle_. Nor did I ever
+intermit collecting facts bearing on the origin of species; and I could
+sometimes do this when I could do nothing else from illness.
+
+In the summer of 1842 I was stronger than I had been for some time, and
+took a little tour by myself in North Wales, for the sake of observing
+the effects of the old glaciers which formerly filled all the larger
+valleys. I published a short account of what I saw in the _Philosophical
+Magazine_.[35] This excursion interested me greatly, and it was the last
+time I was ever strong enough to climb mountains or to take long walks
+such as are necessary for geological work.
+
+During the early part of our life in London, I was strong enough to go
+into general society, and saw a good deal of several scientific men and
+other more or less distinguished men. I will give my impressions with
+respect to some of them, though I have little to say worth saying.
+
+I saw more of Lyell than of any other man, both before and after my
+marriage. His mind was characterised, as it appeared to me, by
+clearness, caution, sound judgment, and a good deal of originality. When
+I made any remark to him on Geology, he never rested until he saw the
+whole case clearly, and often made me see it more clearly than I had
+done before. He would advance all possible objections to my suggestion,
+and even after these were exhausted would long remain dubious. A second
+characteristic was his hearty sympathy with the work of other scientific
+men.[36]
+
+On my return from the voyage of the _Beagle_, I explained to him my
+views on coral-reefs, which differed from his, and I was greatly
+surprised and encouraged by the vivid interest which he showed. His
+delight in science was ardent, and he felt the keenest interest in the
+future progress of mankind. He was very kind-hearted, and thoroughly
+liberal in his religious beliefs, or rather disbeliefs; but he was a
+strong theist. His candour was highly remarkable. He exhibited this by
+becoming a convert to the Descent theory, though he had gained much fame
+by opposing Lamarck's views, and this after he had grown old. He
+reminded me that I had many years before said to him, when discussing
+the opposition of the old school of geologists to his new views, "What a
+good thing it would be if every scientific man was to die when sixty
+years old, as afterwards he would be sure to oppose all new doctrines."
+But he hoped that now he might be allowed to live.
+
+The science of Geology is enormously indebted to Lyell--more so, as I
+believe, than to any other man who ever lived. When [I was] starting on
+the voyage of the _Beagle_, the sagacious Henslow, who, like all other
+geologists, believed at that time in successive cataclysms, advised me
+to get and study the first volume of the _Principles_, which had then
+just been published, but on no account to accept the views therein
+advocated. How differently would any one now speak of the _Principles_!
+I am proud to remember that the first place, namely, St. Jago, in the
+Cape de Verde Archipelago, in which I geologised, convinced me of the
+infinite superiority of Lyell's views over those advocated in any other
+work known to me.
+
+The powerful effects of Lyell's works could formerly be plainly seen in
+the different progress of the science in France and England. The present
+total oblivion of Elie de Beaumont's wild hypotheses, such as his
+_Craters of Elevation_ and _Lines of Elevation_ (which latter hypothesis
+I heard Sedgwick at the Geological Society lauding to the skies), may be
+largely attributed to Lyell.
+
+I saw a good deal of Robert Brown, "facile Princeps Botanicorum," as he
+was called by Humboldt. He seemed to me to be chiefly remarkable for the
+minuteness of his observations and their perfect accuracy. His knowledge
+was extraordinarily great, and much died with him, owing to his
+excessive fear of ever making a mistake. He poured out his knowledge to
+me in the most unreserved manner, yet was strangely jealous on some
+points. I called on him two or three times before the voyage of the
+_Beagle_, and on one occasion he asked me to look through a microscope
+and describe what I saw. This I did, and believe now that it was the
+marvellous currents of protoplasm in some vegetable cell. I then asked
+him what I had seen; but he answered me, "That is my little secret."
+
+He was capable of the most generous actions. When old, much out of
+health, and quite unfit for any exertion, he daily visited (as Hooker
+told me) an old man-servant, who lived at a distance (and whom he
+supported), and read aloud to him. This is enough to make up for any
+degree of scientific penuriousness or jealousy.
+
+I may here mention a few other eminent men whom I have occasionally
+seen, but I have little to say about them worth saying. I felt a high
+reverence for Sir J. Herschel, and was delighted to dine with him at his
+charming house at the Cape of Good Hope and afterwards at his London
+house. I saw him, also, on a few other occasions. He never talked much,
+but every word which he uttered was worth listening to.
+
+I once met at breakfast, at Sir R. Murchison's house, the illustrious
+Humboldt, who honoured me by expressing a wish to see me. I was a little
+disappointed with the great man, but my anticipations probably were too
+high. I can remember nothing distinctly about our interview, except
+that Humboldt was very cheerful and talked much.
+
+X.[37] reminds me of Buckle, whom I once met at Hensleigh Wedgwood's. I
+was very glad to learn from [Buckle] his system of collecting facts. He
+told me that he bought all the books which he read, and made a full
+index to each, of the facts which he thought might prove serviceable to
+him, and that he could always remember in what book he had read
+anything, for his memory was wonderful. I asked him how at first he
+could judge what facts would be serviceable, and he answered that he did
+not know, but that a sort of instinct guided him. From this habit of
+making indices, he was enabled to give the astonishing number of
+references on all sorts of subjects which may be found in his _History
+of Civilisation_. This book I thought most interesting, and read it
+twice, but I doubt whether his generalisations are worth anything.
+Buckle was a great talker; and I listened to him, saying hardly a word,
+nor indeed could I have done so, for he left no gaps. When Mrs. Farrer
+began to sing, I jumped up and said that I must listen to her. After I
+had moved away, he turned round to a friend, and said (as was overheard
+by my brother), "Well, Mr. Darwin's books are much better than his
+conversation."
+
+Of other great literary men, I once met Sydney Smith at Dean Milman's
+house. There was something inexplicably amusing in every word which he
+uttered. Perhaps this was partly due to the expectation of being amused.
+He was talking about Lady Cork, who was then extremely old. This was the
+lady who, as he said, was once so much affected by one of his charity
+sermons, that she _borrowed_ a guinea from a friend to put in the plate.
+He now said, "It is generally believed that my dear old friend Lady Cork
+has been overlooked"; and he said this in such a manner that no one
+could for a moment doubt that he meant that his dear old friend had been
+overlooked by the devil. How he managed to express this I know not.
+
+I likewise once met Macaulay at Lord Stanhope's (the historian's) house,
+and as there was only one other man at dinner, I had a grand opportunity
+of hearing him converse, and he was very agreeable. He did not talk at
+all too much, nor indeed could such a man talk too much, as long as he
+allowed others to turn the stream of his conversation, and this he did
+allow.
+
+Lord Stanhope once gave me a curious little proof of the accuracy and
+fulness of Macaulay's memory. Many historians used often to meet at
+Lord Stanhope's house; and, in discussing various subjects, they would
+sometimes differ from Macaulay, and formerly they often referred to some
+book to see who was right; but latterly, as Lord Stanhope noticed, no
+historian ever took this trouble, and whatever Macaulay said was final.
+
+On another occasion I met at Lord Stanhope's house one of his parties of
+historians and other literary men, and amongst them were Motley and
+Grote. After luncheon I walked about Chevening Park for nearly an hour
+with Grote, and was much interested by his conversation and pleased by
+the simplicity and absence of all pretension in his manners.
+
+Long ago I dined occasionally with the old Earl, the father of the
+historian. He was a strange man, but what little I knew of him I liked
+much. He was frank, genial, and pleasant. He had strongly-marked
+features, with a brown complexion, and his clothes, when I saw him, were
+all brown. He seemed to believe in everything which was to others
+utterly incredible. He said one day to me, "Why don't you give up your
+fiddle-faddle of geology and zoology, and turn to the occult sciences?"
+The historian, then Lord Mahon, seemed shocked at such a speech to me,
+and his charming wife much amused.
+
+The last man whom I will mention is Carlyle, seen by me several times at
+my brother's house and two or three times at my own house. His talk was
+very racy and interesting, just like his writings, but he sometimes went
+on too long on the same subject. I remember a funny dinner at my
+brother's, where, amongst a few others, were Babbage and Lyell, both of
+whom liked to talk. Carlyle, however, silenced every one by haranguing
+during the whole dinner on the advantages of silence. After dinner,
+Babbage, in his grimmest manner, thanked Carlyle for his very
+interesting lecture on silence.
+
+Carlyle sneered at almost every one: One day in my house he called
+Grote's _History_ "a fetid quagmire, with nothing spiritual about it." I
+always thought, until his _Reminiscences_ appeared, that his sneers were
+partly jokes, but this now seems rather doubtful. His expression was
+that of a depressed, almost despondent, yet benevolent man, and it is
+notorious how heartily he laughed. I believe that his benevolence was
+real, though stained by not a little jealousy. No one can doubt about
+his extraordinary power of drawing pictures of things and men--far more
+vivid, as it appears to me, than any drawn by Macaulay. Whether his
+pictures of men were true ones is another question.
+
+He has been all-powerful in impressing some grand moral truths on the
+minds of men. On the other hand, his views about slavery were
+revolting. In his eyes might was right. His mind seemed to me a very
+narrow one; even if all branches of science, which he despised, are
+excluded. It is astonishing to me that Kingsley should have spoken of
+him as a man well fitted to advance science. He laughed to scorn the
+idea that a mathematician, such as Whewell, could judge, as I maintained
+he could, of Goethe's views on light. He thought it a most ridiculous
+thing that any one should care whether a glacier moved a little quicker
+or a little slower, or moved at all. As far as I could judge, I never
+met a man with a mind so ill adapted for scientific research.
+
+Whilst living in London, I attended as regularly as I could the meetings
+of several scientific societies, and acted as secretary to the
+Geological Society. But such attendance, and ordinary society, suited my
+health so badly that we resolved to live in the country, which we both
+preferred and have never repented of.
+
+
+_Residence at Down, from September 14, 1842, to the present time, 1876._
+
+After several fruitless searches in Surrey and elsewhere, we found this
+house and purchased it. I was pleased with the diversified appearance of
+the vegetation proper to a chalk district, and so unlike what I had been
+accustomed to in the Midland counties; and still more pleased with the
+extreme quietness and rusticity of the place. It is not, however, quite
+so retired a place as a writer in a German periodical makes it, who says
+that my house can be approached only by a mule-track! Our fixing
+ourselves here has answered admirably in one way which we did not
+anticipate, namely, by being very convenient for frequent visits from
+our children.
+
+Few persons can have lived a more retired life than we have done.
+Besides short visits to the houses of relations, and occasionally to the
+seaside or elsewhere, we have gone nowhere. During the first part of our
+residence we went a little into society, and received a few friends
+here; but my health almost always suffered from the excitement, violent
+shivering and vomiting attacks being thus brought on. I have therefore
+been compelled for many years to give up all dinner-parties; and this
+has been somewhat of a deprivation to me, as such parties always put me
+into high spirits. From the same cause I have been able to invite here
+very few scientific acquaintances.
+
+My chief enjoyment and sole employment throughout life has been
+scientific work, and the excitement from such work makes me for the time
+forget, or drives quite away, my daily discomfort. I have therefore
+nothing to record during the rest of my life, except the publication of
+my several books. Perhaps a few details how they arose may be worth
+giving.
+
+_My several Publications._--In the early part of 1844, my observations
+on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of the _Beagle_ were
+published. In 1845, I took much pains in correcting a new edition of my
+_Journal of Researches_, which was originally published in 1839 as part
+of Fitz-Roy's work. The success of this my first literary child always
+tickles my vanity more than that of any of my other books. Even to this
+day it sells steadily in England and the United States, and has been
+translated for the second time into German, and into French and other
+languages. This success of a book of travels, especially of a scientific
+one, so many years after its first publication, is surprising. Ten
+thousand copies have been sold in England of the second edition. In 1846
+my _Geological Observations on South America_ were published. I record
+in a little diary, which I have always kept, that my three geological
+books (_Coral Reefs_ included) consumed four and a half years' steady
+work; "and now it is ten years since my return to England. How much time
+have I lost by illness?" I have nothing to say about these three books
+except that to my surprise new editions have lately been called for.[38]
+
+In October, 1846, I began to work on 'Cirripedia' (Barnacles). When on
+the coast of Chile, I found a most curious form, which burrowed into
+shells of Concholepas, and which differed so much from all other
+Cirripedes that I had to form a new sub-order for its sole reception.
+Lately an allied burrowing genus has been found on the shores of
+Portugal. To understand the structure of my new Cirripede I had to
+examine and dissect many of the common forms: and this gradually led me
+on to take up the whole group. I worked steadily on the subject for the
+next eight years, and ultimately published two thick volumes,[39]
+describing all the known living species, and two thin quartos on the
+extinct species. I do not doubt that Sir E. Lytton Bulwer had me in his
+mind when he introduced in one of his novels a Professor Long, who had
+written two huge volumes on limpets.
+
+Although I was employed during eight years on this work, yet I record in
+my diary that about two years out of this time was lost by illness. On
+this account I went in 1848 for some months to Malvern for hydropathic
+treatment, which did me much good, so that on my return home I was able
+to resume work. So much was I out of health that when my dear father
+died on November 13th, 1848, I was unable to attend his funeral or to
+act as one of his executors.
+
+My work on the Cirripedia possesses, I think, considerable value, as
+besides describing several new and remarkable forms, I made out the
+homologies of the various parts--I discovered the cementing apparatus,
+though I blundered dreadfully about the cement glands--and lastly I
+proved the existence in certain genera of minute males complemental to
+and parasitic on the hermaphrodites. This latter discovery has at last
+been fully confirmed; though at one time a German writer was pleased to
+attribute the whole account to my fertile imagination. The Cirripedes
+form a highly varying and difficult group of species to class; and my
+work was of considerable use to me, when I had to discuss in the _Origin
+of Species_ the principles of a natural classification. Nevertheless, I
+doubt whether the work was worth the consumption of so much time.
+
+From September 1854 I devoted my whole time to arranging my huge pile of
+notes, to observing, and to experimenting in relation to the
+transmutation of species. During the voyage of the _Beagle_ I had been
+deeply impressed by discovering in the Pampean formation great fossil
+animals covered with armour like that on the existing armadillos;
+secondly, by the manner in which closely allied animals replace one
+another in proceeding southwards over the Continent; and thirdly, by the
+South American character of most of the productions of the Galapagos
+archipelago, and more especially by the manner in which they differ
+slightly on each island of the group; none of the islands appearing to
+be very ancient in a geological sense.
+
+It was evident that such facts as these, as well as many others, could
+only be explained on the supposition that species gradually become
+modified; and the subject haunted me. But it was equally evident that
+neither the action of the surrounding conditions, nor the will of the
+organisms (especially in the case of plants) could account for the
+innumerable cases in which organisms of every kind are beautifully
+adapted to their habits of life--for instance, a woodpecker or a
+tree-frog to climb trees, or a seed for dispersal by hooks or plumes. I
+had always been much struck by such adaptations, and until these could
+be explained it seemed to me almost useless to endeavour to prove by
+indirect evidence that species have been modified.
+
+After my return to England it appeared to me that by following the
+example of Lyell in Geology, and by collecting all facts which bore in
+any way on the variation of animals and plants under domestication and
+nature, some light might perhaps be thrown on the whole subject. My
+first note-book was opened in July 1837. I worked on true Baconian
+principles, and without any theory collected facts on a wholesale scale,
+more especially with respect to domesticated productions, by printed
+enquiries, by conversation with skilful breeders and gardeners, and by
+extensive reading. When I see the list of books of all kinds which I
+read and abstracted, including whole series of Journals and
+Transactions, I am surprised at my industry. I soon perceived that
+selection was the keystone of man's success in making useful races of
+animals and plants. But how selection could be applied to organisms
+living in a state of nature remained for some time a mystery to me.
+
+In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic
+enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on _Population_, and
+being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which
+everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of
+animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances
+favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones
+to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new
+species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work; but I
+was so anxious to avoid prejudice, that I determined not for some time
+to write even the briefest sketch of it. In June 1842 I first allowed
+myself the satisfaction of writing a very brief abstract of my theory in
+pencil in 35 pages; and this was enlarged during the summer of 1844 into
+one of 230 pages, which I had fairly copied out and still possess.
+
+But at that time I overlooked one problem of great importance; and it is
+astonishing to me, except on the principle of Columbus and his egg, how
+I could have overlooked it and its solution. This problem is the
+tendency in organic beings descended from the same stock to diverge in
+character as they become modified. That they have diverged greatly is
+obvious from the manner in which species of all kinds can be classed
+under genera, genera under families, families under sub-orders, and so
+forth; and I can remember the very spot in the road, whilst in my
+carriage, when to my joy the solution occurred to me; and this was long
+after I had come to Down. The solution, as I believe, is that the
+modified offspring of all dominant and increasing forms tend to become
+adapted to many and highly diversified places in the economy of nature.
+
+Early in 1856 Lyell advised me to write out my views pretty fully, and
+I began at once to do so on a scale three or four times as extensive as
+that which was afterwards followed in my _Origin of Species_; yet it was
+only an abstract of the materials which I had collected, and I got
+through about half the work on this scale. But my plans were overthrown,
+for early in the summer of 1858 Mr. Wallace, who was then in the Malay
+archipelago, sent me an essay _On the Tendency of Varieties to depart
+indefinitely from the Original Type_; and this essay contained exactly
+the same theory as mine. Mr. Wallace expressed the wish that if I
+thought well of his essay, I should send it to Lyell for perusal.
+
+The circumstances under which I consented at the request of Lyell and
+Hooker to allow of an abstract from my MS., together with a letter to
+Asa Gray, dated September 5, 1857, to be published at the same time with
+Wallace's Essay, are given in the _Journal of the Proceedings of the
+Linnean Society_, 1858, p. 45. I was at first very unwilling to consent,
+as I thought Mr. Wallace might consider my doing so unjustifiable, for I
+did not then know how generous and noble was his disposition. The
+extract from my MS. and the letter to Asa Gray had neither been intended
+for publication, and were badly written. Mr. Wallace's essay, on the
+other hand, was admirably expressed and quite clear. Nevertheless, our
+joint productions excited very little attention, and the only published
+notice of them which I can remember was by Professor Haughton of Dublin,
+whose verdict was that all that was new in them was false, and what was
+true was old. This shows how necessary it is that any new view should be
+explained at considerable length in order to arouse public attention.
+
+In September 1858 I set to work by the strong advice of Lyell and Hooker
+to prepare a volume on the transmutation of species, but was often
+interrupted by ill-health, and short visits to Dr. Lane's delightful
+hydropathic establishment at Moor Park. I abstracted the MS. begun on a
+much larger scale in 1856, and completed the volume on the same reduced
+scale. It cost me thirteen months and ten days' hard labour. It was
+published under the title of the _Origin of Species_, in November 1859.
+Though considerably added to and corrected in the later editions, it has
+remained substantially the same book.
+
+It is no doubt the chief work of my life. It was from the first highly
+successful. The first small edition of 1250 copies was sold on the day
+of publication, and a second edition of 3000 copies soon afterwards.
+Sixteen thousand copies have now (1876) been sold in England; and
+considering how stiff a book it is, this is a large sale. It has been
+translated into almost every European tongue, even into such languages
+as Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, and Russian. It has also, according to
+Miss Bird, been translated into Japanese,[40] and is there much studied.
+Even an essay in Hebrew has appeared on it, showing that the theory is
+contained in the Old Testament! The reviews were very numerous; for some
+time I collected all that appeared on the _Origin_ and on my related
+books, and these amount (excluding newspaper reviews) to 265; but after
+a time I gave up the attempt in despair. Many separate essays and books
+on the subject have appeared; and in Germany a catalogue or bibliography
+on "Darwinismus" has appeared every year or two.
+
+The success of the _Origin_ may, I think, be attributed in large part to
+my having long before written two condensed sketches, and to my having
+finally abstracted a much larger manuscript, which was itself an
+abstract. By this means I was enabled to select the more striking facts
+and conclusions. I had, also, during many years, followed a golden rule,
+namely, that whenever a published fact, a new observation or thought
+came across me, which was opposed to my general results, to make a
+memorandum of it without fail and at once; for I had found by experience
+that such facts and thoughts were far more apt to escape from the memory
+than favourable ones. Owing to this habit, very few objections were
+raised against my views which I had not at least noticed and attempted
+to answer.
+
+It has sometimes been said that the success of the _Origin_ proved "that
+the subject was in the air," or "that men's minds were prepared for it."
+I do not think that this is strictly true, for I occasionally sounded
+not a few naturalists, and never happened to come across a single one
+who seemed to doubt about the permanence of species. Even Lyell and
+Hooker, though they would listen with interest to me, never seemed to
+agree. I tried once or twice to explain to able men what I meant by
+Natural selection, but signally failed. What I believe was strictly true
+is that innumerable well-observed facts were stored in the minds of
+naturalists ready to take their proper places as soon as any theory
+which would receive them was sufficiently explained. Another element in
+the success of the book was its moderate size; and this I owe to the
+appearance of Mr. Wallace's essay; had I published on the scale in
+which I began to write in 1856, the book would have been four or five
+times as large as the _Origin_, and very few would have had the patience
+to read it.
+
+I gained much by my delay in publishing from about 1839, when the theory
+was clearly conceived, to 1859; and I lost nothing by it, for I cared
+very little whether men attributed most originality to me or Wallace;
+and his essay no doubt aided in the reception of the theory. I was
+forestalled in only one important point, which my vanity has always made
+me regret, namely, the explanation by means of the Glacial period of the
+presence of the same species of plants and of some few animals on
+distant mountain summits and in the arctic regions. This view pleased me
+so much that I wrote it out _in extenso_, and I believe that it was read
+by Hooker some years before E. Forbes published his celebrated
+memoir[41] on the subject. In the very few points in which we differed,
+I still think that I was in the right. I have never, of course, alluded
+in print to my having independently worked out this view.
+
+Hardly any point gave me so much satisfaction when I was at work on the
+_Origin_, as the explanation of the wide difference in many classes
+between the embryo and the adult animal, and of the close resemblance of
+the embryos within the same class. No notice of this point was taken, as
+far as I remember, in the early reviews of the _Origin_, and I recollect
+expressing my surprise on this head in a letter to Asa Gray. Within late
+years several reviewers have given the whole credit to Fritz Müller and
+Häckel, who undoubtedly have worked it out much more fully, and in some
+respects more correctly than I did. I had materials for a whole chapter
+on the subject, and I ought to have made the discussion longer; for it
+is clear that I failed to impress my readers; and he who succeeds in
+doing so deserves, in my opinion, all the credit.
+
+This leads me to remark that I have almost always been treated honestly
+by my reviewers, passing over those without scientific knowledge as not
+worthy of notice. My views have often been grossly misrepresented,
+bitterly opposed and ridiculed, but this has been generally done, as I
+believe, in good faith. On the whole I do not doubt that my works have
+been over and over again greatly overpraised. I rejoice that I have
+avoided controversies, and this I owe to Lyell, who many years ago, in
+reference to my geological works, strongly advised me never to get
+entangled in a controversy, as it rarely did any good and caused a
+miserable loss of time and temper.
+
+Whenever I have found out that I have blundered, or that my work has
+been imperfect, and when I have been contemptuously criticised, and even
+when I have been overpraised, so that I have felt mortified, it has been
+my greatest comfort to say hundreds of times to myself that "I have
+worked as hard and as well as I could, and no man can do more than
+this." I remember when in Good Success Bay, in Tierra del Fuego,
+thinking (and, I believe, that I wrote home to the effect) that I could
+not employ my life better than in adding a little to Natural Science.
+This I have done to the best of my abilities, and critics may say what
+they like, but they cannot destroy this conviction.
+
+During the two last months of 1859 I was fully occupied in preparing a
+second edition of the _Origin_, and by an enormous correspondence. On
+January 1st, 1860, I began arranging my notes for my work on the
+_Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_; but it was not
+published until the beginning of 1868; the delay having been caused
+partly by frequent illnesses, one of which lasted seven months, and
+partly by being tempted to publish on other subjects which at the time
+interested me more.
+
+On May 15th, 1862, my little book on the _Fertilisation of Orchids_,
+which cost me ten months' work, was published: most of the facts had
+been slowly accumulated during several previous years. During the summer
+of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend
+to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having
+come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant. I
+attended to the subject more or less during every subsequent summer; and
+my interest in it was greatly enhanced by having procured and read in
+November 1841, through the advice of Robert Brown, a copy of C. K.
+Sprengel's wonderful book, _Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur_. For
+some years before 1862 I had specially attended to the fertilisation of
+our British orchids; and it seemed to me the best plan to prepare as
+complete a treatise on this group of plants as well as I could, rather
+than to utilise the great mass of matter which I had slowly collected
+with respect to other plants.
+
+My resolve proved a wise one; for since the appearance of my book, a
+surprising number of papers and separate works on the fertilisation of
+all kinds of flowers have appeared; and these are far better done than I
+could possibly have effected. The merits of poor old Sprengel, so long
+overlooked, are now fully recognised many years after his death.
+
+During the same year I published in the _Journal of the Linnean
+Society_, a paper _On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition of Primula_,
+and during the next five years, five other papers on dimorphic and
+trimorphic plants. I do not think anything in my scientific life has
+given me so much satisfaction as making out the meaning of the structure
+of these plants. I had noticed in 1838 or 1839 the dimorphism of _Linum
+flavum_, and had at first thought that it was merely a case of unmeaning
+variability. But on examining the common species of Primula, I found
+that the two forms were much too regular and constant to be thus viewed.
+I therefore became almost convinced that the common cowslip and primrose
+were on the high-road to become dioecious;--that the short pistil in the
+one form, and the short stamens in the other form were tending towards
+abortion. The plants were therefore subjected under this point of view
+to trial; but as soon as the flowers with short pistils fertilised with
+pollen from the short stamens, were found to yield more seeds than any
+other of the four possible unions, the abortion-theory was knocked on
+the head. After some additional experiment, it became evident that the
+two forms, though both were perfect hermaphrodites, bore almost the same
+relation to one another as do the two sexes of an ordinary animal. With
+Lythrum we have the still more wonderful case of three forms standing in
+a similar relation to one another. I afterwards found that the offspring
+from the union of two plants belonging to the same forms presented a
+close and curious analogy with hybrids from the union of two distinct
+species.
+
+In the autumn of 1864 I finished a long paper on _Climbing Plants_, and
+sent it to the Linnean Society. The writing of this paper cost me four
+months: but I was so unwell when I received the proof-sheets that I was
+forced to leave them very badly and often obscurely expressed. The paper
+was little noticed, but when in 1875 it was corrected and published as a
+separate book it sold well. I was led to take up this subject by reading
+a short paper by Asa Gray, published in 1858. He sent me seeds, and on
+raising some plants I was so much fascinated and perplexed by the
+revolving movements of the tendrils and stems, which movements are
+really very simple, though appearing at first sight very complex, that I
+procured various other kinds of climbing plants, and studied the whole
+subject. I was all the more attracted to it, from not being at all
+satisfied with the explanation which Henslow gave us in his lectures,
+about twining plants, namely, that they had a natural tendency to grow
+up in a spire. This explanation proved quite erroneous. Some of the
+adaptations displayed by climbing plants are as beautiful as those of
+Orchids for ensuring cross-fertilisation.
+
+My _Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_ was begun, as
+already stated, in the beginning of 1860, but was not published until
+the beginning of 1868. It was a big book, and cost me four years and two
+months' hard labour. It gives all my observations and an immense number
+of facts collected from various sources, about our domestic productions.
+In the second volume the causes and laws of variation, inheritance, &c.,
+are discussed, as far as our present state of knowledge permits. Towards
+the end of the work I give my well-abused hypothesis of Pangenesis. An
+unverified hypothesis is of little or no value; but if any one should
+hereafter be led to make observations by which some such hypothesis
+could be established, I shall have done good service, as an astonishing
+number of isolated facts can be thus connected together and rendered
+intelligible. In 1875 a second and largely corrected edition, which cost
+me a good deal of labour, was brought out.
+
+My _Descent of Man_ was published in February 1871. As soon as I had
+become, in the year 1837 or 1838, convinced that species were mutable
+productions, I could not avoid the belief that man must come under the
+same law. Accordingly I collected notes on the subject for my own
+satisfaction, and not for a long time with any intention of publishing.
+Although in the _Origin of Species_ the derivation of any particular
+species is never discussed, yet I thought it best, in order that no
+honourable man should accuse me of concealing my views, to add that by
+the work "light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history."
+It would have been useless, and injurious to the success of the book to
+have paraded, without giving any evidence, my conviction with respect to
+his origin.
+
+But when I found that many naturalists fully accepted the doctrine of
+the evolution of species, it seemed to me advisable to work up such
+notes as I possessed, and to publish a special treatise on the origin of
+man. I was the more glad to do so, as it gave me an opportunity of fully
+discussing sexual selection--a subject which had always greatly
+interested me. This subject, and that of the variation of our domestic
+productions, together with the causes and laws of variation,
+inheritance, and the intercrossing of plants, are the sole subjects
+which I have been able to write about in full, so as to use all the
+materials which I have collected. The _Descent of Man_ took me three
+years to write, but then as usual some of this time was lost by
+ill-health, and some was consumed by preparing new editions and other
+minor works. A second and largely corrected edition of the _Descent_
+appeared in 1874.
+
+My book on the _Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals_ was
+published in the autumn of 1872. I had intended to give only a chapter
+on the subject in the _Descent of Man_, but as soon as I began to put my
+notes together, I saw that it would require a separate treatise.
+
+My first child was born on December 27th, 1839, and I at once commenced
+to make notes on the first dawn of the various expressions which he
+exhibited, for I felt convinced, even at this early period, that the
+most complex and fine shades of expression must all have had a gradual
+and natural origin. During the summer of the following year, 1840, I
+read Sir C. Bell's admirable work on expression, and this greatly
+increased the interest which I felt in the subject, though I could not
+at all agree with his belief that various muscles had been specially
+created for the sake of expression. From this time forward I
+occasionally attended to the subject, both with respect to man and our
+domesticated animals. My book sold largely; 5267 copies having been
+disposed of on the day of publication.
+
+In the summer of 1860 I was idling and resting near Hartfield, where two
+species of [Sundew] abound; and I noticed that numerous insects had been
+entrapped by the leaves. I carried home some plants, and on giving them
+insects saw the movements of the tentacles, and this made me think it
+probable that the insects were caught for some special purpose.
+Fortunately a crucial test occurred to me, that of placing a large
+number of leaves in various nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous fluids of
+equal density; and as soon as I found that the former alone excited
+energetic movements, it was obvious that here was a fine new field for
+investigation.
+
+During subsequent years, whenever I had leisure, I pursued my
+experiments, and my book on _Insectivorous Plants_ was published in July
+1875--that is sixteen years after my first observations. The delay in
+this case, as with all my other books, has been a great advantage to me;
+for a man after a long interval can criticise his own work, almost as
+well as if it were that of another person. The fact that a plant should
+secrete, when properly excited, a fluid containing an acid and ferment,
+closely analogous to the digestive fluid of an animal, was certainly a
+remarkable discovery.
+
+During this autumn of 1876 I shall publish on the _Effects of Cross-and
+Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom_. This book will form a
+complement to that on the _Fertilisation of Orchids_, in which I showed
+how perfect were the means for cross-fertilisation, and here I shall
+show how important are the results. I was led to make, during eleven
+years, the numerous experiments recorded in this volume, by a mere
+accidental observation; and indeed it required the accident to be
+repeated before my attention was thoroughly aroused to the remarkable
+fact that seedlings of self-fertilised parentage are inferior, even in
+the first generation, in height and vigour to seedlings of
+cross-fertilised parentage. I hope also to republish a revised edition
+of my book on Orchids, and hereafter my papers on dimorphic and
+trimorphic plants, together with some additional observations on allied
+points which I never have had time to arrange. My strength will then
+probably be exhausted, and I shall be ready to exclaim "Nunc dimittis."
+
+_Written May 1st, 1881._--_The Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation_
+was published in the autumn of 1876; and the results there arrived at
+explain, as I believe, the endless and wonderful contrivances for the
+transportal of pollen from one plant to another of the same species. I
+now believe, however, chiefly from the observations of Hermann Müller,
+that I ought to have insisted more strongly than I did on the many
+adaptations for self-fertilisation; though I was well aware of many such
+adaptations. A much enlarged edition of my _Fertilisation of Orchids_
+was published in 1877.
+
+In this same year _The Different Forms of Flowers, &c._, appeared, and
+in 1880 a second edition. This book consists chiefly of the several
+papers on Hetero-styled flowers originally published by the Linnean
+Society, corrected, with much new matter added, together with
+observations on some other cases in which the same plant bears two kinds
+of flowers. As before remarked, no little discovery of mine ever gave me
+so much pleasure as the making out the meaning of heterostyled flowers.
+The results of crossing such flowers in an illegitimate manner, I
+believe to be very important, as bearing on the sterility of hybrids;
+although these results have been noticed by only a few persons.
+
+In 1879, I had a translation of Dr. Ernst Krause's _Life of Erasmus
+Darwin_ published, and I added a sketch of his character and habits from
+material in my possession. Many persons have been much interested by
+this little life, and I am surprised that only 800 or 900 copies were
+sold.
+
+In 1880 I published, with [my son] Frank's assistance our _Power of
+Movement in Plants_. This was a tough piece of work. The book bears
+somewhat the same relation to my little book on _Climbing Plants_,
+which _Cross-Fertilisation_ did to the _Fertilisation of Orchids_; for
+in accordance with the principle of evolution it was impossible to
+account for climbing plants having been developed in so many widely
+different groups unless all kinds of plants possess some slight power of
+movement of an analogous kind. This I proved to be the case; and I was
+further led to a rather wide generalisation, viz., that the great and
+important classes of movements, excited by light, the attraction of
+gravity, &c., are all modified forms of the fundamental movement of
+circumnutation. It has always pleased me to exalt plants in the scale of
+organised beings; and I therefore felt an especial pleasure in showing
+how many and what admirably well adapted movements the tip of a root
+possesses.
+
+I have now (May 1, 1881) sent to the printers the MS. of a little book
+on _The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms_. This
+is a subject of but small importance; and I know not whether it will
+interest any readers,[42] but it has interested me. It is the completion
+of a short paper read before the Geological Society more than forty
+years ago, and has revived old geological thoughts.
+
+I have now mentioned all the books which I have published, and these
+have been the milestones in my life, so that little remains to be said.
+I am not conscious of any change in my mind during the last thirty
+years, excepting in one point presently to be mentioned; nor, indeed,
+could any change have been expected unless one of general deterioration.
+But my father lived to his eighty-third year with his mind as lively as
+ever it was, and all his faculties undimmed; and I hope that I may die
+before my mind fails to a sensible extent. I think that I have become a
+little more skilful in guessing right explanations and in devising
+experimental tests; but this may probably be the result of mere
+practice, and of a larger store of knowledge. I have as much difficulty
+as ever in expressing myself clearly and concisely; and this difficulty
+has caused me a very great loss of time; but it has had the compensating
+advantage of forcing me to think long and intently about every sentence,
+and thus I have been led to see errors in reasoning and in my own
+observations or those of others.
+
+There seems to be a sort of fatality in my mind leading me to put at
+first my statement or proposition in a wrong or awkward form. Formerly I
+used to think about my sentences before writing them down; but for
+several years I have found that it saves time to scribble in a vile
+hand, whole pages as quickly as I possibly can, contracting half the
+words; and then correct deliberately. Sentences thus scribbled down are
+often better ones than I could have written deliberately.
+
+Having said thus much about my manner of writing, I will add that with
+my large books I spend a good deal of time over the general arrangement
+of the matter. I first make the rudest outline in two or three pages,
+and then a larger one in several pages, a few words or one word standing
+for a whole discussion or series of facts. Each one of these headings is
+again enlarged and often transferred before I begin to write _in
+extenso_. As in several of my books facts observed by others have been
+very extensively used, and as I have always had several quite distinct
+subjects in hand at the same time, I may mention that I keep from thirty
+to forty large portfolios, in cabinets with labelled shelves, into which
+I can at once put a detached reference or memorandum. I have bought many
+books, and at their ends I make an index of all the facts that concern
+my work; or, if the book is not my own, write out a separate abstract,
+and of such abstracts I have a large drawer full. Before beginning on
+any subject I look to all the short indexes and make a general and
+classified index, and by taking the one or more proper portfolios I have
+all the information collected during my life ready for use.
+
+I have said that in one respect my mind has changed during the last
+twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty, or beyond it, poetry of
+many kinds, such as the works of Milton, Gray, Byron, Wordsworth,
+Coleridge, and Shelley, gave me great pleasure, and even as a schoolboy
+I took intense delight in Shakespeare, especially in the historical
+plays. I have also said that formerly pictures gave me considerable, and
+music very great delight. But now for many years I cannot endure to read
+a line of poetry: I have tried lately to read Shakespeare, and found it
+so intolerably dull that it nauseated me. I have also almost lost my
+taste for pictures or music. Music generally sets me thinking too
+energetically on what I have been at work on, instead of giving me
+pleasure. I retain some taste for fine scenery, but it does not cause me
+the exquisite delight which it formerly did. On the other hand, novels,
+which are works of the imagination, though not of a very high order,
+have been for years a wonderful relief and pleasure to me, and I often
+bless all novelists. A surprising number have been read aloud to me, and
+I like all if moderately good, and if they do not end unhappily--against
+which a law ought to be passed. A novel, according to my taste, does
+not come into the first class unless it contains some person whom one
+can thoroughly love, and if a pretty woman all the better.
+
+This curious and lamentable loss of the higher ęsthetic tastes is all
+the odder, as books on history, biographies, and travels (independently
+of any scientific facts which they may contain), and essays on all sorts
+of subjects interest me as much as ever they did. My mind seems to have
+become a kind of machine for grinding general laws out of large
+collections of facts, but why this should have caused the atrophy of
+that part of the brain alone, on which the higher tastes depend, I
+cannot conceive. A man with a mind more highly organised or better
+constituted than mine, would not, I suppose, have thus suffered; and if
+I had to live my life again, I would have made a rule to read some
+poetry and listen to some music at least once every week; for perhaps
+the parts of my brain now atrophied would thus have been kept active
+through use. The loss of these tastes is a loss of happiness, and may
+possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral
+character, by enfeebling the emotional part of our nature.
+
+My books have sold largely in England, have been translated into many
+languages, and passed through several editions in foreign countries. I
+have heard it said that the success of a work abroad is the best test of
+its enduring value. I doubt whether this is at all trustworthy; but
+judged by this standard my name ought to last for a few years. Therefore
+it may be worth while to try to analyse the mental qualities and the
+conditions on which my success has depended; though I am aware that no
+man can do this correctly.
+
+I have no great quickness of apprehension or wit which is so remarkable
+in some clever men, for instance, Huxley. I am therefore a poor critic:
+a paper or book, when first read, generally excites my admiration, and
+it is only after considerable reflection that I perceive the weak
+points. My power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought
+is very limited; and therefore I could never have succeeded with
+metaphysics or mathematics. My memory is extensive, yet hazy: it
+suffices to make me cautious by vaguely telling me that I have observed
+or read something opposed to the conclusion which I am drawing, or on
+the other hand in favour of it; and after a time I can generally
+recollect where to search for my authority. So poor in one sense is my
+memory, that I have never been able to remember for more than a few days
+a single date or a line of poetry.
+
+Some of my critics have said, "Oh, he is a good observer, but he has no
+power of reasoning!" I do not think that this can be true, for the
+_Origin of Species_ is one long argument from the beginning to the end,
+and it has convinced not a few able men. No one could have written it
+without having some power of reasoning. I have a fair share of
+invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly
+successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher
+degree.
+
+On the favourable side of the balance, I think that I am superior to the
+common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and
+in observing them carefully. My industry has been nearly as great as it
+could have been in the observation and collection of facts. What is far
+more important, my love of natural science has been steady and ardent.
+
+This pure love has, however, been much aided by the ambition to be
+esteemed by my fellow naturalists. From my early youth I have had the
+strongest desire to understand or explain whatever I observed,--that is,
+to group all facts under some general laws. These causes combined have
+given me the patience to reflect or ponder for any number of years over
+any unexplained problem. As far as I can judge, I am not apt to follow
+blindly the lead of other men. I have steadily endeavoured to keep my
+mind free so as to give up any hypothesis, however much beloved (and I
+cannot resist forming one on every subject), as soon as facts are shown
+to be opposed to it. Indeed, I have had no choice but to act in this
+manner, for with the exception of the Coral Reefs, I cannot remember a
+single first-formed hypothesis which had not after a time to be given up
+or greatly modified. This has naturally led me to distrust greatly,
+deductive reasoning in the mixed sciences. On the other hand, I am not
+very sceptical,--a frame of mind which I believe to be injurious to the
+progress of science. A good deal of scepticism in a scientific man is
+advisable to avoid much loss of time, [but] I have met with not a few
+men, who, I feel sure, have often thus been deterred from experiment or
+observations, which would have proved directly or indirectly
+serviceable.
+
+In illustration, I will give the oddest case which I have known. A
+gentleman (who, as I afterwards heard, is a good local botanist) wrote
+to me from the Eastern counties that the seeds or beans of the common
+field-bean had this year everywhere grown on the wrong side of the pod.
+I wrote back, asking for further information, as I did not understand
+what was meant; but I did not receive any answer for a very long time. I
+then saw in two newspapers, one published in Kent and the other in
+Yorkshire, paragraphs stating that it was a most remarkable fact that
+"the beans this year had all grown on the wrong side." So I thought
+there must be some foundation for so general a statement. Accordingly, I
+went to my gardener, an old Kentish man, and asked him whether he had
+heard anything about it, and he answered, "Oh, no, sir, it must be a
+mistake, for the beans grow on the wrong side only on leap-year." I then
+asked him how they grew in common years and how on leap-years, but soon
+found that he knew absolutely nothing of how they grew at any time, but
+he stuck to his belief.
+
+After a time I heard from my first informant, who, with many apologies,
+said that he should not have written to me had he not heard the
+statement from several intelligent farmers; but that he had since spoken
+again to every one of them, and not one knew in the least what he had
+himself meant. So that here a belief--if indeed a statement with no
+definite idea attached to it can be called a belief--had spread over
+almost the whole of England without any vestige of evidence.
+
+I have known in the course of my life only three intentionally falsified
+statements, and one of these may have been a hoax (and there have been
+several scientific hoaxes) which, however, took in an American
+Agricultural Journal. It related to the formation in Holland of a new
+breed of oxen by the crossing of distinct species of Bos (some of which
+I happen to know are sterile together), and the author had the impudence
+to state that he had corresponded with me, and that I had been deeply
+impressed with the importance of his result. The article was sent to me
+by the editor of an English Agricultural Journal, asking for my opinion
+before republishing it.
+
+A second case was an account of several varieties, raised by the author
+from several species of Primula, which had spontaneously yielded a full
+complement of seed, although the parent plants had been carefully
+protected from the access of insects. This account was published before
+I had discovered the meaning of heterostylism, and the whole statement
+must have been fraudulent, or there was neglect in excluding insects so
+gross as to be scarcely credible.
+
+The third case was more curious: Mr. Huth published in his book on
+'Consanguineous Marriage' some long extracts from a Belgian author, who
+stated that he had interbred rabbits in the closest manner for very many
+generations, without the least injurious effects. The account was
+published in a most respectable Journal, that of the Royal Society of
+Belgium; but I could not avoid feeling doubts--I hardly know why,
+except that there were no accidents of any kind, and my experience in
+breeding animals made me think this improbable.
+
+So with much hesitation I wrote to Professor Van Beneden, asking him
+whether the author was a trustworthy man. I soon heard in answer that
+the Society had been greatly shocked by discovering that the whole
+account was a fraud.[43] The writer had been publicly challenged in the
+journal to say where he had resided and kept his large stock of rabbits
+while carrying on his experiments, which must have consumed several
+years, and no answer could be extracted from him.
+
+My habits are methodical, and this has been of not a little use for my
+particular line of work. Lastly, I have had ample leisure from not
+having to earn my own bread. Even ill-health, though it has annihilated
+several years of my life, has saved me from the distractions of society
+and amusement.
+
+Therefore, my success as a man of science, whatever this may have
+amounted to, has been determined, as far as I can judge, by complex and
+diversified mental qualities and conditions. Of these, the most
+important have been--the love of science--unbounded patience in long
+reflecting over any subject--industry in observing and collecting
+facts--and a fair share of invention as well as of common-sense. With
+such moderate abilities as I possess, it is truly surprising that I
+should have influenced to a considerable extent the belief of scientific
+men on some important points.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] The late Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's house in Surrey.
+
+[6] Kept by Rev. G. Case, minister of the Unitarian Chapel in the High
+Street. Mrs. Darwin was a Unitarian and attended Mr. Case's chapel, and
+my father as a little boy went there with his elder sisters. But both he
+and his brother were christened and intended to belong to the Church of
+England; and after his early boyhood he seems usually to have gone to
+church and not to Mr. Case's. It appears (_St. James's Gazette_,
+December 15, 1883) that a mural tablet has been erected to his memory in
+the chapel, which is now known as the "Free Christian Church."--F. D.
+
+[7] Rev. W. A. Leighton remembers his bringing a flower to school and
+saying that his mother had taught him how by looking at the inside of
+the blossom the name of the plant could be discovered. Mr. Leighton goes
+on, "This greatly roused my attention and curiosity, and I inquired of
+him repeatedly how this could be done?"--but his lesson was naturally
+enough not transmissible.--F. D.
+
+[8] His father wisely treated this tendency not by making crimes of the
+fibs, but by making light of the discoveries.--F. D.
+
+[9] The house of his uncle, Josiah Wedgwood, the younger.
+
+[10] It is curious that another Shrewsbury boy should have been
+impressed by this military funeral; Mr. Gretton, in his _Memory's
+Harkback_, says that the scene is so strongly impressed on his mind that
+he could "walk straight to the spot in St. Chad's churchyard where the
+poor fellow was buried." The soldier was an Inniskilling Dragoon, and
+the officer in command had been recently wounded at Waterloo, where his
+corps did good service against the French Cuirassiers.
+
+[11] He lodged at Mrs. Mackay's, 11, Lothian Street. What little the
+records of Edinburgh University can reveal has been published in the
+_Edinburgh Weekly Dispatch_, May 22, 1888; and in the _St. James's
+Gazette_, February 16, 1888. From the latter journal it appears that he
+and his brother Erasmus made more use of the library than was usual
+among the students of their time.
+
+[12] I have heard him call to mind the pride he felt at the results of
+the successful treatment of a whole family with tartar emetic.--F. D.
+
+[13] Dr. Coldstream died September 17, 1863; see Crown 16mo. Book Tract.
+No. 19 of the Religious Tract Society (no date).
+
+[14] The society was founded in 1823, and expired about 1848 (_Edinburgh
+Weekly Dispatch_, May 22, 1888).
+
+[15] Josiah Wedgwood, the son of the founder of the Etruria Works.
+
+[16]
+     Justum et tenacem propositi virum
+     Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
+       Non vultus instantis tyranni
+         Mente quatit solida.
+
+[17] Tenth in the list of January 1831.
+
+[18] I gather from some of my father's contemporaries that he has
+exaggerated the Bacchanalian nature of those parties.--F. D.
+
+[19] Rev. C. Whitley, Hon. Canon of Durham, formerly Reader in Natural
+Philosophy in Durham University.
+
+[20] The late John Maurice Herbert, County Court Judge of Cardiff and
+the Monmouth Circuit.
+
+[21] Afterwards Sir H. Thompson, first baronet.
+
+[22] The _Cambridge Ray Club_, which in 1887 attained its fiftieth
+anniversary, is the direct descendant of these meetings, having been
+founded to fill the blank caused by the discontinuance, in 1836, of
+Henslow's Friday evenings. See Professor Babington's pamphlet, _The
+Cambridge Ray Club_, 1887.
+
+[23] Mr. Jenyns (now Blomefield) described the fish for the _Zoology of
+the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle_; and is author of a long series of papers,
+chiefly Zoological. In 1887 he printed, for private circulation, an
+autobiographical sketch, _Chapters in my Life_, and subsequently some
+(undated) addenda. The well-known Soame Jenyns was cousin to Mr. Jenyns'
+father.
+
+[24] In connection with this tour my father used to tell a story about
+Sedgwick: they had started from their inn one morning, and had walked a
+mile or two, when Sedgwick suddenly stopped, and vowed that he would
+return, being certain "that damned scoundrel" (the waiter) had not given
+the chambermaid the sixpence intrusted to him for the purpose. He was
+ultimately persuaded to give up the project, seeing that there was no
+reason for suspecting the waiter of perfidy.--F. D.
+
+[25] _Philosophical Magazine_, 1842.
+
+[26] Josiah Wedgwood.
+
+[27] The Count d'Albanie's claim to Royal descent has been shown to be
+baaed on a myth. See the _Quarterly Review_, 1847, vol. lxxxi. p. 83;
+also Hayward's _Biographical and Critical Essays_, 1873, vol. ii. p.
+201.
+
+[28] Read at the meeting held November 16, 1835, and printed in a
+pamphlet of 31 pp. for distribution among the members of the Society.
+
+[29] In Fitzwilliam Street.
+
+[30] _Geolog. Soc. Proc._ ii. 1838, pp. 416-449.
+
+[31] 1839, pp. 39-82.
+
+[32] _Geolog. Soc. Proc._ iii. 1842.
+
+[33] _Geolog. Trans._ v. 1840.
+
+[34] _Geolog. Soc. Proc._ ii. 1838.
+
+[35] _Philosophical Magazine_, 1842.
+
+[36] The slight repetition here observable is accounted for by the notes
+on Lyell, &c., having been added in April, 1881, a few years after the
+rest of the _Recollections_ were written.--F. D.
+
+[37] A passage referring to X. is here omitted.--F. D.
+
+[38] _Geological Observations_, 2nd Edit. 1876. _Coral Reefs_, 2nd Edit.
+1874
+
+[39] Published by the Ray Society.
+
+[40] Miss Bird is mistaken, as I learn from Professor Mitsukuri.--F. D.
+
+[41] _Geolog. Survey Mem._, 1846.
+
+[42] Between November 1881 and February 1884, 8500 copies were sold.--F.
+D.
+
+[43] The falseness of the published statements on which Mr. Huth relied
+were pointed out in a slip inserted in all the unsold copies of his
+book, _The Marriage of near Kin_.--F. D.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+RELIGION.
+
+
+My father in his published works was reticent on the matter of religion,
+and what he has left on the subject was not written with a view to
+publication.[44]
+
+I believe that his reticence arose from several causes. He felt strongly
+that a man's religion is an essentially private matter, and one
+concerning himself alone. This is indicated by the following extract
+from a letter of 1879:--[45]
+
+"What my own views may be is a question of no consequence to any one but
+myself. But, as you ask, I may state that my judgment often
+fluctuates.... In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an
+Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that
+generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an
+Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind."
+
+He naturally shrank from wounding the sensibilities of others in
+religious matters, and he was also influenced by the consciousness that
+a man ought not to publish on a subject to which he has not given
+special and continuous thought. That he felt this caution to apply to
+himself in the matter of religion is shown in a letter to Dr. F. E.
+Abbott, of Cambridge, U.S. (September 6, 1871). After explaining that
+the weakness arising from bad health prevented him from feeling "equal
+to deep reflection, on the deepest subject which can fill a man's mind,"
+he goes on to say: "With respect to my former notes to you, I quite
+forget their contents. I have to write many letters, and can reflect but
+little on what I write; but I fully believe and hope that I have never
+written a word, which at the time I did not think; but I think you will
+agree with me, that anything which is to be given to the public ought to
+be maturely weighed and cautiously put. It never occurred to me that you
+would wish to print any extract from my notes: if it had, I would have
+kept a copy. I put 'private' from habit, only as yet partially acquired,
+from some hasty notes of mine having been printed, which were not in the
+least degree worth printing, though otherwise unobjectionable. It is
+simply ridiculous to suppose that my former note to you would be worth
+sending to me, with any part marked which you desire to print; but if
+you like to do so, I will at once say whether I should have any
+objection. I feel in some degree unwilling to express myself publicly on
+religious subjects, as I do not feel that I have thought deeply enough
+to justify any publicity."
+
+What follows is from another letter to Dr. Abbott (November 16, 1871),
+in which my father gives more fully his reasons for not feeling
+competent to write on religious and moral subjects:--
+
+"I can say with entire truth that I feel honoured by your request that I
+should become a contributor to the _Index_, and am much obliged for the
+draft. I fully, also, subscribe to the proposition that it is the duty
+of every one to spread what he believes to be the truth; and I honour
+you for doing so, with so much devotion and zeal. But I cannot comply
+with your request for the following reasons; and excuse me for giving
+them in some detail, as I should be very sorry to appear in your eyes
+ungracious. My health is very weak: I _never_ pass 24 hours without many
+hours of discomfort, when I can do nothing whatever. I have thus, also,
+lost two whole consecutive months this season. Owing to this weakness,
+and my head being often giddy, I am unable to master new subjects
+requiring much thought, and can deal only with old materials. At no time
+am I a quick thinker or writer: whatever I have done in science has
+solely been by long pondering, patience and industry.
+
+"Now I have never systematically thought much on religion in relation to
+science, or on morals in relation to society; and without steadily
+keeping my mind on such subjects for a long period, I am really
+incapable of writing anything worth sending to the _Index_."
+
+He was more than once asked to give his views on religion, and he had,
+as a rule, no objection to doing so in a private letter. Thus, in answer
+to a Dutch student, he wrote (April 2, 1873):--
+
+"I am sure you will excuse my writing at length, when I tell you that I
+have long been much out of health, and am now staying away from my home
+for rest.
+
+"It is impossible to answer your question briefly; and I am not sure
+that I could do so, even if I wrote at some length. But I may say that
+the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous universe,
+with our conscious selves, arose through chance, seems to me the chief
+argument for the existence of God; but whether this is an argument of
+real value, I have never been able to decide. I am aware that if we
+admit a First Cause, the mind still craves to know whence it came, and
+how it arose. Nor can I overlook the difficulty from the immense amount
+of suffering through the world. I am, also, induced to defer to a
+certain extent to the judgment of the many able men who have fully
+believed in God; but here again I see how poor an argument this is. The
+safest conclusion seems to me that the whole subject is beyond the scope
+of man's intellect; but man can do his duty."
+
+Again in 1879 he was applied to by a German student, in a similar
+manner. The letter was answered by a member of my father's family, who
+wrote:--
+
+"Mr. Darwin begs me to say that he receives so many letters, that he
+cannot answer them all.
+
+"He considers that the theory of Evolution is quite compatible with the
+belief in a God; but that you must remember that different persons have
+different definitions of what they mean by God."
+
+This, however, did not satisfy the German youth, who again wrote to my
+father, and received from him the following reply:--
+
+"I am much engaged, an old man, and out of health, and I cannot spare
+time to answer your questions fully,--nor indeed can they be answered.
+Science has nothing to do with Christ, except in so far as the habit of
+scientific research makes a man cautious in admitting evidence. For
+myself, I do not believe that there ever has been any revelation. As for
+a future life, every man must judge for himself between conflicting
+vague probabilities."
+
+The passages which here follow are extracts, somewhat abbreviated, from
+a part of the Autobiography, written in 1876, in which my father gives
+the history of his religious views:--
+
+"During these two years[46] I was led to think much about religion.
+Whilst on board the _Beagle_ I was quite orthodox, and I remember being
+heartily laughed at by several of the officers (though themselves
+orthodox) for quoting the Bible as an unanswerable authority on some
+point of morality. I suppose it was the novelty of the argument that
+amused them. But I had gradually come by this time, _i.e._ 1836 to 1839,
+to see that the Old Testament was no more to be trusted than the sacred
+books of the Hindoos. The question then continually rose before my mind
+and would not be banished,--is it credible that if God were now to make
+a revelation to the Hindoos, he would permit it to be connected with the
+belief in Vishnu, Siva, &c., as Christianity is connected with the Old
+Testament? This appeared to me utterly incredible.
+
+"By further reflecting that the clearest evidence would be requisite to
+make any sane man believe in the miracles by which Christianity is
+supported,--and that the more we know of the fixed laws of nature the
+more incredible do miracles become,--that the men at that time were
+ignorant and credulous to a degree almost incomprehensible by us,--that
+the Gospels cannot be proved to have been written simultaneously with
+the events,--that they differ in many important details, far too
+important, as it seemed to me, to be admitted as the usual inaccuracies
+of eye-witnesses;--by such reflections as these, which I give not as
+having the least novelty or value, but as they influenced me, I
+gradually came to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation. The
+fact that many false religions have spread over large portions of the
+earth like wildfire had some weight with me.
+
+"But I was very unwilling to give up my belief; I feel sure of this, for
+I can well remember often and often inventing day-dreams of old letters
+between distinguished Romans, and manuscripts being discovered at
+Pompeii or elsewhere, which confirmed in the most striking manner all
+that was written in the Gospels. But I found it more and more difficult,
+with free scope given to my imagination, to invent evidence which would
+suffice to convince me. Thus disbelief crept over me at a very slow
+rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so slow that I felt no
+distress.
+
+"Although I did not think much about the existence of a personal God
+until a considerably later period of my life, I will here give the vague
+conclusions to which I have been driven. The old argument from design in
+Nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive,
+fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered. We can
+no longer argue that, for instance, the beautiful hinge of a bivalve
+shell must have been made by an intelligent being, like the hinge of a
+door by man. There seems to be no more design in the variability of
+organic beings, and in the action of natural selection, than in the
+course which the wind blows. But I have discussed this subject at the
+end of my book on the _Variation of Domesticated Animals and
+Plants_,[47] and the argument there given has never, as far as I can
+see, been answered.
+
+"But passing over the endless beautiful adaptations which we everywhere
+meet with, it may be asked how can the generally beneficent arrangement
+of the world be accounted for? Some writers indeed are so much impressed
+with the amount of suffering in the world, that they doubt, if we look
+to all sentient beings, whether there is more of misery or of happiness;
+whether the world as a whole is a good or a bad one. According to my
+judgment happiness decidedly prevails, though this would be very
+difficult to prove. If the truth of this conclusion be granted, it
+harmonizes well with the effects which we might expect from natural
+selection. If all the individuals of any species were habitually to
+suffer to an extreme degree, they would neglect to propagate their kind;
+but we have no reason to believe that this has ever, or at least often
+occurred. Some other considerations, moreover, lead to the belief that
+all sentient beings have been formed so as to enjoy, as a general rule,
+happiness.
+
+"Every one who believes, as I do, that all the corporeal and mental
+organs (excepting those which are neither advantageous nor
+disadvantageous to the possessor) of all beings have been developed
+through natural selection, or the survival of the fittest, together with
+use or habit, will admit that these organs have been formed so that
+their possessors may compete successfully with other beings, and thus
+increase in number. Now an animal may be led to pursue that course of
+action which is most beneficial to the species by suffering, such as
+pain, hunger, thirst, and fear; or by pleasure, as in eating and
+drinking, and in the propagation of the species, &c.; or by both means
+combined, as in the search for food. But pain or suffering of any kind,
+if long continued, causes depression and lessens the power of action,
+yet is well adapted to make a creature guard itself against any great or
+sudden evil. Pleasurable sensations, on the other hand, may be long
+continued without any depressing effect; on the contrary, they stimulate
+the whole system to increased action. Hence it has come to pass that
+most or all sentient beings have been developed in such a manner,
+through natural selection, that pleasurable sensations serve as their
+habitual guides. We see this in the pleasure from exertion, even
+occasionally from great exertion of the body or mind,--in the pleasure
+of our daily meals, and especially in the pleasure derived from
+sociability, and from loving our families. The sum of such pleasures as
+these, which are habitual or frequently recurrent, give, as I can hardly
+doubt, to most sentient beings an excess of happiness over misery,
+although many occasionally suffer much. Such suffering is quite
+compatible with the belief in Natural Selection, which is not perfect in
+its action, but tends only to render each species as successful as
+possible in the battle for life with other species, in wonderfully
+complex and changing circumstances.
+
+"That there is much suffering in the world no one disputes. Some have
+attempted to explain this with reference to man by imagining that it
+serves for his moral improvement. But the number of men in the world is
+as nothing compared with that of all other sentient beings, and they
+often suffer greatly without any moral improvement. This very old
+argument from the existence of suffering against the existence of an
+intelligent First Cause seems to me a strong one; whereas, as just
+remarked, the presence of much suffering agrees well with the view that
+all organic beings have been developed through variation and natural
+selection.
+
+"At the present day the most usual argument for the existence of an
+intelligent God is drawn from the deep inward conviction and feelings
+which are experienced by most persons.
+
+"Formerly I was led by feelings such as those just referred to (although
+I do not think that the religious sentiment was ever strongly developed
+in me), to the firm conviction of the existence of God and of the
+immortality of the soul. In my Journal I wrote that whilst standing in
+the midst of the grandeur of a Brazilian forest, 'it is not possible to
+give an adequate idea of the higher feelings of wonder, admiration, and
+devotion which fill and elevate the mind.' I well remember my
+conviction that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body;
+but now the grandest scenes would not cause any such convictions and
+feelings to rise in my mind. It may be truly said that I am like a man
+who has become colour-blind, and the universal belief by men of the
+existence of redness makes my present loss of perception of not the
+least value as evidence. This argument would be a valid one if all men
+of all races had the same inward conviction of the existence of one God;
+but we know that this is very far from being the case. Therefore I
+cannot see that such inward convictions and feelings are of any weight
+as evidence of what really exists. The state of mind which grand scenes
+formerly excited in me, and which was intimately connected with a belief
+in God, did not essentially differ from that which is often called the
+sense of sublimity; and however difficult it may be to explain the
+genesis of this sense, it can hardly be advanced as an argument for the
+existence of God, any more than the powerful though vague and similar
+feelings excited by music.
+
+"With respect to immortality, nothing, shows me [so clearly] how strong
+and almost instinctive a belief it is as the consideration of the view
+now held by most physicists, namely, that the sun with all the planets
+will in time grow too cold for life, unless indeed some great body
+dashes into the sun and thus gives it fresh life. Believing as I do that
+man in the distant future will be a far more perfect creature than he
+now is, it is an intolerable thought that he and all other sentient
+beings are doomed to complete annihilation after such long-continued
+slow progress. To those who fully admit the immortality of the human
+soul, the destruction of our world will not appear so dreadful.
+
+"Another source of conviction in the existence of God, connected with
+the reason and not with the feelings, impresses me as having much more
+weight. This follows from the extreme difficulty or rather impossibility
+of conceiving this immense and wonderful universe, including man with
+his capacity of looking far backwards and far into futurity, as the
+result of blind chance or necessity. When thus reflecting, I feel
+compelled to look to a First Cause having an intelligent mind in some
+degree analogous to that of man; and I deserve to be called a Theist.
+This conclusion was strong in my mind about the time, as far as I can
+remember, when I wrote the _Origin of Species_, and it is since that
+time that it has very gradually, with many fluctuations, become weaker.
+But then arises the doubt--can the mind of man, which has, as I fully
+believe, been developed from a mind as low as that possessed by the
+lowest animals, be trusted when it draws such grand conclusions?
+
+"I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems.
+The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us, and I for
+one must be content to remain an Agnostic."
+
+The following letters repeat to some extent what is given above from the
+_Autobiography_. The first one refers to _The Boundaries of Science: a
+Dialogue_, published in _Macmillan's Magazine_, for July 1861.
+
+
+_C. D. to Miss Julia Wedgwood_, July 11 [1861].
+
+Some one has sent us _Macmillan_, and I must tell you how much I admire
+your Article, though at the same time I must confess that I could not
+clearly follow you in some parts, which probably is in main part due to
+my not being at all accustomed to metaphysical trains of thought. I
+think that you understand my book[48] perfectly, and that I find a very
+rare event with my critics. The ideas in the last page have several
+times vaguely crossed my mind. Owing to several correspondents, I have
+been led lately to think, or rather to try to think, over some of the
+chief points discussed by you. But the result has been with me a
+maze--something like thinking on the origin of evil, to which you
+allude. The mind refuses to look at this universe, being what it is,
+without having been designed; yet, where one would most expect design,
+viz. in the structure of a sentient being, the more I think on the
+subject, the less I can see proof of design. Asa Gray and some others
+look at each variation, or at least at each beneficial variation (which
+A. Gray would compare with the raindrops[49] which do not fall on the
+sea, but on to the land to fertilise it) as having been providentially
+designed. Yet when I ask him whether he looks at each variation in the
+rock-pigeon, by which man has made by accumulation a pouter or fantail
+pigeon, as providentially designed for man's amusement, he does not know
+what to answer; and if he, or any one, admits [that] these variations
+are accidental, as far as purpose is concerned (of course not accidental
+as to their cause or origin), then I can see no reason why he should
+rank the accumulated variations by which the beautifully-adapted
+woodpecker has been formed as providentially designed. For it would be
+easy to imagine the enlarged crop of the pouter, or tail of the fantail,
+as of some use to birds, in a state of nature, having peculiar habits of
+life. These are the considerations which perplex me about design; but
+whether you will care to hear them, I know not.
+
+On the subject of design, he wrote (July 1860) to Dr. Gray:
+
+"One word more on 'designed laws' and 'undesigned results.' I see a bird
+which I want for food, take my gun and kill it, I do this _designedly_.
+An innocent and good man stands under a tree and is killed by a flash of
+lightning. Do you believe (and I really should like to hear) that God
+_designedly_ killed this man? Many or most persons do believe this; I
+can't and don't. If you believe so, do you believe that when a swallow
+snaps up a gnat that God designed that that particular swallow should
+snap up that particular gnat at that particular instant? I believe that
+the man and the gnat are in the same predicament. If the death of
+neither man nor gnat is designed, I see no good reason to believe that
+their _first_ birth or production should be necessarily designed."
+
+
+_C. D. to W. Graham._ Down, July 3rd, 1881.
+
+DEAR SIR,--I hope that you will not think it intrusive on my part to
+thank you heartily for the pleasure which I have derived from reading
+your admirably-written _Creed of Science_, though I have not yet quite
+finished it, as now that I am old I read very slowly. It is a very long
+time since any other book has interested me so much. The work must have
+cost you several years and much hard labour with full leisure for work.
+You would not probably expect any one fully to agree with you on so many
+abstruse subjects; and there are some points in your book which I cannot
+digest. The chief one is that the existence of so-called natural laws
+implies purpose. I cannot see this. Not to mention that many expect that
+the several great laws will some day be found to follow inevitably from
+some one single law, yet taking the laws as we now know them, and look
+at the moon, where the law of gravitation--and no doubt of the
+conservation of energy--of the atomic theory, &c., &c., hold good, and I
+cannot see that there is then necessarily any purpose. Would there be
+purpose if the lowest organisms alone, destitute of consciousness,
+existed in the moon? But I have had no practice in abstract reasoning,
+and I may be all astray. Nevertheless you have expressed my inward
+conviction, though far more vividly and clearly than I could have done,
+that the Universe is not the result of chance.[50] But then with me the
+horrid doubt always arises whether the convictions of man's mind, which
+has been developed from the mind of the lower animals, are of any value
+or at all trustworthy. Would any one trust in the convictions of a
+monkey's mind, if there are any convictions in such a mind? Secondly, I
+think that I could make somewhat of a case against the enormous
+importance which you attribute to our greatest men; I have been
+accustomed to think second, third, and fourth-rate men of very high
+importance, at least in the case of Science. Lastly, I could show fight
+on natural selection having done and doing more for the progress of
+civilisation than you seem inclined to admit. Remember what risk the
+nations of Europe ran, not so many centuries ago, of being overwhelmed
+by the Turks, and how ridiculous such an idea now is! The more civilised
+so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turkish hollow in the struggle
+for existence. Looking to the world at no very distant date, what an
+endless number of the lower races will have been eliminated by the
+higher civilised races throughout the world. But I will write no more,
+and not even mention the many points in your work which have much
+interested me. I have indeed cause to apologise for troubling you with
+my impressions, and my sole excuse is the excitement in my mind which
+your book has aroused.
+
+I beg leave to remain, dear sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged.
+
+
+Darwin spoke little on these subjects, and I can contribute nothing from
+my own recollection of his conversation which can add to the impression
+here given of his attitude towards Religion.[51] Some further idea of
+his views may, however, be gathered from occasional remarks in his
+letters.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[44] As an exception, may be mentioned, a few words of concurrence with
+Dr. Abbott's _Truths for the Times_, which my father allowed to be
+published in the _Index_.
+
+[45] Addressed to Mr. J. Fordyce, and published by him in his _Aspects
+of Scepticism_, 1883.
+
+[46] October 1836 to January 1839.
+
+[47] My father asks whether we are to believe that the forms are
+preordained of the broken fragments of rock which are fitted together by
+man to build his houses. If not, why should we believe that the
+variations of domestic animals or plants are preordained for the sake of
+the breeder? "But if we give up the principle in one case, ... no shadow
+of reason can be assigned for the belief that variations alike in nature
+and the result of the same general laws, which have been the groundwork
+through natural selection of the formation of the most perfectly adapted
+animals in the world, man included, were intentionally and specially
+guided."--_Variation of Animals and Plants_, 1st Edit. vol. ii. p.
+431.--F. D.
+
+[48] The _Origin of Species_.
+
+[49] Dr. Gray's rain-drop metaphor occurs in the Essay, _Darwin and his
+Reviewers_ (_Darwiniana_, p. 157): "The whole animate life of a country
+depends absolutely upon the vegetation, the vegetation upon the rain.
+The moisture is furnished by the ocean, is raised by the sun's heat from
+the ocean's surface, and is wafted inland by the winds. But what
+multitudes of rain-drops fall back into the ocean--are as much without a
+final cause as the incipient varieties which come to nothing! Does it
+therefore follow that the rains which are bestowed upon the soil with
+such rule and average regularity were not designed to support vegetable
+and animal life?"
+
+[50] The Duke of Argyll (_Good Words_, April 1885, p. 244) has recorded
+a few words on this subject, spoken by my father in the last year of his
+life. " ... in the course of that conversation I said to Mr. Darwin,
+with reference to some of his own remarkable works on the _Fertilisation
+of Orchids_, and upon _The Earthworms_, and various other observations
+he made of the wonderful contrivances for certain purposes in nature--I
+said it was impossible to look at these without seeing that they were
+the effect and the expression of mind. I shall never forget Mr. Darwin's
+answer. He looked at me very hard and said, 'Well, that often comes over
+me with overwhelming force; but at other times,' and he shook his head
+vaguely, adding, 'it seems to go away.'"
+
+[51] Dr. Aveling has published an account of a conversation with my
+father. I think that the readers of this pamphlet (_The Religious Views
+of Charles Darwin_, Free Thought Publishing Company, 1883) may be misled
+into seeing more resemblance than really existed between the positions
+of my father and Dr. Aveling: and I say this in spite of my conviction
+that Dr. Aveling gives quite fairly his impressions of my father's
+views. Dr. Aveling tried to show that the terms "Agnostic" and "Atheist"
+are practically equivalent--that an atheist is one who, without denying
+the existence of God, is without God, inasmuch as he is unconvinced of
+the existence of a Deity. My father's replies implied his preference for
+the unaggressive attitude of an Agnostic. Dr. Aveling seems (p. 5) to
+regard the absence of aggressiveness in my father's views as
+distinguishing them in an unessential manner from his own. But, in my
+judgment, it is precisely differences of this kind which distinguish him
+so completely from the class of thinkers to which Dr. Aveling belongs.
+
+[Illustration: THE STUDY AT DOWN.[52]]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+REMINISCENCES OF MY FATHER'S EVERYDAY LIFE.
+
+
+It is my wish in the present chapter to give some idea of my father's
+everyday life. It has seemed to me that I might carry out this object in
+the form of a rough sketch of a day's life at Down, interspersed with
+such recollections as are called up by the record. Many of these
+recollections, which have a meaning for those who knew my father, will
+seem colourless or trifling to strangers. Nevertheless, I give them in
+the hope that they may help to preserve that impression of his
+personality which remains on the minds of those who knew and loved
+him--an impression at once so vivid and so untranslatable into words.
+
+Of his personal appearance (in these days of multiplied photographs) it
+is hardly necessary to say much. He was about six feet in height, but
+scarcely looked so tall, as he stooped a good deal; in later days he
+yielded to the stoop; but I can remember seeing him long ago swinging
+back his arms to open out his chest, and holding himself upright with a
+jerk. He gave one the idea that he had been active rather than strong;
+his shoulders were not broad for his height, though certainly not
+narrow. As a young man he must have had much endurance, for on one of
+the shore excursions from the _Beagle_, when all were suffering from
+want of water, he was one of the two who were better able than the rest
+to struggle on in search of it. As a boy he was active, and could jump a
+bar placed at the height of the "Adam's apple" in his neck.
+
+He walked with a swinging action, using a stick heavily shod with iron,
+which he struck loudly against the ground, producing as he went round
+the "Sand-walk" at Down, a rhythmical click which is with all of us a
+very distinct remembrance. As he returned from the midday walk, often
+carrying the waterproof or cloak which had proved too hot, one could see
+that the swinging step was kept up by something of an effort. Indoors
+his step was often slow and laboured, and as he went upstairs in the
+afternoon he might be heard mounting the stairs with a heavy footfall,
+as if each step were an effort. When interested in his work he moved
+about quickly and easily enough, and often in the midst of dictating he
+went eagerly into the hall to get a pinch of snuff, leaving the study
+door open, and calling out the last words of his sentence as he left the
+room.
+
+In spite of his activity, he had, I think, no natural grace or neatness
+of movement. He was awkward with his hands, and was unable to draw at
+all well.[53] This he always regretted, and he frequently urged the
+paramount necessity to a young naturalist of making himself a good
+draughtsman.
+
+He could dissect well under the simple microscope, but I think it was by
+dint of his great patience and carefulness. It was characteristic of him
+that he thought any little bit of skilful dissection something almost
+superhuman. He used to speak with admiration of the skill with which he
+saw Newport dissect a humble bee, getting out the nervous system with a
+few cuts of a pair of fine scissors. He used to consider cutting
+microscopic sections a great feat, and in the last year of his life,
+with wonderful energy, took the pains to learn to cut sections of roots
+and leaves. His hand was not steady enough to hold the object to be cut,
+and he employed a common microtome, in which the pith for holding the
+object was clamped, and the razor slid on a glass surface. He used to
+laugh at himself, and at his own skill in section-cutting, at which he
+would say he was "speechless with admiration." On the other hand, he
+must have had accuracy of eye and power of co-ordinating his movements,
+since he was a good shot with a gun as a young man, and as a boy was
+skilful in throwing. He once killed a hare sitting in the flower-garden
+at Shrewsbury by throwing a marble at it, and, as a man, he killed a
+cross-beak with a stone. He was so unhappy at having uselessly killed
+the cross-beak that he did not mention it for years, and then explained
+that he should never have thrown at it if he had not felt sure that his
+old skill had gone from him.
+
+His beard was full and almost untrimmed, the hair being grey and white,
+fine rather than coarse, and wavy or frizzled. His moustache was
+somewhat disfigured by being cut short and square across. He became very
+bald, having only a fringe of dark hair behind.
+
+His face was ruddy in colour, and this perhaps made people think him
+less of an invalid than he was. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (June 13,
+1849), "Every one tells me that I look quite blooming and beautiful; and
+most think I am shamming, but you have never been one of those." And it
+must be remembered that at this time he was miserably ill, far worse
+than in later years. His eyes were bluish grey under deep overhanging
+brows, with thick, bushy projecting eye-brows. His high forehead was
+deeply wrinkled, but otherwise his face was not much marked or lined.
+His expression showed no signs of the continual discomfort he suffered.
+
+When he was excited with pleasant talk his whole manner was wonderfully
+bright and animated, and his face shared to the full in the general
+animation. His laugh was a free and sounding peal, like that of a man
+who gives himself sympathetically and with enjoyment to the person and
+the thing which have amused him. He often used some sort of gesture with
+his laugh, lifting up his hands or bringing one down with a slap. I
+think, generally speaking, he was given to gesture, and often used his
+hands in explaining anything (_e.g._ the fertilisation of a flower) in a
+way that seemed rather an aid to himself than to the listener. He did
+this on occasions when most people would illustrate their explanations
+by means of a rough pencil sketch.
+
+He wore dark clothes, of a loose and easy fit. Of late years he gave up
+the tall hat even in London, and wore a soft black one in winter, and a
+big straw hat in summer. His usual out-of-doors dress was the short
+cloak in which Elliot and Fry's photograph[54] represents him, leaning
+against the pillar of the verandah. Two peculiarities of his indoor
+dress were that he almost always wore a shawl over his shoulders, and
+that he had great loose cloth boots lined with fur which he could slip
+on over his indoor shoes.
+
+He rose early, and took a short turn before breakfast, a habit which
+began when he went for the first time to a water-cure establishment, and
+was preserved till almost the end of his life. I used, as a little boy,
+to like going out with him, and I have a vague sense of the red of the
+winter sunrise, and a recollection of the pleasant companionship, and a
+certain honour and glory in it. He used to delight me as a boy by
+telling me how, in still earlier walks, on dark winter mornings, he had
+once or twice met foxes trotting home at the dawning.
+
+After breakfasting alone about 7.45, he went to work at once,
+considering the 1½ hour between 8 and 9.30 one of his best working
+times. At 9.30 he came in to the drawing-room for his letters--rejoicing
+if the post was a light one and being sometimes much worried if it was
+not. He would then hear any family letters read aloud as he lay on the
+sofa.
+
+The reading aloud, which also included part of a novel, lasted till
+about half-past ten, when he went back to work till twelve or a quarter
+past. By this time he considered his day's work over, and would often
+say, in a satisfied voice, "_I've_ done a good day's work." He then went
+out of doors whether it was wet or fine; Polly, his white terrier, went
+with him in fair weather, but in rain she refused or might be seen
+hesitating in the verandah, with a mixed expression of disgust and shame
+at her own want of courage; generally, however, her conscience carried
+the day, and as soon as he was evidently gone she could not bear to stay
+behind.
+
+My father was always fond of dogs, and as a young man had the power of
+stealing away the affections of his sister's pets; at Cambridge, he won
+the love of his cousin W. D. Fox's dog, and this may perhaps have been
+the little beast which used to creep down inside his bed and sleep at
+the foot every night. My father had a surly dog, who was devoted to him,
+but unfriendly to every one else, and when he came back from the
+_Beagle_ voyage, the dog remembered him, but in a curious way, which my
+father was fond of telling. He went into the yard and shouted in his
+old manner; the dog rushed out and set off with him on his walk, showing
+no more emotion or excitement than if the same thing had happened the
+day before, instead of five years ago. This story is made use of in the
+_Descent of Man_, 2nd Edit. p. 74.
+
+In my memory there were only two dogs which had much connection with my
+father. One was a large black and white half-bred retriever, called Bob,
+to which we, as children, were much devoted. He was the dog of whom the
+story of the "hot-house face" is told in the _Expression of the
+Emotions_.
+
+But the dog most closely associated with my father was the
+above-mentioned Polly, a rough, white fox-terrier. She was a
+sharp-witted, affectionate dog; when her master was going away on a
+journey, she always discovered the fact by the signs of packing going on
+in the study, and became low-spirited accordingly. She began, too, to be
+excited by seeing the study prepared for his return home. She was a
+cunning little creature, and used to tremble or put on an air of misery
+when my father passed, while she was waiting for dinner, just as if she
+knew that he would say (as he did often say) that "she was famishing."
+My father used to make her catch biscuits off her nose, and had an
+affectionate and mock-solemn way of explaining to her before-hand that
+she must "be a very good girl." She had a mark on her back where she had
+been burnt, and where the hair had re-grown red instead of white, and my
+father used to commend her for this tuft of hair as being in accordance
+with his theory of pangenesis; her father had been a red bull-terrier,
+thus the red hair appearing after the burn showed the presence of latent
+red gemmules. He was delightfully tender to Polly, and never showed any
+impatience at the attentions she required, such as to be let in at the
+door, or out at the verandah window, to bark at "naughty people," a
+self-imposed duty she much enjoyed. She died, or rather had to be
+killed, a few days after his death.[55]
+
+My father's mid-day walk generally began by a call at the greenhouse,
+where he looked at any germinating seeds or experimental plants which
+required a casual examination, but he hardly ever did any serious
+observing at this time. Then he went on for his constitutional--either
+round the "Sand-walk," or outside his own grounds in the immediate
+neighbourhood of the house. The "Sand-walk" was a narrow strip of land
+1½ acre in extent, with a gravel-walk round it. On one side of it was a
+broad old shaw with fair-sized oaks in it, which made a sheltered shady
+walk; the other side was separated from a neighbouring grass field by a
+low quickset hedge, over which you could look at what view there was, a
+quiet little valley losing itself in the upland country towards the edge
+of the Westerham hill, with hazel coppice and larch plantation, the
+remnants of what was once a large wood, stretching away to the Westerham
+high road. I have heard my father say that the charm of this simple
+little valley was a decided factor in his choice of a home.
+
+The Sand-walk was planted by my father with a variety of trees, such as
+hazel, alder, lime, hornbeam, birch, privet, and dogwood, and with a
+long line of hollies all down the exposed side. In earlier times he took
+a certain number of turns every day, and used to count them by means of
+a heap of flints, one of which he kicked out on the path each time he
+passed. Of late years I think he did not keep to any fixed number of
+turns, but took as many as he felt strength for. The Sand-walk was our
+play-ground as children, and here we continually saw my father as he
+walked round. He liked to see what we were doing, and was ever ready to
+sympathize in any fun that was going on. It is curious to think how,
+with regard to the Sand-walk in connection with my father, my earliest
+recollections coincide with my latest; it shows the unvarying character
+of his habits.
+
+Sometimes when alone he stood still or walked stealthily to observe
+birds or beasts. It was on one of these occasions that some young
+squirrels ran up his back and legs, while their mother barked at them in
+an agony from the tree. He always found birds' nests even up to the last
+years of his life, and we, as children, considered that he had a special
+genius in this direction. In his quiet prowls he came across the less
+common birds, but I fancy he used to conceal it from me as a little boy,
+because he observed the agony of mind which I endured at not having seen
+the siskin or goldfinch, or some other of the less common birds. He used
+to tell us how, when he was creeping noiselessly along in the
+"Big-Woods," he came upon a fox asleep in the daytime, which was so much
+astonished that it took a good stare at him before it ran off. A Spitz
+dog which accompanied him showed no sign of excitement at the fox, and
+he used to end the story by wondering how the dog could have been so
+faint-hearted.
+
+Another favourite place was "Orchis Bank," above the quiet Cudham
+valley, where fly- and musk-orchis grew among the junipers, and
+Cephalanthera and Neottia under the beech boughs; the little wood
+"Hangrove," just above this, he was also fond of, and here I remember
+his collecting grasses, when he took a fancy to make out the names of
+all the common kinds. He was fond of quoting the saying of one of his
+little boys, who, having found a grass that his father had not seen
+before, had it laid by his own plate during dinner, remarking, "I are an
+extraordinary grass-finder!"
+
+My father much enjoyed wandering idly in the garden with my mother or
+some of his children, or making one of a party, sitting on a bench on
+the lawn; he generally sat, however, on the grass, and I remember him
+often lying under one of the big lime-trees, with his head on the green
+mound at its foot. In dry summer weather, when we often sat out, the
+fly-wheel of the well was commonly heard spinning round, and so the
+sound became associated with those pleasant days. He used to like to
+watch us playing at lawn-tennis, and often knocked up a stray ball for
+us with the curved handle of his stick.
+
+Though he took no personal share in the management of the garden, he had
+great delight in the beauty of flowers--for instance, in the mass of
+Azaleas which generally stood in the drawing-room. I think he sometimes
+fused together his admiration of the structure of a flower and of its
+intrinsic beauty; for instance, in the case of the big pendulous pink
+and white flowers of Diclytra. In the same way he had an affection,
+half-artistic, half-botanical, for the little blue Lobelia. In admiring
+flowers, he would often laugh at the dingy high-art colours, and
+contrast them with the bright tints of nature. I used to like to hear
+him admire the beauty of a flower; it was a kind of gratitude to the
+flower itself, and a personal love for its delicate form and colour. I
+seem to remember him gently touching a flower he delighted in; it was
+the same simple admiration that a child might have.
+
+He could not help personifying natural things. This feeling came out in
+abuse as well as in praise--_e.g._ of some seedlings--"The little
+beggars are doing just what I don't want them to." He would speak in a
+half-provoked, half-admiring way of the ingenuity of the leaf of a
+Sensitive Plant in screwing itself out of a basin of water in which he
+had tried to fix it. One might see the same spirit in his way of
+speaking of Sundew, earthworms, &c.[56]
+
+Within my memory, his only outdoor recreation, besides walking, was
+riding; this was taken up at the recommendation of Dr. Bence Jones, and
+we had the luck to find for him the easiest and quietest cob in the
+world, named "Tommy." He enjoyed these rides extremely, and devised a
+series of short rounds which brought him home in time for lunch. Our
+country is good for this purpose, owing to the number of small valleys
+which give a variety to what in a flat country would be a dull loop of
+road. I think he felt surprised at himself, when he remembered how bold
+a rider he had been, and how utterly old age and bad health had taken
+away his nerve. He would say that riding prevented him thinking much
+more effectually than walking--that having to attend to the horse gave
+him occupation sufficient to prevent any really hard thinking. And the
+change of scene which it gave him was good for spirits and health.
+
+If I go beyond my own experience, and recall what I have heard him say
+of his love for sport, &c., I can think of a good deal, but much of it
+would be a repetition of what is contained in his _Recollections_. He
+was fond of his gun as quite a boy, and became a good shot; he used to
+tell how in South America he killed twenty-three snipe in twenty-four
+shots. In telling the story he was careful to add that he thought they
+were not quite so wild as English snipe.
+
+Luncheon at Down came after his mid-day walk; and here I may say a word
+or two about his meals generally. He had a boy-like love of sweets,
+unluckily for himself, since he was constantly forbidden to take them.
+He was not particularly successful in keeping the "vows," as he called
+them, which he made against eating sweets, and never considered them
+binding unless he made them aloud.
+
+He drank very little wine, but enjoyed and was revived by the little he
+did drink. He had a horror of drinking, and constantly warned his boys
+that any one might be led into drinking too much. I remember, in my
+innocence as a small boy, asking him if he had been ever tipsy; and he
+answered very gravely that he was ashamed to say he had once drunk too
+much at Cambridge. I was much impressed, so that I know now the place
+where the question was asked.
+
+After his lunch he read the newspaper, lying on the sofa in the
+drawing-room. I think the paper was the only non-scientific matter which
+he read to himself. Everything else, novels, travels, history, was read
+aloud to him. He took so wide an interest in life, that there was much
+to occupy him in newspapers, though he laughed at the wordiness of the
+debates, reading them, I think, only in abstract. His interest in
+politics was considerable, but his opinion on these matters was formed
+rather by the way than with any serious amount of thought.
+
+After he had read his paper, came his time for writing letters. These,
+as well as the MS. of his books, were written by him as he sat in a huge
+horse-hair chair by the fire, his paper supported on a board resting on
+the arms of the chair. When he had many or long letters to write, he
+would dictate them from a rough copy; these rough copies were written on
+the backs of manuscript or of proof-sheets, and were almost illegible,
+sometimes even to himself. He made a rule of keeping all letters that he
+received; this was a habit which he learnt from his father, and which he
+said had been of great use to him.
+
+Many letters were addressed to him by foolish, unscrupulous people, and
+all of these received replies. He used to say that if he did not answer
+them, he had it on his conscience afterwards, and no doubt it was in
+great measure the courtesy with which he answered every one which
+produced the widespread sense of his kindness of nature which was so
+evident on his death.
+
+He was considerate to his correspondents in other and lesser things--for
+instance, when dictating a letter to a foreigner, he hardly ever failed
+to say to me, "You'd better try and write well, as it's to a foreigner."
+His letters were generally written on the assumption that they would be
+carelessly read; thus, when he was dictating, he was careful to tell me
+to make an important clause begin with an obvious paragraph, "to catch
+his eye," as he often said. How much he thought of the trouble he gave
+others by asking questions, will be well enough shown by his letters.
+
+He had a printed form to be used in replying to troublesome
+correspondents, but he hardly ever used it; I suppose he never found an
+occasion that seemed exactly suitable. I remember an occasion on which
+it might have been used with advantage. He received a letter from a
+stranger stating that the writer had undertaken to uphold Evolution at a
+debating society, and that being a busy young man, without time for
+reading, he wished to have a sketch of my father's views. Even this
+wonderful young man got a civil answer, though I think he did not get
+much material for his speech. His rule was to thank the donors of books,
+but not of pamphlets. He sometimes expressed surprise that so few
+thanked him for his books which he gave away liberally; the letters
+that he did receive gave him much pleasure, because he habitually
+formed so humble an estimate of the value of all his works, that he was
+genuinely surprised at the interest which they excited.
+
+In money and business matters he was remarkably careful and exact. He
+kept accounts with great care, classifying them, and balancing at the
+end of the year like a merchant. I remember the quick way in which he
+would reach out for his account-book to enter each cheque paid, as
+though he were in a hurry to get it entered before he had forgotten it.
+His father must have allowed him to believe that he would be poorer than
+he really was, for some of the difficulty experienced over finding a
+house in the country must have arisen from the modest sum he felt
+prepared to give. Yet he knew, of course, that he would be in easy
+circumstances, for in his _Recollections_ he mentions this as one of the
+reasons for his not having worked at medicine with so much zeal as he
+would have done if he had been obliged to gain his living.
+
+He had a pet economy in paper, but it was rather a hobby than a real
+economy. All the blank sheets of letters received were kept in a
+portfolio to be used in making notes; it was his respect for paper that
+made him write so much on the backs of his old MS., and in this way,
+unfortunately, he destroyed large parts of the original MS. of his
+books. His feeling about paper extended to waste paper, and he objected,
+half in fun, to the habit of throwing a spill into the fire after it had
+been used for lighting a candle.
+
+He had a great respect for pure business capacity, and often spoke with
+admiration of a relative who had doubled his fortune. And of himself
+would often say in fun that what he really _was_ proud of was the money
+he had saved. He also felt satisfaction in the money he made by his
+books. His anxiety to save came in great measure from his fears that his
+children would not have health enough to earn their own livings, a
+foreboding which fairly haunted him for many years. And I have a dim
+recollection of his saying, "Thank God, you'll have bread and cheese,"
+when I was so young that I was inclined to take it literally.
+
+When letters were finished, about three in the afternoon, he rested in
+his bedroom, lying on the sofa, smoking a cigarette, and listening to a
+novel or other book not scientific. He only smoked when resting, whereas
+snuff was a stimulant, and was taken during working hours. He took snuff
+for many years of his life, having learnt the habit at Edinburgh as a
+student. He had a nice silver snuff-box given him by Mrs. Wedgwood, of
+Maer, which he valued much--but he rarely carried it, because it tempted
+him to take too many pinches. In one of his early letters he speaks of
+having given up snuff for a month, and describes himself as feeling
+"most lethargic, stupid, and melancholy." Our former neighbour and
+clergyman, Mr. Brodie Innes, tells me that at one time my father made a
+resolve not to take snuff, except away from home, "a most satisfactory
+arrangement for me," he adds, "as I kept a box in my study, to which
+there was access from the garden without summoning servants, and I had
+more frequently, than might have been otherwise the case, the privilege
+of a few minutes' conversation with my dear friend." He generally took
+snuff from a jar on the hall-table, because having to go this distance
+for a pinch was a slight check; the clink of the lid of the snuff-jar
+was a very familiar sound. Sometimes when he was in the drawing-room, it
+would occur to him that the study fire must be burning low, and when one
+of us offered to see after it, it would turn out that he also wished to
+get a pinch of snuff.
+
+Smoking he only took to permanently of late years, though on his Pampas
+rides he learned to smoke with the Gauchos, and I have heard him speak
+of the great comfort of a cup of _maté_ and a cigarette when he halted
+after a long ride and was unable to get food for some time.
+
+He came down at four o'clock to dress for his walk, and he was so
+regular that one might be quite certain it was within a few minutes of
+four when his descending steps were heard.
+
+From about half-past four to half-past five he worked; then he came to
+the drawing-room, and was idle till it was time (about six) to go up for
+another rest with novel-reading and a cigarette.
+
+Latterly he gave up late dinner, and had a simple tea at half-past seven
+(while we had dinner), with an egg or a small piece of meat. After
+dinner he never stayed in the room, and used to apologise by saying he
+was an old woman who must be allowed to leave with the ladies. This was
+one of the many signs and results of his constant weakness and
+ill-health. Half an hour more or less conversation would make to him the
+difference of a sleepless night and of the loss perhaps of half the next
+day's work.
+
+After dinner he played backgammon with my mother, two games being played
+every night. For many years a score of the games which each won was
+kept, and in this score he took the greatest interest. He became
+extremely animated over these games, bitterly lamenting his bad luck
+and exploding with exaggerated mock-anger at my mother's good fortune.
+
+After playing backgammon he read some scientific book to himself, either
+in the drawing-room, or, if much talking was going on, in the study.
+
+In the evening--that is, after he had read as much as his strength would
+allow, and before the reading aloud began--he would often lie on the
+sofa and listen to my mother playing the piano. He had not a good ear,
+yet in spite of this he had a true love of fine music. He used to lament
+that his enjoyment of music had become dulled with age, yet within my
+recollection his love of a good tune was strong. I never heard him hum
+more than one tune, the Welsh song "Ar hyd y nos," which he went through
+correctly; he used also, I believe, to hum a little Otaheitan song. From
+his want of ear he was unable to recognise a tune when he heard it
+again, but he remained constant to what he liked, and would often say,
+when an old favourite was played, "That's a fine thing; what is it?" He
+liked especially parts of Beethoven's symphonies and bits of Handel. He
+was sensitive to differences in style, and enjoyed the late Mrs. Vernon
+Lushington's playing intensely, and in June 1881, when Hans Richter paid
+a visit at Down, he was roused to strong enthusiasm by his magnificent
+performance on the piano. He enjoyed good singing, and was moved almost
+to tears by grand or pathetic songs. His niece Lady Farrer's singing of
+Sullivan's "Will he come" was a never-failing enjoyment to him. He was
+humble in the extreme about his own taste, and correspondingly pleased
+when he found that others agreed with him.
+
+He became much tired in the evenings, especially of late years, and left
+the drawing-room about ten, going to bed at half-past ten. His nights
+were generally bad, and he often lay awake or sat up in bed for hours,
+suffering much discomfort. He was troubled at night by the activity of
+his thoughts, and would become exhausted by his mind working at some
+problem which he would willingly have dismissed. At night, too, anything
+which had vexed or troubled him in the day would haunt him, and I think
+it was then that he suffered if he had not answered some troublesome
+correspondent.
+
+The regular readings, which I have mentioned, continued for so many
+years, enabled him to get through a great deal of the lighter kinds of
+literature. He was extremely fond of novels, and I remember well the way
+in which he would anticipate the pleasure of having a novel read to him
+as he lay down or lighted his cigarette. He took a vivid interest both
+in plot and characters, and would on no account know beforehand how a
+story finished; he considered looking at the end of a novel as a
+feminine vice. He could not enjoy any story with a tragical end; for
+this reason he did not keenly appreciate George Eliot, though he often
+spoke, warmly in praise of _Silas Marner_. Walter Scott, Miss Austen,
+and Mrs. Gaskell were read and re-read till they could be read no more.
+He had two or three books in hand at the same time--a novel and perhaps
+a biography and a book of travels. He did not often read out-of-the-way
+or old standard books, but generally kept to the books of the day
+obtained from a circulating library.
+
+His literary tastes and opinions were not on a level with the rest of
+his mind. He himself, though he was clear as to what he thought good,
+considered that in matters of literary tastes he was quite outside the
+pale, and often spoke of what those within it liked or disliked, as if
+they formed a class to which he had no claim to belong.
+
+In all matters of art he was inclined to laugh at professed critics and
+say that their opinions were formed by fashion. Thus in painting, he
+would say how in his day every one admired masters who are now
+neglected. His love of pictures as a young man is almost a proof that he
+must have had an appreciation of a portrait as a work of art, not as a
+likeness. Yet he often talked laughingly of the small worth of
+portraits, and said that a photograph was worth any number of pictures,
+as if he were blind to the artistic quality in a painted portrait. But
+this was generally said in his attempts to persuade us to give up the
+idea of having his portrait painted, an operation very irksome to him.
+
+This way of looking at himself as an ignoramus in all matters of art,
+was strengthened by the absence of pretence, which was part of his
+character. With regard to questions of taste, as well as to more serious
+things he had the courage of his opinions. I remember, however, an
+instance that sounds like a contradiction to this: when he was looking
+at the Turners in Mr. Ruskin's bedroom, he did not confess, as he did
+afterwards, that he could make out absolutely nothing of what Mr. Ruskin
+saw in them. But this little pretence was not for his own sake, but for
+the sake of courtesy to his host. He was pleased and amused when
+subsequently Mr. Ruskin brought him some photographs of pictures (I
+think Vandyke portraits), and courteously seemed to value my father's
+opinion about them.
+
+Much of his scientific reading was in German, and this was a serious
+labour to him; in reading a book after him, I was often struck at
+seeing, from the pencil-marks made each day where he left off, how
+little he could read at a time. He used to call German the "Verdammte,"
+pronounced as if in English. He was especially indignant with Germans,
+because he was convinced that they could write simply if they chose, and
+often praised Professor Hildebrand of Freiburg for writing German which
+was as clear as French. He sometimes gave a German sentence to a friend,
+a patriotic German lady, and used to laugh at her if she did not
+translate it fluently. He himself learnt German simply by hammering away
+with a dictionary; he would say that his only way was to read a sentence
+a great many times over, and at last the meaning occurred to him. When
+he began German long ago, he boasted of the fact (as he used to tell) to
+Sir J. Hooker, who replied, "Ah, my dear fellow, that's nothing; I've
+begun it many times."
+
+In spite of his want of grammar, he managed to get on wonderfully with
+German, and the sentences that he failed to make out were generally
+difficult ones. He never attempted to speak German correctly, but
+pronounced the words as though they were English; and this made it not a
+little difficult to help him, when he read out a German sentence and
+asked for a translation. He certainly had a bad ear for vocal sounds, so
+that he found it impossible to perceive small differences in
+pronunciation.
+
+His wide interest in branches of science that were not specially his own
+was remarkable. In the biological sciences his doctrines make themselves
+felt so widely that there was something interesting to him in most
+departments. He read a good deal of many quite special works, and large
+parts of text books, such as Huxley's _Invertebrate Anatomy_, or such a
+book as Balfour's _Embryology_, where the detail, at any rate, was not
+specially in his own line. And in the case of elaborate books of the
+monograph type, though he did not make a study of them, yet he felt the
+strongest admiration for them.
+
+In the non-biological sciences he felt keen sympathy with work of which
+he could not really judge. For instance, he used to read nearly the
+whole of _Nature_, though so much of it deals with mathematics and
+physics. I have often heard him say that he got a kind of satisfaction
+in reading articles which (according to himself) he could not
+understand. I wish I could reproduce the manner in which he would laugh
+at himself for it.
+
+It was remarkable, too, how he kept up his interest in subjects at
+which he had formerly worked. This was strikingly the case with geology.
+In one of his letters to Mr. Judd he begs him to pay him a visit, saying
+that since Lyell's death he hardly ever gets a geological talk. His
+observations, made only a few years before his death, on the upright
+pebbles in the drift at Southampton, and discussed in a letter to Sir A.
+Geikie, afford another instance. Again, in his letters to Dr. Dohrn, he
+shows how his interest in barnacles remained alive. I think it was all
+due to the vitality and persistence of his mind--a quality I have heard
+him speak of as if he felt that he was strongly gifted in that respect.
+Not that he used any such phrases as these about himself, but he would
+say that he had the power of keeping a subject or question more or less
+before him for a great many years. The extent to which he possessed this
+power appears when we consider the number of different problems which he
+solved, and the early period at which some of them began to occupy him.
+
+It was a sure sign that he was not well when he was idle at any times
+other than his regular resting hours; for, as long as he remained
+moderately well, there was no break in the regularity of his life.
+Week-days and Sundays passed by alike, each with their stated intervals
+of work and rest. It is almost impossible, except for those who watched
+his daily life, to realise how essential to his well-being was the
+regular routine that I have sketched: and with what pain and difficulty
+anything beyond it was attempted. Any public appearance, even of the
+most modest kind, was an effort to him. In 1871 he went to the little
+village church for the wedding of his elder daughter, but he could
+hardly bear the fatigue of being present through the short service. The
+same may be said of the few other occasions on which he was present at
+similar ceremonies.
+
+I remember him many years ago at a christening; a memory which has
+remained with me, because to us children his being at church was an
+extraordinary occurrence. I remember his look most distinctly at his
+brother Erasmus's funeral, as he stood in the scattering of snow,
+wrapped in a long black funeral cloak, with a grave look of sad reverie.
+
+When, after an absence of many years, he attended a meeting of the
+Linnean Society, it was felt to be, and was in fact, a serious
+undertaking; one not to be determined on without much sinking of heart,
+and hardly to be carried into effect without paying a penalty of
+subsequent suffering. In the same way a breakfast-party at Sir James
+Paget's, with some of the distinguished visitors to the Medical
+Congress (1881), was to him a severe exertion.
+
+The early morning was the only time at which he could make any effort of
+the kind, with comparative impunity. Thus it came about that the visits
+he paid to his scientific friends in London were by preference made as
+early as ten in the morning. For the same reason he started on his
+journeys by the earliest possible train, and used to arrive at the
+houses of relatives in London when they were beginning their day.
+
+He kept an accurate journal of the days on which he worked and those on
+which his ill health prevented him from working, so that it would be
+possible to tell how many were idle days in any given year. In this
+journal--a little yellow Letts's Diary, which lay open on his
+mantel-piece, piled on the diaries of previous years--he also entered
+the day on which he started for a holiday and that of his return.
+
+The most frequent holidays were visits of a week to London, either to
+his brother's house (6 Queen Anne Street), or to his daughter's (4
+Bryanston Street). He was generally persuaded by my mother to take these
+short holidays, when it became clear from the frequency of "bad days,"
+or from the swimming of his head, that he was being overworked. He went
+unwillingly, and tried to drive hard bargains, stipulating, for
+instance, that he should come home in five days instead of six. The
+discomfort of a journey to him was, at least latterly, chiefly in the
+anticipation, and in the miserable sinking feeling from which he
+suffered immediately before the start; even a fairly long journey, such
+as that to Coniston, tired him wonderfully little, considering how much
+an invalid he was; and he certainly enjoyed it in an almost boyish way,
+and to a curious degree.
+
+Although, as he has said, some of his ęsthetic tastes had suffered a
+gradual decay, his love of scenery remained fresh and strong. Every walk
+at Coniston was a fresh delight, and he was never tired of praising the
+beauty of the broken hilly country at the head of the lake.
+
+Besides these longer holidays, there were shorter visits to various
+relatives--to his brother-in-law's house, close to Leith Hill, and to
+his son near Southampton. He always particularly enjoyed rambling over
+rough open country, such as the commons near Leith Hill and Southampton,
+the heath-covered wastes of Ashdown Forest, or the delightful "Rough"
+near the house of his friend Sir Thomas Farrer. He never was quite idle
+even on these holidays, and found things to observe. At Hartfield he
+watched Drosera catching insects, &c.; at Torquay he observed the
+fertilisation of an orchid (_Spiranthes_), and also made out the
+relations of the sexes in Thyme.
+
+He rejoiced at his return home after his holidays, and greatly enjoyed
+the welcome he got from his dog Polly, who would get wild with
+excitement, panting, squeaking, rushing round the room, and jumping on
+and off the chairs; and he used to stoop down, pressing her face to his,
+letting her lick him, and speaking to her with a peculiarly tender,
+caressing voice.
+
+My father had the power of giving to these summer holidays a charm which
+was strongly felt by all his family. The pressure of his work at home
+kept him at the utmost stretch of his powers of endurance, and when
+released from it, he entered on a holiday with a youthfulness of
+enjoyment that made his companionship delightful; we felt that we saw
+more of him in a week's holiday than in a month at home.
+
+Besides the holidays which I have mentioned, there were his visits to
+water-cure establishments. In 1849, when very ill, suffering from
+constant sickness, he was urged by a friend to try the water-cure, and
+at last agreed to go to Dr. Gully's establishment at Malvern. His
+letters to Mr. Fox show how much good the treatment did him; he seems to
+have thought that he had found a cure for his troubles, but, like all
+other remedies, it had only a transient effect on him. However, he found
+it, at first, so good for him, that when he came home he built himself a
+douche-bath, and the butler learnt to be his bathman.
+
+He was too, a frequent patient at Dr. Lane's water-cure establishment,
+Moor Park, near Aldershot, visits to which he always looked back with
+pleasure.
+
+Some idea of his relation to his family and his friends may be gathered
+from what has gone before; it would be impossible to attempt a complete
+account of these relationships, but a slightly fuller outline may not be
+out of place. Of his married life I cannot speak, save in the briefest
+manner. In his relationship towards my mother, his tender and
+sympathetic nature was shown in its most beautiful aspect. In her
+presence he found his happiness, and through her, his life--which might
+have been overshadowed by gloom--became one of content and quiet
+gladness.
+
+The _Expression of the Emotions_ shows how closely he watched his
+children; it was characteristic of him that (as I have heard him tell),
+although he was so anxious to observe accurately the expression of a
+crying child, his sympathy with the grief spoiled his observation. His
+note-book, in which are recorded sayings of his young children, shows
+his pleasure in them. He seemed to retain a sort of regretful memory of
+the childhoods which had faded away, and thus he wrote in his
+_Recollections_:--"When you were very young it was my delight to play
+with you all, and I think with a sigh that such days can never return."
+
+I quote, as showing the tenderness of his nature, some sentences from an
+account of his little daughter Annie, written a few days after her
+death:--
+
+"Our poor child, Annie, was born in Gower Street, on March 2, 1841, and
+expired at Malvern at mid-day on the 23rd of April, 1851.
+
+"I write these few pages, as I think in after years, if we live, the
+impressions now put down will recall more vividly her chief
+characteristics. From whatever point I look back at her, the main
+feature in her disposition which at once rises before me, is her buoyant
+joyousness, tempered by two other characteristics, namely, her
+sensitiveness, which might easily have been overlooked by a stranger,
+and her strong affection. Her joyousness and animal spirits radiated
+from her whole countenance, and rendered every movement elastic and full
+of life and vigour. It was delightful and cheerful to behold her. Her
+dear face now rises before me, as she used sometimes to come running
+downstairs with a stolen pinch of snuff for me, her whole form radiant
+with the pleasure of giving pleasure. Even when playing with her
+cousins, when her joyousness almost passed into boisterousness, a single
+glance of my eye, not of displeasure (for I thank God I hardly ever cast
+one on her), but of want of sympathy, would for some minutes alter her
+whole countenance.
+
+"The other point in her character, which made her joyousness and spirits
+so delightful, was her strong affection, which was of a most clinging,
+fondling nature. When quite a baby, this showed itself in never being
+easy without touching her mother, when in bed with her; and quite lately
+she would, when poorly, fondle for any length of time one of her
+mother's arms. When very unwell, her mother lying down beside her,
+seemed to soothe her in a manner quite different from what it would have
+done to any of our other children. So, again, she would at almost any
+time spend half-an-hour in arranging my hair, 'making it,' as she called
+it, 'beautiful,' or in smoothing, the poor dear darling, my collar or
+cuffs--in short, in fondling me.
+
+"Besides her joyousness thus tempered, she was in her manners
+remarkably cordial, frank, open, straightforward, natural, and without
+any shade of reserve. Her whole mind was pure and transparent. One felt
+one knew her thoroughly and could trust her. I always thought, that come
+what might, we should have had, in our old age, at least one loving
+soul, which nothing could have changed. All her movements were vigorous,
+active, and usually graceful. When going round the Sand-walk with me,
+although I walked fast, yet she often used to go before, pirouetting in
+the most elegant way, her dear face bright all the time with the
+sweetest smiles. Occasionally she had a pretty coquettish manner towards
+me, the memory of which is charming. She often used exaggerated
+language, and when I quizzed her by exaggerating what she had said, how
+clearly can I now see the little toss of the head, and exclamation of
+'Oh, papa, what a shame of you!' In the last short illness, her conduct
+in simple truth was angelic. She never once complained; never became
+fretful; was ever considerate of others, and was thankful in the most
+gentle, pathetic manner for everything done for her. When so exhausted
+that she could hardly speak, she praised everything that was given her,
+and said some tea 'was beautifully good.' When I gave her some water,
+she said, 'I quite thank you;' and these, I believe, were the last
+precious words ever addressed by her dear lips to me.
+
+"We have lost the joy of the household, and the solace of our old age.
+She must have known how we loved her. Oh, that she could now know how
+deeply, how tenderly, we do still and shall ever love her dear joyous
+face! Blessings on her![57]
+
+"April 30, 1851."
+
+We, his children, all took especial pleasure in the games he played at
+with us, and in his stories, which, partly on account of their rarity,
+were considered specially delightful.
+
+The way he brought us up is shown by a little story about my brother
+Leonard, which my father was fond of telling. He came into the
+drawing-room and found Leonard dancing about on the sofa, to the peril
+of the springs, and said, "Oh, Lenny, Lenny, that's against all rules,"
+and received for answer, "Then I think you'd better go out of the room."
+I do not believe he ever spoke an angry word to any of his children in
+his life; but I am certain that it never entered our heads to disobey
+him. I well remember one occasion when my father reproved me for a piece
+of carelessness; and I can still recall the feeling of depression which
+came over me, and the care which he took to disperse it by speaking to
+me soon afterwards with especial kindness. He kept up his delightful,
+affectionate manner towards us all his life. I sometimes wonder that he
+could do so, with such an undemonstrative race as we are; but I hope he
+knew how much we delighted in his loving words and manner. He allowed
+his grown-up children to laugh with and at him, and was generally
+speaking on terms of perfect equality with us.
+
+He was always full of interest about each one's plans or successes. We
+used to laugh at him, and say he would not believe in his sons, because,
+for instance, he would be a little doubtful about their taking some bit
+of work for which he did not feel sure that they had knowledge enough.
+On the other hand, he was only too much inclined to take a favourable
+view of our work. When I thought he had set too high a value on anything
+that I had done, he used to be indignant and inclined to explode in mock
+anger. His doubts were part of his humility concerning what was in any
+way connected with himself; his too favourable view of our work was due
+to his sympathetic nature, which made him lenient to every one.
+
+He kept up towards his children his delightful manner of expressing his
+thanks; and I never wrote a letter, or read a page aloud to him, without
+receiving a few kind words of recognition. His love and goodness towards
+his little grandson Bernard were great; and he often spoke of the
+pleasure it was to him to see "his little face opposite to him" at
+luncheon. He and Bernard used to compare their tastes; _e.g._, in liking
+brown sugar better than white, &c.; the result being, "We always agree,
+don't we?"
+
+My sister writes:--
+
+"My first remembrances of my father are of the delights of his playing
+with us. He was passionately attached to his own children, although he
+was not an indiscriminate child-lover. To all of us he was the most
+delightful play-fellow, and the most perfect sympathiser. Indeed it is
+impossible adequately to describe how delightful a relation his was to
+his family, whether as children or in their later life.
+
+"It is a proof of the terms on which we were, and also of how much he
+was valued as a play-fellow, that one of his sons when about four years
+old tried to bribe him with sixpence to come and play in working hours.
+
+"He must have been the most patient and delightful of nurses. I remember
+the haven of peace and comfort it seemed to me when I was unwell, to be
+tucked up on the study sofa, idly considering the old geological map
+hung on the wall. This must have been in his working hours, for I always
+picture him sitting in the horse hair arm chair by the corner of the
+fire.
+
+"Another mark of his unbounded patience was the way in which we were
+suffered to make raids into the study when we had an absolute need of
+sticking plaster, string, pins, scissors, stamps, foot rule, or hammer.
+These and other such necessaries were always to be found in the study,
+and it was the only place where this was a certainty. We used to feel it
+wrong to go in during work time; still, when the necessity was great, we
+did so. I remember his patient look when he said once, 'Don't you think
+you could not come in again, I have been interrupted very often.' We
+used to dread going in for sticking plaster, because he disliked to see
+that we had cut ourselves, both for our sakes and on account of his
+acute sensitiveness to the sight of blood. I well remember lurking about
+the passage till he was safe away, and then stealing in for the plaster.
+
+"Life seems to me, as I look back upon it, to have been very regular in
+those early days, and except relations (and a few intimate friends), I
+do not think any one came to the house. After lessons, we were always
+free to go where we would, and that was chiefly in the drawing-room and
+about the garden, so that we were very much with both my father and
+mother. We used to think it most delightful when he told us any stories
+about the _Beagle_, or about early Shrewsbury days--little bits about
+school life and his boyish tastes.
+
+"He cared for all our pursuits and interests, and lived our lives with
+us in a way that very few fathers do. But I am certain that none of us
+felt that this intimacy interfered the least with our respect and
+obedience. Whatever he said was absolute truth and law to us. He always
+put his whole mind into answering any of our questions. One trifling
+instance makes me feel how he cared for what we cared for. He had no
+special taste for cats, but yet he knew and remembered the
+individualities of my many cats, and would talk about the habits and
+characters of the more remarkable ones years after they had died.
+
+"Another characteristic of his treatment of his children was his respect
+for their liberty, and for their personality. Even as quite a little
+girl, I remember rejoicing in this sense of freedom. Our father and
+mother would not even wish to know what we were doing or thinking unless
+we wished to tell. He always made us feel that we were each of us
+creatures whose opinions and thoughts were valuable to him, so that
+whatever there was best in us came out in the sunshine of his presence.
+
+"I do not think his exaggerated sense of our good qualities,
+intellectual or moral, made us conceited, as might perhaps have been
+expected, but rather more humble and grateful to him. The reason being
+no doubt that the influence of his character, of his sincerity and
+greatness of nature, had a much deeper and more lasting effect than any
+small exaltation which his praises or admiration may have caused to our
+vanity."[58]
+
+As head of a household he was much loved and respected; he always spoke
+to servants with politeness, using the expression, "would you be so
+good," in asking for anything. He was hardly ever angry with his
+servants; it shows how seldom this occurred, that when, as a small boy,
+I overheard a servant being scolded, and my father speaking angrily, it
+impressed me as an appalling circumstance, and I remember running up
+stairs out of a general sense of awe. He did not trouble himself about
+the management of the garden, cows, &c. He considered the horses so
+little his concern, that he used to ask doubtfully whether he might have
+a horse and cart to send to Keston for Sundew, or to the Westerham
+nurseries for plants, or the like.
+
+As a host my father had a peculiar charm: the presence of visitors
+excited him, and made him appear to his best advantage. At Shrewsbury,
+he used to say, it was his father's wish that the guests should be
+attended to constantly, and in one of the letters to Fox he speaks of
+the impossibility of writing a letter while the house was full of
+company. I think he always felt uneasy at not doing more for the
+entertainment of his guests, but the result was successful; and, to make
+up for any loss, there was the gain that the guests felt perfectly free
+to do as they liked. The most usual visitors were those who stayed from
+Saturday till Monday; those who remained longer were generally
+relatives, and were considered to be rather more my mother's affair than
+his.
+
+Besides these visitors, there were foreigners and other strangers, who
+came down for luncheon and went away in the afternoon. He used
+conscientiously to represent to them the enormous distance of Down from
+London, and the labour it would be to come there, unconsciously taking
+for granted that they would find the journey as toilsome as he did
+himself. If, however, they were not deterred, he used to arrange their
+journeys for them, telling them when to come, and practically when to
+go. It was pleasant to see the way in which he shook hands with a guest
+who was being welcomed for the first time; his hand used to shoot out in
+a way that gave one the feeling that it was hastening to meet the
+guest's hands. With old friends his hand came down with a hearty swing
+into the other hand in a way I always had satisfaction in seeing. His
+good-bye was chiefly characterised by the pleasant way in which he
+thanked his guests, as he stood at the hall-door, for having come to see
+him.
+
+These luncheons were successful entertainments, there was no drag or
+flagging about them, my father was bright and excited throughout the
+whole visit. Professor De Candolle has described a visit to Down, in his
+admirable and sympathetic sketch of my father.[59] He speaks of his
+manner as resembling that of a "savant" of Oxford or Cambridge. This
+does not strike me as quite a good comparison; in his ease and
+naturalness there was more of the manner of some soldiers; a manner
+arising from total absence of pretence or affectation. It was this
+absence of pose, and the natural and simple way in which he began
+talking to his guests, so as to get them on their own lines, which made
+him so charming a host to a stranger. His happy choice of matter for
+talk seemed to flow out of his sympathetic nature, and humble, vivid
+interest in other people's work.
+
+To some, I think, he caused actual pain by his modesty; I have seen the
+late Francis Balfour quite discomposed by having knowledge ascribed to
+himself on a point about which my father claimed to be utterly ignorant.
+
+It is difficult to seize on the characteristics of my father's
+conversation.
+
+He had more dread than have most people of repeating his stories, and
+continually said, "You must have heard me tell," or "I daresay I've told
+you." One peculiarity he had, which gave a curious effect to his
+conversation. The first few words of a sentence would often remind him
+of some exception to, or some reason against, what he was going to say;
+and this again brought up some other point, so that the sentence would
+become a system of parenthesis within parenthesis, and it was often
+impossible to understand the drift of what he was saying until he came
+to the end of his sentence. He used to say of himself that he was not
+quick enough to hold an argument with any one, and I think this was
+true. Unless it was a subject on which he was just then at work, he
+could not get the train of argument into working order quickly enough.
+This is shown even in his letters; thus, in the case of two letters to
+Professor Semper about the effect of isolation, he did not recall the
+series of facts he wanted until some days after the first letter had
+been sent off.
+
+When puzzled in talking, he had a peculiar stammer on the first word of
+a sentence. I only recall this occurring with words beginning with w;
+possibly he had a special difficulty with this letter, for I have heard
+him say that as a boy he could not pronounce w, and that sixpence was
+offered him if he could say "white wine," which he pronounced "rite
+rine." Possibly he may have inherited this tendency from Erasmus Darwin
+who stammered.[60]
+
+He sometimes combined his metaphors in a curious way, using such a
+phrase as "holding on like life,"--a mixture of "holding on for his
+life," and "holding on like grim death." It came from his eager way of
+putting emphasis into what he was saying. This sometimes gave an air of
+exaggeration where it was not intended; but it gave, too, a noble air of
+strong and generous conviction; as, for instance, when he gave his
+evidence before the Royal Commission on vivisection, and came out with
+his words about cruelty, "It deserves detestation and abhorrence." When
+he felt strongly about any similar question, he could hardly trust
+himself to speak, as he then easily became angry, a thing which he
+disliked excessively. He was conscious that his anger had a tendency to
+multiply itself in the utterance, and for this reason dreaded (for
+example) having to reprove a servant.
+
+It was a proof of the modesty of his manner of talking, that when, for
+instance, a number of visitors came over from Sir John Lubbock's for a
+Sunday afternoon call, he never seemed to be preaching or lecturing,
+although he had so much of the talk to himself. He was particularly
+charming when "chaffing" any one, and in high spirits over it. His
+manner at such times was light-hearted and boyish, and his refinement of
+nature came out most strongly. So, when he was talking to a lady who
+pleased and amused him, the combination of raillery and deference in his
+manner was delightful to see. There was a personal dignity about him,
+which the most familiar intercourse did not diminish. One felt that he
+was the last person with whom anyone would wish to take a liberty, nor
+do I remember an instance of such a thing occurring to him.
+
+When my father had several guests he managed them well, getting a talk
+with each, or bringing two or three together round his chair. In these
+conversations there was always a good deal of fun, and, speaking
+generally, there was either a humorous turn in his talk, or a sunny
+geniality which served instead. Perhaps my recollection of a pervading
+element of humour is the more vivid, because the best talks were with
+Mr. Huxley, in whom there is the aptness which is akin to humour, even
+when humour itself is not there. My father enjoyed Mr. Huxley's humour
+exceedingly, and would often say, "What splendid fun Huxley is!" I think
+he probably had more scientific argument (of the nature of a fight) with
+Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker.
+
+He used to say that it grieved him to find that for the friends of his
+later life he had not the warm affection of his youth. Certainly in his
+early letters from Cambridge he gives proofs of strong friendship for
+Herbert and Fox; but no one except himself would have said that his
+affection for his friends was not, throughout life, of the warmest
+possible kind. In serving a friend he would not spare himself, and
+precious time and strength were willingly given. He undoubtedly had, to
+an unusual degree, the power of attaching his friends to him. He had
+many warm friendships, but to Sir Joseph Hooker he was bound by ties of
+affection stronger than we often see among men. He wrote in his
+_Recollections_, "I have known hardly any man more lovable than Hooker."
+
+His relationship to the village people was a pleasant one; he treated
+them, one and all, with courtesy, when he came in contact with them, and
+took an interest in all relating to their welfare. Some time after he
+came to live at Down he helped to found a Friendly Club, and served as
+treasurer for thirty years. He took much trouble about the club, keeping
+its accounts with minute and scrupulous exactness, and taking pleasure
+in its prosperous condition. Every Whit-Monday the club marched round
+with band and banner and paraded on the lawn in front of the house.
+There he met them, and explained to them their financial position in a
+little speech seasoned with a few well-worn jokes. He was often unwell
+enough to make even this little ceremony an exertion, but I think he
+never failed to meet them.
+
+He was also treasurer of the Coal Club, which gave him a certain amount
+of work, and he acted for some years as a County Magistrate.
+
+With regard to my father's interest in the affairs of the village, Mr.
+Brodie Innes has been so good as to give me his recollections:--
+
+"On my becoming Vicar of Down in 1846, we became friends, and so
+continued till his death. His conduct towards me and my family was one
+of unvarying kindness, and we repaid it by warm affection.
+
+"In all parish matters he was an active assistant; in matters connected
+with the schools, charities, and other business, his liberal
+contribution was ever ready, and in the differences which at times
+occurred in that, as in other parishes, I was always sure of his
+support. He held that where there was really no important objection, his
+assistance should be given to the clergyman, who ought to know the
+circumstances best, and was chiefly responsible."
+
+His intercourse with strangers was marked with scrupulous and rather
+formal politeness, but in fact he had few opportunities of meeting
+strangers, and the quiet life he led at Down made him feel confused in a
+large gathering; for instance, at the Royal Society's _soirées_ he felt
+oppressed by the numbers. The feeling that he ought to know people, and
+the difficulty he had in remembering faces in his latter years, also
+added to his discomfort on such occasions. He did not realise that he
+would be recognised from his photographs, and I remember his being
+uneasy at being obviously recognised by a stranger at the Crystal Palace
+Aquarium.
+
+I must say something of his manner of working: a striking characteristic
+was his respect for time; he never forgot how precious it was. This was
+shown, for instance, in the way in which he tried to curtail his
+holidays; also, and more clearly, with respect to shorter periods. He
+would often say, that saving the minutes was the way to get work done;
+he showed this love of saving the minutes in the difference he felt
+between a quarter of an hour and ten minutes' work; he never wasted a
+few spare minutes from thinking that it was not worth while to set to
+work. I was often struck by his way of working up to the very limit of
+his strength, so that he suddenly stopped in dictating, with the words,
+"I believe I mustn't do any more." The same eager desire not to lose
+time was seen in his quick movements when at work. I particularly
+remember noticing this when he was making an experiment on the roots of
+beans, which required some care in manipulation; fastening the little
+bits of card upon the roots was done carefully and necessarily slowly,
+but the intermediate movements were all quick; taking a fresh bean,
+seeing that the root was healthy, impaling it on a pin, fixing it on a
+cork, and seeing that it was vertical, &c.; all these processes were
+performed with a kind of restrained eagerness. He gave one the
+impression of working with pleasure, and not with any drag. I have an
+image, too, of him as he recorded the result of some experiment, looking
+eagerly at each root, &c., and then writing with equal eagerness. I
+remember the quick movement of his head up and down as he looked from
+the object to the notes.
+
+He saved a great deal of time through not having to do things twice.
+Although he would patiently go on repeating experiments where there was
+any good to be gained, he could not endure having to repeat an
+experiment which ought, if complete care had been taken, to have told
+its story at first--and this gave him a continual anxiety that the
+experiment should not be wasted; he felt the experiment to be sacred,
+however slight a one it was. He wished to learn as much as possible from
+an experiment, so that he did not confine himself to observing the
+single point to which the experiment was directed, and his power of
+seeing a number of other things was wonderful. I do not think he cared
+for preliminary or rough observations intended to serve as guides and to
+be repeated. Any experiment done was to be of some use, and in this
+connection I remember how strongly he urged the necessity of keeping the
+notes of experiments which failed, and to this rule he always adhered.
+
+In the literary part of his work he had the same horror of losing time,
+and the same zeal in what he was doing at the moment, and this made him
+careful not to be obliged unnecessarily to read anything a second time.
+
+His natural tendency was to use simple methods and few instruments. The
+use of the compound microscope has much increased since his youth, and
+this at the expense of the simple one. It strikes us nowadays as
+extraordinary that he should have had no compound microscope when he
+went his _Beagle_ voyage; but in this he followed the advice of Robert
+Brown, who was an authority in such matters. He always had a great
+liking for the simple microscope, and maintained that nowadays it was
+too much neglected, and that one ought always to see as much as possible
+with the simple before taking to the compound microscope. In one of his
+letters he speaks on this point, and remarks that he suspects the work
+of a man who never uses the simple microscope.
+
+His dissecting table was a thick board, let into a window of the study;
+it was lower than an ordinary table, so that he could not have worked at
+it standing; but this, from wishing to save his strength, he would not
+have done in any case. He sat at his dissecting-table on a curious low
+stool which had belonged to his father, with a seat revolving on a
+vertical spindle, and mounted on large castors, so that he could turn
+easily from side to side. His ordinary tools, &c., were lying about on
+the table, but besides these a number of odds and ends were kept in a
+round table full of radiating drawers, and turning on a vertical axis,
+which stood close by his left side, as he sat at his microscope-table.
+The drawers were labelled, "best tools," "rough tools," "specimens,"
+"preparations for specimens," &c. The most marked peculiarity of the
+contents of these drawers was the care with which little scraps and
+almost useless things were preserved; he held the well-known belief,
+that if you threw a thing away you were sure to want it directly--and so
+things accumulated.
+
+If any one had looked at his tools, &c., lying on the table, he would
+have been struck by an air of simpleness, make-shift, and oddity.
+
+At his right hand were shelves, with a number of other odds and ends,
+glasses, saucers, tin biscuit boxes for germinating seeds, zinc labels,
+saucers full of sand, &c., &c. Considering how tidy and methodical he
+was in essential things, it is curious that he bore with so many
+make-shifts: for instance, instead of having a box made of a desired
+shape, and stained black inside, he would hunt up something like what he
+wanted and get it darkened inside with shoe-blacking; he did not care to
+have glass covers made for tumblers in which he germinated seeds, but
+used broken bits of irregular shape, with perhaps a narrow angle
+sticking uselessly out on one side. But so much of his experimenting was
+of a simple kind, that he had no need for any elaboration, and I think
+his habit in this respect was in great measure due to his desire to
+husband his strength, and not waste it on inessential things.
+
+His way of marking objects may here be mentioned. If he had a number of
+things to distinguish, such as leaves, flowers, &c., he tied threads of
+different colours round them. In particular he used this method when he
+had only two classes of objects to distinguish; thus in the case of
+crossed and self-fertilised flowers, one set would be marked with black
+and one with white thread, tied round the stalk of the flower. I
+remember well the look of two sets of capsules, gathered and waiting to
+be weighed, counted, &c., with pieces of black and of white thread to
+distinguish the trays in which they lay. When he had to compare two sets
+of seedlings, sowed in the same pot, he separated them by a partition of
+zinc-plate; and the zinc-label, which gave the necessary details about
+the experiment, was always placed on a certain side, so that it became
+instinctive with him to know without reading the label which were the
+"crossed" and which the "self-fertilised."
+
+His love of each particular experiment, and his eager zeal not to lose
+the fruit of it, came out markedly in these crossing experiments--in the
+elaborate care he took not to make any confusion in putting capsules
+into wrong trays, &c. &c. I can recall his appearance as he counted
+seeds under the simple microscope with an alertness not usually
+characterising such mechanical work as counting. I think he personified
+each seed as a small demon trying to elude him by getting into the wrong
+heap, or jumping away altogether; and this gave to the work the
+excitement of a game. He had great faith in instruments, and I do not
+think it naturally occurred to him to doubt the accuracy of a scale, a
+measuring glass, &c. He was astonished when we found that one of his
+micrometers differed from the other. He did not require any great
+accuracy in most of his measurements, and had not good scales; he had an
+old three-foot rule, which was the common property of the household, and
+was constantly being borrowed, because it was the only one which was
+certain to be in its place--unless, indeed, the last borrower had
+forgotten to put it back. For measuring the height of plants, he had a
+seven-foot deal rod, graduated by the village carpenter. Latterly he
+took to using paper scales graduated to millimeters. I do not mean by
+this account of his instruments that any of his experiments suffered
+from want of accuracy in measurement, I give them as examples of his
+simple methods and faith in others--faith at least in instrument-makers,
+whose whole trade was a mystery to him.
+
+A few of his mental characteristics, bearing especially on his mode of
+working, occur to me. There was one quality of mind which seemed to be
+of special and extreme advantage in leading him to make discoveries. It
+was the power of never letting exceptions pass unnoticed. Everybody
+notices a fact as an exception when it is striking or frequent, but he
+had a special instinct for arresting an exception. A point apparently
+slight and unconnected with his present work is passed over by many a
+man almost unconsciously with some half-considered explanation, which is
+in fact no explanation. It was just these things that he seized on to
+make a start from. In a certain sense there is nothing special in this
+procedure, many discoveries being made by means of it. I only mention it
+because, as I watched him at work, the value of this power to an
+experimenter was so strongly impressed upon me.
+
+Another quality which was shown in his experimental work, was his power
+of sticking to a subject; he used almost to apologise for his patience,
+saying that he could not bear to be beaten, as if this were rather a
+sign of weakness on his part. He often quoted the saying, "It's dogged
+as does it;" and I think doggedness expresses his frame of mind almost
+better than perseverance. Perseverance seems hardly to express his
+almost fierce desire to force the truth to reveal itself. He often said
+that it was important that a man should know the right point at which to
+give up an inquiry. And I think it was his tendency to pass this point
+that inclined him to apologise for his perseverance, and gave the air of
+doggedness to his work.
+
+He often said that no one could be a good observer unless he was an
+active theoriser. This brings me back to what I said about his instinct
+for arresting exceptions: it was as though he were charged with
+theorising power ready to flow into any channel on the slightest
+disturbance, so that no fact, however small, could avoid releasing a
+stream of theory, and thus the fact became magnified into importance. In
+this way it naturally happened that many untenable theories occurred to
+him; but fortunately his richness of imagination was equalled by his
+power of judging and condemning the thoughts that occurred to him. He
+was just to his theories, and did not condemn them unheard; and so it
+happened that he was willing to test what would seem to most people not
+at all worth testing. These rather wild trials he called "fool's
+experiments," and enjoyed extremely. As an example I may mention that
+finding the seed-leaves of a kind of sensitive plant, to be highly
+sensitive to vibrations of the table, he fancied that they might
+perceive the vibrations of sound, and therefore made me play my bassoon
+close to a plant.[61]
+
+The love of experiment was very strong in him, and I can remember the
+way he would say, "I shan't be easy till I have tried it," as if an
+outside force were driving him. He enjoyed experimenting much more than
+work which only entailed reasoning, and when he was engaged on one of
+his books which required argument and the marshalling of facts, he felt
+experimental work to be a rest or holiday. Thus, while working upon the
+_Variations of Animals and Plants_ in 1860-61, he made out the
+fertilisation of Orchids, and thought himself idle for giving so much
+time to them. It is interesting to think that so important a piece of
+research should have been undertaken and largely worked out as a pastime
+in place of more serious work. The letters to Hooker of this period
+contain expressions such as, "God forgive me for being so idle; I am
+quite sillily interested in the work." The intense pleasure he took in
+understanding the adaptations for fertilisation is strongly shown in
+these letters. He speaks in one of his letters of his intention of
+working at Sundew as a rest from the _Descent of Man_. He has described
+in his _Recollections_ the strong satisfaction he felt in solving the
+problem of heterostylism.[62] And I have heard him mention that the
+Geology of South America gave him almost more pleasure than anything
+else. It was perhaps this delight in work requiring keen observation
+that made him value praise given to his observing powers almost more
+than appreciation of his other qualities.
+
+For books he had no respect, but merely considered them as tools to be
+worked with. Thus he did not bind them, and even when a paper book fell
+to pieces from use, as happened to Müller's _Befruchtung_, he preserved
+it from complete dissolution by putting a metal clip over its back. In
+the same way he would cut a heavy book in half, to make it more
+convenient to hold. He used to boast that he had made Lyell publish the
+second edition of one of his books in two volumes, instead of in one, by
+telling him how he had been obliged to cut it in half. Pamphlets were
+often treated even more severely than books, for he would tear out, for
+the sake of saving room, all the pages except the one that interested
+him. The consequence of all this was, that his library was not
+ornamental, but was striking from being so evidently a working
+collection of books.
+
+He was methodical in his manner of reading books and pamphlets bearing
+on his own work. He had one shelf on which were piled up the books he
+had not yet read, and another to which they were transferred after
+having been read, and before being catalogued. He would often groan over
+his unread books, because there were so many which he knew he should
+never read. Many a book was at once transferred to the other heap,
+marked with a cypher at the end, to show that it contained no passages
+for reference, or inscribed, perhaps, "not read," or "only skimmed." The
+books accumulated in the "read" heap until the shelves overflowed, and
+then, with much lamenting, a day was given up to the cataloguing. He
+disliked this work, and as the necessity of undertaking the work became
+imperative, would often say, in a voice of despair, "We really must do
+these books soon."
+
+In each book, as he read it, he marked passages bearing on his work. In
+reading a book or pamphlet, &c., he made pencil-lines at the side of the
+page, often adding short remarks, and at the end made a list of the
+pages marked. When it was to be catalogued and put away, the marked
+pages were looked at, and so a rough abstract of the book was made. This
+abstract would perhaps be written under three or four headings on
+different sheets, the facts being sorted out and added to the previously
+collected facts in the different subjects. He had other sets of
+abstracts arranged, not according to subject, but according to the
+periodicals from which they were taken. When collecting facts on a large
+scale, in earlier years, he used to read through, and make abstracts, in
+this way, of whole series of journals.
+
+In some of his early letters he speaks of filling several note-books
+with facts for his book on species; but it was certainly early that he
+adopted his plan of using portfolios, as described in the
+_Recollections_.[63] My father and M. de Candolle were mutually pleased
+to discover that they had adopted the same plan of classifying facts. De
+Candolle describes the method in his _Phytologie_, and in his sketch of
+my father mentions the satisfaction he felt in seeing it in action at
+Down.
+
+Besides these portfolios, of which there are some dozens full of notes,
+there are large bundles of MS. marked "used" and put away. He felt the
+value of his notes, and had a horror of their destruction by fire. I
+remember, when some alarm of fire had happened, his begging me to be
+especially careful, adding very earnestly, that the rest of his life
+would be miserable if his notes and books were destroyed.
+
+He shows the same feeling in writing about the loss of a manuscript, the
+purport of his words being, "I have a copy, or the loss would have
+killed me." In writing a book he would spend much time and labour in
+making a skeleton or plan of the whole, and in enlarging and
+sub-classing each heading, as described in his _Recollections_. I think
+this careful arrangement of the plan was not at all essential to the
+building up of his argument, but for its presentment, and for the
+arrangement of his facts. In his _Life of Erasmus Darwin_, as it was
+first printed in slips, the growth of the book from a skeleton was
+plainly visible. The arrangement was altered afterwards, because it was
+too formal and categorical, and seemed to give the character of his
+grandfather rather by means of a list of qualities than as a complete
+picture.
+
+It was only within the last few years that he adopted a plan of writing
+which he was convinced suited him best, and which is described in the
+_Recollections_; namely, writing a rough copy straight off without the
+slightest attention to style. It was characteristic of him that he felt
+unable to write with sufficient want of care if he used his best paper,
+and thus it was that he wrote on the backs of old proofs or manuscript.
+The rough copy was then reconsidered, and a fair copy was made. For this
+purpose he had foolscap paper ruled at wide intervals, the lines being
+needed to prevent him writing so closely that correction became
+difficult. The fair copy was then corrected, and was recopied before
+being sent to the printers. The copying was done by Mr. E. Norman, who
+began this work many years ago when village schoolmaster at Down. My
+father became so used to Mr. Norman's handwriting, that he could not
+correct manuscript, even when clearly written out by one of his
+children, until it had been recopied by Mr. Norman. The MS., on
+returning from Mr. Norman, was once more corrected, and then sent off to
+the printers. Then came the work of revising and correcting the proofs,
+which my father found especially wearisome.
+
+When the book was passing through the "slip" stage he was glad to have
+corrections and suggestions from others. Thus my mother looked over the
+proofs of the _Origin_. In some of the later works my sister, Mrs.
+Litchfield, did much of the correction. After my sister's marriage
+perhaps most of the work fell to my share.
+
+My sister, Mrs. Litchfield, writes:--
+
+"This work was very interesting in itself, and it was inexpressibly
+exhilarating to work for him. He was so ready to be convinced that any
+suggested alteration was an improvement, and so full of gratitude for
+the trouble taken. I do not think that he ever forgot to tell me what
+improvement he thought I had made, and he used almost to excuse himself
+if he did not agree with any correction. I think I felt the singular
+modesty and graciousness of his nature through thus working for him in a
+way I never should otherwise have done."
+
+Perhaps the commonest corrections needed were of obscurities due to the
+omission of a necessary link in the reasoning, evidently omitted through
+familiarity with the subject. Not that there was any fault in the
+sequence of the thoughts, but that from familiarity with his argument he
+did not notice when the words failed to reproduce his thought. He also
+frequently put too much matter into one sentence, so that it had to be
+cut up into two.
+
+On the whole, I think the pains which my father took over the literary
+part of the work was very remarkable. He often laughed or grumbled at
+himself for the difficulty which he found in writing English, saying,
+for instance, that if a bad arrangement of a sentence was possible, he
+should be sure to adopt it. He once got much amusement and satisfaction
+out of the difficulty which one of the family found in writing a short
+circular. He had the pleasure of correcting and laughing at obscurities,
+involved sentences, and other defects, and thus took his revenge for all
+the criticism he had himself to bear with. He would quote with
+astonishment Miss Martineau's advice to young authors, to write straight
+off and send the MS. to the printer without correction. But in some
+cases he acted in a somewhat similar manner. When a sentence became
+hopelessly involved, he would ask himself, "now what _do_ you want to
+say?" and his answer written down, would often disentangle the
+confusion.
+
+His style has been much praised; on the other hand, at least one good
+judge has remarked to me that it is not a good style. It is, above all
+things, direct and clear; and it is characteristic of himself in its
+simplicity bordering on naļveté, and in its absence of pretence. He had
+the strongest disbelief in the common idea that a classical scholar must
+write good English; indeed, he thought that the contrary was the case.
+In writing, he sometimes showed the same tendency to strong expressions
+that he did in conversation. Thus in the _Origin_, p. 440, there is a
+description of a larval cirripede, "with six pairs of beautifully
+constructed natatory legs, a pair of magnificent compound eyes, and
+extremely complex antennę." We used to laugh at him for this sentence,
+which we compared to an advertisement. This tendency to give himself up
+to the enthusiastic turn of his thought, without fear of being ludicrous
+appears elsewhere in his writings.
+
+His courteous and conciliatory tone towards his reader is remarkable,
+and it must be partly this quality which revealed his personal sweetness
+of character to so many who had never seen him. I have always felt it to
+be a curious fact, that he who has altered the face of Biological
+Science, and is in this respect the chief of the moderns, should have
+written and worked in so essentially a non-modern spirit and manner. In
+reading his books one is reminded of the older naturalists rather than
+of any modern school of writers. He was a Naturalist in the old sense of
+the word, that is, a man who works at many branches of science, not
+merely a specialist in one. Thus it is, that, though he founded whole
+new divisions of special subjects--such as the fertilisation of flowers,
+insectivorous plants, &c.--yet even in treating these very subjects he
+does not strike the reader as a specialist. The reader feels like a
+friend who is being talked to by a courteous gentleman, not like a pupil
+being lectured by a professor. The tone of such a book as the _Origin_
+is charming, and almost pathetic; it is the tone of a man who, convinced
+of the truth of his own views, hardly expects to convince others; it is
+just the reverse of the style of a fanatic, who tries to force belief on
+his readers. The reader is never scorned for any amount of doubt which
+he may be imagined to feel, and his scepticism is treated with patient
+respect. A sceptical reader, or perhaps even an unreasonable reader,
+seems to have been generally present to his thoughts. It was in
+consequence of this feeling, perhaps, that he took much trouble over
+points which he imagined would strike the reader, or save him trouble,
+and so tempt him to read.
+
+For the same reason he took much interest in the illustrations of his
+books, and I think rated rather too highly their value. The
+illustrations for his earlier books were drawn by professional artists.
+This was the case in _Animals and Plants_, the _Descent of Man_, and the
+_Expression of the Emotions_. On the other hand, _Climbing Plants_,
+_Insectivorous Plants_, the _Movements of Plants_, and _Forms of
+Flowers_, were, to a large extent, illustrated by some of his
+children--my brother George having drawn by far the most. It was
+delightful to draw for him, as he was enthusiastic in his praise of very
+moderate performances. I remember well his charming manner of receiving
+the drawings of one of his daughters-in-law, and how he would finish his
+words of praise by saying, "Tell A----, Michael Angelo is nothing to
+it." Though he praised so generously, he always looked closely at the
+drawing, and easily detected mistakes or carelessness.
+
+He had a horror of being lengthy, and seems to have been really much
+annoyed and distressed when he found how the _Variations of Animals and
+Plants_ was growing under his hands. I remember his cordially agreeing
+with 'Tristram Shandy's' words, "Let no man say, 'Come, I'll write a
+duodecimo.'"
+
+His consideration for other authors was as marked a characteristic as
+his tone towards his reader. He speaks of all other authors as persons
+deserving of respect. In cases where, as in the case of ----'s
+experiments on Drosera, he thought lightly of the author, he speaks of
+him in such a way that no one would suspect it. In other cases he treats
+the confused writings of ignorant persons as though the fault lay with
+himself for not appreciating or understanding them. Besides this general
+tone of respect, he had a pleasant way of expressing his opinion on the
+value of a quoted work, or his obligation for a piece of private
+information.
+
+His respectful feeling was not only admirable, but was I think of
+practical use in making him ready to consider the ideas and observations
+of all manner of people. He used almost to apologise for this, and would
+say that he was at first inclined to rate everything too highly.
+
+It was a great merit in his mind that, in spite of having so strong a
+respectful feeling towards what he read, he had the keenest of instincts
+as to whether a man was trustworthy or not. He seemed to form a very
+definite opinion as to the accuracy of the men whose books he read; and
+employed this judgment in his choice of facts for use in argument or as
+illustrations. I gained the impression that he felt this power of
+judging of a man's trustworthiness to be of much value.
+
+He had a keen feeling of the sense of honour that ought to reign among
+authors, and had a horror of any kind of laxness in quoting. He had a
+contempt for the love of honour and glory, and in his letters often
+blames himself for the pleasure he took in the success of his books, as
+though he were departing from his ideal--a love of truth and
+carelessness about fame. Often, when writing to Sir J. Hooker what he
+calls a boasting letter, he laughs at himself for his conceit and want
+of modesty. A wonderfully interesting letter is given in Chapter X.
+bequeathing to my mother, in case of his death, the care of publishing
+the manuscript of his first essay on evolution. This letter seems to me
+full of an intense desire that his theory should succeed as a
+contribution to knowledge, and apart from any desire for personal fame.
+He certainly had the healthy desire for success which a man of strong
+feelings ought to have. But at the time of the publication of the
+_Origin_ it is evident that he was overwhelmingly satisfied with the
+adherence of such men as Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, and Asa Gray, and did
+not dream of or desire any such general fame as that to which he
+attained.
+
+Connected with his contempt for the undue love of fame, was an equally
+strong dislike of all questions of priority. The letters to Lyell, at
+the time of the _Origin_, show the anger he felt with himself for not
+being able to repress a feeling of disappointment at what he thought was
+Mr. Wallace's forestalling of all his years of work. His sense of
+literary honour comes out strongly in these letters; and his feeling
+about priority is again shown in the admiration expressed in his
+_Recollections_ of Mr. Wallace's self-annihilation.
+
+His feeling about reclamations, including answers to attacks and all
+kinds of discussions, was strong. It is simply expressed in a letter to
+Falconer (1863): "If I ever felt angry towards you, for whom I have a
+sincere friendship, I should begin to suspect that I was a little mad. I
+was very sorry about your reclamation, as I think it is in every case a
+mistake and should be left to others. Whether I should so act myself
+under provocation is a different question." It was a feeling partly
+dictated by instinctive delicacy, and partly by a strong sense of the
+waste of time, energy, and temper thus caused. He said that he owed his
+determination not to get into discussions[64] to the advice of
+Lyell,--advice which he transmitted to those among his friends who were
+given to paper warfare.
+
+
+If the character of my father's working life is to be understood, the
+conditions of ill-health, under which he worked, must be constantly
+borne in mind. He bore his illness with such uncomplaining patience,
+that even his children can hardly, I believe, realise the extent of his
+habitual suffering. In their case the difficulty is heightened by the
+fact that, from the days of their earliest recollections, they saw him
+in constant ill-health,--and saw him, in spite of it, full of pleasure
+in what pleased them. Thus, in later life, their perception of what he
+endured had to be disentangled from the impression produced in childhood
+by constant genial kindness under conditions of unrecognised difficulty.
+No one indeed, except my mother, knows the full amount of suffering he
+endured, or the full amount of his wonderful patience. For all the
+latter years of his life she never left him for a night; and her days
+were so planned that all his resting hours might be shared with her. She
+shielded him from every avoidable annoyance, and omitted nothing that
+might save him trouble, or prevent him becoming overtired, or that might
+alleviate the many discomforts of his ill-health. I hesitate to speak
+thus freely of a thing so sacred as the life-long devotion which
+prompted all this constant and tender care. But it is, I repeat, a
+principal feature of his life, that for nearly forty years he never knew
+one day of the health of ordinary men, and that thus his life was one
+long struggle against the weariness and strain of sickness. And this
+cannot be told without speaking of the one condition which enabled him
+to bear the strain and fight out the struggle to the end.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[52] From the _Century Magazine_, January 1883.
+
+[53] The figure in _Insectivorous Plants_ representing the aggregated
+cell-contents was drawn by him.
+
+[54] _Life and Letters_, vol. iii. frontispiece.
+
+[55] The basket in which she usually lay curled up near the fire in his
+study is faithfully represented in Mr. Parson's drawing given at the
+head of the chapter.
+
+[56] Cf. Leslie Stephen's _Swift_, 1882, p. 200, where Swift's
+inspection of the manners and customs of servants are compared to my
+father's observations on worms, "The difference is," says Mr. Stephen,
+"that Darwin had none but kindly feelings for worms."
+
+[57] The words, "A good and dear child," form the descriptive part of
+the inscription on her gravestone. See the _Athenęum_, Nov. 26, 1887.
+
+[58] Some pleasant recollections of my father's life at Down, written by
+our friend and former neighbour, Mrs. Wallis Nash, have been published
+in the _Overland Monthly_ (San Francisco), October 1890.
+
+[59] _Darwin considéré au point de vue des causes de son succčs_
+(Geneva, 1882).
+
+[60] My father related a Johnsonian answer of Erasmus Darwin's: "Don't
+you find it very inconvenient stammering, Dr. Darwin?" "No, Sir, because
+I have time to think before I speak, and don't ask impertinent
+questions."
+
+[61] This is not so much an example of superabundant theorising from a
+small cause as of his wish to test the most improbable ideas.
+
+[62] That is to say, the sexual relations in such plants as the cowslip.
+
+[63] The racks in which the portfolios were placed are shown in the
+illustration at the head of the chapter, in the recess at the right-hand
+side of the fire-place.
+
+[64] He departed from his rule in his "Note on the Habits of the Pampas
+Woodpecker, _Colaptes campestris_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1870, p. 705:
+also in a letter published in the _Athenęum_ (1863, p. 554), in which
+case he afterwards regretted that he had not remained silent. His
+replies to criticisms, in the latter editions of the _Origin_, can
+hardly be classed as infractions of his rule.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+CAMBRIDGE LIFE.--THE APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.'
+
+
+My father's Cambridge life comprises the time between the Lent Term,
+1828, when he came up to Christ's College as a Freshman, and the end of
+the May Term, 1831, when he took his degree[65] and left the University.
+
+He "kept" for a term or two in lodgings, over Bacon[66] the
+tobacconist's; not, however, over the shop in the Market Place, so well
+known to Cambridge men, but in Sydney Street. For the rest of his time
+he had pleasant rooms on the south side of the first court of
+Christ's.[67]
+
+What determined the choice of this college for his brother Erasmus and
+himself I have no means of knowing. Erasmus the elder, their
+grandfather, had been at St. John's, and this college might have been
+reasonably selected for them, being connected with Shrewsbury School.
+But the life of an undergraduate at St. John's seems, in those days, to
+have been a troubled one, if I may judge from the fact that a relative
+of mine migrated thence to Christ's to escape the harassing discipline
+of the place.
+
+Darwin seems to have found no difficulty in living at peace with all men
+in and out of office at Lady Margaret's elder foundation. The impression
+of a contemporary of my father's is that Christ's in their day was a
+pleasant, fairly quiet college, with some tendency towards "horsiness";
+many of the men made a custom of going to Newmarket during the races,
+though betting was not a regular practice. In this they were by no means
+discouraged by the Senior Tutor, Mr. Shaw, who was himself generally to
+be seen on the Heath on these occasions.
+
+Nor were the ecclesiastical authorities of the College over strict. I
+have heard my father tell how at evening chapel the Dean used to read
+alternate verses of the Psalms, without making even a pretence of
+waiting for the congregation to take their share. And when the Lesson
+was a lengthy one, he would rise and go on with the Canticles after the
+scholar had read fifteen or twenty verses.
+
+It is curious that my father often spoke of his Cambridge life as if it
+had been so much time wasted,[68] forgetting that, although the set
+studies of the place were barren enough for him, he yet gained in the
+highest degree the best advantages of a University life--the contact
+with men and an opportunity for mental growth. It is true that he valued
+at its highest the advantages which he gained from associating with
+Professor Henslow and some others, but he seemed to consider this as a
+chance outcome of his life at Cambridge, not an advantage for which
+_Alma Mater_ could claim any credit. One of my father's Cambridge
+friends was the late Mr. J. M. Herbert, County Court Judge for South
+Wales, from whom I was fortunate enough to obtain some notes which help
+us to gain an idea of how my father impressed his contemporaries. Mr.
+Herbert writes:--
+
+"It would be idle for me to speak of his vast intellectual powers ...
+but I cannot end this cursory and rambling sketch without testifying,
+and I doubt not all his surviving college friends would concur with me,
+that he was the most genial, warm-hearted, generous, and affectionate of
+friends; that his sympathies were with all that was good and true; and
+that he had a cordial hatred for everything false, or vile, or cruel, or
+mean, or dishonourable. He was not only great, but pre-eminently good,
+and just, and lovable."
+
+Two anecdotes told by Mr. Herbert show that my father's feeling for
+suffering, whether of man or beast, was as strong in him as a young man
+as it was in later years: "Before he left Cambridge he told me that he
+had made up his mind not to shoot any more; that he had had two days'
+shooting at his friend's, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse; and that on the second
+day, when going over some of the ground they had beaten on the day
+before, he picked up a bird not quite dead, but lingering from a shot
+it had received on the previous day; and that it had made and left such
+a painful impression on his mind, that he could not reconcile it to his
+conscience to continue to derive pleasure from a sport which inflicted
+such cruel suffering."
+
+To realise the strength of the feeling that led to this resolve, we must
+remember how passionate was his love of sport. We must recall the boy
+shooting his first snipe,[69] and trembling with excitement so that he
+could hardly reload his gun. Or think of such a sentence as, "Upon my
+soul, it is only about a fortnight to the 'First,' then if there is a
+bliss on earth that is it."[70]
+
+His old college friends agree in speaking with affectionate warmth of
+his pleasant, genial temper as a young man. From what they have been
+able to tell me, I gain the impression of a young man overflowing with
+animal spirits--leading a varied healthy life--not over-industrious in
+the set studies of the place, but full of other pursuits, which were
+followed with a rejoicing enthusiasm. Entomology, riding, shooting in
+the fens, suppers and card-playing, music at King's Chapel, engravings
+at the Fitzwilliam Museum, walks with Professor Henslow--all combined to
+fill up a happy life. He seems to have infected others with his
+enthusiasm. Mr. Herbert relates how, while on a reading-party at
+Barmouth, he was pressed into the service of "the science"--as my father
+called collecting beetles:--
+
+"He armed me with a bottle of alcohol, in which I had to drop any beetle
+which struck me as not of a common kind. I performed this duty with some
+diligence in my constitutional walks; but, alas! my powers of
+discrimination seldom enabled mo to secure a prize--the usual result, on
+his examining the contents of my bottle, being an exclamation, 'Well,
+old Cherbury'[71] (the nickname he gave me, and by which he usually
+addressed me), 'none of these will do.'" Again, the Rev. T. Butler, who
+was one of the Barmouth reading-party in 1828, says: "He inoculated me
+with a taste for Botany which has stuck by me all my life."
+
+Archdeacon Watkins, another old college friend of my father's,
+remembered him unearthing beetles in the willows between Cambridge and
+Grantchester, and speaks of a certain beetle the remembrance of whose
+name is "Crux major."[72] How enthusiastically must my father have
+exulted over this beetle to have impressed its name on a companion so
+that he remembers it after half a century!
+
+He became intimate with Henslow, the Professor of Botany, and through
+him with some other older members of the University. "But," Mr. Herbert
+writes, "he always kept up the closest connection with the friends of
+his own standing; and at our frequent social gatherings--at breakfast,
+wine or supper parties--he was ever one of the most cheerful, the most
+popular, and the most welcome."
+
+My father formed one of a club for dining once a week, called the
+Glutton Club, the members, besides himself and Mr. Herbert (from whom I
+quote), being Whitley of St. John's, now Honorary Canon of Durham;[73]
+Heaviside of Sydney, now Canon of Norwich; Lovett Cameron of Trinity,
+sometime vicar of Shoreham; R. Blane of Trinity,[74] who held a high
+post during the Crimean war, H. Lowe[75] (afterwards Sherbrooke) of
+Trinity Hall; and F. Watkins of Emmanuel, afterwards Archdeacon of York.
+The origin of the club's name seems already to have become involved in
+obscurity; it certainly implied no unusual luxury in the weekly
+gatherings.
+
+At any rate, the meetings seemed to have been successful, and to have
+ended with "a game of mild vingt-et-un."
+
+Mr. Herbert speaks strongly of my father's love of music, and adds,
+"What gave him the greatest delight was some grand symphony or overture
+of Mozart's or Beethoven's, with their full harmonies." On one occasion
+Herbert remembers "accompanying him to the afternoon service at King's,
+when we heard a very beautiful anthem. At the end of one of the parts,
+which was exceedingly impressive, he turned round to me and said, with a
+deep sigh, 'How's your backbone?'" He often spoke in later years of a
+feeling of coldness or shivering in his back on hearing beautiful music.
+
+Besides a love of music, he had certainly at this time a love of fine
+literature; and Mr. Cameron tells me that my father took much pleasure
+in Shakespeare readings carried on in his rooms at Christ's. He also
+speaks of Darwin's "great liking for first-class line engravings,
+especially those of Raphael Morghen and Müller; and he spent hours in
+the Fitzwilliam Museum in looking over the prints in that collection."
+
+My father's letters to Fox show how sorely oppressed he felt by the
+reading for an examination. His despair over mathematics must have been
+profound, when he expresses a hope that Fox's silence is due to "your
+being ten fathoms deep in the Mathematics; and if you are, God help you,
+for so am I, only with this difference, I stick fast in the mud at the
+bottom, and there I shall remain." Mr. Herbert says: "He had, I imagine,
+no natural turn for mathematics, and he gave up his mathematical reading
+before he had mastered the first part of algebra, having had a special
+quarrel with Surds and the Binomial Theorem."
+
+We get some evidence from my father's letters to Fox of his intention of
+going into the Church. "I am glad," he writes,[76] "to hear that you are
+reading divinity. I should like to know what books you are reading, and
+your opinions about them; you need not be afraid of preaching to me
+prematurely." Mr. Herbert's sketch shows how doubts arose in my father's
+mind as to the possibility of his taking Orders. He writes, "We had an
+earnest conversation about going into Holy Orders; and I remember his
+asking me, with reference to the question put by the Bishop in the
+Ordination Service, 'Do you trust that you are inwardly moved by the
+Holy Spirit, &c.,' whether I could answer in the affirmative, and on my
+saying I could not, he said, 'Neither can I, and therefore I cannot take
+orders.'" This conversation appears to have taken place in 1829, and if
+so, the doubts here expressed must have been quieted, for in May 1830,
+he speaks of having some thoughts of reading divinity with Henslow.
+
+The greater number of his Cambridge letters are addressed by my father
+to his cousin, William Darwin Fox. My father's letters show clearly
+enough how genuine the friendship was. In after years, distance, large
+families, and ill-health on both sides, checked the intercourse; but a
+warm feeling of friendship remained. The correspondence was never quite
+dropped and continued till Mr. Fox's death in 1880. Mr. Fox took orders,
+and worked as a country clergyman until forced by ill-health to leave
+his living in Delamere Forest. His love of natural history was strong,
+and he became a skilled fancier of many kinds of birds, &c. The index to
+_Animals and Plants_, and my father's later correspondence, show how
+much help he received from his old College friend.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. M. Herbert._ September 14, 1828.[77]
+
+MY DEAR OLD CHERBURY,--I am about to fulfil my promise of writing to
+you, but I am sorry to add there is a very selfish motive at the bottom.
+I am going to ask you a great favour, and you cannot imagine how much
+you will oblige me by procuring some more specimens of some insects
+which I dare say I can describe. In the first place, I must inform you
+that I have taken some of the rarest of the British Insects, and their
+being found near Barmouth, is quite unknown to the Entomological world:
+I think I shall write and inform some of the crack entomologists.
+
+But now for business. _Several_ more specimens, if you can procure them
+without much trouble, of the following insects:--The violet-black
+coloured beetle, found on Craig Storm,[78] under stones, also a large
+smooth black one very like it; a bluish metallic-coloured dung-beetle,
+which is _very_ common on the hill-sides; also, if you _would_ be so
+very kind as to cross the ferry, and you will find a great number under
+the stones on the waste land of a long, smooth, jet-black beetle (a
+great many of these); also, in the same situation, a very small pinkish
+insect, with black spots, with a curved thorax projecting beyond the
+head; also, upon the marshy land over the ferry, near the sea, under old
+sea weed, stones, &c., you will find a small yellowish transparent
+beetle, with two or four blackish marks on the back. Under these stones
+there are two sorts, one much darker than the other; the lighter
+coloured is that which I want. These last two insects are _excessively
+rare_, and you will really _extremely_ oblige me by taking all this
+trouble pretty soon. Remember me most kindly to Butler,[79] tell him of
+my success, and I dare say both of you will easily recognise these
+insects. I hope his caterpillars go on well. I think many of the
+Chrysalises are well worth keeping. I really am quite ashamed [of] so
+long a letter all about my own concerns; but do return good for evil,
+and send me a long account of all your proceedings.
+
+In the first week I killed seventy-five head of game--a very
+contemptible number--but there are very few birds. I killed, however, a
+brace of black game. Since then I have been staying at the Fox's, near
+Derby; it is a very pleasant house, and the music meeting went off very
+well. I want to hear how Yates likes his gun, and what use he has made
+of it.
+
+If the bottle is not large you can buy another for me, and when you pass
+through Shrewsbury you can leave these treasures, and I hope, if you
+possibly can, you will stay a day or two with me, as I hope I need not
+say how glad I shall be to see you again. Fox remarked what deuced good
+natured fellows your friends at Barmouth must be; and if I did not know
+that you and Butler were so, I would not think of giving you so much
+trouble.
+
+
+In the following January we find him looking forward with pleasure to
+the beginning of another year of his Cambridge life: he writes to Fox,
+who had passed his examination:--
+
+"I do so wish I were now in Cambridge (a very selfish wish, however, as
+I was not with you in all your troubles and misery), to join in all the
+glory and happiness, which dangers gone by can give. How we would talk,
+walk, and entomologise! Sappho should be the best of bitches, and Dash,
+of dogs; then should be 'peace on earth, good will to men,'--which, by
+the way, I always think the most perfect description of happiness that
+words can give."
+
+Later on in the Lent term he writes to Fox:--
+
+"I am leading a quiet everyday sort of a life; a little of Gibbon's
+History in the morning, and a good deal of _Van John_ in the evening;
+this, with an occasional ride with Simcox and constitutional with
+Whitley, makes up the regular routine of my days. I see a good deal both
+of Herbert and Whitley, and the more I see of them increases every day
+the respect I have for their excellent understandings and dispositions.
+They have been giving some very gay parties, nearly sixty men there both
+evenings."
+
+
+_C. D. to W. D. Fox._ Christ's College, April 1 [1829].
+
+MY DEAR FOX--In your letter to Holden you are pleased to observe "that
+of all the blackguards you ever met with I am the greatest." Upon this
+observation I shall make no remarks, excepting that I must give you all
+due credit for acting on it most rigidly. And now I should like to know
+in what one particular are you less of a blackguard than I am? You idle
+old wretch, why have you not answered my last letter, which I am sure I
+forwarded to Clifton nearly three weeks ago? If I was not really very
+anxious to hear what you are doing, I should have allowed you to remain
+till you thought it worth while to treat me like a gentleman. And now
+having vented my spleen in scolding you, and having told you, what you
+must know, how very much and how anxiously I want to hear how you and
+your family are getting on at Clifton, the purport of this letter is
+finished. If you did but know how often I think of you, and how often I
+regret your absence, I am sure I should have heard from you long enough
+ago.
+
+I find Cambridge rather stupid, and as I know scarcely any one that
+walks, and this joined with my lips not being quite so well, has reduced
+me to a sort of hybernation.... I have caught Mr. Harbour[80] letting
+---- have the first pick of the beetles; accordingly we have made our
+final adieus, my part in the affecting scene consisted in telling him he
+was a d----d rascal, and signifying I should kick him down the stairs if
+ever he appeared in my rooms again. It seemed altogether mightily to
+surprise the young gentleman. I have no news to tell you; indeed, when a
+correspondence has been broken off like ours has been, it is difficult
+to make the first start again. Last night there was a terrible fire at
+Linton, eleven miles from Cambridge. Seeing the reflection so plainly in
+the sky, Hall, Woodyeare, Turner, and myself thought we would ride and
+see it. We set out at half-past nine, and rode like incarnate devils
+there, and did not return till two in the morning. Altogether it was a
+most awful sight. I cannot conclude without telling you, that of all the
+blackguards I ever met with, you are the greatest and the best.
+
+In July 1829 he had written to Fox:--
+
+"I must read for my Little-go. Graham smiled and bowed so very civilly,
+when he told me that he was one of the six appointed to make the
+examination stricter, and that they were determined this would make it a
+very different thing from any previous examination, that from all this I
+am sure it will be the very devil to pay amongst all idle men and
+entomologists."
+
+But things were not so bad as he feared, and in March 1830, he could
+write to the same correspondent:--
+
+"I am through my Little-go!!! I am too much exalted to humble myself by
+apologising for not having written before. But I assure you before I
+went in, and when my nerves were in a shattered and weak condition, your
+injured person often rose before my eyes and taunted me with my
+idleness. But I am through, through, through. I could write the whole
+sheet full with this delightful word. I went in yesterday, and have
+just heard the joyful news. I shall not know for a week which class I am
+in. The whole examination is carried on in a different system. It has
+one grand advantage--being over in one day. They are rather strict, and
+ask a wonderful number of questions.
+
+And now I want to know something about your plans; of course you intend
+coming up here: what fun we will have together; what beetles we will
+catch; it will do my heart good to go once more together to some of our
+old haunts. I have two very promising pupils in Entomology, and we will
+make regular campaigns into the Fens. Heaven protect the beetles and Mr.
+Jenyns, for we won't leave him a pair in the whole country. My new
+Cabinet is come down, and a gay little affair it is."
+
+In August he was diligently amusing himself in North Wales, finding no
+time to write to Fox, because:--
+
+"This is literally the first idle day I have had to myself; for on the
+rainy days I go fishing, on the good ones entomologising."
+
+November found him preparing for his degree, of which process he writes
+dolefully:--
+
+"I have so little time at present, and am so disgusted by reading, that
+I have not the heart to write to anybody. I have only written once home
+since I came up. This must excuse me for not having answered your three
+letters, for which I am really very much obliged....
+
+"I have not stuck an insect this term, and scarcely opened a case. If I
+had time I would have sent you the insects which I have so long
+promised; but really I have not spirits or time to do anything. Reading
+makes me quite desperate; the plague of getting up all my subjects is
+next thing to intolerable, Henslow is my tutor, and a most _admirable_
+one he makes; the hour with him is the pleasantest in the whole day. I
+think he is quite the most perfect man I ever met with. I have been to
+some very pleasant parties there this term. His good-nature is
+unbounded."
+
+The new year brought relief, and on January 23, 1831, he wrote to tell
+Fox that he was through his examination.
+
+"I do not know why the degree should make one so miserable, both before
+and afterwards. I recollect you were sufficiently wretched before, and I
+can assure [you], I am now; and what makes it the more ridiculous is, I
+know not what about. I believe it is a beautiful provision of nature to
+make one regret the less leaving so pleasant a place as Cambridge; and
+amongst all its pleasures--I say it for once and for all--none so great
+as my friendship with you. I sent you a newspaper yesterday, in which
+you will see what a good place--tenth--I have got in the Poll. As for
+Christ's, did you ever see such a college for producing Captains and
+Apostles?[81] There are no men either at Emmanuel or Christ's plucked.
+Cameron is gulfed,[82] together with other three Trinity scholars! My
+plans are not at all settled. I think I shall keep this term, and then
+go and economise at Shrewsbury, return and take my degree.
+
+"A man may be excused for writing so much about himself when he has just
+passed the examination; so you must excuse [me]. And on the same
+principle do you write a letter brimful of yourself and plans."
+
+
+THE APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.'
+
+In a letter addressed to Captain Fitz-Roy, before the _Beagle_ sailed,
+my father wrote, "What a glorious day the 4th of November[83] will be to
+me--my second life will then commence, and it shall be as a birthday for
+the rest of my life."
+
+Foremost in the chain of circumstances which led to his appointment to
+the _Beagle_, was his friendship with Professor Henslow, of which the
+autobiography gives a sufficient account.[84]
+
+An extract from a pocket-book, in which Darwin briefly recorded the
+chief events of his life, gives the history of his introduction to that
+science which was so soon to be his chief occupation--geology.
+
+"1831. _Christmas._--Passed my examination for B.A. degree and kept the
+two following terms. During these months lived much with Professor
+Henslow, often dining with him and walking with him; became slightly
+acquainted with several of the learned men in Cambridge, which much
+quickened the zeal which dinner parties and hunting had not destroyed.
+In the spring Henslow persuaded me to think of Geology, and introduced
+me to Sedgwick. During Midsummer geologized a little in Shropshire."
+
+This geological work was doubtless of importance as giving him some
+practical experience, and perhaps of more importance in helping to give
+him some confidence in himself. In July of the same year, 1831, he was
+"working like a tiger" at Geology, and trying to make a map of
+Shropshire, but not finding it "as easy as I expected."
+
+In writing to Henslow about the same time, he gives some account of his
+work:--
+
+"I have been working at so many things that I have not got on much with
+geology. I suspect the first expedition I take, clinometer and hammer in
+hand, will send me back very little wiser and a good deal more puzzled
+than when I started. As yet I have only indulged in hypotheses, but they
+are such powerful ones that I suppose, if they were put into action but
+for one day, the world would come to an end."
+
+He was evidently most keen to get to work with Sedgwick, who had
+promised to take him on a geological tour in North Wales, for he wrote
+to Henslow: "I have not heard from Professor Sedgwick, so I am afraid he
+will not pay the Severn formations a visit. I hope and trust you did
+your best to urge him."
+
+My father has given in his _Recollections_ some account of this Tour;
+there too we read of the projected excursion to the Canaries.
+
+In April 1831, he writes to Fox: "At present I talk, think, and dream of
+a scheme I have almost hatched of going to the Canary Islands. I have
+long had a wish of seeing tropical scenery and vegetation, and,
+according to Humboldt, Teneriffe is a very pretty specimen." And again
+in May: "As for my Canary scheme, it is rash of you to ask questions; my
+other friends most sincerely wish me there, I plague them so with
+talking about tropical scenery, &c. Eyton will go next summer, and I am
+learning Spanish."
+
+Later on in the summer the scheme took more definite form, and the date
+seems to have been fixed for June 1832. He got information in London
+about passage-money, and in July was working at Spanish and calling Fox
+"un grandģsimo lebron," in proof of his knowledge of the language. But
+even then he seems to have had some doubts about his companions' zeal,
+for he writes to Henslow (July 27, 1831): "I hope you continue to fan
+your Canary ardour. I read and re-read Humboldt;[85] do you do the same.
+I am sure nothing will prevent us seeing the Great Dragon Tree."
+
+Geological work and Teneriffe dreams carried him through the summer,
+till on returning from Barmouth for the sacred 1st of September, he
+received the offer of appointment as Naturalist to the _Beagle_.
+
+The following extract from the pocket-book will be a help in reading the
+letters:--
+
+"Returned to Shrewsbury at end of August. Refused offer of voyage.
+
+"_September._--Went to Maer, returned with Uncle Jos. to Shrewsbury,
+thence to Cambridge. London.
+
+"_11th._--Went with Captain Fitz-Roy in steamer to Plymouth to see the
+_Beagle_.
+
+"_22nd._--Returned to Shrewsbury, passing through Cambridge.
+
+"_October 2nd._--Took leave of my home. Stayed in London.
+
+"_24th._--Reached Plymouth.
+
+"_October and November._--These months very miserable.
+
+"_December 10th._--Sailed, but were obliged to put back.
+
+"_21st._--Put to sea again, and were driven back.
+
+"_27th._--Sailed from England on our Circumnavigation."
+
+
+_George Peacock[86] to J. S. Henslow_ [1831].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--Captain Fitz-Roy is going out to survey the southern
+coast of Tierra del Fuego, and afterwards to visit many of the South Sea
+Islands, and to return by the Indian Archipelago. The vessel is fitted
+out expressly for scientific purposes, combined with the survey; it will
+furnish, therefore, a rare opportunity for a naturalist, and it would be
+a great misfortune that it should be lost.
+
+An offer has been made to me to recommend a proper person to go out as a
+naturalist with this expedition; he will be treated with every
+consideration. The Captain is a young man of very pleasing manners (a
+nephew of the Duke of Grafton), of great zeal in his profession, and who
+is very highly spoken of; if Leonard Jenyns could go, what treasures he
+might bring home with him, as the ship would be placed at his disposal
+whenever his inquiries made it necessary or desirable. In the absence of
+so accomplished a naturalist, is there any person whom you could
+strongly recommend? he must be such a person as would do credit to our
+recommendation. Do think of this subject; it would be a serious loss to
+the cause of natural science if this fine opportunity was lost.
+
+The contents of the foregoing letter were communicated to Darwin by
+Henslow (August 24th, 1831):--
+
+"I have been asked by Peacock, who will read and forward this to you
+from London, to recommend him a Naturalist as companion to Captain
+Fitz-Roy, employed by Government to survey the southern extremity of
+America. I have stated that I consider you to be the best qualified
+person I know of who is likely to undertake such a situation. I state
+this not in the supposition of your being a _finished_ naturalist, but
+as amply qualified for collecting, observing, and noting anything worthy
+to be noted in Natural History. Peacock has the appointment at his
+disposal, and if he cannot find a man willing to take the office, the
+opportunity will probably be lost. Captain Fitz-Roy wants a man (I
+understand) more as a companion than a mere collector, and would not
+take any one, however good a naturalist, who was not recommended to him
+likewise as a _gentleman_. Particulars of salary, &c., I know nothing.
+The voyage is to last two years, and if you take plenty of books with
+you, anything you please may be done. You will have ample opportunities
+at command. In short, I suppose there never was a finer chance for a man
+of zeal and spirit; Captain Fitz-Roy is a young man. What I wish you to
+do is instantly to come and consult with Peacock (at No. 7 Suffolk
+Street, Pall Mall East, or else at the University Club), and learn
+further particulars. Don't put on any modest doubts or fears about your
+disqualifications, for I assure you I think you are the very man they
+are in search of; so conceive yourself to be tapped on the shoulder by
+your bum-bailiff and affectionate friend, J. S. HENSLOW."
+
+On the strength of Henslow's recommendation, Peacock offered the post to
+Darwin, who wrote from Shrewsbury to Henslow (August 30, 1831):
+
+"Mr. Peacock's letter arrived on Saturday, and I received it late
+yesterday evening. As far as my own mind is concerned, I should, I think
+_certainly_, most gladly have accepted the opportunity which you so
+kindly have offered me. But my father, although he does not decidedly
+refuse me, gives such strong advice against going, that I should not be
+comfortable if I did not follow it.
+
+"My father's objections are these: the unfitting me to settle down as a
+Clergyman, my little habit of seafaring, _the shortness of the time_,
+and the chance of my not suiting Captain Fitz-Roy. It is certainly a
+very serious objection, the very short time for all my preparations, as
+not only body but mind wants making up for such an undertaking. But if
+it had not been for my father I would have taken all risks. What was the
+reason that a Naturalist was not long ago fixed upon? I am very much
+obliged for the trouble you have had about it; there certainly could not
+have been a better opportunity....
+
+"Even if I was to go, my father disliking would take away all energy,
+and I should want a good stock of that. Again I must thank you, it adds
+a little to the heavy but pleasant load of gratitude which I owe to
+you."
+
+The following letter was written by Darwin from Maer, the house of his
+uncle Josiah Wedgwood the younger. It is plain that at first he intended
+to await a written reply from Dr. Darwin, and that the expedition to
+Shrewsbury, mentioned in the _Autobiography_, was an afterthought.
+
+
+[Maer] August 31 [1831].
+
+MY DEAR FATHER--I am afraid I am going to make you again very
+uncomfortable. But, upon consideration, I think you will excuse me once
+again stating my opinions on the offer of the voyage. My excuse and
+reason is the different way all the Wedgwoods view the subject from what
+you and my sisters do.
+
+I have given Uncle Jos[87] what I fervently trust is an accurate and
+full list of your objections, and he is kind enough to give his opinions
+on all. The list and his answers will be enclosed. But may I beg of you
+one favour, it will be doing me the greatest kindness, if you will send
+me a decided answer, yes or no? If the latter, I should be most
+ungrateful if I did not implicitly yield to your better judgment, and to
+the kindest indulgence you have shown me all through my life; and you
+may rely upon it I will never mention the subject again. If your answer
+should be yes; I will go directly to Henslow and consult deliberately
+with him, and then come to Shrewsbury.
+
+The danger appears to me and all the Wedgwoods not great. The expense
+can not be serious, and the time I do not think, anyhow, would be more
+thrown away than if I stayed at home. But pray do not consider that I am
+so bent on going that I would for one _single moment_ hesitate, if you
+thought that after a short period you should continue uncomfortable.
+
+I must again state I cannot think it would unfit me hereafter for a
+steady life. I do hope this letter will not give you much uneasiness. I
+send it by the car to-morrow morning; if you make up your mind directly
+will you send me an answer on the following day by the same means? If
+this letter should not find you at home, I hope you will answer as soon
+as you conveniently can.
+
+I do not know what to say about Uncle Jos' kindness; I never can forget
+how he interests himself about me.
+
+Believe me, my dear father, your affectionate son,
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+Here follow the objections above referred to:--
+
+"(1.) Disreputable to my character as a Clergyman hereafter.
+
+"(2.) A wild scheme.
+
+"(3.) That they must have offered to many others before me the place of
+Naturalist.
+
+"(4.) And from its not being accepted there must be some serious
+objection to the vessel or expedition.
+
+"(5.) That I should never settle down to a steady life hereafter.
+
+"(6.) That my accommodations would be most uncomfortable.
+
+"(7.) That you [_i.e._ Dr. Darwin] should consider it as again changing
+my profession.
+
+"(8.) That it would be a useless undertaking."
+
+Josiah Wedgwood having demolished this curious array of argument, and
+the Doctor having been converted, Darwin left home for Cambridge. On his
+arrival at the Red Lion he sent a messenger to Henslow with the
+following note (September 2nd):--
+
+"I am just arrived; you will guess the reason. My father has changed his
+mind. I trust the place is not given away.
+
+I am very much fatigued, and am going to bed.
+
+I dare say you have not yet got my second letter.
+
+How soon shall I come to you in the morning? Send a verbal answer."
+
+
+_C. D. to Miss Susan Darwin._ Cambridge [September 4, 1831].
+
+... The whole of yesterday I spent with Henslow, thinking of what is to
+be done, and that I find is a great deal. By great good luck I know a
+man of the name of Wood, nephew of Lord Londonderry. He is a great
+friend of Captain Fitz-Roy, and has written to him about me. I heard a
+part of Captain Fitz-Roy's letter, dated some time ago, in which he
+says: 'I have a right good set of officers, and most of my men have been
+there before.' It seems he has been there for the last few years; he was
+then second in command with the same vessel that he has now chosen. He
+is only twenty-three years old, but [has] seen a deal of service, and
+won the gold medal at Portsmouth. The Admiralty say his maps are most
+perfect. He had choice of two vessels, and he chose the smallest.
+Henslow will give me letters to all travellers in town whom he thinks
+may assist me.
+
+... I write as if it was settled, but Henslow tells me _by no means_ to
+make up my mind till I have had long conversations with Captains
+Beaufort and Fitz-Roy. Good-bye. You will hear from me constantly.
+Direct 17 Spring Gardens. _Tell nobody_ in Shropshire yet. Be sure not.
+
+I was so tired that evening I was in Shrewsbury that I thanked none of
+you for your kindness half so much as I felt. Love to my father.
+
+The reason I don't want people told in Shropshire: in case I should not
+go, it will make it more flat.
+
+
+At this stage of the transaction, a hitch occurred. Captain Fitz-Roy, it
+seems, wished to take a friend (Mr. Chester) as companion on the voyage,
+and accordingly wrote to Cambridge in such a discouraging strain, that
+Darwin gave up hope and hardly thought it worth his while to go to
+London (September 5). Fortunately, however, he did go, and found that
+Mr. Chester could not leave England. When the physiognomical, or
+nose-difficulty (Autobiography, p. 26.) occurred, I have no means of
+knowing: for at this interview Fitz-Roy was evidently well-disposed
+towards him.
+
+My father wrote:--
+
+"He offers me to go shares in everything in his cabin if I like to come,
+and every sort of accommodation I can have, but they will not be
+numerous. He says nothing would be so miserable for him as having me
+with him if I was uncomfortable, as in a small vessel we must be thrown
+together, and thought it his duty to state everything in the worst point
+of view. I think I shall go on Sunday to Plymouth to see the vessel.
+
+"There is something most extremely attractive in his manners and way of
+coming straight to the point. If I live with him, he says I must live
+poorly--no wine, and the plainest dinners. The scheme is not certainly
+so good as Peacock describes. Captain Fitz-Roy advises me not [to] make
+up my mind quite yet, but that, seriously, he thinks it will have much
+more pleasure than pain for me....
+
+"The want of room is decidedly the most serious objection; but Captain
+Fitz-Roy (probably owing to Wood's letter) seems determined to make me
+[as] comfortable as he possibly can. I like his manner of proceeding. He
+asked me at once, 'Shall you bear being told that I want the cabin to
+myself--when I want to be alone? If we treat each other this way, I hope
+we shall suit; if not, probably we should wish each other at the
+devil.'"
+
+
+_C. D. to Miss Susan Darwin._ London [September 6, 1831].
+
+MY DEAR SUSAN--Again I am going to trouble you. I suspect, if I keep on
+at this rate, you will sincerely wish me at Tierra del Fuego, or any
+other Terra, but England. First, I will give my commissions. Tell Nancy
+to make me some twelve instead of eight shirts. Tell Edward to send me
+up in my carpet-bag (he can slip the key in the bag tied to some
+string), my slippers, a pair of lightish walking-shoes, my Spanish
+books, my new microscope (about six inches long and three or four deep),
+which must have cotton stuffed inside; my geological compass; my father
+knows that; a little book, if I have got it in my bed room--_Taxidermy_.
+Ask my father if he thinks there would be any objection to my taking
+arsenic for a little time, as my hands are not quite well, and I have
+always observed that if I once get them well, and change my manner of
+living about the same time, they will generally remain well. What is the
+dose? Tell Edward my gun is dirty. What is Erasmus's direction? Tell me
+if you think there is time to write and to receive an answer before I
+start, as I should like particularly to know what he thinks about it. I
+suppose you do not know Sir J. Mackintosh's direction?
+
+I write all this as if it was settled, but it is not more than it was,
+excepting that from Captain Fitz-Roy wishing me so much to go, and, from
+his kindness, I feel a predestination I shall start. I spent a very
+pleasant evening with him yesterday. He must be more than twenty-three
+years old; he is of a slight figure, and a dark but handsome edition of
+Mr. Kynaston, and, according to my notions, pre-eminently good manners.
+He is all for economy, excepting on one point--viz., fire-arms. He
+recommends me strongly to get a case of pistols like his, which cost
+£60!! and never to go on shore anywhere without loaded ones, and he is
+doubting about a rifle; he says I cannot appreciate the luxury of fresh
+meat here. Of course I shall buy nothing till everything is settled;
+but I work all day long at my lists, putting in and striking out
+articles. This is the first really cheerful day I have spent since I
+received the letter, and it all is owing to the sort of involuntary
+confidence I place in my _beau ideal_ of a Captain.
+
+We stop at Teneriffe. His object is to stop at as many places as
+possible. He takes out twenty chronometers, and it will be a "sin" not
+to settle the longitude. He tells me to get it down in writing at the
+Admiralty that I have the free choice to leave as soon and whenever I
+like. I daresay you expect I shall turn back at the Madeira; if I have a
+morsel of stomach left, I won't give up. Excuse my so often troubling
+and writing: the one is of great utility, the other a great amusement to
+me. Most likely I shall write to-morrow. Answer by return of post. Love
+to my father, dearest Susan.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. S. Henslow._ Devonport [November 15, 1831].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--The orders are come down from the Admiralty, and
+everything is finally settled. We positively sail the last day of this
+month, and I think before that time the vessel will be ready. She looks
+most beautiful, even a landsman must admire her. _We_ all think her the
+most perfect vessel ever turned out of the Dockyard. One thing is
+certain, no vessel has been fitted out so expensively, and with so much
+care. Everything that can be made so is of mahogany, and nothing can
+exceed the neatness and beauty of all the accommodations. The
+instructions are very general, and leave a great deal to the Captain's
+discretion and judgment, paying a substantial as well as a verbal
+compliment to him....
+
+No vessel ever left England with such a set of Chronometers, viz.
+twenty-four, all very good ones. In short, everything is well, and I
+have only now to pray for the sickness to moderate its fierceness, and I
+shall do very well. Yet I should not call it one of the very best
+opportunities for natural history that has ever occurred. The absolute
+want of room is an evil that nothing can surmount. I think L. Jenyns did
+very wisely in not coming, that is judging from my own feelings, for I
+am sure if I had left college some few years, or been those years older
+I _never_ could have endured it. The officers (excepting the Captain)
+are like the freshest freshmen, that is in their manners, in everything
+else widely different. Remember me most kindly to him, and tell him if
+ever he dreams in the night of palm-trees, he may in the morning comfort
+himself with the assurance that the voyage would not have suited him.
+
+I am much obliged for your advice, _de Mathematicis_. I suspect when
+I am struggling with a triangle, I shall often wish myself in your
+room, and as for those wicked sulky surds, I do not know what I
+shall do without you to conjure them. My time passes away very
+pleasantly. I know one or two pleasant people, foremost of whom is Mr.
+Thunder-and-lightning Harris,[88] whom I dare say you have heard of. My
+chief employment is to go on board the _Beagle_, and try to look as much
+like a sailor as I can. I have no evidence of having taken in man, woman
+or child.
+
+I am going to ask you to do one more commission, and I trust it will be
+the last. When I was in Cambridge, I wrote to Mr. Ash, asking him to
+send my College account to my father, after having subtracted about £30
+for my furniture. This he has forgotten to do, and my father has paid
+the bill, and I want to have the furniture-money transmitted to my
+father. Perhaps you would be kind enough to speak to Mr. Ash. I have
+cost my father so much money, I am quite ashamed of myself.
+
+I will write once again before sailing, and perhaps you will write to me
+before then.
+
+Believe me, yours affectionately,
+
+
+_C. D. to J. S. Henslow._ Devonport [December 3, 1831].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--It is now late in the evening, and to-night I am going
+to sleep on board. On Monday we most certainly sail, so you may guess in
+what a desperate state of confusion we are all in. If you were to hear
+the various exclamations of the officers, you would suppose we had
+scarcely had a week's notice. I am just in the same way taken all
+_aback_, and in such a bustle I hardly know what to do. The number of
+things to be done is infinite. I look forward even to sea-sickness with
+something like satisfaction, anything must be better than this state of
+anxiety. I am very much obliged for your last kind and affectionate
+letter. I always like advice from you, and no one whom I have the luck
+to know is more capable of giving it than yourself. Recollect, when you
+write, that I am a sort of _protégé_ of yours, and that it is your
+bounden duty to lecture me.
+
+I will now give you my direction: it is at first, Rio; but if you will
+send me a letter on the first Tuesday (when the packet sails) in
+February, directed to Monte Video, it will give me very great pleasure:
+I shall so much enjoy hearing a little Cambridge news. Poor dear old
+_Alma Mater_! I am a very worthy son in as far as affection goes. I have
+little more to write about.... I cannot end this without telling you how
+cordially I feel grateful for the kindness you have shown me during my
+Cambridge life. Much of the pleasure and utility which I may have
+derived from it is owing to you. I long for the time when we shall again
+meet, and till then believe me, my dear Henslow,
+
+Your affectionate and obliged friend,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[65] "On Tuesday last Charles Darwin, of Christ's College, was admitted
+B.A."--_Cambridge Chronicle_, Friday, April 29th, 1831.
+
+[66] Readers of Calverley (another Christ's man) will remember his
+tobacco poem ending "Hero's to thee, Bacon."
+
+[67] The rooms are on the first floor, on the west side of the middle
+staircase. A medallion (given by my brother) has recently been let into
+the wall of the sitting-room.
+
+[68] For instance in a letter to Hooker (1817):--"Many thanks for your
+welcome note from Cambridge, and I am glad you like my _Alma Mater_,
+which I despise heartily as a place of education, but love from many
+most pleasant recollections."
+
+[69] Autobiography p. 10.
+
+[70] From a letter to W. D. Fox.
+
+[71] No doubt in allusion to the title of Lord Herbert of Cherbury.
+
+[72] _Panagęus crux-major._
+
+[73] Formerly Reader in Natural Philosophy at Durham University.
+
+[74] Blane was afterwards, I believe, in the Life Guards; he was in the
+Crimean War, and afterwards Military Attaché at St. Petersburg. I am
+indebted to Mr. Hamilton for information about some of my father's
+contemporaries.
+
+[75] Brother of Lord Sherbrooke.
+
+[76] March 18, 1829.
+
+[77] The postmark being Derby seems to show that the letter was written
+from his cousin, W. D. Fox's house, Osmaston, near Derby.
+
+[78] The top of the hill immediately behind Barmouth was called
+Craig-Storm, a hybrid Cambro-English word.
+
+[79] Rev. T. Butler, a son of the former head master of Shrewsbury
+School.
+
+[80] No doubt a paid collector.
+
+[81] The "Captain" is at the head of the "Poll": the "Apostles" are the
+last twelve in the Mathematical Tripos.
+
+[82] For an explanation of the word "gulfed" or "gulphed," see Mr. W. W.
+Rouse Balls' interesting _History of the Study of Mathematics at
+Cambridge_ (1889), p. 160.
+
+[83] The _Beagle_ should have started on Nov. 4, but was delayed until
+Dec. 27.
+
+[84] See, too, a sketch by my father of his old master, in the Rev. L.
+Blomefield's _Memoir of Professor Henslow_.
+
+[85] The copy of Humboldt given by Henslow to my father, which is in my
+possession, is a double memento of the two men--the author and the
+donor, who so greatly influenced his life.
+
+[86] Formerly Dean of Ely, and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy at
+Cambridge.
+
+[87] Josiah Wedgwood.
+
+[88] William Snow Harris, the Electrician.
+
+[Illustration: THE 'BEAGLE' LAID ASHORE, RIVER SANTA CRUZ.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE VOYAGE.
+
+     "There is a natural good-humoured energy in his letters just like
+     himself."--From a letter of Dr. R. W. Darwin's to Professor
+     Henslow.
+
+
+The object of the _Beagle_ voyage is briefly described in my father's
+_Journal of Researches_, p. 1, as being "to complete the Survey of
+Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, commenced under Captain King in 1826 to
+1830; to survey the shores of Chile, Peru, and some islands in the
+Pacific; and to carry a chain of chronometrical measurements round the
+world."
+
+The _Beagle_ is described[89] as a well-built little vessel, of 235
+tons, rigged as a barque, and carrying six guns. She belonged to the old
+class of ten-gun brigs, which were nicknamed "coffins," from their
+liability to go down in severe weather. They were very "deep-waisted,"
+that is, their bulwarks were high in proportion to their size, so that a
+heavy sea breaking over them might be highly dangerous. Nevertheless,
+she had already lived through five years' work, in the most stormy
+regions in the world, under Commanders Stokes and Fitz-Roy without a
+serious accident. When re-commissioned in 1831 for her second voyage,
+she was found (as I learned from the late Admiral Sir James Sulivan) to
+be so rotten that she had practically to be rebuilt, and it was this
+that caused the long delay in refitting.
+
+She was fitted out for the expedition with all possible care: to quote
+my father's description, written from Devonport, November 17, 1831:
+"Everybody, who can judge, says it is one of the grandest voyages that
+has almost ever been sent out. Everything is on a grand scale.... In
+short, everything is as prosperous as human means can make it." The
+twenty-four chronometers and the mahogany fittings seem to have been
+especially admired, and are more than once alluded to.
+
+Owing to the smallness of the vessel, every one on board was cramped for
+room, and my father's accommodation seems to have been narrow enough.
+
+Yet of this confined space he wrote enthusiastically, September 17,
+1831:--"When I wrote last, I was in great alarm about my cabin. The
+cabins were not then marked out, but when I left they were, and mine is
+a capital one, certainly next best to the Captain's and remarkably
+light. My companion most luckily, I think, will turn out to be the
+officer whom I shall like best. Captain Fitz-Roy says he will take care
+that one corner is so fitted up that I shall be comfortable in it and
+shall consider it my home, but that also I shall have the run of his. My
+cabin is the drawing one; and in the middle is a large table, on which
+we two sleep in hammocks. But for the first two months there will be no
+drawing to be done, so that it will be quite a luxurious room, and a
+good deal larger than the Captain's cabin."
+
+My father used to say that it was the absolute necessity of tidiness in
+the cramped space on the _Beagle_ that helped "to give him his
+methodical habits of working." On the _Beagle_, too, he would say, that
+he learned what he considered the golden rule for saving time; _i.e._,
+taking care of the minutes.
+
+In a letter to his sister (July 1832), he writes contentedly of his
+manner of life at sea:--"I do not think I have ever given you an account
+of how the day passes. We breakfast at eight o'clock. The invariable
+maxim is to throw away all politeness--that is, never to wait for each
+other, and bolt off the minute one has done eating, &c. At sea, when the
+weather is calm, I work at marine animals, with which the whole ocean
+abounds. If there is any sea up I am either sick or contrive to read
+some voyage or travels. At one we dine. You shore-going people are
+lamentably mistaken about the manner of living on board. We have never
+yet (nor shall we) dined off salt meat. Rice and peas and _calavanses_
+are excellent vegetables, and, with good bread, who could want more?
+Judge Alderson could not be more temperate, as nothing but water comes
+on the table. At five we have tea."
+
+The crew of the _Beagle_ consisted of Captain Fitz-Roy, "Commander and
+Surveyor," two lieutenants, one of whom (the first lieutenant) was the
+late Captain Wickham, Governor of Queensland; the late Admiral Sir James
+Sulivan, K.C.B., was the second lieutenant. Besides the master and two
+mates, there was an assistant-surveyor, the late Admiral Lort Stokes.
+There were also a surgeon, assistant-surgeon, two midshipmen, master's
+mate, a volunteer (1st class), purser, carpenter, clerk, boatswain,
+eight marines, thirty-four seamen, and six boys.
+
+There are not now (1892) many survivors of my father's old ship-mates.
+Admiral Mellersh, and Mr. Philip King, of the Legislative Council of
+Sydney, are among the number. Admiral Johnson died almost at the same
+time as my father.
+
+My father retained to the last a most pleasant recollection of the
+voyage of the _Beagle_, and of the friends he made on board her. To his
+children their names were familiar, from his many stories of the voyage,
+and we caught his feeling of friendship for many who were to us nothing
+more than names.
+
+It is pleasant to know how affectionately his old companions remember
+him.
+
+Sir James Sulivan remained, throughout my father's lifetime, one of his
+best and truest friends. He writes:--"I can confidently express my
+belief that during the five years in the _Beagle_, he was never known to
+be out of temper, or to say one unkind or hasty word _of_ or _to_ any
+one. You will therefore readily understand how this, combined with the
+admiration of his energy and ability, led to our giving him the name of
+'the dear old Philosopher.'"[90] Admiral Mellersh writes to me:--"Your
+father is as vividly in my mind's eye as if it was only a week ago that
+I was in the _Beagle_ with him; his genial smile and conversation can
+never be forgotten by any who saw them and heard them. I was sent on two
+or three occasions away in a boat with him on some of his scientific
+excursions, and always looked forward to these trips with great
+pleasure, an anticipation that, unlike many others, was always realised.
+I think he was the only man I ever knew against whom I never heard a
+word said; and as people when shut up in a ship for five years are apt
+to get cross with each other, that is saying a good deal."
+
+Admiral Stokes, Mr. King, Mr. Usborne, and Mr. Hamond, all speak of
+their friendship with him in the same warm-hearted way.
+
+Captain Fitz-Roy was a strict officer, and made himself thoroughly
+respected both by officers and men. The occasional severity of his
+manner was borne with because every one on board knew that his first
+thought was his duty, and that he would sacrifice anything to the real
+welfare of the ship. My father writes, July 1834: "We all jog on very
+well together, there is no quarrelling on board, which is something to
+say. The Captain keeps all smooth by rowing every one in turn."
+
+My father speaks of the officers as a fine determined set of men, and
+especially of Wickham, the first lieutenant, as a "glorious fellow." The
+latter being responsible for the smartness and appearance of the ship
+strongly objected to Darwin littering the decks, and spoke of specimens
+as "d----d beastly devilment," and used to add, "If I were skipper, I
+would soon have you and all your d----d mess out of the place."
+
+A sort of halo of sanctity was given to my father by the fact of his
+dining in the Captain's cabin, so that the midshipmen used at first to
+call him "Sir," a formality, however, which did not prevent his becoming
+fast friends with the younger officers. He wrote about the year 1861 or
+1862 to Mr. P. G. King, M.L.C., Sydney, who, as before stated, was a
+midshipman on board the _Beagle_:--"The remembrance of old days, when we
+used to sit and talk on the booms of the _Beagle_, will always, to the
+day of my death, make me glad to hear of your happiness and prosperity."
+Mr. King describes the pleasure my father seemed to take "in pointing
+out to me as a youngster the delights of the tropical nights, with their
+balmy breezes eddying out of the sails above us, and the sea lighted up
+by the passage of the ship through the never-ending streams of
+phosphorescent animalculę."
+
+It has been assumed that his ill-health in later years was due to his
+having suffered so much from sea-sickness. This he did not himself
+believe, but rather ascribed his bad health to the hereditary fault
+which took shape as gout in some of the past generations. I am not quite
+clear as to how much he actually suffered from sea-sickness; my
+impression is distinct that, according to his own memory, he was not
+actually ill after the first three weeks, but constantly uncomfortable
+when the vessel pitched at all heavily. But, judging from his letters,
+and from the evidence of some of the officers, it would seem that in
+later years he forgot the extent of the discomfort. Writing June 3,
+1836, from the Cape of Good Hope, he says: "It is a lucky thing for me
+that the voyage is drawing to its close, for I positively suffer more
+from sea-sickness now than three years ago."
+
+_C. D. to R. W. Darwin._ Bahia, or San Salvador, Brazil. [February 8,
+1832.]
+
+     I find after the first page I have been writing to my sisters.
+
+MY DEAR FATHER--I am writing this on the 8th of February, one day's sail
+past St. Jago (Cape de Verd), and intend taking the chance of meeting
+with a homeward-bound vessel somewhere about the equator. The date,
+however, will tell this whenever the opportunity occurs. I will now
+begin from the day of leaving England, and give a short account of our
+progress. We sailed, as you know, on the 27th of December, and have been
+fortunate enough to have had from that time to the present a fair and
+moderate breeze. It afterwards proved that we had escaped a heavy gale
+in the Channel, another at Madeira, and another on [the] Coast of
+Africa. But in escaping the gale, we felt its consequence--a heavy sea.
+In the Bay of Biscay there was a long and continuous swell, and the
+misery I endured from sea-sickness is far beyond what I ever guessed at.
+I believe you are curious about it. I will give you all my dear-bought
+experience. Nobody who has only been to sea for twenty-four hours has a
+right to say that sea-sickness is even uncomfortable. The real misery
+only begins when you are so exhausted that a little exertion makes a
+feeling of faintness come on. I found nothing but lying in my hammock
+did me any good. I must especially except your receipt of raisins, which
+is the only food that the stomach will bear.
+
+On the 4th of January we were not many miles from Madeira, but as there
+was a heavy sea running, and the island lay to windward, it was not
+thought worth while to beat up to it. It afterwards has turned out it
+was lucky we saved ourselves the trouble. I was much too sick even to
+get up to see the distant outline. On the 6th, in the evening, we sailed
+into the harbour of Santa Cruz. I now first felt even moderately well,
+and I was picturing to myself all the delights of fresh fruit growing in
+beautiful valleys, and reading Humboldt's description of the island's
+glorious views, when perhaps you may nearly guess at our disappointment,
+when a small pale man informed us we must perform a strict quarantine of
+twelve days. There was a death-like stillness in the ship till the
+Captain cried "up jib," and we left this long wished-for place.
+
+We were becalmed for a day between Teneriffe and the Grand Canary, and
+here I first experienced any enjoyment. The view was glorious. The Peak
+of Teneriffe was seen amongst the clouds like another world. Our only
+drawback was the extreme wish of visiting this glorious island. From
+Teneriffe to St. Jago the voyage was extremely pleasant. I had a net
+astern the vessel which caught great numbers of curious animals, and
+fully occupied my time in my cabin, and on deck the weather was so
+delightful and clear, that the sky and water together made a picture. On
+the 16th we arrived at Port Praya, the capital of the Cape de Verds, and
+there we remained twenty-three days, viz. till yesterday, the 7th of
+February. The time has flown away most delightfully, indeed nothing can
+be pleasanter; exceedingly busy, and that business both a duty and a
+great delight. I do not believe I have spent one half-hour idly since
+leaving Teneriffe. St. Jago has afforded me an exceedingly rich harvest
+in several branches of Natural History. I find the descriptions scarcely
+worth anything of many of the commoner animals that inhabit the Tropics.
+I allude, of course, to those of the lower classes.
+
+Geologising in a volcanic country is most delightful; besides the
+interest attached to itself, it leads you into most beautiful and
+retired spots. Nobody but a person fond of Natural History can imagine
+the pleasure of strolling under cocoa-nuts in a thicket of bananas and
+coffee-plants, and an endless number of wild flowers. And this island,
+that has given me so much instruction and delight, is reckoned the most
+uninteresting place that we perhaps shall touch at during our voyage. It
+certainly is generally very barren, but the valleys are more exquisitely
+beautiful, from the very contrast. It is utterly useless to say anything
+about the scenery; it would be as profitable to explain to a blind man
+colours, as to a person who has not been out of Europe, the total
+dissimilarity of a tropical view. Whenever I enjoy anything, I always
+either look forward to writing it down, either in my log-book (which
+increases in bulk), or in a letter; so you must excuse raptures, and
+those raptures badly expressed. I find my collections are increasing
+wonderfully, and from Rio I think I shall be obliged to send a cargo
+home.
+
+All the endless delays which we experienced at Plymouth have been most
+fortunate, as I verily believe no person ever went out better provided
+for collecting and observing in the different branches of Natural
+History. In a multitude of counsellors I certainly found good. I find to
+my great surprise that a ship is singularly comfortable for all sorts of
+work. Everything is so close at hand, and being cramped makes one so
+methodical, that in the end I have been a gainer. I already have got to
+look at going to sea as a regular quiet place, like going back to home
+after staying away from it. In short, I find a ship a very comfortable
+house, with everything you want, and if it was not for sea-sickness the
+whole world would be sailors. I do not think there is much danger of
+Erasmus setting the example, but in case there should be, he may rely
+upon it he does not know one-tenth of the sufferings of sea-sickness.
+
+I like the officers much more than I did at first, especially Wickham,
+and young King and Stokes, and indeed all of them. The Captain continues
+steadily very kind, and does everything in his power to assist me. We
+see very little of each other when in harbour, our pursuits lead us in
+such different tracks. I never in my life met with a man who could
+endure nearly so great a share of fatigue. He works incessantly, and
+when apparently not employed, he is thinking. If he does not kill
+himself, he will during this voyage do a wonderful quantity of work....
+
+_February 26th._--About 280 miles from Bahia. We have been singularly
+unlucky in not meeting with any homeward-bound vessels, but I suppose
+[at] Bahia we certainly shall be able to write to England. Since writing
+the first part of [this] letter nothing has occurred except crossing the
+Equator, and being shaved. This most disagreeable operation, consists in
+having your face rubbed with paint and tar, which forms a lather for a
+saw which represents the razor, and then being half drowned in a sail
+filled with salt water. About 50 miles north of the line we touched at
+the rocks of St. Paul; this little speck (about ¼ of a mile across) in
+the Atlantic has seldom been visited. It is totally barren, but is
+covered by hosts of birds; they were so unused to men that we found we
+could kill plenty with stones and sticks. After remaining some hours on
+the island, we returned on board with the boat loaded with our prey.[91]
+From this we went to Fernando Noronha, a small island where the
+[Brazilians] send their exiles. The landing there was attended with so
+much difficulty owing [to] a heavy surf that the Captain determined to
+sail the next day after arriving. My one day on shore was exceedingly
+interesting, the whole island is one single wood so matted together by
+creepers that it is very difficult to move out of the beaten path. I
+find the Natural History of all these unfrequented spots most
+exceedingly interesting, especially the geology. I have written this
+much in order to save time at Bahia.
+
+Decidedly the most striking thing in the Tropics is the novelty of the
+vegetable forms. Cocoa-nuts could well be imagined from drawings, if you
+add to them a graceful lightness which no European tree partakes of.
+Bananas and plantains are exactly the same as those in hothouses, the
+acacias or tamarinds are striking from the blueness of their foliage;
+but of the glorious orange trees, no description, no drawings, will give
+any just idea; instead of the sickly green of our oranges, the native
+ones exceed the Portugal laurel in the darkness of their tint, and
+infinitely exceed it in beauty of form. Cocoa-nuts, papaws, the
+light-green bananas, and oranges, loaded with fruit, generally surround
+the more luxuriant villages. Whilst viewing such scenes, one feels the
+impossibility that any description should come near the mark, much less
+be over-drawn.
+
+_March 1st._--Bahia, or San Salvador. I arrived at this place on the
+28th of February, and am now writing this letter after having in real
+earnest strolled in the forests of the new world. No person could
+imagine anything so beautiful as the ancient town of Bahia, it is fairly
+embosomed in a luxuriant wood of beautiful trees, and situated on a
+steep bank, and overlooks the calm waters of the great bay of All
+Saints. The houses are white and lofty, and, from the windows being
+narrow and long, have a very light and elegant appearance. Convents,
+porticos, and public buildings, vary the uniformity of the houses; the
+bay is scattered over with large ships; in short, and what can be said
+more, it is one of the finest views in the Brazils. But the exquisite
+glorious pleasure of walking amongst such flowers, and such trees,
+cannot be comprehended but by those who have experienced it.[92]
+Although in so low a latitude the locality is not disagreeably hot, but
+at present it is very damp, for it is the rainy season. I find the
+climate as yet agrees admirably with me; it makes me long to live
+quietly for some time in such a country. If you really want to have [an
+idea] of tropical countries, study Humboldt. Skip the scientific parts,
+and commence after leaving Teneriffe. My feelings amount to admiration
+the more I read him....
+
+This letter will go on the 5th, and I am afraid will be some time before
+it reaches you; it must be a warning how in other parts of the world you
+may be a long time without hearing. A year might by accident thus pass.
+About the 12th we start for Rio, but we remain some time on the way in
+sounding the Albrolhos shoals....
+
+We have beat all the ships in manoeuvring, so much so that the
+commanding officer says we need not follow his example; because we do
+everything better than his great ship. I begin to take great interest in
+naval points, more especially now, as I find they all say we are the No.
+1 in South America. I suppose the Captain is a most excellent officer.
+It was quite glorious to-day how we beat the _Samarang_ in furling
+sails. It is quite a new thing for a "sounding ship" to beat a regular
+man-of-war; and yet the _Beagle_ is not at all a particular ship.
+Erasmus will clearly perceive it when he hears that in the night I have
+actually sat down in the sacred precincts of the quarter deck. You must
+excuse these queer letters, and recollect they are generally written in
+the evening after my day's work. I take more pains over my log-book, so
+that eventually you will have a good account of all the places I visit.
+Hitherto the voyage has answered _admirably_ to me, and yet I am now
+more fully aware of your wisdom in throwing cold water on the whole
+scheme; the chances are so numerous of [its] turning out quite the
+reverse; to such an extent do I feel this, that if my advice was asked
+by any person on a similar occasion, I should be very cautious in
+encouraging him. I have not time to write to anybody else, so send to
+Maer to let them know, that in the midst of the glorious tropical
+scenery, I do not forget how instrumental they were in placing me there.
+I will not rapturise again, but I give myself great credit in not being
+crazy out of pure delight.
+
+Give my love to every soul at home, and to the Owens.
+
+I think one's affections, like other good things, flourish and increase
+in these tropical regions.
+
+The conviction that I am walking in the New World is even yet
+marvellous in my own eyes, and I daresay it is little less so to you,
+the receiving a letter from a son of yours in such a quarter.
+
+Believe me, my dear father, your most affectionate son.
+
+
+The _Beagle_ letters give ample proof of his strong love of home, and
+all connected with it, from his father down to Nancy, his old nurse, to
+whom he sometimes sends his love.
+
+His delight in home-letters is shown in such passages as:--"But if you
+knew the glowing, unspeakable delight, which I felt at being certain
+that my father and all of you were well, only four months ago, you would
+not grudge the labour lost in keeping up the regular series of letters."
+
+"You would be surprised to know how entirely the pleasure in arriving at
+a new place depends on letters."
+
+"I saw the other day a vessel sail for England; it was quite dangerous
+to know how easily I might turn deserter. As for an English lady, I have
+almost forgotten what she is--something very angelic and good."
+
+"I have just received a bundle more letters. I do not know how to thank
+you all sufficiently. One from Catherine, February 8th, another from
+Susan, March 3rd, together with notes from Caroline and from my father;
+give my best love to my father. I almost cried for pleasure at receiving
+it; it was very kind thinking of writing to me. My letters are both few,
+short, and stupid in return for all yours; but I always ease my
+conscience, by considering the Journal as a long letter."
+
+Or again--his longing to return in words like these:--"It is too
+delightful to think that I shall see the leaves fall and hear the robin
+sing next autumn at Shrewsbury. My feelings are those of a school-boy to
+the smallest point; I doubt whether ever boy longed for his holidays as
+much as I do to see you all again. I am at present, although nearly half
+the world is between me and home, beginning to arrange what I shall do,
+where I shall go during the first week."
+
+"No schoolboys ever sung the half-sentimental and half-jovial strain of
+'dulce domum' with more fervour than we all feel inclined to do. But the
+whole subject of 'dulce domum,' and the delight of seeing one's friends,
+is most dangerous, it must infallibly make one very prosy or very
+boisterous. Oh, the degree to which I long to be once again living
+quietly with not one single novel object near me! No one can imagine it
+till he has been whirled round the world during five long years in a
+ten-gun brig."
+
+The following extracts may serve to give an idea of the impressions now
+crowding on him, as well as of the vigorous delight with which he
+plunged into scientific work.
+
+
+May 18, 1832, to Henslow:--
+
+"Here [Rio], I first saw a tropical forest in all its sublime
+grandeur--nothing but the reality can give any idea how wonderful, how
+magnificent the scene is. If I was to specify any one thing I should
+give the pre-eminence to the host of parasitical plants. Your engraving
+is exactly true, but under-rates rather than exaggerates the luxuriance.
+I never experienced such intense delight. I formerly admired Humboldt, I
+now almost adore him; he alone gives any notion of the feelings which
+are raised in the mind on first entering the Tropics. I am now
+collecting fresh-water and land animals; if what was told me in London
+is true, viz., that there are no small insects in the collections from
+the Tropics, I tell Entomologists to look out and have their pens ready
+for describing. I have taken as minute (if not more so) as in England,
+Hydropori, Hygroti, Hydrobii, Pselaphi, Staphylini, Curculio, &c. &c. It
+is exceedingly interesting observing the difference of genera and
+species from those which I know; it is however much less than I had
+expected. I am at present red-hot with spiders; they are very
+interesting, and if I am not mistaken I have already taken some new
+genera. I shall have a large box to send very soon to Cambridge, and
+with that I will mention some more natural history particulars."
+
+"One great source of perplexity to me is an utter ignorance whether I
+note the right facts, and whether they are of sufficient importance to
+interest others. In the one thing collecting I cannot go wrong."
+
+"Geology carries the day: it is like the pleasure of gambling.
+Speculating, on first arriving, what the rocks may be, I often mentally
+cry out 3 to 1 tertiary against primitive; but the latter have hitherto
+won all the bets. So much for the grand end of my voyage: in other
+respects things are equally flourishing. My life, when at sea, is so
+quiet, that to a person who can employ himself, nothing can be
+pleasanter; the beauty of the sky and brilliancy of the ocean together
+make a picture. But when on shore, and wandering in the sublime forests,
+surrounded by views more gorgeous than even Claude ever imagined, I
+enjoy a delight which none but those who have experienced it can
+understand. At our ancient snug breakfasts, at Cambridge, I little
+thought that the wide Atlantic would ever separate us; but it is a rare
+privilege that with the body, the feelings and memory are not divided.
+On the contrary, the pleasantest scenes in my life, many of which have
+been in Cambridge, rise from the contrast of the present, the more
+vividly in my imagination. Do you think any diamond beetle will ever
+give me so much pleasure as our old friend _crux-major_?... It is one of
+my most constant amusements to draw pictures of the past; and in them I
+often see you and poor little Fan. Oh, Lord, and then old Dash poor
+thing! Do you recollect how you all tormented me about his beautiful
+tail?"--[From a letter to Fox.]
+
+To his sister, June 1833:--
+
+"I am quite delighted to find the hide of the Megatherium has given you
+all some little interest in my employments. These fragments are not,
+however, by any means the most valuable of the geological relics. I
+trust and believe that the time spent in this voyage, if thrown away for
+all other respects, will produce its full worth in Natural History; and
+it appears to me the doing what _little_ we can to increase the general
+stock of knowledge is as respectable an object of life as one can in any
+likelihood pursue. It is more the result of such reflections (as I have
+already said) than much immediate pleasure which now makes me continue
+the voyage, together with the glorious prospect of the future, when
+passing the Straits of Magellan, we have in truth the world before us."
+
+To Fox, July 1835:--
+
+"I am glad to hear you have some thoughts of beginning Geology. I hope
+you will; there is so much larger a field for thought than in the other
+branches of Natural History. I am become a zealous disciple of Mr.
+Lyell's views, as known in his admirable book. Geologising in South
+America, I am tempted to carry parts to a greater extent even than he
+does. Geology is a capital science to begin, as it requires nothing but
+a little reading, thinking, and hammering. I have a considerable body of
+notes together; but it is a constant subject of perplexity to me,
+whether they are of sufficient value for all the time I have spent about
+them, or whether animals would not have been of more certain value."
+
+
+In the following letter to his sister Susan he gives an
+account,--adapted to the non-geological mind,--of his South American
+work:--
+
+
+Valparaiso, April 23, 1835.
+
+MY DEAR SUSAN--I received, a few days since, your letter of November;
+the three letters which I before mentioned are yet missing, but I do not
+doubt they will come to life. I returned a week ago from my excursion
+across the Andes to Mendoza. Since leaving England I have never made so
+successful a journey; it has, however, been very expensive. I am sure my
+father would not regret it, if he could know how deeply I have enjoyed
+it: it was something more than enjoyment; I cannot express the delight
+which I felt at such a famous winding-up of all my geology in South
+America. I literally could hardly sleep at nights for thinking over my
+day's work. The scenery was so new, and so majestic; everything at an
+elevation of 12,000 feet bears so different an aspect from that in a
+lower country. I have seen many views more beautiful, but none with so
+strongly marked a character. To a geologist, also, there are such
+manifest proofs of excessive violence; the strata of the highest
+pinnacles are tossed about like the crust of a broken pie.
+
+I do not suppose any of you can be much interested in geological
+details, but I will just mention my principal results:--Besides
+understanding to a certain extent the description and manner of the
+force which has elevated this great line of mountains, I can clearly
+demonstrate that one part of the double line is of an age long posterior
+to the other. In the more ancient line, which is the true chain of the
+Andes, I can describe the sort and order of the rocks which compose it.
+These are chiefly remarkable by containing a bed of gypsum nearly 2000
+feet thick--a quantity of this substance I should think unparalleled in
+the world. What is of much greater consequence, I have procured fossil
+shells (from an elevation of 12,000 feet). I think an examination of
+these will give an approximate age to these mountains, as compared to
+the strata of Europe. In the other line of the Cordilleras there is a
+strong presumption (in my own mind, conviction) that the enormous mass
+of mountains, the peaks of which rise to 13,000 and 14,000 feet, are so
+very modern as to be contemporaneous with the plains of Patagonia (or
+about with the _upper_ strata of the Isle of Wight). If this result
+shall be considered as proved,[93] it is a very important fact in the
+theory of the formation of the world; because, if such wonderful changes
+have taken place so recently in the crust of the globe, there can be no
+reason for supposing former epochs of excessive violence....
+
+
+Another feature in his letters is the surprise and delight with which he
+hears of his collections and observations being of some use. It seems
+only to have gradually occurred to him that he would ever be more than a
+collector of specimens and facts, of which the great men were to make
+use. And even as to the value of his collections he seems to have had
+much doubt, for he wrote to Henslow in 1834: "I really began to think
+that my collections were so poor that you were puzzled what to say; the
+case is now quite on the opposite tack, for you are guilty of exciting
+all my vain feelings to a most comfortable pitch; if hard work will
+atone for these thoughts, I vow it shall not be spared."
+
+Again, to his sister Susan in August, 1836:--
+
+"Both your letters were full of good news; especially the expressions
+which you tell me Professor Sedgwick[94] used about my collections. I
+confess they are deeply gratifying--I trust one part at least will turn
+out true, and that I shall act as I now think--as a man who dares to
+waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life. Professor
+Sedgwick mentioning my name at all gives me hopes that he will assist me
+with his advice, of which, in my geological questions, I stand much in
+need."
+
+Occasional allusions to slavery show us that his feeling on this subject
+was at this time as strong as in later life[95]:--
+
+"The Captain does everything in his power to assist me, and we get on
+very well, but I thank my better fortune he has not made me a renegade
+to Whig principles. I would not be a Tory, if it was merely on account
+of their cold hearts about that scandal to Christian nations--Slavery."
+
+"I have watched how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections,
+has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she
+is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it! I was told
+before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my
+opinions would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming
+a much higher estimate of the negro character. It is impossible to see a
+negro and not feel kindly towards him; such cheerful, open, honest
+expressions and such fine muscular bodies. I never saw any of the
+diminutive Portuguese, with their murderous countenances, without almost
+wishing for Brazil to follow the example of Hayti; and, considering the
+enormous healthy-looking black population, it will be wonderful if, at
+some future day, it does not take place. There is at Rio a man (I know
+not his title) who has a large salary to prevent (I believe) the landing
+of slaves; he lives at Botofogo, and yet that was the bay where, during
+my residence, the greater number of smuggled slaves were landed. Some of
+the Anti-Slavery people ought to question about his office; it was the
+subject of conversation at Rio amongst the lower English...."
+
+
+_C. D. to J. S. Henslow._ Sydney [January, 1836].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--This is the last opportunity of communicating with you
+before that joyful day when I shall reach Cambridge. I have very little
+to say: but I must write if it is only to express my joy that the last
+year is concluded, and that the present one, in which the _Beagle_ will
+return, is gliding onward. We have all been disappointed here in not
+finding even a single letter; we are, indeed, rather before our expected
+time, otherwise I dare say, I should have seen your handwriting. I must
+feed upon the future, and it is beyond bounds delightful to feel the
+certainty that within eight months I shall be residing once again most
+quietly in Cambridge. Certainly, I never was intended for a traveller;
+my thoughts are always rambling over past or future scenes; I cannot
+enjoy the present happiness for anticipating the future, which is about
+as foolish as the dog who dropped the real bone for its shadow....
+
+I must return to my old resource and think of the future, but that I may
+not become more prosy, I will say farewell till the day arrives, when I
+shall see my Master in Natural History, and can tell him how grateful I
+feel for his kindness and friendship.
+
+Believe me, dear Henslow, ever yours most faithfully.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. S. Henslow._ Shrewsbury [October, 6 1836].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--I am sure you will congratulate me on the delight of
+once again being home. The _Beagle_ arrived at Falmouth on Sunday
+evening, and I reached Shrewsbury yesterday morning. I am exceedingly
+anxious to see you, and as it will be necessary in four or five days to
+return to London to get my goods and chattels out of the _Beagle_, it
+appears to me my best plan to pass through Cambridge. I want your advice
+on many points; indeed I am in the clouds, and neither know what to do
+or where to go. My chief puzzle is about the geological specimens--who
+will have the charity to help me in describing their mineralogical
+nature? Will you be kind enough to write to me one line by _return of
+post_, saying whether you are now at Cambridge? I am doubtful till I
+hear from Captain Fitz-Roy whether I shall not be obliged to start
+before the answer can arrive, but pray try the chance. My dear Henslow,
+I do long to see you; you have been the kindest friend to me that ever
+man possessed. I can write no more, for I am giddy with joy and
+confusion.
+
+Farewell for the present,
+Yours most truly obliged.
+
+
+After his return and settlement in London, he began to realise the value
+of what he had done, and wrote to Captain Fitz-Roy--"However others may
+look back to the _Beagle's_ voyage, now that the small disagreeable
+parts are well-nigh forgotten, I think it far the _most fortunate
+circumstance in my life_ that the chance afforded by your offer of
+taking a Naturalist fell on me. I often have the most vivid and
+delightful pictures of what I saw on board the _Beagle_[96] pass before
+my eyes. These recollections, and what I learnt on Natural History, I
+would not exchange for twice ten thousand a year."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[89] _Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle_, vol. i. introduction xii.
+The illustration at the head of the chapter is from vol. ii. of the same
+work.
+
+[90] His other nickname was "The Flycatcher." I have heard my father
+tell how he overheard the boatswain of the _Beagle_ showing another
+boatswain over the ship, and pointing out the officers: "That's our
+first lieutenant; that's our doctor; that's our flycatcher."
+
+[91] "There was such a scene here. Wickham (1st Lieutenant) and I were
+the only two who landed with guns and geological hammers, &c. The birds
+by myriads were too close to shoot; we then tried stones, but at last,
+_proh pudor!_ my geological hammer was the instrument of death. We soon
+loaded the boat with birds and eggs. Whilst we were so engaged, the men
+in the boat were fairly fighting with the sharks for such magnificent
+fish as you could not see in the London market. Our boat would have made
+a fine subject for Snyders, such a medley of game it contained."--From a
+letter to Herbert.
+
+[92] "My mind has been, since leaving England, in a perfect hurricane of
+delight and astonishment."--_C. D. to Fox_, May 1832, from Botofogo Bay.
+
+[93] The importance of these results has been fully recognized by
+geologists.
+
+[94] Sedgwick wrote (November 7, 1835) to Dr. Butler, the head master of
+Shrewsbury School:--"He is doing admirable work in South America, and
+has already sent home a collection above all price. It was the best
+thing in the world for him that he went out on the voyage of discovery.
+There was some risk of his turning out an idle man, but his character
+will now be fixed, and if God spares his life he will have a great name
+among the naturalists of Europe...."--I am indebted to my friend Mr. J.
+W. Clark, the biographer of Sedgwick, for the above extract.
+
+[95] Compare the following passage from a letter (Aug. 25, 1845)
+addressed to Lyell, who had touched on slavery in his _Travels in North
+America._ "I was delighted with your letter in which you touch on
+Slavery; I wish the same feelings had been apparent in your published
+discussion. But I will not write on this subject, I should perhaps annoy
+you, and most certainly myself. I have exhaled myself with a paragraph
+or two in my Journal on the sin of Brazilian slavery; you perhaps will
+think that it is in answer to you; but such is not the case. I have
+remarked on nothing which I did not hear on the coast of South America.
+My few sentences, however, are merely an explosion of feeling. How could
+you relate so placidly that atrocious sentiment about separating
+children from their parents; and in the next page speak of being
+distressed at the whites not having prospered; I assure you the contrast
+made me exclaim out. But I have broken my intention, and so no more on
+this odious deadly subject." It is fair to add that the "atrocious
+sentiments" were not Lyell's but those of a planter.
+
+[96] According to the _Japan Weekly Mail_, as quoted in _Nature_, March
+8, 1888, the _Beagle_ is in use as a training ship at Yokosuka, in
+Japan. Part of the old ship is, I am glad to think, in my possession, in
+the form of a box (which I owe to the kindness of Admiral Mellersh) made
+out of her main cross-tree.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE.
+
+1836-1842.
+
+
+The period illustrated in the present chapter includes the years between
+Darwin's return from the voyage of the _Beagle_ and his settling at
+Down. It is marked by the gradual appearance of that weakness of health
+which ultimately forced him to leave London and take up his abode for
+the rest of his life in a quiet country house.
+
+There is no evidence of any intention of entering a profession after his
+return from the voyage, and early in 1840 he wrote to Fitz-Roy: "I have
+nothing to wish for, excepting stronger health to go on with the
+subjects to which I have joyfully determined to devote my life."
+
+These two conditions--permanent ill-health and a passionate love of
+scientific work for its own sake--determined thus early in his career,
+the character of his whole future life. They impelled him to lead a
+retired life of constant labour, carried on to the utmost limits of his
+physical power, a life which signally falsified his melancholy
+prophecy:--"It has been a bitter mortification for me to digest the
+conclusion that the 'race is for the strong,' and that I shall probably
+do little more, but be content to admire the strides others make in
+science."
+
+The end of the last chapter saw my father safely arrived at Shrewsbury
+on October 4, 1836, "after an absence of five years and two days." He
+wrote to Fox: "You cannot imagine how gloriously delightful my first
+visit was at home; it was worth the banishment." But it was a pleasure
+that he could not long enjoy, for in the last days of October he was at
+Greenwich unpacking specimens from the _Beagle_. As to the destination
+of the collections he writes, somewhat despondingly, to Henslow:--
+
+"I have not made much progress with the great men. I find, as you told
+me, that they are all overwhelmed with their own business. Mr. Lyell has
+entered, in the _most_ good-natured manner, and almost without being
+asked, into all my plans. He tells me, however, the same story, that I
+must do all myself. Mr. Owen seems anxious to dissect some of the
+animals in spirits, and, besides these two, I have scarcely met any one
+who seems to wish to possess any of my specimens. I must except Dr.
+Grant, who is willing to examine some of the corallines. I see it is
+quite unreasonable to hope for a minute that any man will undertake the
+examination of a whole order. It is clear the collectors so much
+outnumber the real naturalists that the latter have no time to spare.
+
+"I do not even find that the Collections care for receiving the unnamed
+specimens. The Zoological Museum[97] is nearly full, and upwards of a
+thousand specimens remain unmounted. I dare say the British Museum would
+receive them, but I cannot feel, from all I hear, any great respect even
+for the present state of that establishment. Your plan will be not only
+the best, but the only one, namely, to come down to Cambridge, arrange
+and group together the different families, and then wait till people,
+who are already working in different branches, may want specimens....
+
+"I have forgotten to mention Mr. Lonsdale,[98] who gave me a most
+cordial reception, and with whom I had much most interesting
+conversation. If I was not much more inclined for geology than the other
+branches of Natural History, I am sure Mr. Lyell's and Lonsdale's
+kindness ought to fix me. You cannot conceive anything more thoroughly
+good-natured than the heart-and-soul manner in which he put himself in
+my place and thought what would be best to do."
+
+A few days later he writes more cheerfully: "I became acquainted with
+Mr. Bell,[99] who, to my surprise, expressed a good deal of interest
+about my crustacea and reptiles, and seems willing to work at them. I
+also heard that Mr. Broderip would be glad to look over the South
+American shells, so that things flourish well with me."
+
+Again, on November 6:--
+
+"All my affairs, indeed, are most prosperous; I find there are plenty
+who will undertake the description of whole tribes of animals, of which
+I know nothing."
+
+As to his Geological Collection he was soon able to write: "I [have]
+disposed of the most important part [of] my collections, by giving all
+the fossil bones to the College of Surgeons, casts of them will be
+distributed, and descriptions published. They are very curious and
+valuable; one head belonged to some gnawing animal, but of the size of a
+Hippopotamus! Another to an ant-eater of the size of a horse!"
+
+My father's specimens included (besides the above-mentioned Toxodon and
+Scelidotherium) the remains of Mylodon, Glossotherium, another gigantic
+animal allied to the ant-eater, and Macrauchenia. His discovery of these
+remains is a matter of interest in itself, but it has a special
+importance as a point in his own life, his speculation on the extinction
+of these extraordinary creatures[100] and on their relationship to
+living forms having formed one of the chief starting-points of his views
+on the origin of species. This is shown in the following extract from
+his Pocket Book for this year (1837): "In July opened first note-book on
+Transmutation of Species. Had been greatly struck from about the month
+of previous March on character of South American fossils, and species on
+Galapagos Archipelago. These facts (especially latter), origin of all my
+views."
+
+His affairs being thus so far prosperously managed he was able to put
+into execution his plan of living at Cambridge, where he settled on
+December 10th, 1836.
+
+"Cambridge," he writes, "yet continues a very pleasant, but not half so
+merry a place as before. To walk through the courts of Christ's College,
+and not know an inhabitant of a single room, gave one a feeling half
+melancholy. The only evil I found in Cambridge was its being too
+pleasant: there was some agreeable party or another every evening, and
+one cannot say one is engaged with so much impunity there as in this
+great city."[101]
+
+Early in the spring of 1837 he left Cambridge for London, and a week
+later he was settled in lodgings at 36 Great Marlborough Street; and
+except for a "short visit to Shrewsbury" in June, he worked on till
+September, being almost entirely employed on his _Journal_, of which he
+wrote (March):--
+
+"In your last letter you urge me to get ready _the_ book. I am now hard
+at work and give up everything else for it. Our plan is as follows:
+Capt. Fitz-Roy writes two volumes out of the materials collected during
+the last voyage under Capt. King to Tierra del Fuego, and during our
+circumnavigation. I am to have the third volume, in which I intend
+giving a kind of journal of a naturalist, not following, however, always
+the order of time, but rather the order of position."
+
+A letter to Fox (July) gives an account of the progress of his work:--
+
+"I gave myself a holiday and a visit to Shrewsbury [in June], as I had
+finished my Journal. I shall now be very busy in filling up gaps and
+getting it quite ready for the press by the first of August. I shall
+always feel respect for every one who has written a book, let it be what
+it may, for I had no idea of the trouble which trying to write common
+English could cost one. And, alas, there yet remains the worst part of
+all, correcting the press. As soon as ever that is done I must put my
+shoulder to the wheel and commence at the Geology. I have read some
+short papers to the Geological Society, and they were favourably
+received by the great guns, and this gives me much confidence, and I
+hope not a very great deal of vanity, though I confess I feel too often
+like a peacock admiring his tail. I never expected that my Geology would
+ever have been worth the consideration of such men as Lyell, who has
+been to me, since my return, a most active friend. My life is a very
+busy one at present, and I hope may ever remain so; though Heaven knows
+there are many serious drawbacks to such a life, and chief amongst them
+is the little time it allows one for seeing one's natural friends. For
+the last three years, I have been longing and longing to be living at
+Shrewsbury, and after all now in the course of several months, I see my
+good dear people at Shrewsbury for a week. Susan and Catherine have,
+however, been staying with my brother here for some weeks, but they had
+returned home before my visit."
+
+In August he writes to Henslow to announce the success of the scheme for
+the publication of the _Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle_, through
+the promise of a grant of £1000 from the Treasury: "I had an interview
+with the Chancellor of the Exchequer.[102] He appointed to see me this
+morning, and I had a long conversation with him, Mr. Peacock being
+present. Nothing could be more thoroughly obliging and kind than his
+whole manner. He made no sort of restriction, but only told me to make
+the most of the money, which of course I am right willing to do.
+
+"I expected rather an awful interview, but I never found anything less
+so in my life. It will be my fault if I do not make a good work; but I
+sometimes take an awful fright that I have not materials enough. It will
+be excessively satisfactory at the end of some two years to find all
+materials made the most they were capable of."
+
+Later in the autumn he wrote to Henslow: "I have not been very well of
+late, with an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart, and my doctors
+urge me _strongly_ to knock off all work, and go and live in the country
+for a few weeks." He accordingly took a holiday of about a month at
+Shrewsbury and Maer, and paid Fox a visit in the Isle of Wight. It was,
+I believe, during this visit, at Mr. Wedgwood's house at Maer, that he
+made his first observations on the work done by earthworms, and late in
+the autumn he read a paper on the subject at the Geological Society.
+
+Here he was already beginning to make his mark. Lyell wrote to Sedgwick
+(April 21, 1837):--
+
+"Darwin is a glorious addition to any society of geologists, and is
+working hard and making way both in his book and in our discussions. I
+really never saw that bore Dr. Mitchell so successfully silenced, or
+such a bucket of cold water so dexterously poured down his back, as when
+Darwin answered some impertinent and irrelevant questions about South
+America. We escaped fifteen minutes of Dr. M.'s vulgar harangue in
+consequence...."
+
+Early in the following year (1838), he was, much against his will,
+elected Secretary of the Geological Society, an office he held for three
+years. A chief motive for his hesitation in accepting the post was the
+condition of his health, the doctors having urged "me to give up
+entirely all writing and even correcting press for some weeks. Of late
+anything which flurries me completely knocks me up afterwards, and
+brings on a violent palpitation of the heart."
+
+In the summer of 1838 he started on his expedition to Glen Roy, where he
+spent "eight good days" over the Parallel Roads. His Essay on this
+subject was written out during the same summer, and published by the
+Royal Society.[103] He wrote in his Pocket Book: "September 6 (1838).
+Finished the paper on 'Glen Roy,' one of the most difficult and
+instructive tasks I was ever engaged on." It will be remembered that in
+his _Autobiography_ he speaks of this paper as a failure, of which he
+was ashamed.[104]
+
+
+_C. D. to Lyell._ [August 9th, 1838.]
+
+36 Great Marlborough Street.
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--I did not write to you at Norwich, for I thought I should
+have more to say, if I waited a few more days. Very many thanks for the
+present of your _Elements_, which I received (and I believe the _very
+first_ copy distributed) together with your note. I have read it through
+every word, and am full of admiration of it, and, as I now see no
+geologist, I must talk to you about it. There is no pleasure in reading
+a book if one cannot have a good talk over it; I repeat, I am full of
+admiration of it, it is as clear as daylight, in fact I felt in many
+parts some mortification at thinking how geologists have laboured and
+struggled at proving what seems, as you have put it, so evidently
+probable. I read with much interest your sketch of the secondary
+deposits; you have contrived to make it quite "juicy," as we used to say
+as children of a good story. There was also much new to me, and I have
+to copy out some fifty notes and references. It must do good, the
+heretics against common-sense must yield.... By the way, do you
+recollect my telling you how much I disliked the manner X. referred to
+his other works, as much as to say, "You must, ought, and shall buy
+everything I have written." To my mind, you have somehow quite avoided
+this; your references only seem to say, "I can't tell you all in this
+work, else I would, so you must go to the _Principles_; and many a one,
+I trust, you will send there, and make them, like me, adorers of the
+good science of rock-breaking."[105] You will see I am in a fit of
+enthusiasm, and good cause I have to be, when I find you have made such
+infinitely more use of my Journal than I could have anticipated. I will
+say no more about the book, for it is all praise. I must, however,
+admire the elaborate honesty with which you quote the words of all
+living and dead geologists.
+
+My Scotch expedition answered brilliantly; my trip in the steam-packet
+was absolutely pleasant, and I enjoyed the spectacle, wretch that I am,
+of two ladies, and some small children quite sea-sick, I being well.
+Moreover, on my return from Glasgow to Liverpool, I triumphed in a
+similar manner over some full-grown men. I stayed one whole day in
+Edinburgh, or more truly on Salisbury Craigs; I want to hear some day
+what you think about that classical ground,--the structure was to me new
+and rather curious,--that is, if I understand it right. I crossed from
+Edinburgh in gigs and carts (and carts without springs, as I never shall
+forget) to Loch Leven. I was disappointed in the scenery, and reached
+Glen Roy on Saturday evening, one week after leaving Marlborough Street.
+Here I enjoyed five [?] days of the most beautiful weather with gorgeous
+sunsets, and all nature looking as happy as I felt. I wandered over the
+mountains in all directions, and examined that most extraordinary
+district. I think, without any exceptions, not even the first volcanic
+island, the first elevated beach, or the passage of the Cordillera, was
+so interesting to me as this week. It is far the most remarkable area I
+ever examined. I have fully convinced myself (after some doubting at
+first) that the shelves are sea-beaches, although I could not find a
+trace of a shell; and I think I can explain away most, if not all, the
+difficulties. I found a piece of a road in another valley, not hitherto
+observed, which is important; and I have some curious facts about
+erratic blocks, one of which was perched up on a peak 2200 feet above
+the sea. I am now employed in writing a paper on the subject, which I
+find very amusing work, excepting that I cannot anyhow condense it into
+reasonable limits. At some future day I hope to talk over some of the
+conclusions with you, which the examination of Glen Roy has led me to.
+Now I have had my talk out, I am much easier, for I can assure you Glen
+Roy has astonished me.
+
+I am living very quietly, and therefore pleasantly, and am crawling on
+slowly but steadily with my work. I have come to one conclusion, which
+you will think proves me to be a very sensible man, namely, that
+whatever you say proves right; and as a proof of this, I am coming into
+your way of only working about two hours at a spell; I then go out and
+do my business in the streets, return and set to work again, and thus
+make two separate days out of one. The new plan answers capitally; after
+the second half day is finished I go and dine at the Athenęum like a
+gentleman, or rather like a lord, for I am sure the first evening I sat
+in that great drawing-room, all on a sofa by myself, I felt just like a
+duke. I am full of admiration at the Athenęum, one meets so many people
+there that one likes to see....
+
+I have heard from more than one quarter that quarrelling is expected at
+Newcastle[106]; I am sorry to hear it. I met old ---- this evening at
+the Athenęum, and he muttered something about writing to you or some one
+on the subject; I am however all in the dark. I suppose, however, I
+shall be illuminated, for I am going to dine with him in a few days, as
+my inventive powers failed in making any excuse. A friend of mine dined
+with him the other day, a party of four, and they finished ten bottles
+of wine--a pleasant prospect for me; but I am determined not even to
+taste his wine, partly for the fun of seeing his infinite disgust and
+surprise....
+
+I pity you the infliction of this most unmerciful letter. Pray remember
+me most kindly to Mrs. Lyell when you arrive at Kinnordy. Tell Mrs.
+Lyell to read the second series of 'Mr. Slick of Slickville's
+Sayings.'... He almost beats 'Samivel,' that prince of heroes. Good
+night, my dear Lyell; you will think I have been drinking some strong
+drink to write so much nonsense, but I did not even taste Minerva's
+small beer to-day....
+
+
+A record of what he wrote during the year 1838 would not give a true
+index of the most important work that was in progress--the laying of the
+foundation-stones of what was to be the achievement of his life. This is
+shown in the following passages from a letter to Lyell (September), and
+from a letter to Fox, written in June:--
+
+"I wish with all my heart that my Geological book was out. I have every
+motive to work hard, and will, following your steps, work just that
+degree of hardness to keep well. I should like my volume to be out
+before your new edition of the _Principles_ appears. Besides the Coral
+theory, the volcanic chapters will, I think, contain some new facts. I
+have lately been sadly tempted to be idle--that is, as far as pure
+geology is concerned--by the delightful number of new views which have
+been coming in thickly and steadily--on the classification and
+affinities and instincts of animals--bearing on the question of species.
+Note-book after note-book has been filled with facts which begin to
+group themselves _clearly_ under sub-laws."
+
+"I am delighted to hear you are such a good man as not to have forgotten
+my questions about the crossing of animals. It is my prime hobby, and I
+really think some day I shall be able to do something in that most
+intricate subject, species and varieties."
+
+In the winter of 1839 (Jan. 29) my father was married to his cousin,
+Emma Wedgwood.[107] The house in which they lived for the first few
+years of their married life, No. 12 Upper Gower Street, was a small
+common-place London house, with a drawing-room in front, and a small
+room behind, in which they lived for the sake of quietness. In later
+years my father used to laugh over the surpassing ugliness of the
+furniture, carpets, &c., of the Gower Street house. The only redeeming
+feature was a better garden than most London houses have, a strip as
+wide as the house, and thirty yards long. Even this small space of dingy
+grass made their London house more tolerable to its two country-bred
+inhabitants.
+
+Of his life in London he writes to Fox (October 1839): "We are living a
+life of extreme quietness; Delamere itself, which you describe as so
+secluded a spot, is, I will answer for it, quite dissipated compared
+with Gower Street. We have given up all parties, for they agree with
+neither of us; and if one is quiet in London, there is nothing like its
+quietness--there is a grandeur about its smoky fogs, and the dull
+distant sounds of cabs and coaches; in fact you may perceive I am
+becoming a thorough-paced Cockney, and I glory in the thought that I
+shall be here for the next six months."
+
+The entries of ill health in the Diary increase in number during these
+years, and as a consequence the holidays become longer and more
+frequent.
+
+The entry under August 1839 is: "Read a little, was much unwell and
+scandalously idle. I have derived this much good, that _nothing_ is so
+intolerable as idleness."
+
+At the end of 1839 his first child was born, and it was then that he
+began his observations ultimately published in the _Expression of the
+Emotions_. His book on this subject, and the short paper published in
+_Mind_,[108] show how closely he observed his child. He seems to have
+been surprised at his own feeling for a young baby, for he wrote to Fox
+(July 1840): "He [_i.e._ the baby] is so charming that I cannot pretend
+to any modesty. I defy anybody to flatter us on our baby, for I defy
+anyone to say anything in its praise of which we are not fully
+conscious.... I had not the smallest conception there was so much in a
+five-month baby. You will perceive by this that I have a fine degree of
+paternal fervour."
+
+In 1841 some improvement in his health became apparent; he wrote in
+September:--
+
+"I have steadily been gaining ground, and really believe now I shall
+some day be quite strong. I write daily for a couple of hours on my
+Coral volume, and take a little walk or ride every day. I grow very
+tired in the evenings, and am not able to go out at that time, or hardly
+to receive my nearest relations; but my life ceases to be burdensome now
+that I can do something."
+
+The manuscript of _Coral Reefs_ was at last sent to the printers in
+January 1842, and the last proof corrected in May. He thus writes of the
+work in his diary:--
+
+"I commenced this work three years and seven months ago. Out of this
+period about twenty months (besides work during _Beagle's_ voyage) has
+been spent on it, and besides it, I have only compiled the Bird part of
+Zoology; Appendix to Journal, paper on Boulders, and corrected papers on
+Glen Roy and earthquakes, reading on species, and rest all lost by
+illness."
+
+The latter part of this year belongs to the period including the
+settlement at Down, and is therefore dealt with in another chapter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[97] The Museum of the Zoological Society, then at 33 Bruton Street. The
+collection was some years later broken up and dispersed.
+
+[98] William Lonsdale, b. 1794, d. 1871, was originally in the army, and
+served at the battles of Salamanca and Waterloo. After the war he left
+the service and gave himself up to science. He acted as
+assistant-secretary to the Geological Society from 1829-42, when he
+resigned, owing to ill-health.
+
+[99] T. Bell, F.R.S., formerly Professor of Zoology in King's College,
+London, and sometime secretary to the Royal Society. He afterwards
+described the reptiles for the _Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle_.
+
+[100] I have often heard him speak of the despair with which he had to
+break off the projecting extremity of a huge, partly excavated bone,
+when the boat waiting for him would wait no longer.
+
+[101] A trifling record of my father's presence in Cambridge occurs in
+the book kept in Christ's College Combination-room, in which fines and
+bets are recorded, the earlier entries giving a curious impression of
+the after-dinner frame of mind of the Fellows. The bets are not allowed
+to be made in money, but are, like the fines, paid in wine. The bet
+which my father made and lost is thus recorded:--
+
+"_Feb. 23, 1837._--Mr. Darwin _v._ Mr. Baines, that the combination-room
+measures from the ceiling to the floor more than _x_ feet.
+
+"1 Bottle paid same day."
+
+The bets are usually recorded in such a way as not to preclude future
+speculation on a subject which has proved itself capable of supplying a
+discussion (and a bottle) to the Room, hence the _x_ in the above
+quotation.
+
+[102] Spring Rice.
+
+[103] _Phil. Trans._, 1839, pp. 39-82.
+
+[104] Sir Archibald Geikie has been so good as to allow me to quote a
+passage from a letter addressed to me (Nov. 19, 1884):--"Had the idea of
+transient barriers of glacier-ice occurred to him, he would have found
+the difficulties vanish from the lake-theory which he opposed, and he
+would not have been unconsciously led to minimise the altogether
+overwhelming objections to the supposition that the terraces are of
+marine origin."
+
+It may be added that the idea of the barriers being formed by glaciers
+could hardly have occurred to him, considering the state of knowledge at
+the time, and bearing in mind his want of opportunities of observing
+glacial action on a large scale.
+
+[105] In a letter of Sept. 13 he wrote:--"It will be a curious point to
+geologists hereafter to note how long a man's name will support a theory
+so completely exposed as that of De Beaumont has been by you; you say
+you 'begin to hope that the great principles there insisted on will
+stand the test of time.' _Begin to hope_: why, the _possibility_ of a
+doubt has never crossed my mind for many a day. This may be very
+unphilosophical, but my geological salvation is staked on it."
+
+[106] At the meeting of the British Association.
+
+[107] Daughter of Josiah Wedgwood of Maer, and grand-daughter of the
+founder of the Etruria Pottery Works.
+
+[108] July 1877.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+LIFE AT DOWN.
+
+1842-1854.
+
+     "My life goes on like clockwork, and I am fixed on the spot where I
+     shall end it."
+
+     Letter to Captain Fitz-Roy, October, 1846.
+
+
+Certain letters which, chronologically considered, belong to the period
+1845-54 have been utilised in a later chapter where the growth of the
+_Origin of Species_ is described. In the present chapter we only get
+occasional hints of the growth of my father's views, and we may suppose
+ourselves to be seeing his life, as it might have appeared to those who
+had no knowledge of the quiet development of his theory of evolution
+during this period.
+
+On Sept. 14, 1842, my father left London with his family and settled at
+Down.[109] In the Autobiographical chapter, his motives for moving into
+the country are briefly given. He speaks of the attendance at scientific
+societies and ordinary social duties as suiting his health so "badly
+that we resolved to live in the country, which we both preferred and
+have never repented of." His intention of keeping up with scientific
+life in London is expressed in a letter to Fox (Dec., 1842):--
+
+"I hope by going up to town for a night every fortnight or three weeks,
+to keep up my communication with scientific men and my own zeal, and so
+not to turn into a complete Kentish hog."
+
+Visits to London of this kind were kept up for some years at the cost of
+much exertion on his part. I have often heard him speak of the wearisome
+drives of ten miles to or from Croydon or Sydenham--the nearest
+stations--with an old gardener acting as coachman, who drove with great
+caution and slowness up and down the many hills. In later years,
+regular scientific intercourse with London became, as before mentioned,
+an impossibility.
+
+The choice of Down was rather the result of despair than of actual
+preference: my father and mother were weary of house-hunting, and the
+attractive points about the place thus seemed to them to counterbalance
+its somewhat more obvious faults. It had at least one desideratum,
+namely, quietness. Indeed it would have been difficult to find a more
+retired place so near to London. In 1842 a coach drive of some twenty
+miles was the usual means of access to Down; and even now that railways
+have crept closer to it, it is singularly out of the world, with nothing
+to suggest the neighbourhood of London, unless it be the dull haze of
+smoke that sometimes clouds the sky. The village stands in an angle
+between two of the larger high-roads of the country, one leading to
+Tunbridge and the other to Westerham and Edenbridge. It is cut off from
+the Weald by a line of steep chalk hills on the south, and an abrupt
+hill, now smoothed down by a cutting and embankment, must formerly have
+been something of a barrier against encroachments from the side of
+London. In such a situation, a village, communicating with the main
+lines of traffic, only by stony tortuous lanes, may well have preserved
+its retired character. Nor is it hard to believe in the smugglers and
+their strings of pack-horses making their way up from the lawless old
+villages of the Weald, of which the memory still existed when my father
+settled in Down. The village stands on solitary upland country, 500 to
+600 feet above the sea--a country with little natural beauty, but
+possessing a certain charm in the shaws, or straggling strips of wood,
+capping the chalky banks and looking down upon the quiet ploughed lands
+of the valleys. The village, of three or four hundred inhabitants,
+consists of three small streets of cottages meeting in front of the
+little flint-built church. It is a place where new-comers are seldom
+seen, and the names occurring far back in the old church registers are
+still known in the village. The smock-frock is not yet quite extinct,
+though chiefly used as a ceremonial dress by the "bearers" at funerals;
+but as a boy I remember the purple or green smocks of the men at church.
+
+The house stands a quarter of a mile from the village, and is built,
+like so many houses of the last century, as near as possible to the
+road--a narrow lane winding away to the Westerham high-road. In 1842, it
+was dull and unattractive enough: a square brick building of three
+storeys, covered with shabby whitewash, and hanging tiles. The garden
+had none of the shrubberies or walls that now give shelter; it was
+overlooked from the lane, and was open, bleak, and desolate. One of my
+father's first undertakings was to lower the lane by about two feet, and
+to build a flint wall along that part of it which bordered the garden.
+The earth thus excavated was used in making banks and mounds round the
+lawn: these were planted with evergreens, which now give to the garden
+its retired and sheltered character.
+
+The house was made to look neater by being covered with stucco, but the
+chief improvement effected was the building of a large bow extending up
+through three storeys. This bow became covered with a tangle of
+creepers, and pleasantly varied the south side of the house. The
+drawing-room, with its verandah opening into the garden, as well as the
+study in which my father worked during the later years of his life, were
+added at subsequent dates.
+
+Eighteen acres of land were sold with the house, of which twelve acres
+on the south side of the house form a pleasant field, scattered with
+fair-sized oaks and ashes. From this field a strip was cut off and
+converted into a kitchen garden, in which the experimental plot of
+ground was situated, and where the greenhouses were ultimately put up.
+
+During the whole of 1843 he was occupied with geological work, the
+result of which was published in the spring of the following year. It
+was entitled _Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited
+during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices on
+the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope_; it formed the
+second part of the _Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle_, published
+"with the Approval of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's
+Treasury." The volume on _Coral Reefs_ forms Part I. of the series, and
+was published, as we have seen, in 1842. For the sake of the
+non-geological reader, I may here quote Sir A. Geikie's words[110] on
+these two volumes--which were up to this time my father's chief
+geological works. Speaking of the _Coral Reefs_, he says (p. 17): "This
+well-known treatise, the most original of all its author's geological
+memoirs, has become one of the classics of geological literature. The
+origin of those remarkable rings of coral-rock in mid-ocean has given
+rise to much speculation, but no satisfactory solution of the problem
+had been proposed. After visiting many of them, and examining also coral
+reefs that fringe islands and continents, he offered a theory which for
+simplicity and grandeur, strikes every reader with astonishment. It is
+pleasant, after the lapse of many years, to recall the delight with
+which one first read the _Coral Reefs_, how one watched the facts being
+marshalled into their places, nothing being ignored or passed lightly
+over; and how, step by step, one was led to the grand conclusion of wide
+oceanic subsidence. No more admirable example of scientific method was
+ever given to the world, and even if he had written nothing else, the
+treatise alone would have placed Darwin in the very front of
+investigators of nature."
+
+It is interesting to see in the following extract from one of Lyell's
+letters[111] how warmly and readily he embraced the theory. The extract
+also gives incidentally some idea of the theory itself.
+
+"I am very full of Darwin's new theory of Coral Islands, and have urged
+Whewell to make him read it at our next meeting. I must give up my
+volcanic crater theory for ever, though it cost me a pang at first, for
+it accounted for so much, the annular form, the central lagoon, the
+sudden rising of an isolated mountain in a deep sea; all went so well
+with the notion of submerged, crateriform, and conical volcanoes, ...
+and then the fact that in the South Pacific we had scarcely any rocks in
+the regions of coral islands, save two kinds, coral limestone and
+volcanic! Yet in spite of all this, the whole theory is knocked on the
+head, and the annular shape and central lagoon have nothing to do with
+volcanoes, nor even with a crateriform bottom. Perhaps Darwin told you
+when at the Cape what he considers the true cause? Let any mountain be
+submerged gradually, and coral grow in the sea in which it is sinking,
+and there will be a ring of coral, and finally only a lagoon in the
+centre.... Coral islands are the last efforts of drowning continents to
+lift their heads above water. Regions of elevation and subsidence in the
+ocean may be traced by the state of the coral reefs."
+
+The second part of the _Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle_, _i.e._ the
+volume on Volcanic Islands, which specially concerns us now, cannot be
+better described than by again quoting from Sir A. Geikie (p. 18):--
+
+"Full of detailed observations, this work still remains the best
+authority on the general geological structure of most of the regions it
+describes. At the time it was written the 'crater of elevation theory,'
+though opposed by Constant Prévost, Scrope, and Lyell, was generally
+accepted, at least on the Continent. Darwin, however, could not receive
+it as a valid explanation of the facts; and though he did not share the
+view of its chief opponents, but ventured to propose a hypothesis of his
+own, the observations impartially made and described by him in this
+volume must be regarded as having contributed towards the final solution
+of the difficulty." Geikie continues (p. 21): "He is one of the earliest
+writers to recognize the magnitude of the denudation to which even
+recent geological accumulations have been subjected. One of the most
+impressive lessons to be learnt from his account of 'Volcanic Islands'
+is the prodigious extent to which they have been denuded.... He was
+disposed to attribute more of this work to the sea than most geologists
+would now admit; but he lived himself to modify his original views, and
+on this subject his latest utterances are quite abreast of the time."
+
+An extract from a letter of my father's to Lyell shows his estimate of
+his own work. "You have pleased me much by saying that you intend
+looking through my _Volcanic Islands_: it cost me eighteen months!!! and
+I have heard of very few who have read it.[112] Now I shall feel,
+whatever little (and little it is) there is confirmatory of old work, or
+new, will work its effect and not be lost."
+
+The second edition of the _Journal of Researches_[113] was completed in
+1845. It was published by Mr. Murray in the _Colonial and Home Library_,
+and in this more accessible form soon had a large sale.
+
+
+_C. D. to Lyell._ Down [July, 1845].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--I send you the first part[114] of the new edition, which
+I so entirely owe to you. You will see that I have ventured to dedicate
+it to you, and I trust that this cannot be disagreeable. I have long
+wished, not so much for your sake, as for my own feelings of honesty, to
+acknowledge more plainly than by mere reference, how much I
+geologically owe you. Those authors, however, who, like you, educate
+people's minds as well as teach them special facts, can never, I should
+think, have full justice done them except by posterity, for the mind
+thus insensibly improved can hardly perceive its own upward ascent. I
+had intended putting in the present acknowledgment in the third part of
+my Geology, but its sale is so exceedingly small that I should not have
+had the satisfaction of thinking that as far as lay in my power I had
+owned, though imperfectly, my debt. Pray do not think that I am so
+silly, as to suppose that my dedication can any ways gratify you, except
+so far as I trust you will receive it, as a most sincere mark of my
+gratitude and friendship. I think I have improved this edition,
+especially the second part, which I have just finished. I have added a
+good deal about the Fuegians, and cut down into half the mercilessly
+long discussion on climate and glaciers, &c. I do not recollect anything
+added to the first part, long enough to call your attention to; there is
+a page of description of a very curious breed of oxen in Banda Oriental.
+I should like you to read the few last pages; there is a little
+discussion on extinction, which will not perhaps strike you as new,
+though it has so struck me, and has placed in my mind all the
+difficulties with respect to the causes of extinction, in the same class
+with other difficulties which are generally quite overlooked and
+undervalued by naturalists; I ought, however, to have made my discussion
+longer and shown by facts, as I easily could, how steadily every species
+must be checked in its numbers.
+
+
+A pleasant notice of the _Journal_ occurs in a letter from Humboldt to
+Mrs. Austin, dated June 7, 1844[115]:--
+
+"Alas! you have got some one in England whom you do not read--young
+Darwin, who went with the expedition to the Straits of Magellan. He has
+succeeded far better than myself with the subject I took up. There are
+admirable descriptions of tropical nature in his journal, which you do
+not read because the author is a zoologist, which you imagine to be
+synonymous with bore. Mr. Darwin has another merit, a very rare one in
+your country--he has praised me."
+
+
+_October 1846 to October 1854._
+
+The time between October 1846, and October 1854, was practically given
+up to working at the Cirripedia (Barnacles); the results were published
+in two volumes by the Ray Society in 1851 and 1854. His volumes on the
+Fossil Cirripedes were published by the Palęontographical Society in
+1851 and 1854.
+
+Writing to Sir J. D. Hooker in 1845, my father says: "I hope this next
+summer to finish my South American Geology,[116] then to get out a
+little Zoology, and hurrah for my species work...." This passage serves
+to show that he had at this time no intention of making an exhaustive
+study of the Cirripedes. Indeed it would seem that his original
+intention was, as I learn from Sir J. D. Hooker, merely to work out one
+special problem. This is quite in keeping with the following passage in
+the _Autobiography_: "When on the coast of Chile, I found a most curious
+form, which burrowed into the shells of Concholepas, and which differed
+so much from all other Cirripedes that I had to form a new sub-order for
+its sole reception.... To understand the structure of my new Cirripede I
+had to examine and dissect many of the common forms; and this gradually
+led me on to take up the whole group." In later years he seems to have
+felt some doubt as to the value of these eight years of work--for
+instance when he wrote in his _Autobiography_--"My work was of
+considerable use to me, when I had to discuss in the _Origin of Species_
+the principles of a natural classification. Nevertheless I doubt whether
+the work was worth the consumption of so much time." Yet I learn from
+Sir J. D. Hooker that he certainly recognised at the time its value to
+himself as systematic training. Sir Joseph writes to me: "Your father
+recognised three stages in his career as a biologist: the mere collector
+at Cambridge; the collector and observer in the _Beagle_, and for some
+years afterwards; and the trained naturalist after, and only after the
+Cirripede work. That he was a thinker all along is true enough, and
+there is a vast deal in his writings previous to the Cirripedes that a
+trained naturalist could but emulate.... He often alluded to it as a
+valued discipline, and added that even the 'hateful' work of digging out
+synonyms, and of describing, not only improved his methods but opened
+his eyes to the difficulties and merits of the works of the dullest of
+cataloguers. One result was that he would never allow a depreciatory
+remark to pass unchallenged on the poorest class of scientific workers,
+provided that their work was honest, and good of its kind. I have always
+regarded it as one of the finest traits of his character,--this generous
+appreciation of the hod-men of science, and of their labours ... and it
+was monographing the Barnacles that brought it about."
+
+Mr. Huxley allows me to quote his opinion as to the value of the eight
+years given to the Cirripedes:--
+
+"In my opinion your sagacious father never did a wiser thing than when
+he devoted himself to the years of patient toil which the Cirripede-book
+cost him.
+
+"Like the rest of us, he had no proper training in biological science,
+and it has always struck me as a remarkable instance of his scientific
+insight, that he saw the necessity of giving himself such training, and
+of his courage, that he did not shirk the labour of obtaining it.
+
+"The great danger which besets all men of large speculative faculty, is
+the temptation to deal with the accepted statements of fact in natural
+science, as if they were not only correct, but exhaustive; as if they
+might be dealt with deductively, in the same way as propositions in
+Euclid may be dealt with. In reality, every such statement, however true
+it may be, is true only relatively to the means of observation and the
+point of view of those who have enunciated it. So far it may be depended
+upon. But whether it will bear every speculative conclusion that may be
+logically deduced from it, is quite another question.
+
+"Your father was building a vast superstructure upon the foundations
+furnished by the recognised facts of geological and biological science.
+In Physical Geography, in Geology proper, in Geographical Distribution,
+and in Palęontology, he had acquired an extensive practical training
+during the voyage of the _Beagle_. He knew of his own knowledge the way
+in which the raw materials of these branches of science are acquired,
+and was therefore a most competent judge of the speculative strain they
+would bear. That which he needed, after his return to England, was a
+corresponding acquaintance with Anatomy and Development, and their
+relation to Taxonomy--and he acquired this by his Cirripede work."
+
+Though he became excessively weary of the work before the end of the
+eight years, he had much keen enjoyment in the course of it. Thus he
+wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (1847?):--"As you say, there is an
+extraordinary pleasure in pure observation; not but what I suspect the
+pleasure in this case is rather derived from comparisons forming in
+one's mind with allied structures. After having been so long employed
+in writing my old geological observations, it is delightful to use one's
+eyes and fingers again." It was, in fact, a return to the work which
+occupied so much of his time when at sea during his voyage. Most of his
+work was done with the simple dissecting microscope--and it was the need
+which he found for higher powers that induced him, in 1846, to buy a
+compound microscope. He wrote to Hooker:--"When I was drawing with L., I
+was so delighted with the appearance of the objects, especially with
+their perspective, as seen through the weak powers of a good compound
+microscope, that I am going to order one; indeed, I often have
+structures in which the 1/30 is not power enough."
+
+During part of the time covered by the present chapter, my father
+suffered perhaps more from ill-health than at any other period of his
+life. He felt severely the depressing influence of these long years of
+illness; thus as early as 1840 he wrote to Fox: "I am grown a dull, old,
+spiritless dog to what I used to be. One gets stupider as one grows
+older I think." It is not wonderful that he should so have written, it
+is rather to be wondered at that his spirit withstood so great and
+constant a strain. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker in 1845: "You are very
+kind in your inquiries about my health; I have nothing to say about it,
+being always much the same, some days better and some worse. I believe I
+have not had one whole day, or rather night, without my stomach having
+been greatly disordered, during the last three years, and most days
+great prostration of strength: thank you for your kindness; many of my
+friends, I believe, think me a hypochondriac."
+
+During the whole of the period now under consideration, he was in
+constant correspondence with Sir Joseph Hooker. The following
+characteristic letter on Sigillaria (a gigantic fossil plant found in
+the Coal Measures) was afterwards characterised by himself as not being
+"reasoning, or even speculation, but simply as mental rioting."
+
+
+[Down, 1847?]
+
+" ... I am delighted to hear that Brongniart thought Sigillaria aquatic,
+and that Binney considers coal a sort of submarine peat. I would bet 5
+to 1 that in twenty years this will be generally admitted;[117] and I do
+not care for whatever the botanical difficulties or impossibilities may
+be. If I could but persuade myself that Sigillaria and Co. had a good
+range of depth, _i.e._ could live from 5 to 10 fathoms under water, all
+difficulties of nearly all kinds would be removed (for the simple fact
+of muddy ordinary shallow sea implies proximity of land). [N.B.--I am
+chuckling to think how you are sneering all this time.] It is not much
+of a difficulty, there not being shells with the coal, considering how
+unfavourable deep mud is for most Mollusca, and that shells would
+probably decay from the humic acid, as seems to take place in peat and
+in the _black_ moulds (as Lyell tells me) of the Mississippi. So coal
+question settled--Q. E. D. Sneer away!"
+
+The two following extracts give the continuation and conclusion of the
+coal battle.
+
+"By the way, as submarine coal made you so wrath, I thought I would
+experimentise on Falconer and Bunbury[118] together, and it made [them]
+even more savage; 'such infernal nonsense ought to be thrashed out of
+me.' Bunbury was more polite and contemptuous. So I now know how to stir
+up and show off any Botanist. I wonder whether Zoologists and Geologists
+have got their tender points; I wish I could find out."
+
+"I cannot resist thanking you for your most kind note. Pray do not think
+that I was annoyed by your letter: I perceived that you had been
+thinking with animation, and accordingly expressed yourself strongly,
+and so I understood it. Forfend me from a man who weighs every
+expression with Scotch prudence. I heartily wish you all success in your
+noble problem, and I shall be very curious to have some talk with you
+and hear your ultimatum."
+
+He also corresponded with the late Hugh Strickland,--a well-known
+ornithologist, on the need of reform in the principle of nomenclature.
+The following extract (1849) gives an idea of my father's view:--
+
+"I feel sure as long as species-mongers have their vanity tickled by
+seeing their own names appended to a species, because they miserably
+described it in two or three lines, we shall have the same _vast_ amount
+of bad work as at present, and which is enough to dishearten any man who
+is willing to work out any branch with care and time. I find every genus
+of Cirripedia has half-a-dozen names, and not one careful description of
+any one species in any one genus. I do not believe that this would have
+been the case if each man knew that the memory of his own name depended
+on his doing his work well, and not upon merely appending a name with a
+few wretched lines indicating only a few prominent external
+characters."
+
+In 1848 Dr. R. W. Darwin died, and Charles Darwin wrote to Hooker, from
+Malvern:--
+
+"On the 13th of November, my poor dear father died, and no one who did
+not know him would believe that a man above eighty-three years old could
+have retained so tender and affectionate a disposition, with all his
+sagacity unclouded to the last. I was at the time so unwell, that I was
+unable to travel, which added to my misery.
+
+"All this winter I have been bad enough ... and my nervous system began
+to be affected, so that my hands trembled, and head was often swimming.
+I was not able to do anything one day out of three, and was altogether
+too dispirited to write to you, or to do anything but what I was
+compelled. I thought I was rapidly going the way of all flesh. Having
+heard, accidentally, of two persons who had received much benefit from
+the water-cure, I got Dr. Gully's book, and made further inquiries, and
+at last started here, with wife, children, and all our servants. We have
+taken a house for two months, and have been here a fortnight. I am
+already a little stronger.... Dr. Gully feels pretty sure he can do me
+good, which most certainly the regular doctors could not.... I feel
+certain that the water-cure is no quackery.
+
+"How I shall enjoy getting back to Down with renovated health, if such
+is to be my good fortune, and resuming the beloved Barnacles. Now I hope
+that you will forgive me for my negligence in not having sooner answered
+your letter. I was uncommonly interested by the sketch you give of your
+intended grand expedition, from which I suppose you will soon be
+returning. How earnestly I hope that it may prove in every way
+successful...."
+
+
+_C. D. to W. D. Fox_. [March 7, 1852.]
+
+Our long silence occurred to me a few weeks since, and I had then
+thought of writing, but was idle. I congratulate and condole with you on
+your _tenth_ child; but please to observe when I have a tenth, send only
+condolences to me. We have now seven children, all well, thank God, as
+well as their mother; of these seven, five are boys; and my father used
+to say that it was certain that a boy gave as much trouble as three
+girls; so that _bonā fide_ we have seventeen children. It makes me sick
+whenever I think of professions; all seem hopelessly bad, and as yet I
+cannot see a ray of light. I should very much like to talk over this
+(by the way, my three bugbears are Californian and Australian gold,
+beggaring me by making my money on mortgage worth nothing; the French
+coming by the Westerham and Sevenoaks roads, and therefore enclosing
+Down; and thirdly, professions for my boys), and I should like to talk
+about education, on which you ask me what we are doing. No one can more
+truly despise the old stereotyped stupid classical education than I do;
+but yet I have not had courage to break through the trammels. After many
+doubts we have just sent our eldest boy to Rugby, where for his age he
+has been very well placed.... I honour, admire, and envy you for
+educating your boys at home. What on earth shall you do with your boys?
+Very many thanks for your most kind and large invitation to Delamere,
+but I fear we can hardly compass it. I dread going anywhere, on account
+of my stomach so easily failing under any excitement. I rarely even now
+go to London, not that I am at all worse, perhaps rather better, and
+lead a very comfortable life with my three hours of daily work, but it
+is the life of a hermit. My nights are _always_ bad, and that stops my
+becoming vigorous. You ask about water-cure. I take at intervals of two
+or three months, five or six weeks of _moderately_ severe treatment, and
+always with good effect. Do you come here, I pray and beg whenever you
+can find time; you cannot tell how much pleasure it would give me and E.
+What pleasant times we had in drinking coffee in your rooms at Christ's
+College, and think of the glories of Crux-major.[119] Ah, in those days
+there were no professions for sons, no ill-health to fear for them, no
+Californian gold, no French invasions. How paramount the future is to
+the present when one is surrounded by children. My dread is hereditary
+ill-health. Even death is better for them.
+
+My dear Fox, your sincere friend.
+
+P.S.--Susan[120] has lately been working in a way which I think truly
+heroic about the scandalous violation of the Act against children
+climbing chimneys. We have set up a little Society in Shrewsbury to
+prosecute those who break the law. It is all Susan's doing. She has had
+very nice letters from Lord Shaftesbury and the Duke of Sutherland, but
+the brutal Shropshire squires are as hard as stones to move. The Act out
+of London seems most commonly violated. It makes one shudder to fancy
+one of one's own children at seven years old being forced up a
+chimney--to say nothing of the consequent loathsome disease and
+ulcerated limbs, and utter moral degradation. If you think strongly on
+this subject, do make some enquiries; add to your many good works, this
+other one, and try to stir up the magistrates....
+
+The following letter refers to the Royal Medal, which was awarded to him
+in November, 1853:
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker_. Down [November 1853].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--Amongst my letters received this morning, I opened first
+one from Colonel Sabine; the contents certainly surprised me very much,
+but, though the letter was a _very kind one_, somehow, I cared very
+little indeed for the announcement it contained. I then opened yours,
+and such is the effect of warmth, friendship, and kindness from one that
+is loved, that the very same fact, told as you told it, made me glow
+with pleasure till my very heart throbbed. Believe me, I shall not soon
+forget the pleasure of your letter. Such hearty, affectionate sympathy
+is worth more than all the medals that ever were or will be coined.
+Again, my dear Hooker, I thank you. I hope Lindley[121] will never hear
+that he was a competitor against me; for really it is almost
+_ridiculous_ (of course you would never repeat that I said this, for it
+would be thought by others, though not, I believe by you, to be
+affectation) his not having the medal long before me; I must feel _sure_
+that you did quite right to propose him; and what a good, dear, kind
+fellow you are, nevertheless, to rejoice in this honour being bestowed
+on me.
+
+What _pleasure_ I have felt on the occasion, I owe almost entirely to
+you.[122]
+
+Farewell, my dear Hooker, yours affectionately.
+
+
+The following series of extracts, must, for want of space, serve as a
+sketch of his feeling with regard to his seven years' work at
+Barnacles[123]:--
+
+_September 1849._--"It makes me groan to think that probably I shall
+never again have the exquisite pleasure of making out some new district,
+of evolving geological light out of some troubled dark region. So I must
+make the best of my Cirripedia...."
+
+_October 1849._--"I have of late been at work at mere species
+describing, which is much more difficult than I expected, and has much
+the same sort of interest as a puzzle has; but I confess I often feel
+wearied with the work, and cannot help sometimes asking myself what is
+the good of spending a week or fortnight in ascertaining that certain
+just perceptible differences blend together and constitute varieties and
+not species. As long as I am on anatomy I never feel myself in that
+disgusting, horrid, _cui bono_, inquiring, humour. What miserable work,
+again, it is searching for priority of names. I have just finished two
+species, which possess seven generic, and twenty-four specific names! My
+chief comfort is, that the work must be sometime done, and I may as well
+do it, as any one else."
+
+_October 1852._--"I am at work at the second volume of the Cirripedia,
+of which creatures I am wonderfully tired. I hate a Barnacle as no man
+ever did before, not even a sailor in a slow-sailing ship. My first
+volume is out; the only part worth looking at is on the sexes of Ibla
+and Scalpellum. I hope by next summer to have done with my tedious
+work."
+
+_July 1853._--"I am _extremely_ glad to hear that you approved of my
+cirripedial volume. I have spent an almost ridiculous amount of labour
+on the subject, and certainly would never have undertaken it had I
+foreseen what a job it was."
+
+In September, 1854, his Cirripede work was practically finished, and he
+wrote to Sir J. Hooker:
+
+"I have been frittering away my time for the last several weeks in a
+wearisome manner, partly idleness, and odds and ends, find sending ten
+thousand Barnacles[124] out of the house all over the world. But I shall
+now in a day or two begin to look over my old notes on species. What a
+deal I shall have to discuss with you; I shall have to look sharp that I
+do not 'progress' into one of the greatest bores in life, to the few
+like you with lots of knowledge."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[109] I must not omit to mention a member of the household who
+accompanied him. This was his butler, Joseph Parslow, who remained in
+the family, a valued friend and servant, for forty years, and became, as
+Sir Joseph Hooker once remarked to me, "an integral part of the family,
+and felt to be such by all visitors at the house."
+
+[110] Charles Darwin, _Nature_ Series, 1882.
+
+[111] To Sir John Herschel, May 24, 1837. _Life of Sir Charles Lyell_,
+vol. ii. p. 12.
+
+[112] He wrote to Herbert:--"I have long discovered that geologists
+never read each other's works, and that the only object in writing a
+book is a proof of earnestness, and that you do not form your opinions
+without undergoing labour of some kind. Geology is at present very oral,
+and what I here say is to a great extent quite true." And to Fitz-Roy,
+on the same subject, he wrote: "I have sent my _South American Geology_
+to Dover Street, and you will get it, no doubt, in the course of time.
+You do not know what you threaten when you propose to read it--it is
+purely geological. I said to my brother, 'You will of course read it,'
+and his answer was, 'Upon my life, I would sooner even buy it.'"
+
+[113] The first edition was published in 1839, as vol. iii. of the
+_Voyages of the 'Adventure' and 'Beagle.'_
+
+[114] No doubt proof-sheets.
+
+[115] _Three Generations of Englishwomen_, by Janet Ross (1888), vol. i.
+p. 195.
+
+[116] This refers to the third and last of his geological books,
+_Geological Observation on South America_, which was published in 1846.
+A sentence from a letter of Dec. 11, 1860, may be quoted here--"David
+Forbes has been carefully working the Geology of Chile, and as I value
+praise for accurate observation far higher than for any other quality,
+forgive (if you can) the _insufferable_ vanity of my copying the last
+sentence in his note: 'I regard your Monograph on Chile as, without
+exception, one of the finest specimens of Geological inquiry.' I feel
+inclined to strut like a turkey-cock!"
+
+[117] An unfulfilled prophecy.
+
+[118] The late Sir C. Bunbury, well known as a palęobotanist.
+
+[119] The beetle Panagęus crux-major.
+
+[120] His sister.
+
+[121] John Lindley (b. 1799, d. 1865) was the son of a nurseryman near
+Norwich, through whose failure in business he was thrown at the age of
+twenty on his own resources. He was befriended by Sir W. Hooker, and
+employed as assistant librarian by Sir J. Banks. He seems to have had
+enormous capacity for work, and is said to have translated Richard's
+_Analyse du Fruit_ at one sitting of two days and three nights. He
+became Assistant-Secretary to the Horticultural Society, and in 1829 was
+appointed Professor of Botany at University College, a post which he
+held for upwards of thirty years. His writings are numerous; the best
+known being perhaps his _Vegetable Kingdom_, published in 1846.
+
+[122] Shortly afterwards he received a fresh mark of esteem from his
+warm-hearted friend: "Hooker's book (_Himalayan Journal_) is out, and
+_most beautifully_ got up. He has honoured me beyond measure by
+dedicating it to me!"
+
+[123] In 1860 he wrote to Lyell: "Is not Krohn a good fellow? I have
+long meant to write to him. He has been working at Cirripedes, and has
+detected two or three gigantic blunders, about which, I thank Heaven, I
+spoke rather doubtfully. Such difficult dissection that even Huxley
+failed. It is chiefly the interpretation which I put on parts that is so
+wrong, and not the parts which I describe. But they were gigantic
+blunders, and why I say all this is because Krohn, instead of crowing at
+all, pointed out my errors with the utmost gentleness and pleasantness."
+
+There are two papers by Aug. Krohn, one on the Cement Glands, and the
+other on the development of Cirripedes, _Weigmann's Archiv._ xxv. and
+xxvi. See _Autobiography_, p. 39, where my father remarks, "I blundered
+dreadfully about the cement glands."
+
+[124] The duplicate type-specimens of my father's Cirripedes are in the
+Liverpool Free Public Museum, as I learn from the Rev. H. H. Higgins.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+
+To give an account of the development of the chief work of my father's
+life--the _Origin of Species_, it will be necessary to return to an
+earlier date, and to weave into the story letters and other material,
+purposely omitted from the chapters dealing with the voyage and with his
+life at Down.
+
+To be able to estimate the greatness of the work, we must know something
+of the state of knowledge on the species question at the time when the
+germs of the Darwinian theory were forming in my father's mind.
+
+For the brief sketch which I can here insert, I am largely indebted to
+vol. ii. chapter v. of the _Life and Letters_--a discussion on the
+_Reception of the Origin of Species_ which Mr. Huxley "was good enough
+to write for me, also to the masterly obituary essay on my father, which
+the same writer contributed to the Proceedings of the Royal
+Society."[125]
+
+Mr. Huxley has well said[126]:
+
+"To any one who studies the signs of the times, the emergence of the
+philosophy of Evolution, in the attitude of claimant to the throne of
+the world of thought, from the limbo of hated and, as many hoped,
+forgotten things, is the most portentous event of the nineteenth
+century."
+
+In the autobiographical chapter, my father has given an account of his
+share in this great work: the present chapter does little more than
+expand that story.
+
+Two questions naturally occur to one: (1)--When and how did Darwin
+become convinced that species are mutable? How (that is to say) did he
+begin to believe in evolution. And (2)--When and how did he conceive the
+manner in which species are modified; when did he begin to believe in
+Natural Selection?
+
+The first question is the more difficult of the two to answer. He has
+said in the _Autobiography_ (p. 39) that certain facts observed by him
+in South America seemed to be explicable only on the "supposition that
+species gradually become modified." He goes on to say that the subject
+"haunted him"; and I think it is especially worthy of note that this
+"haunting,"--this unsatisfied dwelling on the subject was connected with
+the desire to explain _how_ species can be modified. It was
+characteristic of him to feel, as he did, that it was "almost useless"
+to endeavour to prove the general truth of evolution, unless the cause
+of change could be discovered. I think that throughout his life the
+questions 1 and 2 were intimately,--perhaps unduly so, connected in his
+mind. It will be shown, however, that after the publication of the
+_Origin_, when his views were being weighed in the balance of scientific
+opinion, it was to the acceptance of Evolution not of Natural Selection
+that he attached importance.
+
+An interesting letter (Feb. 24, 1877) to Dr. Otto Zacharias,[127] gives
+the same impression as the _Autobiography_:--
+
+"When I was on board the _Beagle_ I believed in the permanence of
+species, but as far as I can remember, vague doubts occasionally flitted
+across my mind. On my return home in the autumn of 1836, I immediately
+began to prepare my Journal for publication, and then saw how many facts
+indicated the common descent of species, so that in July, 1837, I opened
+a note-book to record any facts which might bear on the question. But I
+did not become convinced that species were mutable until, I think, two
+or three years had elapsed."
+
+Two years bring us to 1839, at which date the idea of natural selection
+had already occurred to him--a fact which agrees with what has been said
+above. How far the idea that evolution is conceivable came to him from
+earlier writers it is not possible to say. He has recorded in the
+_Autobiography_ (p. 38) the "silent astonishment with which, about the
+year 1825, he heard Grant expound the Lamarckian philosophy." He goes
+on:--
+
+"I had previously read the _Zoonomia_ of my grandfather, in which
+similar views are maintained, but without producing any effect on me.
+Nevertheless, it is probable that the hearing rather early in life such
+views maintained and praised, may have favoured my upholding them under
+a different form in my _Origin of Species_. At this time I admired
+greatly the _Zoonomia_; but on reading it a second time after an
+interval of ten or fifteen years, I was much disappointed; the
+proportion of speculation being so large to the facts given."
+
+Mr. Huxley has well said (Obituary Notice, p. ii.): "Erasmus Darwin,
+was in fact an anticipator of Lamarck, and not of Charles Darwin; there
+is no trace in his works of the conception by the addition of which his
+grandson metamorphosed the theory of evolution as applied to living
+things, and gave it a new foundation."
+
+On the whole it seems to me that the effect on his mind of the earlier
+evolutionists was inappreciable, and as far as concerns the history of
+the _Origin of the Species_, it is of no particular importance, because,
+as before said, evolution made no progress in his mind until the cause
+of modification was conceivable.
+
+I think Mr. Huxley is right in saying[128] that "it is hardly too much
+to say that Darwin's greatest work is the outcome of the unflinching
+application to biology of the leading idea, and the method applied in
+the _Principles_ to Geology." Mr. Huxley has elsewhere[129] admirably
+expressed the bearing of Lyell's work in this connection:--
+
+"I cannot but believe that Lyell, for others, as for myself, was the
+chief agent in smoothing the road for Darwin. For consistent
+uniformitarianism postulates evolution as much in the organic as in the
+inorganic world. The origin of a new species by other than ordinary
+agencies would be a vastly greater 'catastrophe' than any of those which
+Lyell successfully eliminated from sober geological speculation....
+
+"Lyell,[130] with perfect right, claims this position for himself. He
+speaks of having 'advocated a law of continuity even in the organic
+world, so far as possible without adopting Lamarck's theory of
+transmutation....
+
+"'But while I taught,' Lyell goes on, 'that as often as certain forms of
+animals and plants disappeared, for reasons quite intelligible to us,
+others took their place by virtue of a causation which was beyond our
+comprehension; it remained for Darwin to accumulate proof that there is
+no break between the incoming and the outgoing species, that they are
+the work of evolution, and not of special creation.... I had certainly
+prepared the way in this country, in six editions of my work before the
+_Vestiges of Creation_ appeared in 1842 [1844], for the reception of
+Darwin's gradual and insensible evolution of species.'"
+
+Mr. Huxley continues:--
+
+"If one reads any of the earlier editions of the _Principles_ carefully
+(especially by the light of the interesting series of letters recently
+published by Sir Charles Lyell's biographer), it is easy to see that,
+with all his energetic opposition to Lamarck, on the one hand, and to
+the ideal quasi-progressionism of Agassiz, on the other, Lyell, in his
+own mind, was strongly disposed to account for the origination of all
+past and present species of living things by natural causes. But he
+would have liked, at the same time, to keep the name of creation for a
+natural process which he imagined to be incomprehensible."
+
+The passage above given refers to the influence of Lyell in preparing
+men's minds for belief in the _Origin_, but I cannot doubt that it
+"smoothed the way" for the author of that work in his early searchings,
+as well as for his followers. My father spoke prophetically when he
+wrote the dedication to Lyell of the second edition of the _Journal of
+Researches_ (1845).
+
+"To Charles Lyell, Esq., F.R.S., this second edition is dedicated with
+grateful pleasure--as an acknowledgment that the chief part of whatever
+scientific merit this journal and the other works of the author may
+possess, has been derived from studying the well-known and admirable
+_Principles of Geology_."
+
+Professor Judd, in some reminiscences of my father which he was so good
+as to give me, quotes him as saying that, "It was the reading of the
+_Principles of Geology_ which did most towards moulding his mind and
+causing him to take up the line of investigation to which his life was
+devoted."
+
+The _rōle_ that Lyell played as a pioneer makes his own point of view as
+to evolution all the more remarkable. As the late H. C. Watson wrote to
+my father (December 21, 1859):--
+
+Now these novel views are brought fairly before the scientific public,
+it seems truly remarkable how so many of them could have failed to see
+their right road sooner. How could Sir C. Lyell, for instance, for
+thirty years read, write, and think, on the subject of species _and
+their succession_, and yet constantly look down the wrong road!
+
+"A quarter of a century ago, you and I must have been in something like
+the same state of mind on the main question. But you were able to see
+and work out the _quo modo_ of the succession, the all-important thing,
+while I failed to grasp it."
+
+In his earlier attitude towards evolution, my father was on a par with
+his contemporaries. He wrote in the _Autobiography_:--
+
+"I occasionally sounded not a few naturalists, and never happened to
+come across a single one who seemed to doubt about the permanence of
+species:" and it will be made abundantly clear by his letters that in
+supporting the opposite view he felt himself a terrible heretic.
+
+Mr. Huxley[131] writes in the same sense:--
+
+"Within the ranks of biologists, at that time [1851-58], I met with
+nobody, except Dr. Grant, of University College, who had a word to say
+for Evolution--and his advocacy was not calculated to advance the cause.
+Outside these ranks, the only person known to me whose knowledge and
+capacity compelled respect, and who was, at the same time, a
+thorough-going evolutionist, was Mr. Herbert Spencer, whose acquaintance
+I made, I think, in 1852, and then entered into the bonds of a
+friendship which, I am happy to think, has known no interruption. Many
+and prolonged were the battles we fought on this topic. But even my
+friend's rare dialectic skill and copiousness of apt illustration could
+not drive me from my agnostic position. I took my stand upon two
+grounds: firstly, that up to that time, the evidence in favour of
+transmutation was wholly insufficient; and, secondly, that no suggestion
+respecting the causes of the transmutation assumed, which had been made,
+was in any way adequate to explain the phenomena. Looking back at the
+state of knowledge at that time, I really do not see that any other
+conclusion was justifiable."
+
+These two last citations refer of course to a period much later than the
+time, 1836-37, at which the Darwinian theory was growing in my father's
+mind. The same thing is however true of earlier days.
+
+So much for the general problem: the further question as to the growth
+of Darwin's theory of natural selection is a less complex one, and I
+need add but little to the history given in the _Autobiography_ of how
+he came by that great conception by the help of which he was able to
+revivify "the oldest of all philosophies--that of evolution."
+
+The first point in the slow journey towards the _Origin of Species_ was
+the opening of that note-book of 1837 of which mention has been already
+made. The reader who is curious on the subject will find a series of
+citations from this most interesting note-book, in the _Life and
+Letters_, vol. ii. p. 5, _et seq._
+
+The two following extracts show that he applied the theory of evolution
+to the "whole organic kingdom" from plants to man.
+
+"If we choose to let conjecture run wild, then animals, our fellow
+brethren in pain, disease, death, suffering and famine--our slaves in
+the most laborious works, our companions in our amusements--they may
+partake [of] our origin in one common ancestor--we may be all melted
+together."
+
+"The different intellects of man and animals not so great as between
+living things without thought (plants), and living things with thought
+(animals)."
+
+Speaking of intermediate forms, he remarks:--
+
+"Opponents will say--_show them me_. I will answer yes, if you will show
+me every step between bulldog and greyhound."
+
+Here we see that the argument from domestic animals was already present
+in his mind as bearing on the production of natural species, an argument
+which he afterwards used with such signal force in the _Origin_.
+
+A comparison of the two editions of the _Naturalists' Voyage_ is
+instructive, as giving some idea of the development of his views on
+evolution. It does not give us a true index of the mass of conjecture
+which was taking shape in his mind, but it shows us that he felt sure
+enough of the truth of his belief to allow a stronger tinge of evolution
+to appear in the second edition. He has mentioned in the _Autobiography_
+(p. 40), that it was not until he read Malthus that he got a clear view
+of the potency of natural selection. This was in 1838--a year after he
+finished the first edition (it was not published until 1839), and seven
+years before the second edition was issued (1845). Thus the
+turning-point in the formation of his theory took place between the
+writing of the two editions. Yet the difference between the two editions
+is not very marked; it is another proof of the author's caution and
+self-restraint in the treatment of his ideas. After reading the second
+edition of the _Voyage_ we remember with a strong feeling of surprise
+how far advanced were his views when he wrote it.
+
+These views are given in the manuscript volume of 1844, mentioned in the
+_Autobiography_. I give from my father's Pocket-book the entries
+referring to the preliminary sketch of this historic essay.
+
+"_1842, May 18_,--Went to Maer. _June 15_--to Shrewsbury, and 18th to
+Capel Curig. During my stay at Maer and Shrewsbury ... wrote pencil
+sketch of species theory."[132]
+
+In 1844, the pencil-sketch was enlarged to one of 230 folio pages,
+which is a wonderfully complete presentation of the arguments familiar
+to us in the _Origin_.
+
+The following letter shows in a striking manner the value my father put
+on this piece of work.
+
+
+_C. D. to Mrs. Darwin._ Down [July 5, 1844].
+
+... I have just finished my sketch of my species theory. If, as I
+believe, my theory in time be accepted even by one competent judge, it
+will be a considerable step in science.
+
+I therefore write this in case of my sudden death, as my most solemn and
+last request, which I am sure you will consider the same as if legally
+entered in my will, that you will devote £400 to its publication, and
+further, will yourself, or through Hensleigh,[133] take trouble in
+promoting it. I wish that my sketch be given to some competent person,
+with this sum to induce him to take trouble in its improvement and
+enlargement. I give to him all my books on Natural History, which are
+either scored or have references at the end to the pages, begging him
+carefully to look over and consider such passages as actually bearing,
+or by possibility bearing, on this subject. I wish you to make a list of
+all such books as some temptation to an editor. I also request that you
+will hand over [to] him all those scraps roughly divided in eight or ten
+brown paper portfolios. The scraps, with copied quotations from various
+works, are those which may aid my editor. I also request that you, or
+some amanuensis, will aid in deciphering any of the scraps which the
+editor may think possibly of use. I leave to the editor's judgment
+whether to interpolate these facts in the text, or as notes, or under
+appendices. As the looking over the references and scraps will be a long
+labour, and as the _correcting_ and enlarging and altering my sketch
+will also take considerable time, I leave this sum of £400 as some
+remuneration, and any profits from the work, I consider that for this
+the editor is bound to get the sketch published either at a publisher's
+or his own risk. Many of the scraps in the portfolios contain mere rude
+suggestions and early views, now useless, and many of the facts will
+probably turn out as having no bearing on my theory.
+
+With respect to editors, Mr. Lyell would be the best if he would
+undertake it; I believe he would find the work pleasant, and he would
+learn some facts new to him. As the editor must be a geologist as well
+as a naturalist, the next best editor would be Professor Forbes of
+London. The next best (and quite best in many respects) would be
+Professor Henslow. Dr. Hooker would be _very_ good. The next, Mr.
+Strickland.[134] If none of these would undertake it, I would request
+you to consult with Mr. Lyell, or some other capable man for some
+editor, a geologist and naturalist. Should one other hundred pounds make
+the difference of procuring a good editor, I request earnestly that you
+will raise £500.
+
+My remaining collections in Natural History may be given to any one or
+any museum where [they] would be accepted....
+
+The following note seems to have formed part of the original letter, but
+may have been of later date:
+
+"Lyell, especially with the aid of Hooker (and of any good zoological
+aid), would be best of all. Without an editor will pledge himself to
+give up time to it, it would be of no use paying such a sum."
+
+"It there should be any difficulty in getting an editor who would go
+thoroughly into the subject, and think of the bearing of the passages
+marked in the books and copied out [on?] scraps of paper, then let my
+sketch be published as it is, stating that it was done several years
+ago[135] and from memory without consulting any works, and with no
+intention of publication in its present form."
+
+The idea that the Sketch of 1844 might remain, in the event of his
+death, as the only record of his work, seems to have been long in his
+mind, for in August 1854, when he had finished with the Cirripedes, and
+was thinking of beginning his "species work," he added on the back of
+the above letter, "Hooker by far best man to edit my species volume.
+August 1854."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[125] Vol. xliv. No. 269.
+
+[126] _Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 180.
+
+[127] This letter was unaccountably overlooked in preparing the _Life
+and Letters_ for publication.
+
+[128] _Obituary Notice_, p. viii.
+
+[129] _Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 190. In Mr. Huxley's chapter the
+passage beginning "Lyell with perfect right...." is given as a footnote:
+it will be seen that I have incorporated it with Mr. Huxley's text.
+
+[130] Lyell's _Life and Letters_, Letter to Haeckel, vol. ii. p. 436.
+Nov. 23, 1868.
+
+[131] _Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 188.
+
+[132] I have discussed in the _Life and Letters_ the statement often
+made that the first sketch of his theory was written in 1839.
+
+[133] The late Mr. H. Wedgwood.
+
+[134] After Mr. Strickland's name comes the following sentence, which
+has been erased, but remains legible: "Professor Owen would be very
+good; but I presume he would not undertake such a work."
+
+[135] The words "several years ago and," seem to have been added at a
+later date.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+1843-1858.
+
+
+The history of the years 1843-1858 is here related in an extremely
+abbreviated fashion. It was a period of minute labour on a variety of
+subjects, and the letters accordingly abound in detail. They are in many
+ways extremely interesting, more especially so to professed naturalists,
+and the picture of patient research which they convey is of great value
+from a biographical point of view. But such a picture must either be
+given in a complete series of unabridged letters, or omitted altogether.
+The limits of space compel me to the latter choice. The reader must
+imagine my father corresponding on problems in geology, geographical
+distribution, and classification; at the same time collecting facts on
+such varied points as the stripes on horses' legs, the floating of
+seeds, the breeding of pigeons, the form of bees' cells and the
+innumerable other questions to which his gigantic task demanded answers.
+
+The concluding letter of the last chapter has shown how strong was his
+conviction of the value of his work. It is impressive evidence of the
+condition of the scientific atmosphere, to discover, as in the following
+letters to Sir Joseph Hooker, how small was the amount of encouragement
+that he dared to hope for from his brother-naturalists.
+
+
+[January 11th, 1844.]
+
+... I have been now ever since my return engaged in a very presumptuous
+work, and I know no one individual who would not say a very foolish one.
+I was so struck with the distribution of the Galapagos organisms, &c.
+&c., and with the character of the American fossil mammifers, &c. &c.,
+that I determined to collect blindly every sort of fact, which could
+bear any way on what are species. I have read heaps of agricultural and
+horticultural books, and have never ceased collecting facts. At last
+gleams of light have come, and I am almost convinced (quite contrary to
+the opinion I started with) that species are not (it is like confessing
+a murder) immutable. Heaven forfend me from Lamarck nonsense of a
+"tendency to progression," "adaptations from the slow willing of
+animals," &c.! But the conclusions I am led to are not widely different
+from his; though the means of change are wholly so. I think I have found
+out (here's presumption!) the simple way by which species become
+exquisitely adapted to various ends. You will now groan, and think to
+yourself, "on what a man have I been wasting my time and writing to." I
+should, five years ago, have thought so....
+
+And again (1844):--
+
+"In my most sanguine moments, all I expect, is that I shall be able to
+show even to sound Naturalists, that there are two sides to the question
+of the immutability of species--that facts can be viewed and grouped
+under the notion of allied species having descended from common stocks.
+With respect to books on this subject, I do not know of any systematical
+ones, except Lamarck's which is veritable rubbish: but there are plenty,
+as Lyell, Pritchard, &c., on the view of the immutability. Agassiz
+lately has brought the strongest argument in favour of immutability.
+Isidore G. St. Hilaire has written some good Essays, tending towards the
+mutability-side, in the _Suites ą Buffon_, entitled _Zoolog. Générale_.
+Is it not strange that the author of such a book as the _Animaux sans
+Vertčbres_ should have written that insects, which never see their eggs,
+should will (and plants, their seeds) to be of particular forms, so as
+to become attached to particular objects. The other common (specially
+Germanic) notion is hardly less absurd, viz. that climate, food, &c.,
+should make a Pediculus formed to climb hair, or a wood-pecker to climb
+trees. I believe all these absurd views arise from no one having, as far
+as I know, approached the subject on the side of variation under
+domestication, and having studied all that is known about
+domestication."
+
+"I hate arguments from results, but on my views of descent, really
+Natural History becomes a sublimely grand result-giving subject (now you
+may quiz me for so foolish an escape of mouth)...."
+
+
+_C. D. to L. Jenyns_[136] Down Oct. 12th [1845].
+
+MY DEAR JENYNS--Thanks for your note. I am sorry to say I have not even
+the tail-end of a fact in English Zoology to communicate. I have found
+that even trifling observations require, in my case, some leisure and
+energy, [of] both of which ingredients I have had none to spare, as
+writing my Geology thoroughly expends both. I had always thought that I
+would keep a journal and record everything, but in the way I now live I
+find I observe nothing to record. Looking after my garden and trees, and
+occasionally a very little walk in an idle frame of my mind, fill up
+every afternoon in the same manner. I am surprised that with all your
+parish affairs, you have had time to do all that which you have done. I
+shall be very glad to see your little work[137] (and proud should I have
+been if I could have added a single fact to it). My work on the species
+question has impressed me very forcibly with the importance of all such
+works as your intended one, containing what people are pleased generally
+to call trifling facts. These are the facts which make one understand
+the working or economy of nature. There is one subject, on which I am
+very curious, and which perhaps you may throw some light on, if you have
+ever thought on it; namely, what are the checks and what the periods of
+life--by which the increase of any given species is limited. Just
+calculate the increase of any bird, if you assume that only half the
+young are reared, and these breed: within the _natural_ (i.e. if free
+from accidents) life of the parents the number of individuals will
+become enormous, and I have been much surprised to think how great
+destruction _must_ annually or occasionally be falling on every species,
+yet the means and period of such destruction are scarcely perceived by
+us.
+
+I have continued steadily reading and collecting facts on variation of
+domestic animals and plants, and on the question of what are species. I
+have a grand body of facts, and I think I can draw some sound
+conclusions. The general conclusions at which I have slowly been driven
+from a directly opposite conviction, is that species are mutable, and
+that allied species are co-descendants from common stocks. I know how
+much I open myself to reproach for such a conclusion, but I have at
+least honestly and deliberately come to it. I shall not publish on this
+subject for several years.
+
+
+_C. Darwin to L. Jenyns._[138] Down [1845?].
+
+With respect to my far distant work on species, I must have expressed
+myself with singular inaccuracy if I led you to suppose that I meant to
+say that my conclusions were inevitable. They have become so, after
+years of weighing puzzles, to myself _alone_; but in my wildest
+day-dream, I never expect more than to be able to show that there are
+two sides to the question of the immutability of species, i.e. whether
+species are _directly_ created or by intermediate laws (as with the life
+and death of individuals). I did not approach the subject on the side of
+the difficulty in determining what are species and what are varieties,
+but (though why I should give you such a history of my doings it would
+be hard to say) from such facts as the relationship between the living
+and extinct mammifers in South America, and between those living on the
+Continent and on adjoining islands, such as the Galapagos. It occurred
+to me that a collection of all such analogous facts would throw light
+either for or against the view of related species being co-descendants
+from a common stock. A long searching amongst agricultural and
+horticultural books and people makes me believe (I well know how
+absurdly presumptuous this must appear) that I see the way in which new
+varieties become exquisitely adapted to the external conditions of life
+and to other surrounding beings. I am a bold man to lay myself open to
+being thought a complete fool, and a most deliberate one. From the
+nature of the grounds which make me believe that species are mutable in
+form, these grounds cannot be restricted to the closest-allied species;
+but how far they extend I cannot tell, as my reasons fall away by
+degrees, when applied to species more and more remote from each other.
+Pray do not think that I am so blind as not to see that there are
+numerous immense difficulties in my notions, but they appear to me less
+than on the common view. I have drawn up a sketch and had it copied (in
+200 pages) of my conclusions; and if I thought at some future time that
+you would think it worth reading, I should, of course, be most thankful
+to have the criticism of so competent a critic. Excuse this very long
+and egotistical and ill-written letter, which by your remarks you have
+led me into.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down [1849-50?].
+
+... How painfully (to me) true is your remark, that no one has hardly a
+right to examine the question of species who has not minutely described
+many. I was, however, pleased to hear from Owen (who is vehemently
+opposed to any mutability in species), that he thought it was a very
+fair subject, and that there was a mass of facts to be brought to bear
+on the question, not hitherto collected. My only comfort is (as I mean
+to attempt the subject), that I have dabbled in several branches of
+Natural History, and seen good specific men work out my species, and
+know something of geology (an indispensable union); and though I shall
+get more kicks than half-pennies, I will, life serving, attempt my work.
+Lamarck is the only exception, that I can think of, of an accurate
+describer of species at least in the Invertebrate Kingdom, who has
+disbelieved in permanent species, but he in his absurd though clever
+work has done the subject harm, as has Mr. Vestiges, and, as (some
+future loose naturalist attempting the same speculations will perhaps
+say) has Mr. D....
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ September 25th [1853].
+
+In my own Cirripedial work (by the way, thank you for the dose of soft
+solder; it does one--or at least me--a great deal of good)--in my own
+work I have not felt conscious that disbelieving in the mere
+_permanence_ of species has made much difference one way or the other;
+in some few cases (if publishing avowedly on the doctrine of
+non-permanence), I should _not_ have affixed names, and in some few
+cases should have affixed names to remarkable varieties. Certainly I
+have felt it humiliating, discussing and doubting, and examining over
+and over again, when in my own mind the only doubt has been whether the
+form varied _to-day or yesterday_ (not to put too fine a point on it, as
+Snagsby[139] would say). After describing a set of forms as distinct
+species, tearing up my MS., and making them one species, tearing that up
+and making them separate, and then making them one again (which has
+happened to me), I have gnashed my teeth, cursed species, and asked what
+sin I had committed to be so punished. But I must confess that perhaps
+nearly the same thing would have happened to me on any scheme of work.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, March 26th [1854].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--I had hoped that you would have had a little
+breathing-time after your Journal,[140] but this seems to be very far
+from the case; and I am the more obliged (and somewhat contrite) for the
+long letter received this morning, _most_ juicy with news and _most_
+interesting to me in many ways. I am very glad indeed to hear of the
+reforms, &c., in the Royal Society. With respect to the Club,[141] I am
+deeply interested; only two or three days ago, I was regretting to my
+wife, how I was letting drop and being dropped by nearly all my
+acquaintances, and that I would endeavour to go oftener to London; I was
+not then thinking of the Club, which, as far as one thing goes, would
+answer my exact object in keeping up old and making some new
+acquaintances. I will therefore come up to London for every (with rare
+exceptions) Club-day, and then my head, I think, will allow me on an
+average to go to every other meeting. But it is grievous how often any
+change knocks me up. I will further pledge myself, as I told Lyell, to
+resign after a year, if I did not attend pretty often, so that I should
+_at worst_ encumber the Club temporarily. If you can get me elected, I
+certainly shall be very much pleased.... I am particularly obliged to
+you for sending me Asa Gray's letter; how very pleasantly he writes. To
+see his and your caution on the species-question ought to overwhelm me
+in confusion and shame; it does make me feel deuced uncomfortable.... I
+was pleased and surprised to see A. Gray's remarks on crossing
+obliterating varieties, on which, as you know, I have been collecting
+facts for these dozen years. How awfully flat I shall feel, if, when I
+got my notes together on species, &c. &c., the whole thing explodes like
+an empty puff-ball. Do not work yourself to death.
+
+Ever yours most truly.
+
+
+To work out the problem of the Geographical Distribution of animals and
+plants on evolutionary principles, Darwin had to study the means by
+which seeds, eggs, &c., can be transported across wide spaces of ocean.
+It was this need which gave an interest to the class of experiment to
+which the following letters refer.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ April 13th [1855].
+
+... I have had one experiment some little time in progress which will, I
+think, be interesting, namely, seeds in salt water, immersed in water of
+32°-33°, which I have and shall long have, as I filled a great tank with
+snow. When I wrote last I was going to triumph over you, for my
+experiment had in a slight degree succeeded; but this, with infinite
+baseness, I did not tell, in hopes that you would say that you would eat
+all the plants which I could raise after immersion. It is very
+aggravating that I cannot in the least remember what you did formerly
+say that made me think you scoffed at the experiments vastly; for you
+now seem to view the experiment like a good Christian. I have in small
+bottles out of doors, exposed to variation of temperature, cress,
+radish, cabbages, lettuces, carrots, and celery, and onion seed. These,
+after immersion for exactly one week, have all germinated, which I did
+not in the least expect (and thought how you would sneer at me); for the
+water of nearly all, and of the cress especially, smelt very badly, and
+the cress seed emitted a wonderful quantity of mucus (the
+_Vestiges_[142] would have expected them to turn into tadpoles), so as
+to adhere in a mass; but these seeds germinated and grew splendidly. The
+germination of all (especially cress and lettuces) has been accelerated,
+except the cabbages, which have come up very irregularly, and a good
+many, I think, dead. One would, have thought, from their native habitat,
+that the cabbage would have stood well. The Umbelliferę and onions seem
+to stand the salt well. I wash the seed before planting them. I have
+written to the _Gardeners' Chronicle_,[143] though I doubt whether it
+was worth while. If my success seems to make it worth while, I will send
+a seed list, to get you to mark some different classes of seeds. To-day
+I replant the same seeds as above after fourteen days' immersion. As
+many sea-currents go a mile an hour, even in a week they might be
+transported 168 miles; the Gulf Stream is said to go fifty and sixty
+miles a day. So much and too much on this head; but my geese are always
+swans....
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [April 14th, 1855.]
+
+... You are a good man to confess that you expected the cress would be
+killed in a week, for this gives me a nice little triumph. The children
+at first were tremendously eager, and asked me often, "whether I should
+beat Dr. Hooker!" The cress and lettuce have just vegetated well after
+twenty-one days' immersion. But I will write no more, which is a great
+virtue in me; for it is to me a very great pleasure telling you
+everything I do.
+
+... If you knew some of the experiments (if they may be so called) which
+I am trying, you would have a good right to sneer, for they are so
+_absurd_ even in _my_ opinion that I dare not tell you.
+
+Have not some men a nice notion of experimentising? I have had a letter
+telling me that seeds _must_ have _great_ power of resisting salt water,
+for otherwise how could they get to islands'? This is the true way to
+solve a problem?
+
+Experiments on the transportal of seeds through the agency of animals,
+also gave him much labour. He wrote to Fox (1855):--
+
+"All nature is perverse and will not do as I wish it; and just at
+present I wish I had my old barnacles to work at, and nothing new."
+
+And to Hooker:--
+
+"Everything has been going wrong with me lately: the fish at the Zoolog.
+Soc. ate up lots of soaked seeds, and in imagination they had in my mind
+been swallowed, fish and all, by a heron, had been carried a hundred
+miles, been voided on the banks of some other lake and germinated
+splendidly, when lo and behold, the fish ejected vehemently, and with
+disgust equal to my own, _all_ the seeds from their mouths."
+
+
+THE UNFINISHED BOOK.
+
+In his Autobiographical sketch (p. 41) my father wrote:--"Early in 1856
+Lyell advised me to write out my views pretty fully, and I began at once
+to do so on a scale three or four times as extensive as that which was
+afterwards followed in my _Origin of Species_; yet it was only an
+abstract of the materials which I had collected." The remainder of the
+present chapter is chiefly concerned with the preparation of this
+unfinished book.
+
+The work was begun on May 14th, and steadily continued up to June 1858,
+when it was interrupted by the arrival of Mr. Wallace's MS. During the
+two years which we are now considering, he wrote ten chapters (that is
+about one-half) of the projected book.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker_. May 9th [1856].
+
+... I very much want advice and _truthful_ consolation if you can give
+it. I had a good talk with Lyell about my species work, and he urges me
+strongly to publish something. I am fixed against any periodical or
+Journal, as I positively will _not_ expose myself to an Editor or a
+Council allowing a publication for which they might be abused. If I
+publish anything it must be a _very thin_ and little volume, giving a
+sketch of my views and difficulties; but it is really dreadfully
+unphilosophical to give a _résumé_, without exact references, of an
+unpublished work. But Lyell seemed to think I might do this, at the
+suggestion of friends, and on the ground, which I I might state, that I
+had been at work for eighteen[144] years, and yet could not publish for
+several years, and especially as I could point out difficulties which
+seemed to me to require especial investigation. Now what think you? I
+should be really grateful for advice. I thought of giving up a couple of
+months and writing such a sketch, and trying to keep my judgment open
+whether or no to publish it when completed. It will be simply impossible
+for me to give exact references; anything important I should state on
+the authority of the author generally; and instead of giving all the
+facts on which I ground my opinion, I could give by memory only one or
+two. In the Preface I would state that the work could not be considered
+strictly scientific, but a mere sketch or outline of a future work in
+which full references, &c., should be given. Eheu, eheu, I believe I
+should sneer at any one else doing this, and my only comfort is, that I
+_truly_ never dreamed of it, till Lyell suggested it, and seems
+deliberately to think it advisable.
+
+I am in a peck of troubles, and do pray forgive me for troubling you.
+
+Yours affectionately.
+
+
+He made an attempt at a sketch of his views, but as he wrote to Fox in
+October 1856:--
+
+"I found it such unsatisfactory work that I have desisted, and am now
+drawing up my work as perfect as my materials of nineteen years'
+collecting suffice, but do not intend to stop to perfect any line of
+investigation beyond current work."
+
+And in November he wrote to Sir Charles Lyell:--
+
+"I am working very steadily at my big book; I have found it quite
+impossible to publish any preliminary essay or sketch; but am doing my
+work as completely as my present materials allow without waiting to
+perfect them. And this much acceleration I owe to you."
+
+Again to Mr. Fox, in February, 1857:--
+
+"I am got most deeply interested in my subject; though I wish I could
+set less value on the bauble fame, either present or posthumous, than I
+do, but not I think, to any extreme degree: yet, if I know myself, I
+would work just as hard, though with less gusto, if I knew that my book
+would be published for ever anonymously."
+
+
+_C. D. to A. R. Wallace._ Moor Park, May 1st, 1857.
+
+MY DEAR SIR--I am much obliged for your letter of October 10th, from
+Celebes, received a few days ago; in a laborious undertaking, sympathy
+is a valuable and real encouragement. By your letter and even still more
+by your paper[145] in the Annals, a year or more ago, I can plainly see
+that we have thought much alike and to a certain extent have come to
+similar conclusions. In regard to the Paper in the Annals, I agree to
+the truth of almost every word of your paper; and I dare say that you
+will agree with me that it is very rare to find oneself agreeing pretty
+closely with any theoretical paper; for it is lamentable how each man
+draws his own different conclusions from the very same facts. This
+summer will make the 20th year (!) since I opened my first note-book, on
+the question how and in what way do species and varieties differ from
+each other. I am now preparing my work for publication, but I find the
+subject so very large, that though I have written many chapters, I do
+not suppose I shall go to press for two years. I have never heard how
+long you intend staying in the Malay Archipelago; I wish I might profit
+by the publication of your Travels there before my work appears, for no
+doubt you will reap a large harvest of facts. I have acted already in
+accordance with your advice of keeping domestic varieties, and those
+appearing in a state of nature, distinct; but I have sometimes doubted
+of the wisdom of this, and therefore I am glad to be backed by your
+opinion. I must confess, however, I rather doubt the truth of the now
+very prevalent doctrine of all our domestic animals having descended
+from several wild stocks; though I do not doubt that it is so in some
+cases. I think there is rather better evidence on the sterility of
+hybrid animals than you seem to admit: and in regard to plants the
+collection of carefully recorded facts by Kölreuter and Gaertner (and
+Herbert) is _enormous_. I most entirely agree with you on the little
+effects of "climatal conditions," which one sees referred to _ad
+nauseam_ in all books: I suppose some very little effect must be
+attributed to such influences, but I fully believe that they are very
+slight. It is really _impossible_ to explain my views (in the compass of
+a letter), on the causes and means of variation in a state of nature;
+but I have slowly adopted a distinct and tangible idea,--whether true or
+false others must judge; for the firmest conviction of the truth of a
+doctrine by its author, seems, alas, not to be the slightest guarantee
+of truth!...
+
+In December 1857 he wrote to the same correspondent:--
+
+"You ask whether I shall discuss 'man.' I think I shall avoid the whole
+subject, as so surrounded with prejudices; though I fully admit that it
+is the highest and most interesting problem for the naturalist. My work,
+on which I have now been at work more or less for twenty years, will not
+fix or settle anything; but I hope it will aid by giving a large
+collection of facts, with one definite end. I get on very slowly, partly
+from ill-health, partly from being a very slow worker. I have got about
+half written; but I do not suppose I shall publish under a couple of
+years. I have now been three whole months on one chapter on Hybridism!
+
+"I am astonished to see that you expect to remain out three or four
+years more. What a wonderful deal you will have seen, and what
+interesting areas--the grand Malay Archipelago and the richest parts of
+South America! I infinitely admire and honour your zeal and courage in
+the good cause of Natural Science; and you have my very sincere and
+cordial good wishes for success of all kinds, and may all your theories
+succeed, except that on Oceanic Islands, on which subject I will do
+battle to the death."
+
+And to Fox in February 1858:--
+
+"I am working very hard at my book, perhaps too hard. It will be very
+big, and I am become most deeply interested in the way facts fall into
+groups. I am like Croesus overwhelmed with my riches in facts, and I
+mean to make my book as perfect as ever I can. I shall not go to press
+at soonest for a couple of years."
+
+The letter which follows, written from his favourite resting place, the
+Water-Cure Establishment at Moor Park, comes in like a lull before the
+storm,--the upset of all his plans by the arrival of Mr. Wallace's
+manuscript, a phase in the history of his life to which the next chapter
+is devoted.
+
+
+_C. D. to Mrs. Darwin._ Moor Park, April [1858].
+
+The weather is quite delicious. Yesterday, after writing to you, I
+strolled a little beyond the glade for an hour and a half, and enjoyed
+myself--the fresh yet dark green of the grand Scotch firs, the brown of
+the catkins of the old birches, with their white stems, and a fringe of
+distant green from the larches, made an excessively pretty view. At last
+I fell fast asleep on the grass, and awoke with a chorus of birds
+singing around me, and squirrels running up the trees, and some
+woodpeckers laughing, and it was as pleasant and rural a scene as ever I
+saw, and I did not care one penny how any of the beasts or birds had
+been formed. I sat in the drawing-room till after eight, and then went
+and read the Chief Justice's summing up, and thought Bernard[146]
+guilty, and then read a bit of my novel, which is feminine, virtuous,
+clerical, philanthropical, and all that sort of thing, but very
+decidedly flat. I say feminine, for the author is ignorant about money
+matters, and not much of a lady--for she makes her men say, "My Lady." I
+like Miss Craik very much, though we have some battles, and differ on
+every subject. I like also the Hungarian; a thorough gentleman, formerly
+attaché at Paris, and then in the Austrian cavalry, and now a pardoned
+exile, with broken health. He does not seem to like Kossuth, but says,
+he is certain [he is] a sincere patriot, most clever and eloquent, but
+weak, with no determination of character....
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[136] Rev. L. Blomefield.
+
+[137] Mr. Jenyns' _Observations in Natural History_. It is prefaced by
+an Introduction on "Habits of observing as connected with the study of
+Natural History," and followed by a "Calendar of Periodic Phenomena in
+Natural History," with "Remarks on the importance of such Registers."
+
+[138] Rev. L. Blomefield.
+
+[139] In _Bleak House_.
+
+[140] Sir Joseph Hooker's _Himalayan Journal_.
+
+[141] The Philosophical Club, to which my father was elected (as
+Professor Bonney is good enough to inform me) on April 24, 1854. He
+resigned his membership in 1864. The Club was founded in 1847. The
+number of members being limited to 47, it was proposed to christen it
+"the Club of 47," but the name was never adopted. The nature of the Club
+may be gathered from its first rule: "The purpose of the Club is to
+promote as much as possible the scientific objects of the Royal Society;
+to facilitate intercourse between those Fellows who are actively engaged
+in cultivating the various branches of Natural Science, and who have
+contributed to its progress; to increase the attendance at the evening
+meetings, and to encourage the contribution and discussion of papers."
+The Club met for dinner at 6, and the chair was to be quitted at 8.15,
+it being expected that members would go to the Royal Society. Of late
+years the dinner has been at 6.30, the Society meeting in the afternoon.
+
+[142] _The Vestiges of Creation_, by R. Chambers.
+
+[143] A few words asking for information. The results were published in
+the _Gardeners' Chronicle_, May 26, Nov. 24, 1855. In the same year (p.
+789) he sent a postscript to his former paper, correcting a misprint and
+adding a few words on the seeds of the Leguminosę. A fuller paper on the
+germination of seeds after treatment in salt water, appeared in the
+_Linnean Soc. Journal_, 1857, p. 130.
+
+[144] The interval of eighteen years, from 1837 when he began to collect
+facts, would bring the date of this letter to 1855, not 1856,
+nevertheless the latter seems the more probable date.
+
+[145] "On the Law that has regulated the Introduction of New
+Species."--_Ann. Nat. Hist._, 1855.
+
+[146] Simon Bernard was tried in April 1858 as an accessory to Orsini's
+attempt on the life of the Emperor of the French. The verdict was "not
+guilty."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE WRITING OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+     "I have done my best. If you had all my material I am sure you
+     would have made a splendid book."--From a letter to Lyell, June 21,
+     1859.
+
+JUNE 18, 1858, TO NOVEMBER 1859.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, 18th [June 1858].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--Some year or so ago you recommended me to read a paper by
+Wallace in the _Annals_,[147] which had interested you, and as I was
+writing to him, I knew this would please him much, so I told him. He has
+to-day sent me the enclosed, and asked me to forward it to you. It seems
+to me well worth reading. Your words have come true with a
+vengeance--that I should be forestalled. You said this, when I explained
+to you here very briefly my views of 'Natural Selection' depending on
+the struggle for existence. I never saw a more striking coincidence; if
+Wallace had my MS. sketch written out in 1842, he could not have made a
+better short abstract! Even his terms now stand as heads of my chapters.
+Please return me the MS., which he does not say he wishes me to publish,
+but I shall, of course, at once write and offer to send to any journal.
+So all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed,
+though my book, if it will ever have any value, will not be
+deteriorated; as all the labour consists in the application of the
+theory.
+
+I hope you will approve of Wallace's sketch, that I may tell him what
+you say.
+
+My dear Lyell, yours most truly.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, [June 25, 1858].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--I am very sorry to trouble you, busy as you are, in so
+merely personal an affair; but if you will give me your deliberate
+opinion, you will do me as great a service as ever man did, for I have
+entire confidence in your judgment and honour....
+
+There is nothing in Wallace's sketch which is not written out much
+fuller in my sketch, copied out in 1844, and read by Hooker some dozen
+years ago. About a year ago I sent a short sketch, of which I have a
+copy, of my views (owing to correspondence on several points) to Asa
+Gray, so that I could most truly say and prove that I take nothing from
+Wallace. I should be extremely glad now to publish a sketch of my
+general views in about a dozen pages or so; but I cannot persuade myself
+that I can do so honourably. Wallace says nothing about publication, and
+I enclose his letter. But as I had not intended to publish any sketch,
+can I do so honourably, because Wallace has sent me an outline of his
+doctrine? I would far rather burn my whole book, than that he or any
+other man should think that I had behaved in a paltry spirit. Do you not
+think his having sent me this sketch ties my hands?... If I could
+honourably publish, I would state that I was induced now to publish a
+sketch (and I should be very glad to be permitted to say, to follow your
+advice long ago given) from Wallace having sent me an outline of my
+general conclusions. We differ only, [in] that I was led to my views
+from what artificial selection has done for domestic animals. I would
+send Wallace a copy of my letter to Asa Gray, to show him that I had not
+stolen his doctrine. But I cannot tell whether to publish now would not
+be base and paltry. This was my first impression, and I should have
+certainly acted on it had it not been for your letter.
+
+This is a trumpery affair to trouble you with, but you cannot tell how
+much obliged I should be for your advice.
+
+By the way, would you object to send this and your answer to Hooker to
+be forwarded to me? for then I shall have the opinion of my two best and
+kindest friends. This letter is miserably written, and I write it now,
+that I may for a time banish the whole subject; and I am worn out with
+musing....
+
+My good dear friend, forgive me. This is a trumpery letter, influenced
+by trumpery feelings.
+
+Yours most truly.
+
+I will never trouble you or Hooker on the subject again.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, 26th [June 1858].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--Forgive me for adding a P.S. to make the case as strong
+as possible against myself.
+
+Wallace might say, "You did not intend publishing an abstract of your
+views till you received my communication. Is it fair to take advantage
+of my having freely, though unasked, communicated to you my ideas, and
+thus prevent me forestalling you?" The advantage which I should take
+being that I am induced to publish from privately knowing that Wallace
+is in the field. It seems hard on me that I should be thus compelled to
+lose my priority of many years' standing, but I cannot feel at all sure
+that this alters the justice of the case. First impressions are
+generally right, and I at first thought it would be dishonourable in me
+now to publish.
+
+Yours most truly.
+
+P.S.--I have always thought you would make a first-rate Lord Chancellor;
+and I now appeal to you as a Lord Chancellor.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Tuesday night [June 29, 1858].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--I have just read your letter, and see you want the
+papers at once. I am quite prostrated,[148] and can do nothing, but I
+send Wallace, and the abstract[149] of my letter to Asa Gray, which
+gives most imperfectly only the means of change, and does not touch on
+reasons for believing that species do change. I dare say all is too
+late. I hardly care about it. But you are too generous to sacrifice so
+much time and kindness. It is most generous, most kind. I send my sketch
+of 1844 solely that you may see by your own handwriting that you did
+read it. I really cannot bear to look at it. Do not waste much time. It
+is miserable in me to care at all about priority.
+
+The table of contents will show what it is.
+
+I would make a similar, but shorter and more accurate sketch for the
+_Linnean Journal_.
+
+I will do anything. God bless you, my dear kind friend.
+
+I can write no more. I send this by my servant to Kew.
+
+
+The joint paper[150] of Mr. Wallace and my father was read at the
+Linnean Society on the evening of July 1st. Mr. Wallace's Essay bore
+the title, "On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the
+Original Type."
+
+My father's contribution to the paper consisted of (1) Extracts from the
+sketch of 1844; (2) part of a letter, addressed to Dr. Asa Gray, dated
+September 5, 1857. The paper was "communicated" to the Society by Sir
+Charles Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker, in whose prefatory letter a clear
+account of the circumstances of the case is given.
+
+Referring to Mr. Wallace's Essay, they wrote:--
+
+"So highly did Mr. Darwin appreciate the value of the views therein set
+forth, that he proposed, in a letter to Sir Charles Lyell, to obtain Mr.
+Wallace's consent to allow the Essay to be published as soon as
+possible. Of this step we highly approved, provided Mr. Darwin did not
+withhold from the public, as he was strongly inclined to do (in favour
+of Mr. Wallace), the memoir which he had himself written on the same
+subject, and which, as before stated, one of us had perused in 1844, and
+the contents of which we had both of us been privy to for many years. On
+representing this to Mr. Darwin, he gave us permission to make what use
+we thought proper of his memoir, &c.; and in adopting our present
+course, of presenting it to the Linnean Society, we have explained to
+him that we are not solely considering the relative claims to priority
+of himself and his friend, but the interests of science generally."
+
+Sir Charles Lyell and Sir J. D. Hooker were present at the reading of
+the paper, and both, I believe, made a few remarks, chiefly with a view
+of impressing on those present the necessity of giving the most careful
+consideration to what they had heard. There was, however, no semblance
+of a discussion. Sir Joseph Hooker writes to me: "The interest excited
+was intense, but the subject was too novel and too ominous for the old
+school to enter the lists, before armouring. After the meeting it was
+talked over with bated breath: Lyell's approval and perhaps in a small
+way mine, as his lieutenant in the affair, rather overawed the Fellows,
+who would otherwise have flown out against the doctrine. We had, too,
+the vantage ground of being familiar with the authors and their theme."
+
+
+Mr. Wallace has, at my request, been so good as to allow me to publish
+the following letter. Professor Newton, to whom the letter is addressed,
+had submitted to Mr. Wallace his recollections of what the latter had
+related to him many years before, and had asked Mr. Wallace for a fuller
+version of the story. Hence the few corrections in Mr. Wallace's
+letter, for instance _bed_ for _hammock_.
+
+
+_A. R. Wallace to A. Newton._ Frith Hill, Godalming, Dec. 3rd, 1887.
+
+MY DEAR NEWTON--I had hardly heard of Darwin before going to the East,
+except as connected with the voyage of the _Beagle_, which I _think_ I
+had read. I saw him _once_ for a few minutes in the British Museum
+before I sailed. Through Stevens, my agent, I heard that he wanted
+curious _varieties_ which he was studying. I _think_ I wrote to him
+about some varieties of ducks I had sent, and he must have written once
+to me. I find on looking at his "Life" that his _first_ letter to me is
+given in vol. ii. p. 95, and another at p. 109, both after the
+publication of my first paper. I must have heard from some notices in
+the _Athenęum_, I think (which I had sent me), that he was studying
+varieties and species, and as I was continually thinking of the subject,
+I wrote to him giving some of my notions, and making some suggestions.
+But at that time I had not the remotest notion that he had already
+arrived at a definite theory--still less that it was the same as
+occurred to me, suddenly, in Ternate in 1858. The most interesting
+coincidence in the matter, I think, is, that I, _as well as Darwin_, was
+led to the theory itself through Malthus--in my case it was his
+elaborate account of the action of "preventive checks" in keeping down
+the population of savage races to a tolerably fixed, but scanty number.
+This had strongly impressed me, and it suddenly flashed upon me that all
+animals are necessarily thus kept down--"the struggle for
+existence"--while _variations_, on which I was always thinking, must
+necessarily often be _beneficial_, and would then cause those varieties
+to increase while the injurious variations diminished.[151] You are
+quite at liberty to mention the circumstances, but I think you have
+coloured them a little highly, and introduced some slight errors. I was
+lying on my bed (no hammocks in the East) in the hot fit of intermittent
+fever, when the idea suddenly came to me. I thought it almost all out
+before the fit was over, and the moment I got up began to write it
+down, and I believe finished the first draft the next day.
+
+I had no idea whatever of "dying,"--as it was not a serious
+illness,--but I _had_ the idea of working it out, so far as I was able,
+when I returned home, not at all expecting that Darwin had so long
+anticipated me. I can truly say _now_, as I said many years ago, that I
+am glad it was so; for I have not the love of _work_, _experiment_ and
+_detail_ that was so pre-eminent in Darwin, and without which anything I
+could have written would never have convinced the world. If you do refer
+to me at any length, can you send me a proof and I will return it to you
+at once?
+
+Yours faithfully
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Miss Wedgwood's, Hartfield, Tunbridge Wells
+[July 13th, 1858].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--Your letter to Wallace seems to me perfect, quite clear
+and most courteous. I do not think it could possibly be improved, and I
+have to-day forwarded it with a letter of my own. I always thought it
+very possible that I might be forestalled, but I fancied that I had a
+grand enough soul not to care; but I found myself mistaken, and
+punished; I had, however, quite resigned myself, and had written half a
+letter to Wallace to give up all priority to him, and should certainly
+not have changed had it not been for Lyell's and your quite
+extraordinary kindness. I assure you I feel it, and shall not forget it.
+I am _more_ than satisfied at what took place at the Linnean Society. I
+had thought that your letter and mine to Asa Gray were to be only an
+appendix to Wallace's paper.
+
+We go from here in a few days to the sea-side, probably to the Isle of
+Wight, and on my return (after a battle with pigeon skeletons) I will
+set to work at the abstract, though how on earth I shall make anything
+of an abstract in thirty pages of the Journal, I know not, but will try
+my best....
+
+I must try and see you before your journey; but do not think I am
+fishing to ask you to come to Down, for you will have no time for that.
+
+You cannot imagine how pleased I am that the notion of Natural Selection
+has acted as a purgative on your bowels of immutability. Whenever
+naturalists can look at species changing as certain, what a magnificent
+field will be open,--on all the laws of variation,--on the genealogy of
+all living beings,--on their lines of migration, &c. &c. Pray thank Mrs.
+Hooker for her very kind little note, and pray say how truly obliged I
+am, and in truth ashamed to think that she should have had the trouble
+of copying my ugly MS. It was extraordinarily kind in her. Farewell, my
+dear kind friend.
+
+Yours affectionately.
+
+P.S.--I have had some fun here in watching a slave-making ant; for I
+could not help rather doubting the wonderful stories, but I have now
+seen a defeated marauding party, and I have seen a migration from one
+nest to another of the slave-makers, carrying their slaves (who are
+_house_, and not field niggers) in their mouths!
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ King's Head Hotel, Sandown, Isle of Wight. July
+18th [1858].
+
+... We are established here for ten days, and then go on to Shanklin,
+which seems more amusing to one, like myself, who cannot walk. We hope
+much that the sea may do H. and L. good. And if it does, our expedition
+will answer, but not otherwise.
+
+I have never half thanked you for all the extraordinary trouble and
+kindness you showed me about Wallace's affair. Hooker told me what was
+done at the Linnean Society, and I am far more than satisfied, and I do
+not think that Wallace can think my conduct unfair in allowing you and
+Hooker to do whatever you thought fair. I certainly was a little annoyed
+to lose all priority, but had resigned myself to my fate. I am going to
+prepare a longer abstract; but it is really impossible to do justice to
+the subject, except by giving the facts on which each conclusion is
+grounded, and that will, of course, be absolutely impossible. Your name
+and Hooker's name appearing as in any way the least interested in my
+work will, I am certain, have the most important bearing in leading
+people to consider the subject without prejudice. I look at this as so
+very important, that I am almost glad of Wallace's paper for having led
+to this.
+
+My dear Lyell, yours most gratefully.
+
+
+The following letter refers to the proof-sheets of the Linnean paper.
+The 'introduction' means the prefatory letter signed by Sir C. Lyell and
+Sir J. D. Hooker.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ King's Head Hotel, Sandown, Isle of Wight.
+July 21st [1858].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--I received only yesterday the proof-sheets, which I now
+return. I think your introduction cannot be improved.
+
+I am disgusted with my bad writing. I could not improve it, without
+rewriting all, which would not be fair or worth while, as I have begun
+on a better abstract for the Linnean Society. My excuse is that it
+_never_ was intended for publication. I have made only a few corrections
+in the style; but I cannot make it decent, but I hope moderately
+intelligible. I suppose some one will correct the revise. (Shall I?)
+
+Could I have a clean proof to send to Wallace?
+
+I have not yet fully considered your remarks on big genera (but your
+general concurrence is of the _highest possible_ interest to me); nor
+shall I be able till I re-read my MS.; but you may rely on it that you
+never make a remark to me which is lost from _inattention_. I am
+particularly glad you do not object to my stating your objections in a
+modified form, for they always struck me as very important, and as
+having much inherent value, whether or no they were fatal to my notions.
+I will consider and reconsider all your remarks....
+
+I am very glad at what you say about my Abstract, but you may rely on it
+that I will condense to the utmost. I would aid in money if it is too
+long.[152] In how many ways you have aided me!
+
+Yours affectionately.
+
+
+The "Abstract" mentioned in the last sentence of the preceding letter
+was in fact the _Origin of Species_, on which he now set to work. In his
+_Autobiography_ (p. 41) he speaks of beginning to write in September,
+but in his Diary he wrote, "July 20 to Aug. 12, at Sandown, began
+Abstract of Species book." "Sep. 16, Recommenced Abstract." The book was
+begun with the idea that it would be published as a paper, or series of
+papers, by the Linnean Society, and it was only in the late autumn that
+it became clear that it must take the form of an independent volume.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Norfolk House, Shanklin, Isle of Wight.
+[August 1858.]
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I write merely to say that the MS. came safely two or
+three days ago. I am much obliged for the correction of style: I find it
+unutterably difficult to write clearly. When we meet I must talk over a
+few points on the subject.
+
+You speak of going to the sea-side somewhere; we think this the nicest
+sea-side place which we have ever seen, and we like Shanklin better than
+other spots on the south coast of the island, though many are charming
+and prettier, so that I would suggest your thinking of this place. We
+are on the actual coast; but tastes differ so much about places.
+
+If you go to Broadstairs, when there is a strong wind from the coast of
+France and in fine, dry, warm weather, look out and you will _probably_
+(!) see thistle-seeds blown across the Channel. The other day I saw one
+blown right inland, and then in a few minutes a second one and then a
+third; and I said to myself, God bless me, how many thistles there must
+be in France; and I wrote a letter in imagination to you. But I then
+looked at the _low_ clouds, and noticed that they were not coming
+inland, so I feared a screw was loose, I then walked beyond a headland
+and found the wind parallel to the coast, and on this very headland a
+noble bed of thistles, which by every wide eddy were blown far out to
+sea, and then came right in at right angles to the shore! One day such a
+number of insects were washed up by the tide, and I brought to life
+thirteen species of Coleoptera; not that I suppose these came from
+France. But do you watch for thistle-seed as you saunter along the
+coast....
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [Down] Oct. 6th, 1858.
+
+... If you have or can make leisure, I should very much like to hear
+news of Mrs. Hooker, yourself, and the children. Where did you go, and
+what did you do and are doing? There is a comprehensive text.
+
+You cannot tell how I enjoyed your little visit here. It did me much
+good. If Harvey[153] is still with you, pray remember me very kindly to
+him.
+
+... I am working most steadily at my Abstract [_Origin of Species_], but
+it grows to an inordinate length; yet fully to make my view clear (and
+never giving briefly more than a fact or two, and slurring over
+difficulties), I cannot make it shorter. It will yet take me three or
+four months; so slow do I work, though never idle. You cannot imagine
+what a service you have done me in making me make this Abstract; for
+though I thought I had got all clear, it has clarified my brains very
+much, by making me weigh the relative importance of the several
+elements.
+
+
+He was not so fully occupied but that he could find time to help his
+boys in their collecting. He sent a short notice to the _Entomologists'
+Weekly Intelligencer_, June 25th, 1859, recording the capture of
+_Licinus silphoides_, _Clytus mysticus_, _Panagęus 4-pustulatus_. The
+notice begins with the words, "We three very young collectors having
+lately taken in the parish of Down," &c., and is signed by three of his
+boys, but was clearly not written by them. I have a vivid recollection
+of the pleasure of turning out my bottle of dead beetles for my father
+to name, and the excitement, in which he fully shared, when any of them
+proved to be uncommon ones. The following letter to Mr. Fox (Nov. 13th,
+1858), illustrates this point:--
+
+"I am reminded of old days by my third boy having just begun collecting
+beetles, and he caught the other day _Brachinus crepitans_, of immortal
+Whittlesea Mere memory. My blood boiled with old ardour when he caught a
+Licinus--a prize unknown to me."
+
+And again to Sir John Lubbock:--
+
+"I feel like an old war-horse at the sound of the trumpet when I read
+about the capturing of rare beetles--is not this a magnanimous simile
+for a decayed entomologist?--It really almost makes me long to begin
+collecting again. Adios.
+
+"'Floreat Entomologia'!--to which toast at Cambridge I have drunk many a
+glass of wine. So again, 'Floreat Entomologia.'--N.B. I have _not_ now
+been drinking any glasses full of wine."
+
+
+_C D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, Jan. 23rd, 1859.
+
+... I enclose letters to you and me from Wallace. I admire extremely the
+spirit in which they are written. I never felt very sure what he would
+say. He must be an amiable man. Please return that to me, and Lyell
+ought to be told how well satisfied he is. These letters have vividly
+brought before me how much I owe to your and Lyell's most kind and
+generous conduct in all this affair.
+
+... How glad I shall be when the Abstract is finished, and I can
+rest!...
+
+
+_C. D. to A. B. Wallace._ Down, Jan. 25th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I was extremely much pleased at receiving three days ago
+your letter to me and that to Dr. Hooker. Permit me to say how heartily
+I admire the spirit in which they are written. Though I had absolutely
+nothing whatever to do in leading Lyell and Hooker to what they thought
+a fair course of action, yet I naturally could not but feel anxious to
+hear what your impression would be. I owe indirectly much to you and
+them; for I almost think that Lyell would have proved right, and I
+should never have completed my larger work, for I have found my Abstract
+[_Origin of Species_] hard enough with my poor health, but now, thank
+God, I am in my last chapter but one. My Abstract will make a small
+volume of 400 or 500 pages. Whenever published, I will, of course, send
+you a copy, and then you will see what I mean about the part which I
+believe selection has played with domestic productions. It is a very
+different part, as you suppose, from that played by "Natural Selection."
+I sent off, by the same address as this note, a copy of the _Journal of
+the Linnean Society_, and subsequently I have sent some half-dozen
+copies of the paper. I have many other copies at your disposal....
+
+I am glad to hear that you have been attending to birds' nests. I have
+done so, though almost exclusively under one point of view, viz. to show
+that instincts vary, so that selection could work on and improve them.
+Few other instincts, so to speak, can be preserved in a Museum.
+
+Many thanks for your offer to look after horses' stripes; if there are
+any donkeys, pray add them. I am delighted to hear that you have
+collected bees' combs.... This is an especial hobby of mine, and I think
+I can throw a light on the subject. If you can collect duplicates at no
+very great expense, I should be glad of some specimens for myself with
+some bees of each kind. Young, growing, and irregular combs, and those
+which have not had pupę, are most valuable for measurements and
+examination. Their edges should be well protected against abrasion.
+
+Every one whom I have seen has thought your paper very well written and
+interesting. It puts my extracts (written in 1839,[154] now just twenty
+years ago!), which I must say in apology were never for an instant
+intended for publication, into the shade.
+
+You ask about Lyell's frame of mind. I think he is somewhat staggered,
+but does not give in, and speaks with horror, often to me, of what a
+thing it would be, and what a job it would be for the next edition of
+_The Principles_, if he were "perverted." But he is most candid and
+honest, and I think will end by being perverted. Dr. Hooker has become
+almost as heterodox as you or I, and I look at Hooker as _by far_ the
+most capable judge in Europe.
+
+Most cordially do I wish you health and entire success in all your
+pursuits, and, God knows, if admirable zeal and energy deserve success,
+most amply do you deserve it. I look at my own career as nearly run out.
+If I can publish my Abstract and perhaps my greater work on the same
+subject, I shall look at my course as done.
+
+Believe me, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely.
+
+
+In March 1859 the work was telling heavily on him. He wrote to Fox:--
+
+"I can see daylight through my work, and am now finally correcting my
+chapters for the press; and I hope in a month or six weeks to have
+proof-sheets. I am weary of my work. It is a very odd thing that I have
+no sensation that I overwork my brain; but facts compel me to conclude
+that my brain was never formed for much thinking. We are resolved to go
+for two or three months, when I have finished, to Ilkley, or some such
+place, to see if I can anyhow give my health a good start, for it
+certainly has been wretched of late, and has incapacitated me for
+everything. You do me injustice when you think that I work for fame; I
+value it to a certain extent; but, if I know myself, I work from a sort
+of instinct to try to make out truth."
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, March 28th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL,--If I keep decently well, I hope to be able to go to
+press with my volume early in May. This being so, I want much to beg a
+little advice from you. From an expression in Lady Lyell's note, I fancy
+that you have spoken to Murray. Is it so? And is he willing to publish
+my Abstract?[155] If you will tell me whether anything, and what has
+passed, I will then write to him. Does he know at all of the subject of
+the book? Secondly, can you advise me whether I had better state what
+terms of publication I should prefer, or first ask him to propose
+terms? And what do you think would be fair terms for an edition? Share
+profits, or what?
+
+Lastly, will you be so very kind as to look at the enclosed title and
+give me your opinion and any criticisms; you must remember that, if I
+have health, and it appears worth doing, I have a much larger and full
+book on the same subject nearly ready.
+
+My Abstract will be about five hundred pages of the size of your first
+edition of the _Elements of Geology_.
+
+Pray forgive me troubling you with the above queries; and you shall have
+no more trouble on the subject. I hope the world goes well with you, and
+that you are getting on with your various works.
+
+I am working very hard for me, and long to finish and be free and try to
+recover some health.
+
+My dear Lyell, ever yours.
+
+P.S.--Would you advise me to tell Murray that my book is not more
+_un_-orthodox than the subject makes inevitable. That I do not discuss
+the origin of man. That I do not bring in any discussion about Genesis,
+&c. &c., and only give facts, and such conclusions from them as seem to
+me fair.
+
+Or had I better say _nothing_ to Murray, and assume that he cannot
+object to this much unorthodoxy, which in fact is not more than any
+Geological Treatise which runs slap counter to Genesis.
+
+_Enclosure._
+
+AN ABSTRACT OF AN ESSAY ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
+AND VARIETIES THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION
+
+BY CHARLES DARWIN, M.A.
+FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, GEOLOGICAL, AND LINNEAN SOCIETIES.
+LONDON: &c. &c. &c. &c. 1859.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, March 30th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL,--You have been uncommonly kind in all you have done. You
+not only have saved me much trouble and some anxiety, but have done all
+incomparably better than I could have done it. I am much pleased at all
+you say about Murray. I will write either to-day or to-morrow to him,
+and will send shortly a large bundle of MS., but unfortunately I cannot
+for a week, as the first three chapters are in the copyists' hands.
+
+I am sorry about Murray objecting to the term Abstract, as I look at it
+as the only possible apology for _not_ giving references and facts in
+full, but I will defer to him and you. I am also sorry about the term
+"natural selection." I hope to retain it with explanation somewhat as
+thus:--
+
+
+     "Through natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races."
+
+
+Why I like the term is that it is constantly used in all works on
+breeding, and I am surprised that it is not familiar to Murray; but I
+have so long studied such works that I have ceased to be a competent
+judge.
+
+I again most truly and cordially thank you for your really valuable
+assistance.
+
+Yours most truly.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, April 2nd [1859].
+
+... I wrote to him [Mr. Murray] and gave him the headings of the
+chapters, and told him he could not have the MS. for ten days or so; and
+this morning I received a letter, offering me handsome terms, and
+agreeing to publish without seeing the MS.! So he is eager enough; I
+think I should have been cautious, anyhow, but, owing to your letter, I
+told him most _explicitly_ that I accept his offer solely on condition
+that, after he has seen part or all the MS. he has full power of
+retracting. You will think me presumptuous, but I think my book will be
+popular to a certain extent (enough to ensure [against] heavy loss)
+amongst scientific and semi-scientific men; why I think so is, because I
+have found in conversation so great and surprising an interest amongst
+such men, and some 0-scientific [non-scientific] men on this subject,
+and all my chapters are not _nearly_ so dry and dull as that which you
+have read on geographical distribution. Anyhow, Murray ought to be the
+best judge, and if he chooses to publish it, I think I may wash my
+hands of all responsibility. I am sure my friends, _i.e._ Lyell and you,
+have been _extraordinarily_ kind in troubling yourselves on the matter.
+
+I shall be delighted to see you the day before Good Friday; there would
+be one advantage for you in any other day--as I believe both my boys
+come home on that day--and it would be almost impossible that I could
+send the carriage for you. There will, I believe, be some relations in
+the house--but I hope you will not care for that, as we shall easily get
+as much talking as my _imbecile state_ allows. I shall deeply enjoy
+seeing you.
+
+... I am tired, so no more.
+
+P.S.--Please to send, well _tied up_ with strong string, my Geographical
+MS. towards the latter half of next week--_i.e._ 7th or 8th--that I may
+send it with more to Murray; and God help him if he tries to read it.
+
+... I cannot help a little doubting whether Lyell would take much pains
+to induce Murray to publish my book; this was not done at my request,
+and it rather grates against my pride.
+
+I know that Lyell has been _infinitely_ kind about my affair, but your
+dashed [_i.e._ underlined] "_induce_" gives the idea that Lyell had
+unfairly urged Murray.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. Murray._ Down, April 6th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I send by this post, the Title (with some remarks on a
+separate page), and the first three chapters. If you have patience to
+read all Chapter I., I honestly think you will have a fair notion of the
+interest of the whole book. It may be conceit, but I believe the subject
+will interest the public, and I am sure that the views are original. If
+you think otherwise, I must repeat my request that you will freely
+reject my work; and though I shall be a little disappointed, I shall be
+in no way injured.
+
+If you choose to read Chapters II. and III., you will have a dull and
+rather abstruse chapter, and a plain and interesting one, in my opinion.
+
+As soon as you have done with the MS., please to send it by _careful
+messenger, and plainly directed_, to Miss G. Tollett,[156] 14, Queen
+Anne Street, Cavendish Square.
+
+This lady, being an excellent judge of style, is going to look out for
+errors for me.
+
+You must take your own time, but the sooner you finish, the sooner she
+will, and the sooner I shall get to press, which I so earnestly wish.
+
+I presume you will wish to see Chapter IV.,[157] the key-stone of my
+arch, and Chapters X. and XI., but please to inform me on this head.
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely.
+
+
+On April 11th he wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"I write one line to say that I heard from Murray yesterday, and he says
+he has read the first three chapters of [my] MS. (and this includes a
+very dull one), and he abides by his offer. Hence he does not want more
+MS., and you can send my Geographical chapter when it pleases you."
+
+Part of the MS. seems to have been lost on its way back to my father. He
+wrote (April 14) to Sir J. D. Hooker:--
+
+"I have the old MS., otherwise the loss would have killed me! The worst
+is now that it will cause delay in getting to press, and far worst of
+all, I lose all advantage of your having looked over my chapter,[158]
+except the third part returned. I am very sorry Mrs. Hooker took the
+trouble of copying the two pages."
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [April or May, 1859.]
+
+... Please do not say to any one that I thought my book on species would
+be fairly popular, and have a fairly remunerative sale (which was the
+height of my ambition), for if it prove a dead failure, it would make me
+the more ridiculous.
+
+I enclose a criticism, a taste of the future--
+
+_Rev. S. Haughton's Address to the Geological Society, Dublin._[159]
+
+"This speculation of Messrs. Darwin and Wallace would not be worthy of
+notice were it not for the weight of authority of the names (_i.e._
+Lyell's and yours), under whose auspices it has been brought forward. If
+it means what it says, it is a truism; if it means anything more, it is
+contrary to fact."
+
+Q. E. D.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, May 11th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--Thank you for telling me about obscurity of style. But
+on my life no nigger with lash over him could have worked harder at
+clearness than I have done. But the very difficulty to me, of itself
+leads to the probability that I fail. Yet one lady who has read all my
+MS. has found only two or three obscure sentences; but Mrs. Hooker
+having so found it, makes me tremble. I will do my best in proofs. You
+are a good man to take the trouble to write about it.
+
+With respect to our mutual muddle,[160] I never for a moment thought we
+could not make our ideas clear to each other by talk, or if either of us
+had time to write _in extenso_.
+
+I imagine from some expressions (but if you ask me what, I could not
+answer) that you look at variability as some necessary contingency with
+organisms, and further that there is some necessary tendency in the
+variability to go on diverging in character or degree. _If you do_, I do
+not agree. "Reversion" again (a form of inheritance), I look at as in no
+way directly connected with Variation, though of course inheritance is
+of fundamental importance to us, for if a variation be not inherited, it
+is of no signification to us. It was on such points as these I _fancied_
+that we perhaps started differently.
+
+I fear that my book will not deserve at all the pleasant things you say
+about it, and Good Lord, how I do long to have done with it!
+
+Since the above was written, I have received and have been _much
+interested_ by A. Gray. I am delighted at his note about my and
+Wallace's paper. He will go round, for it is futile to give up very many
+species, and stop at an arbitrary line at others. It is what my father
+called Unitarianism, "a featherbed to catch a falling Christian."...
+
+
+_C. D. to J. Murray._ Down, June 14th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--The diagram will do very well, and I will send it shortly
+to Mr. West to have a few trifling corrections made.
+
+I get on very slowly with proofs. I remember writing to you that I
+thought there would be not much correction. I honestly wrote what I
+thought, but was most grievously mistaken. I find the style incredibly
+bad, and most difficult to make clear and smooth. I am extremely sorry
+to say, on account of expense, and loss of time for me, that the
+corrections are very heavy, as heavy as possible. But from casual
+glances, I still hope that later chapters are not so badly written. How
+I could have written so badly is quite inconceivable, but I suppose it
+was owing to my whole attention being fixed on the general line of
+argument, and not on details. All I can say is, that I am very sorry.
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down [Sept.] 11th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I corrected the last proof yesterday, and I have now my
+revises, index, &c., which will take me near to the end of the month. So
+that the neck of my work, thank God, is broken.
+
+I write now to say that I am uneasy in my conscience about hesitating to
+look over your proofs,[161] but I was feeling miserably unwell and
+shattered when I wrote. I do not suppose I could be of hardly any use,
+but if I could, pray send me any proofs. I should be (and fear I was)
+the most ungrateful man to hesitate to do anything for you after some
+fifteen or more years' help from you.
+
+As soon as ever I have fairly finished I shall be off to Ilkley, or some
+other Hydropathic establishment. But I shall be some time yet, as my
+proofs have been so utterly obscured with corrections, that I have to
+correct heavily on revises.
+
+Murray proposes to publish the first week in November. Oh, good heavens,
+the relief to my head and body to banish the whole subject from my mind!
+
+I hope you do not think me a brute about your proof-sheets.
+
+Farewell, yours affectionately.
+
+
+The following letter is interesting as showing with what a very moderate
+amount of recognition he was satisfied,--and more than satisfied.
+
+Sir Charles Lyell was President of the Geological section at the meeting
+of the British Association at Aberdeen in 1859. In his address he
+said:--"On this difficult and mysterious subject [Evolution] a work will
+very shortly appear by Mr. Charles Darwin, the result of twenty years
+of observations and experiments in Zoology, Botany, and Geology, by
+which he has been led to the conclusion that those powers of nature
+which give rise to races and permanent varieties in animals and plants,
+are the same as those which in much longer periods produce species, and
+in a still longer series of ages give rise to differences of generic
+rank. He appears to me to have succeeded by his investigations and
+reasonings in throwing a flood of light on many classes of phenomena
+connected with the affinities, geographical distribution, and geological
+succession of organic beings, for which no other hypothesis has been
+able, or has even attempted to account."
+
+My father wrote:--
+
+"You once gave me intense pleasure, or rather delight, by the way you
+were interested, in a manner I never expected, in my Coral Reef notions,
+and now you have again given me similar pleasure by the manner you have
+noticed my species work. Nothing could be more satisfactory to me, and I
+thank you for myself, and even more for the subject's sake, as I know
+well that the sentence will make many fairly consider the subject,
+instead of ridiculing it."
+
+And again, a few days later:--
+
+"I do thank you for your eulogy at Aberdeen. I have been so wearied and
+exhausted of late that I have for months doubted whether I have not been
+throwing away time and labour for nothing. But now I care not what the
+universal world says; I have always found you right, and certainly on
+this occasion I am not going to doubt for the first time. Whether you go
+far, or but a very short way with me and others who believe as I do, I
+am contented, for my work cannot be in vain. You would laugh if you knew
+how often I have read your paragraph, and it has acted like a little
+dram."
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, Sept. 30th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL,--I sent off this morning the last sheets, but without
+index, which is not in type. I look at you as my Lord High Chancellor in
+Natural Science, and therefore I request you, after you have finished,
+just to _re-run_ over the heads in the recapitulation-part of the last
+chapter. I shall be deeply anxious to hear what you decide (if you are
+able to decide) on the balance of the pros and contras given in my
+volume, and of such other pros and contras as may occur to you. I hope
+that you will think that I have given the difficulties fairly. I feel an
+entire conviction that if you are now staggered to any moderate extent,
+you will come more and more round, the longer you keep the subject at
+all before your mind. I remember well how many long years it was before
+I could look into the face of some of the difficulties and not feel
+quite abashed. I fairly struck my colours before the case of neuter
+insects.[162]
+
+I suppose that I am a very slow thinker, for you would be surprised at
+the number of years it took me to see clearly what some of the problems
+were which had to be solved, such as the necessity of the principle of
+divergence of character, the extinction of intermediate varieties, on a
+continuous area, with graduated conditions; the double problem of
+sterile first crosses and sterile hybrids, &c. &c.
+
+Looking back, I think it was more difficult to see what the problems
+were than to solve them, so far as I have succeeded in doing, and this
+seems to me rather curious. Well, good or bad, my work, thank God, is
+over; and hard work, I can assure you, I have had, and much work which
+has never borne fruit. You can see, by the way I am scribbling, that I
+have an idle and rainy afternoon. I was not able to start for Ilkley
+yesterday as I was too unwell; but I hope to get there on Tuesday or
+Wednesday. Do, I beg you, when you have finished my book and thought a
+little over it, let me hear from you. Never mind and pitch into me, if
+you think it requisite; some future day, in London possibly, you may
+give me a few criticisms in detail, that is, if you have scribbled any
+remarks on the margin, for the chance of a second edition.
+
+Murray has printed 1250 copies, which seems to me rather too large an
+edition, but I hope he will not lose.
+
+I make as much fuss about my book as if it were my first. Forgive me,
+and believe me, my dear Lyell,
+
+Yours most sincerely.
+
+
+The book was at last finished and printed, and he wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+
+Ilkley, Yorkshire [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I have received your kind note and the copy; I am
+infinitely pleased and proud at the appearance of my child.
+
+I quite agree to all you propose about price. But you are really too
+generous about the, to me, scandalously heavy corrections. Are you not
+acting unfairly towards yourself? Would it not be better at least to
+share the £72 8s.? I shall be fully satisfied, for I had no business to
+send, though quite unintentionally and unexpectedly, such badly composed
+MS. to the printers.
+
+Thank you for your kind offer to distribute the copies to my friends and
+assisters as soon as possible. Do not trouble yourself much about the
+foreigners, as Messrs. Williams and Norgate have most kindly offered to
+do their best, and they are accustomed to send to all parts of the
+world.
+
+I will pay for my copies whenever you like. I am so glad that you were
+so good as to undertake the publication of my book.
+
+My dear Sir, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+The further history of the book is given in the next chapter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[147] _Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist._, 1855.
+
+[148] After the death, from scarlet fever, of his infant child.
+
+[149] "Abstract" is here used in the sense of "extract;" in this sense
+also it occurs in the _Linnean Journal_, where the sources of my
+father's paper are described.
+
+[150] "On the tendency of Species to form Varieties and on the
+Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
+Selection."--_Linnean Society's Journal_, iii. p. 53.
+
+[151] This passage was published as a footnote in a review of the _Life
+and Letters of Charles Darwin_ which appeared in the _Quarterly Review_,
+Jan. 1888. In the new edition (1891) of _Natural Selection and Tropical
+Nature_ (p. 20), Mr. Wallace has given the facts above narrated. There
+is a slight and quite unimportant discrepancy between the two accounts,
+viz. that in the narrative of 1891 Mr. Wallace speaks of the "cold fit"
+instead of the "hot fit" of his ague attack.
+
+[152] That is to say, he would help to pay for the printing, if it
+should prove too long for the Linnean Society.
+
+[153] W. H. Harvey, born 1811, died 1866: a well-known botanist.
+
+[154] See a discussion on the date of the earliest sketch of the
+_Origin_ in the _Life and Letters_, ii. p. 10.
+
+[155] _The Origin of Species._
+
+[156] Miss Tollett was an old friend of the family.
+
+[157] In the first edition Chapter iv. was on Natural Selection.
+
+[158] The following characteristic acknowledgment of the help he
+received occurs in a letter to Hooker, of about this time: "I never did
+pick any one's pocket, but whilst writing my present chapter I keep on
+feeling (even when differing most from you) just as if I were stealing
+from you, so much do I owe to your writings and conversation, so much
+more than mere acknowledgments show."
+
+[159] Feb. 9th, 1858.
+
+[160] "When I go over the chapter I will see what I can do, but I hardly
+know how I am obscure, and I think we are somehow in a mutual muddle
+with respect to each other, from starting from some fundamentally
+different notions."--Letter of May 6th, 1859.
+
+[161] Of Hooker's _Flora of Australia_.
+
+[162] _Origin of Species_, 6th edition, vol. ii. p. 357. "But with the
+working ant we have an insect differing greatly from its parents, yet
+absolutely sterile, so that it could never have transmitted successively
+acquired modifications of structure or instinct to its progeny. It may
+well be asked how is it possible to reconcile this case with the theory
+of natural selection?"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+     "Remember that your verdict will probably have more influence than
+     my book in deciding whether such views as I hold will be admitted
+     or rejected at present; in the future I cannot doubt about their
+     admittance, and our posterity will marvel as much about the current
+     belief as we do about fossil shells having been thought to have
+     been created as we now see them."--From a letter to Lyell, Sept.
+     1859.
+
+OCTOBER 3RD, 1859, TO DECEMBER 31ST, 1859.
+
+
+Under the date of October 1st, 1859, in my father's Diary occurs the
+entry:--"Finished proofs (thirteen months and ten days) of Abstract on
+_Origin of Species_; 1250 copies printed. The first edition was
+published on November 24th, and all copies sold first day."
+
+In October he was, as we have seen in the last chapter, at Ilkley, near
+Leeds: there he remained with his family until December, and on the 9th
+of that month he was again at Down. The only other entry in the Diary
+for this year is as follows:--"During end of November and beginning of
+December, employed in correcting for second edition of 3000 copies;
+multitude of letters."
+
+The first and a few of the subsequent letters refer to proof-sheets, and
+to early copies of the Origin which were sent to friends before the book
+was published.
+
+
+_C. Lyell to C. Darwin._ October 3rd, 1859.
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I have just finished your volume, and right glad I am
+that I did my best with Hooker to persuade you to publish it without
+waiting for a time which probably could never have arrived, though you
+lived till the age of a hundred, when you had prepared all your facts on
+which you ground so many grand generalizations.
+
+It is a splendid case of close reasoning, and long substantial argument
+throughout so many pages; the condensation immense, too great perhaps
+for the uninitiated, but an effective and important preliminary
+statement, which will admit, even before your detailed proofs appear, of
+some occasional useful exemplification, such as your pigeons and
+cirripedes, of which you make such excellent use.
+
+I mean that, when, as I fully expect, a new edition is soon called for,
+you may here and there insert an actual case to relieve the vast number
+of abstract propositions. So far as I am concerned, I am so well
+prepared to take your statements of facts for granted, that I do not
+think the "pičces justificatives" when published will make much
+difference, and I have long seen most clearly that if any concession is
+made, all that you claim in your concluding pages will follow. It is
+this which has made me so long hesitate, always feeling that the case of
+Man and his races, and of other animals, and that of plants is one and
+the same, and that if a "vera causa" be admitted for one, instead of a
+purely unknown and imaginary one, such as the word "Creation," all the
+consequences must follow.
+
+I fear I have not time to-day, as I am just leaving this place to
+indulge in a variety of comments, and to say how much I was delighted
+with Oceanic Islands--Rudimentary Organs--Embryology--the genealogical
+key to the Natural System, Geographical Distribution, and if I went on I
+should be copying the heads of all your chapters. But I will say a word
+of the Recapitulation, in case some slight alteration, or, at least,
+omission of a word or two be still possible in that.
+
+In the first place, at p. 480, it cannot surely be said that the most
+eminent naturalists have rejected the view of the mutability of species?
+You do not mean to ignore G. St. Hilaire and Lamarck. As to the latter,
+you may say, that in regard to animals you substitute natural selection
+for volition to a certain considerable extent, but in his theory of the
+changes of plants he could not introduce volition; he may, no doubt,
+have laid an undue comparative stress on changes in physical conditions,
+and too little on those of contending organisms. He at least was for the
+universal mutability of species and for a genealogical link between the
+first and the present. The men of his school also appealed to
+domesticated varieties. (Do you mean _living_ naturalists?)[163]
+
+The first page of this most important summary gives the adversary an
+advantage, by putting forth so abruptly and crudely such a startling
+objection as the formation of "the eye,"[164] not by means analogous to
+man's reason, or rather by some power immeasurably superior to human
+reason, but by superinduced variation like those of which a
+cattle-breeder avails himself. Pages would be required thus to state an
+objection and remove it. It would be better, as you wish to persuade, to
+say nothing. Leave out several sentences, and in a future edition bring
+it out more fully.
+
+... But these are small matters, mere spots on the sun. Your comparison
+of the letters retained in words, when no longer wanted for the sound,
+to rudimentary organs is excellent, as both are truly genealogical....
+
+You enclose your sheets in old MS., so the Post Office very properly
+charge them, as letters, 2_d._ extra. I wish all their fines on MS. were
+worth as much. I paid 4_s._ 6_d._ for such wash the other day from
+Paris, from a man who can prove 300 deluges in the valley of Seine.
+
+With my hearty congratulations to you on your grand work, believe me,
+
+Ever very affectionately yours.
+
+
+_C. D. to L. Agassiz._[165] Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I have ventured to send you a copy of my book (as yet only
+an abstract) on the _Origin of Species_. As the conclusions at which I
+have arrived on several points differ so widely from yours, I have
+thought (should you at any time read my volume) that you might think
+that I had sent it to you out of a spirit of defiance or bravado; but I
+assure you that I act under a wholly different frame of mind. I hope
+that you will at least give me credit, however erroneous you may think
+my conclusions, for having earnestly endeavoured to arrive at the truth.
+With sincere respect, I beg leave to remain,
+
+Yours very faithfully.
+
+
+He sent copies of the _Origin_, accompanied by letters similar to the
+last, to M. De Candolle, Dr. Asa Gray, Falconer and Mr. Jenyns
+(Blomefield).
+
+To Henslow he wrote (Nov. 11th, 1859):--
+
+"I have told Murray to send a copy of my book on Species to you, my dear
+old master in Natural History; I fear, however, that you will not
+approve of your pupil in this case. The book in its present state does
+not show the amount of labour which I have bestowed on the subject.
+
+"If you have time to read it carefully, and would take the trouble to
+point out what parts seem weakest to you and what best, it would be a
+most material aid to me in writing my bigger book, which I hope to
+commence in a few months. You know also how highly I value your
+judgment. But I am not so unreasonable as to wish or expect you to write
+detailed and lengthy criticisms, but merely a few general remarks,
+pointing out the weakest parts.
+
+"If you are _in ever so slight a degree_ staggered (which I hardly
+expect) on the immutability of species, then I am convinced with further
+reflection you will become more and more staggered, for this has been
+the process through which my mind has gone."
+
+
+_C. D. to A. R. Wallace._ Ilkley, November 13th, 1859.
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I have told Murray to send you by post (if possible) a
+copy of my book, and I hope that you will receive it at nearly the same
+time with this note. (N.B. I have got a bad finger, which makes me write
+extra badly.) If you are so inclined, I should very much like to hear
+your general impression of the book, as you have thought so profoundly
+on the subject, and in so nearly the same channel with myself. I hope
+there will be some little new to you, but I fear not much. Remember it
+is only an abstract, and very much condensed. God knows what the public
+will think. No one has read it, except Lyell, with whom I have had much
+correspondence. Hooker thinks him a complete convert, but he does not
+seem so in his letters to me; but is evidently deeply interested in the
+subject. I do not think your share in the theory will be overlooked by
+the real judges, as Hooker, Lyell, Asa Gray, &c. I have heard from Mr.
+Sclater that your paper on the Malay Archipelago has been read at the
+Linnean Society, and that he was _extremely_ much interested by it.
+
+I have not seen one naturalist for six or nine months, owing to the
+state of my health, and therefore I really have no news to tell you. I
+am writing this at Ilkley Wells, where I have been with my family for
+the last six weeks, and shall stay for some few weeks longer. As yet I
+have profited very little. God knows when I shall have strength for my
+bigger book.
+
+I sincerely hope that you keep your health; I suppose that you will be
+thinking of returning[166] soon with your magnificent collections, and
+still grander mental materials. You will be puzzled how to publish. The
+Royal Society fund will be worth your consideration. With every good
+wish, pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+P.S.--I think that I told you before that Hooker is a complete convert.
+If I can convert Huxley I shall be content.
+
+
+_C. Darwin to W. B. Carpenter._ November 19th [1859].
+
+... If, after reading my book, you are able to come to a conclusion in
+any degree definite, will you think me very unreasonable in asking you
+to let me hear from you? I do not ask for a long discussion, but merely
+for a brief idea of your general impression. From your widely extended
+knowledge, habit of investigating the truth, and abilities, I should
+value your opinion in the very highest rank. Though I, of course,
+believe in the truth of my own doctrine, I suspect that no belief is
+vivid until shared by others. As yet I know only one believer, but I
+look at him as of the greatest authority, viz. Hooker. When I think of
+the many cases of men who have studied one subject for years, and have
+persuaded themselves of the truth of the foolishest doctrines, I feel
+sometimes a little frightened, whether I may not be one of these
+monomaniacs.
+
+Again pray excuse this, I fear, unreasonable request. A short note would
+suffice, and I could bear a hostile verdict, and shall have to bear many
+a one.
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Ilkley, Yorkshire. [November, 1859.]
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I have just read a review on my book in the
+_Athenęum_[167] and it excites my curiosity much who is the author. If
+you should hear who writes in the _Athenęum_ I wish you would tell me.
+It seems to me well done, but the reviewer gives no new objections, and,
+being hostile, passes over every single argument in favour of the
+doctrine.... I fear, from the tone of the review, that I have written in
+a conceited and cocksure style,[168] which shames me a little. There is
+another review of which I should like to know the author, viz. of H. C.
+Watson in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_.[169] Some of the remarks are like
+yours, and he does deserve punishment; but surely the review is too
+severe. Don't you think so?...
+
+I have heard from Carpenter, who, I think, is likely to be a convert.
+Also from Quatrefages, who is inclined to go a long way with us. He says
+that he exhibited in his lecture a diagram closely like mine!
+
+
+_J. D. Hooker to C. Darwin._ Monday [Nov. 21, 1859].
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I am a sinner not to have written you ere this, if only
+to thank you for your glorious book--what a mass of close reasoning on
+curious facts and fresh phenomena--it is capitally written, and will be
+very successful. I say this on the strength of two or three plunges into
+as many chapters, for I have not yet attempted to read it. Lyell, with
+whom we are staying, is perfectly enchanted, and is absolutely gloating
+over it. I must accept your compliment to me, and acknowledgment of
+supposed assistance[170] from me, as the warm tribute of affection from
+an honest (though deluded) man, and furthermore accept it as very
+pleasing to my vanity; but, my dear fellow, neither my name nor my
+judgment nor my assistance deserved any such compliments, and if I am
+dishonest enough to be pleased with what I don't deserve, it must just
+pass. How different the _book_ reads from the MS. I see I shall have
+much to talk over with you. Those lazy printers have not finished my
+luckless Essay: which, beside your book, will look like a ragged
+handkerchief beside a Royal Standard....
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [November, 1859.]
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I cannot help it, I must thank you for your
+affectionate and most kind note. My head will be turned. By Jove, I must
+try and get a bit modest. I was a little chagrined by the review.[171] I
+hope it was _not_ ----. As advocate, he might think himself justified in
+giving the argument only on one side. But the manner in which he drags
+in immortality, and sets the priests at me, and leaves me to their
+mercies, is base. He would, on no account, burn me, but he will get the
+wood ready, and tell the black beasts how to catch me.... It would be
+unspeakably grand if Huxley were to lecture on the subject, but I can
+see this is a mere chance; Faraday might think it too unorthodox.
+
+... I had a letter from [Huxley] with such tremendous praise of my book,
+that modesty (as I am trying to cultivate that difficult herb) prevents
+me sending it to you, which I should have liked to have done, as he is
+very modest about himself.
+
+You have cockered me up to that extent, that I now feel I can face a
+score of savage reviewers. I suppose you are still with the Lyells. Give
+my kindest remembrance to them. I triumph to hear that he continues to
+approve.
+
+Believe me, your would-be modest friend.
+
+
+The following passage from a letter to Lyell shows how strongly he felt
+on the subject of Lyell's adherence:--"I rejoice profoundly that you
+intend admitting the doctrine of modification in your new edition;[172]
+nothing, I am convinced, could be more important for its success. I
+honour you most sincerely. To have maintained in the position of a
+master, one side of a question for thirty years, and then deliberately
+give it up, is a fact to which I much doubt whether the records of
+science offer a parallel. For myself, also I rejoice profoundly; for,
+thinking of so many cases of men pursuing an illusion for years, often
+and often a cold shudder has run through me, and I have asked myself
+whether I may not have devoted my life to a phantasy. Now I look at it
+as morally impossible that investigators of truth, like you and Hooker,
+can be wholly wrong, and therefore I rest in peace."
+
+
+_T. H. Huxley[173] to C. Darwin._ Jermyn Street, W. November 23rd, 1859.
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I finished your book yesterday, a lucky examination
+having furnished me with a few hours of continuous leisure.
+
+Since I read Von Bär's[174] essays, nine years ago, no work on Natural
+History Science I have met with has made so great an impression upon me,
+and I do most heartily thank you for the great store of new views you
+have given me. Nothing, I think, can be better than the tone of the
+book, it impresses those who know nothing about the subject. As for your
+doctrine, I am prepared to go to the stake, if requisite, in support of
+Chapter IX.,[175] and most parts of Chapters X., XI., XII.; and Chapter
+XIII. contains much that is most admirable, but on one or two points I
+enter a _caveat_ until I can see further into all sides of the question.
+
+As to the first four chapters, I agree thoroughly and fully with all
+the principles laid down in them. I think you have demonstrated a true
+cause for the production of species, and have thrown the _onus
+probandi_, that species did not arise in the way you suppose, on your
+adversaries.
+
+But I feel that I have not yet by any means fully realized the bearings
+of those most remarkable and original Chapters III., IV. and V., and I
+will write no more about them just now.
+
+The only objections that have occurred to me are, 1st that you have
+loaded yourself with an unnecessary difficulty in adopting _Natura non
+facit saltum_ so unreservedly.... And 2nd, it is not clear to me why, if
+continual physical conditions are of so little moment as you suppose,
+variation should occur at all.
+
+However, I must read the book two or three times more before I presume
+to begin picking holes.
+
+I trust you will not allow yourself to be in any way disgusted or
+annoyed by the considerable abuse and misrepresentation which, unless I
+greatly mistake, is in store for you. Depend upon it you have earned the
+lasting gratitude of all thoughtful men. And as to the curs which will
+bark and yelp, you must recollect that some of your friends, at any
+rate, are endowed with an amount of combativeness which (though you have
+often and justly rebuked it) may stand you in good stead.
+
+I am sharpening up my claws and beak in readiness.
+
+Looking back over my letter, it really expresses so feebly all I think
+about you and your noble book that I am half ashamed of it; but you will
+understand that, like the parrot in the story, "I think the more."
+
+Ever yours faithfully.
+
+
+_C. D. to T. H. Huxley._ Ilkley, Nov. 25 [1859].
+
+MY DEAR HUXLEY,--Your letter has been forwarded to me from Down. Like a
+good Catholic who has received extreme unction, I can now sing "nunc
+dimittis." I should have been more than contented with one quarter of
+what you have said. Exactly fifteen months ago, when I put pen to paper
+for this volume, I had awful misgivings; and thought perhaps I had
+deluded myself, like so many have done, and I then fixed in my mind
+three judges, on whose decision I determined mentally to abide. The
+judges were Lyell, Hooker, and yourself. It was this which made me so
+excessively anxious for your verdict. I am now contented, and can sing
+my "nunc dimittis." What a joke it would be if I pat you on the back
+when you attack some immovable creationists! You have most cleverly hit
+on one point, which has greatly troubled me; if, as I must think,
+external conditions produce little _direct_ effect, what the devil
+determines each particular variation? What makes a tuft of feathers come
+on a cock's head, or moss on a moss-rose? I shall much like to talk over
+this with you....
+
+My dear Huxley, I thank you cordially for your letter.
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+
+_Erasmus Darwin[176] to C. Darwin._ November 23rd [1859].
+
+DEAR CHARLES,--I am so much weaker in the head, that I hardly know if
+I can write, but at all events I will jot down a few things that the
+Dr.[177] has said. He has not read much above half, so, as he says, he
+can give no definite conclusion, and keeps stating that he is not
+tied down to either view, and that he has always left an escape by
+the way he has spoken of varieties. I happened to speak of the eye
+before he had read that part, and it took away his breath--utterly
+impossible--structure--function, &c., &c., &c., but when he had read it
+he hummed and hawed, and perhaps it was partly conceivable, and then he
+fell back on the bones of the ear, which were beyond all probability or
+conceivability. He mentioned a slight blot, which I also observed, that
+in speaking of the slave-ants carrying one another, you change the
+species without giving notice first, and it makes one turn back....
+
+... For myself I really think it is the most interesting book I ever
+read, and can only compare it to the first knowledge of chemistry,
+getting into a new world or rather behind the scenes. To me the
+geographical distribution, I mean the relation of islands to continents
+is the most convincing of the proofs, and the relation of the oldest
+forms to the existing species. I dare say I don't feel enough the
+absence of varieties, but then I don't in the least know if everything
+now living were fossilized whether the palęontologists could distinguish
+them. In fact the _a priori_ reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me
+that if the facts won't fit in, why so much the worse for the facts is
+my feeling. My ague has left me in such a state of torpidity that I wish
+I had gone through the process of natural selection.
+
+Yours affectionately.
+
+
+_A. Sedgwick[178] to C. Darwin._ [November 1859.]
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I write to thank you for your work on the _Origin of
+Species_. It came, I think, in the latter part of last week; but it may
+have come a few days sooner, and been overlooked among my book-parcels,
+which often remain unopened when I am lazy or busy with any work before
+me. So soon as I opened it I began to read it, and I finished it, after
+many interruptions, on Tuesday. Yesterday I was employed--1st, in
+preparing for my lecture; 2ndly, in attending a meeting of my brother
+Fellows to discuss the final propositions of the Parliamentary
+Commissioners; 3rdly, in lecturing; 4thly, in hearing the conclusion of
+the discussion and the College reply, whereby, in conformity with my own
+wishes, we accepted the scheme of the Commissioners; 5thly, in dining
+with an old friend at Clare College; 6thly, in adjourning to the weekly
+meeting of the Ray Club, from which I returned at 10 P.M., dog-tired,
+and hardly able to climb my staircase. Lastly, in looking through the
+_Times_ to see what was going on in the busy world.
+
+I do not state this to fill space (though I believe that Nature does
+abhor a vacuum), but to prove that my reply and my thanks are sent to
+you by the earliest leisure I have, though that is but a very contracted
+opportunity. If I did not think you a good-tempered and truth-loving
+man, I should not tell you that (spite of the great knowledge, store of
+facts, capital views of the correlation of the various parts of organic
+nature, admirable hints about the diffusion, through wide regions, of
+many related organic beings, &c. &c.) I have read your book with more
+pain than pleasure. Parts of it I admired greatly, parts I laughed at
+till my sides were almost sore; other parts I read with absolute sorrow,
+because I think them utterly false and grievously mischievous. You have
+_deserted_--after a start in that tram-road of all solid physical
+truth--the true method of induction, and started us in machinery as
+wild, I think, as Bishop Wilkins's locomotive that was to sail with us
+to the moon. Many of your wide conclusions are based upon assumptions
+which can neither be proved nor disproved, why then express them in the
+language and arrangement of philosophical induction? As to your grand
+principle--_natural selection_--what is it but a secondary consequence
+of supposed, or known, primary facts? Development is a better word,
+because more close to the cause of the fact? For you do not deny
+causation. I call (in the abstract) causation the will of God; and I can
+prove that He acts for the good of His creatures. He also acts by laws
+which we can study and comprehend. Acting by law, and under what is
+called final causes, comprehends, I think, your whole principle. You
+write of "natural selection" as if it were done consciously by the
+selecting agent. 'Tis but a consequence of the pre-supposed development,
+and the subsequent battle for life. This view of nature you have stated
+admirably, though admitted by all naturalists and denied by no one of
+common-sense. We all admit development as a fact of history: but how
+came it about? Here, in language, and still more in logic, we are
+point-blank at issue. There is a moral or metaphysical part of nature as
+well as a physical. A man who denies this is deep in the mire of folly.
+'Tis the crown and glory of organic science that it _does_ through
+_final cause_, link material and moral; and yet _does not_ allow us to
+mingle them in our first conception of laws, and our classification of
+such laws, whether we consider one side of nature or the other. You have
+ignored this link; and, if I do not mistake your meaning, you have done
+your best in one or two pregnant cases to break it. Were it possible
+(which, thank God, it is not) to break it, humanity, in my mind, would
+suffer a damage that might brutalize it, and sink the human race into a
+lower grade of degradation than any into which it has fallen since its
+written records tell us of its history. Take the case of the bee-cells.
+If your development produced the successive modification of the bee and
+its cells (which no mortal can prove), final cause would stand good as
+the directing cause under which the successive generations acted and
+gradually improved. Passages in your book, like that to which I have
+alluded (and there are others almost as bad), greatly shocked my moral
+taste. I think, in speculating on organic descent, you _over_-state the
+evidence of geology; and that you _under_-state it while you are talking
+of the broken links of your natural pedigree: but my paper is nearly
+done, and I must go to my lecture-room. Lastly, then, I greatly dislike
+the concluding chapter--not as a summary, for in that light it appears
+good--but I dislike it from the tone of triumphant confidence in which
+you appeal to the rising generation (in a tone I condemned in the author
+of the _Vestiges_) and prophesy of things not yet in the womb of time,
+nor (if we are to trust the accumulated experience of human sense and
+the inferences of its logic) ever likely to be found anywhere but in the
+fertile womb of man's imagination. And now to say a word about a son of
+a monkey and an old friend of yours: I am better, far better, than I
+was last year. I have been lecturing three days a week (formerly I gave
+six a week) without much fatigue, but I find by the loss of activity and
+memory, and of all productive powers, that my bodily frame is sinking
+slowly towards the earth. But I have visions of the future. They are as
+much a part of myself as my stomach and my heart, and these visions are
+to have their anti-type in solid fruition of what is best and greatest.
+But on one condition only--that I humbly accept God's revelation of
+Himself both in His works and in His word, and do my best to act in
+conformity with that knowledge which He only can give me, and He only
+can sustain me in doing. If you and I do all this, we shall meet in
+heaven.
+
+I have written in a hurry, and in a spirit of brotherly love, therefore
+forgive any sentence you happen to dislike; and believe me, spite of any
+disagreement in some points of the deepest moral interest, your
+true-hearted old friend,
+
+A. SEDGWICK.
+
+
+The following extract from a note to Lyell (Nov. 24) gives an idea of
+the conditions under which the second edition was prepared: "This
+morning I heard from Murray that he sold the whole edition[179] the
+first day to the trade. He wants a new edition instantly, and this
+utterly confounds me. Now, under water-cure, with all nervous power
+directed to the skin, I cannot possibly do head-work, and I must make
+only actually necessary corrections. But I will, as far as I can without
+my manuscript, take advantage of your suggestions: I must not attempt
+much. Will you send me one line to say whether I must strike out about
+the secondary whale,[180] it goes to my heart. About the rattle-snake,
+look to my Journal, under Trigonocephalus, and you will see the probable
+origin of the rattle, and generally in transitions it is the _premier
+pas qui coūte_."
+
+Here follows a hint of the coming storm (from a letter to Lyell, Dec.
+2):--
+
+"Do what I could, I fear I shall be greatly abused. In answer to
+Sedgwick's remark that my book would be 'mischievous,' I asked him
+whether truth can be known except by being victorious over all attacks.
+But it is no use. H. C. Watson tells me that one zoologist says he will
+read my book, 'but I will never believe it.' What a spirit to read any
+book in! Crawford[181] writes to me that his notice will be hostile,
+but that 'he will not calumniate the author.' He says he has read my
+book, 'at least such parts as he could understand.'[182] He sent me some
+notes and suggestions (quite unimportant), and they show me that I have
+unavoidably done harm to the subject, by publishing an abstract.... I
+have had several notes from ----, very civil and less decided. Says he
+shall not pronounce against me without much reflection, _perhaps will
+say nothing_ on the subject. X. says he will go to that part of hell,
+which Dante tells us is appointed for those who are neither on God's
+side nor on that of the devil."
+
+
+But his friends were preparing to fight for him. Huxley gave, in
+_Macmillan's Magazine_ for December, an analysis of the _Origin_,
+together with the substance of his Royal Institution lecture, delivered
+before the publication of the book.
+
+Carpenter was preparing an essay for the _National Review_, and
+negotiating for a notice in the _Edinburgh_ free from any taint of
+_odium theologicum_.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down [December 12th, 1859].
+
+... I had very long interviews with ----, which perhaps you would like
+to hear about.... I infer from several expressions that, at bottom, he
+goes an immense way with us....
+
+He said to the effect that my explanation was the best ever published of
+the manner of formation of species. I said I was very glad to hear it.
+He took me up short: "You must not at all suppose that I agree with you
+in all respects." I said I thought it no more likely that I should be
+right in nearly all points, than that I should toss up a penny and get
+heads twenty times running. I asked him what he thought the weakest
+part. He said he had no particular objection to any part. He added:--
+
+"If I must criticise, I should say, we do not want to know what Darwin
+believes and is convinced of, but what he can prove." I agreed most
+fully and truly that I have probably greatly sinned in this line, and
+defended my general line of argument of inventing a theory and seeing
+how many classes of facts the theory would explain. I added that I would
+endeavour to modify the "believes" and "convinceds." He took me up
+short: "You will then spoil your book, the charm of it is that it is
+Darwin himself." He added another objection, that the book was too
+_teres atque rotundus_--that it explained everything, and that it was
+improbable in the highest degree that I should succeed in this. I quite
+agree with this rather queer objection, and it comes to this that my
+book must be very bad or very good....
+
+I have heard, by a roundabout channel, that Herschel says my book "is
+the law of higgledy-piggledy." What this exactly means I do not know,
+but it is evidently very contemptuous. If true this is a great blow and
+discouragement.
+
+
+_J. D. Hooker to C. Darwin_. Kew [1859].
+
+DEAR DARWIN,--You have, I know, been drenched with letters since the
+publication of your book, and I have hence forborne to add my mite.[183]
+I hope now that you are well through Edition II., and I have heard that
+you were flourishing in London. I have not yet got half-through the
+book, not from want of will, but of time--for it is the very hardest
+book to read, to full profits, that I ever tried--it is so cram-full of
+matter and reasoning.[184] I am all the more glad that you have
+published in this form, for the three volumes, unprefaced by this, would
+have choked any Naturalist of the nineteenth century, and certainly have
+softened my brain in the operation of assimilating their contents. I am
+perfectly tired of marvelling at the wonderful amount of facts you have
+brought to bear, and your skill in marshalling them and throwing them on
+the enemy; it is also extremely clear as far as I have gone, but very
+hard to fully appreciate. Somehow it reads very different from the MS.,
+and I often fancy that I must have been very stupid not to have more
+fully followed it in MS. Lyell told me of his criticisms. I did not
+appreciate them all, and there are many little matters I hope one day to
+talk over with you. I saw a highly flattering notice in the _English
+Churchman_, short and not at all entering into discussion, but praising
+you and your book, and talking patronizingly of the doctrine!... Bentham
+and Henslow will still shake their heads, I fancy....
+
+Ever yours affectionately.
+
+
+_C. D. to T. H. Huxley._ Down, Dec. 28th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR HUXLEY,--Yesterday evening, when I read the _Times_ of a
+previous day, I was amazed to find a splendid essay and review of me.
+Who can the author be? I am intensely curious. It included an eulogium
+of me which quite touched me, though I am not vain enough to think it
+all deserved. The author is a literary man, and German scholar. He has
+read my book very attentively; but, what is very remarkable, it seems
+that he is a profound naturalist. He knows my Barnacle-book, and
+appreciates it too highly. Lastly, he writes and thinks with quite
+uncommon force and clearness; and what is even still rarer, his writing
+is seasoned with most pleasant wit. We all laughed heartily over some of
+the sentences.... Who can it be? Certainly I should have said that there
+was only one man in England who could have written this essay, and that
+_you_ were the man. But I suppose I am wrong, and that there is some
+hidden genius of great calibre. For how could you influence Jupiter
+Olympus and make him give three and a half columns to pure science? The
+old fogies will think the world will come to an end. Well, whoever the
+man is, he has done great service to the cause, far more than by a dozen
+reviews in common periodicals. The grand way he soars above common
+religious prejudices, and the admission of such views into the _Times_,
+I look at as of the highest importance, quite independently of the mere
+question of species. If you should happen to be _acquainted_ with the
+author, for Heaven-sake tell me who he is?
+
+My dear Huxley, yours most sincerely.
+
+
+There can be no doubt that this powerful essay, appearing in the leading
+daily Journal, must have had a strong influence on the reading public.
+Mr. Huxley allows me to quote from a letter an account of the happy
+chance that threw into his hands the opportunity of writing it:--
+
+"The _Origin_ was sent to Mr. Lucas, one of the staff of the _Times_
+writers at that day, in what I suppose was the ordinary course of
+business. Mr. Lucas, though an excellent journalist, and, at a later
+period, editor of _Once a Week_, was as innocent of any knowledge of
+science as a babe, and bewailed himself to an acquaintance on having to
+deal with such a book. Whereupon he was recommended to ask me to get him
+out of his difficulty, and he applied to me accordingly, explaining,
+however, that it would be necessary for him formally to adopt anything I
+might be disposed to write, by prefacing it with two or three paragraphs
+of his own.
+
+"I was too anxious to seize upon the opportunity thus offered of giving
+the book a fair chance with the multitudinous readers of the _Times_ to
+make any difficulty about conditions; and being then very full of the
+subject, I wrote the article faster, I think, than I ever wrote anything
+in my life, and sent it to Mr. Lucas, who duly prefixed his opening
+sentences.
+
+"When the article appeared, there was much speculation as to its
+authorship. The secret leaked out in time, as all secrets will, but not
+by my aid; and then I used to derive a good deal of innocent amusement
+from the vehement assertions of some of my more acute friends, that they
+knew it was mine from the first paragraph!
+
+"As the _Times_ some years since referred to my connection with the
+review, I suppose there will be no breach of confidence in the
+publication of this little history, if you think it worth the space it
+will occupy."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[163] In his next letter to Lyell my father writes: "The omission of
+'living' before 'eminent' naturalists was a dreadful blunder." In the
+first edition, as published, the blunder is corrected by the addition of
+the word "living."
+
+[164] Darwin wrote to Asa Gray in 1860:--"The eye to this day gives me a
+cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my reason
+tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder."
+
+[165] Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, born at Mortier, on the lake of Morat
+in Switzerland, on May 28th, 1807. He emigrated to America in 1846,
+where he spent the rest of his life, and died Dec. 14th, 1873. His
+_Life_, written by his widow, was published in 1885. The following
+extract from a letter to Agassiz (1850) is worth giving, as showing how
+my father regarded him, and it may be added that his cordial feeling
+towards the great American naturalist remained strong to the end of his
+life:--
+
+"I have seldom been more deeply gratified than by receiving your most
+kind present of _Lake Superior_. I had heard of it, and had much wished
+to read it, but I confess that it was the very great honour of having in
+my possession a work with your autograph as a presentation copy, that
+has given me such lively and sincere pleasure. I cordially thank you for
+it. I have begun to read it with uncommon interest, which I see will
+increase as I go on."
+
+[166] Mr. Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago.
+
+[167] Nov. 19, 1859.
+
+[168] The Reviewer speaks of the author's "evident self-satisfaction,"
+and of his disposing of all difficulties "more or less confidently."
+
+[169] A review of the fourth volume of Watson's _Cybele Britannica_,
+_Gard. Chron._, 1859, p. 911.
+
+[170] See the _Origin_, first edition, p. 3, where Sir J. D. Hooker's
+help is conspicuously acknowledged.
+
+[171] This refers to the review in the _Athenęum_, Nov. 19th, 1859,
+where the reviewer, after touching on the theological aspects of the
+book, leaves the author to "the mercies of the Divinity Hall, the
+College, the Lecture Room, and the Museum."
+
+[172] It appears from Sir Charles Lyell's published letters that he
+intended to admit the doctrine of evolution in a new edition of the
+_Manual_, but this was not published till 1865. He was, however, at work
+on the _Antiquity of Man_ in 1860, and had already determined to discuss
+the Origin at the end of the book.
+
+[173] In a letter written in October, my father had said, "I am
+intensely curious to hear Huxley's opinion of my book. I fear my long
+discussion on classification will disgust him, for it is much opposed to
+what he once said to me." He may have remembered the following incident
+told by Mr. Huxley in his chapter of the _Life and Letters_, ii. p.
+196:--"I remember, in the course of my first interview with Mr. Darwin,
+expressing my belief in the sharpness of the lines of demarcation
+between natural groups and in the absence of transitional forms, with
+all the confidence of youth and imperfect knowledge. I was not aware, at
+that time, that he had then been many years brooding over the species
+question; and the humorous smile which accompanied his gentle answer,
+that such was not altogether his view, long haunted and puzzled me."
+
+[174] Karl Ernst von Baer, b. 1792, d. at Dorpat 1876--one of the most
+distinguished biologists of the century. He practically founded the
+modern science of embryology.
+
+[175] In the first edition of the _Origin_, Chap. IX. is on the
+'Imperfection of the Geological Record;' Chap. X., on the 'Geological
+Succession of Organic Beings;' Chaps. XI. and XII., on 'Geographical
+Distribution;' Chap. XIII., on 'Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings;
+Morphology; Embryology; Rudimentary Organs.'
+
+[176] His brother.
+
+[177] Dr., afterwards Sir Henry, Holland.
+
+[178] Rev. Adam Sedgwick, Woodwardian Professor of Geology in the
+University of Cambridge. Born 1785, died 1873.
+
+[179] First edition, 1250 copies.
+
+[180] The passage was omitted in the second edition.
+
+[181] John Crawford, orientalist, ethnologist, &c., b. 1783, d. 1868.
+The review appeared in the _Examiner_, and, though hostile, is free from
+bigotry, as the following citation will show: "We cannot help saying
+that piety must be fastidious indeed that objects to a theory the
+tendency of which is to show that all organic beings, man included, are
+in a perpetual progress of amelioration and that is expounded in the
+reverential language which we have quoted."
+
+[182] A letter of Dec. 14, gives a good example of the manner in which
+some naturalists received and understood it. "Old J. E. Gray of the
+British Museum attacked me in fine style: 'You have just reproduced
+Lamarck's doctrine, and nothing else, and here Lyell and others have
+been attacking him for twenty years, and because _you_ (with a sneer and
+laugh) say the very same thing, they are all coming round; it is the
+most ridiculous inconsistency, &c. &c.'"
+
+[183] See, however, p. 211.
+
+[184] Mr. Huxley has made a similar remark:--"Long occupation with the
+work has led the present writer to believe that the _Origin of Species_
+is one of the hardest of books to master."--_Obituary Notice, Proc. R.
+Soc._ No. 269, p. xvii.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES'--REVIEWS AND CRITICISMS--ADHESIONS AND ATTACKS.
+
+     "You are the greatest revolutionist in natural history of this
+     century, if not of all centuries."--H. C. Watson to C. Darwin, Nov.
+     21, 1859.
+
+1860.
+
+
+The second edition, 3000 copies, of the _Origin_ was published on
+January 7th; on the 10th, he wrote with regard to it, to Lyell:--
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, January 10th [1860].
+
+... It is perfectly true that I owe nearly all the corrections to you,
+and several verbal ones to you and others; I am heartily glad you
+approve of them, as yet only two things have annoyed me; those
+confounded millions[185] of years (not that I think it is probably
+wrong), and my not having (by inadvertence) mentioned Wallace towards
+the close of the book in the summary, not that any one has noticed this
+to me. I have now put in Wallace's name at p. 484 in a conspicuous
+place. I shall be truly glad to read carefully any MS. on man, and give
+my opinion. You used to caution me to be cautious about man. I suspect I
+shall have to return the caution a hundred fold! Yours will, no doubt,
+be a grand discussion; but it will horrify the world at first more than
+my whole volume; although by the sentence (p. 489, new edition[186]) I
+show that I believe man is in the same predicament with other animals.
+It is in fact impossible to doubt it. I have thought (only vaguely) on
+man. With respect to the races, one of my best chances of truth has
+broken down from the impossibility of getting facts. I have one good
+speculative line, but a man must have entire credence in Natural
+Selection before he will even listen to it. Psychologically, I have done
+scarcely anything. Unless, indeed, expression of countenance can be
+included, and on that subject I have collected a good many facts, and
+speculated, but I do not suppose I shall ever publish, but it is an
+uncommonly curious subject.
+
+A few days later he wrote again to the same correspondent:
+
+"What a grand immense benefit you conferred on me by getting Murray to
+publish my book. I never till to-day realised that it was getting widely
+distributed; for in a letter from a lady to-day to E., she says she
+heard a man enquiring for it at the _Railway Station!!!_ at Waterloo
+Bridge; and the bookseller said that he had none till the new edition
+was out. The bookseller said he had not read it, but had heard it was a
+very remarkable book!!!"
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, 14th [January, 1860].
+
+... I heard from Lyell this morning, and he tells me a piece of news.
+You are a good-for-nothing man; here you are slaving yourself to death
+with hardly a minute to spare, and you must write a review on my book! I
+thought it[187] a very good one, and was so much struck with it, that I
+sent it to Lyell. But I assumed, as a matter of course, that it was
+Lindley's. Now that I know it is yours, I have re-read it, and my kind
+and good friend, it has warmed my heart with all the honourable and
+noble things you say of me and it. I was a good deal surprised at
+Lindley hitting on some of the remarks, but I never dreamed of you. I
+admired it chiefly as so well adapted to tell on the readers of the
+_Gardeners' Chronicle_; but now I admire it in another spirit. Farewell,
+with hearty thanks....
+
+
+_Asa Gray to J. D. Hooker._ Cambridge, Mass., January 5th, 1860.
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--Your last letter, which reached me just before
+Christmas, has got mislaid during the upturnings in my study which take
+place at that season, and has not yet been discovered. I should be very
+sorry to lose it, for there were in it some botanical mems. which I had
+not secured....
+
+The principal part of your letter was high laudation of Darwin's book.
+
+Well, the book has reached me, and I finished its careful perusal four
+days ago; and I freely say that your laudation is not out of place.
+
+It is done in a _masterly manner_. It might well have taken twenty years
+to produce it. It is crammed full of most interesting matter--thoroughly
+digested--well expressed--close, cogent, and taken as a system it makes
+out a better case than I had supposed possible....
+
+Agassiz, when I saw him last, had read but a part of it. He says it is
+_poor--very poor_!! (entre nous). The fact [is] he is very much annoyed
+by it, ... and I do not wonder at it. To bring all _ideal_ systems
+within the domain of science, and give good physical or natural
+explanations of all his capital points, is as bad as to have Forbes take
+the glacier materials ... and give scientific explanation of all the
+phenomena.
+
+Tell Darwin all this. I will write to him when I get a chance. As I have
+promised, he and you shall have fair-play here.... I must myself write a
+review[188] of Darwin's book for _Silliman's Journal_ (the more so that
+I suspect Agassiz means to come out upon it) for the next (March)
+number, and I am now setting about it (when I ought to be every moment
+working the Expl[oring] Expedition Compositę, which I know far more
+about). And really it is no easy job as you may well imagine.
+
+I doubt if I shall please you altogether. I know I shall not please
+Agassiz at all. I hear another reprint is in the Press, and the book
+will excite much attention here, and some controversy....
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray._ Down, January 28th [1860].
+
+MY DEAR GRAY,--Hooker has forwarded to me your letter to him; and I
+cannot express how deeply it has gratified me. To receive the approval
+of a man whom one has long sincerely respected, and whose judgment and
+knowledge are most universally admitted, is the highest reward an author
+can possibly wish for; and I thank you heartily for your most kind
+expressions.
+
+I have been absent from home for a few days, and so could not earlier
+answer your letter to me of the 10th of January. You have been extremely
+kind to take so much trouble and interest about the edition. It has been
+a mistake of my publisher not thinking of sending over the sheets. I had
+entirely and utterly forgotten your offer of receiving the sheets as
+printed off. But I must not blame my publisher, for had I remembered
+your most kind offer I feel pretty sure I should not have taken
+advantage of it; for I never dreamed of my book being so successful with
+general readers: I believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending
+the sheets to America.[189]
+
+After much consideration, and on the strong advice of Lyell and others,
+I have resolved to leave the present book as it is (excepting correcting
+errors, or here and there inserting short sentences), and to use all my
+strength, _which is but little_, to bring out the first part (forming a
+separate volume, with index, &c.) of the three volumes which will make
+my bigger work; so that I am very unwilling to take up time in making
+corrections for an American edition. I enclose a list of a few
+corrections in the second reprint, which you will have received by this
+time complete, and I could send four or five corrections or additions of
+equally small importance, or rather of equal brevity. I also intend to
+write a _short_ preface with a brief history of the subject. These I
+will set about, as they must some day be done, and I will send them to
+you in a short time--the few corrections first, and the preface
+afterwards, unless I hear that you have given up all idea of a separate
+edition. You will then be able to judge whether it is worth having the
+new edition with _your review prefixed_. Whatever be the nature of your
+review, I assure you I should feel it a _great_ honour to have my book
+thus preceded....
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down [February 15th, 1860].
+
+... I am perfectly convinced (having read it this morning) that the
+review in the _Annals_[190] is by Wollaston; no one else in the world
+would have used so many parentheses. I have written to him, and told him
+that the "pestilent" fellow thanks him for his kind manner of speaking
+about him. I have also told him that he would be pleased to hear that
+the Bishop of Oxford says it is the most unphilosophical[191] work he
+ever read. The review seems to me clever, and only misinterprets me in a
+few places. Like all hostile men, he passes over the explanation given
+of Classification, Morphology, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs, &c. I
+read Wallace's paper in MS.,[192] and thought it admirably good; he does
+not know that he has been anticipated about the depth of intervening sea
+determining distribution.... The most curious point in the paper seems
+to me that about the African character of the Celebes productions, but I
+should require further confirmation....
+
+Henslow is staying here; I have had some talk with him; he is in much
+the same state as Bunbury,[193] and will go a very little way with us,
+but brings up no real argument against going further. He also shudders
+at the eye! It is really curious (and perhaps is an argument in our
+favour) how differently different opposers view the subject. Henslow
+used to rest his opposition on the imperfection of the Geological
+Record, but he now thinks nothing of this, and says I have got well out
+of it; I wish I could quite agree with him. Baden Powell says he never
+read anything so conclusive as my statement about the eye!! A stranger
+writes to me about sexual selection, and regrets that I boggle about
+such a trifle as the brush of hair on the male turkey, and so on. As L.
+Jenyns has a really philosophical mind, and as you say you like to see
+everything, I send an old letter of his. In a later letter to Henslow,
+which I have seen, he is more candid than any opposer I have heard of,
+for he says, though he cannot go so far as I do, yet he can give no good
+reason why he should not. It is funny how each man draws his own
+imaginary line at which to halt. It reminds me so vividly [of] what I
+was told[194] about you when I first commenced geology--to believe a
+_little_, but on no account to believe all.
+
+Ever yours affectionately.
+
+
+With regard to the attitude of the more liberal representatives of the
+Church, the following letter from Charles Kingsley is of interest:
+
+
+_C. Kingsley to C. Darwin._ Eversley Rectory, Winchfield,
+November 18th, 1859.
+
+DEAR SIR,--I have to thank you for the unexpected honour of your book.
+That the Naturalist whom, of all naturalists living, I most wish to know
+and to learn from, should have sent a scientist like me his book,
+encourages me at least to observe more carefully, and think more slowly.
+
+I am so poorly (in brain), that I fear I cannot read your book just now
+as I ought. All I have seen of it _awes_ me; both with the heap of facts
+and the prestige of your name, and also with the clear intuition, that
+if you be right, I must give up much that I have believed and written.
+
+In that I care little. Let God be true, and every man a liar! Let us
+know what is, and, as old Socrates has it, [Greek: hepesthai tō
+logō]--follow up the villainous shifty fox of an argument, into
+whatsoever unexpected bogs and brakes he may lead us, if we do but run
+into him at last.
+
+From two common superstitious, at least, I shall be free while judging
+of your book:--
+
+(1.) I have long since, from watching the crossing of domesticated
+animals and plants, learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of
+species.
+
+(2.) I have gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a
+conception of Deity, to believe that He created primal forms capable of
+self-development into all forms needful _pro tempore_ and _pro loco_, as
+to believe that He required a fresh act of intervention to supply the
+_lacunas_ which He Himself had made. I question whether the former be
+not the loftier thought.
+
+Be it as it may, I shall prize your book, both for itself, and as a
+proof that you are aware of the existence of such a person as
+
+Your faithful servant,
+C. KINGSLEY.
+
+
+My father's old friend, the Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton Brodie, who
+was for many years Vicar of Down, in some reminiscences of my father
+which he was so good as to give me, writes in the same spirit:
+
+"We never attacked each other. Before I knew Mr. Darwin I had adopted,
+and publicly expressed, the principle that the study of natural history,
+geology, and science in general, should be pursued without reference to
+the Bible. That the Book of Nature and Scripture came from the same
+Divine source, ran in parallel lines, and when properly understood would
+never cross....
+
+"In [a] letter, after I had left Down, he [Darwin] writes, 'We often
+differed, but you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ
+and yet feel no shade of animosity, and that is a thing [of] which I
+should feel very proud if any one could say [it] of me.'
+
+"On my last visit to Down, Mr. Darwin said, at his dinner-table, 'Innes
+and I have been fast friends for thirty years, and we never thoroughly
+agreed on any subject but once, and then we stared hard at each other,
+and thought one of us must be very ill.'"
+
+The following extract from a letter to Lyell, Feb. 23, 1860, has a
+certain bearing on the points just touched on:
+
+"With respect to Bronn's[195] objection that it cannot be shown how life
+arises, and likewise to a certain extent Asa Gray's remark that natural
+selection is not a _vera causa_, I was much interested by finding
+accidentally in Brewster's _Life of Newton_, that Leibnitz objected to
+the law of gravity because Newton could not show what gravity itself is.
+As it has chanced, I have used in letters this very same argument,
+little knowing that any one had really thus objected to the law of
+gravity. Newton answers by saying that it is philosophy to make out the
+movements of a clock, though you do not know why the weight descends to
+the ground. Leibnitz further objected that the law of gravity was
+opposed to Natural Religion! Is this not curious? I really think I shall
+use the facts for some introductory remarks for my bigger book."
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, March 3rd [1860].
+
+... I think you expect too much in regard to change of opinion on the
+subject of Species. One large class of men, more especially I suspect of
+naturalists, never will care about _any_ general question, of which old
+Gray, of the British Museum, may be taken as a type; and secondly,
+nearly all men past a moderate age, either in actual years or in mind
+are, I am fully convinced, incapable of looking at facts under a new
+point of view. Seriously, I am astonished and rejoiced at the progress
+which the subject has made; look at the enclosed memorandum. ---- says
+my book will be forgotten in ten years, perhaps so; but, with such a
+list, I feel convinced the subject will not.
+
+[Here follows the memorandum referred to:]
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Geologists.       | Zoologists and   |  Physiologists.  |Botanists.
+                  | Palęontologists. |                  |
+------------------|------------------|------------------|-----------------
+Lyell.            |Huxley.           |Carpenter.        |Hooker.
+Ramsay.[196]      |J. Lubbock.       |Sir. H. Holland   |H. C. Watson.
+Jukes.[197]       |L. Jenyns         |(to large extent).|Asa Gray
+H. D. Rogers.[198]|(to large extent).|                  |(to some extent).
+                  |Searles Wood.[199]|                  |Dr. Boott
+                                     |                  |(to large extent).
+                                     |                  |Thwaites.[200]
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray_. Down, April 3 [1860].
+
+... I remember well the time when the thought of the eye made me cold
+all over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, and now small
+trifling particulars of structure often make me very uncomfortable. The
+sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me
+sick!...
+
+You may like to hear about reviews on my book. Sedgwick (as I and Lyell
+feel _certain_ from internal evidence) has reviewed me savagely and
+unfairly in the _Spectator_.[201] The notice includes much abuse, and is
+hardly fair in several respects. He would actually lead any one, who was
+ignorant of geology, to suppose that I had invented the great gaps
+between successive geological formations, instead of its being an almost
+universally admitted dogma. But my dear old friend Sedgwick, with his
+noble heart, is old, and is rabid with indignation.... There has been
+one prodigy of a review, namely, an _opposed_ one (by Pictet,[202] the
+palęontologist, in the _Bib. Universelle_ of Geneva) which is
+_perfectly_ fair and just, and I agree to every word he says; our only
+difference being that he attaches less weight to arguments in favour,
+and more to arguments opposed, than I do. Of all the opposed reviews, I
+think this the only quite fair one, and I never expected to see one.
+Please observe that I do not class your review by any means as opposed,
+though you think so yourself! It has done me _much_ too good service
+ever to appear in that rank in my eyes. But I fear I shall weary you
+with so much about my book. I should rather think there was a good
+chance of my becoming the most egotistical man in all Europe! What a
+proud pre-eminence! Well, you have helped to make me so, and therefore
+you must forgive me if you can.
+
+My dear Gray, ever yours most gratefully.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, April 10th [1860].
+
+I have just read the _Edinburgh_,[203] which without doubt is by ----.
+It is extremely malignant, clever, and I fear will be very damaging. He
+is atrociously severe on Huxley's lecture, and very bitter against
+Hooker. So we three _enjoyed_ it together. Not that I really enjoyed it,
+for it made me uncomfortable for one night; but I have got quite over it
+to-day. It requires much study to appreciate all the bitter spite of
+many of the remarks against me; indeed I did not discover all myself. It
+scandalously misrepresents many parts. He misquotes some passages,
+altering words within inverted commas....
+
+It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which ---- hates
+me.
+
+Now for a curious thing about my book, and then I have done. In last
+Saturday's _Gardeners' Chronicle_,[204] a Mr. Patrick Matthew publishes
+a long extract from his work on _Naval Timber and Arboriculture_
+published in 1831, in which he briefly but completely anticipates the
+theory of Natural Selection. I have ordered the book, as some few
+passages are rather obscure, but it is certainly, I think, a complete
+but not developed anticipation! Erasmus always said that surely this
+would be shown to be the case some day. Anyhow, one may be excused in
+not having discovered the fact in a work on Naval Timber.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down [April 13th, 1860].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--Questions of priority so often lead to odious quarrels,
+that I should esteem it a great favour if you would read the
+enclosed.[205] If you think it proper that I should send it (and of
+this there can hardly be any question), and if you think it full and
+ample enough, please alter the date to the day on which you post it, and
+let that be soon. The case in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_ seems a
+_little_ stronger than in Mr. Matthew's book, for the passages are
+therein scattered in three places; but it would be mere hair-splitting
+to notice that. If you object to my letter, please return it; but I do
+not expect that you will, but I thought that you would not object to run
+your eye over it. My dear Hooker, it is a great thing for me to have so
+good, true, and old a friend as you. I owe much for science to my
+friends.
+
+... I have gone over [the _Edinburgh_] review again, and compared
+passages, and I am astonished at the misrepresentations. But I am glad I
+resolved not to answer. Perhaps it is selfish, but to answer and think
+more on the subject is too unpleasant. I am so sorry that Huxley by my
+means has been thus atrociously attacked. I do not suppose you much care
+about the gratuitous attack on you.
+
+Lyell in his letter remarked that you seemed to him as if you were
+overworked. Do, pray, be cautious, and remember how many and many a man
+has done this--who thought it absurd till too late. I have often thought
+the same. You know that you were bad enough before your Indian journey.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, April [1860].
+
+... I was particularly glad to hear what you thought about not noticing
+[the _Edinburgh_] review. Hooker and Huxley thought it a sort of duty to
+point out the alteration of quoted citations, and there is truth in this
+remark; but I so hated the thought that I resolved not to do so. I shall
+come up to London on Saturday the 14th, for Sir B. Brodie's party, as I
+have an accumulation of things to do in London, and will (if I do not
+hear to the contrary) call about a quarter before ten on Sunday morning,
+and sit with you at breakfast, but will not sit long, and so take up
+much of your time. I must say one more word about our quasi-theological
+controversy about natural selection, and let me have your opinion when
+we meet in London. Do you consider that the successive variations in the
+size of the crop of the Pouter Pigeon, which man has accumulated to
+please his caprice, have been due to "the creative and sustaining powers
+of Brahma?" In the sense that an omnipotent and omniscient Deity must
+order and know everything, this must be admitted; yet, in honest truth,
+I can hardly admit it. It seems preposterous that a maker of a universe
+should care about the crop of a pigeon solely to please man's silly
+fancies. But if you agree with me in thinking such an interposition of
+the Deity uncalled for, I can see no reason whatever for believing in
+such interpositions in the case of natural beings, in which strange and
+admirable peculiarities have been naturally selected for the creature's
+own benefit. Imagine a Pouter in a state of nature wading into the water
+and then, being buoyed up by its inflated crop, sailing about in search
+of food. What admiration this would have excited--adaptation to the laws
+of hydrostatic pressure, &c. &c. For the life of me, I cannot see any
+difficulty in natural selection producing the most exquisite structure,
+_if such structure can be arrived at by gradation_, and I know from
+experience how hard it is to name any structure towards which at least
+some gradations are not known.
+
+Ever yours.
+
+P.S.--The conclusion at which I have come, as I have told Asa Gray, is
+that such a question, as is touched on in this note, is beyond the human
+intellect, like "predestination and free will," or the "origin of evil."
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down [May 15th, 1860].
+
+... How paltry it is in such men as X., Y. and Co. not reading your
+essay. It is incredibly paltry. They may all attack me to their hearts'
+content. I am got case-hardened. As for the old fogies in
+Cambridge,[206] it really signifies nothing. I look at their attacks as
+a proof that our work is worth the doing. It makes me resolve to buckle
+on my armour. I see plainly that it will be a long uphill fight. But
+think of Lyell's progress with Geology. One thing I see most plainly,
+that without Lyell's, yours, Huxley's and Carpenter's aid, my book would
+have been a mere flash in the pan. But if we all stick to it, we shall
+surely gain the day. And I now see that the battle is worth fighting. I
+deeply hope that you think so.
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray._ Down May 22nd [1860].
+
+MY DEAR GRAY,--Again I have to thank you for one of your very pleasant
+letters of May 7th, enclosing a very pleasant remittance of £22. I am in
+simple truth astonished at all the kind trouble you have taken for me. I
+return Appletons' account. For the chance of your wishing for a formal
+acknowledgment I send one. If you have any further communication to the
+Appletons, pray express my acknowledgment for [their] generosity; for it
+is generosity in my opinion. I am not at all surprised at the sale
+diminishing; my extreme surprise is at the greatness of the sale. No
+doubt the public has been _shamefully_ imposed on! for they bought the
+book thinking that it would be nice easy reading. I expect the sale to
+stop soon in England, yet Lyell wrote to me the other day that calling
+at Murray's he heard that fifty copies had gone in the previous
+forty-eight hours. I am extremely glad that you will notice in
+_Silliman_ the additions in the _Origin_.[207] Judging from letters (and
+I have just seen one from Thwaites to Hooker), and from remarks, the
+most serious omission in my book was not explaining how it is, as I
+believe, that all forms do not necessarily advance, how there can now be
+_simple_ organisms still existing.... I hear there is a _very_ severe
+review on me in the _North British_ by a Rev. Mr. Dunns,[208] a Free
+Kirk minister, and dabbler in Natural History. In the _Saturday Review_
+(one of our cleverest periodicals) of May 5th, p. 573, there is a nice
+article on [the _Edinburgh_] review, defending Huxley, but not Hooker;
+and the latter, I think, [the _Edinburgh_ reviewer] treats most
+ungenerously.[209] But surely you will get sick unto death of me and my
+reviewers.
+
+With respect to the theological view of the question. This is always
+painful to me. I am bewildered. I had no intention to write
+atheistically. But I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and
+as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides
+of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade
+myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly
+created the Ichneumonidę with the express intention of their feeding
+within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with
+mice. Not believing this, I see no necessity in the belief that the eye
+was expressly designed. On the other hand, I cannot anyhow be contented
+to view this wonderful universe, and especially the nature of man, and
+to conclude that everything is the result of brute force. I am inclined
+to look at everything as resulting from designed laws, with the details,
+whether good or bad, left to the working out of what we may call chance.
+Not that this notion _at all_ satisfies me. I feel most deeply that the
+whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as
+well speculate on the mind of Newton. Let each man hope and believe what
+he can. Certainly I agree with you that my views are not at all
+necessarily atheistical. The lightning kills a man, whether a good one
+or bad one, owing to the excessively complex action of natural laws. A
+child (who may turn out an idiot) is born by the action of even more
+complex laws, and I can see no reason why a man, or other animal, may
+not have been aboriginally produced by other laws, and that all these
+laws may have been expressly designed by an omniscient Creator, who
+foresaw every future event and consequence. But the more I think the
+more bewildered I become; as indeed I have probably shown by this
+letter.
+
+Most deeply do I feel your generous kindness and interest.
+
+Yours sincerely and cordially.
+
+
+The meeting of the British Association at Oxford in 1860 is famous for
+two pitched battles over the _Origin of Species_. Both of them
+originated in unimportant papers. On Thursday, June 28th, Dr. Daubeny
+of Oxford made a communication to Section D: "On the final causes of the
+sexuality of plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on
+the _Origin of Species_." Mr. Huxley was called on by the President, but
+tried (according to the _Athenęum_ report) to avoid a discussion, on the
+ground "that a general audience, in which sentiment would unduly
+interfere with intellect, was not the public before which such a
+discussion should be carried on." However, the subject was not allowed
+to drop. Sir R. Owen (I quote from the _Athenęum_, July 7th, 1860), who
+"wished to approach this subject in the spirit of the philosopher,"
+expressed his "conviction that there were facts by which the public
+could come to some conclusion with regard to the probabilities of the
+truth of Mr. Darwin's theory." He went on to say that the brain of the
+gorilla "presented more differences, as compared with the brain of man,
+than it did when compared with the brains of the very lowest and most
+problematical of the Quadrumana." Mr. Huxley replied, and gave these
+assertions a "direct and unqualified contradiction," pledging himself to
+"justify that unusual procedure elsewhere,"[210] a pledge which he amply
+fulfilled.[211] On Friday there was peace, but on Saturday 30th, the
+battle arose with redoubled fury, at a conjoint meeting of three
+Sections, over a paper by Dr. Draper of New York, on the "Intellectual
+development of Europe considered with reference to the views of Mr.
+Darwin."
+
+The following account is from an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"The excitement was tremendous. The Lecture-room, in which it had been
+arranged that the discussion should be held, proved far too small for
+the audience, and the meeting adjourned to the Library of the Museum,
+which was crammed to suffocation long before the champions entered the
+lists. The numbers were estimated at from 700 to 1000. Had it been
+term-time, or had the general public been admitted, it would have been
+impossible to have accommodated the rush to hear the oratory of the bold
+Bishop.[212] Professor Henslow, the President of Section D, occupied the
+chair, and wisely announced _in limine_ that none who had not valid
+arguments to bring forward on one side or the other, would be allowed to
+address the meeting: a caution that proved necessary, for no fewer than
+four combatants had their utterances burked by him, because of their
+indulgence in vague declamation.
+
+"The Bishop was up to time, and spoke for full half-an-hour with
+inimitable spirit, emptiness and unfairness. It was evident from his
+handling of the subject that he had been 'crammed' up to the throat, and
+that he knew nothing at first hand; in fact, he used no argument not to
+be found in his _Quarterly_ article.[213] He ridiculed Darwin badly, and
+Huxley savagely, but all in such dulcet tones, so persuasive a manner,
+and in such well-turned periods, that I who had been inclined to blame
+the President for allowing a discussion that could serve no scientific
+purpose, now forgave him from the bottom of my heart."
+
+What follows is from notes most kindly supplied by the Hon. and Rev. W.
+H. Fremantle, who was an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"The Bishop of Oxford attacked Darwin, at first playfully but at last in
+grim earnest. It was known that the Bishop had written an article
+against Darwin in the last _Quarterly Review_: it was also rumoured that
+Professor Owen had been staying at Cuddesden and had primed the Bishop,
+who was to act as mouthpiece to the great Palęontologist, who did not
+himself dare to enter the lists. The Bishop, however, did not show
+himself master of the facts, and made one serious blunder. A fact which
+had been much dwelt on as confirmatory of Darwin's idea of variation,
+was that a sheep had been born shortly before in a flock in the North of
+England, having an addition of one to the vertebrę of the spine. The
+Bishop was declaring with rhetorical exaggeration that there was hardly
+any actual evidence on Darwin's side. 'What have they to bring forward?'
+he exclaimed. 'Some rumoured statement about a long-legged sheep.' But
+he passed on to banter: 'I should like to ask Professor Huxley, who is
+sitting by me, and is about to tear me to pieces when I have sat down,
+as to his belief in being descended from an ape. Is it on his
+grandfather's or his grandmother's side that the ape ancestry comes in?'
+And then taking a graver tone, he asserted in a solemn peroration that
+Darwin's views were contrary to the revelations of God in the
+Scriptures. Professor Huxley was unwilling to respond: but he was called
+for and spoke with his usual incisiveness and with some scorn. 'I am
+here only in the interests of science,' he said, 'and I have not heard
+anything which can prejudice the case of my august client.' Then after
+showing how little competent the Bishop was to enter upon the
+discussion, he touched on the question of Creation. 'You say that
+development drives out the Creator. But you assert that God made you:
+and yet you know that you yourself were originally a little piece of
+matter no bigger than the end of this gold pencil-case.' Lastly as to
+the descent from a monkey, he said: 'I should feel it no shame to have
+risen from such an origin. But I should feel it a shame to have sprung
+from one who prostituted the gifts of culture and of eloquence to the
+service of prejudice and of falsehood.'
+
+"Many others spoke. Mr. Gresley, an old Oxford don, pointed out that in
+human nature at least orderly development was not the necessary rule;
+Homer was the greatest of poets, but he lived 3000 years ago, and has
+not produced his like.
+
+"Admiral Fitz-Roy was present, and said that he had often expostulated
+with his old comrade of the _Beagle_ for entertaining views which were
+contradictory to the First Chapter of Genesis.
+
+"Sir John Lubbock declared that many of the arguments by which the
+permanence of species was supported came to nothing, and instanced some
+wheat which was said to have come off an Egyptian mummy and was sent to
+him to prove that wheat had not changed since the time of the Pharaohs;
+but which proved to be made of French chocolate.[214] Sir Joseph (then
+Dr.) Hooker spoke shortly, saying that he had found the hypothesis of
+Natural Selection so helpful in explaining the phenomena of his own
+subject of Botany, that he had been constrained to accept it. After a
+few words from Darwin's old friend Professor Henslow who occupied the
+chair, the meeting broke up, leaving the impression that those most
+capable of estimating the arguments of Darwin in detail saw their way to
+accept his conclusions."
+
+Many versions of Mr. Huxley's speech were current: the following report
+of his conclusion is from a letter addressed by the late John Richard
+Green, then an undergraduate, to a fellow-student, now Professor Boyd
+Dawkins:--"I asserted, and I repeat, that a man has no reason to be
+ashamed of having an ape for his grandfather. If there were an ancestor
+whom I should feel shame in recalling, it would be a _man_, a man of
+restless and versatile intellect, who, not content with an equivocal
+success in his own sphere of activity, plunges into scientific questions
+with which he has no real acquaintance, only to obscure them by an
+aimless rhetoric, and distract the attention of his hearers from the
+real point at issue by eloquent digressions, and skilled appeals to
+religious prejudice."[215]
+
+The following letter shows that Mr. Huxley's presence at this
+remarkable scene depended on so slight a chance as that of meeting a
+friend in the street; that this friend should have been Robert Chambers,
+so that the author of the _Vestiges_ should have sounded the war-note
+for the battle of the _Origin_, adds interest to the incident. I have to
+thank Mr. Huxley for allowing the story to be told in words of his not
+written for publication.
+
+
+_T. H. Huxley to Francis Darwin._
+
+June 27, 1891.
+
+... I should say that Fremantle's account is substantially correct; but
+that Green has the passage of my speech more accurately. However, I am
+certain I did not use the word "equivocal."[216]
+
+The odd part of the business is that I should not have been present
+except for Robert Chambers. I had heard of the Bishop's intention to
+utilise the occasion. I knew he had the reputation of being a first-rate
+controversialist, and I was quite aware that if he played his cards
+properly, we should have little chance, with such an audience, of making
+an efficient defence. Moreover, I was very tired, and wanted to join my
+wife at her brother-in-law's country house near Reading, on the
+Saturday. On the Friday I met Chambers in the street, and in reply to
+some remark of his about the meeting, I said that I did not mean to
+attend it; did not see the good of giving up peace and quietness to be
+episcopally pounded. Chambers broke out into vehement remonstrances and
+talked about my deserting them. So I said, "Oh! if you take it that way,
+I'll come and have my share of what is going on."
+
+So I came, and chanced to sit near old Sir Benjamin Brodie. The Bishop
+began his speech, and, to my astonishment, very soon showed that he was
+so ignorant that he did not know how to manage his own case. My spirits
+rose proportionally, and when he turned to me with his insolent
+question, I said to Sir Benjamin, in an undertone, "The Lord hath
+delivered him into mine hands."
+
+That sagacious old gentleman stared at me as if I had lost my senses.
+But, in fact, the Bishop had justified the severest retort I could
+devise, and I made up my mind to let him have it. I was careful,
+however, not to rise to reply, until the meeting called for me--then I
+let myself go.
+
+In justice to the Bishop, I am bound to say he bore no malice, but was
+always courtesy itself when we occasionally met in after years. Hooker
+and I walked away from the meeting together, and I remember saying to
+him that this experience had changed my opinion as to the practical
+value of the art of public speaking, and that, from that time forth, I
+should carefully cultivate it, and try to leave off hating it. I did the
+former, but never quite succeeded in the latter effort.
+
+I did not mean to trouble you with such a long scrawl when I began about
+this piece of ancient history.
+
+Ever yours very faithfully
+T. H. HUXLEY.
+
+
+The eye-witness above quoted (p. 237) continues:--
+
+"There was a crowded conversazione in the evening at the rooms of the
+hospitable and genial Professor of Botany, Dr. Daubeny, where the almost
+sole topic was the battle of the _Origin_, and I was much struck with
+the fair and unprejudiced way in which the black coats and white cravats
+of Oxford discussed the question, and the frankness with which they
+offered their congratulations to the winners in the combat."[217]
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Monday night [July 2nd, 1860].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I have just received your letter. I have been very
+poorly, with almost continuous bad headache for forty-eight hours, and I
+was low enough, and thinking what a useless burthen I was to myself and
+all others, when your letter came, and it has so cheered me; your
+kindness and affection brought tears into my eyes. Talk of fame, honour,
+pleasure, wealth, all are dirt compared with affection; and this is a
+doctrine with which, I know, from your letter, that you will agree with
+from the bottom of your heart.... How I should have liked to have
+wandered about Oxford with you, if I had been well enough; and how still
+more I should have liked to have heard you triumphing over the Bishop. I
+am astonished at your success and audacity. It is something
+unintelligible to me how any one can argue in public like orators do. I
+had no idea you had this power. I have read lately so many hostile
+views, that I was beginning to think that perhaps I was wholly in the
+wrong, and that ---- was right when he said the whole subject would be
+forgotten in ten years; but now that I hear that you and Huxley will
+fight publicly (which I am sure I never could do), I fully believe that
+our cause will, in the long-run, prevail. I am glad I was not in Oxford,
+for I should have been overwhelmed, with my [health] in its present
+state.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [July 1860.]
+
+... I have just read the _Quarterly_.[218] It is uncommonly clever; it
+picks out with skill all the most conjectural parts, and brings forward
+well all the difficulties. It quizzes me quite splendidly by quoting the
+_Anti-Jacobin_ versus my Grandfather. You are not alluded to, nor,
+strange to say, Huxley; and I can plainly see, here and there, ----'s
+hand. The concluding pages will make Lyell shake in his shoes. By Jove,
+if he sticks to us, he will be a real hero. Good-night. Your
+well-quizzed, but not sorrowful, and affectionate friend,
+
+C. D.
+
+I can see there has been some queer tampering with the review, for a
+page has been cut out and reprinted.
+
+
+The following extract from a letter of Sept. 1st, 1860, is of interest,
+not only as showing that Lyell was still conscientiously working out his
+conversion, but also and especially as illustrating the remarkable fact
+that hardly any of my father's critics gave him any new objections--so
+fruitful had been his ponderings of twenty years:--
+
+"I have been much interested by your letter of the 28th, received this
+morning. It has _delighted_ me, because it demonstrates that you have
+thought a good deal lately on Natural Selection. Few things have
+surprised me more than the entire paucity of objections and difficulties
+new to me in the published reviews. Your remarks are of a different
+stamp and new to me."
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray._ [Hartfield, Sussex] July 22nd [1860].
+
+MY DEAR GRAY,--Owing to absence from home at water-cure and then having
+to move my sick girl to whence I am now writing, I have only lately read
+the discussion in _Proc. American Acad._,[219] and now I cannot resist
+expressing my sincere admiration of your most clear powers of reasoning.
+As Hooker lately said in a note to me, you are more than _any one_ else
+the thorough master of the subject. I declare that you know my book as
+well as I do myself; and bring to the question new lines of illustration
+and argument in a manner which excites my astonishment and almost my
+envy![220] I admire these discussions, I think, almost more than your
+article in _Silliman's Journal_. Every single word seems weighed
+carefully, and tells like a 32-pound shot. It makes me much wish (but I
+know that you have not time) that you could write more in detail, and
+give, for instance, the facts on the variability of the American wild
+fruits. The _Athenęum_ has the largest circulation, and I have sent my
+copy to the editor with a request that he would republish the first
+discussion; I much fear he will not, as he reviewed the subject in so
+hostile a spirit.... I shall be curious [to see], and will order the
+August number, as soon as I know that it contains your review of
+reviews. My conclusion is that you have made a mistake in being a
+botanist, you ought to have been a lawyer.
+
+
+The following passages from a letter to Huxley (Dec. 2nd, 1860) may
+serve to show what was my father's view of the position of the subject,
+after a year's experience of reviewers, critics and converts:--
+
+"I have got fairly sick of hostile reviews. Nevertheless, they have been
+of use in showing me when to expatiate a little and to introduce a few
+new discussions.
+
+"I entirely agree with you, that the difficulties on my notions are
+terrific, yet having seen what all the Reviews have said against me, I
+have far more confidence in the _general_ truth of the doctrine than I
+formerly had. Another thing gives me confidence, viz. that some who went
+half an inch with me now go further, and some who were bitterly opposed
+are now less bitterly opposed.... I can pretty plainly see that, if my
+view is ever to be generally adopted, it will be by young men growing up
+and replacing the old workers, and then young ones finding that they can
+group facts and search out new lines of investigation better on the
+notion of descent, than on that of creation."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[185] This refers to the passage in the _Origin of Species_ (2nd edit.
+p. 285) in which the lapse of time implied by the denudation of the
+Weald is discussed. The discussion closes with the sentence: "So that it
+is not improbable that a longer period than 300 million years has
+elapsed since the latter part of the Secondary period." This passage is
+omitted in the later editions of the _Origin_, against the advice of
+some of his friends, as appears from the pencil notes in my father's
+copy of the 2nd edition.
+
+[186] In the first edition, the passages occur on p. 488.
+
+[187] _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1860. Sir J. D. Hooker took the line of
+complete impartiality, so as not to commit the editor, Lindley.
+
+[188] On Jan. 23 Gray wrote to Darwin: "It naturally happens that my
+review of your book does not exhibit anything like the full force of the
+impression the book has made upon me. Under the circumstances I suppose
+I do your theory more good here, by bespeaking for it a fair and
+favourable consideration, and by standing non-committed as to its full
+conclusions, than I should if I announced myself a convert; nor could I
+say the latter, with truth....
+
+"What seems to me the weakest point in the book is the attempt to
+account for the formation of organs, the making of eyes, &c., by natural
+selection. Some of this reads quite Lamarckian."
+
+[189] In a letter to Mr. Murray, 1860, my father wrote:--"I am amused by
+Asa Gray's account of the excitement my book has made amongst
+naturalists in the U. States. Agassiz has denounced it in a newspaper,
+but yet in such terms that it is in fact a fine advertisement!" This
+seems to refer to a lecture given before the Mercantile Library
+Association.
+
+[190] _Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist._ third series, vol. v. p. 132. My
+father has obviously taken the expression "pestilent" from the following
+passage (p. 138): "But who is this Nature, we have a right to ask, who
+has such tremendous power, and to whose efficiency such marvellous
+performances are ascribed? What are her image and attributes, when
+dragged from her wordy lurking-place? Is she ought but a pestilent
+abstraction, like dust cast in our eyes to obscure the workings of an
+Intelligent First Cause of all?" The reviewer pays a tribute to my
+father's candour "so manly and outspoken as almost to 'cover a multitude
+of sins.'" The parentheses (to which allusion is made above) are so
+frequent as to give a characteristic appearance to Mr. Wollaston's
+pages.
+
+[191] Another version of the words is given by Lyell, to whom they were
+spoken, viz. "the most illogical book ever written."--_Life and Letters
+of Sir C. Lyell_, vol. ii. p. 358.
+
+[192] "On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago."--_Linn.
+Soc. Journ._ 1860.
+
+[193] The late Sir Charles Bunbury, well known as a Paleo-botanist.
+
+[194] By Professor Henslow.
+
+[195] The translator of the first German edition of the _Origin_.
+
+[196] Andrew Ramsay, late Director-General of the Geological Survey.
+
+[197] Joseph Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S., born 1811, died 1869. He was
+educated at Cambridge, and from 1842 to 1846 he acted as naturalist to
+H.M.S. _Fly_, on an exploring expedition in Australia and New Guinea. He
+was afterwards appointed Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland.
+He was the author of many papers, and of more than one good handbook of
+geology.
+
+[198] Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. Born in the
+United States 1809, died 1866.
+
+[199] Searles Valentine Wood, died 1880. Chiefly known for his work on
+the Mollusca of the _Crag_.
+
+[200] Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites, F.R.S., was born in 1811, or about that
+date, and died in Ceylon, September 11, 1882. He began life as a Notary,
+but his passion for Botany and Entomology ultimately led to his taking
+to Science as a profession. He became lecturer on Botany at the Bristol
+School of Medicine, and in 1849 he was appointed Director of the Botanic
+Gardens at Peradeniya, which he made "the most beautiful tropical garden
+in the world." He is best known through his important discovery of
+conjugation in the Diatomaceę (1847). His _Enumeratio Plantarum
+Zeylanię_ (1858-64) was "the first complete account, on modern lines, of
+any definitely circumscribed tropical area." (From a notice in _Nature_,
+October 26, 1882.)
+
+[201] _Spectator_, March 24, 1860. There were favourable notices of the
+Origin by Huxley in the _Westminster Review_, and Carpenter in the
+_Medico-Chir. Review_, both in the April numbers.
+
+[202] Franēois Jules Pictet, in the _Archives des Science de la
+Bibliothčque Universelle_, Mars 1860.
+
+[203] _Edinburgh Review_, April, 1860.
+
+[204] April 7, 1860.
+
+[205] My father wrote (_Gardeners' Chronicle_, April 21, 1860, p. 362):
+"I have been much interested by Mr. Patrick Matthew's communication in
+the number of your paper dated April 7th. I freely acknowledge that Mr.
+Matthew has anticipated by many years the explanation which I have
+offered of the origin of species, under the name of natural selection. I
+think that no one will feel surprised that neither I, nor apparently any
+other naturalist, had heard of Mr. Matthew's views, considering how
+briefly they are given, and that they appeared in the appendix to a work
+on Naval Timber and Arboriculture. I can do no more than offer my
+apologies to Mr. Matthew for my entire ignorance of his publication. If
+another edition of my work is called for, I will insert to the foregoing
+effect." In spite of my father's recognition of his claims, Mr. Matthew
+remained unsatisfied, and complained that an article in the _Saturday
+Analyst and Leader_, Nov. 24, 1860, was "scarcely fair in alluding to
+Mr. Darwin as the parent of the origin of species, seeing that I
+published the whole that Mr. Darwin attempts to prove, more than
+twenty-nine years ago." It was not until later that he learned that
+Matthew had also been forestalled. In October 1865, he wrote Sir J. D.
+Hooker:--"Talking of the _Origin_, a Yankee has called my attention to a
+paper attached to Dr. Wells' famous _Essay on Dew_, which was read in
+1813 to the Royal Soc., but not [then] printed, in which he applies most
+distinctly the principle of Natural Selection to the races of Man. So
+poor old Patrick Matthew is not the first, and he cannot, or ought not,
+any longer to put on his title-pages, 'Discoverer of the principle of
+Natural Selection'!"
+
+[206] This refers to a "savage onslaught" on the _Origin_ by Sedgwick at
+the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Henslow defended his old pupil, and
+maintained that "the subject was a legitimate one for investigation."
+
+[207] "The battle rages furiously in the United States. Gray says he was
+preparing a speech, which would take 1½ hours to deliver, and which he
+'fondly hoped would be a stunner.' He is fighting splendidly, and there
+seem to have been many discussions with Agassiz and others at the
+meetings. Agassiz pities me much at being so deluded."--From a letter to
+Hooker, May 30th, 1860.
+
+[208] The statement as to authorship was made on the authority of Robert
+Chambers.
+
+[209] In a letter to Mr. Huxley my father wrote:--"Have you seen the
+last _Saturday Review_? I am very glad of the defence of you and of
+myself. I wish the reviewer had noticed Hooker. The reviewer, whoever he
+is, is a jolly good fellow, as this review and the last on me showed. He
+writes capitally, and understands well his subject. I wish he had
+slapped [the _Edinburgh_ reviewer] a little bit harder."
+
+[210] _Man's Place in Nature_, by T. H. Huxley, 1863, p. 114.
+
+[211] See the _Nat. Hist. Review_, 1861.
+
+[212] It was well known that Bishop Wilberforce was going to speak.
+
+[213] _Quarterly Review_, July 1860.
+
+[214] Sir John Lubbock also insisted on the embryological evidence for
+evolution.--F. D.
+
+[215] Mr. Fawcett wrote (_Macmillan's Magazine_, 1860):--"The retort was
+so justly deserved and so inimitable in its manner, that no one who was
+present can ever forget the impression that it made."
+
+[216] This agrees with Professor Victor Carus's recollection.
+
+[217] See Professor Newton's interesting _Early Days of Darwinism in
+Macmillan's Magazine_, Feb. 1888, where the battle at Oxford is briefly
+described.
+
+[218] _Quarterly Review_, July 1860. The article in question was by
+Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and was afterwards published in his
+_Essays Contributed to the Quarterly Review_, 1874. In the _Life and
+Letters_, ii. p. 182, Mr. Huxley has given some account of this article.
+I quote a few lines:--"Since Lord Brougham assailed Dr. Young, the world
+has seen no such specimen of the insolence of a shallow pretender to a
+Master in Science as this remarkable production, in which one of the
+most exact of observers, most cautious of reasoners, and most candid of
+expositors, of this or any other age, is held up to scorn as a 'flighty'
+person, who endeavours 'to prop up his utterly rotten fabric of guess
+and speculation,' and whose 'mode of dealing with nature' is reprobated
+as 'utterly dishonourable to Natural Science.'" The passage from the
+_Anti-Jacobin_, referred to in the letter, gives the history of the
+evolution of space from the "primęval point or _punctum saliens_ of the
+universe," which is conceived to have moved "forward in a right line,
+_ad infinitum_, till it grew tired; after which the right line, which it
+had generated, would begin to put itself in motion in a lateral
+direction, describing an area of infinite extent. This area, as soon as
+it became conscious of its own existence, would begin to ascend or
+descend according as its specific gravity would determine it, forming an
+immense solid space filled with vacuum, and capable of containing the
+present universe."
+
+The following (p. 263) may serve as an example of the passages in which
+the reviewer refers to Sir Charles Lyell:--"That Mr. Darwin should have
+wandered from this broad highway of nature's works into the jungle of
+fanciful assumption is no small evil. We trust that he is mistaken in
+believing that he may count Sir C. Lyell as one of his converts. We
+know, indeed, the strength of the temptations which he can bring to bear
+upon his geological brother.... Yet no man has been more distinct and
+more logical in the denial of the transmutation of species than Sir C.
+Lyell, and that not in the infancy of his scientific life, but in its
+full vigour and maturity." The Bishop goes on to appeal to Lyell, in
+order that with his help "this flimsy speculation may be as completely
+put down as was what in spite of all denials we must venture to call its
+twin though less instructed brother, the _Vestiges of Creation_."
+
+With reference to this article, Mr. Brodie Innes, my father's old friend
+and neighbour, writes:--"Most men would have been annoyed by an article
+written with the Bishop's accustomed vigour, a mixture of argument and
+ridicule. Mr. Darwin was writing on some parish matter, and put a
+postscript--'If you have not seen the last _Quarterly_, do get it; the
+Bishop of Oxford has made such capital fun of me and my grandfather.' By
+a curious coincidence, when I received the letter, I was staying in the
+same house with the Bishop, and showed it to him. He said, 'I am very
+glad he takes it in that way, he is such a capital fellow.'"
+
+[219] April 10th, 1860. Dr. Gray criticised in detail "several of the
+positions taken at the preceding meeting by Mr. [J. A.] Lowell, Prof.
+Bowen and Prof. Agassiz." It was reprinted in the _Athenęum_, Aug. 4th,
+1860.
+
+[220] On Sept. 26th, 1860, he wrote in the same sense to Gray:--"You
+never touch the subject without making it clearer. I look at it as even
+more extraordinary that you never say a word or use an epithet which
+does not express fully my meaning. Now Lyell, Hooker, and others, who
+perfectly understand my book, yet sometimes use expressions to which I
+demur."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+
+1861--1871.
+
+
+The beginning of the year 1861 saw my father engaged on the 3rd edition
+(2000 copies) of the _Origin_, which was largely corrected and added to,
+and was published in April, 1861.
+
+On July 1, he started, with his family, for Torquay, where he remained
+until August 27--a holiday which he characteristically enters in his
+diary as "eight weeks and a day." The house he occupied was in Hesketh
+Crescent, a pleasantly placed row of houses close above the sea,
+somewhat removed from what was then the main body of the town, and not
+far from the beautiful cliffed coast-line in the neighbourhood of
+Anstey's Cove.
+
+During the Torquay holiday, and for the remainder of the year, he worked
+at the fertilisation of orchids. This part of the year 1861 is not dealt
+with in the present chapter, because (as explained in the preface) the
+record of his life, seems to become clearer when the whole of his
+botanical work is placed together and treated separately. The present
+chapter will, therefore, include only the progress of his work in the
+direction of a general amplification of the _Origin of Species_--_e.g._,
+the publication of _Animals and Plants_ and the _Descent of Man_. It
+will also give some idea of the growth of belief in evolutionary
+doctrines.
+
+With regard to the third edition, he wrote to Mr. Murray in December,
+1860:--
+
+"I shall be glad to hear when you have decided how many copies you will
+print off--the more the better for me in all ways, as far as compatible
+with safety; for I hope never again to make so many corrections, or
+rather additions, which I have made in hopes of making my many rather
+stupid reviewers at least understand what is meant. I hope and think I
+shall improve the book considerably."
+
+An interesting feature in the new edition was the "Historical Sketch of
+the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species,"[221] which now
+appeared for the first time, and was continued in the later editions of
+the work. It bears a strong impress of the author's personal character
+in the obvious wish to do full justice to all his predecessors,--though
+even in this respect it has not escaped some adverse criticism.
+
+A passage in a letter to Hooker (March 27, 1861) gives the history of
+one of his corrections.
+
+
+"Here is a good joke: H. C. Watson (who, I fancy and hope, is going to
+review the new edition of the _Origin_) says that in the first four
+paragraphs of the introduction, the words 'I,' 'me,' 'my,' occur
+forty-three times! I was dimly conscious of the accursed fact. He says
+it can be explained phrenologically, which I suppose civilly means, that
+I am the most egotistically self-sufficient man alive; perhaps so. I
+wonder whether he will print this pleasing fact; it beats hollow the
+parentheses in Wollaston's writing.
+
+"I am, _my_ dear Hooker, ever yours,
+"C. DARWIN.
+
+"P.S.--Do not spread this pleasing joke; it is rather too biting."
+
+
+He wrote a couple of years later, 1863, to Asa Gray, in a manner which
+illustrates his use of the personal pronoun in the earlier editions of
+the _Origin_:--
+
+"You speak of Lyell as a judge; now what I complain of is that he
+declines to be a judge.... I have sometimes almost wished that Lyell had
+pronounced against me. When I say 'me,' I only mean _change of species
+by descent_. That seems to me the turning-point. Personally, of course,
+I care much about Natural Selection; but that seems to me utterly
+unimportant, compared to the question of Creation _or_ Modification."
+
+He was, at first, alone, and felt himself to be so in maintaining a
+rational workable theory of Evolution. It was therefore perfectly
+natural that he should speak of "my" theory.
+
+Towards the end of the present year (1861) the final arrangements for
+the first French edition of the _Origin_ were completed, and in
+September a copy of the third English edition was despatched to Mdlle.
+Clémence Royer, who undertook the work of translation. The book was now
+spreading on the Continent, a Dutch edition had appeared, and, as we
+have seen, a German translation had been published in 1860. In a letter
+to Mr. Murray (September 10, 1861), he wrote, "My book seems exciting
+much attention in Germany, judging from the number of discussions sent
+me." The silence had been broken, and in a few years the voice of German
+science was to become one of the strongest of the advocates of
+Evolution.
+
+A letter, June 23, 1861, gave a pleasant echo from the Continent of the
+growth of his views:--
+
+
+_Hugh Falconer[222] to C. Darwin._ 31 Sackville St., W., June 23, 1861.
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I have been to Adelsberg cave and brought back with me
+a live _Proteus anguinus_, designed for you from the moment I got it;
+_i.e._ if you have got an aquarium and would care to have it. I only
+returned last night from the Continent, and hearing from your brother
+that you are about to go to Torquay, I lose no time in making you the
+offer. The poor dear animal is still alive--although it has had no
+appreciable means of sustenance for a month--and I am most anxious to
+get rid of the responsibility of starving it longer. In your hands it
+will thrive and have a fair chance of being developed without delay into
+some type of the Columbidę--say a Pouter or a Tumbler.
+
+My dear Darwin, I have been rambling through the north of Italy, and
+Germany lately. Everywhere have I heard your views and your admirable
+essay canvassed--the views of course often dissented from, according to
+the special bias of the speaker--but the work, its honesty of purpose,
+grandeur of conception, felicity of illustration, and courageous
+exposition, always referred to in terms of the highest admiration. And
+among your warmest friends no one rejoiced more heartily in the just
+appreciation of Charles Darwin than did,
+
+Yours very truly.
+
+
+My father replied:--
+
+
+Down [June 24, 1861].
+
+MY DEAR FALCONER,--I have just received your note, and by good luck a
+day earlier than properly, and I lose not a moment in answering you,
+and thanking you heartily for your offer of the valuable specimen; but I
+have no aquarium and shall soon start for Torquay, so that it would be a
+thousand pities that I should have it. Yet I should certainly much like
+to see it, but I fear it is impossible. Would not the Zoological Society
+be the best place? and then the interest which many would take in this
+extraordinary animal would repay you for your trouble.
+
+Kind as you have been in taking this trouble and offering me this
+specimen, to tell the truth I value your note more than the specimen. I
+shall keep your note amongst a very few precious letters. Your kindness
+has quite touched me.
+
+Yours affectionately and gratefully.
+
+
+My father, who had the strongest belief in the value of Asa Gray's help,
+was anxious that his evolutionary writings should be more widely known
+in England. In the autumn of 1860, and the early part of 1861, he had a
+good deal of correspondence with him as to the publication, in the form
+of a pamphlet, of Gray's three articles in the July, August, and October
+numbers of the _Atlantic Monthly_, 1860.
+
+The reader will find these articles republished in Dr. Gray's
+_Darwiniana_, p. 87, under the title "Natural Selection not inconsistent
+with Natural Theology." The pamphlet found many admirers, and my father
+believed that it was of much value in lessening opposition, and making
+converts to Evolution. His high opinion of it is shown not only in his
+letters, but by the fact that he inserted a special notice of it in a
+prominent place in the third edition of the _Origin_. Lyell, among
+others, recognised its value as an antidote to the kind of criticism
+from which the cause of Evolution suffered. Thus my father wrote to Dr.
+Gray: "Just to exemplify the use of your pamphlet, the Bishop of London
+was asking Lyell what he thought of the review in the _Quarterly_, and
+Lyell answered, 'Read Asa Gray in the _Atlantic_.'"
+
+On the same subject he wrote to Gray in the following year:--
+
+"I believe that your pamphlet has done my book _great_ good; and I thank
+you from my heart for myself: and believing that the views are in large
+part true, I must think that you have done natural science a good turn.
+Natural Selection seems to be making a little progress in England and on
+the Continent; a new German edition is called for, and a French one has
+just appeared."
+
+The following may serve as an example of the form assumed between these
+friends of the animosity at that time so strong between England and
+America[223]:--
+
+"Talking of books, I am in the middle of one which pleases me, though it
+is very innocent food, viz. Miss Cooper's _Journal of a Naturalist_. Who
+is she? She seems a very clever woman, and gives a capital account of
+the battle between _our_ and _your_ weeds.[224] Does it not hurt your
+Yankee pride that we thrash you so confoundedly? I am sure Mrs. Gray
+will stick up for your own weeds. Ask her whether they are not more
+honest, downright good sort of weeds. The book gives an extremely pretty
+picture of one of your villages; but I see your autumn, though so much
+more gorgeous than ours, comes on sooner, and that is one comfort."
+
+A question constantly recurring in the letters to Gray is that of
+design. For instance:--
+
+"Your question what would convince me of design is a poser. If I saw an
+angel come down to teach us good, and I was convinced from others seeing
+him that I was not mad, I should believe in design. If I could be
+convinced thoroughly that life and mind was in an unknown way a function
+of other imponderable force, I should be convinced. If man was made of
+brass or iron and no way connected with any other organism which had
+ever lived, I should perhaps be convinced. But this is childish writing.
+
+"I have lately been corresponding with Lyell, who, I think, adopts your
+idea of the stream of variation having been led or designed. I have
+asked him (and he says he will hereafter reflect and answer me) whether
+he believes that the shape of my nose was designed. If he does I have
+nothing more to say. If not, seeing what Fanciers have done by selecting
+individual differences in the nasal bones of pigeons, I must think that
+it is illogical to suppose that the variations, which natural selection
+preserves for the good of any being, have been designed. But I know that
+I am in the same sort of muddle (as I have said before) as all the
+world seems to be in with respect to free will, yet with everything
+supposed to have been foreseen or preordained."
+
+The shape of his nose would perhaps not have been used as an
+illustration, if he had remembered Fitz-Roy's objection to that feature
+(see _Autobiography_, p. 26). He should, too, have remembered the
+difficulty of predicting the value to an organism of an apparently
+unimportant character.
+
+In England Professor Huxley was at work in the evolutionary cause. He
+gave, in 1862, two lectures at Edinburgh on _Man's Place in Nature_. My
+father wrote:--
+
+"I am heartily glad of your success in the North. By Jove, you have
+attacked Bigotry in its stronghold. I thought you would have been
+mobbed. I am so glad that you will publish your Lectures. You seem to
+have kept a due medium between extreme boldness and caution. I am
+heartily glad that all went off so well."
+
+A review,[225] by F. W. Hutton, afterwards Professor of Biology and
+Geology at Canterbury, N. Z., gave a hopeful note of the time not far
+off when a broader view of the argument for Evolution would be accepted.
+My father wrote to the author[226]:--
+
+
+Down, April 20th, 1861.
+
+DEAR SIR,--I hope that you will permit me to thank you for sending me a
+copy of your paper in the _Geologist_, and at the same time to express
+my opinion that you have done the subject a real service by the highly
+original, striking, and condensed manner with which you have put the
+case. I am actually weary of telling people that I do not pretend to
+adduce direct evidence of one species changing into another, but that I
+believe that this view in the main is correct, because so many phenomena
+can be thus grouped together and explained.
+
+But it is generally of no use, I cannot make persons see this. I
+generally throw in their teeth the universally admitted theory of the
+undulations of light--neither the undulations, nor the very existence of
+ether being proved--yet admitted because the view explains so much. You
+are one of the very few who have seen this, and have now put it most
+forcibly and clearly. I am much pleased to see how carefully you have
+read my book, and what is far more important, reflected on so many
+points with an independent spirit. As I am deeply interested in the
+subject (and I hope not exclusively under a personal point of view) I
+could not resist venturing to thank you for the right good service which
+you have done. Pray believe me, dear sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged.
+
+
+It was a still more hopeful sign that work of the first rank in value,
+conceived on evolutionary principles, began to be published.
+
+My father expressed this idea in a letter to the late Mr. Bates.[227]
+
+"Under a general point of view, I am quite convinced (Hooker and Huxley
+took the same view some months ago) that a philosophic view of nature
+can solely be driven into naturalists by treating special subjects as
+you have done."
+
+This refers to Mr. Bates' celebrated paper on mimicry, with which the
+following letter deals:--
+
+
+Down Nov. 20 [1862].
+
+DEAR BATES,--I have just finished, after several reads, your paper.[228]
+In my opinion it is one of the most remarkable and admirable papers I
+ever read in my life. The mimetic cases are truly marvellous, and you
+connect excellently a host of analogous facts. The illustrations are
+beautiful, and seem very well chosen; but it would have saved the reader
+not a little trouble, if the name of each had been engraved below each
+separate figure. No doubt this would have put the engraver into fits, as
+it would have destroyed the beauty of the plate. I am not at all
+surprised at such a paper having consumed much time. I am rejoiced that
+I passed over the whole subject in the _Origin_, for I should have made
+a precious mess of it. You have most clearly stated and solved a
+wonderful problem. No doubt with most people this will be the cream of
+the paper; but I am not sure that all your facts and reasonings on
+variation, and on the segregation of complete and semi-complete species,
+is not really more, or at least as valuable a part. I never conceived
+the process nearly so clearly before; one feels present at the creation
+of new forms. I wish, however, you had enlarged a little more on the
+pairing of similar varieties; a rather more numerous body of facts seems
+here wanted. Then, again, what a host of curious miscellaneous
+observations there are--as on related sexual and individual variability:
+these will some day, if I live, be a treasure to me.
+
+With respect to mimetic resemblance being so common with insects, do you
+not think it may be connected with their small size; they cannot defend
+themselves; they cannot escape by flight, at least, from birds,
+therefore they escape by trickery and deception?
+
+I have one serious criticism to make, and that is about the title of the
+paper; I cannot but think that you ought to have called prominent
+attention in it to the mimetic resemblances. Your paper is too good to
+be largely appreciated by the mob of naturalists without souls; but,
+rely on it, that it will have _lasting_ value, and I cordially
+congratulate you on your first great work. You will find, I should
+think, that Wallace will appreciate it. How gets on your book? Keep your
+spirits up. A book is no light labour. I have been better lately, and
+working hard, but my health is very indifferent. How is your health?
+Believe me, dear Bates,
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+
+1863.
+
+Although the battle[229] of Evolution was not yet won, the growth of
+belief was undoubtedly rapid. So that, for instance, Charles Kingsley
+could write to F. D. Maurice[230]:
+
+"The state of the scientific mind is most curious; Darwin is conquering
+everywhere, and rushing in like a flood, by the mere force of truth and
+fact."
+
+The change did not proceed without a certain amount of personal
+bitterness. My father wrote in February, 1863:--
+
+"What an accursed evil it is that there should be all this quarrelling
+within what ought to be the peaceful realms of science."
+
+I do not desire to keep alive the memories of dead quarrels, but some of
+the burning questions of that day are too important from the
+biographical point of view to be altogether omitted. Of this sort is the
+history of Lyell's conversion to Evolution. It led to no flaw in the
+friendship of the two men principally concerned, but it shook and
+irritated a number of smaller people. Lyell was like the Mississippi in
+flood, and as he changed his course, the dwellers on the banks were
+angered and frightened by the general upsetting of landmarks.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, Feb. 24 [1863].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I am astonished at your note. I have not seen the
+_Athenęum_,[231] but I have sent for it, and may get it to-morrow; and
+will then say what I think.
+
+I have read Lyell's book. [_The Antiquity of Man._] The whole certainly
+struck me as a compilation, but of the highest class, for when possible
+the facts have been verified on the spot, making it almost an original
+work. The Glacial chapters seem to me best, and in parts magnificent. I
+could hardly judge about Man, as all the gloss and novelty was
+completely worn off. But certainly the aggregation of the evidence
+produced a very striking effect on my mind. The chapter comparing
+language and changes of species, seems most ingenious and interesting.
+He has shown great skill in picking out salient points in the argument
+for change of species; but I am deeply disappointed (I do not mean
+personally) to find that his timidity prevents him giving any
+judgment.... From all my communications with him, I must ever think that
+he has really entirely lost faith in the immutability of species; and
+yet one of his strongest sentences is nearly as follows; "If it should
+_ever_[232] be rendered highly probable that species change by variation
+and natural selection," &c. &c. I had hoped he would have guided the
+public as far as his own belief went.... One thing does please me on
+this subject, that he seems to appreciate your work. No doubt the public
+or a part may be induced to think that, as he gives to us a larger space
+than to Lamarck, he must think that there is something in our views.
+When reading the brain chapter, it struck me forcibly that if he had
+said openly that he believed in change of species, and as a consequence
+that man was derived from some Quadrumanous animal, it would have been
+very proper to have discussed by compilation the differences in the most
+important organ, viz. the brain. As it is, the chapter seems to me to
+come in rather by the head and shoulders. I do not think (but then I am
+as prejudiced as Falconer and Huxley, or more so) that it is too severe;
+it struck me as given with judicial force. It might perhaps be said with
+truth that he had no business to judge on a subject on which he knows
+nothing; but compilers must do this to a certain extent. (You know I
+value and rank high compilers, being one myself!)
+
+The Lyells are coming here on Sunday evening to stay till Wednesday. I
+dread it, but I must say how much disappointed I am that he has not
+spoken out on species, still less on man. And the best of the joke is
+that he thinks he has acted with the courage of a martyr of old. I hope
+I may have taken an exaggerated view of his timidity, and shall
+_particularly_ be glad of your opinion on this head. When I got his book
+I turned over the pages, and saw he had discussed the subject of
+species, and said that I thought he would do more to convert the public
+than all of us, and now (which makes the case worse for me) I must, in
+common honesty, retract. I wish to Heaven he had said not a word on the
+subject.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell_. Down, March 6 [1863].
+
+... I have been of course deeply interested by your book.[233] I have
+hardly any remarks worth sending, but will scribble a little on what
+most interested me. But I will first get out what I hate saying, viz.
+that I have been greatly disappointed that you have not given judgment
+and spoken fairly out what you think about the derivation of species. I
+should have been contented if you had boldly said that species have not
+been separately created, and had thrown as much doubt as you like on how
+far variation and natural selection suffices. I hope to Heaven I am
+wrong (and from what you say about Whewell it seems so), but I cannot
+see how your chapters can do more good than an extraordinary able
+review. I think the _Parthenon_ is right, that you will leave the public
+in a fog. No doubt they may infer that as you give more space to myself,
+Wallace, and Hooker, than to Lamarck, you think more of us. But I had
+always thought that your judgment would have been an epoch in the
+subject. All that is over with me, and I will only think on the
+admirable skill with which you have selected the striking points, and
+explained them. No praise can be too strong, in my opinion, for the
+inimitable chapter on language in comparison with species....
+
+I know you will forgive me for writing with perfect freedom, for you
+must know how deeply I respect you as my old honoured guide and master.
+I heartily hope and expect that your book will have a gigantic
+circulation, and may do in many ways as much good as it ought to do. I
+am tired, so no more. I have written so briefly that you will have to
+guess my meaning. I fear my remarks are hardly worth sending. Farewell,
+with kindest remembrance to Lady Lyell,
+
+Ever yours.
+
+
+A letter from Lyell to Hooker (Mar. 9, 1863), published in Lyell's
+_Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 361, shows what was his feeling at the
+time:--
+
+"He [Darwin] seems much disappointed that I do not go farther with him,
+or do not speak out more. I can only say that I have spoken out to the
+full extent of my present convictions, and even beyond my state of
+_feeling_ as to man's unbroken descent from the brutes, and I find I am
+half converting not a few who were in arms against Darwin, and are even
+now against Huxley." Lyell speaks, too, of having had to abandon "old
+and long cherished ideas, which constituted the charm to me of the
+theoretical part of the science in my earlier days, when I believed with
+Pascal in the theory, as Hallam terms it, of 'the archangel ruined.'"
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell_. Down, 12th [March, 1863].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL,--I thank you for your very interesting and kind, I may
+say, charming letter. I feared you might be huffed for a little time
+with me. I know some men would have been so.... As you say that you have
+gone as far as you believe on the species question, I have not a word to
+say; but I must feel convinced that at times, judging from conversation,
+expressions, letters, &c., you have as completely given up belief in
+immutability of specific forms as I have done. I must still think a
+clear expression from you, _if you could have given it_, would have been
+potent with the public, and all the more so, as you formerly held
+opposite opinions. The more I work, the more satisfied I become with
+variation and natural selection, but that part of the case I look at as
+less important, though more interesting to me personally. As you ask for
+criticisms on this head (and believe me that I should not have made them
+unasked), I may specify (pp. 412, 413) that such words as "Mr. D.
+labours to show," "is believed by the author to throw light," would lead
+a common reader to think that you yourself do _not_ at all agree, but
+merely think it fair to give my opinion. Lastly, you refer repeatedly to
+my view as a modification of Lamarck's doctrine of development and
+progression. If this is your deliberate opinion there is nothing to be
+said, but it does not seem so to me. Plato, Buffon, my grandfather
+before Lamarck, and others, propounded the _obvious_ view that if
+species were not created separately they must have descended from other
+species, and I can see nothing else in common between the _Origin_ and
+Lamarck. I believe this way of putting the case is very injurious to its
+acceptance, as it implies necessary progression, and closely connects
+Wallace's and my views with what I consider, after two deliberate
+readings, as a wretched book, and one from which (I well remember my
+surprise) I gained nothing. But I know you rank it higher, which is
+curious, as it did not in the least shake your belief. But enough, and
+more than enough. Please remember you have brought it all down on
+yourself!!
+
+I am very sorry to hear about Falconer's "reclamation."[234] I hate the
+very word, and have a sincere affection for him.
+
+Did you ever read anything so wretched as the _Athenęum_ reviews of you,
+and of Huxley[235] especially. Your _object_ to make man old, and
+Huxley's _object_ to degrade him. The wretched writer has not a glimpse
+of what the discovery of scientific truth means. How splendid some pages
+are in Huxley, but I fear the book will not be popular....
+
+
+In the _Athenęum_, Mar. 28, 1862, p. 417, appeared a notice of Dr.
+Carpenter's book on 'Foraminifera,' which led to more skirmishing in the
+same journal. The article was remarkable for upholding spontaneous
+generation.
+
+My father wrote, Mar. 29, 1863:--
+
+"Many thanks for _Athenęum_, received this morning, and to be returned
+to-morrow morning. Who would have ever thought of the old stupid
+_Athenęum_ taking to Oken-like transcendental philosophy written in
+Owenian style!
+
+"It will be some time before we see 'slime, protoplasm, &c.' generating
+a new animal. But I have long regretted that I truckled to public
+opinion, and used the Pentateuchal term of creation,[236] by which I
+really meant 'appeared' by some wholly unknown process. It is mere
+rubbish, thinking at present of the origin of life; one might as well
+think of the origin of matter."
+
+The _Athenęum_ continued to be a scientific battle-ground. On April 4,
+1863, Falconer wrote a severe article on Lyell. And my father wrote
+(_Athenęum_, 1863, p. 554), under the cloak of attacking spontaneous
+generation, to defend Evolution. In reply, an article appeared in the
+same Journal (May 2nd, 1863, p. 586), accusing my father of claiming for
+his views the exclusive merit of "connecting by an intelligible thread
+of reasoning" a number of facts in morphology, &c. The writer remarks
+that, "The different generalisations cited by Mr. Darwin as being
+connected by an intelligible thread of reasoning exclusively through his
+attempt to explain specific transmutation are in fact related to it in
+this wise, that they have prepared the minds of naturalists for a better
+reception of such attempts to explain the way of the origin of species
+from species."
+
+
+To this my father replied as follows in the _Athenęum_ of May 9th,
+1863:--
+
+
+Down, May 5 [1863].
+
+I hope that you will grant me space to own that your reviewer is quite
+correct when he states that any theory of descent will connect, "by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning," the several generalizations before
+specified. I ought to have made this admission expressly; with the
+reservation, however, that, as far as I can judge, no theory so well
+explains or connects these several generalizations (more especially the
+formation of domestic races in comparison with natural species, the
+principles of classification, embryonic resemblance, &c.) as the theory,
+or hypothesis, or guess, if the reviewer so likes to call it, of Natural
+Selection. Nor has any other satisfactory explanation been ever offered
+of the almost perfect adaptation of all organic beings to each other,
+and to their physical conditions of life. Whether the naturalist
+believes in the views given by Lamarck, by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, by the
+author of the _Vestiges_, by Mr. Wallace and myself, or in any other
+such view, signifies extremely little in comparison with the admission
+that species have descended from other species, and have not been
+created immutable; for he who admits this as a great truth has a wide
+field opened to him for further inquiry. I believe, however, from what I
+see of the progress of opinion on the Continent, and in this country,
+that the theory of Natural Selection will ultimately be adopted, with,
+no doubt, many subordinate modifications and improvements.
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+In the following, he refers to the above letter to the _Athenęum_:--
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Saturday [May 11, 1863].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--You give good advice about not writing in newspapers; I
+have been gnashing my teeth at my own folly; and this not caused by
+----'s sneers, which were so good that I almost enjoyed them. I have
+written once again to own to a certain extent of truth in what he says,
+and then if I am ever such a fool again, have no mercy on me. I have
+read the squib in _Public Opinion_;[237] it is capital; if there is
+more, and you have a copy, do lend it. It shows well that a scientific
+man had better be trampled in dirt than squabble.
+
+
+In the following year (1864) he received the greatest honour which a
+scientific man can receive in this country, the Copley Medal of the
+Royal Society. It is presented at the Anniversary Meeting on St.
+Andrew's Day (Nov. 30), the medallist being usually present to receive
+it, but this the state of my father's health prevented. He wrote to Mr.
+Fox:--
+
+"I was glad to see your hand-writing. The Copley, being open to all
+sciences and all the world, is reckoned a great honour; but excepting
+from several kind letters, such things make little difference to me. It
+shows, however, that Natural Selection is making some progress in this
+country, and that pleases me. The subject, however, is safe in foreign
+lands."
+
+The presentation of the Copley Medal is of interest in connection with
+what has gone before, inasmuch as it led to Sir C. Lyell making, in his
+after-dinner speech, a "confession of faith as to the _Origin_." He
+wrote to my father (_Life of Sir C. Lyell_, vol. ii. p. 384), "I said I
+had been forced to give up my old faith without thoroughly seeing my way
+to a new one. But I think you would have been satisfied with the length
+I went."
+
+Lyell's acceptance of Evolution was made public in the tenth edition of
+the _Principles_, published in 1867 and 1868. It was a sign of
+improvement, "a great triumph," as my father called it, that an
+evolutionary article by Wallace, dealing with Lyell's book, should have
+appeared in the _Quarterly Review_ (April, 1869). Mr. Wallace wrote:--
+
+"The history of science hardly presents so striking an instance of
+youthfulness of mind in advanced life as is shown by this abandonment of
+opinions so long held and so powerfully advocated; and if we bear in
+mind the extreme caution, combined with the ardent love of truth which
+characterise every work which our author has produced, we shall be
+convinced that so great a change was not decided on without long and
+anxious deliberation, and that the views now adopted must indeed be
+supported by arguments of overwhelming force. If for no other reason
+than that Sir Charles Lyell in his tenth edition has adopted it, the
+theory of Mr. Darwin deserves an attentive and respectful consideration
+from every earnest seeker after truth."
+
+The incident of the Copley Medal is interesting as giving an index of
+the state of the scientific mind at the time.
+
+My father wrote: "some of the old members of the Royal are quite shocked
+at my having the Copley." In the _Reader_, December 3, 1864, General
+Sabine's presidential address at the Anniversary Meeting is reported at
+some length. Special weight was laid on my father's work in Geology,
+Zoology, and Botany, but the _Origin of Species_ was praised chiefly as
+containing a "mass of observations," &c. It is curious that as in the
+case of his election to the French Institute, so in this case, he was
+honoured not for the great work of his life, but for his less important
+work in special lines.
+
+I believe I am right in saying that no little dissatisfaction at the
+President's manner of allusion to the _Origin_ was felt by some Fellows
+of the Society.
+
+My father spoke justly when he said that the subject was "safe in
+foreign lands." In telling Lyell of the progress of opinion, he wrote
+(March, 1863):--
+
+"A first-rate German naturalist[238] (I now forget the name!), who has
+lately published a grand folio, has spoken out to the utmost extent on
+the _Origin_. De Candolle, in a very good paper on 'Oaks,' goes, in Asa
+Gray's opinion, as far as he himself does; but De Candolle, in writing
+to me, says _we_, 'we think this and that;' so that I infer he really
+goes to the full extent with me, and tells me of a French good botanical
+palęontologist[239] (name forgotten), who writes to De Candolle that he
+is sure that my views will ultimately prevail. But I did not intend to
+have written all this. It satisfies me with the final results, but this
+result, I begin to see, will take two or three life-times. The
+entomologists are enough to keep the subject back for half a century."
+
+The official attitude of French science was not very hopeful. The
+Secrétaire Perpétuel of the Académie published an _Examen du livre de M.
+Darwin_, on which my father remarks:--
+
+"A great gun, Flourens, has written a little dull book[240] against me,
+which pleases me much, for it is plain that our good work is spreading
+in France."
+
+Mr. Huxley, who reviewed the book,[241] quotes the following passage
+from Flourens:--
+
+"M. Darwin continue: Aucune distinction absolue n'a été et ne peut źtre
+établie entre les espčces et les variétés! Je vous ai déją dit que vous
+vous trompiez; une distinction absolue sépare les variétés d'avec les
+espčces." Mr. Huxley remarks on this, "Being devoid of the blessings of
+an Academy in England, we are unaccustomed to see our ablest men treated
+in this way even by a Perpetual Secretary." After demonstrating M.
+Flourens' misapprehension of Natural Selection, Mr. Huxley says, "How
+one knows it all by heart, and with what relief one reads at p. 65, 'Je
+laisse M. Darwin.'"
+
+The deterrent effect of the Académie on the spread of Evolution in
+France has been most striking. Even at the present day a member of the
+Institute does not feel quite happy in owning to a belief in Darwinism.
+We may indeed be thankful that we are "devoid of such a blessing."
+
+Among the Germans, he was fast gaining supporters. In 1865 he began a
+correspondence with the distinguished Naturalist, Fritz Müller, then, as
+now, resident in Brazil. They never met, but the correspondence with
+Müller, which continued to the close of my father's life, was a source
+of very great pleasure to him. My impression is that of all his unseen
+friends Fritz Müller was the one for whom he had the strongest regard.
+Fritz Müller is the brother of another distinguished man, the late
+Hermann Müller, the author of _Die Befruchtung der Blumen_ (The
+Fertilisation of Flowers), and of much other valuable work.
+
+The occasion of writing to Fritz Müller was the latter's book, _Für
+Darwin_, which was afterwards translated by Mr. Dallas at my father's
+suggestion, under the title _Facts and Arguments for Darwin_.
+
+Shortly afterwards, in 1866, began his connection with Professor Victor
+Carus, of Leipzig, who undertook the translation of the 4th edition of
+the _Origin_. From this time forward Professor Carus continued to
+translate my father's books into German. The conscientious care with
+which this work was done was of material service, and I well remember
+the admiration (mingled with a tinge of vexation at his own
+shortcomings) with which my father used to receive the lists of
+oversights, &c., which Professor Carus discovered in the course of
+translation. The connection was not a mere business one, but was
+cemented by warm feelings of regard on both sides.
+
+About this time, too, he came in contact with Professor Ernst Haeckel,
+whose influence on German science has been so powerful.
+
+The earliest letter which I have seen from my father to Professor
+Haeckel, was written in 1865, and from that time forward they
+corresponded (though not, I think, with any regularity) up to the end of
+my father's life. His friendship with Haeckel was not merely the growth
+of correspondence, as was the case with some others, for instance, Fritz
+Müller. Haeckel paid more than one visit to Down, and these were
+thoroughly enjoyed by my father. The following letter will serve to show
+the strong feeling of regard which he entertained for his
+correspondent--a feeling which I have often heard him emphatically
+express, and which was warmly returned. The book referred to is
+Haeckel's _Generelle Morphologie_, published in 1866, a copy of which my
+father received from the author in January, 1867.
+
+Dr. E. Krause[242] has given a good account of Professor Haeckel's
+services in the cause of Evolution. After speaking of the lukewarm
+reception which the _Origin_ met with in Germany on its first
+publication, he goes on to describe the first adherents of the new faith
+as more or less popular writers, not especially likely to advance its
+acceptance with the professorial or purely scientific world. And he
+claims for Haeckel that it was his advocacy of Evolution in his
+_Radiolaria_ (1862), and at the "Versammlung" of Naturalists at Stettin
+in 1863, that placed the Darwinian question for the first time publicly
+before the forum of German science, and his enthusiastic propagandism
+that chiefly contributed to its success.
+
+Mr. Huxley, writing in 1869, paid a high tribute to Professor Haeckel as
+the Coryphęus of the Darwinian movement in Germany. Of his _Generelle
+Morphologie_, "an attempt to work out the practical applications" of the
+doctrine of Evolution to their final results, he says that it has the
+"force and suggestiveness, and ... systematising power of Oken without
+his extravagance." Mr. Huxley also testifies to the value of Haeckel's
+_Schöpfungs-Geschichte_ as an exposition of the _Generelle Morphologie_
+"for an educated public."
+
+Again, in his _Evolution in Biology_,[243] Mr. Huxley wrote: "Whatever
+hesitation may not unfrequently be felt by less daring minds, in
+following Haeckel in many of his speculations, his attempt to
+systematise the doctrine of Evolution and to exhibit its influence as
+the central thought of modern biology, cannot fail to have a
+far-reaching influence on the progress of science."
+
+In the following letter my father alludes to the somewhat fierce manner
+in which Professor Haeckel fought the battle of 'Darwinismus,' and on
+this subject Dr. Krause has some good remarks (p. 162). He asks whether
+much that happened in the heat of the conflict might not well have been
+otherwise, and adds that Haeckel himself is the last man to deny this.
+Nevertheless he thinks that even these things may have worked well for
+the cause of Evolution, inasmuch as Haeckel "concentrated on himself by
+his _Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts_, his _Generelle Morphologie_,
+and _Schöpfungs-Geschichte_, all the hatred and bitterness which
+Evolution excited in certain quarters," so that, "in a surprisingly
+short time it became the fashion in Germany that Haeckel alone should be
+abused, while Darwin was held up as the ideal of forethought and
+moderation."
+
+
+_C. D. to E. Haeckel._ Down, May 21, 1867.
+
+DEAR HAECKEL,--Your letter of the 18th has given me great pleasure, for
+you have received what I said in the most kind and cordial manner. You
+have in part taken what I said much stronger than I had intended. It
+never occurred to me for a moment to doubt that your work, with the
+whole subject so admirably and clearly arranged, as well as fortified by
+so many new facts and arguments, would not advance our common object in
+the highest degree. All that I think is that you will excite anger, and
+that anger so completely blinds every one that your arguments would have
+no chance of influencing those who are already opposed to our views.
+Moreover, I do not at all like that you, towards whom I feel so much
+friendship, should unnecessarily make enemies, and there is pain and
+vexation enough in the world without more being caused. But I repeat
+that I can feel no doubt that your work will greatly advance our
+subject, and I heartily wish it could be translated into English, for my
+own sake and that of others. With respect to what you say about my
+advancing too strongly objections against my own views, some of my
+English friends think that I have erred on this side; but truth
+compelled me to write what I did, and I am inclined to think it was good
+policy. The belief in the descent theory is slowly spreading in
+England,[244] even amongst those who can give no reason for their
+belief. No body of men were at first so much opposed to my views as the
+members of the London Entomological Society, but now I am assured that,
+with the exception of two or three old men, all the members concur with
+me to a certain extent. It has been a great disappointment to me that I
+have never received your long letter written to me from the Canary
+Islands. I am rejoiced to hear that your tour, which seems to have been
+a most interesting one, has done your health much good.
+
+... I am very glad to hear that there is some chance of your visiting
+England this autumn, and all in this house will be delighted to see you
+here.
+
+Believe me, my dear Haeckel, yours very sincerely.
+
+
+I place here an extract from a letter of later date (Nov. 1868), which
+refers to one of Haeckel's later works.[245]
+
+"Your chapters on the affinities and genealogy of the animal kingdom
+strike me as admirable and full of original thought. Your boldness,
+however, sometimes makes me tremble, but as Huxley remarked, some one
+must be bold enough to make a beginning in drawing up tables of descent.
+Although you fully admit the imperfection of the geological record, yet
+Huxley agreed with me in thinking that you are sometimes rather rash in
+venturing to say at what periods the several groups first appeared. I
+have this advantage over you, that I remember how wonderfully different
+any statement on this subject made 20 years ago, would have been to what
+would now be the case, and I expect the next 20 years will make quite as
+great a difference."
+
+
+The following extract from a letter to Professor W. Preyer, a well-known
+physiologist, shows that he estimated at its true value the help he was
+to receive from the scientific workers of Germany:--
+
+
+March 31, 1868.
+
+... I am delighted to hear that you uphold the doctrine of the
+Modification of Species, and defend my views. The support which I
+receive from Germany is my chief ground for hoping that our views will
+ultimately prevail. To the present day I am continually abused or
+treated with contempt by writers of my own country; but the younger
+naturalists are almost all on my side, and sooner or later the public
+must follow those who make the subject their special study. The abuse
+and contempt of ignorant writers hurts me very little....
+
+
+I must now pass on to the publication, in 1868, of his book on _The
+Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_. It was begun two
+days after the appearance of the second edition of the _Origin_, on Jan.
+9, 1860, and it may, I think, be reckoned that about half of the eight
+years that elapsed between its commencement and completion was spent on
+it. The book did not escape adverse criticism: it was said, for
+instance, that the public had been patiently waiting for Mr. Darwin's
+_pičces justicatives_, and that after eight years of expectation, all
+they got was a mass of detail about pigeons, rabbits and silk-worms. But
+the true critics welcomed it as an expansion with unrivalled wealth of
+illustration of a section of the _Origin_. Variation under the influence
+of man was the only subject (except the question of man's origin) which
+he was able to deal with in detail so as to utilise his full stores of
+knowledge. When we remember how important for his argument is a
+knowledge of the action of artificial selection, we may well rejoice
+that this subject was chosen by him for amplification.
+
+In 1864, he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:
+
+"I have begun looking over my old MS., and it is as fresh as if I had
+never written it; parts are astonishingly dull, but yet worth printing,
+I think; and other parts strike me as very good. I am a complete
+millionaire in odd and curious little facts, and I have been really
+astounded at my own industry whilst reading my chapters on Inheritance
+and Selection. God knows when the book will ever be completed, for I
+find that I am very weak, and on my best days cannot do more than one or
+one and a half hours' work. It is a good deal harder than writing about
+my dear climbing plants."
+
+In Aug. 1867, when Lyell was reading the proofs of the book, my father
+wrote:--
+
+"I thank you cordially for your last two letters. The former one did me
+_real_ good, for I had got so wearied with the subject that I could
+hardly bear to correct the proofs, and you gave me fresh heart. I
+remember thinking that when you came to the Pigeon chapter you would
+pass it over as quite unreadable. I have been particularly pleased that
+you have noticed Pangenesis. I do not know whether you ever had the
+feeling of having thought so much over a subject that you had lost all
+power of judging it. This is my case with Pangenesis (which is 26 or 27
+years old), but I am inclined to think that if it be admitted as a
+probable hypothesis it will be a somewhat important step in Biology."
+
+His theory of Pangenesis, by which he attempted to explain "how the
+characters of the parents are 'photographed' on the child, by means of
+material atoms derived from each cell in both parents, and developed in
+the child," has never met with much acceptance. Nevertheless, some of
+his contemporaries felt with him about it. Thus in February 1868, he
+wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"I heard yesterday from Wallace, who says (excuse horrid vanity), 'I can
+hardly tell you how much I admire the chapter on _Pangenesis_. It is a
+_positive comfort_ to me to have any feasible explanation of a
+difficulty that has always been haunting me, and I shall never be able
+to give it up till a better one supplies its place, and that I think
+hardly possible.' Now his foregoing [italicised] words express my
+sentiments exactly and fully: though perhaps I feel the relief extra
+strongly from having during many years vainly attempted to form some
+hypothesis. When you or Huxley say that a single cell of a plant, or the
+stump of an amputated limb, has the 'potentiality' of reproducing the
+whole--or 'diffuses an influence,' these words give me no positive
+idea;--but, when it is said that the cells of a plant, or stump, include
+atoms derived from every other cell of the whole organism and capable of
+development, I gain a distinct idea."
+
+Immediately after the publication of the book, he wrote:
+
+
+Down, February 10 [1868].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--What is the good of having a friend, if one may not
+boast to him? I heard yesterday that Murray has sold in a week the whole
+edition of 1500 copies of my book, and the sale so pressing that he has
+agreed with Clowes to get another edition in fourteen days! This has
+done me a world of good, for I had got into a sort of dogged hatred of
+my book. And now there has appeared a review in the _Pall Mall_ which
+has pleased me excessively, more perhaps than is reasonable. I am quite
+content, and do not care how much I may be pitched into. If by any
+chance you should hear who wrote the article in the _Pall Mall_, do
+please tell me; it is some one who writes capitally, and who knows the
+subject. I went to luncheon on Sunday, to Lubbock's, partly in hopes of
+seeing you, and, be hanged to you, you were not there.
+
+Your cock-a-hoop friend,
+C. D.
+
+
+Independently of the favourable tone of the able series of notices in
+the _Pall Mall Gazette_ (Feb. 10, 15, 17, 1868), my father may well have
+been gratified by the following passages:--
+
+
+"We must call attention to the rare and noble calmness with which he
+expounds his own views, undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation
+which those views have excited, and persistently refusing to retort on
+his antagonists by ridicule, by indignation, or by contempt. Considering
+the amount of vituperation and insinuation which has come from the other
+side, this forbearance is supremely dignified."
+
+And again in the third notice, Feb. 17:--
+
+"Nowhere has the author a word that could wound the most sensitive
+self-love of an antagonist; nowhere does he, in text or note, expose the
+fallacies and mistakes of brother investigators ... but while abstaining
+from impertinent censure, he is lavish in acknowledging the smallest
+debts he may owe; and his book will make many men happy."
+
+I am indebted to Messrs. Smith and Elder for the information that these
+articles were written by Mr. G. H. Lewes.
+
+The following extract from a letter (Feb. 1870) to his friend Professor
+Newton, the well-known ornithologist, shows how much he valued the
+appreciation of his colleagues.
+
+
+"I suppose it would be universally held extremely wrong for a defendant
+to write to a Judge to express his satisfaction at a judgment in his
+favour; and yet I am going thus to act. I have just read what you have
+said in the 'Record'[246] about my pigeon chapters, and it has gratified
+me beyond measure. I have sometimes felt a little disappointed that the
+labour of so many years seemed to be almost thrown away, for you are the
+first man capable of forming a judgment (excepting partly Quatrefages),
+who seems to have thought anything of this part of my work. The amount
+of labour, correspondence, and care, which the subject cost me, is more
+than you could well suppose. I thought the article in the _Athenęum_ was
+very unjust; but now I feel amply repaid, and I cordially thank you for
+your sympathy and too warm praise."
+
+
+WORK ON MAN.
+
+In February 1867, when the manuscript of _Animals and Plants_ had been
+sent to Messrs. Clowes to be printed, and before the proofs began to
+come in, he had an interval of spare time, and began a "Chapter on Man,"
+but be soon found it growing under his hands, and determined to publish
+it separately as a "very small volume."
+
+It is remarkable that only four years before this date, namely in 1864,
+he had given up hope of being able to work out this subject. He wrote to
+Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"I have collected a few notes on man, but I do not suppose that I shall
+ever use them. Do you intend to follow out your views, and if so, would
+you like at some future time to have my few references and notes? I am
+sure I hardly know whether they are of any value, and they are at
+present in a state of chaos. There is much more that I should like to
+write, but I have not strength." But this was at a period of ill-health;
+not long before, in 1863, he had written in the same depressed tone
+about his future work generally:--
+
+"I have been so steadily going downhill, I cannot help doubting whether
+I can ever crawl a little uphill again. Unless I can, enough to work a
+little, I hope my life may be very short, for to lie on a sofa all day
+and do nothing but give trouble to the best and kindest of wives and
+good dear children is dreadful."
+
+The "Chapter on Man," which afterwards grew into the _Descent of Man_,
+was interrupted by the necessity of correcting the proofs of _Animals
+and Plants_, and by some botanical work, but was resumed with
+unremitting industry on the first available day in the following year.
+He could not rest, and he recognised with regret the gradual change in
+his mind that rendered continuous work more and more necessary to him as
+he grew older. This is expressed in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker, June
+17, 1868, which repeats to some extent what is given in the
+_Autobiography_:--
+
+"I am glad you were at the _Messiah_, it is the one thing that I should
+like to hear again, but I dare say I should find my soul too dried up to
+appreciate it as in old days; and then I should feel very flat, for it
+is a horrid bore to feel as I constantly do, that I am a withered leaf
+for every subject except Science. It sometimes makes me hate Science,
+though God knows I ought to be thankful for such a perennial interest,
+which makes me forget for some hours every day my accursed stomach."
+
+_The Descent of Man_ (and this is indicated on its title-page) consists
+of two separate books, namely on the pedigree of mankind, and on sexual
+selection in the animal kingdom generally. In studying this latter part
+of the subject he had to take into consideration the whole subject of
+colour. I give the two following characteristic letters, in which the
+reader is as it were present at the birth of a theory.
+
+
+_C. D. to A. R. Wallace._ Down, February 23 [1867].
+
+DEAR WALLACE,--I much regretted that I was unable to call on you, but
+after Monday I was unable even to leave the house. On Monday evening I
+called on Bates, and put a difficulty before him, which he could not
+answer, and, as on some former similar occasion, his first suggestion
+was, "You had better ask Wallace." My difficulty is, why are
+caterpillars sometimes so beautifully and artistically coloured? Seeing
+that many are coloured to escape danger, I can hardly attribute their
+bright colour in other cases to mere physical conditions. Bates says the
+most gaudy caterpillar he ever saw in Amazonia (of a sphinx) was
+conspicuous at the distance of yards, from its black and red colours,
+whilst feeding on large green leaves. If any one objected to male
+butterflies having been made beautiful by sexual selection, and asked
+why should they not have been made beautiful as well as their
+caterpillars, what would you answer? I could not answer, but should
+maintain my ground. Will you think over this, and some time, either by
+letter or when we meet, tell me what you think?...
+
+
+He seems to have received an explanation by return of post, for a day or
+two afterwards he could write to Wallace:--
+
+"Bates was quite right; you are the man to apply to in a difficulty. I
+never heard anything more ingenious than your suggestion, and I hope you
+may be able to prove it true. That is a splendid fact about the white
+moths; it warms one's very blood to see a theory thus almost proved to
+be true."
+
+Mr. Wallace's suggestion was that conspicuous caterpillars or perfect
+insects (_e.g._ white butterflies), which are distasteful to birds,
+benefit by being promptly recognised and therefore easily avoided.[247]
+
+The letter from Darwin to Wallace goes on: "The reason of my being so
+much interested just at present about sexual selection is, that I have
+almost resolved to publish a little essay on the origin of Mankind, and
+I still strongly think (though I failed to convince you, and this, to
+me, is the heaviest blow possible) that sexual selection has been the
+main agent in forming the races of man.
+
+"By the way, there is another subject which I shall introduce in my
+essay, namely, expression of countenance. Now, do you happen to know by
+any odd chance a very good-natured and acute observer in the Malay
+Archipelago, who you think would make a few easy observations for me on
+the expression of the Malays when excited by various emotions?"
+
+
+The reference to the subject of expression in the above letter is
+explained by the fact, that my father's original intention was to give
+his essay on this subject as a chapter in the _Descent of Man_, which in
+its turn grew, as we have seen, out of a proposed chapter in _Animals
+and Plants_.
+
+He got much valuable help from Dr. Günther, of the Natural History
+Museum, to whom he wrote in May 1870:--
+
+"As I crawl on with the successive classes I am astonished to find how
+similar the rules are about the nuptial or 'wedding dress' of all
+animals. The subject has begun to interest me in an extraordinary
+degree; but I must try not to fall into my common error of being too
+speculative. But a drunkard might as well say he would drink a little
+and not too much! My essay, as far as fishes, batrachians and reptiles
+are concerned, will be in fact yours, only written by me."
+
+The last revise of the _Descent of Man_ was corrected on January 15th,
+1871, so that the book occupied him for about three years. He wrote to
+Sir J. Hooker: "I finished the last proofs of my book a few days ago;
+the work half-killed me, and I have not the most remote idea whether the
+book is worth publishing."
+
+He also wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have finished my book on the _Descent of Man_, &c., and its
+publication is delayed only by the Index: when published, I will send
+you a copy, but I do not know that you will care about it. Parts, as on
+the moral sense, will, I dare say, aggravate you, and if I hear from
+you, I shall probably receive a few stabs from your polished stiletto of
+a pen."
+
+The book was published on February 24, 1871. 2500 copies were printed at
+first, and 6000 more before the end of the year. My father notes that he
+received for this edition £1470.
+
+Nothing can give a better idea (in a small compass) of the growth of
+Evolutionism, and its position at this time, than a quotation from Mr.
+Huxley[248]:--
+
+"The gradual lapse of time has now separated us by more than a decade
+from the date of the publication of the _Origin of Species_; and
+whatever may be thought or said about Mr. Darwin's doctrines, or the
+manner in which he has propounded them, this much is certain, that in a
+dozen years the _Origin of Species_ has worked as complete a revolution
+in Biological Science as the _Principia_ did in Astronomy;" and it had
+done so, "because in the words of Helmholtz, it contains 'an essentially
+new creative thought.' And, as time has slipped by, a happy change has
+come over Mr. Darwin's critics. The mixture of ignorance and insolence
+which at first characterised a large proportion of the attacks with
+which he was assailed, is no longer the sad distinction of
+anti-Darwinian criticism."
+
+A passage in the Introduction to the _Descent of Man_ shows that the
+author recognised clearly this improvement in the position of
+Evolutionism. "When a naturalist like Carl Vogt ventures to say in his
+address, as President of the National Institution of Geneva (1869),
+'personne, en Europe au moins, n'ose plus soutenir la création
+indépendante et de toutes pičces, des espčces,' it is manifest that at
+least a large number of naturalists must admit that species are the
+modified descendants of other species; and this especially holds good
+with the younger and rising naturalists.... Of the older and honoured
+chiefs in natural science, many, unfortunately, are still opposed to
+Evolution in every form."
+
+In Mr. James Hague's pleasantly written article, "A Reminiscence of Mr.
+Darwin" (_Harper's Magazine_, October 1884), he describes a visit to my
+father "early in 1871," shortly after the publication of the _Descent of
+Man_. Mr. Hague represents my father as "much impressed by the general
+assent with which his views had been received," and as remarking that
+"everybody is talking about it without being shocked."
+
+Later in the year the reception of the book is described in different
+language in the _Edinburgh Review_: "On every side it is raising a storm
+of mingled wrath, wonder and admiration."
+
+Haeckel seems to have been one of the first to write to my father about
+the _Descent of Man_. I quote from Darwin's reply:--
+
+"I must send you a few words to thank you for your interesting, and I
+may truly say, charming letter. I am delighted that you approve of my
+book, as far as you have read it. I felt very great difficulty and doubt
+how often I ought to allude to what you have published; strictly
+speaking every idea, although occurring independently to me, if
+published by you previously ought to have appeared as if taken from your
+works, but this would have made my book very dull reading; and I hoped
+that a full acknowledgment at the beginning would suffice.[249] I cannot
+tell you how glad I am to find that I have expressed my high admiration
+of your labours with sufficient clearness; I am sure that I have not
+expressed it too strongly."
+
+In March he wrote to Professor Ray Lankester:--
+
+"I think you will be glad to hear, as a proof of the increasing
+liberality of England, that my book has sold wonderfully ... and as yet
+no abuse (though some, no doubt, will come, strong enough), and only
+contempt even in the poor old _Athenęum_."
+
+About the same time he wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+"Many thanks for the _Nonconformist_ [March 8, 1871]. I like to see all
+that is written, and it is of some real use. If you hear of reviewers in
+out-of-the-way papers, especially the religious, as _Record_,
+_Guardian_, _Tablet_, kindly inform me. It is wonderful that there has
+been no abuse as yet. On the whole, the reviews have been highly
+favourable."
+
+The following extract from a letter to Mr. Murray (April 13, 1871)
+refers to a review in the _Times_[250]:--
+
+"I have no idea who wrote the _Times'_ review. He has no knowledge of
+science, and seems to me a wind-bag full of metaphysics and classics, so
+that I do not much regard his adverse judgment, though I suppose it will
+injure the sale."
+
+A striking review appeared in the _Saturday Review_ (March 4 and 11,
+1871) in which the position of Evolution is well stated.
+
+"He claims to have brought man himself, his origin and constitution,
+within that unity which he had previously sought to trace through all
+lower animal forms. The growth of opinion in the interval, due in chief
+measure to his own intermediate works, has placed the discussion of this
+problem in a position very much in advance of that held by it fifteen
+years ago. The problem of Evolution is hardly any longer to be treated
+as one of first principles: nor has Mr. Darwin to do battle for a first
+hearing of his central hypothesis, upborne as it is by a phalanx of
+names full of distinction and promise in either hemisphere."
+
+We must now return to the history of the general principle of Evolution.
+At the beginning of 1869[251] he was at work on the fifth edition of
+the _Origin_. The most important alterations were suggested by a
+remarkable paper in the _North British Review_ (June, 1867) written by
+the late Fleeming Jenkin.
+
+It is not a little remarkable that the criticisms, which my father, as I
+believe, felt to be the most valuable ever made on his views should have
+come, not from a professed naturalist but from a Professor of
+Engineering.
+
+The point on which Fleeming Jenkin convinced my father is the extreme
+difficulty of believing that _single individuals_ which differ from
+their fellows in the possession of some useful character can be the
+starting point of a new variety. Thus the origin of a new variety is
+more likely to be found in a species which presents the incipient
+character in a large number of its individuals. This point of view was
+of course perfectly familiar to him, it was this that induced him to
+study "unconscious selection," where a breed is formed by the
+long-continued preservation by Man of all those individuals which are
+best adapted to his needs: not as in the art of the professed breeder,
+where a single individual is picked out to breed from.
+
+It is impossible to give in a short compass an account of Fleeming
+Jenkin's argument. My father's copy of the paper (ripped out of the
+volume as usual, and tied with a bit of string) is annotated in pencil
+in many places. I quote a passage opposite which my father has written
+"good sneers"--but it should be remembered that he used the word "sneer"
+in rather a special sense, not as necessarily implying a feeling of
+bitterness in the critic, but rather in the sense of "banter." Speaking
+of the "true believer," Fleeming Jenkin says, p. 293:--
+
+"He can invent trains of ancestors of whose existence there is no
+evidence; he can marshal hosts of equally imaginary foes; he can call up
+continents, floods, and peculiar atmospheres; he can dry up oceans,
+split islands, and parcel out eternity at will; surely with these
+advantages he must be a dull fellow if he cannot scheme some series of
+animals and circumstances explaining our assumed difficulty quite
+naturally. Feeling the difficulty of dealing with adversaries who
+command so huge a domain of fancy, we will abandon these arguments, and
+trust to those which at least cannot be assailed by mere efforts of
+imagination."
+
+In the fifth edition of the _Origin_, my father altered a passage in the
+Historical Sketch (fourth edition, p. xviii.). He thus practically gave
+up the difficult task of understanding whether or not Sir R. Owen claims
+to have discovered the principle of Natural Selection. Adding, "As far
+as the more enunciation of the principle of Natural Selection is
+concerned, it is quite immaterial whether or not Professor Owen preceded
+me, for both of us ... were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr.
+Matthew."
+
+The desire that his views might spread in France was always strong with
+my father, and he was therefore justly annoyed to find that in 1869 the
+publisher of the French edition had brought out a third edition without
+consulting the author. He was accordingly glad to enter into an
+arrangement for a French translation of the fifth edition; this was
+undertaken by M. Reinwald, with whom he continued to have pleasant
+relations as the publisher of many of his books in French.
+
+He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker:--
+
+"I must enjoy myself and tell you about Mdlle. C. Royer, who translated
+the _Origin_ into French, and for whose second edition I took infinite
+trouble. She has now just brought out a third edition without informing
+me, so that all the corrections, &c., in the fourth and fifth English
+editions are lost. Besides her enormously long preface to the first
+edition, she has added a second preface abusing me like a pickpocket for
+Pangenesis, which of course has no relation to the _Origin_. So I wrote
+to Paris; and Reinwald agrees to bring out at once a new translation
+from the fifth English edition, in competition with her third
+edition.... This fact shows that 'evolution of species' must at last be
+spreading in France."
+
+It will be well perhaps to place here all that remains to be said about
+the _Origin of Species_. The sixth or final edition was published in
+January 1872 in a smaller and cheaper form than its predecessors. The
+chief addition was a discussion suggested by Mr. Mivart's _Genesis of
+Species_, which appeared in 1871, before the publication of the _Descent
+of Man_. The following quotation from a letter to Wallace (July 9, 1871)
+may serve to show the spirit and method in which Mr. Mivart dealt with
+the subject. "I grieve to see the omission of the words by Mivart,
+detected by Wright.[252] I complained to Mivart that in two cases he
+quotes only the commencement of sentences by me, and thus modifies my
+meaning; but I never supposed he would have omitted words. There are
+other cases of what I consider unfair treatment."
+
+My father continues, with his usual charity and moderation:--
+
+"I conclude with sorrow that though he means to be honourable, he is so
+bigoted that he cannot act fairly."
+
+In July 1871, my father wrote to Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"I feel very doubtful how far I shall succeed in answering Mivart, it is
+so difficult to answer objections to doubtful points, and make the
+discussion readable. I shall make only a selection. The worst of it is,
+that I cannot possibly hunt through all my references for isolated
+points, it would take me three weeks of intolerably hard work. I wish I
+had your power of arguing clearly. At present I feel sick of everything,
+and if I could occupy my time and forget my daily discomforts, or rather
+miseries, I would never publish another word. But I shall cheer up, I
+dare say, soon, having only just got over a bad attack. Farewell; God
+knows why I bother you about myself. I can say nothing more about
+missing-links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-silurian
+times; but then comes Sir W. Thomson like an odious spectre.[253]
+Farewell.
+
+" ... There is a most cutting review of me in the [July] _Quarterly_; I
+have only read a few pages. The skill and style make me think of Mivart.
+I shall soon be viewed as the most despicable of men. This _Quarterly
+Review_ tempts me to republish Ch. Wright,[254] even if not read by any
+one, just to show some one will say a word against Mivart, and that his
+(_i.e._ Mivart's) remarks ought not to be swallowed without some
+reflection.... God knows whether my strength and spirit will last out to
+write a chapter versus Mivart and others; I do so hate controversy and
+feel I shall do it so badly."
+
+The _Quarterly_ review was the subject of an article by Mr. Huxley in
+the November number of the _Contemporary Review_. Here, also, are
+discussed Mr. Wallace's _Contribution to the Theory of Natural
+Selection_, and the second edition of Mr. Mivart's _Genesis of
+Species_. What follows is taken from Mr. Huxley's article. The
+_Quarterly_ reviewer, though to some extent an evolutionist, believes
+that Man "differs more from an elephant or a gorilla, than do these from
+the dust of the earth on which they tread." The reviewer also declares
+that Darwin has "with needless opposition, set at naught the first
+principles of both philosophy and religion." Mr. Huxley passes from the
+_Quarterly_ reviewer's further statement, that there is no necessary
+opposition between evolution and religion, to the more definite position
+taken by Mr. Mivart, that the orthodox authorities of the Roman Catholic
+Church agree in distinctly asserting derivative creation, so that "their
+teachings harmonize with all that modern science can possibly require."
+Here Mr. Huxley felt the want of that "study of Christian philosophy"
+(at any rate, in its Jesuitic garb), which Mr. Mivart speaks of, and it
+was a want he at once set to work to fill up. He was then staying at St.
+Andrews, whence he wrote to my father:--
+
+"By great good luck there is an excellent library here, with a good copy
+of Suarez,[255] in a dozen big folios. Among these I dived, to the great
+astonishment of the librarian, and looking into them 'as careful robins
+eye the delver's toil' (_vide Idylls_), I carried off the two venerable
+clasped volumes which were most promising." Even those who know Mr.
+Huxley's unrivalled power of tearing the heart out of a book must marvel
+at the skill with which he has made Suarez speak on his side. "So I have
+come out," he wrote, "in the new character of a defender of Catholic
+orthodoxy, and upset Mivart out of the mouth of his own prophet."
+
+The remainder of Mr. Huxley's critique is largely occupied with a
+dissection of the _Quarterly_ reviewer's psychology, and his ethical
+views. He deals, too, with Mr. Wallace's objections to the doctrine of
+Evolution by natural causes when applied to the mental faculties of Man.
+Finally, he devotes a couple of pages to justifying his description of
+the _Quarterly_ reviewer's treatment of Mr. Darwin as alike "unjust and
+unbecoming."[256]
+
+In the sixth edition my father also referred to the "direct action of
+the conditions of life" as a subordinate cause of modification in living
+things: On this subject he wrote to Dr. Moritz Wagner (Oct. 13, 1876):
+"In my opinion the greatest error which I have committed, has been not
+allowing sufficient weight to the direct action of the environment,
+_i.e._ food, climate, &c., independently of natural selection.
+Modifications thus caused, which are neither of advantage nor
+disadvantage to the modified organism, would be especially favoured, as
+I can now see chiefly through your observations, by isolation, in a
+small area, where only a few individuals lived under nearly uniform
+conditions."
+
+It has been supposed that such statements indicate a serious change of
+front on my father's part. As a matter of fact the first edition of the
+_Origin_ contains the words, "I am convinced that natural selection has
+been the main but not the exclusive means of modification." Moreover,
+any alteration that his views may have undergone was due not to a change
+of opinion, but to change in the materials on which a judgment was to be
+formed. Thus he wrote to Wagner in the above quoted letter:--
+
+"When I wrote the _Origin_, and for some years afterwards, I could find
+little good evidence of the direct action of the environment; now there
+is a large body of evidence."
+
+With the possibility of such action of the environment he had of course
+been familiar for many years. Thus he wrote to Mr. Davidson in 1861:--
+
+"My greatest trouble is, not being able to weigh the direct effects of
+the long-continued action of changed conditions of life without any
+selection, with the action of selection on mere accidental (so to speak)
+variability. I oscillate much on this head, but generally return to my
+belief that the direct action of the conditions of life has not been
+great. At least this direct action can have played an extremely small
+part in producing all the numberless and beautiful adaptations in every
+living creature."
+
+And to Sir Joseph Hooker in the following year:--
+
+"I hardly know why I am a little sorry, but my present work is leading
+me to believe rather more in the direct action of physical conditions. I
+presume I regret it, because it lessens the glory of Natural Selection,
+and is so confoundedly doubtful. Perhaps I shall change again when I get
+all my facts under one point of view, and a pretty hard job this will
+be."
+
+Reference has already been made to the growth of his book on the
+_Expression of the Emotions_ out of a projected chapter in the _Descent
+of Man_.
+
+It was published in the autumn of 1872. The edition consisted of 7000,
+and of these 5267 copies were sold at Mr. Murray's sale in November. Two
+thousand were printed at the end of the year, and this proved a
+misfortune, as they did not afterwards sell so rapidly, and thus a mass
+of notes collected by the author was never employed for a second edition
+during his lifetime.[257]
+
+As usual he had no belief in the possibility of the book being generally
+successful. The following passage in a letter to Haeckel serves to show
+that he had felt the writing of this book as a somewhat severe strain:--
+
+"I have finished my little book on Expression, and when it is published
+in November I will of course send you a copy, in case you would like to
+read it for amusement. I have resumed some old botanical work, and
+perhaps I shall never again attempt to discuss theoretical views.
+
+"I am growing old and weak, and no man can tell when his intellectual
+powers begin to fail. Long life and happiness to you for your own sake
+and for that of science."
+
+A good review by Mr. Wallace appeared in the _Quarterly Journal of
+Science_, Jan. 1873. Mr. Wallace truly remarks that the book exhibits
+certain "characteristics of the author's mind in an eminent degree,"
+namely, "the insatiable longing to discover the causes of the varied and
+complex phenomena presented by living things." He adds that in the case
+of the author "the restless curiosity of the child to know the 'what
+for?' the 'why?' and the 'how?' of everything" seems "never to have
+abated its force."
+
+The publication of the Expression book was the occasion of the following
+letter to one of his oldest friends, the late Mrs. Haliburton, who was
+the daughter of a Shropshire neighbour, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse, and
+became the wife of the author of _Sam Slick_.
+
+
+Nov. 1, 1872.
+
+MY DEAR MRS. HALIBURTON,--I dare say you will be surprised to hear from
+me. My object in writing now is to say that I have just published a
+book on the _Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_; and it has
+occurred to me that you might possibly like to read some parts of it;
+and I can hardly think that this would have been the case with any of
+the books which I have already published. So I send by this post my
+present book. Although I have had no communication with you or the other
+members of your family for so long a time, no scenes in my whole life
+pass so frequently or so vividly before my mind as those which relate to
+happy old days spent at Woodhouse. I should very much like to hear a
+little news about yourself and the other members of your family, if you
+will take the trouble to write to me. Formerly I used to glean some news
+about you from my sisters.
+
+I have had many years of bad health and have not been able to visit
+anywhere; and now I feel very old. As long as I pass a perfectly uniform
+life, I am able to do some daily work in Natural History, which is still
+my passion, as it was in old days, when you used to laugh at me for
+collecting beetles with such zeal at Woodhouse. Excepting from my
+continued ill-health, which has excluded me from society, my life has
+been a very happy one; the greatest drawback being that several of my
+children have inherited from me feeble health. I hope with all my heart
+that you retain, at least to a large extent, the famous "Owen
+constitution." With sincere feelings of gratitude and affection for all
+bearing the name of Owen, I venture to sign myself,
+
+Yours affectionately.
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[221] The Historical Sketch had already appeared in the first German
+edition (1860) and the American edition. Bronn states in the German
+edition (footnote, p. 1) that it was his critique in the _N. Jahrbuch
+für Mineralogie_ that suggested to my father the idea of such a sketch.
+
+[222] Hugh Falconer, born 1809, died 1865. Chiefly known as a
+palęontologist, although employed as a botanist during his whole career
+in India, where he was a medical officer in the H.E.I.C. Service.
+
+[223] In his letters to Gray there are also numerous references to the
+American war. I give a single passage. "I never knew the newspapers so
+profoundly interesting. North America does not do England justice; I
+have not seen or heard of a soul who is not with the North. Some few,
+and I am one of them, even wish to God, though at the loss of millions
+of lives, that the North would proclaim a crusade against slavery. In
+the long-run, a million horrid deaths would be amply repaid in the cause
+of humanity. What wonderful times we live in! Massachusetts seems to
+show noble enthusiasm. Great God! how I should like to see the greatest
+curse on earth--slavery--abolished!"
+
+[224] This refers to the remarkable fact that many introduced European
+weeds have spread over large parts of the United States.
+
+[225] _Geologist_, 1861, p. 132.
+
+[226] The letter is published in a lecture by Professor Hutton given
+before the Philosoph. Institute, Canterbury, N.Z., Sept 12th, 1887.
+
+[227] Mr. Bates is perhaps most widely known through his delightful _The
+Naturalist on the Amazons_. It was with regard to this book that my
+father wrote (April 1863) to the author:--"I have finished vol. i. My
+criticisms may be condensed into a single sentence, namely, that it is
+the best work of Natural History Travels ever published in England. Your
+style seems to me admirable. Nothing can be better than the discussion
+on the struggle for existence, and nothing better than the description
+of the Forest scenery. It is a grand book, and whether or not it sells
+quickly, it will last. You have spoken out boldly on Species; and
+boldness on the subject seems to get rarer and rarer. How beautifully
+illustrated it is."
+
+[228] Mr. Bates' paper, 'Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazons
+Valley' (_Linn. Soc. Trans._ xxiii. 1862), in which the now familiar
+subject of mimicry was founded. My father wrote a short review of it in
+the _Natural History Review_, 1863, p. 219, parts of which occur almost
+verbatim in the later editions of the _Origin of Species_. A striking
+passage occurs in the review, showing the difficulties of the case from
+a creationist's point of view:--
+
+"By what means, it may be asked, have so many butterflies of the
+Amazonian region acquired their deceptive dress? Most naturalists will
+answer that they were thus clothed from the hour of their creation--an
+answer which will generally be so far triumphant that it can be met only
+by long-drawn arguments; but it is made at the expense of putting an
+effectual bar to all further inquiry. In this particular case, moreover,
+the creationist will meet with special difficulties; for many of the
+mimicking forms of _Leptalis_ can be shown by a graduated series to be
+merely varieties of one species; other mimickers are undoubtedly
+distinct species, or even distinct genera. So again, some of the
+mimicked forms can be shown to be merely varieties; but the greater
+number must be ranked as distinct species. Hence the creationist will
+have to admit that some of these forms have become imitators, by means
+of the laws of variation, whilst others he must look at as separately
+created under their present guise; he will further have to admit that
+some have been created in imitation of forms not themselves created as
+we now see them, but due to the laws of variation! Professor Agassiz,
+indeed, would think nothing of this difficulty; for he believes that not
+only each species and each variety, but that groups of individuals,
+though identically the same, when inhabiting distinct countries, have
+been all separately created in due proportional numbers to the wants of
+each land. Not many naturalists will be content thus to believe that
+varieties and individuals have been turned out all ready made, almost as
+a manufacturer turns out toys according to the temporary demand of the
+market."
+
+[229] Mr. Huxley was as usual active in guiding and stimulating the
+growing tendency to tolerate or accept the views set forth in the
+_Origin of Species_. He gave a series of lectures to working men at the
+School of Mines in November, 1862. These were printed in 1863 from the
+shorthand notes of Mr. May, as six little blue books, price 4_d._ each,
+under the title, _Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature_.
+
+[230] Kingsley's _Life_, vol. ii. p. 171.
+
+[231] In the _Antiquity of Man_, first edition, p. 480, Lyell criticised
+somewhat severely Owen's account of the difference between the Human and
+Simian brains. The number of the _Athenęum_ here referred to (1863, p.
+262) contains a reply by Professor Owen to Lyell's strictures. The
+surprise expressed by my father was at the revival of a controversy
+which every one believed to be closed. Professor Huxley (_Medical
+Times_, Oct. 25th, 1862, quoted in _Man's Place in Nature_, p. 117)
+spoke of the "two years during which this preposterous controversy has
+dragged its weary length." And this no doubt expressed a very general
+feeling.
+
+[232] The italics are not Lyell's.
+
+[233] _The Antiquity of Man._
+
+[234] "Falconer, whom I [Lyell] referred to oftener than to any other
+author, says I have not done justice to the part he took in
+resuscitating the cave question, and says he shall come out with a
+separate paper to prove it. I offered to alter anything in the new
+edition, but this he declined."--C. Lyell to C. Darwin, March 11, 1863;
+Lyell's _Life_, vol ii. p. 364.
+
+[235] _Man's Place in Nature_, 1863.
+
+[236] This refers to a passage in which the reviewer of Dr. Carpenter's
+book speaks of "an operation of force," or "a concurrence of forces
+which have now no place in nature," as being, "a creative force, in
+fact, which Darwin could only express in Pentateuchal terms as the
+primordial form 'into which life was first breathed.'" The conception of
+expressing a creative force as a primordial form is the reviewer's.
+
+[237] _Public Opinion_, April 23, 1863, A lively account of a police
+case, in which the quarrels of scientific men are satirised. Mr. John
+Bull gives evidence that--
+
+"The whole neighbourhood was unsettled by their disputes; Huxley
+quarrelled with Owen, Owen with Darwin, Lyell with Owen, Falconer and
+Prestwich with Lyell, and Gray the menagerie man with everybody. He had
+pleasure, however, in stating that Darwin was the quietest of the set.
+They were always picking bones with each other and fighting over their
+gains. If either of the gravel sifters or stone breakers found anything,
+he was obliged to conceal it immediately, or one of the old bone
+collectors would be sure to appropriate it first and deny the theft
+afterwards, and the consequent wrangling and disputes were as endless as
+they were wearisome.
+
+"Lord Mayor.--Probably the clergyman of the parish might exert some
+influence over them?
+
+"The gentleman smiled, shook his head, and stated that he regretted to
+say that no class of men paid so little attention to the opinions of the
+clergy as that to which these unhappy men belonged."
+
+[238] No doubt Haeckel, whose monograph on the Radiolaria was published
+in 1862.
+
+[239] The Marquis de Saporta.
+
+[240] _Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur l'origine des espčces_. Par P.
+Flourens. 8vo. Paris, 1864.
+
+[241] _Lay Sermons_, p. 328.
+
+[242] _Charles Darwin und sein Verhältniss zu Deutschland_, 1885.
+
+[243] An article in the _Encyclopędia Britannica_, 9th edit., reprinted
+in _Science and Culture_, 1881, p. 298.
+
+[244] In October, 1867, he wrote to Mr. Wallace:--"Mr. Warrington has
+lately read an excellent and spirited abstract of the _Origin_ before
+the Victoria Institute, and as this is a most orthodox body, he has
+gained the name of the Devil's Advocate. The discussion which followed
+during three consecutive meetings is very rich from the nonsense
+talked."
+
+[245] _Die natürliche Schöpfungs-Geschichte_, 1868. It was translated
+and published in 1876, under the title, _The History of Creation_.
+
+[246] _Zoological Record._ The volume for 1868, published December,
+1869.
+
+[247] Mr. Jenner Weir's observations published in the _Transactions of
+the Entomological Society_ (1869 and 1870) give strong support to the
+theory in question.
+
+[248] _Contemporary Review_, 1871.
+
+[249] In the introduction to the _Descent of Man_ the author
+wrote:--"This last naturalist [Haeckel] ... has recently ... published
+his _Natürliche Schöpfungs-Geschichte_, in which he fully discusses the
+genealogy of man. If this work had appeared before my essay had been
+written, I should probably never have completed it. Almost all the
+conclusions at which I have arrived, I find confirmed by this
+naturalist, whose knowledge on many points is much fuller than mine."
+
+[250] April 7 and 8, 1871.
+
+[251] His holiday this year was at Caerdeon, on the north shore of the
+beautiful Barmouth estuary, and pleasantly placed in being close to wild
+hill country behind, as well as to the picturesque wooded "hummocks,"
+between the steeper hills and the river. My father was ill and somewhat
+depressed throughout this visit, and I think felt imprisoned and
+saddened by his inability to reach the hills over which he had once
+wandered for days together.
+
+He wrote from Caerdeon to Sir J. D. Hooker (June 22nd):--
+
+"We have been here for ten days, how I wish it was possible for you to
+pay us a visit here; we have a beautiful house with a terraced garden,
+and a really magnificent view of Cader, right opposite. Old Cader is a
+grand fellow, and shows himself off superbly with every changing light.
+We remain here till the end of July, when the H. Wedgwoods have the
+house. I have been as yet in a very poor way; it seems as soon as the
+stimulus of mental work stops, my whole strength gives way. As yet I
+have hardly crawled half a mile from the house, and then have been
+fearfully fatigued. It is enough to make one wish oneself quiet in a
+comfortable tomb."
+
+[252] The late Chauncey Wright, in an article published in the _North
+American Review_, vol. cxiii. pp. 83, 84. Wright points out that the
+words omitted are "essential to the point on which he [Mr. Mivart] cites
+Mr. Darwin's authority." It should be mentioned that the passage from
+which words are omitted is not given within inverted commas by Mr.
+Mivart.
+
+[253] My father, as an Evolutionist, felt that he required more time
+than Sir W. Thomson's estimate of the age of the world allows.
+
+[254] Chauncey Wright's review was published as a pamphlet in the autumn
+of 1871.
+
+[255] The learned Jesuit on whom Mr. Mivart mainly relies.
+
+[256] The same words may be applied to Mr. Mivart's treatment of my
+father. The following extract from a letter to Mr. Wallace (June 17th,
+1874) refers to Mr. Mivart's statement (_Lessons from Nature_, p. 144)
+that Mr. Darwin at first studiously disguised his views as to the
+"bestiality of man":--
+
+"I have only just heard of and procured your two articles in the
+_Academy_. I thank you most cordially for your generous defence of me
+against Mr. Mivart. In the _Origin_ I did not discuss the derivation of
+any one species; but that I might not be accused of concealing my
+opinion, I went out of my way, and inserted a sentence which seemed to
+me (and still so seems) to disclose plainly my belief. This was quoted
+in my _Descent of Man_. Therefore it is very unjust ... of Mr. Mivart to
+accuse me of base fraudulent concealment."
+
+[257] They were utilised to some extent in the 2nd edition, edited by
+me, and published in 1890.--F. D.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+MISCELLANEA.--REVIVAL OF GEOLOGICAL WORK.--THE VIVISECTION
+QUESTION.--HONOURS.
+
+
+In 1874 a second edition of his _Coral Reefs_ was published, which need
+not specially concern us. It was not until some time afterwards that the
+criticisms of my father's theory appeared, which have attracted a good
+deal of attention.
+
+The following interesting account of the subject is taken from
+Professor's Judd's "Critical Introduction" to Messrs. Ward, Lock and
+Co's. edition of _Coral Reefs_ and _Volcanic Islands, &c._[258]
+
+"The first serious note of dissent to the generally accepted theory was
+heard in 1863, when a distinguished German naturalist, Dr. Karl Semper,
+declared that his study of the Pelew Islands showed that uninterrupted
+subsidence could not have been going on in that region. Dr. Semper's
+objections were very carefully considered by Mr. Darwin, and a reply to
+them appeared in the second and revised edition of his _Coral Reefs_,
+which was published in 1874. With characteristic frankness and freedom
+from prejudices, Darwin admitted that the facts brought forward by Dr.
+Semper proved that in certain specified cases, subsidence could not have
+played the chief part in originating the peculiar forms of the coral
+islands. But while making this admission, he firmly maintained that
+exceptional cases, like those described in the Pelew Islands, were not
+sufficient to invalidate the theory of subsidence as applied to the
+widely spread atolls, encircling reefs, and barrier-reefs of the Pacific
+and Indian Oceans. It is worthy of note that to the end of his life
+Darwin maintained a friendly correspondence with Semper concerning the
+points on which they were at issue.
+
+"After the appearance of Semper's work, Dr. J. J. Rein published an
+account of the Bermudas, in which he opposed the interpretation of the
+structure of the islands given by Nelson and other authors, and
+maintained that the facts observed in them are opposed to the views of
+Darwin. Although so far as I am aware, Darwin had no opportunity of
+studying and considering these particular objections, it may be
+mentioned that two American geologists have since carefully re-examined
+the district--Professor W. N. Rice in 1884 and Professor A. Heilprin in
+1889--and they have independently arrived at the conclusion that Dr.
+Rein's objections cannot be maintained.
+
+"The most serious objection to Darwin's coral-reef theory, however, was
+that which developed itself after the return of H.M.S. _Challenger_ from
+her famous voyage. Mr. John Murray, one of the staff of naturalists on
+board that vessel, propounded a new theory of coral-reefs, and
+maintained that the view that they were formed by subsidence was one
+that was no longer tenable; these objections have been supported by
+Professor Alexander Agassiz in the United States, and by Dr. A. Geikie,
+and Dr. H. B. Guppy in this country.
+
+"Although Mr. Darwin did not live to bring out a third edition of his
+_Coral Reefs_, I know from several conversations with him that he had
+given the most patient and thoughtful consideration to Mr. Murray's
+paper on the subject. He admitted to me that had he known, when he wrote
+his work, of the abundant deposition of the remains of calcareous
+organisms on the sea floor, he might have regarded this cause as
+sufficient in a few cases to raise the summit of submerged volcanoes or
+other mountains to a level at which reef-forming corals can commence to
+flourish. But he did not think that the admission that under certain
+favourable conditions, atolls might be thus formed without subsidence,
+necessitated an abandonment of his theory in the case of the innumerable
+examples of the kind which stud the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
+
+"A letter written by Darwin to Professor Alexander Agassiz in May 1881,
+shows exactly the attitude which careful consideration of the subject
+led him to maintain towards the theory propounded by Mr. Murray:--
+
+"'You will have seen,' he writes, 'Mr. Murray's views on the formation
+of atolls and barrier reefs. Before publishing my book, I thought long
+over the same view, but only as far as ordinary marine organisms are
+concerned, for at that time little was known of the multitude of minute
+oceanic organisms. I rejected this view, as from the few dredgings made
+in the _Beagle_, in the south temperate regions, I concluded that
+shells, the smaller corals, &c., decayed, and were dissolved, when not
+protected by the deposition of sediment, and sediment could not
+accumulate in the open ocean. Certainly, shells, &c., were in several
+cases completely rotten, and crumbled into mud between my fingers; but
+you will know well whether this is in any degree common. I have
+expressly said that a bank at the proper depth would give rise to an
+atoll, which could not be distinguished from one formed during
+subsidence. I can, however, hardly believe in the former presence of as
+many banks (there having been no subsidence) as there are atolls in the
+great oceans, within a reasonable depth, on which minute oceanic
+organisms could have accumulated to the thickness of many hundred feet.
+
+"Darwin's concluding words in the same letter written within a year of
+his death, are a striking proof of the candour and openness of mind
+which he preserved so well to the end, in this as in other
+controversies.
+
+"'If I am wrong, the sooner I am knocked on the head and annihilated so
+much the better. It still seems to me a marvellous thing that there
+should not have been much, and long continued, subsidence in the beds of
+the great oceans. I wish that some doubly rich millionaire would take it
+into his head to have borings made in some of the Pacific and Indian
+atolls, and bring home cores for slicing from a depth of 500 or 600
+feet.'
+
+"It is noteworthy that the objections to Darwin's theory have for the
+most part proceeded from zoologists, while those who have fully
+appreciated the geological aspect of the question have been the
+staunchest supporters of the theory of subsidence. The desirability of
+such boring operations in atolls has been insisted upon by several
+geologists, and it may be hoped that before many years have passed away,
+Darwin's hopes may be realised, either with or without the intervention
+of the 'doubly rich millionaire.'
+
+"Three years after the death of Darwin, the veteran Professor Dana
+re-entered the lists and contributed a powerful defence of the theory of
+subsidence in the form of a reply to an essay written by the ablest
+exponent of the anti-Darwinian views on this subject, Dr. A. Geikie.
+While pointing out that the Darwinian position had been to a great
+extent misunderstood by its opponents, he showed that the rival theory
+presented even greater difficulties than those which it professed to
+remove.
+
+"During the last five years, the whole question of the origin of
+coral-reefs and islands has been re-opened, and a controversy has
+arisen, into which, unfortunately, acrimonious elements have been very
+unnecessarily introduced. Those who desire it, will find clear and
+impartial statements of the varied and often mutually destructive views
+put forward by different authors, in three works which have made their
+appearance within the last year--_The Bermuda Islands_, by Professor
+Angelo Heilprin: _Corals and Coral Islands_, new edition by Professor J.
+D. Dana; and the third edition of Darwin's _Coral-Reefs_, with Notes and
+Appendix by Professor T. G. Bonney.
+
+"Most readers will, I think, rise from the perusal of these works with
+the conviction that, while on certain points of detail it is clear that,
+through the want of knowledge concerning the action of marine organisms
+in the open ocean, Darwin was betrayed into some grave errors, yet the
+main foundations of his argument have not been seriously impaired by the
+new facts observed in the deep-sea researches, or by the severe
+criticisms to which his theory has been subjected during the last ten
+years. On the other hand, I think it will appear that much
+misapprehension has been exhibited by some of Darwin's critics, as to
+what his views and arguments really were; so that the reprint and wide
+circulation of the book in its original form is greatly to be desired,
+and cannot but be attended with advantage to all those who will have the
+fairness to acquaint themselves with Darwin's views at first hand,
+before attempting to reply to them."
+
+The only important geological work of my father's later years is
+embodied in his book on earthworms (1881), which may therefore be
+conveniently considered in this place. This subject was one which had
+interested him many years before this date, and in 1838 a paper on the
+formation of mould was published in the _Proceedings of the Geological
+Society_.
+
+Here he showed that "fragments of burnt marl, cinders, &c., which had
+been thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows were found
+after a few years lying at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, but
+still forming a layer." For the explanation of this fact, which forms
+the central idea of the geological part of the book, he was indebted to
+his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, who suggested that worms, by bringing earth
+to the surface in their castings, must undermine any objects lying on
+the surface and cause an apparent sinking.
+
+In the book of 1881 he extended his observations on this burying action,
+and devised a number of different ways of checking his estimates as to
+the amount of work done. He also added a mass of observations on the
+natural history and intelligence of worms, a part of the work which
+added greatly to its popularity.
+
+In 1877 Sir Thomas Farrer had discovered close to his garden the remains
+of a building of Roman-British times, and thus gave my father the
+opportunity of seeing for himself the effects produced by earthworms on
+the old concrete floors, walls, &c. On his return he wrote to Sir Thomas
+Farrer:--
+
+"I cannot remember a more delightful week than the last. I know very
+well that E. will not believe me, but the worms were by no means the
+sole charm."
+
+In the autumn of 1880, when the _Power of Movement in Plants_ was nearly
+finished, he began once more on the subject. He wrote to Professor Carus
+(September 21):--
+
+"In the intervals of correcting the press, I am writing a very little
+book, and have done nearly half of it. Its title will be (as at present
+designed), _The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
+Worms_.[259] As far as I can judge, it will be a curious little book."
+
+The manuscript was sent to the printers in April 1881, and when the
+proof-sheets were coming in he wrote to Professor Carus: "The subject
+has been to me a hobby-horse, and I have perhaps treated it in foolish
+detail."
+
+It was published on October 10, and 2000 copies were sold at once. He
+wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker, "I am glad that you approve of the _Worms_.
+When in old days I used to tell you whatever I was doing, if you were at
+all interested, I always felt as most men do when their work is finally
+published."
+
+To Mr. Mellard Reade he wrote (November 8): "It has been a complete
+surprise to me how many persons have cared for the subject." And to Mr.
+Dyer (in November): "My book has been received with almost laughable
+enthusiasm, and 3500 copies have been sold!!!" Again to his friend Mr.
+Anthony Rich, he wrote on February 4, 1882, "I have been plagued with an
+endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish and
+enthusiastic; but some containing good facts which I have used in
+correcting yesterday the _Sixth Thousand_." The popularity of the book
+may be roughly estimated by the fact that, in the three years following
+its publication, 8500 copies were sold--a sale relatively greater than
+that of the _Origin of Species_.
+
+It is not difficult to account for its success with the non-scientific
+public. Conclusions so wide and so novel, and so easily understood,
+drawn from the study of creatures so familiar, and treated with unabated
+vigour and freshness, may well have attracted many readers. A reviewer
+remarks: "In the eyes of most men ... the earthworm is a mere blind,
+dumbsenseless, and unpleasantly slimy annelid. Mr. Darwin under-takes
+to rehabilitate his character, and the earthworm steps forth at once as
+an intelligent and beneficent personage, a worker of vast geological
+changes, a planer down of mountain sides ... a friend of man ... and an
+ally of the Society for the preservation of ancient monuments." The _St.
+James's Gazette_, of October 17th, 1881, pointed out that the teaching
+of the cumulative importance of the infinitely little is the point of
+contact between this book and the author's previous work.
+
+One more book remains to be noticed, the _Life of Erasmus Darwin_.
+
+In February 1879 an essay by Dr. Ernst Krause, on the scientific work of
+Erasmus Darwin, appeared in the evolutionary journal, _Kosmos_. The
+number of _Kosmos_ in question was a "Gratulationsheft,"[260] or special
+congratulatory issue in honour of my father's birthday, so that Dr.
+Krause's essay, glorifying the older evolutionist, was quite in its
+place. He wrote to Dr. Krause, thanking him cordially for the honour
+paid to Erasmus, and asking his permission to publish an English
+translation of the Essay.
+
+His chief reason for writing a notice of his grandfather's life was "to
+contradict flatly some calumnies by Miss Seward." This appears from a
+letter of March 27, 1879, to his cousin Reginald Darwin, in which he
+asks for any documents and letters which might throw light on the
+character of Erasmus. This led to Mr. Reginald Darwin placing in my
+father's hands a quantity of valuable material, including a curious
+folio common-place book, of which he wrote: "I have been deeply
+interested by the great book, ... reading and looking at it is like
+having communion with the dead ... [it] has taught me a good deal about
+the occupations and tastes of our grandfather."
+
+Dr. Krause's contribution formed the second part of the _Life of Erasmus
+Darwin_, my father supplying a "preliminary notice." This expression on
+the title-page is somewhat misleading; my father's contribution is more
+than half the book, and should have been described as a biography. Work
+of this kind was new to him, and he wrote doubtfully to Mr. Thiselton
+Dyer, June 18th: "God only knows what I shall make of his life, it is
+such a new kind of work to me." The strong interest he felt about his
+forbears helped to give zest to the work, which became a decided
+enjoyment to him. With the general public the book was not markedly
+successful, but many of his friends recognised its merits. Sir J. D.
+Hooker was one of these, and to him my father wrote, "Your praise of the
+Life of Dr. D. has pleased me exceedingly, for I despised my work, and
+thought myself a perfect fool to have undertaken such a job."
+
+To Mr. Galton, too, he wrote, November 14:--
+
+"I am extremely glad that you approve of the little _Life_ of our
+grandfather, for I have been repenting that I ever undertook it, as the
+work was quite beyond my tether."
+
+
+THE VIVISECTION QUESTION.
+
+Something has already been said of my father's strong feeling with
+regard to suffering[261] both in man and beast. It was indeed one of the
+strongest feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small
+and great, in his sympathy with the educational miseries of dancing
+dogs, or his horror at the sufferings of slaves.
+
+The remembrance of screams, or other sounds heard in Brazil, when he was
+powerless to interfere with what he believed to be the torture of a
+slave, haunted him for years, especially at night. In smaller matters,
+where he could interfere, he did so vigorously. He returned one day from
+his walk pale and faint from having seen a horse ill-used, and from the
+agitation of violently remonstrating with the man. On another occasion
+he saw a horse-breaker teaching his son to ride; the little boy was
+frightened and the man was rough; my father stopped, and jumping out of
+the carriage reproved the man in no measured terms.
+
+One other little incident may be mentioned, showing that his humanity to
+animals was well known in his own neighbourhood. A visitor, driving from
+Orpington to Down, told the cabman to go faster. "Why," said the man,
+"if I had whipped the horse _this_ much, driving Mr. Darwin, he would
+have got out of the carriage and abused me well."
+
+With respect to the special point under consideration,--the sufferings
+of animals subjected to experiment,--nothing could show a stronger
+feeling than the following words from a letter to Professor Ray
+Lankester (March 22, 1871):--
+
+"You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite agree that it is
+justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere
+damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick
+with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not
+sleep to-night."
+
+The Anti-Vivisection agitation, to which the following letters refer,
+seems to have become specially active in 1874, as may be seen, _e.g._ by
+the index to _Nature_ for that year, in which the word "Vivisection"
+suddenly comes into prominence. But before that date the subject had
+received the earnest attention of biologists. Thus at the Liverpool
+Meeting of the British Association in 1870, a Committee was appointed,
+whose report defined the circumstances and conditions under which, in
+the opinion of the signatories, experiments on living animals were
+justifiable. In the spring of 1875, Lord Hartismere introduced a Bill
+into the Upper House to regulate the course of physiological research.
+Shortly afterwards a Bill more just towards science in its provisions
+was introduced to the House of Commons by Messrs. Lyon Playfair,
+Walpole, and Ashley. It was, however, withdrawn on the appointment of a
+Royal Commission to inquire into the whole question. The Commissioners
+were Lords Cardwell and Winmarleigh, Mr. W. E. Forster, Sir J. B.
+Karslake, Mr. Huxley, Professor Erichssen, and Mr. R. H. Hutton: they
+commenced their inquiry in July, 1875, and the Report was published
+early in the following year.
+
+In the early summer of 1876, Lord Carnarvon's Bill, entitled, "An Act to
+amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals," was introduced. The
+framers of this Bill, yielding to the unreasonable clamour of the
+public, went far beyond the recommendations of the Royal Commission. As
+a correspondent writes in _Nature_ (1876, p. 248), "the evidence on the
+strength of which legislation was recommended went beyond the facts, the
+Report went beyond the evidence, the Recommendations beyond the Report;
+and the Bill can hardly be said to have gone beyond the Recommendations;
+but rather to have contradicted them."
+
+The legislation which my father worked for, was practically what was
+introduced as Dr. Lyon Playfair's Bill.
+
+The following letter appeared in the Times, April 18th, 1881:--
+
+
+_C. D. to Frithiof Holmgren._[262] Down, April 14, 1881.
+
+DEAR SIR,--In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have no
+objection to express my opinion with respect to the right of
+experimenting on living animals. I use this latter expression as more
+correct and comprehensive than that of vivisection. You are at liberty
+to make any use of this letter which you may think fit, but if published
+I should wish the whole to appear. I have all my life been a strong
+advocate for humanity to animals, and have done what I could in my
+writings to enforce this duty. Several years ago, when the agitation
+against physiologists commenced in England, it was asserted that
+inhumanity was here practised, and useless suffering caused to animals;
+and I was led to think that it might be advisable to have an Act of
+Parliament on the subject. I then took an active part in trying to get a
+Bill passed, such as would have removed all just cause of complaint, and
+at the same time have left physiologists free to pursue their
+researches--a Bill very different from the Act which has since been
+passed. It is right to add that the investigation of the matter by a
+Royal Commission proved that the accusations made against our English
+physiologists were false. From all that I have heard, however, I fear
+that in some parts of Europe little regard is paid to the sufferings of
+animals, and if this be the case, I should be glad to hear of
+legislation against inhumanity in any such country. On the other hand, I
+know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by means of
+experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest conviction that he
+who retards the progress of physiology commits a crime against mankind.
+Any one who remembers, as I can, the state of this science half a
+century ago must admit that it has made immense progress, and it is now
+progressing at an ever-increasing rate. What improvements in medical
+practice may be directly attributed to physiological research is a
+question which can be properly discussed only by those physiologists and
+medical practitioners who have studied the history of their subjects;
+but, as far as I can learn, the benefits are already great. However this
+may be, no one, unless he is grossly ignorant of what science has done
+for mankind, can entertain any doubt of the incalculable benefits which
+will hereafter be derived from physiology, not only by man, but by the
+lower animals. Look for instance at Pasteur's results in modifying the
+germs of the most malignant diseases, from which, as it happens, animals
+will in the first place receive more relief than man. Let it be
+remembered how many lives and what a fearful amount of suffering have
+been saved by the knowledge gained of parasitic worms through the
+experiments of Virchow and others on living animals. In the future every
+one will be astonished at the ingratitude shown, at least in England, to
+these benefactors of mankind. As for myself, permit me to assure you
+that I honour, and shall always honour, every one who advances the noble
+science of physiology.
+
+Dear Sir, yours faithfully.
+
+
+In the _Times_ of the following day appeared a letter headed "Mr. Darwin
+and Vivisection," signed by Miss Frances Power Cobbe. To this my father
+replied in the _Times_ of April 22, 1881. On the same day he wrote to
+Mr. Romanes:--
+
+"As I have a fair opportunity, I sent a letter to the _Times_ on
+Vivisection, which is printed to-day. I thought it fair to bear my share
+of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists."
+
+
+_C. D. to the Editor of the 'Times.'_
+
+SIR,--I do not wish to discuss the views expressed by Miss Cobbe in the
+letter which appeared in the _Times_ of the 19th inst.; but as she
+asserts that I have "misinformed" my correspondent in Sweden in saying
+that "the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that
+the accusations made against our English physiologists were false," I
+will merely ask leave to refer to some other sentences from the report
+of the Commission.
+
+(1.) The sentence--"It is not to be doubted that inhumanity may be found
+in persons of very high position as physiologists," which Miss Cobbe
+quotes from page 17 of the report, and which, in her opinion, "can
+necessarily concern English physiologists alone and not foreigners," is
+immediately followed by the words "We have seen that it was so in
+Magendie." Magendie was a French physiologist who became notorious some
+half century ago for his cruel experiments on living animals.
+
+(2.) The Commissioners, after speaking of the "general sentiment of
+humanity" prevailing in this country, say (p. 10):--
+
+"This principle is accepted generally by the very highly educated men
+whose lives are devoted either to scientific investigation and education
+or to the mitigation or the removal of the sufferings of their
+fellow-creatures; though differences of degree in regard to its
+practical application will be easily discernible by those who study the
+evidence as it has been laid before us."
+
+Again, according to the Commissioners (p. 10):--
+
+"The secretary of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
+Animals, when asked whether the general tendency of the scientific world
+in this country is at variance with humanity, says he believes it to be
+very different indeed from that of foreign physiologists; and while
+giving it as the opinion of the society that experiments are performed
+which are in their nature beyond any legitimate province of science, and
+that the pain which they inflict is pain which it is not justifiable to
+inflict even for the scientific object in view, he readily acknowledges
+that he does not know a single case of wanton cruelty, and that in
+general the English physiologists have used anęsthetics where they think
+they can do so with safety to the experiment."
+
+I am, Sir, your obedient servant.
+
+April 21.
+
+
+During the later years of my father's life there was a growing tendency
+in the public to do him honour.[263] The honours which he valued most
+highly were those which united the sympathy of friends with a mark of
+recognition of his scientific colleagues. Of this type was the article
+"Charles Darwin," published in _Nature_, June 4, 1874, and written by
+Asa Gray. This admirable estimate of my father's work in science is
+given in the form of a comparison and contrast between Robert Brown and
+Charles Darwin.
+
+To Gray he wrote:--
+
+"I wrote yesterday and cannot remember exactly what I said, and now
+cannot be easy without again telling you how profoundly I have been
+gratified. Every one, I suppose, occasionally thinks that he has worked
+in vain, and when one of these fits overtakes me, I will think of your
+article, and if that does not dispel the evil spirit, I shall know that
+I am at the time a little bit insane, as we all are occasionally.
+
+"What you say about Teleology[264] pleases me especially, and I do not
+think any one else has ever noticed the point. I have always said you
+were the man to hit the nail on the head."
+
+In 1877 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of
+Cambridge. The degree was conferred on November 17, and with the
+customary Latin speech from the Public Orator, concluding with the
+words: "Tu vero, qui leges naturę tam docte illustraveris, legum doctor
+nobis esto."
+
+The honorary degree led to a movement being set on foot in the
+University to obtain some permanent memorial of my father. In June 1879
+he sat to Mr. W. Richmond for the portrait in the possession of the
+University, now placed in the Library of the Philosophical Society at
+Cambridge.
+
+A similar wish on the part of the Linnean Society--with which my father
+was so closely associated--led to his sitting in August, 1881, to Mr.
+John Collier, for the portrait now in the possession of the Society. The
+portrait represents him standing facing the observer in the loose cloak
+so familiar to those who knew him, with his slouch hat in his hand. Many
+of those who knew his face most intimately, think that Mr. Collier's
+picture is the best of the portraits, and in this judgment the sitter
+himself was inclined to agree. According to my feeling it is not so
+simple or strong a representation of him as that given by Mr. Ouless.
+The last-named portrait was painted at Down in 1875; it is in the
+possession of the family,[265] and is known to many through Rajon's fine
+etching. Of Mr. Ouless's picture my father wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker:
+
+"I look a very venerable, acute, melancholy old dog; whether I really
+look so I do not know."
+
+Besides the Cambridge degree, he received about the same time honours of
+an academic kind from some foreign societies.
+
+On August 5, 1878, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the French
+Institute in the Botanical Section,[266] and wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:--
+
+"I see that we are both elected Corresponding Members of the Institute.
+It is rather a good joke that I should be elected in the Botanical
+Section, as the extent of my knowledge is little more than that a daisy
+is a Compositous plant and a pea a Leguminous one."
+
+He valued very highly two photographic albums containing portraits of a
+large number of scientific men in Germany and Holland, which he received
+as birthday gifts in 1877.
+
+In the year 1878 my father received a singular mark of recognition in
+the form of a letter from a stranger, announcing that the writer
+intended to leave to him the reversion of the greater part of his
+fortune. Mr. Anthony Rich, who desired thus to mark his sense of my
+father's services to science, was the author of a _Dictionary of Roman
+and Greek Antiquities_, said to be the best book of the kind. It has
+been translated into French, German, and Italian, and has, in English,
+gone through several editions. Mr. Rich lived a great part of his life
+in Italy, painting, and collecting books and engravings. He finally
+settled, many years ago, at Worthing (then a small village), where he
+was a friend of Byron's Trelawny. My father visited Mr. Rich at
+Worthing, more than once, and gained a cordial liking and respect for
+him.
+
+Mr. Rich died in April, 1891, having arranged that his bequest[267]
+should not lapse in consequence of the predecease of my father.
+
+In 1879 he received from the Royal Academy of Turin the _Bressa_ Prize
+for the years 1875-78, amounting to the sum of 12,000 francs. He refers
+to this in a letter to Dr. Dohrn (February 15th, 1880):--
+
+"Perhaps you saw in the papers that the Turin Society honoured me to an
+extraordinary degree by awarding me the _Bressa_ Prize. Now it occurred
+to me that if your station wanted some piece of apparatus, of about the
+value of £100, I should very much like to be allowed to pay for it. Will
+you be so kind as to keep this in mind, and if any want should occur to
+you, I would send you a cheque at any time."
+
+I find from my father's accounts that £100 was presented to the Naples
+Station.
+
+Two years before my father's death, and twenty-one years after the
+publication of his greatest work, a lecture was given (April 9, 1880) at
+the Royal Institution by Mr. Huxley[268] which was aptly named "The
+Coming of Age of the Origin of Species." The following characteristic
+letter, inferring to this subject, may fitly close the present chapter.
+
+
+Abinger Hall, Dorking, Sunday, April 11, 1880.
+
+MY DEAR HUXLEY,--I wished much to attend your Lecture, but I have had a
+bad cough, and we have come here to see whether a change would do me
+good, as it has done. What a magnificent success your lecture seems to
+have been, as I judge from the reports in the _Standard_ and _Daily
+News_, and more especially from the accounts given me by three of my
+children. I suppose that you have not written out your lecture, so I
+fear there is no chance of its being printed _in extenso_. You appear to
+have piled, as on so many other occasions, honours high and thick on my
+old head. But I well know how great a part you have played in
+establishing and spreading the belief in the descent-theory, ever since
+that grand review in the _Times_ and the battle royal at Oxford up to
+the present day.
+
+Ever, my dear Huxley,
+Yours sincerely and gratefully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--It was absurdly stupid in me, but I had read the announcement of
+your Lecture, and thought that you meant the maturity of the subject,
+until my wife one day remarked, "it is almost twenty-one years since the
+_Origin_ appeared," and then for the first time the meaning of your
+words flashed on me.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[258] _The Minerva Library of famous Books_, 1890, edited by G. T.
+Bettany.
+
+[259] The full title is _The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the
+Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits_, 1881.
+
+[260] The same number contains a good biographical sketch of my father
+of which the material was to a large extent supplied by him to the
+writer, Professor Preyer of Jena. The article contains an excellent list
+of my father's publications.
+
+[261] He once made an attempt to free a patient in a mad-house, who (as
+he wrongly supposed) was sane. He was in correspondence with the
+gardener at the asylum, and on one occasion he found a letter from the
+patient enclosed with one from the gardener. The letter was rational in
+tone and declared that the writer was sane and wrongfully confined.
+
+My father wrote to the Lunacy Commissioners (without explaining the
+source of his information) and in due time heard that the man had been
+visited by the Commissioners, and that he was certainly insane. Some
+time afterward the patient was discharged, and wrote to thank my father
+for his interference, adding that he had undoubtedly been insane when he
+wrote his former letter.
+
+[262] Professor of Physiology at Upsala.
+
+[263] In 1867 he had received a distinguished honour from Germany,--the
+order "Pour le Mérite."
+
+[264] "Let us recognise Darwin's great service to Natural Science in
+bringing back to it Teleology; so that instead of Morphology _versus_
+Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to Teleology." Similar
+remarks had been previously made by Mr. Huxley. See _Critiques and
+Addresses_, p. 305.
+
+[265] A _replica_ by the artist hangs alongside of the portraits of
+Milton and Paley in the hall of Christ's College, Cambridge.
+
+[266] He received twenty-six votes out of a possible thirty-nine, five
+blank papers were sent in, and eight votes were recorded for the other
+candidates. In 1872 an attempt had been made to elect him in the Section
+of Zoology, when, however, he only received fifteen out of forty-eight
+votes, and Lovén was chosen for the vacant place. It appears (_Nature_,
+August 1st, 1872) that an eminent member of the Academy wrote to _Les
+Mondes_ to the following effect:--
+
+"What has closed the doors of the Academy to Mr. Darwin is that the
+science of those of his books which have made his chief title to
+fame--the _Origin of Species_, and still more the _Descent of Man_, is
+not science, but a mass of assertions and absolutely gratuitous
+hypotheses, often evidently fallacious. This kind of publication and
+these theories are a bad example, which a body that respects itself
+cannot encourage."
+
+[267] Mr. Rich leaves a single near relative, to whom is bequeathed the
+life-interest in his property.
+
+[268] Published in _Science and Culture_, p. 310.
+
+
+
+
+BOTANICAL WORK.
+
+     "I have been making some little trifling observations which have
+     interested and perplexed me much."
+
+     From a letter of June 1860.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
+
+
+The botanical work which my father accomplished by the guidance of the
+light cast on the study of natural history by his own work on evolution
+remains to be noticed. In a letter to Mr. Murray, September 24th, 1861,
+speaking of his book the _Fertilisation of Orchids_, he says: "It will
+perhaps serve to illustrate how Natural History may be worked under the
+belief of the modification of species." This remark gives a suggestion
+as to the value and interest of his botanical work, and it might be
+expressed in far more emphatic language without danger of exaggeration.
+
+In the same letter to Mr. Murray, he says: "I think this little volume
+will do good to the _Origin_, as it will show that I have worked hard at
+details." It is true that his botanical work added a mass of
+corroborative detail to the case for Evolution, but the chief support
+given to his doctrines by these researches was of another kind. They
+supplied an argument against those critics who have so freely dogmatised
+as to the uselessness of particular structures, and as to the consequent
+impossibility of their having been developed by means of natural
+selection. His observations on Orchids enabled him to say: "I can show
+the meaning of some of the apparently meaningless ridges and horns; who
+will now venture to say that this or that structure is useless?" A
+kindred point is expressed in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker (May 14th,
+1862):--
+
+"When many parts of structure, as in the woodpecker, show distinct
+adaptation to external bodies, it is preposterous to attribute them to
+the effects of climate, &c., but when a single point alone, as a hooked
+seed, it is conceivable it may thus have arisen. I have found the study
+of Orchids eminently useful in showing me how nearly all parts of the
+flower are co-adapted for fertilisation by insects, and therefore the
+results of natural selection,--even the most trifling details of
+structure."
+
+One of the greatest services rendered by my father to the Study of
+Natural History is the revival of Teleology. The evolutionist studies
+the purpose or meaning of organs with the zeal of the older Teleologist,
+but with far wider and more coherent purpose. He has the invigorating
+knowledge that he is gaining not isolated conceptions of the economy of
+the present, but a coherent view of both past and present. And even
+where he fails to discover the use of any part, he may, by a knowledge
+of its structure, unravel the history of the past vicissitudes in the
+life of the species. In this way a vigour and unity is given to the
+study of the forms of organised beings, which before it lacked. Mr.
+Huxley has well remarked:[269] "Perhaps the most remarkable service to
+the philosophy of Biology rendered by Mr. Darwin is the reconciliation
+of Teleology and Morphology, and the explanation of the facts of both,
+which his views offer. The teleology which supposes that the eye, such
+as we see it in man, or one of the higher vertebrata, was made with the
+precise structure it exhibits, for the purpose of enabling the animal
+which possesses it to see, has undoubtedly received its death-blow.
+Nevertheless, it is necessary to remember that there is a wider
+teleology which is not touched by the doctrine of Evolution, but is
+actually based upon the fundamental proposition of Evolution."
+
+The point which here especially concerns us is to recognise that this
+"great service to natural science," as Dr. Gray describes it, was
+effected almost as much by Darwin's special botanical work as by the
+_Origin of Species_.
+
+For a statement of the scope and influence of my father's botanical
+work, I may refer to Mr. Thiselton Dyer's article in 'Charles Darwin,'
+one of the _Nature Series_. Mr. Dyer's wide knowledge, his friendship
+with my father, and his power of sympathising with the work of others,
+combine to give this essay a permanent value. The following passage (p.
+43) gives a true picture:--
+
+"Notwithstanding the extent and variety of his botanical work, Mr.
+Darwin always disclaimed any right to be regarded as a professed
+botanist. He turned his attention to plants, doubtless because they were
+convenient objects for studying organic phenomena in their least
+complicated forms; and this point of view, which, if one may use the
+expression without disrespect, had something of the amateur about it,
+was in itself of the greatest importance. For, from not being, till he
+took up any point, familiar with the literature bearing on it, his mind
+was absolutely free from any prepossession. He was never afraid of his
+facts, or of framing any hypothesis, however startling, which seemed to
+explain them.... In any one else such an attitude would have produced
+much work that was crude and rash. But Mr. Darwin--if one may venture on
+language which will strike no one who had conversed with him as
+over-strained--seemed by gentle persuasion to have penetrated that
+reserve of nature which baffles smaller men. In other words, his long
+experience had given him a kind of instinctive insight into the method
+of attack of any biological problem, however unfamiliar to him, while he
+rigidly controlled the fertility of his mind in hypothetical
+explanations by the no less fertility of ingeniously devised
+experiment."
+
+To form any just idea of the greatness of the revolution worked by my
+father's researches in the study of the fertilisation of flowers, it is
+necessary to know from what a condition this branch of knowledge has
+emerged. It should be remembered that it was only during the early years
+of the present century that the idea of sex, as applied to plants,
+became firmly established. Sachs, in his _History of Botany_[270]
+(1875), has given some striking illustrations of the remarkable slowness
+with which its acceptance gained ground. He remarks that when we
+consider the experimental proofs given by Camerarius (1694), and by
+Kölreuter (1761-66), it appears incredible that doubts should afterwards
+have been raised as to the sexuality of plants. Yet he shows that such
+doubts did actually repeatedly crop up. These adverse criticisms rested
+for the most part on careless experiments, but in many cases on _a
+priori_ arguments. Even as late as 1820, a book of this kind, which
+would now rank with circle squaring, or flat-earth philosophy, was
+seriously noticed in a botanical journal. A distinct conception of sex,
+as applied to plants, had, in fact, not long emerged from the mists of
+profitless discussion and feeble experiment, at the time when my father
+began botany by attending Henslow's lectures at Cambridge.
+
+When the belief in the sexuality of plants had become established as an
+incontrovertible piece of knowledge, a weight of misconception remained,
+weighing down any rational view of the subject. Camerarius[271] believed
+(naturally enough in his day) that hermaphrodite[272] flowers are
+necessarily self-fertilised. He had the wit to be astonished at this, a
+degree of intelligence which, as Sachs points out, the majority of his
+successors did not attain to.
+
+The following extracts from a note-book show that this point occurred
+to my father as early as 1837:
+
+"Do not plants which have male and female organs together [_i.e._ in the
+same flower] yet receive influence from other plants? Does not Lyell
+give some argument about varieties being difficult to keep [true] on
+account of pollen from other plants? Because this may be applied to show
+all plants do receive intermixture."
+
+Sprengel,[273] indeed, understood that the hermaphrodite structure of
+flowers by no means necessarily leads to self-fertilisation. But
+although he discovered that in many cases pollen is of necessity carried
+to the stigma of another _flower_, he did not understand that in the
+advantage gained by the intercrossing of distinct _plants_ lies the key
+to the whole question. Hermann Müller[274] has well remarked that this
+"omission was for several generations fatal to Sprengel's work.... For
+both at the time and subsequently, botanists felt above all the weakness
+of his theory, and they set aside, along with his defective ideas, the
+rich store of his patient and acute observations and his comprehensive
+and accurate interpretations." It remained for my father to convince the
+world that the meaning hidden in the structure of flowers was to be
+found by seeking light in the same direction in which Sprengel, seventy
+years before, had laboured. Robert Brown was the connecting link between
+them, for it was at his recommendation that my father in 1841 read
+Sprengel's now celebrated _Secret of Nature Displayed_.[275]
+
+The book impressed him as being "full of truth," although "with some
+little nonsense." It not only encouraged him in kindred speculation, but
+guided him in his work, for in 1844 he speaks of verifying Sprengel's
+observations. It may be doubted whether Robert Brown ever planted a more
+fruitful seed than in putting such a book into such hands.
+
+A passage in the _Autobiography_ (p. 44) shows how it was that my father
+was attracted to the subject of fertilisation: "During the summer of
+1839, and I believe during the previous summer, I was led to attend to
+the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having
+come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant."
+
+The original connection between the study of flowers and the problem of
+evolution is curious, and could hardly have been predicted. Moreover, it
+was not a permanent bond. My father proved by a long series of laborious
+experiments, that when a plant is fertilised and sets seeds under the
+influence of pollen from a distinct individual, the offspring so
+produced are superior in vigour to the offspring of self-fertilisation,
+_i.e._ of the union of the male and female elements of a single plant.
+When this fact was established, it was possible to understand the
+_raison d'źtre_ of the machinery which insures cross-fertilisation in so
+many flowers; and to understand how natural selection can act on, and
+mould, the floral structure.
+
+Asa Gray has well remarked with regard to this central idea (_Nature_,
+June 4, 1874):--"The aphorism, 'Nature abhors a vacuum,' is a
+characteristic specimen of the science of the middle ages. The aphorism,
+'Nature abhors close fertilisation,' and the demonstration of the
+principle, belong to our age and to Mr. Darwin. To have originated this,
+and also the principle of Natural Selection ... and to have applied
+these principles to the system of nature, in such a manner as to make,
+within a dozen years, a deeper impression upon natural history than has
+been made since Linnęus, is ample title for one man's fame."
+
+The flowers of the Papilionaceę[276] attracted his attention early, and
+were the subject of his first paper on fertilisation.[277] The following
+extract from an undated letter to Asa Gray seems to have been written
+before the publication of this paper, probably in 1856 or 1857:--
+
+" ... What you say on Papilionaceous flowers is very true; and I have no
+facts to show that varieties are crossed; but yet (and the same remark
+is applicable in a beautiful way to Fumaria and Dielytra, as I noticed
+many years ago), I must believe that the flowers are constructed partly
+in direct relation to the visits of insects; and how insects can avoid
+bringing pollen from other individuals I cannot understand. It is really
+pretty to watch the action of a humble-bee on the scarlet kidney bean,
+and in this genus (and in _Lathyrus grandiflorus_)[278] the honey is so
+placed that the bee invariably alights on that _one_ side of the flower
+towards which the spiral pistil is protruded (bringing out with it
+pollen), and by the depression of the wing-petal is forced against the
+bee's side all dusted with pollen. In the broom the pistil is rubbed on
+the centre of the back of the bee. I suspect there is something to be
+made out about the Leguminosę, which will bring the case within _our_
+theory; though I have failed to do so. Our theory will explain why in
+the vegetable ... kingdom the act of fertilisation even in
+hermaphrodites usually takes place _sub jove_, though thus exposed to
+_great_ injury from damp and rain."
+
+A letter to Dr. Asa Gray (September 5th, 1857) gives the substance of
+the paper in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_:--
+
+"Lately I was led to examine buds of kidney bean with the pollen shed;
+but I was led to believe that the pollen could _hardly_ get on the
+stigma by wind or otherwise, except by bees visiting [the flower] and
+moving the wing petals: hence I included a small bunch of flowers in two
+bottles in every way treated the same: the flowers in one I daily just
+momentarily moved, as if by a bee; these set three fine pods, the other
+_not one_. Of course this little experiment must be tried again, and
+this year in England it is too late, as the flowers seem now seldom to
+set. If bees are necessary to this flower's self-fertilisation, bees
+must almost cross them, as their dusted right-side of head and right
+legs constantly touch the stigma.
+
+"I have, also, lately been reobserving daily _Lobelia fulgens_--this in
+my garden is never visited by insects, and never sets seeds, without
+pollen be put on the stigma (whereas the small blue Lobelia is visited
+by bees and does set seed); I mention this because there are such
+beautiful contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own
+pollen; which seems only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of
+crosses."
+
+The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858.[279] The chief object of
+these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the
+possibility of growing varieties of Leguminous plants near each other,
+and yet keeping them true. It is curious that the Papilionaceę should
+not only have been the first flowers which attracted his attention by
+their obvious adaptation to the visits of insects, but should also have
+constituted one of his sorest puzzles. The common pea and the sweet pea
+gave him much difficulty, because, although they are as obviously fitted
+for insect-visits as the rest of the order, yet their varieties keep
+true. The fact is that neither of these plants being indigenous, they
+are not perfectly adapted for fertilisation by British insects. He could
+not, at this stage of his observations, know that the co-ordination
+between a flower and the particular insect which fertilises it may be
+as delicate as that between a lock and its key, so that this explanation
+was not likely to occur to him.
+
+Besides observing the Leguminosę, he had already begun, as shown in the
+foregoing extracts, to attend to the structure of other flowers in
+relation to insects. At the beginning of 1860 he worked at
+Leschenaultia,[280] which at first puzzled him, but was ultimately made
+out. A passage in a letter chiefly relating to Leschenaultia seems to
+show that it was only in the spring of 1860 that he began widely to
+apply his knowledge to the relation of insects to other flowers. This is
+somewhat surprising, when we remember that he had read Sprengel many
+years before. He wrote (May 14):--
+
+"I should look at this curious contrivance as specially related to
+visits of insects; as I begin to think is almost universally the case."
+
+Even in July 1862 he wrote to Asa Gray:--
+
+"There is no end to the adaptations. Ought not these cases to make one
+very cautious when one doubts about the use of all parts? I fully
+believe that the structure of all irregular flowers is governed in
+relation to insects. Insects are the Lords of the floral (to quote the
+witty _Athenęum_) world."
+
+This idea has been worked out by H. Müller, who has written on insects
+in the character of flower-breeders or flower-fanciers, showing how the
+habits and structure of the visitors are reflected in the forms and
+colours of the flowers visited.
+
+He was probably attracted to the study of Orchids by the fact that
+several kinds are common near Down. The letters of 1860 show that these
+plants occupied a good deal of his attention; and in 1861 he gave part
+of the summer and all the autumn to the subject. He evidently considered
+himself idle for wasting time on Orchids which ought to have been given
+to _Variation under Domestication_. Thus he wrote:--
+
+"There is to me incomparably more interest in observing than in writing;
+but I feel quite guilty in trespassing on these subjects, and not
+sticking to varieties of the confounded cocks, hens and ducks. I hear
+that Lyell is savage at me."
+
+It was in the summer of 1860 that he made out one of the most striking
+and familiar facts in the Orchid-book, namely, the manner in which the
+pollen masses are adapted for removal by insects. He wrote to Sir J. D.
+Hooker, July 12:--
+
+"I have been examining _Orchis pyramidalis_, and it almost equals,
+perhaps even beats, your Listera case; the sticky glands are
+congenitally united into a saddle-shaped organ, which has great power of
+movement, and seizes hold of a bristle (or proboscis) in an admirable
+manner, and then another movement takes place in the pollen masses, by
+which they are beautifully adapted to leave pollen on the two lateral
+stigmatic surfaces. I never saw anything so beautiful."
+
+In June of the same year he wrote:--
+
+"You speak of adaptation being rarely visible, though present in plants.
+I have just recently been looking at the common Orchis, and I declare I
+think its adaptations in every part of the flower quite as beautiful and
+plain, or even more beautiful than in the woodpecker."[281]
+
+He wrote also to Dr. Gray, June 8, 1860:--
+
+"Talking of adaptation, I have lately been looking at our common
+orchids, and I dare say the facts are as old and well-known as the
+hills, but I have been so struck with admiration at the contrivances,
+that I have sent a notice to the _Gardeners' Chronicle_."
+
+Besides attending to the fertilisation of the flowers he was already, in
+1860, busy with the homologies of the parts, a subject of which he made
+good use in the Orchid book. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (July):--
+
+"It is a real good joke my discussing homologies of Orchids with you,
+after examining only three or four genera; and this very fact makes me
+feel positive I am right! I do not quite understand some of your terms;
+but sometime I must get you to explain the homologies; for I am
+intensely interested in the subject, just as at a game of chess."
+
+This work was valuable from a systematic point of view. In 1880 he wrote
+to Mr. Bentham:--
+
+"It was very kind in you to write to me about the Orchideę, for it has
+pleased me to an extreme degree that I could have been of the _least_
+use to you about the nature of the parts."
+
+The pleasure which his early observations on Orchids gave him is shown
+in such passages as the following from a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker
+(July 27, 1861):--
+
+"You cannot conceive how the Orchids have delighted me. They came safe,
+but box rather smashed; cylindrical old cocoa-or snuff-canister much
+safer. I enclose postage. As an account of the movement, I shall allude
+to what I suppose is Oncidium, to make _certain_,--is the enclosed
+flower with crumpled petals this genus? Also I most specially want to
+know what the enclosed little globular brown Orchid is. I have only
+seen pollen of a Cattleya on a bee, but surely have you not
+unintentionally sent me what I wanted most (after Catasetum or
+Mormodes), viz., one of the Epidendreę?! I _particularly_ want (and will
+presently tell you why) another spike of this little Orchid, with older
+flowers, some even almost withered."
+
+His delight in observation is again shown in a letter to Dr. Gray
+(1863). Referring to Crüger's letters from Trinidad, he wrote:--"Happy
+man, he has actually seen crowds of bees flying round Catasetum, with
+the pollinia sticking to their backs!"
+
+The following extracts of letters to Sir J. D. Hooker illustrate further
+the interest which his work excited in him:--
+
+"Veitch sent me a grand lot this morning. What wonderful structures!
+
+"I have now seen enough, and you must not send me more, for though I
+enjoy looking at them _much_, and it has been very useful to me, seeing
+so many different forms, it is idleness. For my object each species
+requires studying for days. I wish you had time to take up the group. I
+would give a good deal to know what the rostellum is, of which I have
+traced so many curious modifications. I suppose it cannot be one of the
+stigmas,[282] there seems a great tendency for two lateral stigmas to
+appear. My paper, though touching on only subordinate points will run, I
+fear, to 100 MS. folio pages! The beauty of the adaptation of parts
+seems to me unparalleled. I should think or guess waxy pollen was most
+differentiated. In Cypripedium which seems least modified, and a much
+exterminated group, the grains are single. In _all others_, as far as I
+have seen, they are in packets of four; and these packets cohere into
+many wedge-formed masses in Orchis; into eight, four, and finally two.
+It seems curious that a flower should exist, which could _at most_
+fertilise only two other flowers, seeing how abundant pollen generally
+is; this fact I look at as explaining the perfection of the contrivance
+by which the pollen, so important from its fewness, is carried from
+flower to flower"[283](1861).
+
+"I was thinking of writing to you to-day, when your note with the
+Orchids came. What frightful trouble you have taken about Vanilla; you
+really must not take an atom more; for the Orchids are more play than
+real work. I have been much interested by Epidendrum, and have worked
+all morning at them; for Heaven's sake, do not corrupt me by any more"
+(August 30, 1861).
+
+He originally intended to publish his notes on Orchids as a paper in the
+Linnean Society's _Journal_, but it soon became evident that a separate
+volume would be a more suitable form of publication. In a letter to Sir
+J. D. Hooker, Sept. 24, 1861, he writes:--
+
+"I have been acting, I fear that you will think, like a goose; and
+perhaps in truth I have. When I finished a few days ago my Orchis paper,
+which turns out one hundred and forty folio pages!! and thought of the
+expense of woodcuts, I said to myself, I will offer the Linnean Society
+to withdraw it, and publish it in a pamphlet. It then flashed on me that
+perhaps Murray would publish it, so I gave him a cautious description,
+and offered to share risks and profits. This morning he writes that he
+will publish and take all risks, and share profits and pay for all
+illustrations. It is a risk, and Heaven knows whether it will not be a
+dead failure, but I have not deceived Murray, and [have] told him that
+it would interest those alone who cared much for natural history. I hope
+I do not exaggerate the curiosity of the many special contrivances."
+
+And again on September 28th:--
+
+"What a good soul you are not to sneer at me, but to pat me on the back.
+I have the greatest doubt whether I am not going to do, in publishing my
+paper, a most ridiculous thing. It would annoy me much, but only for
+Murray's sake, if the publication were a dead failure."
+
+There was still much work to be done, and in October he was still
+receiving Orchids from Kew, and wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"It is impossible to thank you enough. I was almost mad at the wealth of
+Orchids." And again--
+
+"Mr. Veitch most generously has sent me two splendid buds of Mormodes,
+which will be capital for dissection, but I fear will never be
+irritable; so for the sake of charity and love of heaven do, I beseech
+you, observe what movement takes place in Cychnoches, and what part must
+be touched. Mr. V. has also sent me one splendid flower of Catasetum,
+the most wonderful Orchid I have seen."
+
+On October 13 he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"It seems that I cannot exhaust your good nature. I have had the hardest
+day's work at Catasetum and buds of Mormodes, and believe I understand
+at last the mechanism of movements and the functions. Catasetum is a
+beautiful case of slight modification of structure leading to new
+functions. I never was more interested in any subject in all my life
+than in this of Orchids. I owe very much to you."
+
+Again to the same friend, November 1, 1861:--
+
+"If you really can spare another Catasetum, when nearly ready, I shall
+be most grateful; had I not better send for it? The case is truly
+marvellous; the (so-called) sensation, or stimulus from a light touch is
+certainly transmitted through the antennę for more than one inch
+_instantaneously_.... A cursed insect or something let my last flower
+off last night."
+
+Professor de Candolle has remarked[284] of my father, "Ce n'est pas lui
+qui aurait demandé de construire des palais pour y loger des
+laboratoires." This was singularly true of his orchid work, or rather it
+would be nearer the truth to say that he had no laboratory, for it was
+only after the publication of the _Fertilisation of Orchids_, that he
+built himself a greenhouse. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (December 24th,
+1862):--
+
+"And now I am going to tell you a _most_ important piece of news!! I
+have almost resolved to build a small hot-house; my neighbour's really
+first-rate gardener has suggested it, and offered to make me plans, and
+see that it is well done, and he is really a clever follow, who wins
+lots of prizes, and is very observant. He believes that we should
+succeed with a little patience; it will be a grand amusement for me to
+experiment with plants."
+
+Again he wrote (February 15th, 1863):--
+
+"I write now because the new hot-house is ready, and I long to stock it,
+just like a schoolboy. Could you tell me pretty soon what plants you can
+give me; and then I shall know what to order? And do advise me how I had
+better get such plants as you can _spare_. Would it do to send my
+tax-cart early in the morning, on a day that was not frosty, lining the
+cart with mats, and arriving here before night? I have no idea whether
+this degree of exposure (and of course the cart would be cold) could
+injure stove-plants; they would be about five hours (with bait) on the
+journey home."
+
+A week later he wrote:--
+
+"You cannot imagine what pleasure your plants give me (far more than
+your dead Wedgwood-ware can give you); H. and I go and gloat over them,
+but we privately confessed to each other, that if they were not our own,
+perhaps we should not see such transcendant beauty in each leaf."
+
+And in March, when he was extremely unwell, he wrote:--
+
+"A few words about the stove-plants; they do so amuse me. I have crawled
+to see them two or three times. Will you correct and answer, and return
+enclosed. I have hunted in all my books and cannot find these names, and
+I like much to know the family." His difficulty with regard to the names
+of plants is illustrated, with regard to a Lupine on which he was at
+work, in an extract from a letter (July 21, 1866) to Sir J. D. Hooker:
+"I sent to the nursery garden, whence I bought the seed, and could only
+hear that it was 'the common blue Lupine,' the man saying 'he was no
+scholard, and did not know Latin, and that parties who make experiments
+ought to find out the names.'"
+
+The book was published May 15th, 1862. Of its reception he writes to Mr.
+Murray, June 13th and 18th:--
+
+"The Botanists praise my Orchid-book to the skies. Some one sent me
+(perhaps you) the _Parthenon_, with a good review. The _Athenęum_[285]
+treats me with very kind pity and contempt; but the reviewer knew
+nothing of his subject."
+
+"There is a superb, but I fear exaggerated, review in the _London
+Review_.[286] But I have not been a fool, as I thought I was, to
+publish; for Asa Gray, about the most competent judge in the world,
+thinks almost as highly of the book as does the _London Review_. The
+_Athenęum_ will hinder the sale greatly."
+
+The Rev. M. J. Berkeley was the author of the notice in the _London
+Review_, as my father learned from Sir J. D. Hooker, who added, "I
+thought it very well done indeed. I have read a good deal of the
+Orchid-book, and echo all he says."
+
+To this my father replied (June 30th, 1862):--
+
+"My dear old friend,--You speak of my warming the cockles of your heart,
+but you will never know how often you have warmed mine. It is not your
+approbation of my scientific work (though I care for that more than for
+any one's): it is something deeper. To this day I remember keenly a
+letter you wrote to me from Oxford, when I was at the Water-cure, and
+how it cheered me when I was utterly weary of life. Well, my Orchid-book
+is a success (but I do not know whether it sells)."
+
+In another letter to the same friend, he wrote:--
+
+"You have pleased me much by what you say in regard to Bentham and
+Oliver approving of my book; for I had got a sort of nervousness, and
+doubted whether I had not made an egregious fool of myself, and
+concocted pleasant little stinging remarks for reviews, such as 'Mr.
+Darwin's head seems to have been turned by a certain degree of success,
+and he thinks that the most trifling observations are worth
+publication.'"
+
+He wrote too, to Asa Gray:--
+
+"Your generous sympathy makes you over-estimate what you have read of my
+Orchid-book. But your letter of May 18th and 26th has given me an almost
+foolish amount of satisfaction. The subject interested me, I knew,
+beyond its real value; but I had lately got to think that I had made
+myself a complete fool by publishing in a semi-popular form. Now I shall
+confidently defy the world.... No doubt my volume contains much error:
+how curiously difficult it is to be accurate, though I try my utmost.
+Your notes have interested me beyond measure. I can now afford to d----
+my critics with ineffable complacency of mind. Cordial thanks for this
+benefit."
+
+Sir Joseph Hooker reviewed the book in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_,
+writing in a successful imitation of the style of Lindley, the Editor.
+My father wrote to Sir Joseph (Nov. 12, 1862):--
+
+"So you did write the review in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_. Once or
+twice I doubted whether it was Lindley; but when I came to a little slap
+at R. Brown, I doubted no longer. You arch-rogue! I do not wonder you
+have deceived others also. Perhaps I am a conceited dog; but if so, you
+have much to answer for; I never received so much praise, and coming
+from you I value it much more than from any other."
+
+With regard to botanical opinion generally, he wrote to Dr. Gray, "I am
+fairly astonished at the success of my book with botanists." Among
+naturalists who were not botanists, Lyell was pre-eminent in his
+appreciation of the book. I have no means of knowing when he read it,
+but in later life, as I learn from Professor Judd, he was enthusiastic
+in praise of the _Fertilisation of Orchids_, which he considered "next
+to the _Origin_, as the most valuable of all Darwin's works." Among the
+general public the author did not at first hear of many disciples, thus
+he wrote to his cousin Fox in September 1862: "Hardly any one not a
+botanist, except yourself, as far as I know, has cared for it."
+
+If we examine the literature relating to the fertilisation of flowers,
+we do not find that this new branch of study showed any great activity
+immediately after the publication of the Orchid-book. There are a few
+papers by Asa Gray, in 1862 and 1863, by Hildebrand in 1864, and by
+Moggridge in 1865, but the great mass of work by Axell, Delpino,
+Hildebrand, and the Müllers, did not begin to appear until about 1867.
+The period during which the new views were being assimilated, and before
+they became thoroughly fruitful, was, however, surprisingly short. The
+later activity in this department may be roughly gauged by the fact that
+the valuable 'Bibliography,' given by Professor D'Arcy Thompson in his
+translation of Müller's _Befruchtung_ (1883),[287] contains references
+to 814 papers.
+
+In 1877 a second edition of the _Fertilisation of Orchids_ was
+published, the first edition having been for some time out of print. The
+new edition was remodelled and almost rewritten, and a large amount of
+new matter added, much of which the author owed to his friend Fritz
+Müller.
+
+With regard to this edition he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I do not suppose I shall ever again touch the book. After much doubt I
+have resolved to act in this way with all my books for the future; that
+is to correct them once and never touch them again, so as to use the
+small quantity of work left in me for new matter."
+
+One of the latest references to his Orchid-work occurs in a letter to
+Mr. Bentham, February 16, 1880. It shows the amount of pleasure which
+this subject gave to my father, and (what is characteristic of him) that
+his reminiscence of the work was one of delight in the observations
+which preceded its publication, not to the applause which followed it:--
+
+"They are wonderful creatures, these Orchids, and I sometimes think with
+a glow of pleasure, when I remember making out some little point in
+their method of fertilisation."
+
+
+_The Effect of Cross-and Self-fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.
+Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same species._
+
+Two other books bearing on the problem of sex in plants require a brief
+notice. _The Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation_, published in
+1876, is one of his most important works, and at the same time one of
+the most unreadable to any but the professed naturalist. Its value lies
+in the proof it offers of the increased vigour given to the offspring by
+the act of cross-fertilisation. It is the complement of the Orchid book
+because it makes us understand the advantage gained by the mechanisms
+for insuring cross-fertilisation described in that work.
+
+The book is also valuable in another respect, because it throws light on
+the difficult problems of the origin of sexuality. The increased vigour
+resulting from cross-fertilisation is allied in the closest manner to
+the advantage gained by change of conditions. So strongly is this the
+case, that in some instances cross-fertilisation gives no advantage to
+the offspring, unless the parents have lived under slightly different
+conditions. So that the really important thing is not that two
+individuals of different _blood_ shall unite, but two individuals which
+have been subjected to different conditions. We are thus led to believe
+that sexuality is a means for infusing vigour into the offspring by the
+coalescence of differentiated elements, an advantage which could not
+accompany asexual reproductions.
+
+It is remarkable that this book, the result of eleven years of
+experimental work, owed its origin to a chance observation. My father
+had raised two beds of _Linaria vulgaris_--one set being the offspring
+of cross and the other of self-fertilisation. The plants were grown for
+the sake of some observations on inheritance, and not with any view to
+cross-breeding, and he was astonished to observe that the offspring of
+self-fertilisation were clearly less vigorous than the others. It seemed
+incredible to him that this result could be due to a single act of
+self-fertilisation, and it was only in the following year, when
+precisely the same result occurred in the case of a similar experiment
+on inheritance in carnations, that his attention was "thoroughly
+aroused," and that he determined to make a series of experiments
+specially directed to the question.
+
+The volume on _Forms of Flowers_ was published in 1877, and was
+dedicated by the author to Professor Asa Gray, "as a small tribute of
+respect and affection." It consists of certain earlier papers re-edited,
+with the addition of a quantity of new matter. The subjects treated in
+the book are:--
+
+
+     (i.) Heterostyled Plants.
+
+     (ii.) Polygamous, Dioecious, and Gynodioecious Plants.
+
+     (iii.) Cleistogamic Flowers.
+
+
+The nature of heterostyled plants may be illustrated in the primrose,
+one of the best known examples of the class. If a number of primroses be
+gathered, it will be found that some plants yield nothing but "pin-eyed"
+flowers, in which the style (or organ for the transmission of the pollen
+to the ovule) is long, while the others yield only "thrum-eyed" flowers
+with short styles. Thus primroses are divided into two sets or castes
+differing structurally from each other. My father showed that they also
+differ sexually, and that in fact the bond between the two castes more
+nearly resembles that between separate sexes than any other known
+relationship. Thus for example a long-styled primrose, though it can be
+fertilised by its own pollen, is not _fully_ fertile unless it is
+impregnated by the pollen of a short-styled flower. Heterostyled plants
+are comparable to hermaphrodite animals, such as snails, which require
+the concourse of two individuals, although each possesses both the
+sexual elements. The difference is that in the case of the primrose it
+is _perfect fertility_, and not simply _fertility_, that depends on the
+mutual action of the two sets of individuals.
+
+The work on heterostyled plants has a special bearing, to which the
+author attached much importance, on the problem of the origin of
+species.[288]
+
+He found that a wonderfully close parallelism exists between
+hybridisation (_i.e._ crosses between distinct species), and certain
+forms of fertilisation among heterostyled plants. So that it is hardly
+an exaggeration to say that the "illegitimately" reared seedlings are
+hybrids, although both their parents belong to identically the same
+species. In a letter to Professor Huxley, given in the second volume of
+the _Life and Letters_ (p. 384), my father writes as if his researches
+on heterostyled plants tended to make him believe that sterility is a
+selected or acquired quality. But in his later publications, _e.g._ in
+the sixth edition of the _Origin_, he adheres to the belief that
+sterility is an incidental[289] rather than a selected quality. The
+result of his work on heterostyled plants is of importance as showing
+that sterility is no test of specific distinctness, and that it depends
+on differentiation of the sexual elements which is independent of any
+racial difference. I imagine that it was his instinctive love of making
+out a difficulty which to a great extent kept him at work so patiently
+on the heterostyled plants. But it was the fact that general conclusions
+of the above character could be drawn from his results which made him
+think his results worthy of publication.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[269] The "Genealogy of Animals" (_The Academy_, 1869), reprinted in
+_Critiques and Addresses_.
+
+[270] An English edition is published by the Clarendon Press, 1890.
+
+[271] Sachs, _Geschichte d. Botanik_, p. 419.
+
+[272] That is to say, flowers possessing both stamens, or male organs,
+and pistils or female organs.
+
+[273] Christian Conrad Sprengel, born 1750, died 1816.
+
+[274] _Fertilisation of Flowers_ (Eng. Trans.) 1883, p. 3.
+
+[275] _Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Baue und in der Befruchtung
+der Blumen._ Berlin, 1793.
+
+[276] The order to which the pea and bean belong.
+
+[277] _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1857, p. 725. It appears that this paper
+was a piece of "over-time" work. He wrote to a friend, "that confounded
+Leguminous paper was done in the afternoon, and the consequence was I
+had to go to Moor Park for a week."
+
+[278] The sweet pea and everlasting pea belong to the genus Lathyrus.
+
+[279] _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1858, p. 828.
+
+[280] He published a short paper on the manner of fertilisation of this
+flower, in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_ 1871, p. 1166.
+
+[281] The woodpecker was one of his stock examples of adaptation.
+
+[282] It is a modification of the upper stigma.
+
+[283] This rather obscure statement may be paraphrased thus:--
+
+The machinery is so perfect that the plant can afford to minimise the
+amount of pollen produced. Where the machinery for pollen distribution
+is of a cruder sort, for instance where it is carried by the wind,
+enormous quantities are produced, _e.g._ in the fir tree.
+
+[284] "Darwin considéré, &c.," _Archives des Sciences Physiques et
+Naturelles_ 3čme période. Tome vii. 481, 1882.
+
+[285] May 24th, 1862.
+
+[286] June 14th, 1862.
+
+[287] My father's "Prefatory Notice" to this work is dated February 6th,
+1882, and is therefore almost the last of his writings.
+
+[288] See Autobiography, p. 48.
+
+[289] The pollen or fertilising element is in each species adapted to
+produce a certain change in the egg-cell (or female element), just as a
+key is adapted to a lock. If a key opens a lock for which it was never
+intended it is an incidental result. In the same way if the pollen of
+species of A. proves to be capable of fertilising the egg-cell of
+species B. we may call it incidental.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+     _Climbing Plants; Power of Movement in Plants; Insectivorous
+     Plants; Kew Index of Plant Names._
+
+
+My father mentions in his _Autobiography_ (p. 45) that he was led to
+take up the subject of climbing plants by reading Dr. Gray's paper,
+"Note on the Coiling of the Tendrils of Plants."[290] This essay seems
+to have been read in 1862, but I am only able to guess at the date of
+the letter in which he asks for a reference to it, so that the precise
+date of his beginning this work cannot be determined.
+
+In June 1863, he was certainly at work, and wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker
+for information as to previous publications on the subject, being then
+in ignorance of Palm's and H. v. Mohl's works on climbing plants, both
+of which were published in 1827.
+
+
+_C. Darwin to Asa Gray._ Down, August 4 [1863].
+
+My present hobby-horse I owe to you, viz. the tendrils: their
+irritability is beautiful, as beautiful in all its modifications as
+anything in Orchids. About the _spontaneous_ movement (independent of
+touch) of the tendrils and upper internodes, I am rather taken aback by
+your saying, "is it not well known?" I can find nothing in any book
+which I have.... The spontaneous movement of the tendrils is independent
+of the movement of the upper internodes, but both work harmoniously
+together in sweeping a circle for the tendrils to grasp a stick. So with
+all climbing plants (without tendrils) as yet examined, the upper
+internodes go on night and day sweeping a circle in one fixed direction.
+It is surprising to watch the Apocyneę with shoots 18 inches long
+(beyond the supporting stick), steadily searching for something to climb
+up. When the shoot meets a stick, the motion at that point is arrested,
+but in the upper part is continued; so that the climbing of all plants
+yet examined is the simple result of the spontaneous circulatory
+movement of the upper internodes.[291] Pray tell me whether anything has
+been published on this subject? I hate publishing what is old; but I
+shall hardly regret my work if it is old, as it has much amused me....
+
+
+He soon found that his observations were not entirely novel, and wrote
+to Hooker: "I have now read two German books, and all I believe that has
+been written on climbers, and it has stirred me up to find that I have a
+good deal of new matter. It is strange, but I really think no one has
+explained simple twining plants. These books have stirred me up, and
+made me wish for plants specified in them."
+
+He continued his observations on climbing plants during the prolonged
+illness from which he suffered in the autumn of 1863, and in the
+following spring. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker, apparently in March
+1864:--
+
+"The hot-house is such an amusement to me, and my amusement I owe to
+you, as my delight is to look at the many odd leaves and plants from
+Kew.... The only approach to work which I can do is to look at tendrils
+and climbers, this does not distress my weakened brain. Ask Oliver to
+look over the enclosed queries (and do you look) and amuse a broken-down
+brother naturalist by answering any which he can. If you ever lounge
+through your houses, remember me and climbing plants."
+
+A letter to Dr. Gray, April 9, 1865, has a word or two on the subject.--
+
+"I have began correcting proofs of my paper on Climbing Plants. I
+suppose I shall be able to send you a copy in four or five weeks. I
+think it contains a good deal new, and some curious points, but it is so
+fearfully long, that no one will ever read it. If, however, you do not
+_skim_ through it, you will be an unnatural parent, for it is your
+child."
+
+Dr. Gray not only read it but approved of it, to my father's great
+satisfaction, as the following extracts show:--
+
+"I was much pleased to get your letter of July 24th. Now that I can do
+nothing, I maunder over old subjects, and your approbation of my
+climbing paper gives me _very_ great satisfaction. I made my
+observations when I could do nothing else and much enjoyed it, but
+always doubted whether they were worth publishing....
+
+"I received yesterday your article[292] on climbers, and it has pleased
+me in an extraordinary and even silly manner. You pay me a superb
+compliment, and as I have just said to my wife, I think my friends must
+perceive that I like praise, they give me such hearty doses. I always
+admire your skill in reviews or abstracts, and you have done this
+article excellently and given the whole essence of my paper.... I have
+had a letter from a good zoologist in S. Brazil, F. Müller, who has been
+stirred up to observe climbers, and gives me some curious cases of
+_branch_-climbers, in which branches are converted into tendrils, and
+then continue to grow and throw out leaves and new branches, and then
+lose their tendril character."
+
+The paper on Climbing Plants was republished in 1875, as a separate
+book. The author had been unable to give his customary amount of care to
+the style of the original essay, owing to the fact that it was written
+during a period of continued ill-health, and it was now found to require
+a great deal of alteration. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (March 3,
+1875): "It is lucky for authors in general that they do not require such
+dreadful work in merely licking what they write into shape." And to Mr.
+Murray, in September, he wrote: "The corrections are heavy in _Climbing
+Plants_, and yet I deliberately went over the MS. and old sheets three
+times." The book was published in September 1875, an edition of 1500
+copies was struck off; the edition sold fairly well, and 500 additional
+copies were printed in June of the following year.
+
+
+_The Power of Movement in Plants._ 1880.
+
+The few sentences in the autobiographical chapter give with sufficient
+clearness the connection between the _Power of Movement_ and the book on
+Climbing Plants. The central idea of the book is that the movements of
+plants in relation to light, gravitation, &c., are modifications of a
+spontaneous tendency to revolve or circumnutate, which is widely
+inherent in the growing parts of plants. This conception has not been
+generally adopted, and has not taken a place among the canons of
+orthodox physiology. The book has been treated by Professor Sachs with a
+few words of professorial contempt; and by Professor Wiesner it has been
+honoured by careful and generously expressed criticism.
+
+Mr. Thiselton Dyer[293] has well said: "Whether this masterly
+conception of the unity of what has hitherto seemed a chaos of unrelated
+phenomena will be sustained, time alone will show. But no one can doubt
+the importance of what Mr. Darwin has done, in showing that for the
+future the phenomena of plant movement can and indeed must be studied
+from a single point of view."
+
+The work was begun in the summer of 1877, after the publication of
+_Different Forms of Flowers_, and by the autumn his enthusiasm for the
+subject was thoroughly established, and he wrote to Mr. Dyer: "I am all
+on fire at the work." At this time he was studying the movements of
+cotyledons, in which the sleep of plants is to be observed in its
+simplest form; in the following spring he was trying to discover what
+useful purpose those sleep-movements could serve, and wrote to Sir
+Joseph Hooker (March 25th, 1878):--
+
+"I think we have _proved_ that the sleep of plants is to lessen the
+injury to the leaves from radiation. This has interested me much, and
+has cost us great labour, as it has been a problem since the time of
+Linnęus. But we have killed or badly injured a multitude of plants.
+N.B.--_Oxalis carnosa_ was most valuable, but last night was killed."
+
+The book was published on November 6, 1880, and 1500 copies were
+disposed of at Mr. Murray's sale. With regard to it he wrote to Sir J.
+D. Hooker (November 23):--
+
+"Your note has pleased me much--for I did not expect that you would have
+had time to read _any_ of it. Read the last chapter, and you will know
+the whole result, but without the evidence. The case, however, of
+radicles bending after exposure for an hour to geotropism, with their
+tips (or brains) cut off is, I think worth your reading (bottom of p.
+525); it astounded me. But I will bother you no more about my book. The
+sensitiveness of seedlings to light is marvellous."
+
+To another friend, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, he wrote (November 28, 1880):
+
+"Very many thanks for your most kind note, but you think too highly of
+our work, not but what this is very pleasant.... Many of the Germans are
+very contemptuous about making out the use of organs; but they may sneer
+the souls out of their bodies, and I for one shall think it the most
+interesting part of Natural History. Indeed you are greatly mistaken if
+you doubt for one moment on the very great value of your constant and
+most kind assistance to us."
+
+The book was widely reviewed, and excited much interest among the
+general public. The following letter refers to a leading article in the
+_Times_, November 20, 1880:--
+
+
+_C. D. to Mrs. Haliburton._[294] Down, November 22, 1880.
+
+MY DEAR SARAH,--You see how audaciously I begin; but I have always loved
+and shall ever love this name. Your letter has done more than please me,
+for its kindness has touched my heart. I often think of old days and of
+the delight of my visits to Woodhouse, and of the deep debt of gratitude
+which I owe to your father. It was very good of you to write. I had
+quite forgotten my old ambition about the Shrewsbury newspaper;[295] but
+I remember the pride which I felt when I saw in a book about beetles the
+impressive words "captured by C. Darwin." Captured sounded so grand
+compared with caught. This seemed to me glory enough for any man! I do
+not know in the least what made the _Times_ glorify me, for it has
+sometimes pitched into me ferociously.
+
+I should very much like to see you again, but you would find a visit
+here very dull, for we feel very old and have no amusement, and lead a
+solitary life. But we intend in a few weeks to spend a few days in
+London, and then if you have anything else to do in London, you would
+perhaps come and lunch with us.
+
+Believe me, my dear Sarah,
+Yours gratefully and affectionately.
+
+
+The following letter was called forth by the publication of a volume
+devoted to the criticism of the _Power of Movement in Plants_ by an
+accomplished botanist, Dr. Julius Wiesner, Professor of Botany in the
+University of Vienna:
+
+
+_C. D. to Julius Wiesner._ Down, October 25th, 1881.
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I have now finished your book,[296] and have understood
+the whole except a very few passages. In the first place, let me thank
+you cordially for the manner in which you have everywhere treated me.
+You have shown how a man may differ from another in the most decided
+manner, and yet express his difference with the most perfect courtesy.
+Not a few English and German naturalists might learn a useful lesson
+from your example; for the coarse language often used by scientific men
+towards each other does no good, and only degrades science.
+
+I have been profoundly interested by your book, and some of your
+experiments are so beautiful, that I actually felt pleasure while being
+vivisected. It would take up too much space to discuss all the important
+topics in your book. I fear that you have quite upset the interpretation
+which I have given of the effects of cutting off the tips of
+horizontally extended roots, and of those laterally exposed to moisture;
+but I cannot persuade myself that the horizontal position of lateral
+branches and roots is due simply to their lessened power of growth. Nor
+when I think of my experiments with the cotyledons of _Phalaris_, can I
+give up the belief of the transmission of some stimulus due to light
+from the upper to the lower part. At p. 60 you have misunderstood my
+meaning, when you say that I believe that the effects from light are
+transmitted to a part which is not itself heliotropic. I never
+considered whether or not the short part beneath the ground was
+heliotropic; but I believe that with young seedlings the part which
+bends _near_, but _above_ the ground is heliotropic, and I believe so
+from this part bending only moderately when the light is oblique, and
+bending rectangularly when the light is horizontal. Nevertheless the
+bending of this lower part, as I conclude from my experiments with
+opaque caps, is influenced by the action of light on the upper part. My
+opinion, however, on the above and many other points, signifies very
+little, for I have no doubt that your book will convince most botanists
+that I am wrong in all the points on which we differ.
+
+Independently of the question of transmission, my mind is so full of
+facts leading me to believe that light, gravity, &c., act not in a
+direct manner on growth, but as stimuli, that I am quite unable to
+modify my judgment on this head. I could not understand the passage at
+p. 78, until I consulted my son George, who is a mathematician. He
+supposes that your objection is founded on the diffused light from the
+lamp illuminating both sides of the object, and not being reduced, with
+increasing distance in the same ratio as the direct light; but he doubts
+whether this _necessary_ correction will account for the very little
+difference in the heliotropic curvature of the plants in the successive
+pots.
+
+With respect to the sensitiveness of the tips of roots to contact, I
+cannot admit your view until it is proved that I am in error about bits
+of card attached by liquid gum causing movement; whereas no movement
+was caused if the card remained separated from the tip by a layer of the
+liquid gum. The fact also of thicker and thinner bits of card attached
+on opposite sides of the same root by shellac, causing movement in one
+direction, has to be explained. You often speak of the tip having been
+injured; but externally there was no sign of injury: and when the tip
+was plainly injured, the extreme part became curved _towards_ the
+injured side. I can no more believe that the tip was injured by the bits
+of card, at least when attached by gum-water, than that the glands of
+Drosera are injured by a particle of thread or hair placed on it, or
+that the human tongue is so when it feels any such object.
+
+About the most important subject in my book, namely circumnutation, I
+can only say that I feel utterly bewildered at the difference in our
+conclusions; but I could not fully understand some parts which my son
+Francis will be able to translate to me when he returns home. The
+greater part of your book is beautifully clear.
+
+Finally, I wish that I had enough strength and spirit to commence a
+fresh set of experiments, and publish the results, with a full
+recantation of my errors when convinced of them; but I am too old for
+such an undertaking, nor do I suppose that I shall be able to do much,
+or any more, original work. I imagine that I see one possible source of
+error in your beautiful experiment of a plant rotating and exposed to a
+lateral light.
+
+With high respect, and with sincere thanks for the kind manner in which
+you have treated me and my mistakes, I remain,
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely.
+
+
+_Insectivorous Plants._
+
+In the summer of 1860 he was staying at the house of his sister-in-law,
+Miss Wedgwood, in Ashdown Forest whence he wrote (July 29, 1860), to Sir
+Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"Latterly I have done nothing here; but at first I amused myself with a
+few observations on the insect-catching power of Drosera:[297] and I
+must consult you some time whether my 'twaddle' is worth communicating
+to the Linnean Society."
+
+In August he wrote to the same friend:--
+
+"I will gratefully send my notes on Drosera when copied by my copier:
+the subject amused me when I had nothing to do."
+
+He has described in the _Autobiography_ (p. 47), the general nature of
+these early experiments. He noticed insects sticking to the leaves, and
+finding that flies, &c., placed on the adhesive glands, were held fast
+and embraced, he suspected that the captured prey was digested and
+absorbed by the leaves. He therefore tried the effect on the leaves of
+various nitrogenous fluids--with results which, as far as they went,
+verified his surmise. In September, 1860, he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have been infinitely amused by working at Drosera: the movements are
+really curious; and the manner in which the leaves detect certain
+nitrogenous compounds is marvellous. You will laugh; but it is, at
+present, my full belief (after endless experiments) that they detect
+(and move in consequence of) the 1/2880 part of a single grain of
+nitrate of ammonia; but the muriate and sulphate of ammonia bother their
+chemical skill, and they cannot make anything of the nitrogen in these
+salts!"
+
+Later in the autumn he was again obliged to leave home for Eastbourne,
+where he continued his work on Drosera.
+
+On his return home he wrote to Lyell (November 1860):--
+
+"I will and must finish my Drosera MS., which will take me a week, for,
+at the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all
+the species in the world. But I will not publish on Drosera till next
+year, for I am frightened and astounded at my results. I declare it is a
+certain fact, that one organ is so sensitive to touch, that a weight
+seventy-eight-times less than that, viz., 1/1000 of a grain, which will
+move the best chemical balance, suffices to cause a conspicuous
+movement. Is it not curious that a plant should be far more sensitive to
+the touch than any nerve in the human body? Yet I am perfectly sure that
+this is true. When I am on my hobby-horse, I never can resist telling my
+friends how well my hobby goes, so you must forgive the rider."
+
+The work was continued, as a holiday task, at Bournemouth, where he
+stayed during the autumn of 1862.
+
+A long break now ensued in his work on insectivorous plants, and it was
+not till 1872 that the subject seriously occupied him again. A passage
+in a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, written in 1863 or 1864, shows, however,
+that the question was not altogether absent from his mind in the
+interim:--
+
+"Depend on it you are unjust on the merits of my beloved Drosera; it is
+a wonderful plant, or rather a most sagacious animal. I will stick up
+for Drosera to the day of my death. Heaven knows whether I shall ever
+publish my pile of experiments on it."
+
+He notes in his diary that the last proof of the _Expression of the
+Emotions_ was finished on August 22, 1872, and that he began to work on
+Drosera on the following day.
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray_ [Sevenoaks], October 22 [1872].
+
+... I have worked pretty hard for four or five weeks on Drosera, and
+then broke down; so that we took a house near Sevenoaks for three weeks
+(where I now am) to get complete rest. I have very little power of
+working now, and must put off the rest of the work on Drosera till next
+spring, as my plants are dying. It is an endless subject, and I must cut
+it short, and for this reason shall not do much on Dionęa. The point
+which has interested me most is tracing the _nerves_! which follow the
+vascular bundles. By a prick with a sharp lancet at a certain point, I
+can paralyse one-half the leaf, so that a stimulus to the other half
+causes no movement. It is just like dividing the spinal marrow of a
+frog:--no stimulus can be sent from the brain or anterior part of the
+spine to the hind legs: but if these latter are stimulated, they move by
+reflex action. I find my old results about the astonishing sensitiveness
+of the nervous system (!?) of Drosera to various stimulants fully
+confirmed and extended....
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray_, Down, June 3 [1874].
+
+... I am now hard at work getting my book on Drosera & Co. ready for the
+printers, but it will take some time, for I am always finding out new
+points to observe. I think you will be interested by my observations on
+the digestive process in Drosera; the secretion contains an acid of the
+acetic series, and some ferment closely analogous to, but not identical
+with, pepsine; for I have been making a long series of comparative
+trials. No human being will believe what I shall publish about the
+smallness of the doses of phosphate of ammonia which act....
+
+The manuscript of _Insectivorous Plants_ was finished in March 1875. He
+seems to have been more than usually oppressed by the writing of this
+book, thus he wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker in February:--
+
+"You ask about my book, and all that I can say is that I am ready to
+commit suicide; I thought it was decently written, but find so much
+wants rewriting, that it will not be ready to go to printers for two
+months, and will then make a confoundedly big book. Murray will say that
+it is no use publishing in the middle of summer, so I do not know what
+will be the upshot; but I begin to think that every one who publishes a
+book is a fool."
+
+The book was published on July 2nd, 1875, and 2700 copies were sold out
+of the edition of 3000.
+
+
+_The Kew Index of Plant-Names._
+
+Some account of my father's connection with the _Index of Plant-Names_,
+now (1892) being printed by the Clarendon Press, will be found in Mr. B.
+Daydon Jackson's paper in the _Journal of Botany_, 1887, p. 151. Mr.
+Jackson quotes the following statement by Sir J. D. Hooker:--
+
+"Shortly before his death, Mr. Charles Darwin informed Sir Joseph Hooker
+that it was his intention to devote a considerable sum of money annually
+for some years in aid or furtherance of some work or works of practical
+utility to biological science, and to make provisions in his will in the
+event of these not being completed during his lifetime.
+
+"Amongst other objects connected with botanical science, Mr. Darwin
+regarded with especial interest the importance of a complete index to
+the names and authors of the genera and species of plants known to
+botanists, together with their native countries. Steudel's _Nomenclator_
+is the only existing work of this nature, and although now nearly half a
+century old, Mr. Darwin had found it of great aid in his own researches.
+It has been indispensable to every botanical institution, whether as a
+list of all known flowering plants, as an indication of their authors,
+or as a digest of botanical geography."
+
+Since 1840, when the _Nomenclator_ was published, the number of
+described plants may be said to have doubled, so that Steudel is now
+seriously below the requirements of botanical work. To remedy this want,
+the _Nomenclator_ has been from time to time posted up in an interleaved
+copy in the Herbarium at Kew, by the help of "funds supplied by private
+liberality."[298]
+
+My father, like other botanists, had, as Sir Joseph Hooker points out,
+experienced the value of Steudel's work. He obtained plants from all
+sorts of sources, which were often incorrectly named, and he felt the
+necessity of adhering to the accepted nomenclature so that he might
+convey to other workers precise indications as to the plants which he
+had studied. It was also frequently a matter of importance to him to
+know the native country of his experimental plants. Thus it was natural
+that he should recognise the desirability of completing and publishing
+the interleaved volume at Kew. The wish to help in this object was
+heightened by the admiration he felt for the results for which the world
+has to thank the Royal Gardens at Kew, and by his gratitude for the
+invaluable aid which for so many years he received from its Director and
+his staff. He expressly stated that it was his wish "to aid in some way
+the scientific work carried on at the Royal Gardens"[299]--which induced
+him to offer to supply funds for the completion of the Kew
+_Nomenclator_.
+
+The following passage, for which I am indebted to Professor Judd, is of
+interest, as illustrating, the motives that actuated my father in this
+matter. Professor Judd writes:--
+
+"On the occasion of my last visit to him, he told me that his income
+having recently greatly increased, while his wants remained the same, he
+was most anxious to devote what he could spare to the advancement of
+Geology or Biology. He dwelt in the most touching manner on the fact
+that he owed so much happiness and fame to the natural history sciences,
+which had been the solace of what might have been a painful
+existence;--and he begged me, if I knew of any research which could be
+aided by a grant of a few hundreds of pounds, to let him know, as it
+would be a delight to him to feel that he was helping in promoting the
+progress of science. He informed me at the same time that he was making
+the same suggestion to Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Huxley with
+respect to Botany and Zoology respectively. I was much impressed by the
+earnestness, and, indeed, deep emotion, with which he spoke of his
+indebtedness to Science, and his desire to promote its interests."
+
+The plan of the proposed work having been carefully considered, Sir
+Joseph Hooker was able to confide its elaboration in detail to Mr. B.
+Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, whose extensive
+knowledge of botanical literature qualifies him for the task. My
+father's original idea of producing a modern edition of Steudel's
+_Nomenclator_ has been practically abandoned, the aim now kept in view
+is rather to construct a list of genera and species (with references)
+founded on Bentham and Hooker's _Genera Plantarum_. Under Sir Joseph
+Hooker's supervision, the work, carried out with admirable zeal by Mr.
+Jackson, goes steadily forward. The colossal nature of the undertaking
+may be estimated by the fact that the manuscript of the _Index_ is at
+the present time (1892) believed to weigh more than a ton.
+
+The Kew 'Index,' will be a fitting memorial of my father: and his share
+in its completion illustrates a part of his character--his ready
+sympathy with work outside his own lines of investigation--and his
+respect for minute and patient labour in all branches of science.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[290] _Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences_, 1858.
+
+[291] This view is rejected by some botanists.
+
+[292] In the September number of _Silliman's Journal_, concluded in the
+January number, 1866.
+
+[293] _Charles Darwin_, _Nature_ Series, p. 41.
+
+[294] Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of my father's early friend, the
+late Mr. Owen, of Woodhouse.
+
+[295] Mrs. Haliburton had reminded him of his saying as a boy that if
+Eddowes' newspaper ever alluded to him as "our deserving
+fellow-townsman," his ambition would be amply gratified.
+
+[296] _Das Bewegungsvermögen der Pflanzen._ Vienna, 1881.
+
+[297] The common sun-dew.
+
+[298] _Kew Gardens Report_, 1881, p. 62.
+
+[299] See _Nature_, January 5, 1882.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+Some idea of the general course of my father's health may have been
+gathered from the letters given in the preceding pages. The subject of
+health appears more prominently than is often necessary in a Biography,
+because it was, unfortunately, so real an element in determining the
+outward form of his life.
+
+My father was at one time in the hands of Dr. Bence Jones, from whose
+treatment he certainly derived benefit. In later years he became a
+patient of Sir Andrew Clark, under whose care he improved greatly in
+general health. It was not only for his generously rendered service that
+my father felt a debt of gratitude towards Sir Andrew Clark. He owed to
+his cheering personal influence an often-repeated encouragement, which
+latterly added something real to his happiness, and he found sincere
+pleasure in Sir Andrew's friendship and kindness towards himself and his
+children. During the last ten years of his life the state of his health
+was a cause of satisfaction and hope to his family. His condition showed
+signs of amendment in several particulars. He suffered less distress and
+discomfort, and was able to work more steadily.
+
+Scattered through his letters are one or two references to pain or
+uneasiness felt in the region of the heart. How far these indicate that
+the heart was affected early in life, I cannot pretend to say; in any
+case it is certain that he had no serious or permanent trouble of this
+nature until shortly before his death. In spite of the general
+improvement in his health, which has been above alluded to, there was a
+certain loss of physical vigour occasionally apparent during the last
+few years of his life. This is illustrated by a sentence in a letter to
+his old friend Sir James Sulivan, written on January 10, 1879: "My
+scientific work tires me more than it used to do, but I have nothing
+else to do, and whether one is worn out a year or two sooner or later
+signifies but little."
+
+A similar feeling is shown in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker of June 15,
+1881. My father was staying at Patterdale, and wrote: "I am rather
+despondent about myself.... I have not the heart or strength to begin
+any investigation lasting years, which is the only thing I enjoy, and I
+have no little jobs which I can do."
+
+In July, 1881, he wrote to Mr. Wallace: "We have just returned home
+after spending five weeks on Ullswater; the scenery is quite charming,
+but I cannot walk, and everything tires me, even seeing scenery.... What
+I shall do with my few remaining years of life I can hardly tell. I have
+everything to make me happy and contented, but life has become very
+wearisome to me." He was, however, able to do a good deal of work, and
+that of a trying sort,[300] during the autumn of 1881, but towards the
+end of the year, he was clearly in need of rest: and during the winter
+was in a lower condition than was usual with him.
+
+On December 13, he went for a week to his daughter's house in Bryanston
+Street. During his stay in London he went to call on Mr. Romanes, and
+was seized when on the door-step with an attack apparently of the same
+kind as those which afterwards became so frequent. The rest of the
+incident, which I give in Mr. Romanes' words, is interesting too from a
+different point of view, as giving one more illustration of my father's
+scrupulous consideration for others:--
+
+"I happened to be out, but my butler, observing that Mr. Darwin was ill,
+asked him to come in. He said he would prefer going home, and although
+the butler urged him to wait at least until a cab could be fetched, he
+said he would rather not give so much trouble. For the same reason he
+refused to allow the butler to accompany him. Accordingly he watched him
+walking with difficulty towards the direction in which cabs were to be
+met with, and saw that, when he had got about three hundred yards from
+the house, he staggered and caught hold of the park-railings as if to
+prevent himself from falling. The butler therefore hastened to his
+assistance, but after a few seconds saw him turn round with the evident
+purpose of retracing his steps to my house. However, after he had
+returned part of the way he seems to have felt better, for he again
+changed his mind, and proceeded to find a cab."
+
+During the last week of February and in the beginning of March, attacks
+of pain in the region of the heart, with irregularity of the pulse,
+became frequent, coming on indeed nearly every afternoon. A seizure of
+this sort occurred about March 7, when he was walking alone at a short
+distance from the house; he got home with difficulty, and this was the
+last time that he was able to reach his favourite 'Sand-walk.' Shortly
+after this, his illness became obviously more serious and alarming, and
+he was seen by Sir Andrew Clark, whose treatment was continued by Dr.
+Norman Moore, of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and Dr. Allfrey, at that
+time in practice at St. Mary Cray. He suffered from distressing
+sensations of exhaustion and faintness, and seemed to recognise with
+deep depression the fact that his working days were over. He gradually
+recovered from this condition, and became more cheerful and hopeful, as
+is shown in the following letter to Mr. Huxley, who was anxious that my
+father should have closer medical supervision than the existing
+arrangements allowed:--
+
+
+"Down, March 27, 1882.
+
+"MY DEAR HUXLEY,--Your most kind letter has been a real cordial to me. I
+have felt better to-day than for three weeks, and have felt as yet no
+pain. Your plan seems an excellent one, and I will probably act upon it,
+unless I get very much better. Dr. Clark's kindness is unbounded to me,
+but he is too busy to come here. Once again, accept my cordial thanks,
+my dear old friend. I wish to God there were more automata[301] in the
+world like you.
+
+"Ever yours,
+"CH. DARWIN."
+
+
+The allusion to Sir Andrew Clark requires a word of explanation. Sir
+Andrew himself was ever ready to devote himself to my father, who
+however, could not endure the thought of sending for him, knowing how
+severely his great practice taxed his strength.
+
+No especial change occurred during the beginning of April, but on
+Saturday 15th he was seized with giddiness while sitting at dinner in
+the evening, and fainted in an attempt to reach his sofa. On the 17th he
+was again better, and in my temporary absence recorded for me the
+progress of an experiment in which I was engaged. During the night of
+April 18th, about a quarter to twelve, he had a severe attack and passed
+into a faint, from which he was brought back to consciousness with great
+difficulty. He seemed to recognise the approach of death, and said, "I
+am not the least afraid to die." All the next morning he suffered from
+terrible nausea and faintness, and hardly rallied before the end came.
+
+He died at about four o'clock on Wednesday, April 19th, 1882, in the
+74th year of his age.
+
+I close the record of my father's life with a few words of retrospect
+added to the manuscript of his _Autobiography_ in 1879:--
+
+"As for myself, I believe that I have acted rightly in steadily
+following and devoting my life to Science. I feel no remorse from having
+committed any great sin, but have often and often regretted that I have
+not done more direct good to my fellow creatures."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[300] On the action of carbonate of ammonia on roots and leaves.
+
+[301] The allusion is to Mr. Huxley's address, "On the hypothesis that
+animals are automata, and its history," given at the Belfast Meeting of
+the British Association, 1874, and republished in _Science and Culture_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+THE FUNERAL IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+
+On the Friday succeeding my father's death, the following letter, signed
+by twenty Members of Parliament, was addressed to Dr. Bradley, Dean of
+Westminster:--
+
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 21, 1882.
+
+VERY REV. SIR,--We hope you will not think we are taking a liberty if we
+venture to suggest that it would be acceptable to a very large number of
+our fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious
+countryman, Mr. Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+We remain, your obedient servants,
+
+JOHN LUBBOCK,
+NEVIL STOREY MASKELYNE,
+A. J. MUNDELLA,
+G. O. TREVELYAN,
+LYON PLAYFAIR,
+CHARLES W. DILKE,
+DAVID WEDDERBURN,
+ARTHUR RUSSELL,
+HORACE DAVEY,
+BENJAMIN ARMITAGE,
+RICHARD B. MARTIN,
+FRANCIS W. BUXTON,
+E. L. STANLEY,
+HENRY BROADHURST,
+JOHN BARRAN,
+J. F. CHEETHAM,
+H. S. HOLLAND,
+H. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN,
+CHARLES BRUCE,
+RICHARD FORT.
+
+
+The Dean was abroad at the time, and telegraphed his cordial
+acquiescence.
+
+The family had desired that my father should be buried at Down: with
+regard to their wishes, Sir John Lubbock wrote:--
+
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 25, 1882.
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I quite sympathise with your feeling, and personally I
+should greatly have preferred that your father should have rested in
+Down amongst us all. It is, I am sure, quite understood that the
+initiative was not taken by you. Still, from a national point of view,
+it is clearly right that he should be buried in the Abbey. I esteem it a
+great privilege to be allowed to accompany my dear master to the grave.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely,
+JOHN LUBBOCK.
+W. E. DARWIN, ESQ.
+
+
+The family gave up their first-formed plans, and the funeral took place
+in Westminster Abbey on April 26th. The pall-bearers were:--
+
+
+SIR JOHN LUBBOCK,
+MR. HUXLEY,
+MR. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (American Minister),
+MR. A. R. WALLACE,
+THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE,
+CANON FARRAR,
+SIR JOSEPH HOOKER,
+MR. WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE (President of the Royal Society),
+THE EARL OF DERBY,
+THE DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+
+
+The funeral was attended by the representatives of France, Germany,
+Italy, Spain, Russia, and by those of the Universities and learned
+Societies, as well as by large numbers of personal friends and
+distinguished men.
+
+The grave is in the north aisle of the Nave, close to the angle of the
+choir-screen, and a few feet from the grave of Sir Isaac Newton. The
+stone bears the inscription--
+
+
+CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN.
+Born 12 February, 1809.
+Died 19 April, 1882.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+
+PORTRAITS.
+
+-----+------------------+-----------------+--------------------
+Date.|Description.      |Artist.          |In the Possession of
+-----+------------------+-----------------+--------------------
+1838 |Water-colour      |G. Richmond      |The Family.
+1851 |Lithograph        |Ipswich British  |
+     |                  |  Assn. Series.  |
+1853 |Chalk Drawing     |Samuel Lawrence  |The Family.
+1853?|Chalk Drawing[302]|Samuel Lawrence  |Professor Hughes,
+     |                  |                 |  Cambridge.
+1869 |Bust, marble      |T. Woolner, R.A. |The Family.
+1875 |Oil Painting[303] |W. Ouless, R.A.  |The Family.
+     |Etched by         |P. Rajon.        |
+1879 |Oil Painting      |W. B. Richmond   |The University of
+     |                  |                 |  Cambridge.
+1881 |Oil Painting[304] |Hon. John Collier|The Linnean Society.
+     |Etched by         |Leopold Flameng  |
+
+
+CHIEF PORTRAITS AND MEMORIALS NOT TAKEN FROM LIFE.
+
+     |Statue[305]     |Joseph Boehm,    |Museum, South
+     |                |  R.A.           |  Kensington.
+     |Bust            |Chr. Lehr, Junr. |
+     |Plaque          |T. Woolner, R.A.,|Christ's College, in
+     |                |  and Josiah     |  Charles Darwin's
+     |                |  Wedgwood and   |  Room.
+     |                |  Sons.          |
+     |Deep Medallion. |J. Boehm, R.A.   |In Westminster
+     |                |                 |  Abbey.
+-----+----------------+-----------------+--------------------
+
+
+CHIEF ENGRAVINGS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS.
+
+*1854? By Messrs. Maull and Fox, engraved on wood for _Harper's
+Magazine_ (Oct. 1884). Frontispiece, _Life and Letters_, vol. i.
+
+1868 By the late Mrs. Cameron, reproduced in heliogravure by the
+Cambridge Engraving Company for the present work.
+
+*1870? By O. J. Rejlander, engraved on Steel by C. H. Jeens for _Nature_
+(June 4, 1874).
+
+*1874? By Major Darwin, engraved on wood for the _Century Magazine_
+(Jan. 1883). Frontispiece, _Life and Letters_, vol. ii.
+
+1881 By Messrs. Elliot and Fry, engraved on wood by G. Kruells, for vol.
+iii. of the _Life and Letters_.
+
+
+*The dates of these photographs must, from various causes, remain
+uncertain. Owing to a loss of books by fire, Messrs. Maull and Fox can
+give only an approximate date. Mr. Rejlander died some years ago, and
+his business was broken up. My brother, Major Darwin, has no record of
+the date at which his photograph was taken.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[302] Probably a sketch made at one of the sittings for the
+last-mentioned.
+
+[303] A _replica_ by the artist is in the possession of Christ's
+College, Cambridge.
+
+[304] A _replica_ by the artist is in the possession of W. E. Darwin,
+Esq., Southampton.
+
+[305] A cast from this work is now placed in the New Museums at
+Cambridge.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Abbott, F. E., letters to, on religious opinions, 55.
+
+Aberdeen, British Association Meeting at, 1859.. 202.
+
+Abstract ('Origin of Species'), 192, 193, 195, 196.
+
+Agassiz, Louis, Professor, letter to, sending him the
+    'Origin of Species,' 208;
+  note on, and extract from letter to, 208;
+  opinion of the book, 225;
+  opposition to Darwin's views, 235;
+  Asa Gray on the opinions of, 243.
+
+Agassiz, Alexander, Professor, letter to:--on coral reefs, 282.
+
+Agnosticism, 55.
+
+Ainsworth, William, 12.
+
+Albums of photographs received from Germany and Holland, 293.
+
+Algebra, distaste for the study of, 17.
+
+Allfrey, Dr., treatment by, 327.
+
+American edition of the 'Origin,' 226.
+
+---- Civil War, the, 249.
+
+Ammonia, salts of, behaviour of the leaves of _Drosera_, towards, 320.
+
+Andes, excursion across the, 136;
+  Lyell on the slow rise of the, 153.
+
+Animals, crossing of, 148.
+
+'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' review of the
+    'Origin' in the, 227.
+
+Anti-Jacobin, 242, _note_, 243.
+
+Ants, slave-making, 191.
+
+Apocyneę, twisting of shoots of, 313.
+
+Apparatus, 92-94; purchase of, for the Zoological Station at Naples, 293.
+
+Appletons' American reprints of the 'Origin,' 235.
+
+Ascension, 30.
+
+'Athenęum,' letter to the, 258;
+  article in the, 257;
+  reply to the article, 258.
+
+---- review of the 'Origin' in the, 211, 212;
+  reviews in the, of Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,' and Huxley's 'Man's
+    place in Nature,' 253, 257;
+  review of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' in the, 268;
+  review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the, 308.
+
+Athenęum Club, 147.
+
+'Atlantic Monthly,' Asa Gray's articles in the, 248.
+
+Atolls, formation of, 282.
+
+Audubon, 14.
+
+Autobiography, 5-54.
+
+'Automata,' 327.
+
+Aveling, Dr., on C. Darwin's religious views, 65, _note_.
+
+
+Babbage and Carlyle, 36.
+
+Bachelor of Arts, degree taken, 18.
+
+Bär, Karl Ernest von, 213.
+
+Bahia, forest scenery at, 131;
+  letter to R. W. Darwin from, 128.
+
+Barmouth, visit to, 106.
+
+Bates, H. W., paper on mimetic butterflies, 251;
+  Darwin's opinion of, 251 _note_;
+  'Naturalist on the Amazons,' opinion of, 251;
+  letter to:--on his 'Insect-Fauna of the Amazons Valley,' 251.
+
+_Beagle_, correspondence relating to the appointment to the, 115-123.
+
+----, equipment of the, 125;
+  accommodation on board the, 125;
+  officers and crew of the, 126, 127, 130;
+  manner of life on board the, 125.
+
+_Beagle_, voyage of the, 25-30.
+
+----, Zoology of the voyage of the, publication of the, 31.
+
+Beans, stated to have grown on the wrong side of the pod, 52.
+
+Bees, visits of, necessary for the impregnation of the Scarlet Bean, 301.
+
+Bees' cells, Sedgwick on, 217.
+
+---- combs, 195.
+
+Beetles, collecting at, Cambridge, &c., 20, 23, 106, 109, 194.
+
+Bell, Professor Thomas, 141.
+
+'Bell-stone,' Shrewsbury, an erratic boulder, 14.
+
+Beneficence, Evidence of, 236.
+
+Bentham, G., approval of the work on the fertilisation of orchids, 308.
+
+----, letter to, on orchids, 304, 310.
+
+Berkeley, Rev. M. J., review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' by, 308.
+
+'Bermuda Islands,' by Prof. A. Heilprin, 284.
+
+'Bibliothčque Universelle de Genčve,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 231.
+
+Birds' nests, 195.
+
+Blomefield, Rev. L., see JENYNS, REV. L.
+
+"Bob," the retriever, 70.
+
+Body-snatchers, arrest of, in Cambridge, 22.
+
+Books, treatment of, 96.
+
+Boott, Dr. Francis, 230.
+
+Botanical work, scope and influence of C. Darwin's, 297, 298.
+
+Botofogo Bay, letter to W. D. Fox from, 132, _note_.
+
+Boulders, erratic, of South America, paper on the, 32, 149.
+
+Bournemouth, residence at, 320.
+
+Bowen, Prof. F., Asa Gray on the opinions of, 243.
+
+Branch-climbers, 315.
+
+Bressa Prize, award of the, by the Royal Academy of Turin, 293.
+
+British Association, Sir C. Lyell's Presidential address to the,
+    at Aberdeen, 1859.. 202;
+  at Oxford, 236;
+  action of, in connection with the question of vivisection, 288.
+
+Broderip, W. J., 141.
+
+Bronn, H. G., translator of the 'Origin' into German, 229.
+
+Brown, Robert, acquaintance with, 34;
+  recommendation of Sprengel's book, 300.
+
+Buckle, Mr., meeting with, 35.
+
+Bulwer's 'Professor Long,' 38.
+
+Bunbury, Sir C., his opinion of the theory, 227.
+
+Butler, Dr., schoolmaster at Shrewsbury, 8.
+
+----, Rev. T., 106.
+
+
+Caerdeon, holiday at, 273.
+
+Cambridge, gun-practice at, 10;
+  life at, 17-23, 30, 104-113, 142.
+
+Cambridge, degree of LL.D. conferred by University of, 292;
+  subscription portrait at, 292.
+
+---- Philosophical Society, Sedgwick's attack before the, 234.
+
+Camerarius on sexuality in plants, 299.
+
+Canary Islands, projected excursion to, 114.
+
+Cape Verd Islands, 129.
+
+Carlyle, Thomas, acquaintance with, 36.
+
+Carnarvon, Lord, proposed Act to amend the Law relating to cruelty
+    to animals, 288.
+
+Carnations, effects of cross- and self-fertilisation on, 311.
+
+Carpenter, Dr. W. B., letters to:--on the 'Origin of Species,' 210;
+  review in the 'Medico-Chirurgical Review,' 231;
+  notice of the 'Foraminifera,' in the _Athenęum_, 257.
+
+Carus, Prof. Victor, impressions of the Oxford discussion, 240.
+
+----, his translations of the 'Origin' and other works, 262;
+  letter to:--on earthworms, 285.
+
+Case, Rev. G., schoolmaster at Shrewsbury, 6.
+
+_Catasetum_, pollinia of, adhering to bees' backs, 305;
+  sensitiveness of flowers of, 307.
+
+Caterpillars, colouring of, 269, 270.
+
+Cats and mice, 236.
+
+Cattle, falsely described new breed of, 53.
+
+Celebes, African character of productions of, 227.
+
+Chambers, R., 179, 240.
+
+Chemistry, study of, 11.
+
+Chili, recent elevation of the coast of, 30.
+
+Chimneys, employment of boys in sweeping, 161.
+
+Christ's College, Cambridge, 104;
+  bet as to height of combination-room of, 142.
+
+Church, destination to the, 17, 108.
+
+Cirripedia, work on the, 38, 155-158;
+  confusion of nomenclature of, 159;
+  completion of work on the, 163.
+
+Clark, Sir Andrew, treatment by, 325, 327.
+
+Classics, study of, at Dr. Butler's school, 9.
+
+Climbing plants, 45, 313-315.
+
+'Climbing Plants,' publication of the, 315.
+
+Coal, supposed marine origin of, 158.
+
+Coal-plants, letters to Sir Joseph Hooker on, 158, 159.
+
+Cobbe, Miss, letter headed "Mr. Darwin and vivisection" in
+    the _Times_, 290.
+
+Coldstream, Dr., 12.
+
+Collections made during the voyage of the 'Beagle,' destination
+    of the, 141.
+
+Collier, Hon. John, portrait of C. Darwin, by, 292.
+
+Cooper, Miss, 'Journal of a Naturalist,' 249.
+
+Copley medal, award of, to C. Darwin, 259.
+
+Coral Reefs, work on, 32, 148;
+  publication of, 149.
+
+----, second edition of, 281;
+  Semper's remarks on the, 281;
+  Murray's criticisms, 282;
+  third edition, 284.
+
+---- and Islands, Prof. Geikie and Sir C. Lyell on the theory of, 152.
+
+---- and Volcanoes, book on, 148.
+
+'Corals and Coral Islands,' by Prof. J. D. Dana, 284.
+
+Corrections on proofs, 201, 202, 205.
+
+Correspondence, 74.
+
+---- during life at Cambridge, 1828-31.. 104-113;
+  relating to appointment on the 'Beagle,' 115-123;
+  during the voyage of the _Beagle_, 125-139;
+  during residence in London, 1836-42.. 140-49;
+  on the subject of religion, 55-65;
+  during residence at Down, 1842-1854.. 150-164;
+  during the progress of the work on the 'Origin of Species,' 165-205;
+  after the publication of the work, 206-265;
+  on the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' 265-268;
+  on the work on 'Man,' 268-280;
+  miscellaneous, 281-294;
+  on botanical researches, 297-322.
+
+Cotyledons, movements of, 316.
+
+Crawford, John, review of the 'Origin,' 219.
+
+Creation, objections to use of the term, 257.
+
+Cross- and self-fertilisation in plants, 47.
+
+Cross-fertilisation of hermaphrodite flowers, first ideas of the, 300.
+
+Crossing of animals, 148.
+
+_Cychnoches_, 306.
+
+_Cypripedium_, pollen of, 305.
+
+
+Dallas, W. S., translation of Fritz Müller's 'Für Darwin,' 262.
+
+Dana, Professor J. D., defence of the theory of subsidence, 283;
+  'Corals and Coral Islands,' 284.
+
+Darwin, Charles R., 1;
+  Autobiography of, 5-54;
+  birth, 5;
+  loss of mother, 5;
+  day-school at Shrewsbury, 6;
+  natural history tastes, 6;
+  hoaxing, 7;
+  humanity, 7;
+  egg-collecting, 7;
+  angling, 7;
+  dragoon's funeral, 8;
+  boarding school at Shrewsbury, 8;
+  fondness for dogs, 7;
+  classics, 9;
+  liking for geometry, 9;
+  reading, 10;
+  fondness for shooting, 10;
+  science, 10;
+  at Edinburgh, 11-15;
+  early medical practice at Shrewsbury, 12;
+  tours in North Wales, 15;
+  shooting at Woodhouse and Maer, 15, 16;
+  at Cambridge, 17-23, 30;
+  visit to North Wales, with Sedgwick, 24, 25;
+  on the voyage of the 'Beagle,' 25-30;
+  residence in London, 31-37;
+  marriage, 32;
+  residence at Down, 37;
+  publications, 38-49;
+  manner of writing, 49;
+  mental qualities, 50-54.
+
+Darwin, Reminiscences of, 66-103;
+  personal appearance, 67, 68;
+  mode of walking, 67;
+  dissecting, 67;
+  laughing, 68;
+  gestures, 68;
+  dress, 69;
+  early rising, 69;
+  work, 69;
+  fondness for dogs, 69;
+  walks, 70;
+  love of flowers, 72;
+  riding, 73;
+  diet, 73, 76;
+  correspondence, 74;
+  business habits, 75;
+  smoking, 75;
+  snuff-taking, 75;
+  reading aloud, 77;
+  backgammon, 76;
+  music, 77;
+  bed-time, 77;
+  art-criticism, 78;
+  German reading, 79;
+  general interest in science, 79;
+  idleness a sign of ill-health, 80;
+  aversion to public appearances, 80;
+  visits, 81;
+  holidays, 81;
+  love of scenery, 81;
+  visits to hydropathic establishments, 82;
+  family relations, 82-87;
+  hospitality, 87;
+  conversational powers, 88-90;
+  friends, 90;
+  local influence, 90;
+  mode of work, 91;
+  literary style, 99;
+  ill-health, 102.
+
+----, Dr. Erasmus, life of, by Ernst Krause, 48, 286.
+
+----, Erasmus Alvey, 3;
+  letter from, 215.
+
+----, Miss Susan, letters to:--relating the 'Beagle,'
+    appointment, 118, 120;
+  from Valparaiso, 135.
+
+----, Mrs., letter to, with regard to the publication of the essay
+    of 1844.. 171;
+  letter to, from Moor Park, 184.
+
+----, Reginald, letters to, on Dr. Erasmus Darwin's common-place book
+    and papers, 286.
+
+Darwin, Dr. Robert Waring, 1;
+  his family, 3;
+  letter to, in answer to objections to accept the appointment on the
+    'Beagle,' 117;
+  letter to, from Bahia, 128.
+
+'Darwinismus,' 42.
+
+Daubeny, Professor, 241;
+  'On the final causes of the sexuality of plants,' 237.
+
+Davidson, Mr., letter to, 278.
+
+Dawes, Mr., 23.
+
+De Candolle, Professor A., sending him the 'Origin of Species,' 209.
+
+'Descent of Man,' work on the, 269;
+  publication of the, 46, 271.
+
+----, Reviews of the, in the 'Edinburgh Review,' 272;
+  in the _Nonconformist_, 273;
+  in the _Times_, 273;
+  in the _Saturday Review_, 273;
+  in the 'Quarterly Review,' 276.
+
+Design in Nature, 63, 249;
+  argument from, as to existence of God, 58.
+
+----, evidence of, 236.
+
+_Dielytra_, 301.
+
+'Different Forms of Flowers,' publication of the, 48, 311.
+
+Digestion in _Drosera_, 320, 321.
+
+Dimorphism and trimorphism in plants, papers on, 45.
+
+Divergence, principle of, 40.
+
+Dohrn, Dr. Anton, letter to, offering to present apparatus to the
+    Zoological station at Naples, 293.
+
+Domestication, variation under, 174.
+
+Down, residence at, 37, 150;
+  daily life at, 66;
+  local influence at, 90;
+  sequestered situation of, 151.
+
+Dragoon, funeral of a, 8.
+
+Draper, Dr., paper before the British Association on the "Intellectual
+    development of Europe," 237.
+
+_Drosera_, observations on, 47, 319;
+  action of glands of, 320;
+  action of ammoniacal salts on the leaves of, 320.
+
+Dunns, Rev. J., the supposed author of a review in the 'North British
+    Review,' 235.
+
+Dutch translation of the 'Origin,' 247.
+
+Dyer, W. Thiselton, on Mr. Darwin's botanical work, 298;
+  on the 'Power of Movement in Plants,' 315;
+  note to, on the life of Erasmus Darwin, 286.
+
+----, letter to:--on movement in plants, 316.
+
+
+Earthquakes, paper on, 32.
+
+Earthworms, paper on the formation of mould by the agency of, 32, 49;
+  first observations on work done by, 144;
+  work on, 284;
+  publication of, 285.
+
+Edinburgh, Plinian Society, 13;
+  Royal Medical Society, 14;
+  Wernerian Society, 14;
+  lectures on Geology and Zoology in, 14.
+
+----, studies at, 11-15.
+
+'Edinburgh Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 232, 233, 235;
+  review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 272.
+
+'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,'
+    publication of the, 47, 48, 310.
+
+Elie de Beaumont's theory, 146.
+
+England, spread of the Descent-theory in, 264.
+
+_English Churchman_, review of the 'Origin' in the, 241.
+
+Engravings, fondness for, 107.
+
+Entomological Society, concurrence of the members of the, 264.
+
+_Epidendrum_, 306.
+
+Equator, ceremony at crossing the, 130.
+
+Erratic blocks, at Glen Roy, 147.
+
+---- boulders of South America, paper on the, 32, 149.
+
+European opinions of Darwin's work, Dr. Falconer on, 247.
+
+Evolution, progress of the theory of, 165, 253, 271, 273.
+
+Experiment, love of, 94.
+
+Expression in man, 224, 270.
+
+---- in the Malays, 270.
+
+---- of the Emotions, work on the, 268.
+
+'Expression of the Emotions in Men
+and Animals,' publication of the, 47, 279.
+
+Eye, structure of the, 208, 215, 227.
+
+
+Falconer, Dr. Hugh, 247.
+
+----, claim of priority against Lyell, 257;
+  letter from, offering a live _Proteus_ and reporting on continental
+    opinion, 247;
+  letter to, 247;
+  sending him the 'Origin of Species,' 209.
+
+Family relations, 82-87.
+
+Farrer, Sir Thomas, letter to, on earthworms, 285.
+
+Fawcett, Henry, on Huxley's reply to the Bishop of Oxford, 239, _note_.
+
+Fernando Noronha, visit to, 131.
+
+'Fertilisation of Orchids,' publication of the, 44, 48, 308.
+
+'---- of Orchids,' publication of second edition of the, 310.
+
+'---- of Orchids,' reviews of the; in the 'Parthenon,' 308;
+  in the _Athenęum_, 308;
+  in the 'London Review,' 308;
+  in _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 309.
+
+----, cross- and self-, in the vegetable kingdom, 310-312.
+
+----, of flowers, bibliography of the, 310.
+
+Fish swallowing seeds, 180.
+
+Fitz-Roy, Capt., 25;
+  character of, 26;
+  by Rev. G. Peacock, 115;
+  Darwin's impression of, 119, 120;
+  discipline on board the 'Beagle,' 127;
+  letter to, from Shrewsbury, 140.
+
+Fitzwilliam Gallery, Cambridge, 19.
+
+Flourens, 'Examen du livre de M. Darwin,' 261.
+
+Flowers, adaptation of, to visits of insects, 303;
+  different forms of, on plants of the same species, 48, 310;
+  fertilisation of, 297-312;
+  hermaphrodite, first ideas of cross-fertilisation of, 300;
+  irregular, all adapted for visits of insects, 303.
+
+_Flustra_, paper on the larvę of, 13.
+
+Forbes, David, on the geology of Chile, 156.
+
+Fordyce, J., extract from letter to, 55.
+
+'Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the action of Worms,'
+    publication of the, 49, 285;
+  unexpected success of the, 285.
+
+Fossil bones, given to the College of Surgeons, 142.
+
+Fox, Rev. William Darwin, 21;
+  letters to, 110-113, 114, 181;
+  from Botofogo Bay, 132;
+  in 1836-1842: 143, 148, 149;
+  on the house at Down, 150;
+  on their respective families, 160;
+  on family matters, 194;
+  on the progress of the work, 181, 183, 196;
+  on the award of the Copley Medal, 259.
+
+France and Germany, contrast of progress of theory in, 261.
+
+Fremantle, Mr., on the Oxford meeting of the British Association, 238.
+
+French, translation of the 'Origin,' 246;
+  third edition of the, published, 275.
+
+---- translation of the 'Origin' from the fifth English edition,
+    arrangements for the, 275.
+
+_Fumaria_, 301.
+
+Funeral in Westminster Abbey, 329.
+
+
+Galapagos, 29.
+
+Galton, Francis, note to, on the life of Erasmus Darwin, 287.
+
+_Gardeners' Chronicle_, review of the 'Origin' in the, 224;
+  Mr. Patrick Matthew's claim of priority in the, 232;
+  review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the, 309.
+
+Geikie, Prof. Archibald, notes on the work on Coral Reefs, 152, 182;
+  notes on the work on Volcanic Islands, 153;
+  on Darwin's theory of the parallel roads of Glen Roy, 145.
+
+Geoffrey St. Hilaire, 207.
+
+'Geological Observations on South America,' 38;
+  publication of the, 156.
+
+'Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands,' publication of the, 152;
+  Prof. Geikie's notes on the, 153.
+
+Geological Society, secretaryship of the, 31, 144.
+
+Geological work in the Andes, 136.
+
+'Geologist,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 250.
+
+Geology, commencement of the study of, 24, 113;
+  lectures on, in Edinburgh, 14;
+  predilection for, 134, 135;
+  study of, during the _Beagle's_ voyage, 27.
+
+German translation of the 'Origin of Species,' 247.
+
+Germany, Häckel's influence in the spread of Darwinism, 262.
+
+----, photograph-album received from, 293.
+
+----, reception of Darwinistic views in, 247.
+
+---- and France, contrast of progress of theory in, 261.
+
+Glacial period, influence of the, on distribution, 43.
+
+Glacier action in North Wales, 32.
+
+Glands, sticky, of the pollinia, 304.
+
+Glen Roy, visit to, and paper on, 31;
+  expedition to, 145.
+
+_Glossotherium_, 142.
+
+Glutton Club, 107.
+
+Gorilla, brain of, compared with that of man, 237.
+
+Gower Street, Upper, residence in, 32, 148.
+
+Graham, W., letter to, 63.
+
+Grant, Dr. R. E., 12;
+  an evolutionist, 169.
+
+Gravity, light, &c., acting as stimuli, 318.
+
+Gray, Dr. Asa, comparison of rain drops and variations, 62;
+  letter from, to J. D. Hooker, on the 'Origin of Species,' 224;
+  articles in the 'Atlantic Monthly,' 248;
+  'Darwiniana,' 248;
+  on the aphorism, "Nature abhors close fertilisation," 301;
+  "Note on the coiling of the Tendrils of Plants," 313.
+
+----, letters to: on Design in Nature, 63;
+  with abstract of the theory of the 'Origin of Species,' 188;
+  sending him the 'Origin of Species,' 209;
+  suggesting an American edition, 225;
+  on Sedgwick's and Pictet's reviews, 231;
+  on notices in the 'North British' and 'Edinburgh' Reviews, and
+    on the theological view, 235;
+  on the position of Profs. Agassiz and Bowen, 243;
+  on his article in the 'Atlantic Monthly,' 248;
+  on change of species by descent, 246;
+  on design, 249;
+  on the American war, 249;
+  on the 'Descent of Man,' 271;
+  on the biographical notice in 'Nature,' 291;
+  on their election to the French Institute, 292;
+  on fertilisation of Papilionaceous flowers and _Lobelia_ by
+    insects, 301, 302;
+  on the structure of irregular flowers, 303;
+  on Orchids, 304, 305, 309, 310;
+  on movement of tendrils, 313;
+  on climbing plants, 314;
+  on _Drosera_, 320, 321.
+
+Great Marlborough Street, residence in, 31, 142.
+
+Gretton, Mr., his 'Memory's Harkback,' 8.
+
+Grote, A., meeting with, 36.
+
+Gully, Dr., 160.
+
+Günther, Dr. A., letter to:--on sexual differences, 270.
+
+
+Häckel, Professor Ernst, embryological researches of, 43;
+  influence of, in the spread of Darwinism in Germany, 262.
+
+----, letters to:--on the progress of Evolution in England, 263;
+  on his works, 264;
+  on the 'Descent of Man,' 272;
+  on the 'Expression of the Emotions,' 279.
+
+Häckel's 'Generelle Morphologie,' 'Radiolaria,' 'Schöpfungs-Geschichte,'
+    and 'Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts,' 262, 263.
+
+---- 'Natürliche Schöpfungs-Geschichte,' 263;
+  Huxley's opinion of, 263.
+
+Hague, James, on the reception of the 'Descent of Man,' 272.
+
+Haliburton, Mrs., letter to, on the 'Expression of the Emotions,' 279;
+  letter to, 317.
+
+Hardie, Mr., 12.
+
+Harris, William Snow, 122.
+
+Haughton, Professor S., opinion on the new views of Wallace and
+    Darwin, 41;
+  criticism on the theory of the origin of species, 200.
+
+Health, 68;
+  improved during the last ten years of life, 325.
+
+Heart, pain felt in the region of the, 28, 325, 326.
+
+Heilprin, Professor A., 'The Bermuda Islands,' 284.
+
+Heliotropism of seedlings, 318.
+
+Henslow, Professor, lectures by, at Cambridge, 18;
+  introduction to, 21;
+  intimacy with, 107, 113;
+  his opinion of Lyell's 'Principles,' 33;
+  of the Darwinian theory, 227.
+
+----, letter from, on the offer of the appointment to the 'Beagle,' 116.
+
+----, letter to, from Rev. G. Peacock, 115.
+
+----, letters to:--relating to the appointment to the 'Beagle,' 121, 122;
+  from Rio de Janeiro, 134;
+  from Sydney, 138;
+  from Shrewsbury, 139;
+  as to destination of specimens collected during the voyage of the
+    'Beagle,' 140.
+
+----, letters to:--1836-1842, 144;
+  sending him the 'Origin,' 209.
+
+Herbert, John Maurice, 19;
+  anecdotes from, 105, 106, 108;
+  letters to, 109;
+  on the 'South American Geology,' 154.
+
+Hermaphrodite flowers, first idea of cross-fertilisation of, 300.
+
+Herschel, Sir J., acquaintance with, 34;
+  letter from Sir C. Lyell to, on the theory of coral-reefs, 153;
+  his opinion of the 'Origin,' 220.
+
+Heterostyled plants, 311;
+  some forms of fertilisation of, analogous to hybridisation, 312.
+
+'Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin
+    of Species,' 246.
+
+Hoaxes, 53.
+
+Holidays, 81.
+
+Holland, photograph-album received from, 293.
+
+Holland, Sir H., his opinions of the theory, 215.
+
+Holmgren, Frithiof, letter to, on vivisection, 289.
+
+Hooker, Sir J. D., on the training obtained by the work on
+    Cirripedes, 156;
+  letters from, on the 'Origin of Species,' 188, 211, 220;
+  speech at Oxford, in answer to Bishop Wilberforce, 239;
+  review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' by, 309.
+
+----, letters to, 158;
+  on coal-plants, 158, 159;
+  announcing death of R. W. Darwin, and an intention to try
+    water-cure, 160;
+  on the award of the Royal Society's Medal, 162;
+  on the theory of the origin of species, 173, 177;
+  cirripedial work, 177;
+  on the Philosophical Club, 178;
+  on the germination of soaked seeds, 179, 180;
+  on the preparation of a sketch of the theory of species, 181;
+  on the papers read before the Linnean Society, 187, 190;
+  on the 'Abstract,' 192, 193, 194, 200;
+  on thistle-seeds, 193;
+  on Wallace's letter, 194;
+  on the arrangement with Mr. Murray, 198;
+  on Professor Haughton's remarks, 200;
+  on style and variability, 201;
+  on the completion of proof-sheets, 202;
+  on the review of the 'Origin' in the _Athenęum_, 211, 212;
+  on his review in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 224;
+  on the progress of opinion, 230;
+  on Mr. Matthew's claim of priority and the 'Edinburgh Review,' 232;
+  on the Cambridge opposition, 234;
+  on the British Association discussion, 241;
+  on the review in the 'Quarterly,' 242;
+  on the corrections in the new edition, 246;
+  on Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,' 253;
+  on letters in the papers, 259;
+  on the completion and publication of the book on 'Variation under
+    Domestication,' 266, 267;
+  on pangenesis, 266;
+  on work, 269;
+  on a visit to Wales, 273;
+  on a new French translation of the 'Origin,' 275;
+  on the life of Erasmus Darwin, 287;
+  on Mr. Ouless' portrait, 292;
+  on the earthworm, 285;
+  on the fertilisation of Orchids, 297, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307;
+  on establishing a hot-house, 307;
+  on his review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' 309;
+  on climbing plants, 314:
+  on the 'Insectivorous Plants,' 319, 321;
+  on the movements of plants, 316;
+  on health and work, 326.
+
+Hooker, Sir J. D., 'Himalayan Journal,' 162.
+
+Horner, Leonard, 14.
+
+Horses, humanity to, 287.
+
+Hot-house, building of, 307.
+
+Humboldt, Baron A. von, meeting with, 34;
+  his opinion of C. Darwin, 155.
+
+Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative,' 23.
+
+Huth, Mr., on 'Consanguineous Marriage,' 53.
+
+Hutton, Prof. F. W., letter to, on his review of the 'Origin,' 250.
+
+Huxley, Prof. T. H., on the value as training, of Darwin's work on the
+    Cirripedes, 157;
+  on the theory of evolution, 155-169;
+  review of the 'Origin' in the 'Westminster Review,' 231;
+  reply to Owen, on the Brain in Man and the Gorilla, 237;
+  speech at Oxford, in answer to the Bishop, 238;
+  lectures on 'Our Knowledge of the causes of Organic
+    Nature,' 253, _note_;
+  opinion of Häckel's work, 263;
+  on the progress of the doctrine of evolution, 271;
+  article in the 'Contemporary Review,' against Mivart, and the
+    Quarterly reviewer of the 'Descent of Man,' 276;
+  lecture on 'the Coming of Age of the Origin of Species,' 294;
+  on teleology, 298.
+
+----, letters from, on the 'Origin of Species,' 213;
+  on the discussion at Oxford, 240.
+
+----, letters to:--on his adoption of the theory, 214;
+  on the review in the _Times_, 221;
+  on the effect of reviews, 244;
+  on his Edinburgh lectures, 250;
+  on 'the coming of age of the Origin of Species,' 294;
+  last letter to, 327.
+
+Hybridisation, analogy of, with some forms of fertilisation of
+    heterostyled plants, 312.
+
+Hybridism, 183.
+
+Hybrids, sterility of, 183.
+
+Hydropathic establishments, visits to, 82.
+
+
+Ichnuemonidę, and their function, 236.
+
+Ilkley, residence at, in 1859.. 206.
+
+Ill-health, 32, 39, 102, 149, 158, 160, 268.
+
+Immortality of the Soul, 61.
+
+Innes, Rev. J. Brodie, 76, 91.
+
+----, on Darwin's position with regard to theological views, 229;
+  note on the review in the 'Quarterly' and Darwin's appreciation
+    of it, 242, _note_.
+
+'Insectivorous Plants,' work on the, 319-322;
+  publication of, 47, 322.
+
+Insects, 10;
+  agency of, in cross-fertilisation, 300.
+
+Institute of France, election as a corresponding member of the Botanical
+    section of the, 292.
+
+Isolation, effects of, 278.
+
+
+Jackson, B. Daydon, preparation of the Kew-Index placed under the
+    charge of, 323.
+
+Jenkin, Fleeming, review of the 'Origin,' 274.
+
+Jenyns, Rev. Leonard, acquaintance with, 22;
+  his opinion of the theory, 228.
+
+----, letters to:--on the 'Origin of Species,' 209;
+  on checks to increase of species, 175;
+  on his 'Observations in Natural History,' 175;
+  on the immutability of species, 176.
+
+Jones, Dr. Bence, treatment by, 325.
+
+'Journal of Researches,' 38, 143;
+  publication of the second edition of the, 154;
+  differences in the two editions of the, with regard to the theory
+    of species, 170.
+
+Judd, Prof., on Coral Reefs, 281;
+  on Mr. Darwin's intention to devote a certain sum to the advancement
+    of scientific interests, 323.
+
+Jukes, Prof. Joseph B., 230.
+
+
+Kew-Index of plant names, 322;
+  endowment of, by Mr. Darwin, 322.
+
+Kidney-beans, fertilisation of, 301.
+
+Kingsley, Rev. Charles, letter from, on the 'Origin of Species,' 228;
+  on the progress of the theory of Evolution, 253.
+
+Kossuth, character of, 184.
+
+Krause, Ernst, 'Life of Erasmus Darwin,' 48;
+  on Häckel's services to the cause of Evolution in Germany, 262;
+  on the work of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, 286.
+
+
+Lamarck's philosophy, 166.
+
+---- views, references to, 174, 177, 207, 256.
+
+Lankester, E. Ray, letter to, on the reception of the
+    'Descent of Man,' 272.
+
+Last words, 327.
+
+_Lathyrus grandiflorus_, fertilisation of, by bees, 301.
+
+Laws, designed, 236.
+
+Leibnitz, objections raised by, to Newton's law of Gravitation, 229.
+
+_Leschenaultia_, fertilisation of, 303.
+
+Lewes, G. H., review of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' in the
+    _Pall Mall Gazette_, 268.
+
+Life, origin of, 257.
+
+Light, gravity, &c., acting as stimuli, 318.
+
+Lightning, 236.
+
+_Linaria vulgaris_, observations on cross- and self-fertilisation in, 311.
+
+Lindley, John, 162.
+
+Linnean Society, joint paper with A. R. Wallace, read before the, 187;
+  portrait at the, 292.
+
+_Linum flavum_, dimorphism of, 45.
+
+List of naturalists who had adopted the theory in March, 1860.. 230.
+
+Literature, taste in, 50.
+
+Little-Go, passed, 111.
+
+_Lobelia fulgens_, not self-fertilisable, 302.
+
+London, residence in, 31-37;
+  from 1836 to 1842.. 140-149.
+
+'London Review,' review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' in the, 308.
+
+Lonsdale, W., 141.
+
+Lubbock, Sir John, letter from, to W. E. Darwin, on the funeral in
+    Westminster Abbey, 329;
+  letter to:--on beetle-collecting, 194.
+
+Lyell, Sir Charles, acquaintance with, 31;
+  character of, 33;
+  influence of, on Geology, 33;
+  geological views, 135;
+  on Darwin's theory of coral islands, 153;
+  extract of letter to, on the treatise on volcanic islands, 154;
+  attitude towards the doctrine of Evolution, 167, 260;
+  announcement of the forthcoming 'Origin of Species,' to the British
+    Association at Aberdeen in 1859.. 202;
+  letter from, criticising the 'Origin,' 206;
+  Bishop Wilberforce's remarks upon, 242, _note_;
+  inclination to accept the notion of design, 249;
+  on Darwin's views, 256;
+  on the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' 309.
+
+----, Sir Charles, letters to, 145, 148:--
+  on the second edition of the 'Journal of Researches,' 154;
+  on the receipt of Wallace's paper, 185, 186;
+  on the papers read before the Linnean Society, 191;
+  on the mode of publication of the 'Origin,' 196, 198;
+  with proof-sheets, 203;
+  on the announcement of the work of the British Association, 203;
+  on his adoption of the theory of descent, 212;
+  on objectors to the theory of descent, 218, 219;
+  on the second edition of the 'Origin,' 218, 223;
+  on the review of the 'Origin' in the 'Annals,' 227;
+  on objections, 229;
+  on the review in the 'Edinburgh Review,' and on Matthew's anticipation
+    of the theory of Natural Selection, 232;
+  on design in variation, 234;
+  on the 'Antiquity of Man,' 255, 256;
+  on the progress of opinion, 260;
+  on 'Pangenesis,' 266;
+  on Drosera, 320.
+
+Lyell, Sir Charles, 'Antiquity of Man,' 254, 255.
+
+----, 'Elements of Geology,' 145.
+
+----, 'Principles of Geology.' 168;
+  tenth edition of, 260.
+
+_Lythrum_, trimorphism of, 45.
+
+
+Macaulay, meeting with, 35.
+
+Macgillivray, William, 15.
+
+Mackintosh, Sir James, meeting with, 16.
+
+'Macmillan's Magazine,' review of the 'Origin' in, by
+    H. Fawcett, 239, _note_.
+
+_Macrauchenia_, 142.
+
+Mad-house, attempt to free a patient from a, 287, _note_.
+
+Maer, visits to, 15, 16.
+
+Malay Archipelago, Wallace's 'Zoological Geography' of the, 227.
+
+Malays, expression in the, 270.
+
+Malthus on _Population_, 40, 189.
+
+Malvern, Hydropathic treatment at, 39, 160.
+
+Mammalia, fossil from South America, 142.
+
+Man, descent of, 46;
+  objections to discussing origin of, 183;
+  brain of, and that of the gorilla, 237;
+  influence of sexual selection upon the races of, 270;
+  work on, 268.
+
+Marriage, 32, 148.
+
+Mathematics, difficulties with, 108;
+  distaste for the study of, 17.
+
+Matthew, Patrick, claim of priority in the theory of Natural
+    Selection, 232.
+
+'Medico-Chirurgical Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, by
+    W. B. Carpenter, 231.
+
+Mellersh, Admiral, reminiscences of C. Darwin, 126.
+
+Mendoza, 136.
+
+Mental peculiarities, 49-54.
+
+Microscopes, 92;
+  compound, 158.
+
+Mimicry, H. W. Bates on, 251.
+
+Minerals, collecting, 10.
+
+Miracles, 58.
+
+Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,' 275.
+
+Moor Park, Hydropathic establishment at, 41.
+
+----, water-cure at, 184.
+
+Moore, Dr. Norman, treatment by, 327.
+
+_Mormodes_, 306.
+
+Moths, white, Mr. Weir's observations on, 270.
+
+Motley, meeting with, 36.
+
+Mould, formation of, by the agency of Earthworms, paper on the, 32, 49;
+  publication of book on the, 285.
+
+'Mount,' the Shrewsbury, Charles Darwin's birthplace, 2.
+
+Müller, Fritz, embryological researches of, 43.
+
+----, 'Für Darwin,' 262;
+  'Facts and arguments for Darwin,' 262.
+
+----, Fritz, observations on branch-tendrils, 315.
+
+----, Hermann, 262;
+  on self-fertilisation of plants, 48;
+  on Sprengel's views as to cross-fertilisation, 300.
+
+Murray, John, criticisms on the Darwinian theory of coral formation, 282.
+
+Murray, John, letters to:--relating to the publication of the
+    'Origin of Species,' 199, 201, 204;
+  on the reception of the 'Origin' in the United States, 226 _note_;
+  on the third edition of the 'Origin,' 245;
+  on critiques of the 'Descent of Man,' 273;
+  on the publication of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' 297, 308;
+  on the publication of 'Climbing Plants,' 315.
+
+Music, effects of, 50;
+  fondness for, 77, 107;
+  taste for, at Cambridge, 19.
+
+_Mylodon_, 142.
+
+
+Names of garden plants, difficulty of obtaining, 308.
+
+Naples, Zoological Station, donation of £100 to the, for apparatus, 293.
+
+Nash, Mrs., reminiscences of Mr. Darwin, 87.
+
+Natural History, early taste for, 6.
+
+---- selection, 165, 190.
+
+---- belief in, founded on general considerations, 258;
+  H. C. Watson on, 168;
+  priority in the
+  theory of, claimed by Mr. Patrick Matthew, 232;
+  Sedgwick on, 216.
+
+Naturalists, list of, who had adopted the theory in March, 1860.. 230.
+
+_Naturalist's Voyage_, 170.
+
+'Nature,' review in, 315.
+
+"Nervous system of" _Drosera_, 321.
+
+Newton, Prof. A., letter to, 268.
+
+Newton's 'Law of Gravitation,' objections raised by Leibnitz to, 229.
+
+Nicknames on board the _Beagle_, 126.
+
+Nitrogenous compounds, detection of, by the leaves of _Drosera_, 320.
+
+'Nomenclator,' 322;
+  endowment by Mr. Darwin, 322;
+  plan of the, 323.
+
+Nomenclature, need of reform in, 159.
+
+_Nonconformist_, review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 273.
+
+'North British Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 235, 274.
+
+North Wales, tours through, 15;
+  tour in, 32;
+  visit to, with Sedgwick, 24;
+  visit to, in 1869.. 273.
+
+Nose, objection to shape of, 26.
+
+Novels, liking for, 50, 77.
+
+Nuptial dress of animals, 270.
+
+
+Observation, methods of, 94, 95.
+
+----, power of, 52.
+
+Old Testament, Darwinian theory contained in the, 42.
+
+Oliver, Prof., approval of the work on the 'Fertilisation of
+    Orchids,' 308.
+
+Orchids, fertilisation of, bearing of the, on the theory of Natural
+    Selection, 297;
+  fertilisation of, work on the, 245;
+  homologies of, 304;
+  study of, 303, 304;
+  pleasure of investigating, 310.
+
+_Orchis pyramidalis_, adaptation in, 303.
+
+Orders, thoughts of taking, 108.
+
+Organs, rudimentary, comparison of, with unsounded letters in words, 208.
+
+Origin of Species, first notes on the, 31;
+  investigations upon the, 39-41;
+  progress of the theory of the, 165;
+  differences in the two editions of the 'Journal' with regard to
+    the, 170;
+  extracts from note-books on the, 169;
+  first sketch of work on the, 170;
+  essay of 1844 on the, 171.
+
+'Origin of Species,' publication of the first edition of the, 41, 206;
+  success of the, 42;
+  reviews of the, in the _Athenęum_, 211, 212;
+  in 'Macmillan's Magazine,' 219;
+  in the _Times_, 221;
+  in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 224;
+  in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 227;
+  in the _Spectator_, 231;
+  in the 'Bibliothčque Universelle de Genčve,' 231;
+  in the Medico-Chirurgical Review,' 231;
+  in the 'Westminster Review,' 231;
+  in the 'Edinburgh Review,' 232, 233, 235;
+  in the 'North British Review,' 235;
+  in the _Saturday Review_, 236;
+  in the 'Quarterly Review,' 242;
+  in the 'Geologist,' 250.
+
+----, publication of the second edition of the, 223.
+
+----, third edition, commencement of work upon the, 245.
+
+----, publication of the fifth edition of the, 274, 275.
+
+----, sixth edition, publication of the, 275.
+
+----, the 'Coming of Age' of the, 294.
+
+Ouless, W., portrait of Mr. Darwin by, 292.
+
+Owen, Sir R., on the differences between the brains of man and
+    the Gorilla, 237;
+  reply to Lyell, on the difference between the human and simian
+    brains, 253;
+  claim of priority, 275.
+
+Oxford, British Association Meeting, discussion at, 236-239.
+
+
+Paley's writings, study of, 18.
+
+_Pall Mall Gazette_, review of the Variation of Animals and Plants,'
+    in the, 267.
+
+Pangenesis, 266.
+
+Papilionaceę, papers on cross-fertilisation of, 301.
+
+Parallel roads of Glen Roy, paper on the, 145.
+
+Parasitic worms, experiments on, 290.
+
+Parslow, Joseph, 150, _note_.
+
+'Parthenon,' review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the, 308.
+
+Pasteur's results upon the germs of diseases, 290.
+
+Patagonia, 29.
+
+Peacock, Rev. George, letter from, to Professor Henslow, 115.
+
+Philosophical Club, 178.
+
+---- Magazine, 25.
+
+Photograph-albums received from Germany and Holland, 293.
+
+Pictet, Professor F. J., review of the 'Origin' in the 'Bibliothčque
+    Universelle,' 231.
+
+Pictures, taste for, acquired at Cambridge, 19.
+
+Pigeons, nasal bones of, 249.
+
+Plants, climbing, 45, 313-315;
+  insectivorous, 47, 319-322;
+  power of movement in, 48, 315-319;
+  garden, difficulty of naming, 308;
+  heterostyled, polygamous, dioecious and gynodioecious, 311.
+
+Pleasurable sensations, influence of, in Natural Selection, 60.
+
+Plinian Society, 13.
+
+Poetry, taste for, 9;
+  failure of taste for, 50.
+
+Pollen, conveyance of, by the wings of butterflies and moths, 302.
+
+----, differences in the two forms of Primrose, 312.
+
+"Polly," the fox-terrier, 70.
+
+_Pontobdella_, egg-cases of, 13.
+
+Portraits, list of, 331.
+
+"Pour le Mérite," the order, 291, _note_.
+
+Pouter Pigeons, 234.
+
+Powell, Prof. Baden, his opinion on the structure of the eye, 228.
+
+'Power of Movement in Plants,' 48, 315-319;
+  publication of the, 316.
+
+Preyer, Prof. W., letter to, 265.
+
+Primrose, heterostyled flowers of the, 311;
+  differences of the pollen in the two forms of the, 312.
+
+_Primula_, dimorphism of, paper on the, 45.
+
+_Primulę_, said to have produced seed without access of insects, 53.
+
+_Proteus_, 247.
+
+Publication of the 'Origin of Species,' arrangements connected with
+    the, 196-200.
+
+Publications, account of, 38-49.
+
+_Public Opinion_, squib in, 259.
+
+
+Quarterly Journal of Science, review of the 'Expression of the
+    Emotions,' in the, 279.
+
+'Quarterly Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 242;
+  Darwin's appreciation of it, 242, _note_;
+  review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 276.
+
+
+Rabbits, asserted close interbreeding of, 53.
+
+Ramsay, Sir Andrew, 230.
+
+----, Mr., 23.
+
+Reade, T. Mellard, note to, on the earthworms, 285.
+
+Rein, Dr. J. J., account of the Bermudas, 281.
+
+Reinwald, M., French translation of the 'Origin' by, 275.
+
+Religious views, 55-65;
+  general statement of, 57-62.
+
+Reverence, development of the bump of, 17.
+
+Reversion, 201.
+
+Reviewers, 43.
+
+Rich, Anthony, letter to, on the book on 'Earthworms,' 285;
+  bequest from, 293.
+
+Richmond, W., portrait of C. Darwin by, 292.
+
+Rio de Janeiro, letter to J. S. Henslow, from, 134.
+
+Rogers, Prof. H. D., 230.
+
+Romanes, G. J., account of a sudden attack of illness, 326.
+
+----, letter to, on vivisection, 290.
+
+Roots, sensitiveness of tips of, to contact, 318.
+
+Royal Commission on Vivisection, 288.
+
+Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh, 14.
+
+---- Society, award of the Royal Medal to C. Darwin, 162;
+  award of the Copley Medal to C. Darwin, 259.
+
+Royer, Mdlle. Clémence, French translation of the 'Origin' by, 246;
+  publication of third French edition of the 'Origin,' and criticism
+    of pangenesis by, 275.
+
+Rudimentary organs, 207;
+  comparison of, with unsounded letters in words, 208.
+
+
+Sabine, Sir E., 162;
+  reference to Darwin's work in his Presidential Address to the Royal
+    Society, 260.
+
+Sachs on the establishment of the idea of sexuality in plants, 299.
+
+St. Helena, 29.
+
+St. Jago, Cape Verd Islands, 129;
+  geology of, 29.
+
+St. John's College, Cambridge, strict discipline at, 104.
+
+St. Paul's Island, visit to, 130.
+
+Salisbury Craigs, trap-dyke in, 15.
+
+"Sand walk," last visit to the, 327.
+
+San Salvador, letter to R. W. Darwin from, 128.
+
+Saporta, Marquis de, his opinion in 1863.. 261.
+
+_Saturday Review_, article in the, 235;
+  review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 273.
+
+_Scelidotherium_, 142.
+
+Scepticism, effects of, in science, 52.
+
+Science, early attention to, 10;
+  general interest in, 79.
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, 14.
+
+Sea-sickness, 127, 128.
+
+Sedgwick, Professor Adam, introduction to, 113;
+  visit to North Wales with, 24;
+  opinion of C. Darwin, 137;
+  letter from, on the 'Origin of Species,' 216;
+  review of the 'Origin' in the _Spectator_, 231;
+  attack before the 'Cambridge Philosophical Society,' 234.
+
+Seedlings, heliotropism of, 318.
+
+Seeds, experiments on the germination of, after immersion, 179, 180.
+
+Selection, natural, 165, 190;
+   influence of, 40.
+
+----, sexual, in insects, 270;
+  influence of, upon races of man, 270.
+
+Semper, Professor Karl, on coral reefs, 281.
+
+Sex in plants, establishment of the idea of, 299.
+
+Sexual selection, 270;
+  influence of, upon races of man, 270.
+
+Sexuality, origin of, 310.
+
+Shanklin, 193.
+
+Shooting, fondness for, 10, 15.
+
+Shrewsbury, schools at, 6, 8;
+  return to, 140;
+  early medical practice at, 12.
+
+_Sigillaria_, 158.
+
+Silliman's Journal, reviews in, 225, 235, 244, 314.
+
+Slavery, 137.
+
+Slaves, sympathy with, 287.
+
+Sleep-movements of plants, 316.
+
+Smith, Rev. Sydney, meeting with, 35.
+
+Snipe, first, 10.
+
+Snowdon, ascent of, 15.
+
+Son, eldest, birth of, 149;
+  observations on, 149.
+
+South America, publication of the geological observations on, 156.
+
+Species, accumulation of facts relating to, 39-41, 148;
+  checks to the increase of, 175;
+  mutability of, 176;
+  progress of the theory of the, 165;
+  differences with regard to the, in the two editions of the
+    'Journal,' 170;
+  extracts from Note-books on, 169;
+  first sketch of the, 170;
+  Essay of 1884 on the, 171.
+
+_Spectator_, review of the 'Origin' in the, 231.
+
+Spencer, Herbert, an evolutionist, 169.
+
+Sprengel, C. K., on cross-fertilisation of hermaphrodite flowers, 300.
+
+----, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur,' 44.
+
+Stanhope, Lord, 36.
+
+Sterility, in heterostyled plants, 312.
+
+Steudel's 'Nomenclator,' 322.
+
+Stokes, Admiral Lort, 126.
+
+Strickland, H. E., letter to, on nomenclature, 159.
+
+'Struggle for Existence,' 40, 189.
+
+Style, 99; defects of, 201.
+
+Suarez, T. H. Huxley's study of, 277.
+
+Subsidence, theory of, 281.
+
+Suffering, evidence from, as to the existence of God, 57, 59, 60.
+
+Sulivan, Sir B. J., letter to, 325.
+
+----, reminiscences of C. Darwin, 126.
+
+Sundew, 47, _see_ Drosera.
+
+Sydney, letter to J. S. Henslow from, 138.
+
+
+Teleology, revival of, 297.
+
+---- and morphology, reconciliation of, by Darwinism, 291, _note_.
+
+Tendrils of plants, irritability of the, 313.
+
+Teneriffe, 23;
+  desire to visit, 129;
+  projected excursion to, 114.
+
+Theological views, 236.
+
+Theology and Natural History, 229.
+
+Thistle-seeds, conveyance of, by wind, 193.
+
+Thompson, Professor D'Arcy, literature of the fertilisation of
+    flowers, 310.
+
+Thwaites, G. H. K., 230.
+
+Tierra del Fuego, 29.
+
+_Times_, review of the 'Origin' in the, 221, 222;
+  review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 273;
+  letter to, on vivisection, 290;
+  article on Mr. Darwin in the, 316.
+
+Title-page, proposed, of the 'Origin of Species,' 197.
+
+Torquay, visit to (1861), 245.
+
+_Toxodon_, 142.
+
+Translations of the 'Origin' into French, Dutch and German, 247.
+
+Transmutation of species, investigations on the, 39;
+  first note-book on the, 142.
+
+Trimorphism and dimorphism in plants, papers on, 45.
+
+Tropical forest, first sight of, 134.
+
+Turin, Royal Academy of, award of the Bressa prize by the, 293.
+
+Twining plants, 314.
+
+
+'Unfinished Book,' 180.
+
+Unitarianism, Erasmus Darwin's definition of, 201.
+
+Unorthodoxy, 197.
+
+
+Valparaiso, letter to Miss S. Darwin from, 139.
+
+_Vanilla_, 305.
+
+Variability, 201.
+
+'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' publication
+    of, 46, 265.
+
+'----,' reviews of the, in the _Pall Mall Gazette_, 267;
+  in the _Athenęum_, 268.
+
+Vegetable Kingdom, cross- and self-fertilisation in the, 47.
+
+'Vestiges of Creation,' 167.
+
+Victoria Institute, analysis of the 'Origin,' read before
+    the, 264, _note_.
+
+Vivisection, 287-291;
+  opinion of, 288;
+  commencement of agitation against, and Royal Commission on, 288;
+  legislation on, 288.
+
+Vogt, Prof. Carl, on the origin of species, 271.
+
+Volcanic islands, Geological observations on, publication of the, 152;
+  Prof. Geikie's notes on the, 152.
+
+Volcanoes and Coral-reefs, book on, 148.
+
+
+Wagner, Moritz, letter to, on the influence of isolation, 278.
+
+Wallace, A. R., first essay on variability of species, 41, 188;
+  article in the 'Quarterly Review,' April, 1869.. 260;
+  opinion of Pangenesis, 266;
+  review of the 'Expression of the Emotions,' 279.
+
+----, letters to,--on a paper by Wallace, 182;
+  on the 'Origin of Species,' 195, 209;
+  on 'Warrington's paper at the Victoria Institute,' 264, _note_;
+  on man, 268;
+  on sexual selection, 269, 270;
+  on Mr. Wright's pamphlet in answer to Mivart, 275;
+  on Mivart's remarks and an article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 276;
+  on his criticism of Mivart's 'Lessons from Nature,' 277;
+  last letter to, 326.
+
+Wallace, A. R., letter from, to Prof. A. Newton, 189.
+
+Warrington, Mr., Analysis of the 'Origin' read by, to the Victoria
+    Institute, 264, _note_.
+
+Water-cure, at Ilkley, 206;
+  at Malvern, 160;
+  Moor Park, 82, 184.
+
+Watkins, Archdeacon, 106.
+
+Watson, H. C., charge of egotism against C. Darwin, 246;
+  on Natural Selection, 168.
+
+Wedgwood, Emma, married to C. Darwin, 148.
+
+----, Josiah, character of, 16.
+
+----, Miss Julia, letter to, 62.
+
+----, Susannah, married to R. W. Darwin, 1.
+
+Weir, J., Jenner, observations on white moths, 270.
+
+Westminster Abbey, funeral in, 329.
+
+'Westminster Review,' review of the 'Origin,' in the, by
+    T. H. Huxley, 231.
+
+Whale, secondary, 218.
+
+Whewell, Dr., acquaintance with, 22.
+
+Whitley, Rev. C., 19.
+
+Wiesner, Prof. Julius, criticisms of the 'Power of Movement in
+    Plants,' 317;
+  letter to, on Movement in Plants, 317.
+
+Wilberforce, Bishop, his opinion of the 'Origin,' 227;
+  speech at Oxford against the Darwinian theory, 237;
+  review of the 'Origin' in the 'Quarterly Review,' 238.
+
+Wollaston, T. V., review of the 'Origin' in the 'Annals,' 227.
+
+'Wonders of the World,' 10.
+
+Wood, Searles V., 230.
+
+Woodhouse, shooting at, 15.
+
+Work, 69;
+  method of, 50, 91-99.
+
+----, growing necessity of, 269.
+
+Worms, formation of vegetable-mould by the action of, 32, 49, 285.
+
+Wright, Chauncey, article against Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,' 275, 276.
+
+Writing, manner of, 50, 97-99.
+
+
+Zacharias, Dr., Otto, letter to, on the theory of evolution, 166.
+
+Zoology, lectures on, in Edinburgh, 14.
+
+'Zoology of the Voyage of the _Beagle_,' arrangements for publishing
+    the, 143;
+  Government grant obtained for the, 144;
+  publication of the, 31, 32.
+
+
+
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES DARWIN: HIS LIFE IN AN
+AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER, AND IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED
+LETTERS***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 38629-8.txt or 38629-8.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/6/2/38629
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/38629-8.zip b/38629-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3fef93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629-8.zip
diff --git a/38629-h.zip b/38629-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf2a01d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629-h.zip
diff --git a/38629-h/38629-h.htm b/38629-h/38629-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0c8b8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629-h/38629-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,22439 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" />
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters, by Charles Darwin</title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+       p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+
+    p.bold {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;}
+    p.bold2 {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;}
+    bold {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;}
+
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    h1 span, h2 span { display: block; text-align: center; }
+    #id1 { font-size: smaller }
+
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    hr.smler { width: 10%; }
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; border-collapse:collapse; border: none; text-align: right;}
+
+    .pagenum  { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
+            /*  visibility: hidden;  */
+                position: absolute;
+                left: 92%;
+                font-size: smaller;
+                text-align: right;
+                text-indent: 0px;
+              } /* page numbers */
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smaller  {font-size: smaller;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+    .block    {margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 30em;}
+    .alignright {float: right;}
+    .right            {text-align: right;}
+    .left             {text-align: left;}
+    .tbrk	  {margin-bottom: 1em;}
+    .fnanchor         { font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+    /* index */
+
+    div.index ul li { padding-top: 1em ;text-align: center; }
+
+    div.index ul ul ul, div.index ul li ul li { padding: 0; text-align: left; }
+
+    div.index ul { list-style: none;  margin: 0; }
+
+    div.index ul, div.index ul ul ul li { display: inline; }
+
+    div.index .subitem { display: block; text-indent: 4em; }
+
+    hr.full { width: 100%;
+              margin-top: 3em;
+              margin-bottom: 0em;
+              margin-left: auto;
+              margin-right: auto;
+              height: 4px;
+              border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */
+              border-style: solid;
+              border-color: #000000;
+              clear: both; }
+    pre      {font-size: 85%;}
+    </style>
+</head>
+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Charles Darwin: His Life in an
+Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published
+Letters, by Charles Darwin, Edited by Sir Francis Darwin</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters</p>
+<p>Author: Charles Darwin</p>
+<p>Editor: Sir Francis Darwin</p>
+<p>Release Date: January 20, 2012  [eBook #38629]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES DARWIN: HIS LIFE IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER, AND IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED LETTERS***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by<br />
+    Charlene Taylor, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Martin Pettit,<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/frontis.jpg" width='399' height='700' alt="Ch. Darwin" /></div>
+
+<div class="block"><p><i>Elliot &amp; Fry, Photo.</i><span class="alignright"><i>Walker &amp; Cockerell, ph. sc.</i></span></p>
+
+<p class="bold">Ch. Darwin</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1><span>CHARLES DARWIN:<br /><br /><span class="smaller">HIS LIFE TOLD IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL<br />
+CHAPTER, AND IN A SELECTED SERIES<br />
+OF HIS PUBLISHED LETTERS.</span></span><br /><br /><span id="id1">EDITED BY HIS SON,</span> <span>FRANCIS DARWIN, F.R.S.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="bold">WITH A PORTRAIT.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">LONDON:<br />JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.<br />1908.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">PRINTED BY<br />WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,<br />LONDON AND BECCLES.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center">TO DR. HOLLAND, ST. MORITZ.</p>
+
+<div class="block"><p class="right"><i>13th July, 1892.</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Holland</span>,</p>
+
+<p>This book is associated in my mind with St. Moritz (where I worked at
+it), and therefore with you.</p>
+
+<p>I inscribe your name on it, not only in token of my remembrance of your
+many acts of friendship, but also as a sign of my respect for one who
+lives a difficult life well.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours gratefully,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Francis Darwin</span>.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"For myself I found that I was fitted for nothing so well as for the
+study of Truth; ... as being gifted by nature with desire to seek,
+patience to doubt, fondness to meditate, slowness to assert, readiness
+to reconsider, carefulness to dispose and set in order; and as being a
+man that neither affects what is new nor admires what is old, and that
+hates every kind of imposture. So I thought my nature had a kind of
+familiarity and relationship with Truth."&mdash;<span class="smcap">Bacon.</span> (Proem to the
+<i>Interpretatio Natur&aelig;</i>.)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>PREFACE</span> <span class="smaller">TO THE FIRST EDITION (1892).</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<p>In preparing this volume, which is practically an abbreviation of the
+<i>Life and Letters</i> (1887), my aim has been to retain as far as possible
+the personal parts of those volumes. To render this feasible, large
+numbers of the more purely scientific letters are omitted, or
+represented by the citation of a few sentences.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> In certain periods of
+my father's life the scientific and the personal elements run a parallel
+course, rising and falling together in their degree of interest. Thus
+the writing of the <i>Origin of Species</i>, and its publication, appeal
+equally to the reader who follows my father's career from interest in
+the man, and to the naturalist who desires to know something of this
+turning point in the history of Biology. This part of the story has
+therefore been told with nearly the full amount of available detail.</p>
+
+<p>In arranging my material I have followed a roughly chronological
+sequence, but the character and variety of my father's researches make a
+strictly chronological order an impossibility. It was his habit to work
+more or less simultaneously at several subjects. Experimental work was
+often carried on as a refreshment or variety, while books entailing
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span>reasoning and the marshalling of large bodies of facts were being
+written. Moreover many of his researches were dropped only to be resumed
+after years had elapsed. Thus a chronological record of his work would
+be a patchwork, from which it would be difficult to disentangle the
+history of any given subject. The Table of Contents will show how I have
+tried to avoid this result. It will be seen, for instance, that after
+Chapter VIII. a break occurs; the story turns back from 1854 to 1831 in
+order that the Evolutionary chapters which follow may tell a continuous
+story. In the same way the Botanical Work which occupied so much of my
+father's time during the latter part of his life is treated separately
+in Chapters XVI. and XVII.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to Chapter IV., in which I have attempted to give an account
+of my father's manner of working, I may be allowed to say that I acted
+as his assistant during the last eight years of his life, and had
+therefore an opportunity of knowing something of his habits and methods.</p>
+
+<p>My acknowledgments are gladly made to the publishers of the <i>Century
+Magazine</i>, who have courteously given me the use of one of their
+illustrations for the heading of Chapter IV.</p>
+
+<p class="right">FRANCIS DARWIN.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wychfield, Cambridge</span>,<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<i>August, 1892</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> I have not thought it necessary to indicate all the
+omissions in the abbreviated letters.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<h2><span>NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION.</span></h2>
+
+<p>It is pleasure to me to acknowledge the kindness of Messrs. Elliott &amp;
+Fry in allowing me to reproduce the fine photograph which appears as the
+frontispiece to the present issue.</p>
+
+<p class="right">FRANCIS DARWIN.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wychfield, Cambridge</span>,<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<i>April, 1902</i>.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</span></h2>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<table summary="CONTENTS">
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="2" class="left"><span class="smaller">CHAPTER</span></td>
+    <td><span class="smaller">PAGE</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>I.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Darwins</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>II.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Autobiography</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>III.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Religion</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>IV.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Reminiscences</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>V.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Cambridge Life&mdash;The Appointment to the <i>Beagle</i>: 1828-1831</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>VI.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Voyage: 1831-1836</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>VII.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;London and Cambridge: 1836-1842</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>VIII.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Life at Down: 1842-1854</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_150">150</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>IX.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Foundations of the <i>Origin of Species</i>: 1831-1844</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>X.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Growth of the <i>Origin of Species</i>: 1843-1858</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>XI.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Writing of the <i>Origin of Species</i>, June 1858, to November 1859</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>XII.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Publication of the <i>Origin of Species</i>, October to December 1859</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_206">206</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>XIII.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The <i>Origin of Species</i>&mdash;Reviews and Criticisms&mdash;Adhesions and Attacks: 1860</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>XIV.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Spread of Evolution: 1861-1871</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>XV.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Miscellanea&mdash;Revival of Geological Work&mdash;The Vivisection Question&mdash;Honours</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>XVI.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Fertilisation of Flowers</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>XVII.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Climbing Plants&mdash;Power of Movement in Plants&mdash;Insectivorous Plants&mdash;Kew Index of Plant Names</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_313">313</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>XVIII.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Conclusion</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="left"></td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3" class="center">APPENDICES.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3" class="left"><span class="smaller">APPENDIX</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>I.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;The Funeral in Westminster Abbey</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>II.</td>
+    <td class="left">&mdash;Portraits</td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td>
+    <td class="left"></td>
+    <td><a href="#Page_333">333</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/handwriting.jpg" width='700' height='430' alt="handwritten excerpt from Origin of Species" /></div>
+
+<div class="block"><p>[&mdash;led to comprehend two affinities. [illeg] My theory
+would give zest to recent &amp; fossil Comparative Anatomy, it would lead to
+study of instincts, heredity &amp; mind heredity, whole metaphysics &mdash; it
+would lead to closest examination of hybridity &amp; generation, causes of
+change in order to know what we have come from &amp; to what we tend &mdash; to
+what circumstances favour crossing &amp; what prevents it; this &amp; direct
+examination of direct passages of [species (crossed out)] structures in
+species, might lead to laws of change, which would then be main object
+of study, to guide our [past (crossed out)] speculations]</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="bold2">CHARLES DARWIN.</p>
+
+<hr class="smler" />
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER I.</span> <span class="smaller">THE DARWINS.</span></h2>
+
+<p>Charles Robert Darwin was the second son of Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, of
+Shrewsbury, where he was born on February 12, 1809. Dr. Darwin was a son
+of Erasmus Darwin, sometimes described as a poet, but more deservedly
+known as physician and naturalist. Charles Darwin's mother was Susannah,
+daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the well-known potter of Etruria, in
+Staffordshire.</p>
+
+<p>If such speculations are permissible, we may hazard the guess that
+Charles Darwin inherited his sweetness of disposition from the Wedgwood
+side, while the character of his genius came rather from the Darwin
+grandfather.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>Robert Waring Darwin was a man of well-marked character. He had no
+pretensions to being a man of science, no tendency to generalise his
+knowledge, and though a successful physician he was guided more by
+intuition and everyday observation than by a deep knowledge of his
+subject. His chief mental characteristics were his keen powers of
+observation, and his knowledge of men, qualities which led him to "read
+the characters and even the thoughts of those whom he saw even for a
+short time." It is not therefore surprising that his help should have
+been sought, not merely in illness, but in cases of family trouble and
+sorrow. This was largely the case, and his wise sympathy, no less than
+his medical skill, obtained for him a strong influence over the lives of
+a large number of people. He was a man of a quick, vivid temperament,
+with a lively interest in even the smaller details in the lives of those
+with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> whom he came in contact. He was fond of society, and entertained a
+good deal, and with his large practice and many friends, the life at
+Shrewsbury must have been a stirring and varied one&mdash;very different in
+this respect to the later home of his son at Down.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>We have a miniature of his wife, Susannah, with a remarkably sweet and
+happy face, bearing some resemblance to the portrait of her father
+painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds; a countenance expressive of the gentle
+and sympathetic nature which Miss Meteyard ascribes to her.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> She died
+July 15, 1817, thirty-two years before her husband, whose death occurred
+on November 13, 1848. Dr. Darwin lived before his marriage for two or
+three years on St. John's Hill, afterwards at the Crescent, where his
+eldest daughter Marianne was born, lastly at the "Mount," in the part of
+Shrewsbury known as Frankwell, where the other children were born. This
+house was built by Dr. Darwin about 1800, it is now in the possession of
+Mr. Spencer Phillips, and has undergone but little alteration. It is a
+large, plain, square, red-brick house, of which the most attractive
+feature is the pretty green-house, opening out of the morning-room.</p>
+
+<p>The house is charmingly placed, on the top of a steep bank leading down
+to the Severn. The terraced bank is traversed by a long walk, leading
+from end to end, still called "the Doctor's Walk." At one point in this
+walk grows a Spanish chestnut, the branches of which bend back parallel
+to themselves in a curious manner, and this was Charles Darwin's
+favourite tree as a boy, where he and his sister Catharine had each
+their special seat.</p>
+
+<p>The Doctor took great pleasure in his garden, planting it with
+ornamental trees and shrubs, and being especially successful with fruit
+trees; and this love of plants was, I think, the only taste kindred to
+natural history which he possessed.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Darwin had the strongest feeling of love and respect for his
+father's memory. His recollection of everything that was connected with
+him was peculiarly distinct, and he spoke of him frequently, generally
+prefacing an anecdote with some such phrase as, "My father, who was the
+wisest man I ever knew," &amp;c. It was astonishing how clearly he
+remembered his father's opinions, so that he was able to quote some
+maxim or hint of his in many cases of illness. As a rule he put small<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+faith in doctors, and thus his unlimited belief in Dr. Darwin's medical
+instinct and methods of treatment was all the more striking.</p>
+
+<p>His reverence for him was boundless, and most touching. He would have
+wished to judge everything else in the world dispassionately, but
+anything his father had said was received with almost implicit faith.
+His daughter, Mrs. Litchfield, remembers him saying that he hoped none
+of his sons would ever believe anything because he said it, unless they
+were themselves convinced of its truth&mdash;a feeling in striking contrast
+with his own manner of faith.</p>
+
+<p>A visit which Charles Darwin made to Shrewsbury in 1869 left on the mind
+of the daughter who accompanied him a strong impression of his love for
+his old home. The tenant of the Mount at the time, showed them over the
+house, and with mistaken hospitality remained with the party during the
+whole visit. As they were leaving, Charles Darwin said, with a pathetic
+look of regret, "If I could have been left alone in that green-house for
+five minutes, I know I should have been able to see my father in his
+wheel-chair as vividly as if he had been there before me."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps this incident shows what I think is the truth, that the memory
+of his father he loved the best, was that of him as an old man. Mrs.
+Litchfield has noted down a few words which illustrate well his feeling
+towards his father. She describes him as saying with the most tender
+respect, "I think my father was a little unjust to me when I was young;
+but afterwards, I am thankful to think I became a prime favourite with
+him." She has a vivid recollection of the expression of happy reverie
+that accompanied these words, as if he were reviewing the whole
+relation, and the remembrance left a deep sense of peace and gratitude.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Darwin had six children, of whom none are now living: Marianne,
+married Dr. Henry Parker; Caroline, married Josiah Wedgwood; Erasmus
+Alvey; Susan, died unmarried; Charles Robert; Catharine, married Rev.
+Charles Langton.</p>
+
+<p>The elder son, Erasmus, was born in 1804, and died unmarried at the age
+of seventy-seven.</p>
+
+<p>His name, not known to the general public, may be remembered from a few
+words of description occurring in Carlyle's <i>Reminiscences</i> (vol. ii. p.
+208). A truer and more sympathetic sketch of his character, by his
+cousin, Miss Julia Wedgwood, was published in the <i>Spectator</i>, September
+3, 1881.</p>
+
+<p>There was something pathetic in Charles Darwin's affection for his
+brother Erasmus, as if he always recollected his solitary<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> life, and the
+touching patience and sweetness of his nature. He often spoke of him as
+"Poor old Ras," or "Poor dear old Philos." I imagine Philos
+(Philosopher) was a relic of the days when they worked at chemistry in
+the tool-house at Shrewsbury&mdash;a time of which he always preserved a
+pleasant memory. Erasmus was rather more than four years older than
+Charles Darwin, so that they were not long together at Cambridge, but
+previously at Edinburgh they shared the same lodgings, and after the
+Voyage they lived for a time together in Erasmus' house in Great
+Marlborough Street. In later years Erasmus Darwin came to Down
+occasionally, or joined his brother's family in a summer holiday. But
+gradually it came about that he could not, through ill health, make up
+his mind to leave London, and thus they only saw each other when Charles
+Darwin went for a week at a time to his brother's house in Queen Anne
+Street.</p>
+
+<p>This brief sketch of the family to which Charles Darwin belonged may
+perhaps suffice to introduce the reader to the autobiographical chapter
+which follows.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> See Charles Darwin's biographical sketch of his
+grandfather, prefixed to Ernst Krause's <i>Erasmus Darwin</i>. (Translated
+from the German by W. S. Dallas, 1878.) Also Miss Meteyard's <i>Life of
+Josiah Wedgwood</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> The above passage is, by permission of Messrs. Smith &amp;
+Elder, taken from my article <i>Charles Darwin</i>, in the <i>Dictionary of
+National Biography</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>A Group of Englishmen</i>, by Miss Meteyard, 1871.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER II.</span> <span class="smaller">AUTOBIOGRAPHY.</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>[My father's autobiographical recollections, given in the present
+chapter, were written for his children,&mdash;and written without any
+thought that they would ever be published. To many this may seem an
+impossibility; but those who knew my father will understand how it
+was not only possible, but natural. The autobiography bears the
+heading, <i>Recollections of the Development of my Mind and
+Character</i>, and ends with the following note:&mdash;"Aug. 3, 1876. This
+sketch of my life was begun about May 28th at Hopedene,<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and
+since then I have written for nearly an hour on most afternoons."
+It will easily be understood that, in a narrative of a personal and
+intimate kind written for his wife and children, passages should
+occur which must here be omitted; and I have not thought it
+necessary to indicate where such omissions are made. It has been
+found necessary to make a few corrections of obvious verbal slips,
+but the number of such alterations has been kept down to the
+minimum.&mdash;F. D]</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>A German Editor having written to me for an account of the development
+of my mind and character with some sketch of my autobiography, I have
+thought that the attempt would amuse me, and might possibly interest my
+children or their children. I know that it would have interested me
+greatly to have read even so short and dull a sketch of the mind of my
+grandfather, written by himself, and what he thought and did, and how he
+worked. I have attempted to write the following account of myself, as if
+I were a dead man in another world looking back at my own life. Nor have
+I found this difficult, for life is nearly over with me. I have taken no
+pains about my style of writing.</p>
+
+<p>I was born at Shrewsbury on February 12th, 1809, and my earliest
+recollection goes back only to when I was a few months over four years
+old, when we went to near Abergele for sea-bathing, and I recollect some
+events and places there with some little distinctness.</p>
+
+<p>My mother died in July 1817, when I was a little over eight years old,
+and it is odd that I can remember hardly anything about her except her
+deathbed, her black velvet gown, and her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> curiously constructed
+work-table. In the spring of this same year I was sent to a day-school
+in Shrewsbury, where I stayed a year. I have been told that I was much
+slower in learning than my younger sister Catherine, and I believe that
+I was in many ways a naughty boy.</p>
+
+<p>By the time I went to this day-school<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> my taste for natural history,
+and more especially for collecting, was well developed. I tried to make
+out the names of plants, and collected all sorts of things, shells,
+seals, franks, coins, and minerals. The passion for collecting which
+leads a man to be a systematic naturalist, a virtuoso, or a miser, was
+very strong in me, and was clearly innate, as none of my sisters or
+brother ever had this taste.</p>
+
+<p>One little event during this year has fixed itself very firmly in my
+mind, and I hope that it has done so from my conscience having been
+afterwards sorely troubled by it; it is curious as showing that
+apparently I was interested at this early age in the variability of
+plants! I told another little boy (I believe it was Leighton,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> who
+afterwards became a well-known lichenologist and botanist), that I could
+produce variously coloured polyanthuses and primroses by watering them
+with certain coloured fluids, which was of course a monstrous fable, and
+had never been tried by me. I may here also confess that as a little boy
+I was much given to inventing deliberate falsehoods, and this was always
+done for the sake of causing excitement. For instance, I once gathered
+much valuable fruit from my father's trees and hid it in the shrubbery,
+and then ran in breathless haste to spread the news that I had
+discovered a hoard of stolen fruit.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p>I must have been a very simple little fellow when I first went to the
+school. A boy of the name of Garnett took me<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> into a cake shop one day,
+and bought some cakes for which he did not pay, as the shopman trusted
+him. When we came out I asked him why he did not pay for them, and he
+instantly answered, "Why, do you not know that my uncle left a great sum
+of money to the town on condition that every tradesman should give
+whatever was wanted without payment to any one who wore his old hat and
+moved [it] in a particular manner?" and he then showed me how it was
+moved. He then went into another shop where he was trusted, and asked
+for some small article, moving his hat in the proper manner, and of
+course obtained it without payment. When we came out he said, "Now if
+you like to go by yourself into that cake-shop (how well I remember its
+exact position), I will lend you my hat, and you can get whatever you
+like if you move the hat on your head properly." I gladly accepted the
+generous offer, and went in and asked for some cakes, moved the old hat,
+and was walking out of the shop, when the shopman made a rush at me, so
+I dropped the cakes and ran for dear life, and was astonished by being
+greeted with shouts of laughter by my false friend Garnett.</p>
+
+<p>I can say in my own favour that I was as a boy humane, but I owed this
+entirely to the instruction and example of my sisters. I doubt indeed
+whether humanity is a natural or innate quality. I was very fond of
+collecting eggs, but I never took more than a single egg out of a bird's
+nest, except on one single occasion, when I took all, not for their
+value, but from a sort of bravado.</p>
+
+<p>I had a strong taste for angling, and would sit for any number of hours
+on the bank of a river or pond watching the float; when at Maer<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> I was
+told that I could kill the worms with salt and water, and from that day
+I never spitted a living worm, though at the expense probably of some
+loss of success.</p>
+
+<p>Once as a very little boy whilst at the day school, or before that time,
+I acted cruelly, for I beat a puppy, I believe, simply from enjoying the
+sense of power; but the beating could not have been severe, for the
+puppy did not howl, of which I feel sure as the spot was near the house.
+This act lay heavily on my conscience, as is shown by my remembering the
+exact spot where the crime was committed. It probably lay all the
+heavier from my love of dogs being then, and for a long time afterwards,
+a passion. Dogs seemed to know this, for I was an adept in robbing their
+love from their masters.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p><p>I remember clearly only one other incident during this year whilst at
+Mr. Case's daily school,&mdash;namely, the burial of a dragoon soldier; and
+it is surprising how clearly I can still see the horse with the man's
+empty boots and carbine suspended to the saddle, and the firing over the
+grave. This scene deeply stirred whatever poetic fancy there was in
+me.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1818 I went to Dr. Butler's great school in Shrewsbury,
+and remained there for seven years till Midsummer 1825, when I was
+sixteen years old. I boarded at this school, so that I had the great
+advantage of living the life of a true schoolboy; but as the distance
+was hardly more than a mile to my home, I very often ran there in the
+longer intervals between the callings over and before locking up at
+night. This, I think, was in many ways advantageous to me by keeping up
+home affections and interests. I remember in the early part of my school
+life that I often had to run very quickly to be in time, and from being
+a fleet runner was generally successful; but when in doubt I prayed
+earnestly to God to help me, and I well remember that I attributed my
+success to the prayers and not to my quick running, and marvelled how
+generally I was aided.</p>
+
+<p>I have heard my father and elder sister say that I had, as a very young
+boy, a strong taste for long solitary walks; but what I thought about I
+know not. I often became quite absorbed, and once, whilst returning to
+school on the summit of the old fortifications round Shrewsbury, which
+had been converted into a public foot-path with no parapet on one side,
+I walked off and fell to the ground, but the height was only seven or
+eight feet. Nevertheless, the number of thoughts which passed through my
+mind during this very short, but sudden and wholly unexpected fall, was
+astonishing, and seem hardly compatible with what physiologists have, I
+believe, proved about each thought requiring quite an appreciable amount
+of time.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind than Dr.
+Butler's school, as it was strictly classical, nothing else being
+taught, except a little ancient geography and history. The school as a
+means of education to me was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> simply a blank. During my whole life I
+have been singularly incapable of mastering any language. Especial
+attention was paid to verse-making, and this I could never do well. I
+had many friends, and got together a good collection of old verses,
+which by patching together, sometimes aided by other boys, I could work
+into any subject. Much attention was paid to learning by heart the
+lessons of the previous day; this I could effect with great facility,
+learning forty or fifty lines of Virgil or Homer, whilst I was in
+morning chapel; but this exercise was utterly useless, for every verse
+was forgotten in forty-eight hours. I was not idle, and with the
+exception of versification, generally worked conscientiously at my
+classics, not using cribs. The sole pleasure I ever received from such
+studies, was from some of the odes of Horace, which I admired greatly.</p>
+
+<p>When I left the school I was for my age neither high nor low in it; and
+I believe that I was considered by all my masters and by my father as a
+very ordinary boy, rather below the common standard in intellect. To my
+deep mortification my father once said to me, "You care for nothing but
+shooting, dogs, and rat-catching, and you will be a disgrace to yourself
+and all your family." But my father, who was the kindest man I ever
+knew, and whose memory I love with all my heart, must have been angry
+and somewhat unjust when he used such words.</p>
+
+<p>Looking back as well as I can at my character during my school life, the
+only qualities which at this period promised well for the future, were,
+that I had strong and diversified tastes, much zeal for whatever
+interested me, and a keen pleasure in understanding any complex subject
+or thing. I was taught Euclid by a private tutor, and I distinctly
+remember the intense satisfaction which the clear geometrical proofs
+gave me. I remember with equal distinctness the delight which my uncle
+(the father of Francis Galton) gave me by explaining the principle of
+the vernier of a barometer. With respect to diversified tastes,
+independently of science, I was fond of reading various books, and I
+used to sit for hours reading the historical plays of Shakespeare,
+generally in an old window in the thick walls of the school. I read also
+other poetry, such as Thomson's <i>Seasons</i>, and the recently published
+poems of Byron and Scott. I mention this because later in life I wholly
+lost, to my great regret, all pleasure from poetry of any kind,
+including Shakespeare. In connection with pleasure from poetry, I may
+add that in 1822 a vivid delight in scenery was first awakened in my
+mind, during a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> riding tour on the borders of Wales, and this has lasted
+longer than any other &aelig;sthetic pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Early in my school-days a boy had a copy of the <i>Wonders of the World</i>,
+which I often read, and disputed with other boys about the veracity of
+some of the statements; and I believe that this book first gave me a
+wish to travel in remote countries, which was ultimately fulfilled by
+the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>. In the latter part of my school life I
+became passionately fond of shooting; I do not believe that any one
+could have shown more zeal for the most holy cause than I did for
+shooting birds. How well I remember killing my first snipe, and my
+excitement was so great that I had much difficulty in reloading my gun
+from the trembling of my hands. This taste long continued, and I became
+a very good shot. When at Cambridge I used to practice throwing up my
+gun to my shoulder before a looking glass to see that I threw it up
+straight. Another and better plan was to get a friend to wave about a
+lighted candle, and then to fire at it with a cap on the nipple, and if
+the aim was accurate the little puff of air would blow out the candle.
+The explosion of the cap caused a sharp crack, and I was told that the
+tutor of the college remarked, "What an extraordinary thing it is, Mr.
+Darwin seems to spend hours in cracking a horse-whip in his room, for I
+often hear the crack when I pass under his windows."</p>
+
+<p>I had many friends amongst the schoolboys, whom I loved dearly, and I
+think that my disposition was then very affectionate.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to science, I continued collecting minerals with much zeal,
+but quite unscientifically&mdash;all that I cared about was a new-named
+mineral, and I hardly attempted to classify them. I must have observed
+insects with some little care, for when ten years old (1819) I went for
+three weeks to Plas Edwards on the sea-coast in Wales, I was very much
+interested and surprised at seeing a large black and scarlet Hemipterous
+insect, many moths (Zyg&oelig;na), and a Cicindela, which are not found in
+Shropshire. I almost made up my mind to begin collecting all the insects
+which I could find dead, for on consulting my sister, I concluded that
+it was not right to kill insects for the sake of making a collection.
+From reading White's <i>Selborne</i>, I took much pleasure in watching the
+habits of birds, and even made notes on the subject. In my simplicity, I
+remember wondering why every gentleman did not become an ornithologist.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of my school life, my brother worked hard at
+chemistry, and made a fair laboratory with proper apparatus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> in the
+tool-house in the garden, and I was allowed to aid him as a servant in
+most of his experiments. He made all the gases and many compounds, and I
+read with care several books on chemistry, such as Henry and Parkes'
+<i>Chemical Catechism</i>. The subject interested me greatly, and we often
+used to go on working till rather late at night. This was the best part
+of my education at school, for it showed me practically the meaning of
+experimental science. The fact that we worked at chemistry somehow got
+known at school, and as it was an unprecedented fact, I was nicknamed
+"Gas." I was also once publicly rebuked by the head-master, Dr. Butler,
+for thus wasting my time on such useless subjects; and he called me very
+unjustly a "poco curante," and as I did not understand what he meant, it
+seemed to me a fearful reproach.</p>
+
+<p>As I was doing no good at school, my father wisely took me away at a
+rather earlier age than usual, and sent me (October 1825) to
+Edinburgh<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> University with my brother, where I stayed for two years
+or sessions. My brother was completing his medical studies, though I do
+not believe he ever really intended to practise, and I was sent there to
+commence them. But soon after this period I became convinced from
+various small circumstances that my father would leave me property
+enough to subsist on with some comfort, though I never imagined that I
+should be so rich a man as I am; but my belief was sufficient to check
+any strenuous effort to learn medicine.</p>
+
+<p>The instruction at Edinburgh was altogether by lectures, and these were
+intolerably dull, with the exception of those on chemistry by Hope; but
+to my mind there are no advantages and many disadvantages in lectures
+compared with reading. Dr. Duncan's lectures on Materia Medica at 8
+o'clock on a winter's morning are something fearful to remember. Dr.
+Munro made his lectures on human anatomy as dull as he was himself, and
+the subject disgusted me. It has proved one of the greatest evils in my
+life that I was not urged to practise dissection, for I should soon have
+got over my disgust, and the practice would have been invaluable for all
+my future work. This has been an irremediable evil, as well as my
+incapacity to draw. I also attended regularly the clinical wards in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+hospital. Some of the cases distressed me a good deal, and I still have
+vivid pictures before me of some of them; but I was not so foolish as to
+allow this to lessen my attendance. I cannot understand why this part of
+my medical course did not interest me in a greater degree; for during
+the summer before coming to Edinburgh, I began attending some of the
+poor people, chiefly children and women in Shrewsbury: I wrote down as
+full an account as I could of the case with all the symptoms, and read
+them aloud to my father, who suggested further inquiries and advised me
+what medicines to give, which I made up myself. At one time I had at
+least a dozen patients, and I felt a keen interest in the work.<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> My
+father, who was by far the best judge of character whom I ever knew,
+declared that I should make a successful physician,&mdash;meaning by this,
+one who would get many patients. He maintained that the chief element of
+success was exciting confidence; but what he saw in me which convinced
+him that I should create confidence I know not. I also attended on two
+occasions the operating theatre in the hospital at Edinburgh, and saw
+two very bad operations, one on a child, but I rushed away before they
+were completed. Nor did I ever attend again, for hardly any inducement
+would have been strong enough to make me do so; this being long before
+the blessed days of chloroform. The two cases fairly haunted me for many
+a long year.</p>
+
+<p>My brother stayed only one year at the University, so that during the
+second year I was left to my own resources; and this was an advantage,
+for I became well acquainted with several young men fond of natural
+science. One of these was Ainsworth, who afterwards published his
+travels in Assyria; he was a Wernerian geologist, and knew a little
+about many subjects. Dr. Coldstream<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> was a very different young man,
+prim, formal, highly religious, and most kind-hearted; he afterwards
+published some good zoological articles. A third young man was Hardie,
+who would, I think, have made a good botanist, but died early in India.
+Lastly, Dr. Grant, my senior by several years, but how I became
+acquainted with him I cannot remember; he published some first-rate
+zoological papers, but after coming to London as Professor in University
+College, he did nothing more in science, a fact which has always been
+inexplicable to me. I knew him well; he was dry and formal in manner,
+with much enthusiasm beneath this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> outer crust. He one day, when we were
+walking together, burst forth in high admiration of Lamarck and his
+views on evolution. I listened in silent astonishment, and as far as I
+can judge, without any effect on my mind. I had previously read the
+<i>Zoonomia</i> of my grandfather, in which similar views are maintained, but
+without producing any effect on me. Nevertheless it is probable that the
+hearing rather early in life such views maintained and praised may have
+favoured my upholding them under a different form in my <i>Origin of
+Species</i>. At this time I admired greatly the <i>Zoonomia</i>; but on reading
+it a second time after an interval of ten or fifteen years, I was much
+disappointed; the proportion of speculation being so large to the facts
+given.</p>
+
+<p>Drs. Grant and Coldstream attended much to marine Zoology, and I often
+accompanied the former to collect animals in the tidal pools, which I
+dissected as well as I could. I also became friends with some of the
+Newhaven fishermen, and sometimes accompanied them when they trawled for
+oysters, and thus got many specimens. But from not having had any
+regular practice in dissection, and from possessing only a wretched
+microscope, my attempts were very poor. Nevertheless I made one
+interesting little discovery, and read, about the beginning of the year
+1826, a short paper on the subject before the Plinian Society. This was
+that the so-called ova of Flustra had the power of independent movement
+by means of cilia, and were in fact larv&aelig;. In another short paper, I
+showed that the little globular bodies which had been supposed to be the
+young state of <i>Fucus loreus</i> were the egg-cases of the worm-like
+<i>Pontobdella muricata</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The Plinian Society<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> was encouraged and, I believe, founded by
+Professor Jameson: it consisted of students, and met in an underground
+room in the University for the sake of reading papers on natural science
+and discussing them. I used regularly to attend, and the meetings had a
+good effect on me in stimulating my zeal and giving me new congenial
+acquaintances. One evening a poor young man got up, and after stammering
+for a prodigious length of time, blushing crimson, he at last slowly got
+out the words, "Mr. President, I have forgotten what I was going to
+say." The poor fellow looked quite overwhelmed, and all the members were
+so surprised that no one could think of a word to say to cover his
+confusion. The papers which were read to our little society were not
+printed, so that I had not the satisfaction of seeing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> my paper in
+print; but I believe Dr. Grant noticed my small discovery in his
+excellent memoir on Flustra.</p>
+
+<p>I was also a member of the Royal Medical Society, and attended pretty
+regularly; but as the subjects were exclusively medical, I did not much
+care about them. Much rubbish was talked there, but there were some good
+speakers, of whom the best was the [late] Sir J. Kay-Shuttleworth. Dr.
+Grant took me occasionally to the meetings of the Wernerian Society,
+where various papers on natural history were read, discussed, and
+afterwards published in the Transactions. I heard Audubon deliver there
+some interesting discourses on the habits of N. American birds, sneering
+somewhat unjustly at Waterton. By the way, a negro lived in Edinburgh,
+who had travelled with Waterton, and gained his livelihood by stuffing
+birds, which he did excellently: he gave me lessons for payment, and I
+used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent
+man.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Leonard Horner also took me once to a meeting of the Royal Society
+of Edinburgh, where I saw Sir Walter Scott in the chair as President,
+and he apologised to the meeting as not feeling fitted for such a
+position. I looked at him and at the whole scene with some awe and
+reverence, and I think it was owing to this visit during my youth, and
+to my having attended the Royal Medical Society, that I felt the honour
+of being elected a few years ago an honorary member of both these
+Societies, more than any other similar honour. If I had been told at
+that time that I should one day have been thus honoured, I declare that
+I should have thought it as ridiculous and improbable, as if I had been
+told that I should be elected King of England.</p>
+
+<p>During my second year at Edinburgh I attended Jameson's lectures on
+Geology and Zoology, but they were incredibly dull. The sole effect they
+produced on me was the determination never as long as I lived to read a
+book on Geology, or in any way to study the science. Yet I feel sure
+that I was prepared for a philosophical treatment of the subject; for an
+old Mr. Cotton, in Shropshire, who knew a good deal about rocks, had
+pointed out to me two or three years previously a well-known large
+erratic boulder in the town of Shrewsbury, called the "bell-stone;" he
+told me that there was no rock of the same kind nearer than Cumberland
+or Scotland, and he solemnly assured me that the world would come to an
+end before any one would be able to explain how this stone came where it
+now lay. This produced a deep impression on me, and I meditated over
+this wonderful stone. So that I felt the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> keenest delight when I first
+read of the action of icebergs in transporting boulders, and I gloried
+in the progress of Geology. Equally striking is the fact that I, though
+now only sixty-seven years old, heard the Professor, in a field lecture
+at Salisbury Craigs, discoursing on a trap-dyke, with amygdaloidal
+margins and the strata indurated on each side, with volcanic rocks all
+around us, say that it was a fissure filled with sediment from above,
+adding with a sneer that there were men who maintained that it had been
+injected from beneath in a molten condition. When I think of this
+lecture, I do not wonder that I determined never to attend to Geology.</p>
+
+<p>From attending Jameson's lectures, I became acquainted with the curator
+of the museum, Mr. Macgillivray, who afterwards published a large and
+excellent book on the birds of Scotland. I had much interesting
+natural-history talk with him, and he was very kind to me. He gave me
+some rare shells, for I at that time collected marine mollusca, but with
+no great zeal.</p>
+
+<p>My summer vacations during these two years were wholly given up to
+amusements, though I always had some book in hand, which I read with
+interest. During the summer of 1826, I took a long walking tour with two
+friends with knapsacks on our backs through North Wales. We walked
+thirty miles most days, including one day the ascent of Snowdon. I also
+went with my sister a riding tour in North Wales, a servant with
+saddle-bags carrying our clothes. The autumns were devoted to shooting,
+chiefly at Mr. Owen's, at Woodhouse, and at my Uncle Jos's,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> at Maer.
+My zeal was so great that I used to place my shooting-boots open by my
+bed-side when I went to bed, so as not to lose half a minute in putting
+them on in the morning; and on one occasion I reached a distant part of
+the Maer estate, on the 20th of August for black-game shooting, before I
+could see: I then toiled on with the gamekeeper the whole day through
+thick heath and young Scotch firs.</p>
+
+<p>I kept an exact record of every bird which I shot throughout the whole
+season. One day when shooting at Woodhouse with Captain Owen, the eldest
+son, and Major Hill, his cousin, afterwards Lord Berwick, both of whom I
+liked very much, I thought myself shamefully used, for every time after
+I had fired and thought that I had killed a bird, one of the two acted
+as if loading his gun, and cried out, "You must not count that bird, for
+I fired at the same time," and the gamekeeper, perceiving the joke,
+backed them up. After some hours they told me the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> joke, but it was no
+joke to me, for I had shot a large number of birds, but did not know how
+many, and could not add them to my list, which I used to do by making a
+knot in a piece of string tied to a button-hole. This my wicked friends
+had perceived.</p>
+
+<p>How I did enjoy shooting! but I think that I must have been
+half-consciously ashamed of my zeal, for I tried to persuade myself that
+shooting was almost an intellectual employment; it required so much
+skill to judge where to find most game and to hunt the dogs well.</p>
+
+<p>One of my autumnal visits to Maer in 1827 was memorable from meeting
+there Sir J. Mackintosh, who was the best converser I ever listened to.
+I heard afterwards with a glow of pride that he had said, "There is
+something in that young man that interests me." This must have been
+chiefly due to his perceiving that I listened with much interest to
+everything which he said, for I was as ignorant as a pig about his
+subjects of history, politics, and moral philosophy. To hear of praise
+from an eminent person, though no doubt apt or certain to excite vanity,
+is, I think, good for a young man, as it helps to keep him in the right
+course.</p>
+
+<p>My visits to Maer during these two or three succeeding years were quite
+delightful, independently of the autumnal shooting. Life there was
+perfectly free; the country was very pleasant for walking or riding; and
+in the evening there was much very agreeable conversation, not so
+personal as it generally is in large family parties, together with
+music. In the summer the whole family used often to sit on the steps of
+the old portico with the flower-garden in front, and with the steep
+wooded bank opposite the house reflected in the lake, with here and
+there a fish rising or a water-bird paddling about. Nothing has left a
+more vivid picture on my mind than these evenings at Maer. I was also
+attached to and greatly revered my Uncle Jos; he was silent and
+reserved, so as to be a rather awful man; but he sometimes talked openly
+with me. He was the very type of an upright man, with the clearest
+judgment. I do not believe that any power on earth could have made him
+swerve an inch from what he considered the right course. I used to apply
+to him in my mind the well-known ode of Horace, now forgotten by me, in
+which the words "nec vultus tyranni, &amp;c.,"<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> come in.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p><p><i>Cambridge</i>, 1828-1831.&mdash;After having spent two sessions in Edinburgh,
+my father perceived, or he heard from my sisters, that I did not like
+the thought of being a physician, so he proposed that I should become a
+clergyman. He was very properly vehement against my turning into an idle
+sporting man, which then seemed my probable destination. I asked for
+some time to consider, as from what little I had heard or thought on the
+subject I had scruples about declaring my belief in all the dogmas of
+the Church of England; though otherwise I liked the thought of being a
+country clergyman. Accordingly I read with great care <i>Pearson on the
+Creed</i>, and a few other books on divinity; and as I did not then in the
+least doubt the strict and literal truth of every word in the Bible, I
+soon persuaded myself that our Creed must be fully accepted.</p>
+
+<p>Considering how fiercely I have been attacked by the orthodox, it seems
+ludicrous that I once intended to be a clergyman. Nor was this intention
+and my father's wish ever formally given up, but died a natural death
+when, on leaving Cambridge, I joined the <i>Beagle</i> as naturalist. If the
+phrenologists are to be trusted, I was well fitted in one respect to be
+a clergyman. A few years ago the secretaries of a German psychological
+society asked me earnestly by letter for a photograph of myself; and
+some time afterwards I received the proceedings of one of the meetings,
+in which it seemed that the shape of my head had been the subject of a
+public discussion, and one of the speakers declared that I had the bump
+of reverence developed enough for ten priests.</p>
+
+<p>As it was decided that I should be a clergyman, it was necessary that I
+should go to one of the English universities and take a degree; but as I
+had never opened a classical book since leaving school, I found to my
+dismay, that in the two intervening years, I had actually forgotten,
+incredible as it may appear, almost everything which I had learnt, even
+to some few of the Greek letters. I did not therefore proceed to
+Cambridge at the usual time in October, but worked with a private tutor
+in Shrewsbury, and went to Cambridge after the Christmas vacation, early
+in 1828. I soon recovered my school standard of knowledge, and could
+translate easy Greek books, such as Homer and the Greek Testament, with
+moderate facility.</p>
+
+<p>During the three years which I spent at Cambridge my time was wasted, as
+far as the academical studies were concerned, as completely as at
+Edinburgh and at school. I attempted mathematics, and even went during
+the summer of 1828 with a private tutor to Barmouth, but I got on very
+slowly. The work was repugnant to me, chiefly from my not being able to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+see any meaning in the early steps in algebra. This impatience was very
+foolish, and in after years I have deeply regretted that I did not
+proceed far enough at least to understand something of the great leading
+principles of mathematics, for men thus endowed seem to have an extra
+sense. But I do not believe that I should ever have succeeded beyond a
+very low grade. With respect to Classics I did nothing except attend a
+few compulsory college lectures, and the attendance was almost nominal.
+In my second year I had to work for a month or two to pass the
+Little-Go, which I did easily. Again, in my last year I worked with some
+earnestness for my final degree of B.A., and brushed up my Classics,
+together with a little Algebra and Euclid, which latter gave me much
+pleasure, as it did at school. In order to pass the B.A. examination, it
+was also necessary to get up Paley's <i>Evidences of Christianity</i>, and
+his <i>Moral Philosophy</i>. This was done in a thorough manner, and I am
+convinced that I could have written out the whole of the <i>Evidences</i>
+with perfect correctness, but not of course in the clear language of
+Paley. The logic of this book and, as I may add, of his <i>Natural
+Theology</i>, gave me as much delight as did Euclid. The careful study of
+these works, without attempting to learn any part by rote, was the only
+part of the academical course which, as I then felt, and as I still
+believe, was of the least use to me in the education of my mind. I did
+not at that time trouble myself about Paley's premises; and taking these
+on trust, I was charmed and convinced by the long line of argumentation.
+By answering well the examination questions in Paley, by doing Euclid
+well, and by not failing miserably in Classics, I gained a good place
+among the &#959;&#953; &#960;&#959;&#955;&#955;&#959;&#7985; [Greek: oi polloi] or crowd of men who do not go in for
+honours. Oddly enough, I cannot remember how high I stood, and my memory
+fluctuates between the fifth, tenth, or twelfth, name on the list.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p>
+
+<p>Public lectures on several branches were given in the University,
+attendance being quite voluntary; but I was so sickened with lectures at
+Edinburgh that I did not even attend Sedgwick's eloquent and interesting
+lectures. Had I done so I should probably have become a geologist
+earlier than I did. I attended, however, Henslow's lectures on Botany,
+and liked them much for their extreme clearness, and the admirable
+illustrations; but I did not study botany. Henslow used to take his
+pupils, including several of the older members of the University, field,
+excursions, on foot or in coaches, to distant places, or in a barge down
+the river, and lectured on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> rarer plants and animals which were
+observed. These excursions were delightful.</p>
+
+<p>Although, as we shall presently see, there were some redeeming features
+in my life at Cambridge, my time was sadly wasted there, and worse than
+wasted. From my passion for shooting and for hunting, and, when this
+failed, for riding across country, I got into a sporting set, including
+some dissipated low-minded young men. We used often to dine together in
+the evening, though these dinners often included men of a higher stamp,
+and we sometimes drank too much, with jolly singing and playing at cards
+afterwards. I know that I ought to feel ashamed of days and evenings
+thus spent, but as some of my friends were very pleasant, and we were
+all in the highest spirits, I cannot help looking back to these times
+with much pleasure.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<p>But I am glad to think that I had many other friends of a widely
+different nature. I was very intimate with Whitley,<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> who was
+afterwards Senior Wrangler, and we used continually to take long walks
+together. He inoculated me with a taste for pictures and good
+engravings, of which I bought some. I frequently went to the Fitzwilliam
+Gallery, and my taste must have been fairly good, for I certainly
+admired the best pictures, which I discussed with the old curator. I
+read also with much interest Sir Joshua Reynolds' book. This taste,
+though not natural to me, lasted for several years, and many of the
+pictures in the National Gallery in London gave me much pleasure; that
+of Sebastian del Piombo exciting in me a sense of sublimity.</p>
+
+<p>I also got into a musical set, I believe by means of my warm-hearted
+friend, Herbert,<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> who took a high wrangler's degree. From associating
+with these men, and hearing them play, I acquired a strong taste for
+music, and used very often to time my walks so as to hear on week days
+the anthem in King's College Chapel. This gave me intense pleasure, so
+that my backbone would sometimes shiver. I am sure that there was no
+affectation or mere imitation in this taste, for I used generally to go
+by myself to King's College, and I sometimes hired the chorister boys to
+sing in my rooms. Nevertheless I am so utterly destitute of an ear, that
+I cannot perceive a discord, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> keep time and hum a tune correctly; and
+it is a mystery how I could possibly have derived pleasure from music.</p>
+
+<p>My musical friends soon perceived my state, and sometimes amused
+themselves by making me pass an examination, which consisted in
+ascertaining how many tunes I could recognise, when they were played
+rather more quickly or slowly than usual. 'God save the King,' when thus
+played, was a sore puzzle. There was another man with almost as bad an
+ear as I had, and strange to say he played a little on the flute. Once I
+had the triumph of beating him in one of our musical examinations.</p>
+
+<p>But no pursuit at Cambridge was followed with nearly so much eagerness
+or gave me so much pleasure as collecting beetles. It was the mere
+passion for collecting, for I did not dissect them, and rarely compared
+their external characters with published descriptions, but got them
+named anyhow. I will give a proof of my zeal: one day, on tearing off
+some old bark, I saw two rare beetles, and seized one in each hand; then
+I saw a third and new kind, which I could not bear to lose, so that I
+popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth. Alas! it
+ejected some intensely acrid fluid, which burnt my tongue so that I was
+forced to spit the beetle out, which was lost, as was the third one.</p>
+
+<p>I was very successful in collecting, and invented two new methods; I
+employed a labourer to scrape, during the winter, moss off old trees and
+place it in a large bag, and likewise to collect the rubbish at the
+bottom of the barges in which reeds are brought from the fens, and thus
+I got some very rare species. No poet ever felt more delighted at seeing
+his first poem published than I did at seeing, in Stephens'
+<i>Illustrations of British Insects</i>, the magic words, "captured by C.
+Darwin, Esq." I was introduced to entomology by my second cousin, W.
+Darwin Fox, a clever and most pleasant man, who was then at Christ's
+College, and with whom I became extremely intimate. Afterwards I became
+well acquainted, and went out collecting, with Albert Way of Trinity,
+who in after years became a well-known archaeologist; also with H.
+Thompson,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> of the same College, afterwards a leading agriculturist,
+chairman of a great railway, and Member of Parliament. It seems,
+therefore, that a taste for collecting beetles is some indication of
+future success in life!</p>
+
+<p>I am surprised what an indelible impression many of the beetles which I
+caught at Cambridge have left on my mind. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> can remember the exact
+appearance of certain posts, old trees and banks where I made a good
+capture. The pretty <i>Panag&aelig;us crux-major</i> was a treasure in those days,
+and here at Down I saw a beetle running across a walk, and on picking it
+up instantly perceived that it differed slightly from <i>P. crux-major</i>,
+and it turned out to be <i>P. quadripunctatus</i>, which is only a variety or
+closely allied species, differing from it very slightly in outline. I
+had never seen in those old days Licinus alive, which to an uneducated
+eye hardly differs from many of the black Carabidous beetles; but my
+sons found here a specimen, and I instantly recognised that it was new
+to me; yet I had not looked at a British beetle for the last twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>I have not yet mentioned a circumstance which influenced my whole career
+more than any other. This was my friendship with Professor Henslow.
+Before coming up to Cambridge, I had heard of him from my brother as a
+man who knew every branch of science, and I was accordingly prepared to
+reverence him. He kept open house once every week<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> when all
+under-graduates and some older members of the University, who were
+attached to science, used to meet in the evening. I soon got, through
+Fox, an invitation, and went there regularly. Before long I became well
+acquainted with Henslow, and during the latter half of my time at
+Cambridge took long walks with him on most days; so that I was called by
+some of the dons "the man who walks with Henslow;" and in the evening I
+was very often asked to join his family dinner. His knowledge was great
+in botany, entomology, chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. His strongest
+taste was to draw conclusions from long-continued minute observations.
+His judgment was excellent, and his whole mind well-balanced; but I do
+not suppose that any one would say that he possessed much original genius.</p>
+
+<p>He was deeply religious, and so orthodox, that he told me one day he
+should be grieved if a single word of the Thirty-nine Articles were
+altered. His moral qualities were in every way admirable. He was free
+from every tinge of vanity or other petty feeling; and I never saw a man
+who thought so little about himself or his own concerns. His temper was
+imperturbably good, with the most winning and courteous manners; yet, as
+I have seen, he could be roused by any bad action to the warmest
+indignation and prompt action.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p><p>I once saw in his company in the streets of Cambridge almost as horrid
+a scene as could have been witnessed during the French Revolution. Two
+body-snatchers had been arrested, and whilst being taken to prison had
+been torn from the constable by a crowd of the roughest men, who dragged
+them by their legs along the muddy and stony road. They were covered
+from head to foot with mud, and their faces were bleeding either from
+having been kicked or from the stones; they looked like corpses, but the
+crowd was so dense that I got only a few momentary glimpses of the
+wretched creatures. Never in my life have I seen such wrath painted on a
+man's face as was shown by Henslow at this horrid scene. He tried
+repeatedly to penetrate the mob; but it was simply impossible. He then
+rushed away to the mayor, telling me not to follow him, but to get more
+policemen. I forget the issue, except that the two men were got into the
+prison without being killed.</p>
+
+<p>Henslow's benevolence was unbounded, as he proved by his many excellent
+schemes for his poor parishioners, when in after years he held the
+living of Hitcham. My intimacy with such a man ought to have been, and I
+hope was, an inestimable benefit. I cannot resist mentioning a trifling
+incident, which showed his kind consideration. Whilst examining some
+pollen-grains on a damp surface, I saw the tubes exserted, and instantly
+rushed off to communicate my surprising discovery to him. Now I do not
+suppose any other professor of botany could have helped laughing at my
+coming in such a hurry to make such a communication. But he agreed how
+interesting the phenomenon was, and explained its meaning, but made me
+clearly understand how well it was known; so I left him not in the least
+mortified, but well pleased at having discovered for myself so
+remarkable a fact, but determined not to be in such a hurry again to
+communicate my discoveries.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Whewell was one of the older and distinguished men who sometimes
+visited Henslow, and on several occasions I walked home with him at
+night. Next to Sir J. Mackintosh he was the best converser on grave
+subjects to whom I ever listened. Leonard Jenyns,<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> who afterwards
+published some good essays in Natural History, often stayed with
+Henslow, who was his brother-in-law. I visited him at his parsonage on
+the borders of the Fens [Swaffham Bulbeck], and had many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> a good walk
+and talk with him about Natural History. I became also acquainted with
+several other men older than me, who did not care much about science,
+but were friends of Henslow. One was a Scotchman, brother of Sir
+Alexander Ramsay, and tutor of Jesus College; he was a delightful man,
+but did not live for many years. Another was Mr. Dawes, afterwards Dean
+of Hereford, and famous for his success in the education of the poor.
+These men and others of the same standing, together with Henslow, used
+sometimes to take distant excursions into the country, which I was
+allowed to join, and they were most agreeable.</p>
+
+<p>Looking back, I infer that there must have been something in me a little
+superior to the common run of youths, otherwise the above-mentioned men,
+so much older than me and higher in academical position, would never
+have allowed me to associate with them. Certainly I was not aware of any
+such superiority, and I remember one of my sporting friends, Turner, who
+saw me at work with my beetles, saying that I should some day be a
+Fellow of the Royal Society, and the notion seemed to me preposterous.</p>
+
+<p>During my last year at Cambridge, I read with care and profound interest
+Humboldt's <i>Personal Narrative</i>. This work, and Sir J. Herschel's
+<i>Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy</i>, stirred up in me a
+burning zeal to add even the most humble contribution to the noble
+structure of Natural Science. No one or a dozen other books influenced
+me nearly so much as these two. I copied out from Humboldt long passages
+about Teneriffe, and read them aloud on one of the above-mentioned
+excursions, to (I think) Henslow, Ramsay, and Dawes, for on a previous
+occasion I had talked about the glories of Teneriffe, and some of the
+party declared they would endeavour to go there; but I think they were
+only half in earnest. I was, however, quite in earnest, and got an
+introduction to a merchant in London to enquire about ships; but the
+scheme was, of course, knocked on the head by the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>My summer vacations were given up to collecting beetles, to some
+reading, and short tours. In the autumn my whole time was devoted to
+shooting, chiefly at Woodhouse and Maer, and sometimes with young Eyton
+of Eyton. Upon the whole the three years which I spent at Cambridge were
+the most joyful in my happy life; for I was then in excellent health,
+and almost always in high spirits.</p>
+
+<p>As I had at first come up to Cambridge at Christmas, I was forced to
+keep two terms after passing my final examination, at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> the commencement
+of 1831; and Henslow then persuaded me to begin the study of geology.
+Therefore on my return to Shropshire I examined sections, and coloured a
+map of parts round Shrewsbury. Professor Sedgwick intended to visit
+North Wales in the beginning of August to pursue his famous geological
+investigations amongst the older rocks, and Henslow asked him to allow
+me to accompany him.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> Accordingly he came and slept at my father's
+house.</p>
+
+<p>A short conversation with him during this evening produced a strong
+impression on my mind. Whilst examining an old gravel-pit near
+Shrewsbury, a labourer told me that he had found in it a large worn
+tropical Volute shell, such as may be seen on chimney-pieces of
+cottages; and as he would not sell the shell, I was convinced that he
+had really found it in the pit. I told Sedgwick of the fact, and he at
+once said (no doubt truly) that it must have been thrown away by some
+one into the pit; but then added, if really embedded there it would be
+the greatest misfortune to geology, as it would overthrow all that we
+know about the superficial deposits of the Midland Counties. These
+gravel-beds belong in fact to the glacial period, and in after years I
+found in them broken arctic shells. But I was then utterly astonished at
+Sedgwick not being delighted at so wonderful a fact as a tropical shell
+being found near the surface in the middle of England. Nothing before
+had ever made me thoroughly realise, though I had read various
+scientific books, that science consists in grouping facts so that
+general laws or conclusions may be drawn from them.</p>
+
+<p>Next morning we started for Llangollen, Conway, Bangor, and Capel Curig.
+This tour was of decided use in teaching me a little how to make out the
+geology of a country. Sedgwick often sent me on a line parallel to his,
+telling me to bring back specimens of the rocks and to mark the
+stratification on a map. I have little doubt that he did this for my
+good, as I was too ignorant to have aided him. On this tour I had a
+striking instance how easy it is to overlook phenomena, however
+conspicuous, before they have been observed by any one. We spent many
+hours in Cwm Idwal, examining all the rocks with extreme care, as
+Sedgwick was anxious to find fossils in them;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> but neither of us saw a
+trace of the wonderful glacial phenomena all around us; we did not
+notice the plainly scored rocks, the perched boulders, the lateral and
+terminal moraines. Yet these phenomena are so conspicuous that, as I
+declared in a paper published many years afterwards in the
+<i>Philosophical Magazine</i>,<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> a house burnt down by fire did not tell
+its story more plainly than did this valley. If it had still been filled
+by a glacier, the phenomena would have been less distinct than they now are.</p>
+
+<p>At Capel Curig I left Sedgwick and went in a straight line by compass
+and map across the mountains to Barmouth, never following any track
+unless it coincided with my course. I thus came on some strange wild
+places, and enjoyed much this manner of travelling. I visited Barmouth
+to see some Cambridge friends who were reading there, and thence
+returned to Shrewsbury and to Maer for shooting; for at that time I
+should have thought myself mad to give up the first days of
+partridge-shooting for geology or any other science.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Voyage of the 'Beagle': from December 27, 1831, to October 2, 1836.</i></p>
+
+<p>On returning home from my short geological tour in North Wales, I found
+a letter from Henslow, informing me that Captain Fitz-Roy was willing to
+give up part of his own cabin to any young man who would volunteer to go
+with him without pay as naturalist to the Voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>. I have
+given, as I believe, in my MS. Journal an account of all the
+circumstances which then occurred; I will here only say that I was
+instantly eager to accept the offer, but my father strongly objected,
+adding the words, fortunate for me, "If you can find any man of
+common-sense who advises you to go I will give my consent." So I wrote
+that evening and refused the offer. On the next morning I went to Maer
+to be ready for September 1st, and whilst out shooting, my uncle<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+sent for me, offering to drive me over to Shrewsbury and talk with my
+father, as my uncle thought it would be wise in me to accept the offer.
+My father always maintained that [my uncle] was one of the most sensible
+men in the world, and he at once consented in the kindest manner. I had
+been rather extravagant at Cambridge, and to console my father, said,
+"that I should be deuced clever to spend more than my allowance whilst
+on board the <i>Beagle</i>;" but he answered with a smile, "But they tell me
+you are very clever."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p><p>Next day I started for Cambridge to see Henslow, and thence to London
+to see Fitz-Roy, and all was soon arranged. Afterwards, on becoming very
+intimate with Fitz-Roy, I heard that I had run a very narrow risk of
+being rejected on account of the shape of my nose! He was an ardent
+disciple of Lavater, and was convinced that he could judge of a man's
+character by the outline of his features; and he doubted whether any one
+with my nose could possess sufficient energy and determination for the
+voyage. But I think he was afterwards well satisfied that my nose had
+spoken falsely.</p>
+
+<p>Fitz-Roy's character was a singular one, with very many noble features:
+he was devoted to his duty, generous to a fault, bold, determined, and
+indomitably energetic, and an ardent friend to all under his sway. He
+would undertake any sort of trouble to assist those whom he thought
+deserved assistance. He was a handsome man, strikingly like a gentleman,
+with highly-courteous manners, which resembled those of his maternal
+uncle, the famous Lord Castlereagh, as I was told by the Minister at
+Rio. Nevertheless he must have inherited much in his appearance from
+Charles II., for Dr. Wallich gave me a collection of photographs which
+he had made, and I was struck with the resemblance of one to Fitz-Roy;
+and on looking at the name, I found it Ch. E. Sobieski Stuart, Count
+d'Albanie,<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> a descendant of the same monarch.</p>
+
+<p>Fitz-Roy's temper was a most unfortunate one. It was usually worst in
+the early morning, and with his eagle eye he could generally detect
+something amiss about the ship, and was then unsparing in his blame. He
+was very kind to me, but was a man very difficult to live with on the
+intimate terms which necessarily followed from our messing by ourselves
+in the same cabin. We had several quarrels; for instance, early in the
+voyage at Bahia, in Brazil, he defended and praised slavery, which I
+abominated, and told me that he had just visited a great slave-owner,
+who had called up many of his slaves and asked them whether they were
+happy, and whether they wished to be free, and all answered "No." I then
+asked him, perhaps with a sneer, whether he thought that the answer of
+slaves in the presence of their master was worth anything? This made him
+excessively angry, and he said that as I doubted his word we could not
+live any longer together. I thought that I should have been compelled to
+leave the ship; but as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> soon as the news spread, which it did quickly,
+as the captain sent for the first lieutenant to assuage his anger by
+abusing me, I was deeply gratified by receiving an invitation from all
+the gun-room officers to mess with them. But after a few hours Fitz-Roy
+showed his usual magnanimity by sending an officer to me with an apology
+and a request that I would continue to live with him.</p>
+
+<p>His character was in several respects one of the most noble which I have
+ever known.</p>
+
+<p>The voyage of the <i>Beagle</i> has been by far the most important event in
+my life, and has determined my whole career; yet it depended on so small
+a circumstance as my uncle offering to drive me thirty miles to
+Shrewsbury, which few uncles would have done, and on such a trifle as
+the shape of my nose. I have always felt that I owe to the voyage the
+first real training or education of my mind; I was led to attend closely
+to several branches of natural history, and thus my powers of
+observation were improved, though they were always fairly developed.</p>
+
+<p>The investigation of the geology of all the places visited was far more
+important, as reasoning here comes into play. On first examining a new
+district, nothing can appear more hopeless than the chaos of rocks; but
+by recording the stratification and nature of the rocks and fossils at
+many points, always reasoning and predicting what will be found
+elsewhere, light soon begins to dawn on the district, and the structure
+of the whole becomes more or less intelligible. I had brought with me
+the first volume of Lyell's <i>Principles of Geology</i>, which I studied
+attentively; and the book was of the highest service to me in many ways.
+The very first place which I examined, namely, St. Jago, in the Cape de
+Verde islands, showed me clearly the wonderful superiority of Lyell's
+manner of treating geology, compared with that of any other author whose
+works I had with me or ever afterwards read.</p>
+
+<p>Another of my occupations was collecting animals of all classes, briefly
+describing and roughly dissecting many of the marine ones; but from not
+being able to draw, and from not having sufficient anatomical knowledge,
+a great pile of MS. which I made during the voyage has proved almost
+useless. I thus lost much time, with the exception of that spent in
+acquiring some knowledge of the Crustaceans, as this was of service when
+in after years I undertook a monograph of the Cirripedia.</p>
+
+<p>During some part of the day I wrote my Journal, and took much pains in
+describing carefully and vividly all that I had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> seen; and this was good
+practice. My Journal served also, in part, as letters to my home, and
+portions were sent to England whenever there was an opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>The above various special studies were, however, of no importance
+compared with the habit of energetic industry and of concentrated
+attention to whatever I was engaged in, which I then acquired.
+Everything about which I thought or read was made to bear directly on
+what I had seen or was likely to see; and this habit of mind was
+continued during the five years of the voyage. I feel sure that it was
+this training which has enabled me to do whatever I have done in
+science.</p>
+
+<p>Looking backwards, I can now perceive how my love for science gradually
+preponderated over every other taste. During the first two years my old
+passion for shooting survived in nearly full force, and I shot myself
+all the birds and animals for my collection; but gradually I gave up my
+gun more and more, and finally altogether, to my servant, as shooting
+interfered with my work, more especially with making out the geological
+structure of a country. I discovered, though unconsciously and
+insensibly, that the pleasure of observing and reasoning was a much
+higher one than that of skill and sport. That my mind became developed
+through my pursuits during the voyage is rendered probable by a remark
+made by my father, who was the most acute observer whom I ever saw, of a
+sceptical disposition, and far from being a believer in phrenology; for
+on first seeing me after the voyage, he turned round to my sisters, and
+exclaimed, "Why, the shape of his head is quite altered."</p>
+
+<p>To return to the voyage. On September 11th (1831), I paid a flying visit
+with Fitz-Roy to the <i>Beagle</i> at Plymouth. Thence to Shrewsbury to wish
+my father and sisters a long farewell. On October 24th I took up my
+residence at Plymouth, and remained there until December 27th, when the
+<i>Beagle</i> finally left the shores of England for her circumnavigation of
+the world. We made two earlier attempts to sail, but were driven back
+each time by heavy gales. These two months at Plymouth were the most
+miserable which I ever spent, though I exerted myself in various ways. I
+was out of spirits at the thought of leaving all my family and friends
+for so long a time, and the weather seemed to me inexpressibly gloomy. I
+was also troubled with palpitation and pain about the heart, and like
+many a young ignorant man, especially one with a smattering of medical
+knowledge, was convinced that I had heart disease. I did not consult
+any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> doctor, as I fully expected to hear the verdict that I was not fit
+for the voyage, and I was resolved to go at all hazards.</p>
+
+<p>I need not here refer to the events of the voyage&mdash;where we went and
+what we did&mdash;as I have given a sufficiently full account in my published
+Journal. The glories of the vegetation of the Tropics rise before my
+mind at the present time more vividly than anything else; though the
+sense of sublimity, which the great deserts of Patagonia and the
+forest-clad mountains of Tierra del Fuego excited in me, has left an
+indelible impression on my mind. The sight of a naked savage in his
+native land is an event which can never be forgotten. Many of my
+excursions on horseback through wild countries, or in the boats, some of
+which lasted several weeks, were deeply interesting; their discomfort
+and some degree of danger were at that time hardly a drawback, and none
+at all afterwards. I also reflect with high satisfaction on some of my
+scientific work, such as solving the problem of coral islands, and
+making out the geological structure of certain islands, for instance,
+St. Helena. Nor must I pass over the discovery of the singular relations
+of the animals and plants inhabiting the several islands of the
+Galapagos archipelago, and of all of them to the inhabitants of South
+America.</p>
+
+<p>As far as I can judge of myself, I worked to the utmost during the
+voyage from the mere pleasure of investigation, and from my strong
+desire to add a few facts to the great mass of facts in Natural Science.
+But I was also ambitious to take a fair place among scientific
+men,&mdash;whether more ambitious or less so than most of my fellow-workers,
+I can form no opinion.</p>
+
+<p>The geology of St. Jago is very striking, yet simple: a stream of lava
+formerly flowed over the bed of the sea, formed of triturated recent
+shells and corals, which it has baked into a hard white rock. Since then
+the whole island has been upheaved. But the line of white rock revealed
+to me a new and important fact, namely, that there had been afterwards
+subsidence round the craters, which had since been in action, and had
+poured forth lava. It then first dawned on me that I might perhaps write
+a book on the geology of the various countries visited, and this made me
+thrill with delight. That was a memorable hour to me, and how distinctly
+I can call to mind the low cliff of lava beneath which I rested, with
+the sun glaring hot, a few strange desert plants growing near, and with
+living corals in the tidal pools at my feet. Later in the voyage,
+Fitz-Roy asked me to read some of my Journal, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> declared it would be
+worth publishing; so here was a second book in prospect!</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of our voyage I received a letter whilst at Ascension,
+in which my sisters told me that Sedgwick had called on my father, and
+said that I should take a place among the leading scientific men. I
+could not at the time understand how he could have learnt anything of my
+proceedings, but I heard (I believe afterwards) that Henslow had read
+some of the letters which I wrote to him before the Philosophical
+Society of Cambridge,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> and had printed them for private distribution.
+My collection of fossil bones, which had been sent to Henslow, also
+excited considerable attention amongst pal&aelig;ontologists. After reading
+this letter, I clambered over the mountains of Ascension with a bounding
+step and made the volcanic rocks resound under my geological hammer. All
+this shows how ambitious I was; but I think that I can say with truth
+that in after years, though I cared in the highest degree for the
+approbation of such men as Lyell and Hooker, who were my friends, I did
+not care much about the general public. I do not mean to say that a
+favourable review or a large sale of my books did not please me greatly,
+but the pleasure was a fleeting one, and I am sure that I have never
+turned one inch out of my course to gain fame.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>From my return to England (October 2, 1836) to my marriage (January 29,
+1839).</i></p>
+
+<p>These two years and three months wore the most active ones which I ever
+spent, though I was occasionally unwell, and so lost some time. After
+going backwards and forwards several times between Shrewsbury, Maer,
+Cambridge, and London, I settled in lodgings at Cambridge<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> on
+December 13th, where all my collections were under the care of Henslow.
+I stayed here three months, and got my minerals and rocks examined by
+the aid of Professor Miller.</p>
+
+<p>I began preparing my <i>Journal of Travels</i>, which was not hard work, as
+my MS. Journal had been written with care, and my chief labour was
+making an abstract of my more interesting scientific results. I sent
+also, at the request of Lyell, a short account of my observations on the
+elevation of the coast of Chili to the Geological Society.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p><p>On March 7th, 1837, I took lodgings in Great Marlborough Street in
+London, and remained there for nearly two years, until I was married.
+During these two years I finished my Journal, read several papers before
+the Geological Society, began preparing the MS. for my <i>Geological
+Observations</i>, and arranged for the publication of the <i>Zoology of the
+Voyage of the Beagle</i>. In July I opened my first note-book for facts in
+relation to the <i>Origin of Species</i>, about which I had long reflected,
+and never ceased working for the next twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>During these two years I also went a little into society, and acted as
+one of the honorary secretaries of the Geological Society. I saw a great
+deal of Lyell. One of his chief characteristics was his sympathy with
+the work of others, and I was as much astonished as delighted at the
+interest which he showed when, on my return to England, I explained to
+him my views on coral reefs. This encouraged me greatly, and his advice
+and example had much influence on me. During this time I saw also a good
+deal of Robert Brown; I used often to call and sit with him during his
+breakfast on Sunday mornings, and he poured forth a rich treasure of
+curious observations and acute remarks, but they almost always related
+to minute points, and he never with me discussed large or general
+questions in science.</p>
+
+<p>During these two years I took several short excursions as a relaxation,
+and one longer one to the parallel roads of Glen Roy, an account of
+which was published in the <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> This paper
+was a great failure, and I am ashamed of it. Having been deeply
+impressed with what I had seen of the elevation of the land in South
+America, I attributed the parallel lines to the action of the sea; but I
+had to give up this view when Agassiz propounded his glacier-lake
+theory. Because no other explanation was possible under our then state
+of knowledge, I argued in favour of sea-action; and my error has been a
+good lesson to me never to trust in science to the principle of
+exclusion.</p>
+
+<p>As I was not able to work all day at science, I read a good deal during
+these two years on various subjects, including some metaphysical books;
+but I was not well fitted for such studies. About this time I took much
+delight in Wordsworth's and Coleridge's poetry; and can boast that I
+read the <i>Excursion</i> twice through. Formerly Milton's <i>Paradise Lost</i>
+had been my chief favourite, and in my excursions during the voyage of
+the <i>Beagle</i>, when I could take only a single volume, I always chose
+Milton.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>From my marriage, January 29, 1839, and residence in Upper Gower
+Street, to our leaving London and settling at Down, September 14, 1842.</i></p>
+
+<p>[After speaking of his happy married life, and of his children, he
+continues:]</p>
+
+<p>During the three years and eight months whilst we resided in London, I
+did less scientific work, though I worked as hard as I possibly could,
+than during any other equal length of time in my life. This was owing to
+frequently recurring unwellness, and to one long and serious illness.
+The greater part of my time, when I could do anything, was devoted to my
+work on <i>Coral Reefs</i>, which I had begun before my marriage, and of
+which the last proof-sheet was corrected on May 6th, 1842. This book,
+though a small one, cost me twenty months of hard work, as I had to read
+every work on the islands of the Pacific and to consult many charts. It
+was thought highly of by scientific men, and the theory therein given
+is, I think, now well established.</p>
+
+<p>No other work of mine was begun in so deductive a spirit as this, for
+the whole theory was thought out on the west coast of South America,
+before I had seen a true coral reef. I had therefore only to verify and
+extend my views by a careful examination of living reefs. But it should
+be observed that I had during the two previous years been incessantly
+attending to the effects on the shores of South America of the
+intermittent elevation of the land, together with denudation and the
+deposition of sediment. This necessarily led me to reflect much on the
+effects of subsidence, and it was easy to replace in imagination the
+continued deposition of sediment by the upward growth of corals. To do
+this was to form my theory of the formation of barrier-reefs and atolls.</p>
+
+<p>Besides my work on coral-reefs, during my residence in London, I read
+before the Geological Society papers on the Erratic Boulders of South
+America,<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> on Earthquakes,<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> and on the Formation by the Agency of
+Earth-worms of Mould.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> I also continued to superintend the
+publication of the <i>Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle</i>. Nor did I ever
+intermit collecting facts bearing on the origin of species; and I could
+sometimes do this when I could do nothing else from illness.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1842 I was stronger than I had been for some time, and
+took a little tour by myself in North Wales, for the sake of observing
+the effects of the old glaciers which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> formerly filled all the larger
+valleys. I published a short account of what I saw in the <i>Philosophical
+Magazine</i>.<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> This excursion interested me greatly, and it was the last
+time I was ever strong enough to climb mountains or to take long walks
+such as are necessary for geological work.</p>
+
+<p>During the early part of our life in London, I was strong enough to go
+into general society, and saw a good deal of several scientific men and
+other more or less distinguished men. I will give my impressions with
+respect to some of them, though I have little to say worth saying.</p>
+
+<p>I saw more of Lyell than of any other man, both before and after my
+marriage. His mind was characterised, as it appeared to me, by
+clearness, caution, sound judgment, and a good deal of originality. When
+I made any remark to him on Geology, he never rested until he saw the
+whole case clearly, and often made me see it more clearly than I had
+done before. He would advance all possible objections to my suggestion,
+and even after these were exhausted would long remain dubious. A second
+characteristic was his hearty sympathy with the work of other scientific
+men.<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p>
+
+<p>On my return from the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>, I explained to him my
+views on coral-reefs, which differed from his, and I was greatly
+surprised and encouraged by the vivid interest which he showed. His
+delight in science was ardent, and he felt the keenest interest in the
+future progress of mankind. He was very kind-hearted, and thoroughly
+liberal in his religious beliefs, or rather disbeliefs; but he was a
+strong theist. His candour was highly remarkable. He exhibited this by
+becoming a convert to the Descent theory, though he had gained much fame
+by opposing Lamarck's views, and this after he had grown old. He
+reminded me that I had many years before said to him, when discussing
+the opposition of the old school of geologists to his new views, "What a
+good thing it would be if every scientific man was to die when sixty
+years old, as afterwards he would be sure to oppose all new doctrines."
+But he hoped that now he might be allowed to live.</p>
+
+<p>The science of Geology is enormously indebted to Lyell&mdash;more so, as I
+believe, than to any other man who ever lived. When [I was] starting on
+the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>, the sagacious Henslow, who, like all other
+geologists, believed at that time in successive cataclysms, advised me
+to get and study<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> the first volume of the <i>Principles</i>, which had then
+just been published, but on no account to accept the views therein
+advocated. How differently would any one now speak of the <i>Principles</i>!
+I am proud to remember that the first place, namely, St. Jago, in the
+Cape de Verde Archipelago, in which I geologised, convinced me of the
+infinite superiority of Lyell's views over those advocated in any other
+work known to me.</p>
+
+<p>The powerful effects of Lyell's works could formerly be plainly seen in
+the different progress of the science in France and England. The present
+total oblivion of Elie de Beaumont's wild hypotheses, such as his
+<i>Craters of Elevation</i> and <i>Lines of Elevation</i> (which latter hypothesis
+I heard Sedgwick at the Geological Society lauding to the skies), may be
+largely attributed to Lyell.</p>
+
+<p>I saw a good deal of Robert Brown, "facile Princeps Botanicorum," as he
+was called by Humboldt. He seemed to me to be chiefly remarkable for the
+minuteness of his observations and their perfect accuracy. His knowledge
+was extraordinarily great, and much died with him, owing to his
+excessive fear of ever making a mistake. He poured out his knowledge to
+me in the most unreserved manner, yet was strangely jealous on some
+points. I called on him two or three times before the voyage of the
+<i>Beagle</i>, and on one occasion he asked me to look through a microscope
+and describe what I saw. This I did, and believe now that it was the
+marvellous currents of protoplasm in some vegetable cell. I then asked
+him what I had seen; but he answered me, "That is my little secret."</p>
+
+<p>He was capable of the most generous actions. When old, much out of
+health, and quite unfit for any exertion, he daily visited (as Hooker
+told me) an old man-servant, who lived at a distance (and whom he
+supported), and read aloud to him. This is enough to make up for any
+degree of scientific penuriousness or jealousy.</p>
+
+<p>I may here mention a few other eminent men whom I have occasionally
+seen, but I have little to say about them worth saying. I felt a high
+reverence for Sir J. Herschel, and was delighted to dine with him at his
+charming house at the Cape of Good Hope and afterwards at his London
+house. I saw him, also, on a few other occasions. He never talked much,
+but every word which he uttered was worth listening to.</p>
+
+<p>I once met at breakfast, at Sir R. Murchison's house, the illustrious
+Humboldt, who honoured me by expressing a wish to see me. I was a little
+disappointed with the great man, but my anticipations probably were too
+high. I can remember<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> nothing distinctly about our interview, except
+that Humboldt was very cheerful and talked much.</p>
+
+<p>X.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> reminds me of Buckle, whom I once met at Hensleigh Wedgwood's. I
+was very glad to learn from [Buckle] his system of collecting facts. He
+told me that he bought all the books which he read, and made a full
+index to each, of the facts which he thought might prove serviceable to
+him, and that he could always remember in what book he had read
+anything, for his memory was wonderful. I asked him how at first he
+could judge what facts would be serviceable, and he answered that he did
+not know, but that a sort of instinct guided him. From this habit of
+making indices, he was enabled to give the astonishing number of
+references on all sorts of subjects which may be found in his <i>History
+of Civilisation</i>. This book I thought most interesting, and read it
+twice, but I doubt whether his generalisations are worth anything.
+Buckle was a great talker; and I listened to him, saying hardly a word,
+nor indeed could I have done so, for he left no gaps. When Mrs. Farrer
+began to sing, I jumped up and said that I must listen to her. After I
+had moved away, he turned round to a friend, and said (as was overheard
+by my brother), "Well, Mr. Darwin's books are much better than his
+conversation."</p>
+
+<p>Of other great literary men, I once met Sydney Smith at Dean Milman's
+house. There was something inexplicably amusing in every word which he
+uttered. Perhaps this was partly due to the expectation of being amused.
+He was talking about Lady Cork, who was then extremely old. This was the
+lady who, as he said, was once so much affected by one of his charity
+sermons, that she <i>borrowed</i> a guinea from a friend to put in the plate.
+He now said, "It is generally believed that my dear old friend Lady Cork
+has been overlooked"; and he said this in such a manner that no one
+could for a moment doubt that he meant that his dear old friend had been
+overlooked by the devil. How he managed to express this I know not.</p>
+
+<p>I likewise once met Macaulay at Lord Stanhope's (the historian's) house,
+and as there was only one other man at dinner, I had a grand opportunity
+of hearing him converse, and he was very agreeable. He did not talk at
+all too much, nor indeed could such a man talk too much, as long as he
+allowed others to turn the stream of his conversation, and this he did
+allow.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Stanhope once gave me a curious little proof of the accuracy and
+fulness of Macaulay's memory. Many historians<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> used often to meet at
+Lord Stanhope's house; and, in discussing various subjects, they would
+sometimes differ from Macaulay, and formerly they often referred to some
+book to see who was right; but latterly, as Lord Stanhope noticed, no
+historian ever took this trouble, and whatever Macaulay said was final.</p>
+
+<p>On another occasion I met at Lord Stanhope's house one of his parties of
+historians and other literary men, and amongst them were Motley and
+Grote. After luncheon I walked about Chevening Park for nearly an hour
+with Grote, and was much interested by his conversation and pleased by
+the simplicity and absence of all pretension in his manners.</p>
+
+<p>Long ago I dined occasionally with the old Earl, the father of the
+historian. He was a strange man, but what little I knew of him I liked
+much. He was frank, genial, and pleasant. He had strongly-marked
+features, with a brown complexion, and his clothes, when I saw him, were
+all brown. He seemed to believe in everything which was to others
+utterly incredible. He said one day to me, "Why don't you give up your
+fiddle-faddle of geology and zoology, and turn to the occult sciences?"
+The historian, then Lord Mahon, seemed shocked at such a speech to me,
+and his charming wife much amused.</p>
+
+<p>The last man whom I will mention is Carlyle, seen by me several times at
+my brother's house and two or three times at my own house. His talk was
+very racy and interesting, just like his writings, but he sometimes went
+on too long on the same subject. I remember a funny dinner at my
+brother's, where, amongst a few others, were Babbage and Lyell, both of
+whom liked to talk. Carlyle, however, silenced every one by haranguing
+during the whole dinner on the advantages of silence. After dinner,
+Babbage, in his grimmest manner, thanked Carlyle for his very
+interesting lecture on silence.</p>
+
+<p>Carlyle sneered at almost every one: One day in my house he called
+Grote's <i>History</i> "a fetid quagmire, with nothing spiritual about it." I
+always thought, until his <i>Reminiscences</i> appeared, that his sneers were
+partly jokes, but this now seems rather doubtful. His expression was
+that of a depressed, almost despondent, yet benevolent man, and it is
+notorious how heartily he laughed. I believe that his benevolence was
+real, though stained by not a little jealousy. No one can doubt about
+his extraordinary power of drawing pictures of things and men&mdash;far more
+vivid, as it appears to me, than any drawn by Macaulay. Whether his
+pictures of men were true ones is another question.</p>
+
+<p>He has been all-powerful in impressing some grand moral truths on the
+minds of men. On the other hand, his views<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> about slavery were
+revolting. In his eyes might was right. His mind seemed to me a very
+narrow one; even if all branches of science, which he despised, are
+excluded. It is astonishing to me that Kingsley should have spoken of
+him as a man well fitted to advance science. He laughed to scorn the
+idea that a mathematician, such as Whewell, could judge, as I maintained
+he could, of Goethe's views on light. He thought it a most ridiculous
+thing that any one should care whether a glacier moved a little quicker
+or a little slower, or moved at all. As far as I could judge, I never
+met a man with a mind so ill adapted for scientific research.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst living in London, I attended as regularly as I could the meetings
+of several scientific societies, and acted as secretary to the
+Geological Society. But such attendance, and ordinary society, suited my
+health so badly that we resolved to live in the country, which we both
+preferred and have never repented of.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Residence at Down, from September 14, 1842, to the present time, 1876.</i></p>
+
+<p>After several fruitless searches in Surrey and elsewhere, we found this
+house and purchased it. I was pleased with the diversified appearance of
+the vegetation proper to a chalk district, and so unlike what I had been
+accustomed to in the Midland counties; and still more pleased with the
+extreme quietness and rusticity of the place. It is not, however, quite
+so retired a place as a writer in a German periodical makes it, who says
+that my house can be approached only by a mule-track! Our fixing
+ourselves here has answered admirably in one way which we did not
+anticipate, namely, by being very convenient for frequent visits from
+our children.</p>
+
+<p>Few persons can have lived a more retired life than we have done.
+Besides short visits to the houses of relations, and occasionally to the
+seaside or elsewhere, we have gone nowhere. During the first part of our
+residence we went a little into society, and received a few friends
+here; but my health almost always suffered from the excitement, violent
+shivering and vomiting attacks being thus brought on. I have therefore
+been compelled for many years to give up all dinner-parties; and this
+has been somewhat of a deprivation to me, as such parties always put me
+into high spirits. From the same cause I have been able to invite here
+very few scientific acquaintances.</p>
+
+<p>My chief enjoyment and sole employment throughout life<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> has been
+scientific work, and the excitement from such work makes me for the time
+forget, or drives quite away, my daily discomfort. I have therefore
+nothing to record during the rest of my life, except the publication of
+my several books. Perhaps a few details how they arose may be worth
+giving.</p>
+
+<p><i>My several Publications.</i>&mdash;In the early part of 1844, my observations
+on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i> were
+published. In 1845, I took much pains in correcting a new edition of my
+<i>Journal of Researches</i>, which was originally published in 1839 as part
+of Fitz-Roy's work. The success of this my first literary child always
+tickles my vanity more than that of any of my other books. Even to this
+day it sells steadily in England and the United States, and has been
+translated for the second time into German, and into French and other
+languages. This success of a book of travels, especially of a scientific
+one, so many years after its first publication, is surprising. Ten
+thousand copies have been sold in England of the second edition. In 1846
+my <i>Geological Observations on South America</i> were published. I record
+in a little diary, which I have always kept, that my three geological
+books (<i>Coral Reefs</i> included) consumed four and a half years' steady
+work; "and now it is ten years since my return to England. How much time
+have I lost by illness?" I have nothing to say about these three books
+except that to my surprise new editions have lately been called for.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p>
+
+<p>In October, 1846, I began to work on 'Cirripedia' (Barnacles). When on
+the coast of Chile, I found a most curious form, which burrowed into
+shells of Concholepas, and which differed so much from all other
+Cirripedes that I had to form a new sub-order for its sole reception.
+Lately an allied burrowing genus has been found on the shores of
+Portugal. To understand the structure of my new Cirripede I had to
+examine and dissect many of the common forms: and this gradually led me
+on to take up the whole group. I worked steadily on the subject for the
+next eight years, and ultimately published two thick volumes,<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>
+describing all the known living species, and two thin quartos on the
+extinct species. I do not doubt that Sir E. Lytton Bulwer had me in his
+mind when he introduced in one of his novels a Professor Long, who had
+written two huge volumes on limpets.</p>
+
+<p>Although I was employed during eight years on this work, yet I record in
+my diary that about two years out of this time<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> was lost by illness. On
+this account I went in 1848 for some months to Malvern for hydropathic
+treatment, which did me much good, so that on my return home I was able
+to resume work. So much was I out of health that when my dear father
+died on November 13th, 1848, I was unable to attend his funeral or to
+act as one of his executors.</p>
+
+<p>My work on the Cirripedia possesses, I think, considerable value, as
+besides describing several new and remarkable forms, I made out the
+homologies of the various parts&mdash;I discovered the cementing apparatus,
+though I blundered dreadfully about the cement glands&mdash;and lastly I
+proved the existence in certain genera of minute males complemental to
+and parasitic on the hermaphrodites. This latter discovery has at last
+been fully confirmed; though at one time a German writer was pleased to
+attribute the whole account to my fertile imagination. The Cirripedes
+form a highly varying and difficult group of species to class; and my
+work was of considerable use to me, when I had to discuss in the <i>Origin
+of Species</i> the principles of a natural classification. Nevertheless, I
+doubt whether the work was worth the consumption of so much time.</p>
+
+<p>From September 1854 I devoted my whole time to arranging my huge pile of
+notes, to observing, and to experimenting in relation to the
+transmutation of species. During the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i> I had been
+deeply impressed by discovering in the Pampean formation great fossil
+animals covered with armour like that on the existing armadillos;
+secondly, by the manner in which closely allied animals replace one
+another in proceeding southwards over the Continent; and thirdly, by the
+South American character of most of the productions of the Galapagos
+archipelago, and more especially by the manner in which they differ
+slightly on each island of the group; none of the islands appearing to
+be very ancient in a geological sense.</p>
+
+<p>It was evident that such facts as these, as well as many others, could
+only be explained on the supposition that species gradually become
+modified; and the subject haunted me. But it was equally evident that
+neither the action of the surrounding conditions, nor the will of the
+organisms (especially in the case of plants) could account for the
+innumerable cases in which organisms of every kind are beautifully
+adapted to their habits of life&mdash;for instance, a woodpecker or a
+tree-frog to climb trees, or a seed for dispersal by hooks or plumes. I
+had always been much struck by such adaptations, and until these could
+be explained it seemed to me almost useless to endeavour to prove by
+indirect evidence that species have been modified.</p>
+
+<p>After my return to England it appeared to me that by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> following the
+example of Lyell in Geology, and by collecting all facts which bore in
+any way on the variation of animals and plants under domestication and
+nature, some light might perhaps be thrown on the whole subject. My
+first note-book was opened in July 1837. I worked on true Baconian
+principles, and without any theory collected facts on a wholesale scale,
+more especially with respect to domesticated productions, by printed
+enquiries, by conversation with skilful breeders and gardeners, and by
+extensive reading. When I see the list of books of all kinds which I
+read and abstracted, including whole series of Journals and
+Transactions, I am surprised at my industry. I soon perceived that
+selection was the keystone of man's success in making useful races of
+animals and plants. But how selection could be applied to organisms
+living in a state of nature remained for some time a mystery to me.</p>
+
+<p>In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic
+enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on <i>Population</i>, and
+being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which
+everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of
+animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances
+favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones
+to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new
+species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work; but I
+was so anxious to avoid prejudice, that I determined not for some time
+to write even the briefest sketch of it. In June 1842 I first allowed
+myself the satisfaction of writing a very brief abstract of my theory in
+pencil in 35 pages; and this was enlarged during the summer of 1844 into
+one of 230 pages, which I had fairly copied out and still possess.</p>
+
+<p>But at that time I overlooked one problem of great importance; and it is
+astonishing to me, except on the principle of Columbus and his egg, how
+I could have overlooked it and its solution. This problem is the
+tendency in organic beings descended from the same stock to diverge in
+character as they become modified. That they have diverged greatly is
+obvious from the manner in which species of all kinds can be classed
+under genera, genera under families, families under sub-orders, and so
+forth; and I can remember the very spot in the road, whilst in my
+carriage, when to my joy the solution occurred to me; and this was long
+after I had come to Down. The solution, as I believe, is that the
+modified offspring of all dominant and increasing forms tend to become
+adapted to many and highly diversified places in the economy of nature.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p><p>Early in 1856 Lyell advised me to write out my views pretty fully, and
+I began at once to do so on a scale three or four times as extensive as
+that which was afterwards followed in my <i>Origin of Species</i>; yet it was
+only an abstract of the materials which I had collected, and I got
+through about half the work on this scale. But my plans were overthrown,
+for early in the summer of 1858 Mr. Wallace, who was then in the Malay
+archipelago, sent me an essay <i>On the Tendency of Varieties to depart
+indefinitely from the Original Type</i>; and this essay contained exactly
+the same theory as mine. Mr. Wallace expressed the wish that if I
+thought well of his essay, I should send it to Lyell for perusal.</p>
+
+<p>The circumstances under which I consented at the request of Lyell and
+Hooker to allow of an abstract from my MS., together with a letter to
+Asa Gray, dated September 5, 1857, to be published at the same time with
+Wallace's Essay, are given in the <i>Journal of the Proceedings of the
+Linnean Society</i>, 1858, p. 45. I was at first very unwilling to consent,
+as I thought Mr. Wallace might consider my doing so unjustifiable, for I
+did not then know how generous and noble was his disposition. The
+extract from my MS. and the letter to Asa Gray had neither been intended
+for publication, and were badly written. Mr. Wallace's essay, on the
+other hand, was admirably expressed and quite clear. Nevertheless, our
+joint productions excited very little attention, and the only published
+notice of them which I can remember was by Professor Haughton of Dublin,
+whose verdict was that all that was new in them was false, and what was
+true was old. This shows how necessary it is that any new view should be
+explained at considerable length in order to arouse public attention.</p>
+
+<p>In September 1858 I set to work by the strong advice of Lyell and Hooker
+to prepare a volume on the transmutation of species, but was often
+interrupted by ill-health, and short visits to Dr. Lane's delightful
+hydropathic establishment at Moor Park. I abstracted the MS. begun on a
+much larger scale in 1856, and completed the volume on the same reduced
+scale. It cost me thirteen months and ten days' hard labour. It was
+published under the title of the <i>Origin of Species</i>, in November 1859.
+Though considerably added to and corrected in the later editions, it has
+remained substantially the same book.</p>
+
+<p>It is no doubt the chief work of my life. It was from the first highly
+successful. The first small edition of 1250 copies was sold on the day
+of publication, and a second edition of 3000 copies soon afterwards.
+Sixteen thousand copies have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> now (1876) been sold in England; and
+considering how stiff a book it is, this is a large sale. It has been
+translated into almost every European tongue, even into such languages
+as Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, and Russian. It has also, according to
+Miss Bird, been translated into Japanese,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> and is there much studied.
+Even an essay in Hebrew has appeared on it, showing that the theory is
+contained in the Old Testament! The reviews were very numerous; for some
+time I collected all that appeared on the <i>Origin</i> and on my related
+books, and these amount (excluding newspaper reviews) to 265; but after
+a time I gave up the attempt in despair. Many separate essays and books
+on the subject have appeared; and in Germany a catalogue or bibliography
+on "Darwinismus" has appeared every year or two.</p>
+
+<p>The success of the <i>Origin</i> may, I think, be attributed in large part to
+my having long before written two condensed sketches, and to my having
+finally abstracted a much larger manuscript, which was itself an
+abstract. By this means I was enabled to select the more striking facts
+and conclusions. I had, also, during many years, followed a golden rule,
+namely, that whenever a published fact, a new observation or thought
+came across me, which was opposed to my general results, to make a
+memorandum of it without fail and at once; for I had found by experience
+that such facts and thoughts were far more apt to escape from the memory
+than favourable ones. Owing to this habit, very few objections were
+raised against my views which I had not at least noticed and attempted
+to answer.</p>
+
+<p>It has sometimes been said that the success of the <i>Origin</i> proved "that
+the subject was in the air," or "that men's minds were prepared for it."
+I do not think that this is strictly true, for I occasionally sounded
+not a few naturalists, and never happened to come across a single one
+who seemed to doubt about the permanence of species. Even Lyell and
+Hooker, though they would listen with interest to me, never seemed to
+agree. I tried once or twice to explain to able men what I meant by
+Natural selection, but signally failed. What I believe was strictly true
+is that innumerable well-observed facts were stored in the minds of
+naturalists ready to take their proper places as soon as any theory
+which would receive them was sufficiently explained. Another element in
+the success of the book was its moderate size; and this I owe to the
+appearance of Mr. Wallace's essay; had I published on the scale in
+which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> I began to write in 1856, the book would have been four or five
+times as large as the <i>Origin</i>, and very few would have had the patience
+to read it.</p>
+
+<p>I gained much by my delay in publishing from about 1839, when the theory
+was clearly conceived, to 1859; and I lost nothing by it, for I cared
+very little whether men attributed most originality to me or Wallace;
+and his essay no doubt aided in the reception of the theory. I was
+forestalled in only one important point, which my vanity has always made
+me regret, namely, the explanation by means of the Glacial period of the
+presence of the same species of plants and of some few animals on
+distant mountain summits and in the arctic regions. This view pleased me
+so much that I wrote it out <i>in extenso</i>, and I believe that it was read
+by Hooker some years before E. Forbes published his celebrated
+memoir<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> on the subject. In the very few points in which we differed,
+I still think that I was in the right. I have never, of course, alluded
+in print to my having independently worked out this view.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly any point gave me so much satisfaction when I was at work on the
+<i>Origin</i>, as the explanation of the wide difference in many classes
+between the embryo and the adult animal, and of the close resemblance of
+the embryos within the same class. No notice of this point was taken, as
+far as I remember, in the early reviews of the <i>Origin</i>, and I recollect
+expressing my surprise on this head in a letter to Asa Gray. Within late
+years several reviewers have given the whole credit to Fritz M&uuml;ller and
+H&auml;ckel, who undoubtedly have worked it out much more fully, and in some
+respects more correctly than I did. I had materials for a whole chapter
+on the subject, and I ought to have made the discussion longer; for it
+is clear that I failed to impress my readers; and he who succeeds in
+doing so deserves, in my opinion, all the credit.</p>
+
+<p>This leads me to remark that I have almost always been treated honestly
+by my reviewers, passing over those without scientific knowledge as not
+worthy of notice. My views have often been grossly misrepresented,
+bitterly opposed and ridiculed, but this has been generally done, as I
+believe, in good faith. On the whole I do not doubt that my works have
+been over and over again greatly overpraised. I rejoice that I have
+avoided controversies, and this I owe to Lyell, who many years ago, in
+reference to my geological works, strongly advised me never to get
+entangled in a controversy, as it rarely did any good and caused a
+miserable loss of time and temper.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p><p>Whenever I have found out that I have blundered, or that my work has
+been imperfect, and when I have been contemptuously criticised, and even
+when I have been overpraised, so that I have felt mortified, it has been
+my greatest comfort to say hundreds of times to myself that "I have
+worked as hard and as well as I could, and no man can do more than
+this." I remember when in Good Success Bay, in Tierra del Fuego,
+thinking (and, I believe, that I wrote home to the effect) that I could
+not employ my life better than in adding a little to Natural Science.
+This I have done to the best of my abilities, and critics may say what
+they like, but they cannot destroy this conviction.</p>
+
+<p>During the two last months of 1859 I was fully occupied in preparing a
+second edition of the <i>Origin</i>, and by an enormous correspondence. On
+January 1st, 1860, I began arranging my notes for my work on the
+<i>Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication</i>; but it was not
+published until the beginning of 1868; the delay having been caused
+partly by frequent illnesses, one of which lasted seven months, and
+partly by being tempted to publish on other subjects which at the time
+interested me more.</p>
+
+<p>On May 15th, 1862, my little book on the <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>,
+which cost me ten months' work, was published: most of the facts had
+been slowly accumulated during several previous years. During the summer
+of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend
+to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having
+come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant. I
+attended to the subject more or less during every subsequent summer; and
+my interest in it was greatly enhanced by having procured and read in
+November 1841, through the advice of Robert Brown, a copy of C. K.
+Sprengel's wonderful book, <i>Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur</i>. For
+some years before 1862 I had specially attended to the fertilisation of
+our British orchids; and it seemed to me the best plan to prepare as
+complete a treatise on this group of plants as well as I could, rather
+than to utilise the great mass of matter which I had slowly collected
+with respect to other plants.</p>
+
+<p>My resolve proved a wise one; for since the appearance of my book, a
+surprising number of papers and separate works on the fertilisation of
+all kinds of flowers have appeared; and these are far better done than I
+could possibly have effected. The merits of poor old Sprengel, so long
+overlooked, are now fully recognised many years after his death.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p><p>During the same year I published in the <i>Journal of the Linnean
+Society</i>, a paper <i>On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition of Primula</i>,
+and during the next five years, five other papers on dimorphic and
+trimorphic plants. I do not think anything in my scientific life has
+given me so much satisfaction as making out the meaning of the structure
+of these plants. I had noticed in 1838 or 1839 the dimorphism of <i>Linum
+flavum</i>, and had at first thought that it was merely a case of unmeaning
+variability. But on examining the common species of Primula, I found
+that the two forms were much too regular and constant to be thus viewed.
+I therefore became almost convinced that the common cowslip and primrose
+were on the high-road to become di&oelig;cious;&mdash;that the short pistil in
+the one form, and the short stamens in the other form were tending
+towards abortion. The plants were therefore subjected under this point
+of view to trial; but as soon as the flowers with short pistils
+fertilised with pollen from the short stamens, were found to yield more
+seeds than any other of the four possible unions, the abortion-theory
+was knocked on the head. After some additional experiment, it became
+evident that the two forms, though both were perfect hermaphrodites,
+bore almost the same relation to one another as do the two sexes of an
+ordinary animal. With Lythrum we have the still more wonderful case of
+three forms standing in a similar relation to one another. I afterwards
+found that the offspring from the union of two plants belonging to the
+same forms presented a close and curious analogy with hybrids from the
+union of two distinct species.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1864 I finished a long paper on <i>Climbing Plants</i>, and
+sent it to the Linnean Society. The writing of this paper cost me four
+months: but I was so unwell when I received the proof-sheets that I was
+forced to leave them very badly and often obscurely expressed. The paper
+was little noticed, but when in 1875 it was corrected and published as a
+separate book it sold well. I was led to take up this subject by reading
+a short paper by Asa Gray, published in 1858. He sent me seeds, and on
+raising some plants I was so much fascinated and perplexed by the
+revolving movements of the tendrils and stems, which movements are
+really very simple, though appearing at first sight very complex, that I
+procured various other kinds of climbing plants, and studied the whole
+subject. I was all the more attracted to it, from not being at all
+satisfied with the explanation which Henslow gave us in his lectures,
+about twining plants, namely, that they had a natural tendency to grow
+up in a spire. This explanation proved quite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> erroneous. Some of the
+adaptations displayed by climbing plants are as beautiful as those of
+Orchids for ensuring cross-fertilisation.</p>
+
+<p>My <i>Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication</i> was begun, as
+already stated, in the beginning of 1860, but was not published until
+the beginning of 1868. It was a big book, and cost me four years and two
+months' hard labour. It gives all my observations and an immense number
+of facts collected from various sources, about our domestic productions.
+In the second volume the causes and laws of variation, inheritance, &amp;c.,
+are discussed, as far as our present state of knowledge permits. Towards
+the end of the work I give my well-abused hypothesis of Pangenesis. An
+unverified hypothesis is of little or no value; but if any one should
+hereafter be led to make observations by which some such hypothesis
+could be established, I shall have done good service, as an astonishing
+number of isolated facts can be thus connected together and rendered
+intelligible. In 1875 a second and largely corrected edition, which cost
+me a good deal of labour, was brought out.</p>
+
+<p>My <i>Descent of Man</i> was published in February 1871. As soon as I had
+become, in the year 1837 or 1838, convinced that species were mutable
+productions, I could not avoid the belief that man must come under the
+same law. Accordingly I collected notes on the subject for my own
+satisfaction, and not for a long time with any intention of publishing.
+Although in the <i>Origin of Species</i> the derivation of any particular
+species is never discussed, yet I thought it best, in order that no
+honourable man should accuse me of concealing my views, to add that by
+the work "light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history."
+It would have been useless, and injurious to the success of the book to
+have paraded, without giving any evidence, my conviction with respect to
+his origin.</p>
+
+<p>But when I found that many naturalists fully accepted the doctrine of
+the evolution of species, it seemed to me advisable to work up such
+notes as I possessed, and to publish a special treatise on the origin of
+man. I was the more glad to do so, as it gave me an opportunity of fully
+discussing sexual selection&mdash;a subject which had always greatly
+interested me. This subject, and that of the variation of our domestic
+productions, together with the causes and laws of variation,
+inheritance, and the intercrossing of plants, are the sole subjects
+which I have been able to write about in full, so as to use all the
+materials which I have collected. The <i>Descent of Man</i> took me three
+years to write, but then as usual some of this time was lost by
+ill-health, and some was consumed by preparing new editions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> and other
+minor works. A second and largely corrected edition of the <i>Descent</i>
+appeared in 1874.</p>
+
+<p>My book on the <i>Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals</i> was
+published in the autumn of 1872. I had intended to give only a chapter
+on the subject in the <i>Descent of Man</i>, but as soon as I began to put my
+notes together, I saw that it would require a separate treatise.</p>
+
+<p>My first child was born on December 27th, 1839, and I at once commenced
+to make notes on the first dawn of the various expressions which he
+exhibited, for I felt convinced, even at this early period, that the
+most complex and fine shades of expression must all have had a gradual
+and natural origin. During the summer of the following year, 1840, I
+read Sir C. Bell's admirable work on expression, and this greatly
+increased the interest which I felt in the subject, though I could not
+at all agree with his belief that various muscles had been specially
+created for the sake of expression. From this time forward I
+occasionally attended to the subject, both with respect to man and our
+domesticated animals. My book sold largely; 5267 copies having been
+disposed of on the day of publication.</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1860 I was idling and resting near Hartfield, where two
+species of [Sundew] abound; and I noticed that numerous insects had been
+entrapped by the leaves. I carried home some plants, and on giving them
+insects saw the movements of the tentacles, and this made me think it
+probable that the insects were caught for some special purpose.
+Fortunately a crucial test occurred to me, that of placing a large
+number of leaves in various nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous fluids of
+equal density; and as soon as I found that the former alone excited
+energetic movements, it was obvious that here was a fine new field for
+investigation.</p>
+
+<p>During subsequent years, whenever I had leisure, I pursued my
+experiments, and my book on <i>Insectivorous Plants</i> was published in July
+1875&mdash;that is sixteen years after my first observations. The delay in
+this case, as with all my other books, has been a great advantage to me;
+for a man after a long interval can criticise his own work, almost as
+well as if it were that of another person. The fact that a plant should
+secrete, when properly excited, a fluid containing an acid and ferment,
+closely analogous to the digestive fluid of an animal, was certainly a
+remarkable discovery.</p>
+
+<p>During this autumn of 1876 I shall publish on the <i>Effects of Cross-and
+Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom</i>. This book will form a
+complement to that on the <i>Fertilisation of</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> <i>Orchids</i>, in which I showed
+how perfect were the means for cross-fertilisation, and here I shall
+show how important are the results. I was led to make, during eleven
+years, the numerous experiments recorded in this volume, by a mere
+accidental observation; and indeed it required the accident to be
+repeated before my attention was thoroughly aroused to the remarkable
+fact that seedlings of self-fertilised parentage are inferior, even in
+the first generation, in height and vigour to seedlings of
+cross-fertilised parentage. I hope also to republish a revised edition
+of my book on Orchids, and hereafter my papers on dimorphic and
+trimorphic plants, together with some additional observations on allied
+points which I never have had time to arrange. My strength will then
+probably be exhausted, and I shall be ready to exclaim "Nunc dimittis."</p>
+
+<p><i>Written May 1st, 1881.</i>&mdash;<i>The Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation</i>
+was published in the autumn of 1876; and the results there arrived at
+explain, as I believe, the endless and wonderful contrivances for the
+transportal of pollen from one plant to another of the same species. I
+now believe, however, chiefly from the observations of Hermann M&uuml;ller,
+that I ought to have insisted more strongly than I did on the many
+adaptations for self-fertilisation; though I was well aware of many such
+adaptations. A much enlarged edition of my <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>
+was published in 1877.</p>
+
+<p>In this same year <i>The Different Forms of Flowers, &amp;c.</i>, appeared, and
+in 1880 a second edition. This book consists chiefly of the several
+papers on Hetero-styled flowers originally published by the Linnean
+Society, corrected, with much new matter added, together with
+observations on some other cases in which the same plant bears two kinds
+of flowers. As before remarked, no little discovery of mine ever gave me
+so much pleasure as the making out the meaning of heterostyled flowers.
+The results of crossing such flowers in an illegitimate manner, I
+believe to be very important, as bearing on the sterility of hybrids;
+although these results have been noticed by only a few persons.</p>
+
+<p>In 1879, I had a translation of Dr. Ernst Krause's <i>Life of Erasmus
+Darwin</i> published, and I added a sketch of his character and habits from
+material in my possession. Many persons have been much interested by
+this little life, and I am surprised that only 800 or 900 copies were
+sold.</p>
+
+<p>In 1880 I published, with [my son] Frank's assistance our <i>Power of
+Movement in Plants</i>. This was a tough piece of work. The book bears
+somewhat the same relation to my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> little book on <i>Climbing Plants</i>,
+which <i>Cross-Fertilisation</i> did to the <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>; for
+in accordance with the principle of evolution it was impossible to
+account for climbing plants having been developed in so many widely
+different groups unless all kinds of plants possess some slight power of
+movement of an analogous kind. This I proved to be the case; and I was
+further led to a rather wide generalisation, viz., that the great and
+important classes of movements, excited by light, the attraction of
+gravity, &amp;c., are all modified forms of the fundamental movement of
+circumnutation. It has always pleased me to exalt plants in the scale of
+organised beings; and I therefore felt an especial pleasure in showing
+how many and what admirably well adapted movements the tip of a root
+possesses.</p>
+
+<p>I have now (May 1, 1881) sent to the printers the MS. of a little book
+on <i>The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms</i>. This
+is a subject of but small importance; and I know not whether it will
+interest any readers,<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> but it has interested me. It is the completion
+of a short paper read before the Geological Society more than forty
+years ago, and has revived old geological thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>I have now mentioned all the books which I have published, and these
+have been the milestones in my life, so that little remains to be said.
+I am not conscious of any change in my mind during the last thirty
+years, excepting in one point presently to be mentioned; nor, indeed,
+could any change have been expected unless one of general deterioration.
+But my father lived to his eighty-third year with his mind as lively as
+ever it was, and all his faculties undimmed; and I hope that I may die
+before my mind fails to a sensible extent. I think that I have become a
+little more skilful in guessing right explanations and in devising
+experimental tests; but this may probably be the result of mere
+practice, and of a larger store of knowledge. I have as much difficulty
+as ever in expressing myself clearly and concisely; and this difficulty
+has caused me a very great loss of time; but it has had the compensating
+advantage of forcing me to think long and intently about every sentence,
+and thus I have been led to see errors in reasoning and in my own
+observations or those of others.</p>
+
+<p>There seems to be a sort of fatality in my mind leading me to put at
+first my statement or proposition in a wrong or awkward form. Formerly I
+used to think about my sentences<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> before writing them down; but for
+several years I have found that it saves time to scribble in a vile
+hand, whole pages as quickly as I possibly can, contracting half the
+words; and then correct deliberately. Sentences thus scribbled down are
+often better ones than I could have written deliberately.</p>
+
+<p>Having said thus much about my manner of writing, I will add that with
+my large books I spend a good deal of time over the general arrangement
+of the matter. I first make the rudest outline in two or three pages,
+and then a larger one in several pages, a few words or one word standing
+for a whole discussion or series of facts. Each one of these headings is
+again enlarged and often transferred before I begin to write <i>in
+extenso</i>. As in several of my books facts observed by others have been
+very extensively used, and as I have always had several quite distinct
+subjects in hand at the same time, I may mention that I keep from thirty
+to forty large portfolios, in cabinets with labelled shelves, into which
+I can at once put a detached reference or memorandum. I have bought many
+books, and at their ends I make an index of all the facts that concern
+my work; or, if the book is not my own, write out a separate abstract,
+and of such abstracts I have a large drawer full. Before beginning on
+any subject I look to all the short indexes and make a general and
+classified index, and by taking the one or more proper portfolios I have
+all the information collected during my life ready for use.</p>
+
+<p>I have said that in one respect my mind has changed during the last
+twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty, or beyond it, poetry of
+many kinds, such as the works of Milton, Gray, Byron, Wordsworth,
+Coleridge, and Shelley, gave me great pleasure, and even as a schoolboy
+I took intense delight in Shakespeare, especially in the historical
+plays. I have also said that formerly pictures gave me considerable, and
+music very great delight. But now for many years I cannot endure to read
+a line of poetry: I have tried lately to read Shakespeare, and found it
+so intolerably dull that it nauseated me. I have also almost lost my
+taste for pictures or music. Music generally sets me thinking too
+energetically on what I have been at work on, instead of giving me
+pleasure. I retain some taste for fine scenery, but it does not cause me
+the exquisite delight which it formerly did. On the other hand, novels,
+which are works of the imagination, though not of a very high order,
+have been for years a wonderful relief and pleasure to me, and I often
+bless all novelists. A surprising number have been read aloud to me, and
+I like all if moderately good, and if they do not end unhappily&mdash;against
+which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> a law ought to be passed. A novel, according to my taste, does
+not come into the first class unless it contains some person whom one
+can thoroughly love, and if a pretty woman all the better.</p>
+
+<p>This curious and lamentable loss of the higher &aelig;sthetic tastes is all
+the odder, as books on history, biographies, and travels (independently
+of any scientific facts which they may contain), and essays on all sorts
+of subjects interest me as much as ever they did. My mind seems to have
+become a kind of machine for grinding general laws out of large
+collections of facts, but why this should have caused the atrophy of
+that part of the brain alone, on which the higher tastes depend, I
+cannot conceive. A man with a mind more highly organised or better
+constituted than mine, would not, I suppose, have thus suffered; and if
+I had to live my life again, I would have made a rule to read some
+poetry and listen to some music at least once every week; for perhaps
+the parts of my brain now atrophied would thus have been kept active
+through use. The loss of these tastes is a loss of happiness, and may
+possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral
+character, by enfeebling the emotional part of our nature.</p>
+
+<p>My books have sold largely in England, have been translated into many
+languages, and passed through several editions in foreign countries. I
+have heard it said that the success of a work abroad is the best test of
+its enduring value. I doubt whether this is at all trustworthy; but
+judged by this standard my name ought to last for a few years. Therefore
+it may be worth while to try to analyse the mental qualities and the
+conditions on which my success has depended; though I am aware that no
+man can do this correctly.</p>
+
+<p>I have no great quickness of apprehension or wit which is so remarkable
+in some clever men, for instance, Huxley. I am therefore a poor critic:
+a paper or book, when first read, generally excites my admiration, and
+it is only after considerable reflection that I perceive the weak
+points. My power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought
+is very limited; and therefore I could never have succeeded with
+metaphysics or mathematics. My memory is extensive, yet hazy: it
+suffices to make me cautious by vaguely telling me that I have observed
+or read something opposed to the conclusion which I am drawing, or on
+the other hand in favour of it; and after a time I can generally
+recollect where to search for my authority. So poor in one sense is my
+memory, that I have never been able to remember for more than a few days
+a single date or a line of poetry.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p><p>Some of my critics have said, "Oh, he is a good observer, but he has no
+power of reasoning!" I do not think that this can be true, for the
+<i>Origin of Species</i> is one long argument from the beginning to the end,
+and it has convinced not a few able men. No one could have written it
+without having some power of reasoning. I have a fair share of
+invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly
+successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher
+degree.</p>
+
+<p>On the favourable side of the balance, I think that I am superior to the
+common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and
+in observing them carefully. My industry has been nearly as great as it
+could have been in the observation and collection of facts. What is far
+more important, my love of natural science has been steady and ardent.</p>
+
+<p>This pure love has, however, been much aided by the ambition to be
+esteemed by my fellow naturalists. From my early youth I have had the
+strongest desire to understand or explain whatever I observed,&mdash;that is,
+to group all facts under some general laws. These causes combined have
+given me the patience to reflect or ponder for any number of years over
+any unexplained problem. As far as I can judge, I am not apt to follow
+blindly the lead of other men. I have steadily endeavoured to keep my
+mind free so as to give up any hypothesis, however much beloved (and I
+cannot resist forming one on every subject), as soon as facts are shown
+to be opposed to it. Indeed, I have had no choice but to act in this
+manner, for with the exception of the Coral Reefs, I cannot remember a
+single first-formed hypothesis which had not after a time to be given up
+or greatly modified. This has naturally led me to distrust greatly,
+deductive reasoning in the mixed sciences. On the other hand, I am not
+very sceptical,&mdash;a frame of mind which I believe to be injurious to the
+progress of science. A good deal of scepticism in a scientific man is
+advisable to avoid much loss of time, [but] I have met with not a few
+men, who, I feel sure, have often thus been deterred from experiment or
+observations, which would have proved directly or indirectly
+serviceable.</p>
+
+<p>In illustration, I will give the oddest case which I have known. A
+gentleman (who, as I afterwards heard, is a good local botanist) wrote
+to me from the Eastern counties that the seeds or beans of the common
+field-bean had this year everywhere grown on the wrong side of the pod.
+I wrote back, asking for further information, as I did not understand
+what was meant; but I did not receive any answer for a very long time. I
+then saw in two newspapers, one published in Kent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span> and the other in
+Yorkshire, paragraphs stating that it was a most remarkable fact that
+"the beans this year had all grown on the wrong side." So I thought
+there must be some foundation for so general a statement. Accordingly, I
+went to my gardener, an old Kentish man, and asked him whether he had
+heard anything about it, and he answered, "Oh, no, sir, it must be a
+mistake, for the beans grow on the wrong side only on leap-year." I then
+asked him how they grew in common years and how on leap-years, but soon
+found that he knew absolutely nothing of how they grew at any time, but
+he stuck to his belief.</p>
+
+<p>After a time I heard from my first informant, who, with many apologies,
+said that he should not have written to me had he not heard the
+statement from several intelligent farmers; but that he had since spoken
+again to every one of them, and not one knew in the least what he had
+himself meant. So that here a belief&mdash;if indeed a statement with no
+definite idea attached to it can be called a belief&mdash;had spread over
+almost the whole of England without any vestige of evidence.</p>
+
+<p>I have known in the course of my life only three intentionally falsified
+statements, and one of these may have been a hoax (and there have been
+several scientific hoaxes) which, however, took in an American
+Agricultural Journal. It related to the formation in Holland of a new
+breed of oxen by the crossing of distinct species of Bos (some of which
+I happen to know are sterile together), and the author had the impudence
+to state that he had corresponded with me, and that I had been deeply
+impressed with the importance of his result. The article was sent to me
+by the editor of an English Agricultural Journal, asking for my opinion
+before republishing it.</p>
+
+<p>A second case was an account of several varieties, raised by the author
+from several species of Primula, which had spontaneously yielded a full
+complement of seed, although the parent plants had been carefully
+protected from the access of insects. This account was published before
+I had discovered the meaning of heterostylism, and the whole statement
+must have been fraudulent, or there was neglect in excluding insects so
+gross as to be scarcely credible.</p>
+
+<p>The third case was more curious: Mr. Huth published in his book on
+'Consanguineous Marriage' some long extracts from a Belgian author, who
+stated that he had interbred rabbits in the closest manner for very many
+generations, without the least injurious effects. The account was
+published in a most respectable Journal, that of the Royal Society of
+Belgium; but I could not avoid feeling doubts&mdash;I hardly know why,
+except<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> that there were no accidents of any kind, and my experience in
+breeding animals made me think this improbable.</p>
+
+<p>So with much hesitation I wrote to Professor Van Beneden, asking him
+whether the author was a trustworthy man. I soon heard in answer that
+the Society had been greatly shocked by discovering that the whole
+account was a fraud.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> The writer had been publicly challenged in the
+journal to say where he had resided and kept his large stock of rabbits
+while carrying on his experiments, which must have consumed several
+years, and no answer could be extracted from him.</p>
+
+<p>My habits are methodical, and this has been of not a little use for my
+particular line of work. Lastly, I have had ample leisure from not
+having to earn my own bread. Even ill-health, though it has annihilated
+several years of my life, has saved me from the distractions of society
+and amusement.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, my success as a man of science, whatever this may have
+amounted to, has been determined, as far as I can judge, by complex and
+diversified mental qualities and conditions. Of these, the most
+important have been&mdash;the love of science&mdash;unbounded patience in long
+reflecting over any subject&mdash;industry in observing and collecting
+facts&mdash;and a fair share of invention as well as of common-sense. With
+such moderate abilities as I possess, it is truly surprising that I
+should have influenced to a considerable extent the belief of scientific
+men on some important points.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> The late Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's house in Surrey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Kept by Rev. G. Case, minister of the Unitarian Chapel in
+the High Street. Mrs. Darwin was a Unitarian and attended Mr. Case's
+chapel, and my father as a little boy went there with his elder sisters.
+But both he and his brother were christened and intended to belong to
+the Church of England; and after his early boyhood he seems usually to
+have gone to church and not to Mr. Case's. It appears (<i>St. James's
+Gazette</i>, December 15, 1883) that a mural tablet has been erected to his
+memory in the chapel, which is now known as the "Free Christian
+Church."&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Rev. W. A. Leighton remembers his bringing a flower to
+school and saying that his mother had taught him how by looking at the
+inside of the blossom the name of the plant could be discovered. Mr.
+Leighton goes on, "This greatly roused my attention and curiosity, and I
+inquired of him repeatedly how this could be done?"&mdash;but his lesson was
+naturally enough not transmissible.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> His father wisely treated this tendency not by making
+crimes of the fibs, but by making light of the discoveries.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> The house of his uncle, Josiah Wedgwood, the younger.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> It is curious that another Shrewsbury boy should have been
+impressed by this military funeral; Mr. Gretton, in his <i>Memory's
+Harkback</i>, says that the scene is so strongly impressed on his mind that
+he could "walk straight to the spot in St. Chad's churchyard where the
+poor fellow was buried." The soldier was an Inniskilling Dragoon, and
+the officer in command had been recently wounded at Waterloo, where his
+corps did good service against the French Cuirassiers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> He lodged at Mrs. Mackay's, 11, Lothian Street. What
+little the records of Edinburgh University can reveal has been published
+in the <i>Edinburgh Weekly Dispatch</i>, May 22, 1888; and in the <i>St.
+James's Gazette</i>, February 16, 1888. From the latter journal it appears
+that he and his brother Erasmus made more use of the library than was
+usual among the students of their time.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> I have heard him call to mind the pride he felt at the
+results of the successful treatment of a whole family with tartar
+emetic.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Dr. Coldstream died September 17, 1863; see Crown 16mo.
+Book Tract. No. 19 of the Religious Tract Society (no date).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> The society was founded in 1823, and expired about 1848
+(<i>Edinburgh Weekly Dispatch</i>, May 22, 1888).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Josiah Wedgwood, the son of the founder of the Etruria
+Works.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a>
+</p><p>
+Justum et tenacem propositi virum<br />
+Non civium ardor prava jubentium,<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Non vultus instantis tyranni</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Mente quatit solida.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Tenth in the list of January 1831.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> I gather from some of my father's contemporaries that he
+has exaggerated the Bacchanalian nature of those parties.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Rev. C. Whitley, Hon. Canon of Durham, formerly Reader in
+Natural Philosophy in Durham University.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The late John Maurice Herbert, County Court Judge of
+Cardiff and the Monmouth Circuit.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Afterwards Sir H. Thompson, first baronet.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> The <i>Cambridge Ray Club</i>, which in 1887 attained its
+fiftieth anniversary, is the direct descendant of these meetings, having
+been founded to fill the blank caused by the discontinuance, in 1836, of
+Henslow's Friday evenings. See Professor Babington's pamphlet, <i>The
+Cambridge Ray Club</i>, 1887.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Mr. Jenyns (now Blomefield) described the fish for the
+<i>Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</i>; and is author of a long series
+of papers, chiefly Zoological. In 1887 he printed, for private
+circulation, an autobiographical sketch, <i>Chapters in my Life</i>, and
+subsequently some (undated) addenda. The well-known Soame Jenyns was
+cousin to Mr. Jenyns' father.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> In connection with this tour my father used to tell a
+story about Sedgwick: they had started from their inn one morning, and
+had walked a mile or two, when Sedgwick suddenly stopped, and vowed that
+he would return, being certain "that damned scoundrel" (the waiter) had
+not given the chambermaid the sixpence intrusted to him for the purpose.
+He was ultimately persuaded to give up the project, seeing that there
+was no reason for suspecting the waiter of perfidy.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, 1842.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Josiah Wedgwood.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> The Count d'Albanie's claim to Royal descent has been
+shown to be baaed on a myth. See the <i>Quarterly Review</i>, 1847, vol.
+lxxxi. p. 83; also Hayward's <i>Biographical and Critical Essays</i>, 1873,
+vol. ii. p. 201.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Read at the meeting held November 16, 1835, and printed in
+a pamphlet of 31 pp. for distribution among the members of the Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> In Fitzwilliam Street.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Geolog. Soc. Proc.</i> ii. 1838, pp. 416-449.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> 1839, pp. 39-82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Geolog. Soc. Proc.</i> iii. 1842.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>Geolog. Trans.</i> v. 1840.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>Geolog. Soc. Proc.</i> ii. 1838.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, 1842.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> The slight repetition here observable is accounted for by
+the notes on Lyell, &amp;c., having been added in April, 1881, a few years
+after the rest of the <i>Recollections</i> were written.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> A passage referring to X. is here omitted.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Geological Observations</i>, 2nd Edit. 1876. <i>Coral Reefs</i>,
+2nd Edit. 1874</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Published by the Ray Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> Miss Bird is mistaken, as I learn from Professor
+Mitsukuri.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Geolog. Survey Mem.</i>, 1846.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Between November 1881 and February 1884, 8500 copies were
+sold.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> The falseness of the published statements on which Mr.
+Huth relied were pointed out in a slip inserted in all the unsold copies
+of his book, <i>The Marriage of near Kin</i>.&mdash;F. D.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER III.</span> <span class="smaller">RELIGION.</span></h2>
+
+<p>My father in his published works was reticent on the matter of religion,
+and what he has left on the subject was not written with a view to
+publication.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<p>I believe that his reticence arose from several causes. He felt strongly
+that a man's religion is an essentially private matter, and one
+concerning himself alone. This is indicated by the following extract
+from a letter of 1879:&mdash;<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>"What my own views may be is a question of no consequence to any one but
+myself. But, as you ask, I may state that my judgment often
+fluctuates.... In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an
+Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that
+generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an
+Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind."</p>
+
+<p>He naturally shrank from wounding the sensibilities of others in
+religious matters, and he was also influenced by the consciousness that
+a man ought not to publish on a subject to which he has not given
+special and continuous thought. That he felt this caution to apply to
+himself in the matter of religion is shown in a letter to Dr. F. E.
+Abbott, of Cambridge, U.S. (September 6, 1871). After explaining that
+the weakness arising from bad health prevented him from feeling "equal
+to deep reflection, on the deepest subject which can fill a man's mind,"
+he goes on to say: "With respect to my former notes to you, I quite
+forget their contents. I have to write many letters, and can reflect but
+little on what I write; but I fully believe and hope that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> I have never
+written a word, which at the time I did not think; but I think you will
+agree with me, that anything which is to be given to the public ought to
+be maturely weighed and cautiously put. It never occurred to me that you
+would wish to print any extract from my notes: if it had, I would have
+kept a copy. I put 'private' from habit, only as yet partially acquired,
+from some hasty notes of mine having been printed, which were not in the
+least degree worth printing, though otherwise unobjectionable. It is
+simply ridiculous to suppose that my former note to you would be worth
+sending to me, with any part marked which you desire to print; but if
+you like to do so, I will at once say whether I should have any
+objection. I feel in some degree unwilling to express myself publicly on
+religious subjects, as I do not feel that I have thought deeply enough
+to justify any publicity."</p>
+
+<p>What follows is from another letter to Dr. Abbott (November 16, 1871),
+in which my father gives more fully his reasons for not feeling
+competent to write on religious and moral subjects:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I can say with entire truth that I feel honoured by your request that I
+should become a contributor to the <i>Index</i>, and am much obliged for the
+draft. I fully, also, subscribe to the proposition that it is the duty
+of every one to spread what he believes to be the truth; and I honour
+you for doing so, with so much devotion and zeal. But I cannot comply
+with your request for the following reasons; and excuse me for giving
+them in some detail, as I should be very sorry to appear in your eyes
+ungracious. My health is very weak: I <i>never</i> pass 24 hours without many
+hours of discomfort, when I can do nothing whatever. I have thus, also,
+lost two whole consecutive months this season. Owing to this weakness,
+and my head being often giddy, I am unable to master new subjects
+requiring much thought, and can deal only with old materials. At no time
+am I a quick thinker or writer: whatever I have done in science has
+solely been by long pondering, patience and industry.</p>
+
+<p>"Now I have never systematically thought much on religion in relation to
+science, or on morals in relation to society; and without steadily
+keeping my mind on such subjects for a long period, I am really
+incapable of writing anything worth sending to the <i>Index</i>."</p>
+
+<p>He was more than once asked to give his views on religion, and he had,
+as a rule, no objection to doing so in a private letter. Thus, in answer
+to a Dutch student, he wrote (April 2, 1873):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p><p>"I am sure you will excuse my writing at length, when I tell you that I
+have long been much out of health, and am now staying away from my home
+for rest.</p>
+
+<p>"It is impossible to answer your question briefly; and I am not sure
+that I could do so, even if I wrote at some length. But I may say that
+the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous universe,
+with our conscious selves, arose through chance, seems to me the chief
+argument for the existence of God; but whether this is an argument of
+real value, I have never been able to decide. I am aware that if we
+admit a First Cause, the mind still craves to know whence it came, and
+how it arose. Nor can I overlook the difficulty from the immense amount
+of suffering through the world. I am, also, induced to defer to a
+certain extent to the judgment of the many able men who have fully
+believed in God; but here again I see how poor an argument this is. The
+safest conclusion seems to me that the whole subject is beyond the scope
+of man's intellect; but man can do his duty."</p>
+
+<p>Again in 1879 he was applied to by a German student, in a similar
+manner. The letter was answered by a member of my father's family, who
+wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Darwin begs me to say that he receives so many letters, that he
+cannot answer them all.</p>
+
+<p>"He considers that the theory of Evolution is quite compatible with the
+belief in a God; but that you must remember that different persons have
+different definitions of what they mean by God."</p>
+
+<p>This, however, did not satisfy the German youth, who again wrote to my
+father, and received from him the following reply:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am much engaged, an old man, and out of health, and I cannot spare
+time to answer your questions fully,&mdash;nor indeed can they be answered.
+Science has nothing to do with Christ, except in so far as the habit of
+scientific research makes a man cautious in admitting evidence. For
+myself, I do not believe that there ever has been any revelation. As for
+a future life, every man must judge for himself between conflicting
+vague probabilities."</p>
+
+<p>The passages which here follow are extracts, somewhat abbreviated, from
+a part of the Autobiography, written in 1876, in which my father gives
+the history of his religious views:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"During these two years<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> I was led to think much about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> religion.
+Whilst on board the <i>Beagle</i> I was quite orthodox, and I remember being
+heartily laughed at by several of the officers (though themselves
+orthodox) for quoting the Bible as an unanswerable authority on some
+point of morality. I suppose it was the novelty of the argument that
+amused them. But I had gradually come by this time, <i>i.e.</i> 1836 to 1839,
+to see that the Old Testament was no more to be trusted than the sacred
+books of the Hindoos. The question then continually rose before my mind
+and would not be banished,&mdash;is it credible that if God were now to make
+a revelation to the Hindoos, he would permit it to be connected with the
+belief in Vishnu, Siva, &amp;c., as Christianity is connected with the Old
+Testament? This appeared to me utterly incredible.</p>
+
+<p>"By further reflecting that the clearest evidence would be requisite to
+make any sane man believe in the miracles by which Christianity is
+supported,&mdash;and that the more we know of the fixed laws of nature the
+more incredible do miracles become,&mdash;that the men at that time were
+ignorant and credulous to a degree almost incomprehensible by us,&mdash;that
+the Gospels cannot be proved to have been written simultaneously with
+the events,&mdash;that they differ in many important details, far too
+important, as it seemed to me, to be admitted as the usual inaccuracies
+of eye-witnesses;&mdash;by such reflections as these, which I give not as
+having the least novelty or value, but as they influenced me, I
+gradually came to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation. The
+fact that many false religions have spread over large portions of the
+earth like wildfire had some weight with me.</p>
+
+<p>"But I was very unwilling to give up my belief; I feel sure of this, for
+I can well remember often and often inventing day-dreams of old letters
+between distinguished Romans, and manuscripts being discovered at
+Pompeii or elsewhere, which confirmed in the most striking manner all
+that was written in the Gospels. But I found it more and more difficult,
+with free scope given to my imagination, to invent evidence which would
+suffice to convince me. Thus disbelief crept over me at a very slow
+rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so slow that I felt no
+distress.</p>
+
+<p>"Although I did not think much about the existence of a personal God
+until a considerably later period of my life, I will here give the vague
+conclusions to which I have been driven. The old argument from design in
+Nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive,
+fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered. We can
+no longer argue that, for instance, the beautiful hinge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> of a bivalve
+shell must have been made by an intelligent being, like the hinge of a
+door by man. There seems to be no more design in the variability of
+organic beings, and in the action of natural selection, than in the
+course which the wind blows. But I have discussed this subject at the
+end of my book on the <i>Variation of Domesticated Animals and
+Plants</i>,<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> and the argument there given has never, as far as I can
+see, been answered.</p>
+
+<p>"But passing over the endless beautiful adaptations which we everywhere
+meet with, it may be asked how can the generally beneficent arrangement
+of the world be accounted for? Some writers indeed are so much impressed
+with the amount of suffering in the world, that they doubt, if we look
+to all sentient beings, whether there is more of misery or of happiness;
+whether the world as a whole is a good or a bad one. According to my
+judgment happiness decidedly prevails, though this would be very
+difficult to prove. If the truth of this conclusion be granted, it
+harmonizes well with the effects which we might expect from natural
+selection. If all the individuals of any species were habitually to
+suffer to an extreme degree, they would neglect to propagate their kind;
+but we have no reason to believe that this has ever, or at least often
+occurred. Some other considerations, moreover, lead to the belief that
+all sentient beings have been formed so as to enjoy, as a general rule,
+happiness.</p>
+
+<p>"Every one who believes, as I do, that all the corporeal and mental
+organs (excepting those which are neither advantageous nor
+disadvantageous to the possessor) of all beings have been developed
+through natural selection, or the survival of the fittest, together with
+use or habit, will admit that these organs have been formed so that
+their possessors may compete successfully with other beings, and thus
+increase in number. Now an animal may be led to pursue that course of
+action which is most beneficial to the species by suffering, such as
+pain, hunger, thirst, and fear; or by pleasure, as in eating and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+drinking, and in the propagation of the species, &amp;c.; or by both means
+combined, as in the search for food. But pain or suffering of any kind,
+if long continued, causes depression and lessens the power of action,
+yet is well adapted to make a creature guard itself against any great or
+sudden evil. Pleasurable sensations, on the other hand, may be long
+continued without any depressing effect; on the contrary, they stimulate
+the whole system to increased action. Hence it has come to pass that
+most or all sentient beings have been developed in such a manner,
+through natural selection, that pleasurable sensations serve as their
+habitual guides. We see this in the pleasure from exertion, even
+occasionally from great exertion of the body or mind,&mdash;in the pleasure
+of our daily meals, and especially in the pleasure derived from
+sociability, and from loving our families. The sum of such pleasures as
+these, which are habitual or frequently recurrent, give, as I can hardly
+doubt, to most sentient beings an excess of happiness over misery,
+although many occasionally suffer much. Such suffering is quite
+compatible with the belief in Natural Selection, which is not perfect in
+its action, but tends only to render each species as successful as
+possible in the battle for life with other species, in wonderfully
+complex and changing circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>"That there is much suffering in the world no one disputes. Some have
+attempted to explain this with reference to man by imagining that it
+serves for his moral improvement. But the number of men in the world is
+as nothing compared with that of all other sentient beings, and they
+often suffer greatly without any moral improvement. This very old
+argument from the existence of suffering against the existence of an
+intelligent First Cause seems to me a strong one; whereas, as just
+remarked, the presence of much suffering agrees well with the view that
+all organic beings have been developed through variation and natural
+selection.</p>
+
+<p>"At the present day the most usual argument for the existence of an
+intelligent God is drawn from the deep inward conviction and feelings
+which are experienced by most persons.</p>
+
+<p>"Formerly I was led by feelings such as those just referred to (although
+I do not think that the religious sentiment was ever strongly developed
+in me), to the firm conviction of the existence of God and of the
+immortality of the soul. In my Journal I wrote that whilst standing in
+the midst of the grandeur of a Brazilian forest, 'it is not possible to
+give an adequate idea of the higher feelings of wonder, admiration, and
+devotion which fill and elevate the mind.' I well remember<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> my
+conviction that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body;
+but now the grandest scenes would not cause any such convictions and
+feelings to rise in my mind. It may be truly said that I am like a man
+who has become colour-blind, and the universal belief by men of the
+existence of redness makes my present loss of perception of not the
+least value as evidence. This argument would be a valid one if all men
+of all races had the same inward conviction of the existence of one God;
+but we know that this is very far from being the case. Therefore I
+cannot see that such inward convictions and feelings are of any weight
+as evidence of what really exists. The state of mind which grand scenes
+formerly excited in me, and which was intimately connected with a belief
+in God, did not essentially differ from that which is often called the
+sense of sublimity; and however difficult it may be to explain the
+genesis of this sense, it can hardly be advanced as an argument for the
+existence of God, any more than the powerful though vague and similar
+feelings excited by music.</p>
+
+<p>"With respect to immortality, nothing, shows me [so clearly] how strong
+and almost instinctive a belief it is as the consideration of the view
+now held by most physicists, namely, that the sun with all the planets
+will in time grow too cold for life, unless indeed some great body
+dashes into the sun and thus gives it fresh life. Believing as I do that
+man in the distant future will be a far more perfect creature than he
+now is, it is an intolerable thought that he and all other sentient
+beings are doomed to complete annihilation after such long-continued
+slow progress. To those who fully admit the immortality of the human
+soul, the destruction of our world will not appear so dreadful.</p>
+
+<p>"Another source of conviction in the existence of God, connected with
+the reason and not with the feelings, impresses me as having much more
+weight. This follows from the extreme difficulty or rather impossibility
+of conceiving this immense and wonderful universe, including man with
+his capacity of looking far backwards and far into futurity, as the
+result of blind chance or necessity. When thus reflecting, I feel
+compelled to look to a First Cause having an intelligent mind in some
+degree analogous to that of man; and I deserve to be called a Theist.
+This conclusion was strong in my mind about the time, as far as I can
+remember, when I wrote the <i>Origin of Species</i>, and it is since that
+time that it has very gradually, with many fluctuations, become weaker.
+But then arises the doubt&mdash;can the mind of man, which has, as I fully
+believe, been developed from a mind as low as that possessed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> by the
+lowest animals, be trusted when it draws such grand conclusions?</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems.
+The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us, and I for
+one must be content to remain an Agnostic."</p>
+
+<p>The following letters repeat to some extent what is given above from the
+<i>Autobiography</i>. The first one refers to <i>The Boundaries of Science: a
+Dialogue</i>, published in <i>Macmillan's Magazine</i>, for July 1861.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Miss Julia Wedgwood</i>, July 11 [1861].</p>
+
+<p>Some one has sent us <i>Macmillan</i>, and I must tell you how much I admire
+your Article, though at the same time I must confess that I could not
+clearly follow you in some parts, which probably is in main part due to
+my not being at all accustomed to metaphysical trains of thought. I
+think that you understand my book<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> perfectly, and that I find a very
+rare event with my critics. The ideas in the last page have several
+times vaguely crossed my mind. Owing to several correspondents, I have
+been led lately to think, or rather to try to think, over some of the
+chief points discussed by you. But the result has been with me a
+maze&mdash;something like thinking on the origin of evil, to which you
+allude. The mind refuses to look at this universe, being what it is,
+without having been designed; yet, where one would most expect design,
+viz. in the structure of a sentient being, the more I think on the
+subject, the less I can see proof of design. Asa Gray and some others
+look at each variation, or at least at each beneficial variation (which
+A. Gray would compare with the raindrops<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> which do not fall on the
+sea, but on to the land to fertilise it) as having been providentially
+designed. Yet when I ask him whether he looks at each variation in the
+rock-pigeon, by which man has made by accumulation a pouter or fantail
+pigeon, as providentially designed for man's amusement, he does not know
+what to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> answer; and if he, or any one, admits [that] these variations
+are accidental, as far as purpose is concerned (of course not accidental
+as to their cause or origin), then I can see no reason why he should
+rank the accumulated variations by which the beautifully-adapted
+woodpecker has been formed as providentially designed. For it would be
+easy to imagine the enlarged crop of the pouter, or tail of the fantail,
+as of some use to birds, in a state of nature, having peculiar habits of
+life. These are the considerations which perplex me about design; but
+whether you will care to hear them, I know not.</p>
+
+<p>On the subject of design, he wrote (July 1860) to Dr. Gray:</p>
+
+<p>"One word more on 'designed laws' and 'undesigned results.' I see a bird
+which I want for food, take my gun and kill it, I do this <i>designedly</i>.
+An innocent and good man stands under a tree and is killed by a flash of
+lightning. Do you believe (and I really should like to hear) that God
+<i>designedly</i> killed this man? Many or most persons do believe this; I
+can't and don't. If you believe so, do you believe that when a swallow
+snaps up a gnat that God designed that that particular swallow should
+snap up that particular gnat at that particular instant? I believe that
+the man and the gnat are in the same predicament. If the death of
+neither man nor gnat is designed, I see no good reason to believe that
+their <i>first</i> birth or production should be necessarily designed."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to W. Graham.</i> Down, July 3rd, 1881.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I hope that you will not think it intrusive on my part to
+thank you heartily for the pleasure which I have derived from reading
+your admirably-written <i>Creed of Science</i>, though I have not yet quite
+finished it, as now that I am old I read very slowly. It is a very long
+time since any other book has interested me so much. The work must have
+cost you several years and much hard labour with full leisure for work.
+You would not probably expect any one fully to agree with you on so many
+abstruse subjects; and there are some points in your book which I cannot
+digest. The chief one is that the existence of so-called natural laws
+implies purpose. I cannot see this. Not to mention that many expect that
+the several great laws will some day be found to follow inevitably from
+some one single law, yet taking the laws as we now know them, and look
+at the moon, where the law of gravitation&mdash;and no doubt of the
+conservation of energy&mdash;of the atomic theory, &amp;c., &amp;c., hold good, and I
+cannot see that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> there is then necessarily any purpose. Would there be
+purpose if the lowest organisms alone, destitute of consciousness,
+existed in the moon? But I have had no practice in abstract reasoning,
+and I may be all astray. Nevertheless you have expressed my inward
+conviction, though far more vividly and clearly than I could have done,
+that the Universe is not the result of chance.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> But then with me the
+horrid doubt always arises whether the convictions of man's mind, which
+has been developed from the mind of the lower animals, are of any value
+or at all trustworthy. Would any one trust in the convictions of a
+monkey's mind, if there are any convictions in such a mind? Secondly, I
+think that I could make somewhat of a case against the enormous
+importance which you attribute to our greatest men; I have been
+accustomed to think second, third, and fourth-rate men of very high
+importance, at least in the case of Science. Lastly, I could show fight
+on natural selection having done and doing more for the progress of
+civilisation than you seem inclined to admit. Remember what risk the
+nations of Europe ran, not so many centuries ago, of being overwhelmed
+by the Turks, and how ridiculous such an idea now is! The more civilised
+so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turkish hollow in the struggle
+for existence. Looking to the world at no very distant date, what an
+endless number of the lower races will have been eliminated by the
+higher civilised races throughout the world. But I will write no more,
+and not even mention the many points in your work which have much
+interested me. I have indeed cause to apologise for troubling you with
+my impressions, and my sole excuse is the excitement in my mind which
+your book has aroused.</p>
+
+<p>I beg leave to remain, dear sir,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours faithfully and obliged.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Darwin spoke little on these subjects, and I can contribute nothing from
+my own recollection of his conversation which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> can add to the impression
+here given of his attitude towards Religion.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> Some further idea of
+his views may, however, be gathered from occasional remarks in his
+letters.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> As an exception, may be mentioned, a few words of
+concurrence with Dr. Abbott's <i>Truths for the Times</i>, which my father
+allowed to be published in the <i>Index</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Addressed to Mr. J. Fordyce, and published by him in his
+<i>Aspects of Scepticism</i>, 1883.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> October 1836 to January 1839.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> My father asks whether we are to believe that the forms
+are preordained of the broken fragments of rock which are fitted
+together by man to build his houses. If not, why should we believe that
+the variations of domestic animals or plants are preordained for the
+sake of the breeder? "But if we give up the principle in one case, ...
+no shadow of reason can be assigned for the belief that variations alike
+in nature and the result of the same general laws, which have been the
+groundwork through natural selection of the formation of the most
+perfectly adapted animals in the world, man included, were intentionally
+and specially guided."&mdash;<i>Variation of Animals and Plants</i>, 1st Edit.
+vol. ii. p. 431.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The <i>Origin of Species</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Dr. Gray's rain-drop metaphor occurs in the Essay, <i>Darwin
+and his Reviewers</i> (<i>Darwiniana</i>, p. 157): "The whole animate life of a
+country depends absolutely upon the vegetation, the vegetation upon the
+rain. The moisture is furnished by the ocean, is raised by the sun's
+heat from the ocean's surface, and is wafted inland by the winds. But
+what multitudes of rain-drops fall back into the ocean&mdash;are as much
+without a final cause as the incipient varieties which come to nothing!
+Does it therefore follow that the rains which are bestowed upon the soil
+with such rule and average regularity were not designed to support
+vegetable and animal life?"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> The Duke of Argyll (<i>Good Words</i>, April 1885, p. 244) has
+recorded a few words on this subject, spoken by my father in the last
+year of his life. " ... in the course of that conversation I said to Mr.
+Darwin, with reference to some of his own remarkable works on the
+<i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>, and upon <i>The Earthworms</i>, and various other
+observations he made of the wonderful contrivances for certain purposes
+in nature&mdash;I said it was impossible to look at these without seeing that
+they were the effect and the expression of mind. I shall never forget
+Mr. Darwin's answer. He looked at me very hard and said, 'Well, that
+often comes over me with overwhelming force; but at other times,' and he
+shook his head vaguely, adding, 'it seems to go away.'"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Dr. Aveling has published an account of a conversation
+with my father. I think that the readers of this pamphlet (<i>The
+Religious Views of Charles Darwin</i>, Free Thought Publishing Company,
+1883) may be misled into seeing more resemblance than really existed
+between the positions of my father and Dr. Aveling: and I say this in
+spite of my conviction that Dr. Aveling gives quite fairly his
+impressions of my father's views. Dr. Aveling tried to show that the
+terms "Agnostic" and "Atheist" are practically equivalent&mdash;that an
+atheist is one who, without denying the existence of God, is without
+God, inasmuch as he is unconvinced of the existence of a Deity. My
+father's replies implied his preference for the unaggressive attitude of
+an Agnostic. Dr. Aveling seems (p. 5) to regard the absence of
+aggressiveness in my father's views as distinguishing them in an
+unessential manner from his own. But, in my judgment, it is precisely
+differences of this kind which distinguish him so completely from the
+class of thinkers to which Dr. Aveling belongs.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/i066.jpg" width='700' height='599' alt="THE STUDY AT DOWN" /></div>
+
+<p class="bold">THE STUDY AT DOWN.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a>]</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER IV.</span> <span class="smaller">REMINISCENCES OF MY FATHER'S EVERYDAY LIFE.</span></h2>
+
+<p>It is my wish in the present chapter to give some idea of my father's
+everyday life. It has seemed to me that I might carry out this object in
+the form of a rough sketch of a day's life at Down, interspersed with
+such recollections as are called up by the record. Many of these
+recollections, which have a meaning for those who knew my father, will
+seem colourless or trifling to strangers. Nevertheless, I give them in
+the hope that they may help to preserve that impression of his
+personality which remains on the minds of those who knew and loved
+him&mdash;an impression at once so vivid and so untranslatable into words.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p><p>Of his personal appearance (in these days of multiplied photographs) it
+is hardly necessary to say much. He was about six feet in height, but
+scarcely looked so tall, as he stooped a good deal; in later days he
+yielded to the stoop; but I can remember seeing him long ago swinging
+back his arms to open out his chest, and holding himself upright with a
+jerk. He gave one the idea that he had been active rather than strong;
+his shoulders were not broad for his height, though certainly not
+narrow. As a young man he must have had much endurance, for on one of
+the shore excursions from the <i>Beagle</i>, when all were suffering from
+want of water, he was one of the two who were better able than the rest
+to struggle on in search of it. As a boy he was active, and could jump a
+bar placed at the height of the "Adam's apple" in his neck.</p>
+
+<p>He walked with a swinging action, using a stick heavily shod with iron,
+which he struck loudly against the ground, producing as he went round
+the "Sand-walk" at Down, a rhythmical click which is with all of us a
+very distinct remembrance. As he returned from the midday walk, often
+carrying the waterproof or cloak which had proved too hot, one could see
+that the swinging step was kept up by something of an effort. Indoors
+his step was often slow and laboured, and as he went upstairs in the
+afternoon he might be heard mounting the stairs with a heavy footfall,
+as if each step were an effort. When interested in his work he moved
+about quickly and easily enough, and often in the midst of dictating he
+went eagerly into the hall to get a pinch of snuff, leaving the study
+door open, and calling out the last words of his sentence as he left the
+room.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of his activity, he had, I think, no natural grace or neatness
+of movement. He was awkward with his hands, and was unable to draw at
+all well.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> This he always regretted, and he frequently urged the
+paramount necessity to a young naturalist of making himself a good
+draughtsman.</p>
+
+<p>He could dissect well under the simple microscope, but I think it was by
+dint of his great patience and carefulness. It was characteristic of him
+that he thought any little bit of skilful dissection something almost
+superhuman. He used to speak with admiration of the skill with which he
+saw Newport dissect a humble bee, getting out the nervous system with a
+few cuts of a pair of fine scissors. He used to consider cutting
+microscopic sections a great feat, and in the last year of his life,
+with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> wonderful energy, took the pains to learn to cut sections of roots
+and leaves. His hand was not steady enough to hold the object to be cut,
+and he employed a common microtome, in which the pith for holding the
+object was clamped, and the razor slid on a glass surface. He used to
+laugh at himself, and at his own skill in section-cutting, at which he
+would say he was "speechless with admiration." On the other hand, he
+must have had accuracy of eye and power of co-ordinating his movements,
+since he was a good shot with a gun as a young man, and as a boy was
+skilful in throwing. He once killed a hare sitting in the flower-garden
+at Shrewsbury by throwing a marble at it, and, as a man, he killed a
+cross-beak with a stone. He was so unhappy at having uselessly killed
+the cross-beak that he did not mention it for years, and then explained
+that he should never have thrown at it if he had not felt sure that his
+old skill had gone from him.</p>
+
+<p>His beard was full and almost untrimmed, the hair being grey and white,
+fine rather than coarse, and wavy or frizzled. His moustache was
+somewhat disfigured by being cut short and square across. He became very
+bald, having only a fringe of dark hair behind.</p>
+
+<p>His face was ruddy in colour, and this perhaps made people think him
+less of an invalid than he was. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (June 13,
+1849), "Every one tells me that I look quite blooming and beautiful; and
+most think I am shamming, but you have never been one of those." And it
+must be remembered that at this time he was miserably ill, far worse
+than in later years. His eyes were bluish grey under deep overhanging
+brows, with thick, bushy projecting eye-brows. His high forehead was
+deeply wrinkled, but otherwise his face was not much marked or lined.
+His expression showed no signs of the continual discomfort he suffered.</p>
+
+<p>When he was excited with pleasant talk his whole manner was wonderfully
+bright and animated, and his face shared to the full in the general
+animation. His laugh was a free and sounding peal, like that of a man
+who gives himself sympathetically and with enjoyment to the person and
+the thing which have amused him. He often used some sort of gesture with
+his laugh, lifting up his hands or bringing one down with a slap. I
+think, generally speaking, he was given to gesture, and often used his
+hands in explaining anything (<i>e.g.</i> the fertilisation of a flower) in a
+way that seemed rather an aid to himself than to the listener. He did
+this on occasions when most people would illustrate their explanations
+by means of a rough pencil sketch.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p><p>He wore dark clothes, of a loose and easy fit. Of late years he gave up
+the tall hat even in London, and wore a soft black one in winter, and a
+big straw hat in summer. His usual out-of-doors dress was the short
+cloak in which Elliot and Fry's photograph<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> represents him, leaning
+against the pillar of the verandah. Two peculiarities of his indoor
+dress were that he almost always wore a shawl over his shoulders, and
+that he had great loose cloth boots lined with fur which he could slip
+on over his indoor shoes.</p>
+
+<p>He rose early, and took a short turn before breakfast, a habit which
+began when he went for the first time to a water-cure establishment, and
+was preserved till almost the end of his life. I used, as a little boy,
+to like going out with him, and I have a vague sense of the red of the
+winter sunrise, and a recollection of the pleasant companionship, and a
+certain honour and glory in it. He used to delight me as a boy by
+telling me how, in still earlier walks, on dark winter mornings, he had
+once or twice met foxes trotting home at the dawning.</p>
+
+<p>After breakfasting alone about 7.45, he went to work at once,
+considering the 1&frac12; hour between 8 and 9.30 one of his best working
+times. At 9.30 he came in to the drawing-room for his letters&mdash;rejoicing
+if the post was a light one and being sometimes much worried if it was
+not. He would then hear any family letters read aloud as he lay on the
+sofa.</p>
+
+<p>The reading aloud, which also included part of a novel, lasted till
+about half-past ten, when he went back to work till twelve or a quarter
+past. By this time he considered his day's work over, and would often
+say, in a satisfied voice, "<i>I've</i> done a good day's work." He then went
+out of doors whether it was wet or fine; Polly, his white terrier, went
+with him in fair weather, but in rain she refused or might be seen
+hesitating in the verandah, with a mixed expression of disgust and shame
+at her own want of courage; generally, however, her conscience carried
+the day, and as soon as he was evidently gone she could not bear to stay
+behind.</p>
+
+<p>My father was always fond of dogs, and as a young man had the power of
+stealing away the affections of his sister's pets; at Cambridge, he won
+the love of his cousin W. D. Fox's dog, and this may perhaps have been
+the little beast which used to creep down inside his bed and sleep at
+the foot every night. My father had a surly dog, who was devoted to him,
+but unfriendly to every one else, and when he came back from the
+<i>Beagle</i> voyage, the dog remembered him, but in a curious way, which my
+father was fond of telling. He went into the yard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> and shouted in his
+old manner; the dog rushed out and set off with him on his walk, showing
+no more emotion or excitement than if the same thing had happened the
+day before, instead of five years ago. This story is made use of in the
+<i>Descent of Man</i>, 2nd Edit. p. 74.</p>
+
+<p>In my memory there were only two dogs which had much connection with my
+father. One was a large black and white half-bred retriever, called Bob,
+to which we, as children, were much devoted. He was the dog of whom the
+story of the "hot-house face" is told in the <i>Expression of the
+Emotions</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But the dog most closely associated with my father was the
+above-mentioned Polly, a rough, white fox-terrier. She was a
+sharp-witted, affectionate dog; when her master was going away on a
+journey, she always discovered the fact by the signs of packing going on
+in the study, and became low-spirited accordingly. She began, too, to be
+excited by seeing the study prepared for his return home. She was a
+cunning little creature, and used to tremble or put on an air of misery
+when my father passed, while she was waiting for dinner, just as if she
+knew that he would say (as he did often say) that "she was famishing."
+My father used to make her catch biscuits off her nose, and had an
+affectionate and mock-solemn way of explaining to her before-hand that
+she must "be a very good girl." She had a mark on her back where she had
+been burnt, and where the hair had re-grown red instead of white, and my
+father used to commend her for this tuft of hair as being in accordance
+with his theory of pangenesis; her father had been a red bull-terrier,
+thus the red hair appearing after the burn showed the presence of latent
+red gemmules. He was delightfully tender to Polly, and never showed any
+impatience at the attentions she required, such as to be let in at the
+door, or out at the verandah window, to bark at "naughty people," a
+self-imposed duty she much enjoyed. She died, or rather had to be
+killed, a few days after his death.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
+
+<p>My father's mid-day walk generally began by a call at the greenhouse,
+where he looked at any germinating seeds or experimental plants which
+required a casual examination, but he hardly ever did any serious
+observing at this time. Then he went on for his constitutional&mdash;either
+round the "Sand-walk," or outside his own grounds in the immediate
+neighbourhood of the house. The "Sand-walk" was a narrow strip of land
+1&frac12; acre in extent, with a gravel-walk round it. On one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> side of it
+was a broad old shaw with fair-sized oaks in it, which made a sheltered
+shady walk; the other side was separated from a neighbouring grass field
+by a low quickset hedge, over which you could look at what view there
+was, a quiet little valley losing itself in the upland country towards
+the edge of the Westerham hill, with hazel coppice and larch plantation,
+the remnants of what was once a large wood, stretching away to the
+Westerham high road. I have heard my father say that the charm of this
+simple little valley was a decided factor in his choice of a home.</p>
+
+<p>The Sand-walk was planted by my father with a variety of trees, such as
+hazel, alder, lime, hornbeam, birch, privet, and dogwood, and with a
+long line of hollies all down the exposed side. In earlier times he took
+a certain number of turns every day, and used to count them by means of
+a heap of flints, one of which he kicked out on the path each time he
+passed. Of late years I think he did not keep to any fixed number of
+turns, but took as many as he felt strength for. The Sand-walk was our
+play-ground as children, and here we continually saw my father as he
+walked round. He liked to see what we were doing, and was ever ready to
+sympathize in any fun that was going on. It is curious to think how,
+with regard to the Sand-walk in connection with my father, my earliest
+recollections coincide with my latest; it shows the unvarying character
+of his habits.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes when alone he stood still or walked stealthily to observe
+birds or beasts. It was on one of these occasions that some young
+squirrels ran up his back and legs, while their mother barked at them in
+an agony from the tree. He always found birds' nests even up to the last
+years of his life, and we, as children, considered that he had a special
+genius in this direction. In his quiet prowls he came across the less
+common birds, but I fancy he used to conceal it from me as a little boy,
+because he observed the agony of mind which I endured at not having seen
+the siskin or goldfinch, or some other of the less common birds. He used
+to tell us how, when he was creeping noiselessly along in the
+"Big-Woods," he came upon a fox asleep in the daytime, which was so much
+astonished that it took a good stare at him before it ran off. A Spitz
+dog which accompanied him showed no sign of excitement at the fox, and
+he used to end the story by wondering how the dog could have been so
+faint-hearted.</p>
+
+<p>Another favourite place was "Orchis Bank," above the quiet Cudham
+valley, where fly- and musk-orchis grew among the junipers, and
+Cephalanthera and Neottia under the beech<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> boughs; the little wood
+"Hangrove," just above this, he was also fond of, and here I remember
+his collecting grasses, when he took a fancy to make out the names of
+all the common kinds. He was fond of quoting the saying of one of his
+little boys, who, having found a grass that his father had not seen
+before, had it laid by his own plate during dinner, remarking, "I are an
+extraordinary grass-finder!"</p>
+
+<p>My father much enjoyed wandering idly in the garden with my mother or
+some of his children, or making one of a party, sitting on a bench on
+the lawn; he generally sat, however, on the grass, and I remember him
+often lying under one of the big lime-trees, with his head on the green
+mound at its foot. In dry summer weather, when we often sat out, the
+fly-wheel of the well was commonly heard spinning round, and so the
+sound became associated with those pleasant days. He used to like to
+watch us playing at lawn-tennis, and often knocked up a stray ball for
+us with the curved handle of his stick.</p>
+
+<p>Though he took no personal share in the management of the garden, he had
+great delight in the beauty of flowers&mdash;for instance, in the mass of
+Azaleas which generally stood in the drawing-room. I think he sometimes
+fused together his admiration of the structure of a flower and of its
+intrinsic beauty; for instance, in the case of the big pendulous pink
+and white flowers of Diclytra. In the same way he had an affection,
+half-artistic, half-botanical, for the little blue Lobelia. In admiring
+flowers, he would often laugh at the dingy high-art colours, and
+contrast them with the bright tints of nature. I used to like to hear
+him admire the beauty of a flower; it was a kind of gratitude to the
+flower itself, and a personal love for its delicate form and colour. I
+seem to remember him gently touching a flower he delighted in; it was
+the same simple admiration that a child might have.</p>
+
+<p>He could not help personifying natural things. This feeling came out in
+abuse as well as in praise&mdash;<i>e.g.</i> of some seedlings&mdash;"The little
+beggars are doing just what I don't want them to." He would speak in a
+half-provoked, half-admiring way of the ingenuity of the leaf of a
+Sensitive Plant in screwing itself out of a basin of water in which he
+had tried to fix it. One might see the same spirit in his way of
+speaking of Sundew, earthworms, &amp;c.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p><p>Within my memory, his only outdoor recreation, besides walking, was
+riding; this was taken up at the recommendation of Dr. Bence Jones, and
+we had the luck to find for him the easiest and quietest cob in the
+world, named "Tommy." He enjoyed these rides extremely, and devised a
+series of short rounds which brought him home in time for lunch. Our
+country is good for this purpose, owing to the number of small valleys
+which give a variety to what in a flat country would be a dull loop of
+road. I think he felt surprised at himself, when he remembered how bold
+a rider he had been, and how utterly old age and bad health had taken
+away his nerve. He would say that riding prevented him thinking much
+more effectually than walking&mdash;that having to attend to the horse gave
+him occupation sufficient to prevent any really hard thinking. And the
+change of scene which it gave him was good for spirits and health.</p>
+
+<p>If I go beyond my own experience, and recall what I have heard him say
+of his love for sport, &amp;c., I can think of a good deal, but much of it
+would be a repetition of what is contained in his <i>Recollections</i>. He
+was fond of his gun as quite a boy, and became a good shot; he used to
+tell how in South America he killed twenty-three snipe in twenty-four
+shots. In telling the story he was careful to add that he thought they
+were not quite so wild as English snipe.</p>
+
+<p>Luncheon at Down came after his mid-day walk; and here I may say a word
+or two about his meals generally. He had a boy-like love of sweets,
+unluckily for himself, since he was constantly forbidden to take them.
+He was not particularly successful in keeping the "vows," as he called
+them, which he made against eating sweets, and never considered them
+binding unless he made them aloud.</p>
+
+<p>He drank very little wine, but enjoyed and was revived by the little he
+did drink. He had a horror of drinking, and constantly warned his boys
+that any one might be led into drinking too much. I remember, in my
+innocence as a small boy, asking him if he had been ever tipsy; and he
+answered very gravely that he was ashamed to say he had once drunk too
+much at Cambridge. I was much impressed, so that I know now the place
+where the question was asked.</p>
+
+<p>After his lunch he read the newspaper, lying on the sofa in the
+drawing-room. I think the paper was the only non-scientific matter which
+he read to himself. Everything else, novels, travels, history, was read
+aloud to him. He took so wide an interest in life, that there was much
+to occupy him in newspapers, though he laughed at the wordiness of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+debates, reading them, I think, only in abstract. His interest in
+politics was considerable, but his opinion on these matters was formed
+rather by the way than with any serious amount of thought.</p>
+
+<p>After he had read his paper, came his time for writing letters. These,
+as well as the MS. of his books, were written by him as he sat in a huge
+horse-hair chair by the fire, his paper supported on a board resting on
+the arms of the chair. When he had many or long letters to write, he
+would dictate them from a rough copy; these rough copies were written on
+the backs of manuscript or of proof-sheets, and were almost illegible,
+sometimes even to himself. He made a rule of keeping all letters that he
+received; this was a habit which he learnt from his father, and which he
+said had been of great use to him.</p>
+
+<p>Many letters were addressed to him by foolish, unscrupulous people, and
+all of these received replies. He used to say that if he did not answer
+them, he had it on his conscience afterwards, and no doubt it was in
+great measure the courtesy with which he answered every one which
+produced the widespread sense of his kindness of nature which was so
+evident on his death.</p>
+
+<p>He was considerate to his correspondents in other and lesser things&mdash;for
+instance, when dictating a letter to a foreigner, he hardly ever failed
+to say to me, "You'd better try and write well, as it's to a foreigner."
+His letters were generally written on the assumption that they would be
+carelessly read; thus, when he was dictating, he was careful to tell me
+to make an important clause begin with an obvious paragraph, "to catch
+his eye," as he often said. How much he thought of the trouble he gave
+others by asking questions, will be well enough shown by his letters.</p>
+
+<p>He had a printed form to be used in replying to troublesome
+correspondents, but he hardly ever used it; I suppose he never found an
+occasion that seemed exactly suitable. I remember an occasion on which
+it might have been used with advantage. He received a letter from a
+stranger stating that the writer had undertaken to uphold Evolution at a
+debating society, and that being a busy young man, without time for
+reading, he wished to have a sketch of my father's views. Even this
+wonderful young man got a civil answer, though I think he did not get
+much material for his speech. His rule was to thank the donors of books,
+but not of pamphlets. He sometimes expressed surprise that so few
+thanked him for his books which he gave away liberally; the letters
+that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> he did receive gave him much pleasure, because he habitually
+formed so humble an estimate of the value of all his works, that he was
+genuinely surprised at the interest which they excited.</p>
+
+<p>In money and business matters he was remarkably careful and exact. He
+kept accounts with great care, classifying them, and balancing at the
+end of the year like a merchant. I remember the quick way in which he
+would reach out for his account-book to enter each cheque paid, as
+though he were in a hurry to get it entered before he had forgotten it.
+His father must have allowed him to believe that he would be poorer than
+he really was, for some of the difficulty experienced over finding a
+house in the country must have arisen from the modest sum he felt
+prepared to give. Yet he knew, of course, that he would be in easy
+circumstances, for in his <i>Recollections</i> he mentions this as one of the
+reasons for his not having worked at medicine with so much zeal as he
+would have done if he had been obliged to gain his living.</p>
+
+<p>He had a pet economy in paper, but it was rather a hobby than a real
+economy. All the blank sheets of letters received were kept in a
+portfolio to be used in making notes; it was his respect for paper that
+made him write so much on the backs of his old MS., and in this way,
+unfortunately, he destroyed large parts of the original MS. of his
+books. His feeling about paper extended to waste paper, and he objected,
+half in fun, to the habit of throwing a spill into the fire after it had
+been used for lighting a candle.</p>
+
+<p>He had a great respect for pure business capacity, and often spoke with
+admiration of a relative who had doubled his fortune. And of himself
+would often say in fun that what he really <i>was</i> proud of was the money
+he had saved. He also felt satisfaction in the money he made by his
+books. His anxiety to save came in great measure from his fears that his
+children would not have health enough to earn their own livings, a
+foreboding which fairly haunted him for many years. And I have a dim
+recollection of his saying, "Thank God, you'll have bread and cheese,"
+when I was so young that I was inclined to take it literally.</p>
+
+<p>When letters were finished, about three in the afternoon, he rested in
+his bedroom, lying on the sofa, smoking a cigarette, and listening to a
+novel or other book not scientific. He only smoked when resting, whereas
+snuff was a stimulant, and was taken during working hours. He took snuff
+for many years of his life, having learnt the habit at Edinburgh as a
+student. He had a nice silver snuff-box given him by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> Mrs. Wedgwood, of
+Maer, which he valued much&mdash;but he rarely carried it, because it tempted
+him to take too many pinches. In one of his early letters he speaks of
+having given up snuff for a month, and describes himself as feeling
+"most lethargic, stupid, and melancholy." Our former neighbour and
+clergyman, Mr. Brodie Innes, tells me that at one time my father made a
+resolve not to take snuff, except away from home, "a most satisfactory
+arrangement for me," he adds, "as I kept a box in my study, to which
+there was access from the garden without summoning servants, and I had
+more frequently, than might have been otherwise the case, the privilege
+of a few minutes' conversation with my dear friend." He generally took
+snuff from a jar on the hall-table, because having to go this distance
+for a pinch was a slight check; the clink of the lid of the snuff-jar
+was a very familiar sound. Sometimes when he was in the drawing-room, it
+would occur to him that the study fire must be burning low, and when one
+of us offered to see after it, it would turn out that he also wished to
+get a pinch of snuff.</p>
+
+<p>Smoking he only took to permanently of late years, though on his Pampas
+rides he learned to smoke with the Gauchos, and I have heard him speak
+of the great comfort of a cup of <i>mat&eacute;</i> and a cigarette when he halted
+after a long ride and was unable to get food for some time.</p>
+
+<p>He came down at four o'clock to dress for his walk, and he was so
+regular that one might be quite certain it was within a few minutes of
+four when his descending steps were heard.</p>
+
+<p>From about half-past four to half-past five he worked; then he came to
+the drawing-room, and was idle till it was time (about six) to go up for
+another rest with novel-reading and a cigarette.</p>
+
+<p>Latterly he gave up late dinner, and had a simple tea at half-past seven
+(while we had dinner), with an egg or a small piece of meat. After
+dinner he never stayed in the room, and used to apologise by saying he
+was an old woman who must be allowed to leave with the ladies. This was
+one of the many signs and results of his constant weakness and
+ill-health. Half an hour more or less conversation would make to him the
+difference of a sleepless night and of the loss perhaps of half the next
+day's work.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner he played backgammon with my mother, two games being played
+every night. For many years a score of the games which each won was
+kept, and in this score he took the greatest interest. He became
+extremely animated over<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> these games, bitterly lamenting his bad luck
+and exploding with exaggerated mock-anger at my mother's good fortune.</p>
+
+<p>After playing backgammon he read some scientific book to himself, either
+in the drawing-room, or, if much talking was going on, in the study.</p>
+
+<p>In the evening&mdash;that is, after he had read as much as his strength would
+allow, and before the reading aloud began&mdash;he would often lie on the
+sofa and listen to my mother playing the piano. He had not a good ear,
+yet in spite of this he had a true love of fine music. He used to lament
+that his enjoyment of music had become dulled with age, yet within my
+recollection his love of a good tune was strong. I never heard him hum
+more than one tune, the Welsh song "Ar hyd y nos," which he went through
+correctly; he used also, I believe, to hum a little Otaheitan song. From
+his want of ear he was unable to recognise a tune when he heard it
+again, but he remained constant to what he liked, and would often say,
+when an old favourite was played, "That's a fine thing; what is it?" He
+liked especially parts of Beethoven's symphonies and bits of Handel. He
+was sensitive to differences in style, and enjoyed the late Mrs. Vernon
+Lushington's playing intensely, and in June 1881, when Hans Richter paid
+a visit at Down, he was roused to strong enthusiasm by his magnificent
+performance on the piano. He enjoyed good singing, and was moved almost
+to tears by grand or pathetic songs. His niece Lady Farrer's singing of
+Sullivan's "Will he come" was a never-failing enjoyment to him. He was
+humble in the extreme about his own taste, and correspondingly pleased
+when he found that others agreed with him.</p>
+
+<p>He became much tired in the evenings, especially of late years, and left
+the drawing-room about ten, going to bed at half-past ten. His nights
+were generally bad, and he often lay awake or sat up in bed for hours,
+suffering much discomfort. He was troubled at night by the activity of
+his thoughts, and would become exhausted by his mind working at some
+problem which he would willingly have dismissed. At night, too, anything
+which had vexed or troubled him in the day would haunt him, and I think
+it was then that he suffered if he had not answered some troublesome
+correspondent.</p>
+
+<p>The regular readings, which I have mentioned, continued for so many
+years, enabled him to get through a great deal of the lighter kinds of
+literature. He was extremely fond of novels, and I remember well the way
+in which he would anticipate the pleasure of having a novel read<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> to him
+as he lay down or lighted his cigarette. He took a vivid interest both
+in plot and characters, and would on no account know beforehand how a
+story finished; he considered looking at the end of a novel as a
+feminine vice. He could not enjoy any story with a tragical end; for
+this reason he did not keenly appreciate George Eliot, though he often
+spoke, warmly in praise of <i>Silas Marner</i>. Walter Scott, Miss Austen,
+and Mrs. Gaskell were read and re-read till they could be read no more.
+He had two or three books in hand at the same time&mdash;a novel and perhaps
+a biography and a book of travels. He did not often read out-of-the-way
+or old standard books, but generally kept to the books of the day
+obtained from a circulating library.</p>
+
+<p>His literary tastes and opinions were not on a level with the rest of
+his mind. He himself, though he was clear as to what he thought good,
+considered that in matters of literary tastes he was quite outside the
+pale, and often spoke of what those within it liked or disliked, as if
+they formed a class to which he had no claim to belong.</p>
+
+<p>In all matters of art he was inclined to laugh at professed critics and
+say that their opinions were formed by fashion. Thus in painting, he
+would say how in his day every one admired masters who are now
+neglected. His love of pictures as a young man is almost a proof that he
+must have had an appreciation of a portrait as a work of art, not as a
+likeness. Yet he often talked laughingly of the small worth of
+portraits, and said that a photograph was worth any number of pictures,
+as if he were blind to the artistic quality in a painted portrait. But
+this was generally said in his attempts to persuade us to give up the
+idea of having his portrait painted, an operation very irksome to him.</p>
+
+<p>This way of looking at himself as an ignoramus in all matters of art,
+was strengthened by the absence of pretence, which was part of his
+character. With regard to questions of taste, as well as to more serious
+things he had the courage of his opinions. I remember, however, an
+instance that sounds like a contradiction to this: when he was looking
+at the Turners in Mr. Ruskin's bedroom, he did not confess, as he did
+afterwards, that he could make out absolutely nothing of what Mr. Ruskin
+saw in them. But this little pretence was not for his own sake, but for
+the sake of courtesy to his host. He was pleased and amused when
+subsequently Mr. Ruskin brought him some photographs of pictures (I
+think Vandyke portraits), and courteously seemed to value my father's
+opinion about them.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p><p>Much of his scientific reading was in German, and this was a serious
+labour to him; in reading a book after him, I was often struck at
+seeing, from the pencil-marks made each day where he left off, how
+little he could read at a time. He used to call German the "Verdammte,"
+pronounced as if in English. He was especially indignant with Germans,
+because he was convinced that they could write simply if they chose, and
+often praised Professor Hildebrand of Freiburg for writing German which
+was as clear as French. He sometimes gave a German sentence to a friend,
+a patriotic German lady, and used to laugh at her if she did not
+translate it fluently. He himself learnt German simply by hammering away
+with a dictionary; he would say that his only way was to read a sentence
+a great many times over, and at last the meaning occurred to him. When
+he began German long ago, he boasted of the fact (as he used to tell) to
+Sir J. Hooker, who replied, "Ah, my dear fellow, that's nothing; I've
+begun it many times."</p>
+
+<p>In spite of his want of grammar, he managed to get on wonderfully with
+German, and the sentences that he failed to make out were generally
+difficult ones. He never attempted to speak German correctly, but
+pronounced the words as though they were English; and this made it not a
+little difficult to help him, when he read out a German sentence and
+asked for a translation. He certainly had a bad ear for vocal sounds, so
+that he found it impossible to perceive small differences in
+pronunciation.</p>
+
+<p>His wide interest in branches of science that were not specially his own
+was remarkable. In the biological sciences his doctrines make themselves
+felt so widely that there was something interesting to him in most
+departments. He read a good deal of many quite special works, and large
+parts of text books, such as Huxley's <i>Invertebrate Anatomy</i>, or such a
+book as Balfour's <i>Embryology</i>, where the detail, at any rate, was not
+specially in his own line. And in the case of elaborate books of the
+monograph type, though he did not make a study of them, yet he felt the
+strongest admiration for them.</p>
+
+<p>In the non-biological sciences he felt keen sympathy with work of which
+he could not really judge. For instance, he used to read nearly the
+whole of <i>Nature</i>, though so much of it deals with mathematics and
+physics. I have often heard him say that he got a kind of satisfaction
+in reading articles which (according to himself) he could not
+understand. I wish I could reproduce the manner in which he would laugh
+at himself for it.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p><p>It was remarkable, too, how he kept up his interest in subjects at
+which he had formerly worked. This was strikingly the case with geology.
+In one of his letters to Mr. Judd he begs him to pay him a visit, saying
+that since Lyell's death he hardly ever gets a geological talk. His
+observations, made only a few years before his death, on the upright
+pebbles in the drift at Southampton, and discussed in a letter to Sir A.
+Geikie, afford another instance. Again, in his letters to Dr. Dohrn, he
+shows how his interest in barnacles remained alive. I think it was all
+due to the vitality and persistence of his mind&mdash;a quality I have heard
+him speak of as if he felt that he was strongly gifted in that respect.
+Not that he used any such phrases as these about himself, but he would
+say that he had the power of keeping a subject or question more or less
+before him for a great many years. The extent to which he possessed this
+power appears when we consider the number of different problems which he
+solved, and the early period at which some of them began to occupy him.</p>
+
+<p>It was a sure sign that he was not well when he was idle at any times
+other than his regular resting hours; for, as long as he remained
+moderately well, there was no break in the regularity of his life.
+Week-days and Sundays passed by alike, each with their stated intervals
+of work and rest. It is almost impossible, except for those who watched
+his daily life, to realise how essential to his well-being was the
+regular routine that I have sketched: and with what pain and difficulty
+anything beyond it was attempted. Any public appearance, even of the
+most modest kind, was an effort to him. In 1871 he went to the little
+village church for the wedding of his elder daughter, but he could
+hardly bear the fatigue of being present through the short service. The
+same may be said of the few other occasions on which he was present at
+similar ceremonies.</p>
+
+<p>I remember him many years ago at a christening; a memory which has
+remained with me, because to us children his being at church was an
+extraordinary occurrence. I remember his look most distinctly at his
+brother Erasmus's funeral, as he stood in the scattering of snow,
+wrapped in a long black funeral cloak, with a grave look of sad reverie.</p>
+
+<p>When, after an absence of many years, he attended a meeting of the
+Linnean Society, it was felt to be, and was in fact, a serious
+undertaking; one not to be determined on without much sinking of heart,
+and hardly to be carried into effect without paying a penalty of
+subsequent suffering. In the same way a breakfast-party at Sir James
+Paget's, with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> some of the distinguished visitors to the Medical
+Congress (1881), was to him a severe exertion.</p>
+
+<p>The early morning was the only time at which he could make any effort of
+the kind, with comparative impunity. Thus it came about that the visits
+he paid to his scientific friends in London were by preference made as
+early as ten in the morning. For the same reason he started on his
+journeys by the earliest possible train, and used to arrive at the
+houses of relatives in London when they were beginning their day.</p>
+
+<p>He kept an accurate journal of the days on which he worked and those on
+which his ill health prevented him from working, so that it would be
+possible to tell how many were idle days in any given year. In this
+journal&mdash;a little yellow Letts's Diary, which lay open on his
+mantel-piece, piled on the diaries of previous years&mdash;he also entered
+the day on which he started for a holiday and that of his return.</p>
+
+<p>The most frequent holidays were visits of a week to London, either to
+his brother's house (6 Queen Anne Street), or to his daughter's (4
+Bryanston Street). He was generally persuaded by my mother to take these
+short holidays, when it became clear from the frequency of "bad days,"
+or from the swimming of his head, that he was being overworked. He went
+unwillingly, and tried to drive hard bargains, stipulating, for
+instance, that he should come home in five days instead of six. The
+discomfort of a journey to him was, at least latterly, chiefly in the
+anticipation, and in the miserable sinking feeling from which he
+suffered immediately before the start; even a fairly long journey, such
+as that to Coniston, tired him wonderfully little, considering how much
+an invalid he was; and he certainly enjoyed it in an almost boyish way,
+and to a curious degree.</p>
+
+<p>Although, as he has said, some of his &aelig;sthetic tastes had suffered a
+gradual decay, his love of scenery remained fresh and strong. Every walk
+at Coniston was a fresh delight, and he was never tired of praising the
+beauty of the broken hilly country at the head of the lake.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these longer holidays, there were shorter visits to various
+relatives&mdash;to his brother-in-law's house, close to Leith Hill, and to
+his son near Southampton. He always particularly enjoyed rambling over
+rough open country, such as the commons near Leith Hill and Southampton,
+the heath-covered wastes of Ashdown Forest, or the delightful "Rough"
+near the house of his friend Sir Thomas Farrer. He never was quite idle
+even on these holidays, and found things to observe. At Hartfield he
+watched Drosera catching insects,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> &amp;c.; at Torquay he observed the
+fertilisation of an orchid (<i>Spiranthes</i>), and also made out the
+relations of the sexes in Thyme.</p>
+
+<p>He rejoiced at his return home after his holidays, and greatly enjoyed
+the welcome he got from his dog Polly, who would get wild with
+excitement, panting, squeaking, rushing round the room, and jumping on
+and off the chairs; and he used to stoop down, pressing her face to his,
+letting her lick him, and speaking to her with a peculiarly tender,
+caressing voice.</p>
+
+<p>My father had the power of giving to these summer holidays a charm which
+was strongly felt by all his family. The pressure of his work at home
+kept him at the utmost stretch of his powers of endurance, and when
+released from it, he entered on a holiday with a youthfulness of
+enjoyment that made his companionship delightful; we felt that we saw
+more of him in a week's holiday than in a month at home.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the holidays which I have mentioned, there were his visits to
+water-cure establishments. In 1849, when very ill, suffering from
+constant sickness, he was urged by a friend to try the water-cure, and
+at last agreed to go to Dr. Gully's establishment at Malvern. His
+letters to Mr. Fox show how much good the treatment did him; he seems to
+have thought that he had found a cure for his troubles, but, like all
+other remedies, it had only a transient effect on him. However, he found
+it, at first, so good for him, that when he came home he built himself a
+douche-bath, and the butler learnt to be his bathman.</p>
+
+<p>He was too, a frequent patient at Dr. Lane's water-cure establishment,
+Moor Park, near Aldershot, visits to which he always looked back with
+pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Some idea of his relation to his family and his friends may be gathered
+from what has gone before; it would be impossible to attempt a complete
+account of these relationships, but a slightly fuller outline may not be
+out of place. Of his married life I cannot speak, save in the briefest
+manner. In his relationship towards my mother, his tender and
+sympathetic nature was shown in its most beautiful aspect. In her
+presence he found his happiness, and through her, his life&mdash;which might
+have been overshadowed by gloom&mdash;became one of content and quiet
+gladness.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Expression of the Emotions</i> shows how closely he watched his
+children; it was characteristic of him that (as I have heard him tell),
+although he was so anxious to observe accurately the expression of a
+crying child, his sympathy with the grief spoiled<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> his observation. His
+note-book, in which are recorded sayings of his young children, shows
+his pleasure in them. He seemed to retain a sort of regretful memory of
+the childhoods which had faded away, and thus he wrote in his
+<i>Recollections</i>:&mdash;"When you were very young it was my delight to play
+with you all, and I think with a sigh that such days can never return."</p>
+
+<p>I quote, as showing the tenderness of his nature, some sentences from an
+account of his little daughter Annie, written a few days after her
+death:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Our poor child, Annie, was born in Gower Street, on March 2, 1841, and
+expired at Malvern at mid-day on the 23rd of April, 1851.</p>
+
+<p>"I write these few pages, as I think in after years, if we live, the
+impressions now put down will recall more vividly her chief
+characteristics. From whatever point I look back at her, the main
+feature in her disposition which at once rises before me, is her buoyant
+joyousness, tempered by two other characteristics, namely, her
+sensitiveness, which might easily have been overlooked by a stranger,
+and her strong affection. Her joyousness and animal spirits radiated
+from her whole countenance, and rendered every movement elastic and full
+of life and vigour. It was delightful and cheerful to behold her. Her
+dear face now rises before me, as she used sometimes to come running
+downstairs with a stolen pinch of snuff for me, her whole form radiant
+with the pleasure of giving pleasure. Even when playing with her
+cousins, when her joyousness almost passed into boisterousness, a single
+glance of my eye, not of displeasure (for I thank God I hardly ever cast
+one on her), but of want of sympathy, would for some minutes alter her
+whole countenance.</p>
+
+<p>"The other point in her character, which made her joyousness and spirits
+so delightful, was her strong affection, which was of a most clinging,
+fondling nature. When quite a baby, this showed itself in never being
+easy without touching her mother, when in bed with her; and quite lately
+she would, when poorly, fondle for any length of time one of her
+mother's arms. When very unwell, her mother lying down beside her,
+seemed to soothe her in a manner quite different from what it would have
+done to any of our other children. So, again, she would at almost any
+time spend half-an-hour in arranging my hair, 'making it,' as she called
+it, 'beautiful,' or in smoothing, the poor dear darling, my collar or
+cuffs&mdash;in short, in fondling me.</p>
+
+<p>"Besides her joyousness thus tempered, she was in her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> manners
+remarkably cordial, frank, open, straightforward, natural, and without
+any shade of reserve. Her whole mind was pure and transparent. One felt
+one knew her thoroughly and could trust her. I always thought, that come
+what might, we should have had, in our old age, at least one loving
+soul, which nothing could have changed. All her movements were vigorous,
+active, and usually graceful. When going round the Sand-walk with me,
+although I walked fast, yet she often used to go before, pirouetting in
+the most elegant way, her dear face bright all the time with the
+sweetest smiles. Occasionally she had a pretty coquettish manner towards
+me, the memory of which is charming. She often used exaggerated
+language, and when I quizzed her by exaggerating what she had said, how
+clearly can I now see the little toss of the head, and exclamation of
+'Oh, papa, what a shame of you!' In the last short illness, her conduct
+in simple truth was angelic. She never once complained; never became
+fretful; was ever considerate of others, and was thankful in the most
+gentle, pathetic manner for everything done for her. When so exhausted
+that she could hardly speak, she praised everything that was given her,
+and said some tea 'was beautifully good.' When I gave her some water,
+she said, 'I quite thank you;' and these, I believe, were the last
+precious words ever addressed by her dear lips to me.</p>
+
+<p>"We have lost the joy of the household, and the solace of our old age.
+She must have known how we loved her. Oh, that she could now know how
+deeply, how tenderly, we do still and shall ever love her dear joyous
+face! Blessings on her!<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p>
+
+<p>"April 30, 1851."</p>
+
+<p>We, his children, all took especial pleasure in the games he played at
+with us, and in his stories, which, partly on account of their rarity,
+were considered specially delightful.</p>
+
+<p>The way he brought us up is shown by a little story about my brother
+Leonard, which my father was fond of telling. He came into the
+drawing-room and found Leonard dancing about on the sofa, to the peril
+of the springs, and said, "Oh, Lenny, Lenny, that's against all rules,"
+and received for answer, "Then I think you'd better go out of the room."
+I do not believe he ever spoke an angry word to any of his children in
+his life; but I am certain that it never entered our heads to disobey
+him. I well remember one occasion when my father reproved me for a piece
+of carelessness; and I can still recall the feeling of depression which
+came over me, and the care which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> he took to disperse it by speaking to
+me soon afterwards with especial kindness. He kept up his delightful,
+affectionate manner towards us all his life. I sometimes wonder that he
+could do so, with such an undemonstrative race as we are; but I hope he
+knew how much we delighted in his loving words and manner. He allowed
+his grown-up children to laugh with and at him, and was generally
+speaking on terms of perfect equality with us.</p>
+
+<p>He was always full of interest about each one's plans or successes. We
+used to laugh at him, and say he would not believe in his sons, because,
+for instance, he would be a little doubtful about their taking some bit
+of work for which he did not feel sure that they had knowledge enough.
+On the other hand, he was only too much inclined to take a favourable
+view of our work. When I thought he had set too high a value on anything
+that I had done, he used to be indignant and inclined to explode in mock
+anger. His doubts were part of his humility concerning what was in any
+way connected with himself; his too favourable view of our work was due
+to his sympathetic nature, which made him lenient to every one.</p>
+
+<p>He kept up towards his children his delightful manner of expressing his
+thanks; and I never wrote a letter, or read a page aloud to him, without
+receiving a few kind words of recognition. His love and goodness towards
+his little grandson Bernard were great; and he often spoke of the
+pleasure it was to him to see "his little face opposite to him" at
+luncheon. He and Bernard used to compare their tastes; <i>e.g.</i>, in liking
+brown sugar better than white, &amp;c.; the result being, "We always agree,
+don't we?"</p>
+
+<p>My sister writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My first remembrances of my father are of the delights of his playing
+with us. He was passionately attached to his own children, although he
+was not an indiscriminate child-lover. To all of us he was the most
+delightful play-fellow, and the most perfect sympathiser. Indeed it is
+impossible adequately to describe how delightful a relation his was to
+his family, whether as children or in their later life.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a proof of the terms on which we were, and also of how much he
+was valued as a play-fellow, that one of his sons when about four years
+old tried to bribe him with sixpence to come and play in working hours.</p>
+
+<p>"He must have been the most patient and delightful of nurses. I remember
+the haven of peace and comfort it seemed to me when I was unwell, to be
+tucked up on the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> study sofa, idly considering the old geological map
+hung on the wall. This must have been in his working hours, for I always
+picture him sitting in the horse hair arm chair by the corner of the
+fire.</p>
+
+<p>"Another mark of his unbounded patience was the way in which we were
+suffered to make raids into the study when we had an absolute need of
+sticking plaster, string, pins, scissors, stamps, foot rule, or hammer.
+These and other such necessaries were always to be found in the study,
+and it was the only place where this was a certainty. We used to feel it
+wrong to go in during work time; still, when the necessity was great, we
+did so. I remember his patient look when he said once, 'Don't you think
+you could not come in again, I have been interrupted very often.' We
+used to dread going in for sticking plaster, because he disliked to see
+that we had cut ourselves, both for our sakes and on account of his
+acute sensitiveness to the sight of blood. I well remember lurking about
+the passage till he was safe away, and then stealing in for the plaster.</p>
+
+<p>"Life seems to me, as I look back upon it, to have been very regular in
+those early days, and except relations (and a few intimate friends), I
+do not think any one came to the house. After lessons, we were always
+free to go where we would, and that was chiefly in the drawing-room and
+about the garden, so that we were very much with both my father and
+mother. We used to think it most delightful when he told us any stories
+about the <i>Beagle</i>, or about early Shrewsbury days&mdash;little bits about
+school life and his boyish tastes.</p>
+
+<p>"He cared for all our pursuits and interests, and lived our lives with
+us in a way that very few fathers do. But I am certain that none of us
+felt that this intimacy interfered the least with our respect and
+obedience. Whatever he said was absolute truth and law to us. He always
+put his whole mind into answering any of our questions. One trifling
+instance makes me feel how he cared for what we cared for. He had no
+special taste for cats, but yet he knew and remembered the
+individualities of my many cats, and would talk about the habits and
+characters of the more remarkable ones years after they had died.</p>
+
+<p>"Another characteristic of his treatment of his children was his respect
+for their liberty, and for their personality. Even as quite a little
+girl, I remember rejoicing in this sense of freedom. Our father and
+mother would not even wish to know what we were doing or thinking unless
+we wished to tell. He always made us feel that we were each of us
+creatures whose<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> opinions and thoughts were valuable to him, so that
+whatever there was best in us came out in the sunshine of his presence.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not think his exaggerated sense of our good qualities,
+intellectual or moral, made us conceited, as might perhaps have been
+expected, but rather more humble and grateful to him. The reason being
+no doubt that the influence of his character, of his sincerity and
+greatness of nature, had a much deeper and more lasting effect than any
+small exaltation which his praises or admiration may have caused to our
+vanity."<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
+
+<p>As head of a household he was much loved and respected; he always spoke
+to servants with politeness, using the expression, "would you be so
+good," in asking for anything. He was hardly ever angry with his
+servants; it shows how seldom this occurred, that when, as a small boy,
+I overheard a servant being scolded, and my father speaking angrily, it
+impressed me as an appalling circumstance, and I remember running up
+stairs out of a general sense of awe. He did not trouble himself about
+the management of the garden, cows, &amp;c. He considered the horses so
+little his concern, that he used to ask doubtfully whether he might have
+a horse and cart to send to Keston for Sundew, or to the Westerham
+nurseries for plants, or the like.</p>
+
+<p>As a host my father had a peculiar charm: the presence of visitors
+excited him, and made him appear to his best advantage. At Shrewsbury,
+he used to say, it was his father's wish that the guests should be
+attended to constantly, and in one of the letters to Fox he speaks of
+the impossibility of writing a letter while the house was full of
+company. I think he always felt uneasy at not doing more for the
+entertainment of his guests, but the result was successful; and, to make
+up for any loss, there was the gain that the guests felt perfectly free
+to do as they liked. The most usual visitors were those who stayed from
+Saturday till Monday; those who remained longer were generally
+relatives, and were considered to be rather more my mother's affair than
+his.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these visitors, there were foreigners and other strangers, who
+came down for luncheon and went away in the afternoon. He used
+conscientiously to represent to them the enormous distance of Down from
+London, and the labour it would be to come there, unconsciously taking
+for granted that they would find the journey as toilsome as he did
+himself. If,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> however, they were not deterred, he used to arrange their
+journeys for them, telling them when to come, and practically when to
+go. It was pleasant to see the way in which he shook hands with a guest
+who was being welcomed for the first time; his hand used to shoot out in
+a way that gave one the feeling that it was hastening to meet the
+guest's hands. With old friends his hand came down with a hearty swing
+into the other hand in a way I always had satisfaction in seeing. His
+good-bye was chiefly characterised by the pleasant way in which he
+thanked his guests, as he stood at the hall-door, for having come to see
+him.</p>
+
+<p>These luncheons were successful entertainments, there was no drag or
+flagging about them, my father was bright and excited throughout the
+whole visit. Professor De Candolle has described a visit to Down, in his
+admirable and sympathetic sketch of my father.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a> He speaks of his
+manner as resembling that of a "savant" of Oxford or Cambridge. This
+does not strike me as quite a good comparison; in his ease and
+naturalness there was more of the manner of some soldiers; a manner
+arising from total absence of pretence or affectation. It was this
+absence of pose, and the natural and simple way in which he began
+talking to his guests, so as to get them on their own lines, which made
+him so charming a host to a stranger. His happy choice of matter for
+talk seemed to flow out of his sympathetic nature, and humble, vivid
+interest in other people's work.</p>
+
+<p>To some, I think, he caused actual pain by his modesty; I have seen the
+late Francis Balfour quite discomposed by having knowledge ascribed to
+himself on a point about which my father claimed to be utterly ignorant.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to seize on the characteristics of my father's
+conversation.</p>
+
+<p>He had more dread than have most people of repeating his stories, and
+continually said, "You must have heard me tell," or "I daresay I've told
+you." One peculiarity he had, which gave a curious effect to his
+conversation. The first few words of a sentence would often remind him
+of some exception to, or some reason against, what he was going to say;
+and this again brought up some other point, so that the sentence would
+become a system of parenthesis within parenthesis, and it was often
+impossible to understand the drift of what he was saying until he came
+to the end of his sentence. He used to say of himself that he was not
+quick enough to hold an argument<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> with any one, and I think this was
+true. Unless it was a subject on which he was just then at work, he
+could not get the train of argument into working order quickly enough.
+This is shown even in his letters; thus, in the case of two letters to
+Professor Semper about the effect of isolation, he did not recall the
+series of facts he wanted until some days after the first letter had
+been sent off.</p>
+
+<p>When puzzled in talking, he had a peculiar stammer on the first word of
+a sentence. I only recall this occurring with words beginning with w;
+possibly he had a special difficulty with this letter, for I have heard
+him say that as a boy he could not pronounce w, and that sixpence was
+offered him if he could say "white wine," which he pronounced "rite
+rine." Possibly he may have inherited this tendency from Erasmus Darwin
+who stammered.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>He sometimes combined his metaphors in a curious way, using such a
+phrase as "holding on like life,"&mdash;a mixture of "holding on for his
+life," and "holding on like grim death." It came from his eager way of
+putting emphasis into what he was saying. This sometimes gave an air of
+exaggeration where it was not intended; but it gave, too, a noble air of
+strong and generous conviction; as, for instance, when he gave his
+evidence before the Royal Commission on vivisection, and came out with
+his words about cruelty, "It deserves detestation and abhorrence." When
+he felt strongly about any similar question, he could hardly trust
+himself to speak, as he then easily became angry, a thing which he
+disliked excessively. He was conscious that his anger had a tendency to
+multiply itself in the utterance, and for this reason dreaded (for
+example) having to reprove a servant.</p>
+
+<p>It was a proof of the modesty of his manner of talking, that when, for
+instance, a number of visitors came over from Sir John Lubbock's for a
+Sunday afternoon call, he never seemed to be preaching or lecturing,
+although he had so much of the talk to himself. He was particularly
+charming when "chaffing" any one, and in high spirits over it. His
+manner at such times was light-hearted and boyish, and his refinement of
+nature came out most strongly. So, when he was talking to a lady who
+pleased and amused him, the combination of raillery and deference in his
+manner was delightful to see. There was a personal dignity about him,
+which the most<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> familiar intercourse did not diminish. One felt that he
+was the last person with whom anyone would wish to take a liberty, nor
+do I remember an instance of such a thing occurring to him.</p>
+
+<p>When my father had several guests he managed them well, getting a talk
+with each, or bringing two or three together round his chair. In these
+conversations there was always a good deal of fun, and, speaking
+generally, there was either a humorous turn in his talk, or a sunny
+geniality which served instead. Perhaps my recollection of a pervading
+element of humour is the more vivid, because the best talks were with
+Mr. Huxley, in whom there is the aptness which is akin to humour, even
+when humour itself is not there. My father enjoyed Mr. Huxley's humour
+exceedingly, and would often say, "What splendid fun Huxley is!" I think
+he probably had more scientific argument (of the nature of a fight) with
+Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker.</p>
+
+<p>He used to say that it grieved him to find that for the friends of his
+later life he had not the warm affection of his youth. Certainly in his
+early letters from Cambridge he gives proofs of strong friendship for
+Herbert and Fox; but no one except himself would have said that his
+affection for his friends was not, throughout life, of the warmest
+possible kind. In serving a friend he would not spare himself, and
+precious time and strength were willingly given. He undoubtedly had, to
+an unusual degree, the power of attaching his friends to him. He had
+many warm friendships, but to Sir Joseph Hooker he was bound by ties of
+affection stronger than we often see among men. He wrote in his
+<i>Recollections</i>, "I have known hardly any man more lovable than Hooker."</p>
+
+<p>His relationship to the village people was a pleasant one; he treated
+them, one and all, with courtesy, when he came in contact with them, and
+took an interest in all relating to their welfare. Some time after he
+came to live at Down he helped to found a Friendly Club, and served as
+treasurer for thirty years. He took much trouble about the club, keeping
+its accounts with minute and scrupulous exactness, and taking pleasure
+in its prosperous condition. Every Whit-Monday the club marched round
+with band and banner and paraded on the lawn in front of the house.
+There he met them, and explained to them their financial position in a
+little speech seasoned with a few well-worn jokes. He was often unwell
+enough to make even this little ceremony an exertion, but I think he
+never failed to meet them.</p>
+
+<p>He was also treasurer of the Coal Club, which gave him a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> certain amount
+of work, and he acted for some years as a County Magistrate.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to my father's interest in the affairs of the village, Mr.
+Brodie Innes has been so good as to give me his recollections:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"On my becoming Vicar of Down in 1846, we became friends, and so
+continued till his death. His conduct towards me and my family was one
+of unvarying kindness, and we repaid it by warm affection.</p>
+
+<p>"In all parish matters he was an active assistant; in matters connected
+with the schools, charities, and other business, his liberal
+contribution was ever ready, and in the differences which at times
+occurred in that, as in other parishes, I was always sure of his
+support. He held that where there was really no important objection, his
+assistance should be given to the clergyman, who ought to know the
+circumstances best, and was chiefly responsible."</p>
+
+<p>His intercourse with strangers was marked with scrupulous and rather
+formal politeness, but in fact he had few opportunities of meeting
+strangers, and the quiet life he led at Down made him feel confused in a
+large gathering; for instance, at the Royal Society's <i>soir&eacute;es</i> he felt
+oppressed by the numbers. The feeling that he ought to know people, and
+the difficulty he had in remembering faces in his latter years, also
+added to his discomfort on such occasions. He did not realise that he
+would be recognised from his photographs, and I remember his being
+uneasy at being obviously recognised by a stranger at the Crystal Palace
+Aquarium.</p>
+
+<p>I must say something of his manner of working: a striking characteristic
+was his respect for time; he never forgot how precious it was. This was
+shown, for instance, in the way in which he tried to curtail his
+holidays; also, and more clearly, with respect to shorter periods. He
+would often say, that saving the minutes was the way to get work done;
+he showed this love of saving the minutes in the difference he felt
+between a quarter of an hour and ten minutes' work; he never wasted a
+few spare minutes from thinking that it was not worth while to set to
+work. I was often struck by his way of working up to the very limit of
+his strength, so that he suddenly stopped in dictating, with the words,
+"I believe I mustn't do any more." The same eager desire not to lose
+time was seen in his quick movements when at work. I particularly
+remember noticing this when he was making an experiment on the roots of
+beans, which required some care in manipulation; fastening the little
+bits of card upon the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> roots was done carefully and necessarily slowly,
+but the intermediate movements were all quick; taking a fresh bean,
+seeing that the root was healthy, impaling it on a pin, fixing it on a
+cork, and seeing that it was vertical, &amp;c.; all these processes were
+performed with a kind of restrained eagerness. He gave one the
+impression of working with pleasure, and not with any drag. I have an
+image, too, of him as he recorded the result of some experiment, looking
+eagerly at each root, &amp;c., and then writing with equal eagerness. I
+remember the quick movement of his head up and down as he looked from
+the object to the notes.</p>
+
+<p>He saved a great deal of time through not having to do things twice.
+Although he would patiently go on repeating experiments where there was
+any good to be gained, he could not endure having to repeat an
+experiment which ought, if complete care had been taken, to have told
+its story at first&mdash;and this gave him a continual anxiety that the
+experiment should not be wasted; he felt the experiment to be sacred,
+however slight a one it was. He wished to learn as much as possible from
+an experiment, so that he did not confine himself to observing the
+single point to which the experiment was directed, and his power of
+seeing a number of other things was wonderful. I do not think he cared
+for preliminary or rough observations intended to serve as guides and to
+be repeated. Any experiment done was to be of some use, and in this
+connection I remember how strongly he urged the necessity of keeping the
+notes of experiments which failed, and to this rule he always adhered.</p>
+
+<p>In the literary part of his work he had the same horror of losing time,
+and the same zeal in what he was doing at the moment, and this made him
+careful not to be obliged unnecessarily to read anything a second time.</p>
+
+<p>His natural tendency was to use simple methods and few instruments. The
+use of the compound microscope has much increased since his youth, and
+this at the expense of the simple one. It strikes us nowadays as
+extraordinary that he should have had no compound microscope when he
+went his <i>Beagle</i> voyage; but in this he followed the advice of Robert
+Brown, who was an authority in such matters. He always had a great
+liking for the simple microscope, and maintained that nowadays it was
+too much neglected, and that one ought always to see as much as possible
+with the simple before taking to the compound microscope. In one of his
+letters he speaks on this point, and remarks that he suspects the work
+of a man who never uses the simple microscope.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span></p><p>His dissecting table was a thick board, let into a window of the study;
+it was lower than an ordinary table, so that he could not have worked at
+it standing; but this, from wishing to save his strength, he would not
+have done in any case. He sat at his dissecting-table on a curious low
+stool which had belonged to his father, with a seat revolving on a
+vertical spindle, and mounted on large castors, so that he could turn
+easily from side to side. His ordinary tools, &amp;c., were lying about on
+the table, but besides these a number of odds and ends were kept in a
+round table full of radiating drawers, and turning on a vertical axis,
+which stood close by his left side, as he sat at his microscope-table.
+The drawers were labelled, "best tools," "rough tools," "specimens,"
+"preparations for specimens," &amp;c. The most marked peculiarity of the
+contents of these drawers was the care with which little scraps and
+almost useless things were preserved; he held the well-known belief,
+that if you threw a thing away you were sure to want it directly&mdash;and so
+things accumulated.</p>
+
+<p>If any one had looked at his tools, &amp;c., lying on the table, he would
+have been struck by an air of simpleness, make-shift, and oddity.</p>
+
+<p>At his right hand were shelves, with a number of other odds and ends,
+glasses, saucers, tin biscuit boxes for germinating seeds, zinc labels,
+saucers full of sand, &amp;c., &amp;c. Considering how tidy and methodical he
+was in essential things, it is curious that he bore with so many
+make-shifts: for instance, instead of having a box made of a desired
+shape, and stained black inside, he would hunt up something like what he
+wanted and get it darkened inside with shoe-blacking; he did not care to
+have glass covers made for tumblers in which he germinated seeds, but
+used broken bits of irregular shape, with perhaps a narrow angle
+sticking uselessly out on one side. But so much of his experimenting was
+of a simple kind, that he had no need for any elaboration, and I think
+his habit in this respect was in great measure due to his desire to
+husband his strength, and not waste it on inessential things.</p>
+
+<p>His way of marking objects may here be mentioned. If he had a number of
+things to distinguish, such as leaves, flowers, &amp;c., he tied threads of
+different colours round them. In particular he used this method when he
+had only two classes of objects to distinguish; thus in the case of
+crossed and self-fertilised flowers, one set would be marked with black
+and one with white thread, tied round the stalk of the flower. I
+remember well the look of two sets of capsules, gathered and waiting to
+be weighed, counted, &amp;c., with pieces of black and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> of white thread to
+distinguish the trays in which they lay. When he had to compare two sets
+of seedlings, sowed in the same pot, he separated them by a partition of
+zinc-plate; and the zinc-label, which gave the necessary details about
+the experiment, was always placed on a certain side, so that it became
+instinctive with him to know without reading the label which were the
+"crossed" and which the "self-fertilised."</p>
+
+<p>His love of each particular experiment, and his eager zeal not to lose
+the fruit of it, came out markedly in these crossing experiments&mdash;in the
+elaborate care he took not to make any confusion in putting capsules
+into wrong trays, &amp;c. &amp;c. I can recall his appearance as he counted
+seeds under the simple microscope with an alertness not usually
+characterising such mechanical work as counting. I think he personified
+each seed as a small demon trying to elude him by getting into the wrong
+heap, or jumping away altogether; and this gave to the work the
+excitement of a game. He had great faith in instruments, and I do not
+think it naturally occurred to him to doubt the accuracy of a scale, a
+measuring glass, &amp;c. He was astonished when we found that one of his
+micrometers differed from the other. He did not require any great
+accuracy in most of his measurements, and had not good scales; he had an
+old three-foot rule, which was the common property of the household, and
+was constantly being borrowed, because it was the only one which was
+certain to be in its place&mdash;unless, indeed, the last borrower had
+forgotten to put it back. For measuring the height of plants, he had a
+seven-foot deal rod, graduated by the village carpenter. Latterly he
+took to using paper scales graduated to millimeters. I do not mean by
+this account of his instruments that any of his experiments suffered
+from want of accuracy in measurement, I give them as examples of his
+simple methods and faith in others&mdash;faith at least in instrument-makers,
+whose whole trade was a mystery to him.</p>
+
+<p>A few of his mental characteristics, bearing especially on his mode of
+working, occur to me. There was one quality of mind which seemed to be
+of special and extreme advantage in leading him to make discoveries. It
+was the power of never letting exceptions pass unnoticed. Everybody
+notices a fact as an exception when it is striking or frequent, but he
+had a special instinct for arresting an exception. A point apparently
+slight and unconnected with his present work is passed over by many a
+man almost unconsciously with some half-considered explanation, which is
+in fact no explanation. It was just these things that he seized on to
+make a start from. In a certain sense<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> there is nothing special in this
+procedure, many discoveries being made by means of it. I only mention it
+because, as I watched him at work, the value of this power to an
+experimenter was so strongly impressed upon me.</p>
+
+<p>Another quality which was shown in his experimental work, was his power
+of sticking to a subject; he used almost to apologise for his patience,
+saying that he could not bear to be beaten, as if this were rather a
+sign of weakness on his part. He often quoted the saying, "It's dogged
+as does it;" and I think doggedness expresses his frame of mind almost
+better than perseverance. Perseverance seems hardly to express his
+almost fierce desire to force the truth to reveal itself. He often said
+that it was important that a man should know the right point at which to
+give up an inquiry. And I think it was his tendency to pass this point
+that inclined him to apologise for his perseverance, and gave the air of
+doggedness to his work.</p>
+
+<p>He often said that no one could be a good observer unless he was an
+active theoriser. This brings me back to what I said about his instinct
+for arresting exceptions: it was as though he were charged with
+theorising power ready to flow into any channel on the slightest
+disturbance, so that no fact, however small, could avoid releasing a
+stream of theory, and thus the fact became magnified into importance. In
+this way it naturally happened that many untenable theories occurred to
+him; but fortunately his richness of imagination was equalled by his
+power of judging and condemning the thoughts that occurred to him. He
+was just to his theories, and did not condemn them unheard; and so it
+happened that he was willing to test what would seem to most people not
+at all worth testing. These rather wild trials he called "fool's
+experiments," and enjoyed extremely. As an example I may mention that
+finding the seed-leaves of a kind of sensitive plant, to be highly
+sensitive to vibrations of the table, he fancied that they might
+perceive the vibrations of sound, and therefore made me play my bassoon
+close to a plant.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>The love of experiment was very strong in him, and I can remember the
+way he would say, "I shan't be easy till I have tried it," as if an
+outside force were driving him. He enjoyed experimenting much more than
+work which only entailed reasoning, and when he was engaged on one of
+his books which required argument and the marshalling of facts, he felt
+experimental work to be a rest or holiday. Thus, while<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> working upon the
+<i>Variations of Animals and Plants</i> in 1860-61, he made out the
+fertilisation of Orchids, and thought himself idle for giving so much
+time to them. It is interesting to think that so important a piece of
+research should have been undertaken and largely worked out as a pastime
+in place of more serious work. The letters to Hooker of this period
+contain expressions such as, "God forgive me for being so idle; I am
+quite sillily interested in the work." The intense pleasure he took in
+understanding the adaptations for fertilisation is strongly shown in
+these letters. He speaks in one of his letters of his intention of
+working at Sundew as a rest from the <i>Descent of Man</i>. He has described
+in his <i>Recollections</i> the strong satisfaction he felt in solving the
+problem of heterostylism.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> And I have heard him mention that the
+Geology of South America gave him almost more pleasure than anything
+else. It was perhaps this delight in work requiring keen observation
+that made him value praise given to his observing powers almost more
+than appreciation of his other qualities.</p>
+
+<p>For books he had no respect, but merely considered them as tools to be
+worked with. Thus he did not bind them, and even when a paper book fell
+to pieces from use, as happened to M&uuml;ller's <i>Befruchtung</i>, he preserved
+it from complete dissolution by putting a metal clip over its back. In
+the same way he would cut a heavy book in half, to make it more
+convenient to hold. He used to boast that he had made Lyell publish the
+second edition of one of his books in two volumes, instead of in one, by
+telling him how he had been obliged to cut it in half. Pamphlets were
+often treated even more severely than books, for he would tear out, for
+the sake of saving room, all the pages except the one that interested
+him. The consequence of all this was, that his library was not
+ornamental, but was striking from being so evidently a working
+collection of books.</p>
+
+<p>He was methodical in his manner of reading books and pamphlets bearing
+on his own work. He had one shelf on which were piled up the books he
+had not yet read, and another to which they were transferred after
+having been read, and before being catalogued. He would often groan over
+his unread books, because there were so many which he knew he should
+never read. Many a book was at once transferred to the other heap,
+marked with a cypher at the end, to show that it contained no passages
+for reference, or inscribed, perhaps, "not read," or "only skimmed." The
+books<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> accumulated in the "read" heap until the shelves overflowed, and
+then, with much lamenting, a day was given up to the cataloguing. He
+disliked this work, and as the necessity of undertaking the work became
+imperative, would often say, in a voice of despair, "We really must do
+these books soon."</p>
+
+<p>In each book, as he read it, he marked passages bearing on his work. In
+reading a book or pamphlet, &amp;c., he made pencil-lines at the side of the
+page, often adding short remarks, and at the end made a list of the
+pages marked. When it was to be catalogued and put away, the marked
+pages were looked at, and so a rough abstract of the book was made. This
+abstract would perhaps be written under three or four headings on
+different sheets, the facts being sorted out and added to the previously
+collected facts in the different subjects. He had other sets of
+abstracts arranged, not according to subject, but according to the
+periodicals from which they were taken. When collecting facts on a large
+scale, in earlier years, he used to read through, and make abstracts, in
+this way, of whole series of journals.</p>
+
+<p>In some of his early letters he speaks of filling several note-books
+with facts for his book on species; but it was certainly early that he
+adopted his plan of using portfolios, as described in the
+<i>Recollections</i>.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> My father and M. de Candolle were mutually pleased
+to discover that they had adopted the same plan of classifying facts. De
+Candolle describes the method in his <i>Phytologie</i>, and in his sketch of
+my father mentions the satisfaction he felt in seeing it in action at
+Down.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these portfolios, of which there are some dozens full of notes,
+there are large bundles of MS. marked "used" and put away. He felt the
+value of his notes, and had a horror of their destruction by fire. I
+remember, when some alarm of fire had happened, his begging me to be
+especially careful, adding very earnestly, that the rest of his life
+would be miserable if his notes and books were destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>He shows the same feeling in writing about the loss of a manuscript, the
+purport of his words being, "I have a copy, or the loss would have
+killed me." In writing a book he would spend much time and labour in
+making a skeleton or plan of the whole, and in enlarging and
+sub-classing each heading, as described in his <i>Recollections</i>. I think
+this careful arrangement of the plan was not at all essential to the
+building up of his argument, but for its presentment, and for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+arrangement of his facts. In his <i>Life of Erasmus Darwin</i>, as it was
+first printed in slips, the growth of the book from a skeleton was
+plainly visible. The arrangement was altered afterwards, because it was
+too formal and categorical, and seemed to give the character of his
+grandfather rather by means of a list of qualities than as a complete
+picture.</p>
+
+<p>It was only within the last few years that he adopted a plan of writing
+which he was convinced suited him best, and which is described in the
+<i>Recollections</i>; namely, writing a rough copy straight off without the
+slightest attention to style. It was characteristic of him that he felt
+unable to write with sufficient want of care if he used his best paper,
+and thus it was that he wrote on the backs of old proofs or manuscript.
+The rough copy was then reconsidered, and a fair copy was made. For this
+purpose he had foolscap paper ruled at wide intervals, the lines being
+needed to prevent him writing so closely that correction became
+difficult. The fair copy was then corrected, and was recopied before
+being sent to the printers. The copying was done by Mr. E. Norman, who
+began this work many years ago when village schoolmaster at Down. My
+father became so used to Mr. Norman's handwriting, that he could not
+correct manuscript, even when clearly written out by one of his
+children, until it had been recopied by Mr. Norman. The MS., on
+returning from Mr. Norman, was once more corrected, and then sent off to
+the printers. Then came the work of revising and correcting the proofs,
+which my father found especially wearisome.</p>
+
+<p>When the book was passing through the "slip" stage he was glad to have
+corrections and suggestions from others. Thus my mother looked over the
+proofs of the <i>Origin</i>. In some of the later works my sister, Mrs.
+Litchfield, did much of the correction. After my sister's marriage
+perhaps most of the work fell to my share.</p>
+
+<p>My sister, Mrs. Litchfield, writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"This work was very interesting in itself, and it was inexpressibly
+exhilarating to work for him. He was so ready to be convinced that any
+suggested alteration was an improvement, and so full of gratitude for
+the trouble taken. I do not think that he ever forgot to tell me what
+improvement he thought I had made, and he used almost to excuse himself
+if he did not agree with any correction. I think I felt the singular
+modesty and graciousness of his nature through thus working for him in a
+way I never should otherwise have done."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the commonest corrections needed were of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>obscurities due to the
+omission of a necessary link in the reasoning, evidently omitted through
+familiarity with the subject. Not that there was any fault in the
+sequence of the thoughts, but that from familiarity with his argument he
+did not notice when the words failed to reproduce his thought. He also
+frequently put too much matter into one sentence, so that it had to be
+cut up into two.</p>
+
+<p>On the whole, I think the pains which my father took over the literary
+part of the work was very remarkable. He often laughed or grumbled at
+himself for the difficulty which he found in writing English, saying,
+for instance, that if a bad arrangement of a sentence was possible, he
+should be sure to adopt it. He once got much amusement and satisfaction
+out of the difficulty which one of the family found in writing a short
+circular. He had the pleasure of correcting and laughing at obscurities,
+involved sentences, and other defects, and thus took his revenge for all
+the criticism he had himself to bear with. He would quote with
+astonishment Miss Martineau's advice to young authors, to write straight
+off and send the MS. to the printer without correction. But in some
+cases he acted in a somewhat similar manner. When a sentence became
+hopelessly involved, he would ask himself, "now what <i>do</i> you want to
+say?" and his answer written down, would often disentangle the
+confusion.</p>
+
+<p>His style has been much praised; on the other hand, at least one good
+judge has remarked to me that it is not a good style. It is, above all
+things, direct and clear; and it is characteristic of himself in its
+simplicity bordering on na&iuml;vet&eacute;, and in its absence of pretence. He had
+the strongest disbelief in the common idea that a classical scholar must
+write good English; indeed, he thought that the contrary was the case.
+In writing, he sometimes showed the same tendency to strong expressions
+that he did in conversation. Thus in the <i>Origin</i>, p. 440, there is a
+description of a larval cirripede, "with six pairs of beautifully
+constructed natatory legs, a pair of magnificent compound eyes, and
+extremely complex antenn&aelig;." We used to laugh at him for this sentence,
+which we compared to an advertisement. This tendency to give himself up
+to the enthusiastic turn of his thought, without fear of being ludicrous
+appears elsewhere in his writings.</p>
+
+<p>His courteous and conciliatory tone towards his reader is remarkable,
+and it must be partly this quality which revealed his personal sweetness
+of character to so many who had never seen him. I have always felt it to
+be a curious fact, that he who has altered the face of Biological
+Science, and is in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> this respect the chief of the moderns, should have
+written and worked in so essentially a non-modern spirit and manner. In
+reading his books one is reminded of the older naturalists rather than
+of any modern school of writers. He was a Naturalist in the old sense of
+the word, that is, a man who works at many branches of science, not
+merely a specialist in one. Thus it is, that, though he founded whole
+new divisions of special subjects&mdash;such as the fertilisation of flowers,
+insectivorous plants, &amp;c.&mdash;yet even in treating these very subjects he
+does not strike the reader as a specialist. The reader feels like a
+friend who is being talked to by a courteous gentleman, not like a pupil
+being lectured by a professor. The tone of such a book as the <i>Origin</i>
+is charming, and almost pathetic; it is the tone of a man who, convinced
+of the truth of his own views, hardly expects to convince others; it is
+just the reverse of the style of a fanatic, who tries to force belief on
+his readers. The reader is never scorned for any amount of doubt which
+he may be imagined to feel, and his scepticism is treated with patient
+respect. A sceptical reader, or perhaps even an unreasonable reader,
+seems to have been generally present to his thoughts. It was in
+consequence of this feeling, perhaps, that he took much trouble over
+points which he imagined would strike the reader, or save him trouble,
+and so tempt him to read.</p>
+
+<p>For the same reason he took much interest in the illustrations of his
+books, and I think rated rather too highly their value. The
+illustrations for his earlier books were drawn by professional artists.
+This was the case in <i>Animals and Plants</i>, the <i>Descent of Man</i>, and the
+<i>Expression of the Emotions</i>. On the other hand, <i>Climbing Plants</i>,
+<i>Insectivorous Plants</i>, the <i>Movements of Plants</i>, and <i>Forms of
+Flowers</i>, were, to a large extent, illustrated by some of his
+children&mdash;my brother George having drawn by far the most. It was
+delightful to draw for him, as he was enthusiastic in his praise of very
+moderate performances. I remember well his charming manner of receiving
+the drawings of one of his daughters-in-law, and how he would finish his
+words of praise by saying, "Tell A&mdash;&mdash;, Michael Angelo is nothing to
+it." Though he praised so generously, he always looked closely at the
+drawing, and easily detected mistakes or carelessness.</p>
+
+<p>He had a horror of being lengthy, and seems to have been really much
+annoyed and distressed when he found how the <i>Variations of Animals and
+Plants</i> was growing under his hands. I remember his cordially agreeing
+with 'Tristram Shandy's' words, "Let no man say, 'Come, I'll write a
+duodecimo.'"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p><p>His consideration for other authors was as marked a characteristic as
+his tone towards his reader. He speaks of all other authors as persons
+deserving of respect. In cases where, as in the case of &mdash;&mdash;'s
+experiments on Drosera, he thought lightly of the author, he speaks of
+him in such a way that no one would suspect it. In other cases he treats
+the confused writings of ignorant persons as though the fault lay with
+himself for not appreciating or understanding them. Besides this general
+tone of respect, he had a pleasant way of expressing his opinion on the
+value of a quoted work, or his obligation for a piece of private
+information.</p>
+
+<p>His respectful feeling was not only admirable, but was I think of
+practical use in making him ready to consider the ideas and observations
+of all manner of people. He used almost to apologise for this, and would
+say that he was at first inclined to rate everything too highly.</p>
+
+<p>It was a great merit in his mind that, in spite of having so strong a
+respectful feeling towards what he read, he had the keenest of instincts
+as to whether a man was trustworthy or not. He seemed to form a very
+definite opinion as to the accuracy of the men whose books he read; and
+employed this judgment in his choice of facts for use in argument or as
+illustrations. I gained the impression that he felt this power of
+judging of a man's trustworthiness to be of much value.</p>
+
+<p>He had a keen feeling of the sense of honour that ought to reign among
+authors, and had a horror of any kind of laxness in quoting. He had a
+contempt for the love of honour and glory, and in his letters often
+blames himself for the pleasure he took in the success of his books, as
+though he were departing from his ideal&mdash;a love of truth and
+carelessness about fame. Often, when writing to Sir J. Hooker what he
+calls a boasting letter, he laughs at himself for his conceit and want
+of modesty. A wonderfully interesting letter is given in Chapter X.
+bequeathing to my mother, in case of his death, the care of publishing
+the manuscript of his first essay on evolution. This letter seems to me
+full of an intense desire that his theory should succeed as a
+contribution to knowledge, and apart from any desire for personal fame.
+He certainly had the healthy desire for success which a man of strong
+feelings ought to have. But at the time of the publication of the
+<i>Origin</i> it is evident that he was overwhelmingly satisfied with the
+adherence of such men as Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, and Asa Gray, and did
+not dream of or desire any such general fame as that to which he
+attained.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p><p>Connected with his contempt for the undue love of fame, was an equally
+strong dislike of all questions of priority. The letters to Lyell, at
+the time of the <i>Origin</i>, show the anger he felt with himself for not
+being able to repress a feeling of disappointment at what he thought was
+Mr. Wallace's forestalling of all his years of work. His sense of
+literary honour comes out strongly in these letters; and his feeling
+about priority is again shown in the admiration expressed in his
+<i>Recollections</i> of Mr. Wallace's self-annihilation.</p>
+
+<p>His feeling about reclamations, including answers to attacks and all
+kinds of discussions, was strong. It is simply expressed in a letter to
+Falconer (1863): "If I ever felt angry towards you, for whom I have a
+sincere friendship, I should begin to suspect that I was a little mad. I
+was very sorry about your reclamation, as I think it is in every case a
+mistake and should be left to others. Whether I should so act myself
+under provocation is a different question." It was a feeling partly
+dictated by instinctive delicacy, and partly by a strong sense of the
+waste of time, energy, and temper thus caused. He said that he owed his
+determination not to get into discussions<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> to the advice of
+Lyell,&mdash;advice which he transmitted to those among his friends who were
+given to paper warfare.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>If the character of my father's working life is to be understood, the
+conditions of ill-health, under which he worked, must be constantly
+borne in mind. He bore his illness with such uncomplaining patience,
+that even his children can hardly, I believe, realise the extent of his
+habitual suffering. In their case the difficulty is heightened by the
+fact that, from the days of their earliest recollections, they saw him
+in constant ill-health,&mdash;and saw him, in spite of it, full of pleasure
+in what pleased them. Thus, in later life, their perception of what he
+endured had to be disentangled from the impression produced in childhood
+by constant genial kindness under conditions of unrecognised difficulty.
+No one indeed, except my mother, knows the full amount of suffering he
+endured, or the full amount of his wonderful patience. For all the
+latter years of his life she never left him for a night; and her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> days
+were so planned that all his resting hours might be shared with her. She
+shielded him from every avoidable annoyance, and omitted nothing that
+might save him trouble, or prevent him becoming overtired, or that might
+alleviate the many discomforts of his ill-health. I hesitate to speak
+thus freely of a thing so sacred as the life-long devotion which
+prompted all this constant and tender care. But it is, I repeat, a
+principal feature of his life, that for nearly forty years he never knew
+one day of the health of ordinary men, and that thus his life was one
+long struggle against the weariness and strain of sickness. And this
+cannot be told without speaking of the one condition which enabled him
+to bear the strain and fight out the struggle to the end.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> From the <i>Century Magazine</i>, January 1883.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> The figure in <i>Insectivorous Plants</i> representing the
+aggregated cell-contents was drawn by him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <i>Life and Letters</i>, vol. iii. frontispiece.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> The basket in which she usually lay curled up near the
+fire in his study is faithfully represented in Mr. Parson's drawing
+given at the head of the chapter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> Cf. Leslie Stephen's <i>Swift</i>, 1882, p. 200, where Swift's
+inspection of the manners and customs of servants are compared to my
+father's observations on worms, "The difference is," says Mr. Stephen,
+"that Darwin had none but kindly feelings for worms."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> The words, "A good and dear child," form the descriptive
+part of the inscription on her gravestone. See the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>, Nov. 26,
+1887.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Some pleasant recollections of my father's life at Down,
+written by our friend and former neighbour, Mrs. Wallis Nash, have been
+published in the <i>Overland Monthly</i> (San Francisco), October 1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>Darwin consid&eacute;r&eacute; au point de vue des causes de son
+succ&egrave;s</i> (Geneva, 1882).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> My father related a Johnsonian answer of Erasmus Darwin's:
+"Don't you find it very inconvenient stammering, Dr. Darwin?" "No, Sir,
+because I have time to think before I speak, and don't ask impertinent
+questions."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> This is not so much an example of superabundant theorising
+from a small cause as of his wish to test the most improbable ideas.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> That is to say, the sexual relations in such plants as the
+cowslip.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> The racks in which the portfolios were placed are shown in
+the illustration at the head of the chapter, in the recess at the
+right-hand side of the fire-place.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> He departed from his rule in his "Note on the Habits of
+the Pampas Woodpecker, <i>Colaptes campestris</i>," <i>Proc. Zool. Soc.</i>, 1870,
+p. 705: also in a letter published in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> (1863, p. 554), in
+which case he afterwards regretted that he had not remained silent. His
+replies to criticisms, in the latter editions of the <i>Origin</i>, can
+hardly be classed as infractions of his rule.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER V.</span> <span class="smaller">CAMBRIDGE LIFE.&mdash;THE APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.'</span></h2>
+
+<p>My father's Cambridge life comprises the time between the Lent Term,
+1828, when he came up to Christ's College as a Freshman, and the end of
+the May Term, 1831, when he took his degree<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> and left the University.</p>
+
+<p>He "kept" for a term or two in lodgings, over Bacon<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> the
+tobacconist's; not, however, over the shop in the Market Place, so well
+known to Cambridge men, but in Sydney Street. For the rest of his time
+he had pleasant rooms on the south side of the first court of
+Christ's.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
+
+<p>What determined the choice of this college for his brother Erasmus and
+himself I have no means of knowing. Erasmus the elder, their
+grandfather, had been at St. John's, and this college might have been
+reasonably selected for them, being connected with Shrewsbury School.
+But the life of an undergraduate at St. John's seems, in those days, to
+have been a troubled one, if I may judge from the fact that a relative
+of mine migrated thence to Christ's to escape the harassing discipline
+of the place.</p>
+
+<p>Darwin seems to have found no difficulty in living at peace with all men
+in and out of office at Lady Margaret's elder foundation. The impression
+of a contemporary of my father's is that Christ's in their day was a
+pleasant, fairly quiet college, with some tendency towards "horsiness";
+many of the men made a custom of going to Newmarket during the races,
+though betting was not a regular practice. In this they were by no means
+discouraged by the Senior Tutor, Mr. Shaw,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> who was himself generally to
+be seen on the Heath on these occasions.</p>
+
+<p>Nor were the ecclesiastical authorities of the College over strict. I
+have heard my father tell how at evening chapel the Dean used to read
+alternate verses of the Psalms, without making even a pretence of
+waiting for the congregation to take their share. And when the Lesson
+was a lengthy one, he would rise and go on with the Canticles after the
+scholar had read fifteen or twenty verses.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious that my father often spoke of his Cambridge life as if it
+had been so much time wasted,<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> forgetting that, although the set
+studies of the place were barren enough for him, he yet gained in the
+highest degree the best advantages of a University life&mdash;the contact
+with men and an opportunity for mental growth. It is true that he valued
+at its highest the advantages which he gained from associating with
+Professor Henslow and some others, but he seemed to consider this as a
+chance outcome of his life at Cambridge, not an advantage for which
+<i>Alma Mater</i> could claim any credit. One of my father's Cambridge
+friends was the late Mr. J. M. Herbert, County Court Judge for South
+Wales, from whom I was fortunate enough to obtain some notes which help
+us to gain an idea of how my father impressed his contemporaries. Mr.
+Herbert writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It would be idle for me to speak of his vast intellectual powers ...
+but I cannot end this cursory and rambling sketch without testifying,
+and I doubt not all his surviving college friends would concur with me,
+that he was the most genial, warm-hearted, generous, and affectionate of
+friends; that his sympathies were with all that was good and true; and
+that he had a cordial hatred for everything false, or vile, or cruel, or
+mean, or dishonourable. He was not only great, but pre-eminently good,
+and just, and lovable."</p>
+
+<p>Two anecdotes told by Mr. Herbert show that my father's feeling for
+suffering, whether of man or beast, was as strong in him as a young man
+as it was in later years: "Before he left Cambridge he told me that he
+had made up his mind not to shoot any more; that he had had two days'
+shooting at his friend's, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse; and that on the second
+day, when going over some of the ground they had beaten on the day
+before, he picked up a bird not quite dead, but lingering<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> from a shot
+it had received on the previous day; and that it had made and left such
+a painful impression on his mind, that he could not reconcile it to his
+conscience to continue to derive pleasure from a sport which inflicted
+such cruel suffering."</p>
+
+<p>To realise the strength of the feeling that led to this resolve, we must
+remember how passionate was his love of sport. We must recall the boy
+shooting his first snipe,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> and trembling with excitement so that he
+could hardly reload his gun. Or think of such a sentence as, "Upon my
+soul, it is only about a fortnight to the 'First,' then if there is a
+bliss on earth that is it."<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p>
+
+<p>His old college friends agree in speaking with affectionate warmth of
+his pleasant, genial temper as a young man. From what they have been
+able to tell me, I gain the impression of a young man overflowing with
+animal spirits&mdash;leading a varied healthy life&mdash;not over-industrious in
+the set studies of the place, but full of other pursuits, which were
+followed with a rejoicing enthusiasm. Entomology, riding, shooting in
+the fens, suppers and card-playing, music at King's Chapel, engravings
+at the Fitzwilliam Museum, walks with Professor Henslow&mdash;all combined to
+fill up a happy life. He seems to have infected others with his
+enthusiasm. Mr. Herbert relates how, while on a reading-party at
+Barmouth, he was pressed into the service of "the science"&mdash;as my father
+called collecting beetles:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"He armed me with a bottle of alcohol, in which I had to drop any beetle
+which struck me as not of a common kind. I performed this duty with some
+diligence in my constitutional walks; but, alas! my powers of
+discrimination seldom enabled mo to secure a prize&mdash;the usual result, on
+his examining the contents of my bottle, being an exclamation, 'Well,
+old Cherbury'<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a>(the nickname he gave me, and by which he usually
+addressed me), 'none of these will do.'" Again, the Rev. T. Butler, who
+was one of the Barmouth reading-party in 1828, says: "He inoculated me
+with a taste for Botany which has stuck by me all my life."</p>
+
+<p>Archdeacon Watkins, another old college friend of my father's,
+remembered him unearthing beetles in the willows between Cambridge and
+Grantchester, and speaks of a certain beetle the remembrance of whose
+name is "Crux major."<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>How enthusiastically must my father have
+exulted over this beetle to have impressed its name on a companion so
+that he remembers it after half a century!</p>
+
+<p>He became intimate with Henslow, the Professor of Botany, and through
+him with some other older members of the University. "But," Mr. Herbert
+writes, "he always kept up the closest connection with the friends of
+his own standing; and at our frequent social gatherings&mdash;at breakfast,
+wine or supper parties&mdash;he was ever one of the most cheerful, the most
+popular, and the most welcome."</p>
+
+<p>My father formed one of a club for dining once a week, called the
+Glutton Club, the members, besides himself and Mr. Herbert (from whom I
+quote), being Whitley of St. John's, now Honorary Canon of Durham;<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a>
+Heaviside of Sydney, now Canon of Norwich; Lovett Cameron of Trinity,
+sometime vicar of Shoreham; R. Blane of Trinity,<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> who held a high
+post during the Crimean war, H. Lowe<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> (afterwards Sherbrooke) of
+Trinity Hall; and F. Watkins of Emmanuel, afterwards Archdeacon of York.
+The origin of the club's name seems already to have become involved in
+obscurity; it certainly implied no unusual luxury in the weekly
+gatherings.</p>
+
+<p>At any rate, the meetings seemed to have been successful, and to have
+ended with "a game of mild vingt-et-un."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Herbert speaks strongly of my father's love of music, and adds,
+"What gave him the greatest delight was some grand symphony or overture
+of Mozart's or Beethoven's, with their full harmonies." On one occasion
+Herbert remembers "accompanying him to the afternoon service at King's,
+when we heard a very beautiful anthem. At the end of one of the parts,
+which was exceedingly impressive, he turned round to me and said, with a
+deep sigh, 'How's your backbone?'" He often spoke in later years of a
+feeling of coldness or shivering in his back on hearing beautiful music.</p>
+
+<p>Besides a love of music, he had certainly at this time a love of fine
+literature; and Mr. Cameron tells me that my father took much pleasure
+in Shakespeare readings carried on in his rooms at Christ's. He also
+speaks of Darwin's "great liking for first-class line engravings,
+especially those of Raphael Morghen and M&uuml;ller; and he spent hours in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+the Fitzwilliam Museum in looking over the prints in that collection."</p>
+
+<p>My father's letters to Fox show how sorely oppressed he felt by the
+reading for an examination. His despair over mathematics must have been
+profound, when he expresses a hope that Fox's silence is due to "your
+being ten fathoms deep in the Mathematics; and if you are, God help you,
+for so am I, only with this difference, I stick fast in the mud at the
+bottom, and there I shall remain." Mr. Herbert says: "He had, I imagine,
+no natural turn for mathematics, and he gave up his mathematical reading
+before he had mastered the first part of algebra, having had a special
+quarrel with Surds and the Binomial Theorem."</p>
+
+<p>We get some evidence from my father's letters to Fox of his intention of
+going into the Church. "I am glad," he writes,<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> "to hear that you are
+reading divinity. I should like to know what books you are reading, and
+your opinions about them; you need not be afraid of preaching to me
+prematurely." Mr. Herbert's sketch shows how doubts arose in my father's
+mind as to the possibility of his taking Orders. He writes, "We had an
+earnest conversation about going into Holy Orders; and I remember his
+asking me, with reference to the question put by the Bishop in the
+Ordination Service, 'Do you trust that you are inwardly moved by the
+Holy Spirit, &amp;c.,' whether I could answer in the affirmative, and on my
+saying I could not, he said, 'Neither can I, and therefore I cannot take
+orders.'" This conversation appears to have taken place in 1829, and if
+so, the doubts here expressed must have been quieted, for in May 1830,
+he speaks of having some thoughts of reading divinity with Henslow.</p>
+
+<p>The greater number of his Cambridge letters are addressed by my father
+to his cousin, William Darwin Fox. My father's letters show clearly
+enough how genuine the friendship was. In after years, distance, large
+families, and ill-health on both sides, checked the intercourse; but a
+warm feeling of friendship remained. The correspondence was never quite
+dropped and continued till Mr. Fox's death in 1880. Mr. Fox took orders,
+and worked as a country clergyman until forced by ill-health to leave
+his living in Delamere Forest. His love of natural history was strong,
+and he became a skilled fancier of many kinds of birds, &amp;c. The index to
+<i>Animals and Plants</i>, and my father's later correspondence, show how
+much help he received from his old College friend.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. M. Herbert.</i> September 14, 1828.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear old Cherbury</span>,&mdash;I am about to fulfil my promise of writing to
+you, but I am sorry to add there is a very selfish motive at the bottom.
+I am going to ask you a great favour, and you cannot imagine how much
+you will oblige me by procuring some more specimens of some insects
+which I dare say I can describe. In the first place, I must inform you
+that I have taken some of the rarest of the British Insects, and their
+being found near Barmouth, is quite unknown to the Entomological world:
+I think I shall write and inform some of the crack entomologists.</p>
+
+<p>But now for business. <i>Several</i> more specimens, if you can procure them
+without much trouble, of the following insects:&mdash;The violet-black
+coloured beetle, found on Craig Storm,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> under stones, also a large
+smooth black one very like it; a bluish metallic-coloured dung-beetle,
+which is <i>very</i> common on the hill-sides; also, if you <i>would</i> be so
+very kind as to cross the ferry, and you will find a great number under
+the stones on the waste land of a long, smooth, jet-black beetle (a
+great many of these); also, in the same situation, a very small pinkish
+insect, with black spots, with a curved thorax projecting beyond the
+head; also, upon the marshy land over the ferry, near the sea, under old
+sea weed, stones, &amp;c., you will find a small yellowish transparent
+beetle, with two or four blackish marks on the back. Under these stones
+there are two sorts, one much darker than the other; the lighter
+coloured is that which I want. These last two insects are <i>excessively
+rare</i>, and you will really <i>extremely</i> oblige me by taking all this
+trouble pretty soon. Remember me most kindly to Butler,<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> tell him of
+my success, and I dare say both of you will easily recognise these
+insects. I hope his caterpillars go on well. I think many of the
+Chrysalises are well worth keeping. I really am quite ashamed [of] so
+long a letter all about my own concerns; but do return good for evil,
+and send me a long account of all your proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>In the first week I killed seventy-five head of game&mdash;a very
+contemptible number&mdash;but there are very few birds. I killed, however, a
+brace of black game. Since then I have been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> staying at the Fox's, near
+Derby; it is a very pleasant house, and the music meeting went off very
+well. I want to hear how Yates likes his gun, and what use he has made
+of it.</p>
+
+<p>If the bottle is not large you can buy another for me, and when you pass
+through Shrewsbury you can leave these treasures, and I hope, if you
+possibly can, you will stay a day or two with me, as I hope I need not
+say how glad I shall be to see you again. Fox remarked what deuced good
+natured fellows your friends at Barmouth must be; and if I did not know
+that you and Butler were so, I would not think of giving you so much
+trouble.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the following January we find him looking forward with pleasure to
+the beginning of another year of his Cambridge life: he writes to Fox,
+who had passed his examination:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I do so wish I were now in Cambridge (a very selfish wish, however, as
+I was not with you in all your troubles and misery), to join in all the
+glory and happiness, which dangers gone by can give. How we would talk,
+walk, and entomologise! Sappho should be the best of bitches, and Dash,
+of dogs; then should be 'peace on earth, good will to men,'&mdash;which, by
+the way, I always think the most perfect description of happiness that
+words can give."</p>
+
+<p>Later on in the Lent term he writes to Fox:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am leading a quiet everyday sort of a life; a little of Gibbon's
+History in the morning, and a good deal of <i>Van John</i> in the evening;
+this, with an occasional ride with Simcox and constitutional with
+Whitley, makes up the regular routine of my days. I see a good deal both
+of Herbert and Whitley, and the more I see of them increases every day
+the respect I have for their excellent understandings and dispositions.
+They have been giving some very gay parties, nearly sixty men there both
+evenings."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to W. D. Fox.</i> Christ's College, April 1 [1829].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Fox</span>&mdash;In your letter to Holden you are pleased to observe "that
+of all the blackguards you ever met with I am the greatest." Upon this
+observation I shall make no remarks, excepting that I must give you all
+due credit for acting on it most rigidly. And now I should like to know
+in what one particular are you less of a blackguard than I am? You idle
+old wretch, why have you not answered my last letter, which I am sure I
+forwarded to Clifton nearly three weeks ago? If I was not really very
+anxious to hear what you are doing,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> I should have allowed you to remain
+till you thought it worth while to treat me like a gentleman. And now
+having vented my spleen in scolding you, and having told you, what you
+must know, how very much and how anxiously I want to hear how you and
+your family are getting on at Clifton, the purport of this letter is
+finished. If you did but know how often I think of you, and how often I
+regret your absence, I am sure I should have heard from you long enough ago.</p>
+
+<p>I find Cambridge rather stupid, and as I know scarcely any one that
+walks, and this joined with my lips not being quite so well, has reduced
+me to a sort of hybernation.... I have caught Mr. Harbour<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> letting
+---- have the first pick of the beetles; accordingly we have made our
+final adieus, my part in the affecting scene consisted in telling him he
+was a d&mdash;d rascal, and signifying I should kick him down the stairs if
+ever he appeared in my rooms again. It seemed altogether mightily to
+surprise the young gentleman. I have no news to tell you; indeed, when a
+correspondence has been broken off like ours has been, it is difficult
+to make the first start again. Last night there was a terrible fire at
+Linton, eleven miles from Cambridge. Seeing the reflection so plainly in
+the sky, Hall, Woodyeare, Turner, and myself thought we would ride and
+see it. We set out at half-past nine, and rode like incarnate devils
+there, and did not return till two in the morning. Altogether it was a
+most awful sight. I cannot conclude without telling you, that of all the
+blackguards I ever met with, you are the greatest and the best.</p>
+
+<p>In July 1829 he had written to Fox:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I must read for my Little-go. Graham smiled and bowed so very civilly,
+when he told me that he was one of the six appointed to make the
+examination stricter, and that they were determined this would make it a
+very different thing from any previous examination, that from all this I
+am sure it will be the very devil to pay amongst all idle men and
+entomologists."</p>
+
+<p>But things were not so bad as he feared, and in March 1830, he could
+write to the same correspondent:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am through my Little-go!!! I am too much exalted to humble myself by
+apologising for not having written before. But I assure you before I
+went in, and when my nerves were in a shattered and weak condition, your
+injured person often rose before my eyes and taunted me with my
+idleness. But I am through, through, through. I could write the whole
+sheet full with this delightful word. I went in yesterday, and have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+just heard the joyful news. I shall not know for a week which class I am
+in. The whole examination is carried on in a different system. It has
+one grand advantage&mdash;being over in one day. They are rather strict, and
+ask a wonderful number of questions.</p>
+
+<p>And now I want to know something about your plans; of course you intend
+coming up here: what fun we will have together; what beetles we will
+catch; it will do my heart good to go once more together to some of our
+old haunts. I have two very promising pupils in Entomology, and we will
+make regular campaigns into the Fens. Heaven protect the beetles and Mr.
+Jenyns, for we won't leave him a pair in the whole country. My new
+Cabinet is come down, and a gay little affair it is."</p>
+
+<p>In August he was diligently amusing himself in North Wales, finding no
+time to write to Fox, because:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"This is literally the first idle day I have had to myself; for on the
+rainy days I go fishing, on the good ones entomologising."</p>
+
+<p>November found him preparing for his degree, of which process he writes
+dolefully:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have so little time at present, and am so disgusted by reading, that
+I have not the heart to write to anybody. I have only written once home
+since I came up. This must excuse me for not having answered your three
+letters, for which I am really very much obliged....</p>
+
+<p>"I have not stuck an insect this term, and scarcely opened a case. If I
+had time I would have sent you the insects which I have so long
+promised; but really I have not spirits or time to do anything. Reading
+makes me quite desperate; the plague of getting up all my subjects is
+next thing to intolerable, Henslow is my tutor, and a most <i>admirable</i>
+one he makes; the hour with him is the pleasantest in the whole day. I
+think he is quite the most perfect man I ever met with. I have been to
+some very pleasant parties there this term. His good-nature is
+unbounded."</p>
+
+<p>The new year brought relief, and on January 23, 1831, he wrote to tell
+Fox that he was through his examination.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not know why the degree should make one so miserable, both before
+and afterwards. I recollect you were sufficiently wretched before, and I
+can assure [you], I am now; and what makes it the more ridiculous is, I
+know not what about. I believe it is a beautiful provision of nature to
+make one regret the less leaving so pleasant a place as Cambridge; and
+amongst all its pleasures&mdash;I say it for once and for all&mdash;none<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> so great
+as my friendship with you. I sent you a newspaper yesterday, in which
+you will see what a good place&mdash;tenth&mdash;I have got in the Poll. As for
+Christ's, did you ever see such a college for producing Captains and
+Apostles?<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> There are no men either at Emmanuel or Christ's plucked.
+Cameron is gulfed,<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> together with other three Trinity scholars! My
+plans are not at all settled. I think I shall keep this term, and then
+go and economise at Shrewsbury, return and take my degree.</p>
+
+<p>"A man may be excused for writing so much about himself when he has just
+passed the examination; so you must excuse [me]. And on the same
+principle do you write a letter brimful of yourself and plans."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.'</p>
+
+<p>In a letter addressed to Captain Fitz-Roy, before the <i>Beagle</i> sailed,
+my father wrote, "What a glorious day the 4th of November<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> will be to
+me&mdash;my second life will then commence, and it shall be as a birthday for
+the rest of my life."</p>
+
+<p>Foremost in the chain of circumstances which led to his appointment to
+the <i>Beagle</i>, was his friendship with Professor Henslow, of which the
+autobiography gives a sufficient account.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
+
+<p>An extract from a pocket-book, in which Darwin briefly recorded the
+chief events of his life, gives the history of his introduction to that
+science which was so soon to be his chief occupation&mdash;geology.</p>
+
+<p>"1831. <i>Christmas.</i>&mdash;Passed my examination for B.A. degree and kept the
+two following terms. During these months lived much with Professor
+Henslow, often dining with him and walking with him; became slightly
+acquainted with several of the learned men in Cambridge, which much
+quickened the zeal which dinner parties and hunting had not destroyed.
+In the spring Henslow persuaded me to think of Geology, and introduced
+me to Sedgwick. During Midsummer geologized a little in Shropshire."</p>
+
+<p>This geological work was doubtless of importance as giving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> him some
+practical experience, and perhaps of more importance in helping to give
+him some confidence in himself. In July of the same year, 1831, he was
+"working like a tiger" at Geology, and trying to make a map of
+Shropshire, but not finding it "as easy as I expected."</p>
+
+<p>In writing to Henslow about the same time, he gives some account of his
+work:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have been working at so many things that I have not got on much with
+geology. I suspect the first expedition I take, clinometer and hammer in
+hand, will send me back very little wiser and a good deal more puzzled
+than when I started. As yet I have only indulged in hypotheses, but they
+are such powerful ones that I suppose, if they were put into action but
+for one day, the world would come to an end."</p>
+
+<p>He was evidently most keen to get to work with Sedgwick, who had
+promised to take him on a geological tour in North Wales, for he wrote
+to Henslow: "I have not heard from Professor Sedgwick, so I am afraid he
+will not pay the Severn formations a visit. I hope and trust you did
+your best to urge him."</p>
+
+<p>My father has given in his <i>Recollections</i> some account of this Tour;
+there too we read of the projected excursion to the Canaries.</p>
+
+<p>In April 1831, he writes to Fox: "At present I talk, think, and dream of
+a scheme I have almost hatched of going to the Canary Islands. I have
+long had a wish of seeing tropical scenery and vegetation, and,
+according to Humboldt, Teneriffe is a very pretty specimen." And again
+in May: "As for my Canary scheme, it is rash of you to ask questions; my
+other friends most sincerely wish me there, I plague them so with
+talking about tropical scenery, &amp;c. Eyton will go next summer, and I am
+learning Spanish."</p>
+
+<p>Later on in the summer the scheme took more definite form, and the date
+seems to have been fixed for June 1832. He got information in London
+about passage-money, and in July was working at Spanish and calling Fox
+"un grand&igrave;simo lebron," in proof of his knowledge of the language. But
+even then he seems to have had some doubts about his companions' zeal,
+for he writes to Henslow (July 27, 1831): "I hope you continue to fan
+your Canary ardour. I read and re-read Humboldt;<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> do you do the same.
+I am sure nothing will prevent us seeing the Great Dragon Tree."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p><p>Geological work and Teneriffe dreams carried him through the summer,
+till on returning from Barmouth for the sacred 1st of September, he
+received the offer of appointment as Naturalist to the <i>Beagle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from the pocket-book will be a help in reading the
+letters:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Returned to Shrewsbury at end of August. Refused offer of voyage.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>September.</i>&mdash;Went to Maer, returned with Uncle Jos. to Shrewsbury,
+thence to Cambridge. London.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>11th.</i>&mdash;Went with Captain Fitz-Roy in steamer to Plymouth to see the
+<i>Beagle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>22nd.</i>&mdash;Returned to Shrewsbury, passing through Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>October 2nd.</i>&mdash;Took leave of my home. Stayed in London.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>24th.</i>&mdash;Reached Plymouth.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>October and November.</i>&mdash;These months very miserable.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>December 10th.</i>&mdash;Sailed, but were obliged to put back.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>21st.</i>&mdash;Put to sea again, and were driven back.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>27th.</i>&mdash;Sailed from England on our Circumnavigation."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>George Peacock</i><a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> <i>to J. S. Henslow</i> [1831].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Henslow</span>&mdash;Captain Fitz-Roy is going out to survey the southern
+coast of Tierra del Fuego, and afterwards to visit many of the South Sea
+Islands, and to return by the Indian Archipelago. The vessel is fitted
+out expressly for scientific purposes, combined with the survey; it will
+furnish, therefore, a rare opportunity for a naturalist, and it would be
+a great misfortune that it should be lost.</p>
+
+<p>An offer has been made to me to recommend a proper person to go out as a
+naturalist with this expedition; he will be treated with every
+consideration. The Captain is a young man of very pleasing manners (a
+nephew of the Duke of Grafton), of great zeal in his profession, and who
+is very highly spoken of; if Leonard Jenyns could go, what treasures he
+might bring home with him, as the ship would be placed at his disposal
+whenever his inquiries made it necessary or desirable. In the absence of
+so accomplished a naturalist, is there any person whom you could
+strongly recommend? he must be such a person as would do credit to our
+recommendation. Do think of this subject; it would be a serious loss to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+the cause of natural science if this fine opportunity was lost.</p>
+
+<p>The contents of the foregoing letter were communicated to Darwin by
+Henslow (August 24th, 1831):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>"I have been asked by Peacock, who will read and forward this to you
+from London, to recommend him a Naturalist as companion to Captain
+Fitz-Roy, employed by Government to survey the southern extremity of
+America. I have stated that I consider you to be the best qualified
+person I know of who is likely to undertake such a situation. I state
+this not in the supposition of your being a <i>finished</i> naturalist, but
+as amply qualified for collecting, observing, and noting anything worthy
+to be noted in Natural History. Peacock has the appointment at his
+disposal, and if he cannot find a man willing to take the office, the
+opportunity will probably be lost. Captain Fitz-Roy wants a man (I
+understand) more as a companion than a mere collector, and would not
+take any one, however good a naturalist, who was not recommended to him
+likewise as a <i>gentleman</i>. Particulars of salary, &amp;c., I know nothing.
+The voyage is to last two years, and if you take plenty of books with
+you, anything you please may be done. You will have ample opportunities
+at command. In short, I suppose there never was a finer chance for a man
+of zeal and spirit; Captain Fitz-Roy is a young man. What I wish you to
+do is instantly to come and consult with Peacock (at No. 7 Suffolk
+Street, Pall Mall East, or else at the University Club), and learn
+further particulars. Don't put on any modest doubts or fears about your
+disqualifications, for I assure you I think you are the very man they
+are in search of; so conceive yourself to be tapped on the shoulder by
+your bum-bailiff and affectionate friend, <span class="smcap">J. S. Henslow</span>."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On the strength of Henslow's recommendation, Peacock offered the post to
+Darwin, who wrote from Shrewsbury to Henslow (August 30, 1831):</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Peacock's letter arrived on Saturday, and I received it late
+yesterday evening. As far as my own mind is concerned, I should, I think
+<i>certainly</i>, most gladly have accepted the opportunity which you so
+kindly have offered me. But my father, although he does not decidedly
+refuse me, gives such strong advice against going, that I should not be
+comfortable if I did not follow it.</p>
+
+<p>"My father's objections are these: the unfitting me to settle down as a
+Clergyman, my little habit of seafaring, <i>the shortness</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> <i>of the time</i>,
+and the chance of my not suiting Captain Fitz-Roy. It is certainly a
+very serious objection, the very short time for all my preparations, as
+not only body but mind wants making up for such an undertaking. But if
+it had not been for my father I would have taken all risks. What was the
+reason that a Naturalist was not long ago fixed upon? I am very much
+obliged for the trouble you have had about it; there certainly could not
+have been a better opportunity....</p>
+
+<p>"Even if I was to go, my father disliking would take away all energy,
+and I should want a good stock of that. Again I must thank you, it adds
+a little to the heavy but pleasant load of gratitude which I owe to you."</p>
+
+<p>The following letter was written by Darwin from Maer, the house of his
+uncle Josiah Wedgwood the younger. It is plain that at first he intended
+to await a written reply from Dr. Darwin, and that the expedition to
+Shrewsbury, mentioned in the <i>Autobiography</i>, was an afterthought.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">[Maer] August 31 [1831].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Father</span>&mdash;I am afraid I am going to make you again very
+uncomfortable. But, upon consideration, I think you will excuse me once
+again stating my opinions on the offer of the voyage. My excuse and
+reason is the different way all the Wedgwoods view the subject from what
+you and my sisters do.</p>
+
+<p>I have given Uncle Jos<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> what I fervently trust is an accurate and
+full list of your objections, and he is kind enough to give his opinions
+on all. The list and his answers will be enclosed. But may I beg of you
+one favour, it will be doing me the greatest kindness, if you will send
+me a decided answer, yes or no? If the latter, I should be most
+ungrateful if I did not implicitly yield to your better judgment, and to
+the kindest indulgence you have shown me all through my life; and you
+may rely upon it I will never mention the subject again. If your answer
+should be yes; I will go directly to Henslow and consult deliberately
+with him, and then come to Shrewsbury.</p>
+
+<p>The danger appears to me and all the Wedgwoods not great. The expense
+can not be serious, and the time I do not think, anyhow, would be more
+thrown away than if I stayed at home. But pray do not consider that I am
+so bent on going that I would for one <i>single moment</i> hesitate, if you
+thought that after a short period you should continue uncomfortable.</p>
+
+<p>I must again state I cannot think it would unfit me hereafter for a
+steady life. I do hope this letter will not give you<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> much uneasiness. I
+send it by the car to-morrow morning; if you make up your mind directly
+will you send me an answer on the following day by the same means? If
+this letter should not find you at home, I hope you will answer as soon
+as you conveniently can.</p>
+
+<p>I do not know what to say about Uncle Jos' kindness; I never can forget
+how he interests himself about me.</p>
+
+<p>Believe me, my dear father, your affectionate son,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Charles Darwin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Here follow the objections above referred to:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"(1.) Disreputable to my character as a Clergyman hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>"(2.) A wild scheme.</p>
+
+<p>"(3.) That they must have offered to many others before me the place of
+Naturalist.</p>
+
+<p>"(4.) And from its not being accepted there must be some serious
+objection to the vessel or expedition.</p>
+
+<p>"(5.) That I should never settle down to a steady life hereafter.</p>
+
+<p>"(6.) That my accommodations would be most uncomfortable.</p>
+
+<p>"(7.) That you [<i>i.e.</i> Dr. Darwin] should consider it as again changing
+my profession.</p>
+
+<p>"(8.) That it would be a useless undertaking."</p>
+
+<p>Josiah Wedgwood having demolished this curious array of argument, and
+the Doctor having been converted, Darwin left home for Cambridge. On his
+arrival at the Red Lion he sent a messenger to Henslow with the
+following note (September 2nd):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am just arrived; you will guess the reason. My father has changed his
+mind. I trust the place is not given away.</p>
+
+<p>I am very much fatigued, and am going to bed.</p>
+
+<p>I dare say you have not yet got my second letter.</p>
+
+<p>How soon shall I come to you in the morning? Send a verbal answer."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Miss Susan Darwin.</i> Cambridge [September 4, 1831].</p>
+
+<p>... The whole of yesterday I spent with Henslow, thinking of what is to
+be done, and that I find is a great deal. By great good luck I know a
+man of the name of Wood, nephew of Lord Londonderry. He is a great
+friend of Captain Fitz-Roy, and has written to him about me. I heard<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> a
+part of Captain Fitz-Roy's letter, dated some time ago, in which he
+says: 'I have a right good set of officers, and most of my men have been
+there before.' It seems he has been there for the last few years; he was
+then second in command with the same vessel that he has now chosen. He
+is only twenty-three years old, but [has] seen a deal of service, and
+won the gold medal at Portsmouth. The Admiralty say his maps are most
+perfect. He had choice of two vessels, and he chose the smallest.
+Henslow will give me letters to all travellers in town whom he thinks
+may assist me.</p>
+
+<p>... I write as if it was settled, but Henslow tells me <i>by no means</i> to
+make up my mind till I have had long conversations with Captains
+Beaufort and Fitz-Roy. Good-bye. You will hear from me constantly.
+Direct 17 Spring Gardens. <i>Tell nobody</i> in Shropshire yet. Be sure not.</p>
+
+<p>I was so tired that evening I was in Shrewsbury that I thanked none of
+you for your kindness half so much as I felt. Love to my father.</p>
+
+<p>The reason I don't want people told in Shropshire: in case I should not
+go, it will make it more flat.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>At this stage of the transaction, a hitch occurred. Captain Fitz-Roy, it
+seems, wished to take a friend (Mr. Chester) as companion on the voyage,
+and accordingly wrote to Cambridge in such a discouraging strain, that
+Darwin gave up hope and hardly thought it worth his while to go to
+London (September 5). Fortunately, however, he did go, and found that
+Mr. Chester could not leave England. When the physiognomical, or
+nose-difficulty (Autobiography, p. 26.) occurred, I have no means of
+knowing: for at this interview Fitz-Roy was evidently well-disposed
+towards him.</p>
+
+<p>My father wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"He offers me to go shares in everything in his cabin if I like to come,
+and every sort of accommodation I can have, but they will not be
+numerous. He says nothing would be so miserable for him as having me
+with him if I was uncomfortable, as in a small vessel we must be thrown
+together, and thought it his duty to state everything in the worst point
+of view. I think I shall go on Sunday to Plymouth to see the vessel.</p>
+
+<p>"There is something most extremely attractive in his manners and way of
+coming straight to the point. If I live with him, he says I must live
+poorly&mdash;no wine, and the plainest dinners. The scheme is not certainly
+so good as Peacock describes. Captain Fitz-Roy advises me not [to] make
+up my mind quite<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> yet, but that, seriously, he thinks it will have much
+more pleasure than pain for me....</p>
+
+<p>"The want of room is decidedly the most serious objection; but Captain
+Fitz-Roy (probably owing to Wood's letter) seems determined to make me
+[as] comfortable as he possibly can. I like his manner of proceeding. He
+asked me at once, 'Shall you bear being told that I want the cabin to
+myself&mdash;when I want to be alone? If we treat each other this way, I hope
+we shall suit; if not, probably we should wish each other at the
+devil.'"</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Miss Susan Darwin.</i> London [September 6, 1831].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Susan</span>&mdash;Again I am going to trouble you. I suspect, if I keep on
+at this rate, you will sincerely wish me at Tierra del Fuego, or any
+other Terra, but England. First, I will give my commissions. Tell Nancy
+to make me some twelve instead of eight shirts. Tell Edward to send me
+up in my carpet-bag (he can slip the key in the bag tied to some
+string), my slippers, a pair of lightish walking-shoes, my Spanish
+books, my new microscope (about six inches long and three or four deep),
+which must have cotton stuffed inside; my geological compass; my father
+knows that; a little book, if I have got it in my bed room&mdash;<i>Taxidermy</i>.
+Ask my father if he thinks there would be any objection to my taking
+arsenic for a little time, as my hands are not quite well, and I have
+always observed that if I once get them well, and change my manner of
+living about the same time, they will generally remain well. What is the
+dose? Tell Edward my gun is dirty. What is Erasmus's direction? Tell me
+if you think there is time to write and to receive an answer before I
+start, as I should like particularly to know what he thinks about it. I
+suppose you do not know Sir J. Mackintosh's direction?</p>
+
+<p>I write all this as if it was settled, but it is not more than it was,
+excepting that from Captain Fitz-Roy wishing me so much to go, and, from
+his kindness, I feel a predestination I shall start. I spent a very
+pleasant evening with him yesterday. He must be more than twenty-three
+years old; he is of a slight figure, and a dark but handsome edition of
+Mr. Kynaston, and, according to my notions, pre-eminently good manners.
+He is all for economy, excepting on one point&mdash;viz., fire-arms. He
+recommends me strongly to get a case of pistols like his, which cost
+&pound;60!! and never to go on shore anywhere without loaded ones, and he is
+doubting about a rifle; he says I cannot appreciate the luxury of fresh
+meat here. Of course<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> I shall buy nothing till everything is settled;
+but I work all day long at my lists, putting in and striking out
+articles. This is the first really cheerful day I have spent since I
+received the letter, and it all is owing to the sort of involuntary
+confidence I place in my <i>beau ideal</i> of a Captain.</p>
+
+<p>We stop at Teneriffe. His object is to stop at as many places as
+possible. He takes out twenty chronometers, and it will be a "sin" not
+to settle the longitude. He tells me to get it down in writing at the
+Admiralty that I have the free choice to leave as soon and whenever I
+like. I daresay you expect I shall turn back at the Madeira; if I have a
+morsel of stomach left, I won't give up. Excuse my so often troubling
+and writing: the one is of great utility, the other a great amusement to
+me. Most likely I shall write to-morrow. Answer by return of post. Love
+to my father, dearest Susan.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. S. Henslow.</i> Devonport [November 15, 1831].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Henslow</span>&mdash;The orders are come down from the Admiralty, and
+everything is finally settled. We positively sail the last day of this
+month, and I think before that time the vessel will be ready. She looks
+most beautiful, even a landsman must admire her. <i>We</i> all think her the
+most perfect vessel ever turned out of the Dockyard. One thing is
+certain, no vessel has been fitted out so expensively, and with so much
+care. Everything that can be made so is of mahogany, and nothing can
+exceed the neatness and beauty of all the accommodations. The
+instructions are very general, and leave a great deal to the Captain's
+discretion and judgment, paying a substantial as well as a verbal
+compliment to him....</p>
+
+<p>No vessel ever left England with such a set of Chronometers, viz.
+twenty-four, all very good ones. In short, everything is well, and I
+have only now to pray for the sickness to moderate its fierceness, and I
+shall do very well. Yet I should not call it one of the very best
+opportunities for natural history that has ever occurred. The absolute
+want of room is an evil that nothing can surmount. I think L. Jenyns did
+very wisely in not coming, that is judging from my own feelings, for I
+am sure if I had left college some few years, or been those years older
+I <i>never</i> could have endured it. The officers (excepting the Captain)
+are like the freshest freshmen, that is in their manners, in everything
+else widely different. Remember me most kindly to him, and tell him if
+ever he dreams in the night of palm-trees, he may in the morning comfort
+himself with the assurance that the voyage would not have suited him.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span></p><p>I am much obliged for your advice, <i>de Mathematicis</i>. I suspect when I
+am struggling with a triangle, I shall often wish myself in your room,
+and as for those wicked sulky surds, I do not know what I shall do
+without you to conjure them. My time passes away very pleasantly. I know
+one or two pleasant people, foremost of whom is Mr.
+Thunder-and-lightning Harris,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> whom I dare say you have heard of. My
+chief employment is to go on board the <i>Beagle</i>, and try to look as much
+like a sailor as I can. I have no evidence of having taken in man, woman
+or child.</p>
+
+<p>I am going to ask you to do one more commission, and I trust it will be
+the last. When I was in Cambridge, I wrote to Mr. Ash, asking him to
+send my College account to my father, after having subtracted about &pound;30
+for my furniture. This he has forgotten to do, and my father has paid
+the bill, and I want to have the furniture-money transmitted to my
+father. Perhaps you would be kind enough to speak to Mr. Ash. I have
+cost my father so much money, I am quite ashamed of myself.</p>
+
+<p>I will write once again before sailing, and perhaps you will write to me
+before then.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Believe me, yours affectionately,</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. S. Henslow.</i> Devonport [December 3, 1831].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Henslow</span>&mdash;It is now late in the evening, and to-night I am going
+to sleep on board. On Monday we most certainly sail, so you may guess in
+what a desperate state of confusion we are all in. If you were to hear
+the various exclamations of the officers, you would suppose we had
+scarcely had a week's notice. I am just in the same way taken all
+<i>aback</i>, and in such a bustle I hardly know what to do. The number of
+things to be done is infinite. I look forward even to sea-sickness with
+something like satisfaction, anything must be better than this state of
+anxiety. I am very much obliged for your last kind and affectionate
+letter. I always like advice from you, and no one whom I have the luck
+to know is more capable of giving it than yourself. Recollect, when you
+write, that I am a sort of <i>prot&eacute;g&eacute;</i> of yours, and that it is your
+bounden duty to lecture me.</p>
+
+<p>I will now give you my direction: it is at first, Rio; but if you will
+send me a letter on the first Tuesday (when the packet sails) in
+February, directed to Monte Video, it will give<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> me very great pleasure:
+I shall so much enjoy hearing a little Cambridge news. Poor dear old
+<i>Alma Mater</i>! I am a very worthy son in as far as affection goes. I have
+little more to write about.... I cannot end this without telling you how
+cordially I feel grateful for the kindness you have shown me during my
+Cambridge life. Much of the pleasure and utility which I may have
+derived from it is owing to you. I long for the time when we shall again
+meet, and till then believe me, my dear Henslow,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Your affectionate and obliged friend,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Ch. Darwin</span>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> "On Tuesday last Charles Darwin, of Christ's College, was
+admitted B.A."&mdash;<i>Cambridge Chronicle</i>, Friday, April 29th, 1831.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> Readers of Calverley (another Christ's man) will remember
+his tobacco poem ending "Hero's to thee, Bacon."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> The rooms are on the first floor, on the west side of the
+middle staircase. A medallion (given by my brother) has recently been
+let into the wall of the sitting-room.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> For instance in a letter to Hooker (1817):&mdash;"Many thanks
+for your welcome note from Cambridge, and I am glad you like my <i>Alma
+Mater</i>, which I despise heartily as a place of education, but love from
+many most pleasant recollections."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Autobiography p. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> From a letter to W. D. Fox.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> No doubt in allusion to the title of Lord Herbert of
+Cherbury.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>Panag&aelig;us crux-major.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> Formerly Reader in Natural Philosophy at Durham
+University.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Blane was afterwards, I believe, in the Life Guards; he
+was in the Crimean War, and afterwards Military Attach&eacute; at St.
+Petersburg. I am indebted to Mr. Hamilton for information about some of
+my father's contemporaries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Brother of Lord Sherbrooke.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> March 18, 1829.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> The postmark being Derby seems to show that the letter was
+written from his cousin, W. D. Fox's house, Osmaston, near Derby.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> The top of the hill immediately behind Barmouth was called
+Craig-Storm, a hybrid Cambro-English word.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> Rev. T. Butler, a son of the former head master of
+Shrewsbury School.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> No doubt a paid collector.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> The "Captain" is at the head of the "Poll": the "Apostles"
+are the last twelve in the Mathematical Tripos.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> For an explanation of the word "gulfed" or "gulphed," see
+Mr. W. W. Rouse Balls' interesting <i>History of the Study of Mathematics
+at Cambridge</i> (1889), p. 160.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> The <i>Beagle</i> should have started on Nov. 4, but was
+delayed until Dec. 27.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> See, too, a sketch by my father of his old master, in the
+Rev. L. Blomefield's <i>Memoir of Professor Henslow</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> The copy of Humboldt given by Henslow to my father, which
+is in my possession, is a double memento of the two men&mdash;the author and
+the donor, who so greatly influenced his life.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Formerly Dean of Ely, and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy
+at Cambridge.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Josiah Wedgwood.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> William Snow Harris, the Electrician.</p></div></div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<div class="center"><img src="images/i124.jpg" width='700' height='436' alt="THE BEAGLE LAID ASHORE, RIVER SANTA CRUZ" /></div>
+
+<p class="bold">THE 'BEAGLE' LAID ASHORE, RIVER SANTA CRUZ.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER VI.</span> <span class="smaller">THE VOYAGE.</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>"There is a natural good-humoured energy in his letters just like
+himself."&mdash;From a letter of Dr. R. W. Darwin's to Professor
+Henslow.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The object of the <i>Beagle</i> voyage is briefly described in my father's
+<i>Journal of Researches</i>, p. 1, as being "to complete the Survey of
+Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, commenced under Captain King in 1826 to
+1830; to survey the shores of Chile, Peru, and some islands in the
+Pacific; and to carry a chain of chronometrical measurements round the
+world."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Beagle</i> is described<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> as a well-built little vessel, of 235
+tons, rigged as a barque, and carrying six guns. She belonged to the old
+class of ten-gun brigs, which were nicknamed "coffins," from their
+liability to go down in severe weather. They were very "deep-waisted,"
+that is, their bulwarks were high in proportion to their size, so that a
+heavy sea breaking over them might be highly dangerous. Nevertheless,
+she had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> already lived through five years' work, in the most stormy
+regions in the world, under Commanders Stokes and Fitz-Roy without a
+serious accident. When re-commissioned in 1831 for her second voyage,
+she was found (as I learned from the late Admiral Sir James Sulivan) to
+be so rotten that she had practically to be rebuilt, and it was this
+that caused the long delay in refitting.</p>
+
+<p>She was fitted out for the expedition with all possible care: to quote
+my father's description, written from Devonport, November 17, 1831:
+"Everybody, who can judge, says it is one of the grandest voyages that
+has almost ever been sent out. Everything is on a grand scale.... In
+short, everything is as prosperous as human means can make it." The
+twenty-four chronometers and the mahogany fittings seem to have been
+especially admired, and are more than once alluded to.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the smallness of the vessel, every one on board was cramped for
+room, and my father's accommodation seems to have been narrow enough.</p>
+
+<p>Yet of this confined space he wrote enthusiastically, September 17,
+1831:&mdash;"When I wrote last, I was in great alarm about my cabin. The
+cabins were not then marked out, but when I left they were, and mine is
+a capital one, certainly next best to the Captain's and remarkably
+light. My companion most luckily, I think, will turn out to be the
+officer whom I shall like best. Captain Fitz-Roy says he will take care
+that one corner is so fitted up that I shall be comfortable in it and
+shall consider it my home, but that also I shall have the run of his. My
+cabin is the drawing one; and in the middle is a large table, on which
+we two sleep in hammocks. But for the first two months there will be no
+drawing to be done, so that it will be quite a luxurious room, and a
+good deal larger than the Captain's cabin."</p>
+
+<p>My father used to say that it was the absolute necessity of tidiness in
+the cramped space on the <i>Beagle</i> that helped "to give him his
+methodical habits of working." On the <i>Beagle</i>, too, he would say, that
+he learned what he considered the golden rule for saving time; <i>i.e.</i>,
+taking care of the minutes.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter to his sister (July 1832), he writes contentedly of his
+manner of life at sea:&mdash;"I do not think I have ever given you an account
+of how the day passes. We breakfast at eight o'clock. The invariable
+maxim is to throw away all politeness&mdash;that is, never to wait for each
+other, and bolt off the minute one has done eating, &amp;c. At sea, when the
+weather is calm, I work at marine animals, with which the whole ocean
+abounds. If there is any sea up I am either sick or contrive to read<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+some voyage or travels. At one we dine. You shore-going people are
+lamentably mistaken about the manner of living on board. We have never
+yet (nor shall we) dined off salt meat. Rice and peas and <i>calavanses</i>
+are excellent vegetables, and, with good bread, who could want more?
+Judge Alderson could not be more temperate, as nothing but water comes
+on the table. At five we have tea."</p>
+
+<p>The crew of the <i>Beagle</i> consisted of Captain Fitz-Roy, "Commander and
+Surveyor," two lieutenants, one of whom (the first lieutenant) was the
+late Captain Wickham, Governor of Queensland; the late Admiral Sir James
+Sulivan, K.C.B., was the second lieutenant. Besides the master and two
+mates, there was an assistant-surveyor, the late Admiral Lort Stokes.
+There were also a surgeon, assistant-surgeon, two midshipmen, master's
+mate, a volunteer (1st class), purser, carpenter, clerk, boatswain,
+eight marines, thirty-four seamen, and six boys.</p>
+
+<p>There are not now (1892) many survivors of my father's old ship-mates.
+Admiral Mellersh, and Mr. Philip King, of the Legislative Council of
+Sydney, are among the number. Admiral Johnson died almost at the same
+time as my father.</p>
+
+<p>My father retained to the last a most pleasant recollection of the
+voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>, and of the friends he made on board her. To his
+children their names were familiar, from his many stories of the voyage,
+and we caught his feeling of friendship for many who were to us nothing
+more than names.</p>
+
+<p>It is pleasant to know how affectionately his old companions remember
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Sir James Sulivan remained, throughout my father's lifetime, one of his
+best and truest friends. He writes:&mdash;"I can confidently express my
+belief that during the five years in the <i>Beagle</i>, he was never known to
+be out of temper, or to say one unkind or hasty word <i>of</i> or <i>to</i> any
+one. You will therefore readily understand how this, combined with the
+admiration of his energy and ability, led to our giving him the name of
+'the dear old Philosopher.'"<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a> Admiral Mellersh writes to me:&mdash;"Your
+father is as vividly in my mind's eye as if it was only a week ago that
+I was in the <i>Beagle</i> with him; his genial smile and conversation can
+never be forgotten by any who saw them and heard them. I was sent on two
+or three occasions away in a boat with him on some of his scientific
+excursions, and always<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> looked forward to these trips with great
+pleasure, an anticipation that, unlike many others, was always realised.
+I think he was the only man I ever knew against whom I never heard a
+word said; and as people when shut up in a ship for five years are apt
+to get cross with each other, that is saying a good deal."</p>
+
+<p>Admiral Stokes, Mr. King, Mr. Usborne, and Mr. Hamond, all speak of
+their friendship with him in the same warm-hearted way.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Fitz-Roy was a strict officer, and made himself thoroughly
+respected both by officers and men. The occasional severity of his
+manner was borne with because every one on board knew that his first
+thought was his duty, and that he would sacrifice anything to the real
+welfare of the ship. My father writes, July 1834: "We all jog on very
+well together, there is no quarrelling on board, which is something to
+say. The Captain keeps all smooth by rowing every one in turn."</p>
+
+<p>My father speaks of the officers as a fine determined set of men, and
+especially of Wickham, the first lieutenant, as a "glorious fellow." The
+latter being responsible for the smartness and appearance of the ship
+strongly objected to Darwin littering the decks, and spoke of specimens
+as "d&mdash;d beastly devilment," and used to add, "If I were skipper, I
+would soon have you and all your d&mdash;d mess out of the place."</p>
+
+<p>A sort of halo of sanctity was given to my father by the fact of his
+dining in the Captain's cabin, so that the midshipmen used at first to
+call him "Sir," a formality, however, which did not prevent his becoming
+fast friends with the younger officers. He wrote about the year 1861 or
+1862 to Mr. P. G. King, M.L.C., Sydney, who, as before stated, was a
+midshipman on board the <i>Beagle</i>:&mdash;"The remembrance of old days, when we
+used to sit and talk on the booms of the <i>Beagle</i>, will always, to the
+day of my death, make me glad to hear of your happiness and prosperity."
+Mr. King describes the pleasure my father seemed to take "in pointing
+out to me as a youngster the delights of the tropical nights, with their
+balmy breezes eddying out of the sails above us, and the sea lighted up
+by the passage of the ship through the never-ending streams of
+phosphorescent animalcul&aelig;."</p>
+
+<p>It has been assumed that his ill-health in later years was due to his
+having suffered so much from sea-sickness. This he did not himself
+believe, but rather ascribed his bad health to the hereditary fault
+which took shape as gout in some of the past generations. I am not quite
+clear as to how much he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> actually suffered from sea-sickness; my
+impression is distinct that, according to his own memory, he was not
+actually ill after the first three weeks, but constantly uncomfortable
+when the vessel pitched at all heavily. But, judging from his letters,
+and from the evidence of some of the officers, it would seem that in
+later years he forgot the extent of the discomfort. Writing June 3,
+1836, from the Cape of Good Hope, he says: "It is a lucky thing for me
+that the voyage is drawing to its close, for I positively suffer more
+from sea-sickness now than three years ago."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to R. W. Darwin.</i> Bahia, or San Salvador, Brazil. [February 8,
+1832.]</p>
+
+<p class="right">I find after the first page I have been writing to my sisters.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Father</span>&mdash;I am writing this on the 8th of February, one day's sail
+past St. Jago (Cape de Verd), and intend taking the chance of meeting
+with a homeward-bound vessel somewhere about the equator. The date,
+however, will tell this whenever the opportunity occurs. I will now
+begin from the day of leaving England, and give a short account of our
+progress. We sailed, as you know, on the 27th of December, and have been
+fortunate enough to have had from that time to the present a fair and
+moderate breeze. It afterwards proved that we had escaped a heavy gale
+in the Channel, another at Madeira, and another on [the] Coast of
+Africa. But in escaping the gale, we felt its consequence&mdash;a heavy sea.
+In the Bay of Biscay there was a long and continuous swell, and the
+misery I endured from sea-sickness is far beyond what I ever guessed at.
+I believe you are curious about it. I will give you all my dear-bought
+experience. Nobody who has only been to sea for twenty-four hours has a
+right to say that sea-sickness is even uncomfortable. The real misery
+only begins when you are so exhausted that a little exertion makes a
+feeling of faintness come on. I found nothing but lying in my hammock
+did me any good. I must especially except your receipt of raisins, which
+is the only food that the stomach will bear.</p>
+
+<p>On the 4th of January we were not many miles from Madeira, but as there
+was a heavy sea running, and the island lay to windward, it was not
+thought worth while to beat up to it. It afterwards has turned out it
+was lucky we saved ourselves the trouble. I was much too sick even to
+get up to see the distant outline. On the 6th, in the evening, we sailed
+into the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> harbour of Santa Cruz. I now first felt even moderately well,
+and I was picturing to myself all the delights of fresh fruit growing in
+beautiful valleys, and reading Humboldt's description of the island's
+glorious views, when perhaps you may nearly guess at our disappointment,
+when a small pale man informed us we must perform a strict quarantine of
+twelve days. There was a death-like stillness in the ship till the
+Captain cried "up jib," and we left this long wished-for place.</p>
+
+<p>We were becalmed for a day between Teneriffe and the Grand Canary, and
+here I first experienced any enjoyment. The view was glorious. The Peak
+of Teneriffe was seen amongst the clouds like another world. Our only
+drawback was the extreme wish of visiting this glorious island. From
+Teneriffe to St. Jago the voyage was extremely pleasant. I had a net
+astern the vessel which caught great numbers of curious animals, and
+fully occupied my time in my cabin, and on deck the weather was so
+delightful and clear, that the sky and water together made a picture. On
+the 16th we arrived at Port Praya, the capital of the Cape de Verds, and
+there we remained twenty-three days, viz. till yesterday, the 7th of
+February. The time has flown away most delightfully, indeed nothing can
+be pleasanter; exceedingly busy, and that business both a duty and a
+great delight. I do not believe I have spent one half-hour idly since
+leaving Teneriffe. St. Jago has afforded me an exceedingly rich harvest
+in several branches of Natural History. I find the descriptions scarcely
+worth anything of many of the commoner animals that inhabit the Tropics.
+I allude, of course, to those of the lower classes.</p>
+
+<p>Geologising in a volcanic country is most delightful; besides the
+interest attached to itself, it leads you into most beautiful and
+retired spots. Nobody but a person fond of Natural History can imagine
+the pleasure of strolling under cocoa-nuts in a thicket of bananas and
+coffee-plants, and an endless number of wild flowers. And this island,
+that has given me so much instruction and delight, is reckoned the most
+uninteresting place that we perhaps shall touch at during our voyage. It
+certainly is generally very barren, but the valleys are more exquisitely
+beautiful, from the very contrast. It is utterly useless to say anything
+about the scenery; it would be as profitable to explain to a blind man
+colours, as to a person who has not been out of Europe, the total
+dissimilarity of a tropical view. Whenever I enjoy anything, I always
+either look forward to writing it down, either in my log-book (which
+increases in bulk), or in a letter; so you must excuse raptures, and
+those raptures badly expressed. I find<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> my collections are increasing
+wonderfully, and from Rio I think I shall be obliged to send a cargo
+home.</p>
+
+<p>All the endless delays which we experienced at Plymouth have been most
+fortunate, as I verily believe no person ever went out better provided
+for collecting and observing in the different branches of Natural
+History. In a multitude of counsellors I certainly found good. I find to
+my great surprise that a ship is singularly comfortable for all sorts of
+work. Everything is so close at hand, and being cramped makes one so
+methodical, that in the end I have been a gainer. I already have got to
+look at going to sea as a regular quiet place, like going back to home
+after staying away from it. In short, I find a ship a very comfortable
+house, with everything you want, and if it was not for sea-sickness the
+whole world would be sailors. I do not think there is much danger of
+Erasmus setting the example, but in case there should be, he may rely
+upon it he does not know one-tenth of the sufferings of sea-sickness.</p>
+
+<p>I like the officers much more than I did at first, especially Wickham,
+and young King and Stokes, and indeed all of them. The Captain continues
+steadily very kind, and does everything in his power to assist me. We
+see very little of each other when in harbour, our pursuits lead us in
+such different tracks. I never in my life met with a man who could
+endure nearly so great a share of fatigue. He works incessantly, and
+when apparently not employed, he is thinking. If he does not kill
+himself, he will during this voyage do a wonderful quantity of work....</p>
+
+<p><i>February 26th.</i>&mdash;About 280 miles from Bahia. We have been singularly
+unlucky in not meeting with any homeward-bound vessels, but I suppose
+[at] Bahia we certainly shall be able to write to England. Since writing
+the first part of [this] letter nothing has occurred except crossing the
+Equator, and being shaved. This most disagreeable operation, consists in
+having your face rubbed with paint and tar, which forms a lather for a
+saw which represents the razor, and then being half drowned in a sail
+filled with salt water. About 50 miles north of the line we touched at
+the rocks of St. Paul; this little speck (about &frac14; of a mile across) in
+the Atlantic has seldom been visited. It is totally barren, but is
+covered by hosts of birds; they were so unused to men that we found we
+could kill plenty with stones and sticks. After remaining some hours on
+the island, we returned on board with the boat loaded with our prey.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>
+From<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> this we went to Fernando Noronha, a small island where the
+[Brazilians] send their exiles. The landing there was attended with so
+much difficulty owing [to] a heavy surf that the Captain determined to
+sail the next day after arriving. My one day on shore was exceedingly
+interesting, the whole island is one single wood so matted together by
+creepers that it is very difficult to move out of the beaten path. I
+find the Natural History of all these unfrequented spots most
+exceedingly interesting, especially the geology. I have written this
+much in order to save time at Bahia.</p>
+
+<p>Decidedly the most striking thing in the Tropics is the novelty of the
+vegetable forms. Cocoa-nuts could well be imagined from drawings, if you
+add to them a graceful lightness which no European tree partakes of.
+Bananas and plantains are exactly the same as those in hothouses, the
+acacias or tamarinds are striking from the blueness of their foliage;
+but of the glorious orange trees, no description, no drawings, will give
+any just idea; instead of the sickly green of our oranges, the native
+ones exceed the Portugal laurel in the darkness of their tint, and
+infinitely exceed it in beauty of form. Cocoa-nuts, papaws, the
+light-green bananas, and oranges, loaded with fruit, generally surround
+the more luxuriant villages. Whilst viewing such scenes, one feels the
+impossibility that any description should come near the mark, much less
+be over-drawn.</p>
+
+<p><i>March 1st.</i>&mdash;Bahia, or San Salvador. I arrived at this place on the
+28th of February, and am now writing this letter after having in real
+earnest strolled in the forests of the new world. No person could
+imagine anything so beautiful as the ancient town of Bahia, it is fairly
+embosomed in a luxuriant wood of beautiful trees, and situated on a
+steep bank, and overlooks the calm waters of the great bay of All
+Saints. The houses are white and lofty, and, from the windows being
+narrow and long, have a very light and elegant appearance. Convents,
+porticos, and public buildings, vary the uniformity of the houses; the
+bay is scattered over with large ships; in short, and what can be said
+more, it is one of the finest views in the Brazils. But the exquisite
+glorious pleasure of walking amongst such flowers, and such trees,
+cannot be comprehended but by those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> who have experienced it.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a>
+Although in so low a latitude the locality is not disagreeably hot, but
+at present it is very damp, for it is the rainy season. I find the
+climate as yet agrees admirably with me; it makes me long to live
+quietly for some time in such a country. If you really want to have [an
+idea] of tropical countries, study Humboldt. Skip the scientific parts,
+and commence after leaving Teneriffe. My feelings amount to admiration
+the more I read him....</p>
+
+<p>This letter will go on the 5th, and I am afraid will be some time before
+it reaches you; it must be a warning how in other parts of the world you
+may be a long time without hearing. A year might by accident thus pass.
+About the 12th we start for Rio, but we remain some time on the way in
+sounding the Albrolhos shoals....</p>
+
+<p>We have beat all the ships in man&oelig;uvring, so much so that the
+commanding officer says we need not follow his example; because we do
+everything better than his great ship. I begin to take great interest in
+naval points, more especially now, as I find they all say we are the No.
+1 in South America. I suppose the Captain is a most excellent officer.
+It was quite glorious to-day how we beat the <i>Samarang</i> in furling
+sails. It is quite a new thing for a "sounding ship" to beat a regular
+man-of-war; and yet the <i>Beagle</i> is not at all a particular ship.
+Erasmus will clearly perceive it when he hears that in the night I have
+actually sat down in the sacred precincts of the quarter deck. You must
+excuse these queer letters, and recollect they are generally written in
+the evening after my day's work. I take more pains over my log-book, so
+that eventually you will have a good account of all the places I visit.
+Hitherto the voyage has answered <i>admirably</i> to me, and yet I am now
+more fully aware of your wisdom in throwing cold water on the whole
+scheme; the chances are so numerous of [its] turning out quite the
+reverse; to such an extent do I feel this, that if my advice was asked
+by any person on a similar occasion, I should be very cautious in
+encouraging him. I have not time to write to anybody else, so send to
+Maer to let them know, that in the midst of the glorious tropical
+scenery, I do not forget how instrumental they were in placing me there.
+I will not rapturise again, but I give myself great credit in not being
+crazy out of pure delight.</p>
+
+<p>Give my love to every soul at home, and to the Owens.</p>
+
+<p>I think one's affections, like other good things, flourish and increase
+in these tropical regions.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p><p>The conviction that I am walking in the New World is even yet
+marvellous in my own eyes, and I daresay it is little less so to you,
+the receiving a letter from a son of yours in such a quarter.</p>
+
+<p>Believe me, my dear father, your most affectionate son.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Beagle</i> letters give ample proof of his strong love of home, and
+all connected with it, from his father down to Nancy, his old nurse, to
+whom he sometimes sends his love.</p>
+
+<p>His delight in home-letters is shown in such passages as:&mdash;"But if you
+knew the glowing, unspeakable delight, which I felt at being certain
+that my father and all of you were well, only four months ago, you would
+not grudge the labour lost in keeping up the regular series of letters."</p>
+
+<p>"You would be surprised to know how entirely the pleasure in arriving at
+a new place depends on letters."</p>
+
+<p>"I saw the other day a vessel sail for England; it was quite dangerous
+to know how easily I might turn deserter. As for an English lady, I have
+almost forgotten what she is&mdash;something very angelic and good."</p>
+
+<p>"I have just received a bundle more letters. I do not know how to thank
+you all sufficiently. One from Catherine, February 8th, another from
+Susan, March 3rd, together with notes from Caroline and from my father;
+give my best love to my father. I almost cried for pleasure at receiving
+it; it was very kind thinking of writing to me. My letters are both few,
+short, and stupid in return for all yours; but I always ease my
+conscience, by considering the Journal as a long letter."</p>
+
+<p>Or again&mdash;his longing to return in words like these:&mdash;"It is too
+delightful to think that I shall see the leaves fall and hear the robin
+sing next autumn at Shrewsbury. My feelings are those of a school-boy to
+the smallest point; I doubt whether ever boy longed for his holidays as
+much as I do to see you all again. I am at present, although nearly half
+the world is between me and home, beginning to arrange what I shall do,
+where I shall go during the first week."</p>
+
+<p>"No schoolboys ever sung the half-sentimental and half-jovial strain of
+'dulce domum' with more fervour than we all feel inclined to do. But the
+whole subject of 'dulce domum,' and the delight of seeing one's friends,
+is most dangerous, it must infallibly make one very prosy or very
+boisterous. Oh, the degree to which I long to be once again living
+quietly with not one single novel object near me! No one can imagine it
+till he has been whirled round the world during five long years in a
+ten-gun brig."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p><p>The following extracts may serve to give an idea of the impressions now
+crowding on him, as well as of the vigorous delight with which he
+plunged into scientific work.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>May 18, 1832, to Henslow:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Here [Rio], I first saw a tropical forest in all its sublime
+grandeur&mdash;nothing but the reality can give any idea how wonderful, how
+magnificent the scene is. If I was to specify any one thing I should
+give the pre-eminence to the host of parasitical plants. Your engraving
+is exactly true, but under-rates rather than exaggerates the luxuriance.
+I never experienced such intense delight. I formerly admired Humboldt, I
+now almost adore him; he alone gives any notion of the feelings which
+are raised in the mind on first entering the Tropics. I am now
+collecting fresh-water and land animals; if what was told me in London
+is true, viz., that there are no small insects in the collections from
+the Tropics, I tell Entomologists to look out and have their pens ready
+for describing. I have taken as minute (if not more so) as in England,
+Hydropori, Hygroti, Hydrobii, Pselaphi, Staphylini, Curculio, &amp;c. &amp;c. It
+is exceedingly interesting observing the difference of genera and
+species from those which I know; it is however much less than I had
+expected. I am at present red-hot with spiders; they are very
+interesting, and if I am not mistaken I have already taken some new
+genera. I shall have a large box to send very soon to Cambridge, and
+with that I will mention some more natural history particulars."</p>
+
+<p>"One great source of perplexity to me is an utter ignorance whether I
+note the right facts, and whether they are of sufficient importance to
+interest others. In the one thing collecting I cannot go wrong."</p>
+
+<p>"Geology carries the day: it is like the pleasure of gambling.
+Speculating, on first arriving, what the rocks may be, I often mentally
+cry out 3 to 1 tertiary against primitive; but the latter have hitherto
+won all the bets. So much for the grand end of my voyage: in other
+respects things are equally flourishing. My life, when at sea, is so
+quiet, that to a person who can employ himself, nothing can be
+pleasanter; the beauty of the sky and brilliancy of the ocean together
+make a picture. But when on shore, and wandering in the sublime forests,
+surrounded by views more gorgeous than even Claude ever imagined, I
+enjoy a delight which none but those who have experienced it can
+understand. At our ancient snug breakfasts, at Cambridge, I little
+thought that the wide Atlantic would ever separate us; but it is a rare
+privilege that with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> the body, the feelings and memory are not divided.
+On the contrary, the pleasantest scenes in my life, many of which have
+been in Cambridge, rise from the contrast of the present, the more
+vividly in my imagination. Do you think any diamond beetle will ever
+give me so much pleasure as our old friend <i>crux-major</i>?... It is one of
+my most constant amusements to draw pictures of the past; and in them I
+often see you and poor little Fan. Oh, Lord, and then old Dash poor
+thing! Do you recollect how you all tormented me about his beautiful
+tail?"&mdash;[From a letter to Fox.]</p>
+
+<p>To his sister, June 1833:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am quite delighted to find the hide of the Megatherium has given you
+all some little interest in my employments. These fragments are not,
+however, by any means the most valuable of the geological relics. I
+trust and believe that the time spent in this voyage, if thrown away for
+all other respects, will produce its full worth in Natural History; and
+it appears to me the doing what <i>little</i> we can to increase the general
+stock of knowledge is as respectable an object of life as one can in any
+likelihood pursue. It is more the result of such reflections (as I have
+already said) than much immediate pleasure which now makes me continue
+the voyage, together with the glorious prospect of the future, when
+passing the Straits of Magellan, we have in truth the world before us."</p>
+
+<p>To Fox, July 1835:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am glad to hear you have some thoughts of beginning Geology. I hope
+you will; there is so much larger a field for thought than in the other
+branches of Natural History. I am become a zealous disciple of Mr.
+Lyell's views, as known in his admirable book. Geologising in South
+America, I am tempted to carry parts to a greater extent even than he
+does. Geology is a capital science to begin, as it requires nothing but
+a little reading, thinking, and hammering. I have a considerable body of
+notes together; but it is a constant subject of perplexity to me,
+whether they are of sufficient value for all the time I have spent about
+them, or whether animals would not have been of more certain value."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the following letter to his sister Susan he gives an
+account,&mdash;adapted to the non-geological mind,&mdash;of his South American
+work:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Valparaiso, April 23, 1835.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Susan</span>&mdash;I received, a few days since, your letter of November;
+the three letters which I before mentioned are yet missing, but I do not
+doubt they will come to life. I returned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span> a week ago from my excursion
+across the Andes to Mendoza. Since leaving England I have never made so
+successful a journey; it has, however, been very expensive. I am sure my
+father would not regret it, if he could know how deeply I have enjoyed
+it: it was something more than enjoyment; I cannot express the delight
+which I felt at such a famous winding-up of all my geology in South
+America. I literally could hardly sleep at nights for thinking over my
+day's work. The scenery was so new, and so majestic; everything at an
+elevation of 12,000 feet bears so different an aspect from that in a
+lower country. I have seen many views more beautiful, but none with so
+strongly marked a character. To a geologist, also, there are such
+manifest proofs of excessive violence; the strata of the highest
+pinnacles are tossed about like the crust of a broken pie.</p>
+
+<p>I do not suppose any of you can be much interested in geological
+details, but I will just mention my principal results:&mdash;Besides
+understanding to a certain extent the description and manner of the
+force which has elevated this great line of mountains, I can clearly
+demonstrate that one part of the double line is of an age long posterior
+to the other. In the more ancient line, which is the true chain of the
+Andes, I can describe the sort and order of the rocks which compose it.
+These are chiefly remarkable by containing a bed of gypsum nearly 2000
+feet thick&mdash;a quantity of this substance I should think unparalleled in
+the world. What is of much greater consequence, I have procured fossil
+shells (from an elevation of 12,000 feet). I think an examination of
+these will give an approximate age to these mountains, as compared to
+the strata of Europe. In the other line of the Cordilleras there is a
+strong presumption (in my own mind, conviction) that the enormous mass
+of mountains, the peaks of which rise to 13,000 and 14,000 feet, are so
+very modern as to be contemporaneous with the plains of Patagonia (or
+about with the <i>upper</i> strata of the Isle of Wight). If this result
+shall be considered as proved,<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> it is a very important fact in the
+theory of the formation of the world; because, if such wonderful changes
+have taken place so recently in the crust of the globe, there can be no
+reason for supposing former epochs of excessive violence....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Another feature in his letters is the surprise and delight with which he
+hears of his collections and observations being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> of some use. It seems
+only to have gradually occurred to him that he would ever be more than a
+collector of specimens and facts, of which the great men were to make
+use. And even as to the value of his collections he seems to have had
+much doubt, for he wrote to Henslow in 1834: "I really began to think
+that my collections were so poor that you were puzzled what to say; the
+case is now quite on the opposite tack, for you are guilty of exciting
+all my vain feelings to a most comfortable pitch; if hard work will
+atone for these thoughts, I vow it shall not be spared."</p>
+
+<p>Again, to his sister Susan in August, 1836:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Both your letters were full of good news; especially the expressions
+which you tell me Professor Sedgwick<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> used about my collections. I
+confess they are deeply gratifying&mdash;I trust one part at least will turn
+out true, and that I shall act as I now think&mdash;as a man who dares to
+waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life. Professor
+Sedgwick mentioning my name at all gives me hopes that he will assist me
+with his advice, of which, in my geological questions, I stand much in
+need."</p>
+
+<p>Occasional allusions to slavery show us that his feeling on this subject
+was at this time as strong as in later life<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Captain does everything in his power to assist me, and we get on
+very well, but I thank my better fortune he has not made me a renegade
+to Whig principles. I would not be a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> Tory, if it was merely on account
+of their cold hearts about that scandal to Christian nations&mdash;Slavery."</p>
+
+<p>"I have watched how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections,
+has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she
+is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it! I was told
+before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my
+opinions would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming
+a much higher estimate of the negro character. It is impossible to see a
+negro and not feel kindly towards him; such cheerful, open, honest
+expressions and such fine muscular bodies. I never saw any of the
+diminutive Portuguese, with their murderous countenances, without almost
+wishing for Brazil to follow the example of Hayti; and, considering the
+enormous healthy-looking black population, it will be wonderful if, at
+some future day, it does not take place. There is at Rio a man (I know
+not his title) who has a large salary to prevent (I believe) the landing
+of slaves; he lives at Botofogo, and yet that was the bay where, during
+my residence, the greater number of smuggled slaves were landed. Some of
+the Anti-Slavery people ought to question about his office; it was the
+subject of conversation at Rio amongst the lower English...."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. S. Henslow.</i> Sydney [January, 1836].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Henslow</span>&mdash;This is the last opportunity of communicating with you
+before that joyful day when I shall reach Cambridge. I have very little
+to say: but I must write if it is only to express my joy that the last
+year is concluded, and that the present one, in which the <i>Beagle</i> will
+return, is gliding onward. We have all been disappointed here in not
+finding even a single letter; we are, indeed, rather before our expected
+time, otherwise I dare say, I should have seen your handwriting. I must
+feed upon the future, and it is beyond bounds delightful to feel the
+certainty that within eight months I shall be residing once again most
+quietly in Cambridge. Certainly, I never was intended for a traveller;
+my thoughts are always rambling over past or future scenes; I cannot
+enjoy the present happiness for anticipating the future, which is about
+as foolish as the dog who dropped the real bone for its shadow....</p>
+
+<p>I must return to my old resource and think of the future, but that I may
+not become more prosy, I will say farewell till the day arrives, when I
+shall see my Master in Natural History,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> and can tell him how grateful I
+feel for his kindness and friendship.</p>
+
+<p>Believe me, dear Henslow, ever yours most faithfully.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. S. Henslow.</i> Shrewsbury [October, 6 1836].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Henslow</span>&mdash;I am sure you will congratulate me on the delight of
+once again being home. The <i>Beagle</i> arrived at Falmouth on Sunday
+evening, and I reached Shrewsbury yesterday morning. I am exceedingly
+anxious to see you, and as it will be necessary in four or five days to
+return to London to get my goods and chattels out of the <i>Beagle</i>, it
+appears to me my best plan to pass through Cambridge. I want your advice
+on many points; indeed I am in the clouds, and neither know what to do
+or where to go. My chief puzzle is about the geological specimens&mdash;who
+will have the charity to help me in describing their mineralogical
+nature? Will you be kind enough to write to me one line by <i>return of
+post</i>, saying whether you are now at Cambridge? I am doubtful till I
+hear from Captain Fitz-Roy whether I shall not be obliged to start
+before the answer can arrive, but pray try the chance. My dear Henslow,
+I do long to see you; you have been the kindest friend to me that ever
+man possessed. I can write no more, for I am giddy with joy and
+confusion.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Farewell for the present,<br />
+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Yours most truly obliged.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>After his return and settlement in London, he began to realise the value
+of what he had done, and wrote to Captain Fitz-Roy&mdash;"However others may
+look back to the <i>Beagle's</i> voyage, now that the small disagreeable
+parts are well-nigh forgotten, I think it far the <i>most fortunate
+circumstance in my life</i> that the chance afforded by your offer of
+taking a Naturalist fell on me. I often have the most vivid and
+delightful pictures of what I saw on board the <i>Beagle</i><a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> pass before
+my eyes. These recollections, and what I learnt on Natural History, I
+would not exchange for twice ten thousand a year."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> <i>Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle</i>, vol. i.
+introduction xii. The illustration at the head of the chapter is from
+vol. ii. of the same work.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> His other nickname was "The Flycatcher." I have heard my
+father tell how he overheard the boatswain of the <i>Beagle</i> showing
+another boatswain over the ship, and pointing out the officers: "That's
+our first lieutenant; that's our doctor; that's our flycatcher."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> "There was such a scene here. Wickham (1st Lieutenant) and
+I were the only two who landed with guns and geological hammers, &amp;c. The
+birds by myriads were too close to shoot; we then tried stones, but at
+last, <i>proh pudor!</i> my geological hammer was the instrument of death. We
+soon loaded the boat with birds and eggs. Whilst we were so engaged, the
+men in the boat were fairly fighting with the sharks for such
+magnificent fish as you could not see in the London market. Our boat
+would have made a fine subject for Snyders, such a medley of game it
+contained."&mdash;From a letter to Herbert.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> "My mind has been, since leaving England, in a perfect
+hurricane of delight and astonishment."&mdash;<i>C. D. to Fox</i>, May 1832, from
+Botofogo Bay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The importance of these results has been fully recognized
+by geologists.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Sedgwick wrote (November 7, 1835) to Dr. Butler, the head
+master of Shrewsbury School:&mdash;"He is doing admirable work in South
+America, and has already sent home a collection above all price. It was
+the best thing in the world for him that he went out on the voyage of
+discovery. There was some risk of his turning out an idle man, but his
+character will now be fixed, and if God spares his life he will have a
+great name among the naturalists of Europe...."&mdash;I am indebted to my
+friend Mr. J. W. Clark, the biographer of Sedgwick, for the above
+extract.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> Compare the following passage from a letter (Aug. 25,
+1845) addressed to Lyell, who had touched on slavery in his <i>Travels in
+North America.</i> "I was delighted with your letter in which you touch on
+Slavery; I wish the same feelings had been apparent in your published
+discussion. But I will not write on this subject, I should perhaps annoy
+you, and most certainly myself. I have exhaled myself with a paragraph
+or two in my Journal on the sin of Brazilian slavery; you perhaps will
+think that it is in answer to you; but such is not the case. I have
+remarked on nothing which I did not hear on the coast of South America.
+My few sentences, however, are merely an explosion of feeling. How could
+you relate so placidly that atrocious sentiment about separating
+children from their parents; and in the next page speak of being
+distressed at the whites not having prospered; I assure you the contrast
+made me exclaim out. But I have broken my intention, and so no more on
+this odious deadly subject." It is fair to add that the "atrocious
+sentiments" were not Lyell's but those of a planter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> According to the <i>Japan Weekly Mail</i>, as quoted in
+<i>Nature</i>, March 8, 1888, the <i>Beagle</i> is in use as a training ship at
+Yokosuka, in Japan. Part of the old ship is, I am glad to think, in my
+possession, in the form of a box (which I owe to the kindness of Admiral
+Mellersh) made out of her main cross-tree.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER VII.</span> <span class="smaller">LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE.<br />1836-1842.</span></h2>
+
+<p>The period illustrated in the present chapter includes the years between
+Darwin's return from the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i> and his settling at
+Down. It is marked by the gradual appearance of that weakness of health
+which ultimately forced him to leave London and take up his abode for
+the rest of his life in a quiet country house.</p>
+
+<p>There is no evidence of any intention of entering a profession after his
+return from the voyage, and early in 1840 he wrote to Fitz-Roy: "I have
+nothing to wish for, excepting stronger health to go on with the
+subjects to which I have joyfully determined to devote my life."</p>
+
+<p>These two conditions&mdash;permanent ill-health and a passionate love of
+scientific work for its own sake&mdash;determined thus early in his career,
+the character of his whole future life. They impelled him to lead a
+retired life of constant labour, carried on to the utmost limits of his
+physical power, a life which signally falsified his melancholy
+prophecy:&mdash;"It has been a bitter mortification for me to digest the
+conclusion that the 'race is for the strong,' and that I shall probably
+do little more, but be content to admire the strides others make in
+science."</p>
+
+<p>The end of the last chapter saw my father safely arrived at Shrewsbury
+on October 4, 1836, "after an absence of five years and two days." He
+wrote to Fox: "You cannot imagine how gloriously delightful my first
+visit was at home; it was worth the banishment." But it was a pleasure
+that he could not long enjoy, for in the last days of October he was at
+Greenwich unpacking specimens from the <i>Beagle</i>. As to the destination
+of the collections he writes, somewhat despondingly, to Henslow:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have not made much progress with the great men. I find, as you told
+me, that they are all overwhelmed with their own business. Mr. Lyell has
+entered, in the <i>most</i> <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>good-natured manner, and almost without being
+asked, into all my plans. He tells me, however, the same story, that I
+must do all myself. Mr. Owen seems anxious to dissect some of the
+animals in spirits, and, besides these two, I have scarcely met any one
+who seems to wish to possess any of my specimens. I must except Dr.
+Grant, who is willing to examine some of the corallines. I see it is
+quite unreasonable to hope for a minute that any man will undertake the
+examination of a whole order. It is clear the collectors so much
+outnumber the real naturalists that the latter have no time to spare.</p>
+
+<p>"I do not even find that the Collections care for receiving the unnamed
+specimens. The Zoological Museum<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> is nearly full, and upwards of a
+thousand specimens remain unmounted. I dare say the British Museum would
+receive them, but I cannot feel, from all I hear, any great respect even
+for the present state of that establishment. Your plan will be not only
+the best, but the only one, namely, to come down to Cambridge, arrange
+and group together the different families, and then wait till people,
+who are already working in different branches, may want specimens....</p>
+
+<p>"I have forgotten to mention Mr. Lonsdale,<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> who gave me a most
+cordial reception, and with whom I had much most interesting
+conversation. If I was not much more inclined for geology than the other
+branches of Natural History, I am sure Mr. Lyell's and Lonsdale's
+kindness ought to fix me. You cannot conceive anything more thoroughly
+good-natured than the heart-and-soul manner in which he put himself in
+my place and thought what would be best to do."</p>
+
+<p>A few days later he writes more cheerfully: "I became acquainted with
+Mr. Bell,<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> who, to my surprise, expressed a good deal of interest
+about my crustacea and reptiles, and seems willing to work at them. I
+also heard that Mr. Broderip would be glad to look over the South
+American shells, so that things flourish well with me."</p>
+
+<p>Again, on November 6:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"All my affairs, indeed, are most prosperous; I find there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> are plenty
+who will undertake the description of whole tribes of animals, of which
+I know nothing."</p>
+
+<p>As to his Geological Collection he was soon able to write: "I [have]
+disposed of the most important part [of] my collections, by giving all
+the fossil bones to the College of Surgeons, casts of them will be
+distributed, and descriptions published. They are very curious and
+valuable; one head belonged to some gnawing animal, but of the size of a
+Hippopotamus! Another to an ant-eater of the size of a horse!"</p>
+
+<p>My father's specimens included (besides the above-mentioned Toxodon and
+Scelidotherium) the remains of Mylodon, Glossotherium, another gigantic
+animal allied to the ant-eater, and Macrauchenia. His discovery of these
+remains is a matter of interest in itself, but it has a special
+importance as a point in his own life, his speculation on the extinction
+of these extraordinary creatures<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a> and on their relationship to
+living forms having formed one of the chief starting-points of his views
+on the origin of species. This is shown in the following extract from
+his Pocket Book for this year (1837): "In July opened first note-book on
+Transmutation of Species. Had been greatly struck from about the month
+of previous March on character of South American fossils, and species on
+Galapagos Archipelago. These facts (especially latter), origin of all my
+views."</p>
+
+<p>His affairs being thus so far prosperously managed he was able to put
+into execution his plan of living at Cambridge, where he settled on
+December 10th, 1836.</p>
+
+<p>"Cambridge," he writes, "yet continues a very pleasant, but not half so
+merry a place as before. To walk through the courts of Christ's College,
+and not know an inhabitant of a single room, gave one a feeling half
+melancholy. The only evil I found in Cambridge was its being too
+pleasant: there was some agreeable party or another every evening, and
+one cannot say one is engaged with so much impunity there as in this
+great city."<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+
+<p>Early in the spring of 1837 he left Cambridge for London, and a week
+later he was settled in lodgings at 36 Great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> Marlborough Street; and
+except for a "short visit to Shrewsbury" in June, he worked on till
+September, being almost entirely employed on his <i>Journal</i>, of which he
+wrote (March):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"In your last letter you urge me to get ready <i>the</i> book. I am now hard
+at work and give up everything else for it. Our plan is as follows:
+Capt. Fitz-Roy writes two volumes out of the materials collected during
+the last voyage under Capt. King to Tierra del Fuego, and during our
+circumnavigation. I am to have the third volume, in which I intend
+giving a kind of journal of a naturalist, not following, however, always
+the order of time, but rather the order of position."</p>
+
+<p>A letter to Fox (July) gives an account of the progress of his work:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I gave myself a holiday and a visit to Shrewsbury [in June], as I had
+finished my Journal. I shall now be very busy in filling up gaps and
+getting it quite ready for the press by the first of August. I shall
+always feel respect for every one who has written a book, let it be what
+it may, for I had no idea of the trouble which trying to write common
+English could cost one. And, alas, there yet remains the worst part of
+all, correcting the press. As soon as ever that is done I must put my
+shoulder to the wheel and commence at the Geology. I have read some
+short papers to the Geological Society, and they were favourably
+received by the great guns, and this gives me much confidence, and I
+hope not a very great deal of vanity, though I confess I feel too often
+like a peacock admiring his tail. I never expected that my Geology would
+ever have been worth the consideration of such men as Lyell, who has
+been to me, since my return, a most active friend. My life is a very
+busy one at present, and I hope may ever remain so; though Heaven knows
+there are many serious drawbacks to such a life, and chief amongst them
+is the little time it allows one for seeing one's natural friends. For
+the last three years, I have been longing and longing to be living at
+Shrewsbury, and after all now in the course of several months, I see my
+good dear people at Shrewsbury for a week. Susan and Catherine have,
+however, been staying with my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> brother here for some weeks, but they had
+returned home before my visit."</p>
+
+<p>In August he writes to Henslow to announce the success of the scheme for
+the publication of the <i>Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle</i>, through
+the promise of a grant of &pound;1000 from the Treasury: "I had an interview
+with the Chancellor of the Exchequer.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> He appointed to see me this
+morning, and I had a long conversation with him, Mr. Peacock being
+present. Nothing could be more thoroughly obliging and kind than his
+whole manner. He made no sort of restriction, but only told me to make
+the most of the money, which of course I am right willing to do.</p>
+
+<p>"I expected rather an awful interview, but I never found anything less
+so in my life. It will be my fault if I do not make a good work; but I
+sometimes take an awful fright that I have not materials enough. It will
+be excessively satisfactory at the end of some two years to find all
+materials made the most they were capable of."</p>
+
+<p>Later in the autumn he wrote to Henslow: "I have not been very well of
+late, with an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart, and my doctors
+urge me <i>strongly</i> to knock off all work, and go and live in the country
+for a few weeks." He accordingly took a holiday of about a month at
+Shrewsbury and Maer, and paid Fox a visit in the Isle of Wight. It was,
+I believe, during this visit, at Mr. Wedgwood's house at Maer, that he
+made his first observations on the work done by earthworms, and late in
+the autumn he read a paper on the subject at the Geological Society.</p>
+
+<p>Here he was already beginning to make his mark. Lyell wrote to Sedgwick
+(April 21, 1837):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Darwin is a glorious addition to any society of geologists, and is
+working hard and making way both in his book and in our discussions. I
+really never saw that bore Dr. Mitchell so successfully silenced, or
+such a bucket of cold water so dexterously poured down his back, as when
+Darwin answered some impertinent and irrelevant questions about South
+America. We escaped fifteen minutes of Dr. M.'s vulgar harangue in
+consequence...."</p>
+
+<p>Early in the following year (1838), he was, much against his will,
+elected Secretary of the Geological Society, an office he held for three
+years. A chief motive for his hesitation in accepting the post was the
+condition of his health, the doctors having urged "me to give up
+entirely all writing and even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> correcting press for some weeks. Of late
+anything which flurries me completely knocks me up afterwards, and
+brings on a violent palpitation of the heart."</p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1838 he started on his expedition to Glen Roy, where he
+spent "eight good days" over the Parallel Roads. His Essay on this
+subject was written out during the same summer, and published by the
+Royal Society.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> He wrote in his Pocket Book: "September 6 (1838).
+Finished the paper on 'Glen Roy,' one of the most difficult and
+instructive tasks I was ever engaged on." It will be remembered that in
+his <i>Autobiography</i> he speaks of this paper as a failure, of which he
+was ashamed.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Lyell.</i> [August 9th, 1838.]</p>
+
+<p class="right">36 Great Marlborough Street.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>&mdash;I did not write to you at Norwich, for I thought I should
+have more to say, if I waited a few more days. Very many thanks for the
+present of your <i>Elements</i>, which I received (and I believe the <i>very
+first</i> copy distributed) together with your note. I have read it through
+every word, and am full of admiration of it, and, as I now see no
+geologist, I must talk to you about it. There is no pleasure in reading
+a book if one cannot have a good talk over it; I repeat, I am full of
+admiration of it, it is as clear as daylight, in fact I felt in many
+parts some mortification at thinking how geologists have laboured and
+struggled at proving what seems, as you have put it, so evidently
+probable. I read with much interest your sketch of the secondary
+deposits; you have contrived to make it quite "juicy," as we used to say
+as children of a good story. There was also much new to me, and I have
+to copy out some fifty notes and references. It must do good, the
+heretics against common-sense must yield.... By the way, do you
+recollect my telling you how much I disliked the manner X.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> referred to
+his other works, as much as to say, "You must, ought, and shall buy
+everything I have written." To my mind, you have somehow quite avoided
+this; your references only seem to say, "I can't tell you all in this
+work, else I would, so you must go to the <i>Principles</i>; and many a one,
+I trust, you will send there, and make them, like me, adorers of the
+good science of rock-breaking."<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> You will see I am in a fit of
+enthusiasm, and good cause I have to be, when I find you have made such
+infinitely more use of my Journal than I could have anticipated. I will
+say no more about the book, for it is all praise. I must, however,
+admire the elaborate honesty with which you quote the words of all
+living and dead geologists.</p>
+
+<p>My Scotch expedition answered brilliantly; my trip in the steam-packet
+was absolutely pleasant, and I enjoyed the spectacle, wretch that I am,
+of two ladies, and some small children quite sea-sick, I being well.
+Moreover, on my return from Glasgow to Liverpool, I triumphed in a
+similar manner over some full-grown men. I stayed one whole day in
+Edinburgh, or more truly on Salisbury Craigs; I want to hear some day
+what you think about that classical ground,&mdash;the structure was to me new
+and rather curious,&mdash;that is, if I understand it right. I crossed from
+Edinburgh in gigs and carts (and carts without springs, as I never shall
+forget) to Loch Leven. I was disappointed in the scenery, and reached
+Glen Roy on Saturday evening, one week after leaving Marlborough Street.
+Here I enjoyed five [?] days of the most beautiful weather with gorgeous
+sunsets, and all nature looking as happy as I felt. I wandered over the
+mountains in all directions, and examined that most extraordinary
+district. I think, without any exceptions, not even the first volcanic
+island, the first elevated beach, or the passage of the Cordillera, was
+so interesting to me as this week. It is far the most remarkable area I
+ever examined. I have fully convinced myself (after some doubting at
+first) that the shelves are sea-beaches, although I could not find a
+trace of a shell; and I think I can explain away most, if not all, the
+difficulties. I found a piece of a road in another valley, not hitherto
+observed, which is important; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> I have some curious facts about
+erratic blocks, one of which was perched up on a peak 2200 feet above
+the sea. I am now employed in writing a paper on the subject, which I
+find very amusing work, excepting that I cannot anyhow condense it into
+reasonable limits. At some future day I hope to talk over some of the
+conclusions with you, which the examination of Glen Roy has led me to.
+Now I have had my talk out, I am much easier, for I can assure you Glen
+Roy has astonished me.</p>
+
+<p>I am living very quietly, and therefore pleasantly, and am crawling on
+slowly but steadily with my work. I have come to one conclusion, which
+you will think proves me to be a very sensible man, namely, that
+whatever you say proves right; and as a proof of this, I am coming into
+your way of only working about two hours at a spell; I then go out and
+do my business in the streets, return and set to work again, and thus
+make two separate days out of one. The new plan answers capitally; after
+the second half day is finished I go and dine at the Athen&aelig;um like a
+gentleman, or rather like a lord, for I am sure the first evening I sat
+in that great drawing-room, all on a sofa by myself, I felt just like a
+duke. I am full of admiration at the Athen&aelig;um, one meets so many people
+there that one likes to see....</p>
+
+<p>I have heard from more than one quarter that quarrelling is expected at
+Newcastle<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a>; I am sorry to hear it. I met old &mdash;&mdash; this evening at
+the Athen&aelig;um, and he muttered something about writing to you or some one
+on the subject; I am however all in the dark. I suppose, however, I
+shall be illuminated, for I am going to dine with him in a few days, as
+my inventive powers failed in making any excuse. A friend of mine dined
+with him the other day, a party of four, and they finished ten bottles
+of wine&mdash;a pleasant prospect for me; but I am determined not even to
+taste his wine, partly for the fun of seeing his infinite disgust and
+surprise....</p>
+
+<p>I pity you the infliction of this most unmerciful letter. Pray remember
+me most kindly to Mrs. Lyell when you arrive at Kinnordy. Tell Mrs.
+Lyell to read the second series of 'Mr. Slick of Slickville's
+Sayings.'... He almost beats 'Samivel,' that prince of heroes. Good
+night, my dear Lyell; you will think I have been drinking some strong
+drink to write so much nonsense, but I did not even taste Minerva's
+small beer to-day....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A record of what he wrote during the year 1838 would not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> give a true
+index of the most important work that was in progress&mdash;the laying of the
+foundation-stones of what was to be the achievement of his life. This is
+shown in the following passages from a letter to Lyell (September), and
+from a letter to Fox, written in June:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I wish with all my heart that my Geological book was out. I have every
+motive to work hard, and will, following your steps, work just that
+degree of hardness to keep well. I should like my volume to be out
+before your new edition of the <i>Principles</i> appears. Besides the Coral
+theory, the volcanic chapters will, I think, contain some new facts. I
+have lately been sadly tempted to be idle&mdash;that is, as far as pure
+geology is concerned&mdash;by the delightful number of new views which have
+been coming in thickly and steadily&mdash;on the classification and
+affinities and instincts of animals&mdash;bearing on the question of species.
+Note-book after note-book has been filled with facts which begin to
+group themselves <i>clearly</i> under sub-laws."</p>
+
+<p>"I am delighted to hear you are such a good man as not to have forgotten
+my questions about the crossing of animals. It is my prime hobby, and I
+really think some day I shall be able to do something in that most
+intricate subject, species and varieties."</p>
+
+<p>In the winter of 1839 (Jan. 29) my father was married to his cousin,
+Emma Wedgwood.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> The house in which they lived for the first few
+years of their married life, No. 12 Upper Gower Street, was a small
+common-place London house, with a drawing-room in front, and a small
+room behind, in which they lived for the sake of quietness. In later
+years my father used to laugh over the surpassing ugliness of the
+furniture, carpets, &amp;c., of the Gower Street house. The only redeeming
+feature was a better garden than most London houses have, a strip as
+wide as the house, and thirty yards long. Even this small space of dingy
+grass made their London house more tolerable to its two country-bred
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>Of his life in London he writes to Fox (October 1839): "We are living a
+life of extreme quietness; Delamere itself, which you describe as so
+secluded a spot, is, I will answer for it, quite dissipated compared
+with Gower Street. We have given up all parties, for they agree with
+neither of us; and if one is quiet in London, there is nothing like its
+quietness&mdash;there is a grandeur about its smoky fogs, and the dull
+distant sounds of cabs and coaches; in fact you may perceive I am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span>
+becoming a thorough-paced Cockney, and I glory in the thought that I
+shall be here for the next six months."</p>
+
+<p>The entries of ill health in the Diary increase in number during these
+years, and as a consequence the holidays become longer and more frequent.</p>
+
+<p>The entry under August 1839 is: "Read a little, was much unwell and
+scandalously idle. I have derived this much good, that <i>nothing</i> is so
+intolerable as idleness."</p>
+
+<p>At the end of 1839 his first child was born, and it was then that he
+began his observations ultimately published in the <i>Expression of the
+Emotions</i>. His book on this subject, and the short paper published in
+<i>Mind</i>,<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> show how closely he observed his child. He seems to have
+been surprised at his own feeling for a young baby, for he wrote to Fox
+(July 1840): "He [<i>i.e.</i> the baby] is so charming that I cannot pretend
+to any modesty. I defy anybody to flatter us on our baby, for I defy
+anyone to say anything in its praise of which we are not fully
+conscious.... I had not the smallest conception there was so much in a
+five-month baby. You will perceive by this that I have a fine degree of
+paternal fervour."</p>
+
+<p>In 1841 some improvement in his health became apparent; he wrote in
+September:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have steadily been gaining ground, and really believe now I shall
+some day be quite strong. I write daily for a couple of hours on my
+Coral volume, and take a little walk or ride every day. I grow very
+tired in the evenings, and am not able to go out at that time, or hardly
+to receive my nearest relations; but my life ceases to be burdensome now
+that I can do something."</p>
+
+<p>The manuscript of <i>Coral Reefs</i> was at last sent to the printers in
+January 1842, and the last proof corrected in May. He thus writes of the
+work in his diary:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I commenced this work three years and seven months ago. Out of this
+period about twenty months (besides work during <i>Beagle's</i> voyage) has
+been spent on it, and besides it, I have only compiled the Bird part of
+Zoology; Appendix to Journal, paper on Boulders, and corrected papers on
+Glen Roy and earthquakes, reading on species, and rest all lost by illness."</p>
+
+<p>The latter part of this year belongs to the period including the
+settlement at Down, and is therefore dealt with in another chapter.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> The Museum of the Zoological Society, then at 33 Bruton
+Street. The collection was some years later broken up and dispersed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> William Lonsdale, b. 1794, d. 1871, was originally in the
+army, and served at the battles of Salamanca and Waterloo. After the war
+he left the service and gave himself up to science. He acted as
+assistant-secretary to the Geological Society from 1829-42, when he
+resigned, owing to ill-health.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> T. Bell, F.R.S., formerly Professor of Zoology in King's
+College, London, and sometime secretary to the Royal Society. He
+afterwards described the reptiles for the <i>Zoology of the Voyage of the
+Beagle</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> I have often heard him speak of the despair with which he
+had to break off the projecting extremity of a huge, partly excavated
+bone, when the boat waiting for him would wait no longer.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> A trifling record of my father's presence in Cambridge
+occurs in the book kept in Christ's College Combination-room, in which
+fines and bets are recorded, the earlier entries giving a curious
+impression of the after-dinner frame of mind of the Fellows. The bets
+are not allowed to be made in money, but are, like the fines, paid in
+wine. The bet which my father made and lost is thus recorded:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Feb. 23, 1837.</i>&mdash;Mr. Darwin <i>v.</i> Mr. Baines, that the combination-room
+measures from the ceiling to the floor more than <i>x</i> feet.</p>
+
+<p class="right">"1 Bottle paid same day."</p>
+
+<p>The bets are usually recorded in such a way as not to preclude future
+speculation on a subject which has proved itself capable of supplying a
+discussion (and a bottle) to the Room, hence the <i>x</i> in the above
+quotation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> Spring Rice.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>Phil. Trans.</i>, 1839, pp. 39-82.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Sir Archibald Geikie has been so good as to allow me to
+quote a passage from a letter addressed to me (Nov. 19, 1884):&mdash;"Had the
+idea of transient barriers of glacier-ice occurred to him, he would have
+found the difficulties vanish from the lake-theory which he opposed, and
+he would not have been unconsciously led to minimise the altogether
+overwhelming objections to the supposition that the terraces are of
+marine origin."
+</p><p>
+It may be added that the idea of the barriers being formed by glaciers
+could hardly have occurred to him, considering the state of knowledge at
+the time, and bearing in mind his want of opportunities of observing
+glacial action on a large scale.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> In a letter of Sept. 13 he wrote:&mdash;"It will be a curious
+point to geologists hereafter to note how long a man's name will support
+a theory so completely exposed as that of De Beaumont has been by you;
+you say you 'begin to hope that the great principles there insisted on
+will stand the test of time.' <i>Begin to hope</i>: why, the <i>possibility</i> of
+a doubt has never crossed my mind for many a day. This may be very
+unphilosophical, but my geological salvation is staked on it."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> At the meeting of the British Association.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Daughter of Josiah Wedgwood of Maer, and grand-daughter
+of the founder of the Etruria Pottery Works.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> July 1877.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER VIII.</span> <span class="smaller">LIFE AT DOWN.<br />1842-1854.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block"><p>"My life goes on like clockwork, and I am fixed on the spot where I
+shall end it."</p>
+
+<p class="right">Letter to Captain Fitz-Roy, October, 1846.</p></div>
+
+<p>Certain letters which, chronologically considered, belong to the period
+1845-54 have been utilised in a later chapter where the growth of the
+<i>Origin of Species</i> is described. In the present chapter we only get
+occasional hints of the growth of my father's views, and we may suppose
+ourselves to be seeing his life, as it might have appeared to those who
+had no knowledge of the quiet development of his theory of evolution
+during this period.</p>
+
+<p>On Sept. 14, 1842, my father left London with his family and settled at
+Down.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> In the Autobiographical chapter, his motives for moving into
+the country are briefly given. He speaks of the attendance at scientific
+societies and ordinary social duties as suiting his health so "badly
+that we resolved to live in the country, which we both preferred and
+have never repented of." His intention of keeping up with scientific
+life in London is expressed in a letter to Fox (Dec., 1842):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I hope by going up to town for a night every fortnight or three weeks,
+to keep up my communication with scientific men and my own zeal, and so
+not to turn into a complete Kentish hog."</p>
+
+<p>Visits to London of this kind were kept up for some years at the cost of
+much exertion on his part. I have often heard him speak of the wearisome
+drives of ten miles to or from Croydon or Sydenham&mdash;the nearest
+stations&mdash;with an old gardener acting as coachman, who drove with great
+caution and slowness up and down the many hills. In later years,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
+regular scientific intercourse with London became, as before mentioned,
+an impossibility.</p>
+
+<p>The choice of Down was rather the result of despair than of actual
+preference: my father and mother were weary of house-hunting, and the
+attractive points about the place thus seemed to them to counterbalance
+its somewhat more obvious faults. It had at least one desideratum,
+namely, quietness. Indeed it would have been difficult to find a more
+retired place so near to London. In 1842 a coach drive of some twenty
+miles was the usual means of access to Down; and even now that railways
+have crept closer to it, it is singularly out of the world, with nothing
+to suggest the neighbourhood of London, unless it be the dull haze of
+smoke that sometimes clouds the sky. The village stands in an angle
+between two of the larger high-roads of the country, one leading to
+Tunbridge and the other to Westerham and Edenbridge. It is cut off from
+the Weald by a line of steep chalk hills on the south, and an abrupt
+hill, now smoothed down by a cutting and embankment, must formerly have
+been something of a barrier against encroachments from the side of
+London. In such a situation, a village, communicating with the main
+lines of traffic, only by stony tortuous lanes, may well have preserved
+its retired character. Nor is it hard to believe in the smugglers and
+their strings of pack-horses making their way up from the lawless old
+villages of the Weald, of which the memory still existed when my father
+settled in Down. The village stands on solitary upland country, 500 to
+600 feet above the sea&mdash;a country with little natural beauty, but
+possessing a certain charm in the shaws, or straggling strips of wood,
+capping the chalky banks and looking down upon the quiet ploughed lands
+of the valleys. The village, of three or four hundred inhabitants,
+consists of three small streets of cottages meeting in front of the
+little flint-built church. It is a place where new-comers are seldom
+seen, and the names occurring far back in the old church registers are
+still known in the village. The smock-frock is not yet quite extinct,
+though chiefly used as a ceremonial dress by the "bearers" at funerals;
+but as a boy I remember the purple or green smocks of the men at church.</p>
+
+<p>The house stands a quarter of a mile from the village, and is built,
+like so many houses of the last century, as near as possible to the
+road&mdash;a narrow lane winding away to the Westerham high-road. In 1842, it
+was dull and unattractive enough: a square brick building of three
+storeys, covered with shabby whitewash, and hanging tiles. The garden
+had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> none of the shrubberies or walls that now give shelter; it was
+overlooked from the lane, and was open, bleak, and desolate. One of my
+father's first undertakings was to lower the lane by about two feet, and
+to build a flint wall along that part of it which bordered the garden.
+The earth thus excavated was used in making banks and mounds round the
+lawn: these were planted with evergreens, which now give to the garden
+its retired and sheltered character.</p>
+
+<p>The house was made to look neater by being covered with stucco, but the
+chief improvement effected was the building of a large bow extending up
+through three storeys. This bow became covered with a tangle of
+creepers, and pleasantly varied the south side of the house. The
+drawing-room, with its verandah opening into the garden, as well as the
+study in which my father worked during the later years of his life, were
+added at subsequent dates.</p>
+
+<p>Eighteen acres of land were sold with the house, of which twelve acres
+on the south side of the house form a pleasant field, scattered with
+fair-sized oaks and ashes. From this field a strip was cut off and
+converted into a kitchen garden, in which the experimental plot of
+ground was situated, and where the greenhouses were ultimately put up.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole of 1843 he was occupied with geological work, the
+result of which was published in the spring of the following year. It
+was entitled <i>Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited
+during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices on
+the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope</i>; it formed the
+second part of the <i>Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle</i>, published
+"with the Approval of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's
+Treasury." The volume on <i>Coral Reefs</i> forms Part I. of the series, and
+was published, as we have seen, in 1842. For the sake of the
+non-geological reader, I may here quote Sir A. Geikie's words<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> on
+these two volumes&mdash;which were up to this time my father's chief
+geological works. Speaking of the <i>Coral Reefs</i>, he says (p. 17): "This
+well-known treatise, the most original of all its author's geological
+memoirs, has become one of the classics of geological literature. The
+origin of those remarkable rings of coral-rock in mid-ocean has given
+rise to much speculation, but no satisfactory solution of the problem
+had been proposed. After visiting many of them, and examining also coral
+reefs that fringe islands and continents, he offered a theory which for
+simplicity and grandeur,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> strikes every reader with astonishment. It is
+pleasant, after the lapse of many years, to recall the delight with
+which one first read the <i>Coral Reefs</i>, how one watched the facts being
+marshalled into their places, nothing being ignored or passed lightly
+over; and how, step by step, one was led to the grand conclusion of wide
+oceanic subsidence. No more admirable example of scientific method was
+ever given to the world, and even if he had written nothing else, the
+treatise alone would have placed Darwin in the very front of
+investigators of nature."</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to see in the following extract from one of Lyell's
+letters<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> how warmly and readily he embraced the theory. The extract
+also gives incidentally some idea of the theory itself.</p>
+
+<p>"I am very full of Darwin's new theory of Coral Islands, and have urged
+Whewell to make him read it at our next meeting. I must give up my
+volcanic crater theory for ever, though it cost me a pang at first, for
+it accounted for so much, the annular form, the central lagoon, the
+sudden rising of an isolated mountain in a deep sea; all went so well
+with the notion of submerged, crateriform, and conical volcanoes, ...
+and then the fact that in the South Pacific we had scarcely any rocks in
+the regions of coral islands, save two kinds, coral limestone and
+volcanic! Yet in spite of all this, the whole theory is knocked on the
+head, and the annular shape and central lagoon have nothing to do with
+volcanoes, nor even with a crateriform bottom. Perhaps Darwin told you
+when at the Cape what he considers the true cause? Let any mountain be
+submerged gradually, and coral grow in the sea in which it is sinking,
+and there will be a ring of coral, and finally only a lagoon in the
+centre.... Coral islands are the last efforts of drowning continents to
+lift their heads above water. Regions of elevation and subsidence in the
+ocean may be traced by the state of the coral reefs."</p>
+
+<p>The second part of the <i>Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle</i>, <i>i.e.</i> the
+volume on Volcanic Islands, which specially concerns us now, cannot be
+better described than by again quoting from Sir A. Geikie (p. 18):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Full of detailed observations, this work still remains the best
+authority on the general geological structure of most of the regions it
+describes. At the time it was written the 'crater of elevation theory,'
+though opposed by Constant Pr&eacute;vost, Scrope, and Lyell, was generally
+accepted, at least on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> the Continent. Darwin, however, could not receive
+it as a valid explanation of the facts; and though he did not share the
+view of its chief opponents, but ventured to propose a hypothesis of his
+own, the observations impartially made and described by him in this
+volume must be regarded as having contributed towards the final solution
+of the difficulty." Geikie continues (p. 21): "He is one of the earliest
+writers to recognize the magnitude of the denudation to which even
+recent geological accumulations have been subjected. One of the most
+impressive lessons to be learnt from his account of 'Volcanic Islands'
+is the prodigious extent to which they have been denuded.... He was
+disposed to attribute more of this work to the sea than most geologists
+would now admit; but he lived himself to modify his original views, and
+on this subject his latest utterances are quite abreast of the time."</p>
+
+<p>An extract from a letter of my father's to Lyell shows his estimate of
+his own work. "You have pleased me much by saying that you intend
+looking through my <i>Volcanic Islands</i>: it cost me eighteen months!!! and
+I have heard of very few who have read it.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> Now I shall feel,
+whatever little (and little it is) there is confirmatory of old work, or
+new, will work its effect and not be lost."</p>
+
+<p>The second edition of the <i>Journal of Researches</i><a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> was completed in
+1845. It was published by Mr. Murray in the <i>Colonial and Home Library</i>,
+and in this more accessible form soon had a large sale.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Lyell.</i> Down [July, 1845].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>&mdash;I send you the first part<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> of the new edition, which
+I so entirely owe to you. You will see that I have ventured to dedicate
+it to you, and I trust that this cannot be disagreeable. I have long
+wished, not so much for your sake, as for my own feelings of honesty, to
+acknowledge<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> more plainly than by mere reference, how much I
+geologically owe you. Those authors, however, who, like you, educate
+people's minds as well as teach them special facts, can never, I should
+think, have full justice done them except by posterity, for the mind
+thus insensibly improved can hardly perceive its own upward ascent. I
+had intended putting in the present acknowledgment in the third part of
+my Geology, but its sale is so exceedingly small that I should not have
+had the satisfaction of thinking that as far as lay in my power I had
+owned, though imperfectly, my debt. Pray do not think that I am so
+silly, as to suppose that my dedication can any ways gratify you, except
+so far as I trust you will receive it, as a most sincere mark of my
+gratitude and friendship. I think I have improved this edition,
+especially the second part, which I have just finished. I have added a
+good deal about the Fuegians, and cut down into half the mercilessly
+long discussion on climate and glaciers, &amp;c. I do not recollect anything
+added to the first part, long enough to call your attention to; there is
+a page of description of a very curious breed of oxen in Banda Oriental.
+I should like you to read the few last pages; there is a little
+discussion on extinction, which will not perhaps strike you as new,
+though it has so struck me, and has placed in my mind all the
+difficulties with respect to the causes of extinction, in the same class
+with other difficulties which are generally quite overlooked and
+undervalued by naturalists; I ought, however, to have made my discussion
+longer and shown by facts, as I easily could, how steadily every species
+must be checked in its numbers.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>A pleasant notice of the <i>Journal</i> occurs in a letter from Humboldt to
+Mrs. Austin, dated June 7, 1844<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Alas! you have got some one in England whom you do not read&mdash;young
+Darwin, who went with the expedition to the Straits of Magellan. He has
+succeeded far better than myself with the subject I took up. There are
+admirable descriptions of tropical nature in his journal, which you do
+not read because the author is a zoologist, which you imagine to be
+synonymous with bore. Mr. Darwin has another merit, a very rare one in
+your country&mdash;he has praised me."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>October 1846 to October 1854.</i></p>
+
+<p>The time between October 1846, and October 1854, was practically given
+up to working at the Cirripedia (Barnacles); the results were published
+in two volumes by the Ray Society<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> in 1851 and 1854. His volumes on the
+Fossil Cirripedes were published by the Pal&aelig;ontographical Society in
+1851 and 1854.</p>
+
+<p>Writing to Sir J. D. Hooker in 1845, my father says: "I hope this next
+summer to finish my South American Geology,<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> then to get out a
+little Zoology, and hurrah for my species work...." This passage serves
+to show that he had at this time no intention of making an exhaustive
+study of the Cirripedes. Indeed it would seem that his original
+intention was, as I learn from Sir J. D. Hooker, merely to work out one
+special problem. This is quite in keeping with the following passage in
+the <i>Autobiography</i>: "When on the coast of Chile, I found a most curious
+form, which burrowed into the shells of Concholepas, and which differed
+so much from all other Cirripedes that I had to form a new sub-order for
+its sole reception.... To understand the structure of my new Cirripede I
+had to examine and dissect many of the common forms; and this gradually
+led me on to take up the whole group." In later years he seems to have
+felt some doubt as to the value of these eight years of work&mdash;for
+instance when he wrote in his <i>Autobiography</i>&mdash;"My work was of
+considerable use to me, when I had to discuss in the <i>Origin of Species</i>
+the principles of a natural classification. Nevertheless I doubt whether
+the work was worth the consumption of so much time." Yet I learn from
+Sir J. D. Hooker that he certainly recognised at the time its value to
+himself as systematic training. Sir Joseph writes to me: "Your father
+recognised three stages in his career as a biologist: the mere collector
+at Cambridge; the collector and observer in the <i>Beagle</i>, and for some
+years afterwards; and the trained naturalist after, and only after the
+Cirripede work. That he was a thinker all along is true enough, and
+there is a vast deal in his writings previous to the Cirripedes that a
+trained naturalist could but emulate.... He often alluded to it as a
+valued discipline, and added that even the 'hateful' work of digging out
+synonyms, and of describing, not only improved his methods but opened
+his eyes to the difficulties and merits of the works of the dullest of
+cataloguers. One result was that he would never allow a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> depreciatory
+remark to pass unchallenged on the poorest class of scientific workers,
+provided that their work was honest, and good of its kind. I have always
+regarded it as one of the finest traits of his character,&mdash;this generous
+appreciation of the hod-men of science, and of their labours ... and it
+was monographing the Barnacles that brought it about."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Huxley allows me to quote his opinion as to the value of the eight
+years given to the Cirripedes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"In my opinion your sagacious father never did a wiser thing than when
+he devoted himself to the years of patient toil which the Cirripede-book
+cost him.</p>
+
+<p>"Like the rest of us, he had no proper training in biological science,
+and it has always struck me as a remarkable instance of his scientific
+insight, that he saw the necessity of giving himself such training, and
+of his courage, that he did not shirk the labour of obtaining it.</p>
+
+<p>"The great danger which besets all men of large speculative faculty, is
+the temptation to deal with the accepted statements of fact in natural
+science, as if they were not only correct, but exhaustive; as if they
+might be dealt with deductively, in the same way as propositions in
+Euclid may be dealt with. In reality, every such statement, however true
+it may be, is true only relatively to the means of observation and the
+point of view of those who have enunciated it. So far it may be depended
+upon. But whether it will bear every speculative conclusion that may be
+logically deduced from it, is quite another question.</p>
+
+<p>"Your father was building a vast superstructure upon the foundations
+furnished by the recognised facts of geological and biological science.
+In Physical Geography, in Geology proper, in Geographical Distribution,
+and in Pal&aelig;ontology, he had acquired an extensive practical training
+during the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>. He knew of his own knowledge the way
+in which the raw materials of these branches of science are acquired,
+and was therefore a most competent judge of the speculative strain they
+would bear. That which he needed, after his return to England, was a
+corresponding acquaintance with Anatomy and Development, and their
+relation to Taxonomy&mdash;and he acquired this by his Cirripede work."</p>
+
+<p>Though he became excessively weary of the work before the end of the
+eight years, he had much keen enjoyment in the course of it. Thus he
+wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (1847?):&mdash;"As you say, there is an
+extraordinary pleasure in pure observation; not but what I suspect the
+pleasure in this case is rather derived from comparisons forming in
+one's mind with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> allied structures. After having been so long employed
+in writing my old geological observations, it is delightful to use one's
+eyes and fingers again." It was, in fact, a return to the work which
+occupied so much of his time when at sea during his voyage. Most of his
+work was done with the simple dissecting microscope&mdash;and it was the need
+which he found for higher powers that induced him, in 1846, to buy a
+compound microscope. He wrote to Hooker:&mdash;"When I was drawing with L., I
+was so delighted with the appearance of the objects, especially with
+their perspective, as seen through the weak powers of a good compound
+microscope, that I am going to order one; indeed, I often have
+structures in which the 1/30 is not power enough."</p>
+
+<p>During part of the time covered by the present chapter, my father
+suffered perhaps more from ill-health than at any other period of his
+life. He felt severely the depressing influence of these long years of
+illness; thus as early as 1840 he wrote to Fox: "I am grown a dull, old,
+spiritless dog to what I used to be. One gets stupider as one grows
+older I think." It is not wonderful that he should so have written, it
+is rather to be wondered at that his spirit withstood so great and
+constant a strain. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker in 1845: "You are very
+kind in your inquiries about my health; I have nothing to say about it,
+being always much the same, some days better and some worse. I believe I
+have not had one whole day, or rather night, without my stomach having
+been greatly disordered, during the last three years, and most days
+great prostration of strength: thank you for your kindness; many of my
+friends, I believe, think me a hypochondriac."</p>
+
+<p>During the whole of the period now under consideration, he was in
+constant correspondence with Sir Joseph Hooker. The following
+characteristic letter on Sigillaria (a gigantic fossil plant found in
+the Coal Measures) was afterwards characterised by himself as not being
+"reasoning, or even speculation, but simply as mental rioting."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">[Down, 1847?]</p>
+
+<p>" ... I am delighted to hear that Brongniart thought Sigillaria aquatic,
+and that Binney considers coal a sort of submarine peat. I would bet 5
+to 1 that in twenty years this will be generally admitted;<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> and I do
+not care for whatever the botanical difficulties or impossibilities may
+be. If I could but persuade myself that Sigillaria and Co. had a good
+range of depth, <i>i.e.</i> could live from 5 to 10 fathoms under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> water, all
+difficulties of nearly all kinds would be removed (for the simple fact
+of muddy ordinary shallow sea implies proximity of land). [N.B.&mdash;I am
+chuckling to think how you are sneering all this time.] It is not much
+of a difficulty, there not being shells with the coal, considering how
+unfavourable deep mud is for most Mollusca, and that shells would
+probably decay from the humic acid, as seems to take place in peat and
+in the <i>black</i> moulds (as Lyell tells me) of the Mississippi. So coal
+question settled&mdash;Q. E. D. Sneer away!"</p>
+
+<p>The two following extracts give the continuation and conclusion of the
+coal battle.</p>
+
+<p>"By the way, as submarine coal made you so wrath, I thought I would
+experimentise on Falconer and Bunbury<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> together, and it made [them]
+even more savage; 'such infernal nonsense ought to be thrashed out of
+me.' Bunbury was more polite and contemptuous. So I now know how to stir
+up and show off any Botanist. I wonder whether Zoologists and Geologists
+have got their tender points; I wish I could find out."</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot resist thanking you for your most kind note. Pray do not think
+that I was annoyed by your letter: I perceived that you had been
+thinking with animation, and accordingly expressed yourself strongly,
+and so I understood it. Forfend me from a man who weighs every
+expression with Scotch prudence. I heartily wish you all success in your
+noble problem, and I shall be very curious to have some talk with you
+and hear your ultimatum."</p>
+
+<p>He also corresponded with the late Hugh Strickland,&mdash;a well-known
+ornithologist, on the need of reform in the principle of nomenclature.
+The following extract (1849) gives an idea of my father's view:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I feel sure as long as species-mongers have their vanity tickled by
+seeing their own names appended to a species, because they miserably
+described it in two or three lines, we shall have the same <i>vast</i> amount
+of bad work as at present, and which is enough to dishearten any man who
+is willing to work out any branch with care and time. I find every genus
+of Cirripedia has half-a-dozen names, and not one careful description of
+any one species in any one genus. I do not believe that this would have
+been the case if each man knew that the memory of his own name depended
+on his doing his work well, and not upon merely appending a name with a
+few<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> wretched lines indicating only a few prominent external
+characters."</p>
+
+<p>In 1848 Dr. R. W. Darwin died, and Charles Darwin wrote to Hooker, from
+Malvern:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"On the 13th of November, my poor dear father died, and no one who did
+not know him would believe that a man above eighty-three years old could
+have retained so tender and affectionate a disposition, with all his
+sagacity unclouded to the last. I was at the time so unwell, that I was
+unable to travel, which added to my misery.</p>
+
+<p>"All this winter I have been bad enough ... and my nervous system began
+to be affected, so that my hands trembled, and head was often swimming.
+I was not able to do anything one day out of three, and was altogether
+too dispirited to write to you, or to do anything but what I was
+compelled. I thought I was rapidly going the way of all flesh. Having
+heard, accidentally, of two persons who had received much benefit from
+the water-cure, I got Dr. Gully's book, and made further inquiries, and
+at last started here, with wife, children, and all our servants. We have
+taken a house for two months, and have been here a fortnight. I am
+already a little stronger.... Dr. Gully feels pretty sure he can do me
+good, which most certainly the regular doctors could not.... I feel
+certain that the water-cure is no quackery.</p>
+
+<p>"How I shall enjoy getting back to Down with renovated health, if such
+is to be my good fortune, and resuming the beloved Barnacles. Now I hope
+that you will forgive me for my negligence in not having sooner answered
+your letter. I was uncommonly interested by the sketch you give of your
+intended grand expedition, from which I suppose you will soon be
+returning. How earnestly I hope that it may prove in every way
+successful...."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to W. D. Fox</i>. [March 7, 1852.]</p>
+
+<p>Our long silence occurred to me a few weeks since, and I had then
+thought of writing, but was idle. I congratulate and condole with you on
+your <i>tenth</i> child; but please to observe when I have a tenth, send only
+condolences to me. We have now seven children, all well, thank God, as
+well as their mother; of these seven, five are boys; and my father used
+to say that it was certain that a boy gave as much trouble as three
+girls; so that <i>bon&acirc; fide</i> we have seventeen children. It makes me sick
+whenever I think of professions; all seem hopelessly bad, and as yet I
+cannot see a ray of light. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> should very much like to talk over this
+(by the way, my three bugbears are Californian and Australian gold,
+beggaring me by making my money on mortgage worth nothing; the French
+coming by the Westerham and Sevenoaks roads, and therefore enclosing
+Down; and thirdly, professions for my boys), and I should like to talk
+about education, on which you ask me what we are doing. No one can more
+truly despise the old stereotyped stupid classical education than I do;
+but yet I have not had courage to break through the trammels. After many
+doubts we have just sent our eldest boy to Rugby, where for his age he
+has been very well placed.... I honour, admire, and envy you for
+educating your boys at home. What on earth shall you do with your boys?
+Very many thanks for your most kind and large invitation to Delamere,
+but I fear we can hardly compass it. I dread going anywhere, on account
+of my stomach so easily failing under any excitement. I rarely even now
+go to London, not that I am at all worse, perhaps rather better, and
+lead a very comfortable life with my three hours of daily work, but it
+is the life of a hermit. My nights are <i>always</i> bad, and that stops my
+becoming vigorous. You ask about water-cure. I take at intervals of two
+or three months, five or six weeks of <i>moderately</i> severe treatment, and
+always with good effect. Do you come here, I pray and beg whenever you
+can find time; you cannot tell how much pleasure it would give me and E.
+What pleasant times we had in drinking coffee in your rooms at Christ's
+College, and think of the glories of Crux-major.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> Ah, in those days
+there were no professions for sons, no ill-health to fear for them, no
+Californian gold, no French invasions. How paramount the future is to
+the present when one is surrounded by children. My dread is hereditary
+ill-health. Even death is better for them.</p>
+
+<p class="right">My dear Fox, your sincere friend.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;Susan<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> has lately been working in a way which I think truly
+heroic about the scandalous violation of the Act against children
+climbing chimneys. We have set up a little Society in Shrewsbury to
+prosecute those who break the law. It is all Susan's doing. She has had
+very nice letters from Lord Shaftesbury and the Duke of Sutherland, but
+the brutal Shropshire squires are as hard as stones to move. The Act out
+of London seems most commonly violated. It makes one shudder to fancy
+one of one's own children at seven years old being forced up a
+chimney&mdash;to say nothing of the consequent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> loathsome disease and
+ulcerated limbs, and utter moral degradation. If you think strongly on
+this subject, do make some enquiries; add to your many good works, this
+other one, and try to stir up the magistrates....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following letter refers to the Royal Medal, which was awarded to him
+in November, 1853:</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker</i>. Down [November 1853].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>&mdash;Amongst my letters received this morning, I opened first
+one from Colonel Sabine; the contents certainly surprised me very much,
+but, though the letter was a <i>very kind one</i>, somehow, I cared very
+little indeed for the announcement it contained. I then opened yours,
+and such is the effect of warmth, friendship, and kindness from one that
+is loved, that the very same fact, told as you told it, made me glow
+with pleasure till my very heart throbbed. Believe me, I shall not soon
+forget the pleasure of your letter. Such hearty, affectionate sympathy
+is worth more than all the medals that ever were or will be coined.
+Again, my dear Hooker, I thank you. I hope Lindley<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> will never hear
+that he was a competitor against me; for really it is almost
+<i>ridiculous</i> (of course you would never repeat that I said this, for it
+would be thought by others, though not, I believe by you, to be
+affectation) his not having the medal long before me; I must feel <i>sure</i>
+that you did quite right to propose him; and what a good, dear, kind
+fellow you are, nevertheless, to rejoice in this honour being bestowed
+on me.</p>
+
+<p>What <i>pleasure</i> I have felt on the occasion, I owe almost entirely to
+you.<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">Farewell, my dear Hooker, yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following series of extracts, must, for want of space,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> serve as a
+sketch of his feeling with regard to his seven years' work at
+Barnacles<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>September 1849.</i>&mdash;"It makes me groan to think that probably I shall
+never again have the exquisite pleasure of making out some new district,
+of evolving geological light out of some troubled dark region. So I must
+make the best of my Cirripedia...."</p>
+
+<p><i>October 1849.</i>&mdash;"I have of late been at work at mere species
+describing, which is much more difficult than I expected, and has much
+the same sort of interest as a puzzle has; but I confess I often feel
+wearied with the work, and cannot help sometimes asking myself what is
+the good of spending a week or fortnight in ascertaining that certain
+just perceptible differences blend together and constitute varieties and
+not species. As long as I am on anatomy I never feel myself in that
+disgusting, horrid, <i>cui bono</i>, inquiring, humour. What miserable work,
+again, it is searching for priority of names. I have just finished two
+species, which possess seven generic, and twenty-four specific names! My
+chief comfort is, that the work must be sometime done, and I may as well
+do it, as any one else."</p>
+
+<p><i>October 1852.</i>&mdash;"I am at work at the second volume of the Cirripedia,
+of which creatures I am wonderfully tired. I hate a Barnacle as no man
+ever did before, not even a sailor in a slow-sailing ship. My first
+volume is out; the only part worth looking at is on the sexes of Ibla
+and Scalpellum. I hope by next summer to have done with my tedious work."</p>
+
+<p><i>July 1853.</i>&mdash;"I am <i>extremely</i> glad to hear that you approved of my
+cirripedial volume. I have spent an almost ridiculous amount of labour
+on the subject, and certainly would never have undertaken it had I
+foreseen what a job it was."</p>
+
+<p>In September, 1854, his Cirripede work was practically finished, and he
+wrote to Sir J. Hooker:</p>
+
+<p>"I have been frittering away my time for the last several<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> weeks in a
+wearisome manner, partly idleness, and odds and ends, find sending ten
+thousand Barnacles<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> out of the house all over the world. But I shall
+now in a day or two begin to look over my old notes on species. What a
+deal I shall have to discuss with you; I shall have to look sharp that I
+do not 'progress' into one of the greatest bores in life, to the few
+like you with lots of knowledge."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> I must not omit to mention a member of the household who
+accompanied him. This was his butler, Joseph Parslow, who remained in
+the family, a valued friend and servant, for forty years, and became, as
+Sir Joseph Hooker once remarked to me, "an integral part of the family,
+and felt to be such by all visitors at the house."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> Charles Darwin, <i>Nature</i> Series, 1882.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> To Sir John Herschel, May 24, 1837. <i>Life of Sir Charles
+Lyell</i>, vol. ii. p. 12.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> He wrote to Herbert:&mdash;"I have long discovered that
+geologists never read each other's works, and that the only object in
+writing a book is a proof of earnestness, and that you do not form your
+opinions without undergoing labour of some kind. Geology is at present
+very oral, and what I here say is to a great extent quite true." And to
+Fitz-Roy, on the same subject, he wrote: "I have sent my <i>South American
+Geology</i> to Dover Street, and you will get it, no doubt, in the course
+of time. You do not know what you threaten when you propose to read
+it&mdash;it is purely geological. I said to my brother, 'You will of course
+read it,' and his answer was, 'Upon my life, I would sooner even buy
+it.'"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> The first edition was published in 1839, as vol. iii. of
+the <i>Voyages of the 'Adventure' and 'Beagle.'</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> No doubt proof-sheets.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> <i>Three Generations of Englishwomen</i>, by Janet Ross
+(1888), vol. i. p. 195.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> This refers to the third and last of his geological
+books, <i>Geological Observation on South America</i>, which was published in
+1846. A sentence from a letter of Dec. 11, 1860, may be quoted
+here&mdash;"David Forbes has been carefully working the Geology of Chile, and
+as I value praise for accurate observation far higher than for any other
+quality, forgive (if you can) the <i>insufferable</i> vanity of my copying
+the last sentence in his note: 'I regard your Monograph on Chile as,
+without exception, one of the finest specimens of Geological inquiry.' I
+feel inclined to strut like a turkey-cock!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> An unfulfilled prophecy.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> The late Sir C. Bunbury, well known as a pal&aelig;obotanist.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> The beetle Panag&aelig;us crux-major.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> His sister.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> John Lindley (b. 1799, d. 1865) was the son of a
+nurseryman near Norwich, through whose failure in business he was thrown
+at the age of twenty on his own resources. He was befriended by Sir W.
+Hooker, and employed as assistant librarian by Sir J. Banks. He seems to
+have had enormous capacity for work, and is said to have translated
+Richard's <i>Analyse du Fruit</i> at one sitting of two days and three
+nights. He became Assistant-Secretary to the Horticultural Society, and
+in 1829 was appointed Professor of Botany at University College, a post
+which he held for upwards of thirty years. His writings are numerous;
+the best known being perhaps his <i>Vegetable Kingdom</i>, published in
+1846.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> Shortly afterwards he received a fresh mark of esteem
+from his warm-hearted friend: "Hooker's book (<i>Himalayan Journal</i>) is
+out, and <i>most beautifully</i> got up. He has honoured me beyond measure by
+dedicating it to me!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> In 1860 he wrote to Lyell: "Is not Krohn a good fellow? I
+have long meant to write to him. He has been working at Cirripedes, and
+has detected two or three gigantic blunders, about which, I thank
+Heaven, I spoke rather doubtfully. Such difficult dissection that even
+Huxley failed. It is chiefly the interpretation which I put on parts
+that is so wrong, and not the parts which I describe. But they were
+gigantic blunders, and why I say all this is because Krohn, instead of
+crowing at all, pointed out my errors with the utmost gentleness and
+pleasantness."
+</p><p>
+There are two papers by Aug. Krohn, one on the Cement Glands, and the
+other on the development of Cirripedes, <i>Weigmann's Archiv.</i> xxv. and
+xxvi. See <i>Autobiography</i>, p. 39, where my father remarks, "I blundered
+dreadfully about the cement glands."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> The duplicate type-specimens of my father's Cirripedes
+are in the Liverpool Free Public Museum, as I learn from the Rev. H. H. Higgins.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER IX.</span> <span class="smaller">THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'</span></h2>
+
+<p>To give an account of the development of the chief work of my father's
+life&mdash;the <i>Origin of Species</i>, it will be necessary to return to an
+earlier date, and to weave into the story letters and other material,
+purposely omitted from the chapters dealing with the voyage and with his
+life at Down.</p>
+
+<p>To be able to estimate the greatness of the work, we must know something
+of the state of knowledge on the species question at the time when the
+germs of the Darwinian theory were forming in my father's mind.</p>
+
+<p>For the brief sketch which I can here insert, I am largely indebted to
+vol. ii. chapter v. of the <i>Life and Letters</i>&mdash;a discussion on the
+<i>Reception of the Origin of Species</i> which Mr. Huxley "was good enough
+to write for me, also to the masterly obituary essay on my father, which
+the same writer contributed to the Proceedings of the Royal
+Society."<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Huxley has well said<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>:</p>
+
+<p>"To any one who studies the signs of the times, the emergence of the
+philosophy of Evolution, in the attitude of claimant to the throne of
+the world of thought, from the limbo of hated and, as many hoped,
+forgotten things, is the most portentous event of the nineteenth century."</p>
+
+<p>In the autobiographical chapter, my father has given an account of his
+share in this great work: the present chapter does little more than
+expand that story.</p>
+
+<p>Two questions naturally occur to one: (1)&mdash;When and how did Darwin
+become convinced that species are mutable? How (that is to say) did he
+begin to believe in evolution. And (2)&mdash;When and how did he conceive the
+manner in which species are modified; when did he begin to believe in
+Natural Selection?</p>
+
+<p>The first question is the more difficult of the two to answer. He has
+said in the <i>Autobiography</i> (p. 39) that certain facts observed by him
+in South America seemed to be explicable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> only on the "supposition that
+species gradually become modified." He goes on to say that the subject
+"haunted him"; and I think it is especially worthy of note that this
+"haunting,"&mdash;this unsatisfied dwelling on the subject was connected with
+the desire to explain <i>how</i> species can be modified. It was
+characteristic of him to feel, as he did, that it was "almost useless"
+to endeavour to prove the general truth of evolution, unless the cause
+of change could be discovered. I think that throughout his life the
+questions 1 and 2 were intimately,&mdash;perhaps unduly so, connected in his
+mind. It will be shown, however, that after the publication of the
+<i>Origin</i>, when his views were being weighed in the balance of scientific
+opinion, it was to the acceptance of Evolution not of Natural Selection
+that he attached importance.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting letter (Feb. 24, 1877) to Dr. Otto Zacharias,<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> gives
+the same impression as the <i>Autobiography</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"When I was on board the <i>Beagle</i> I believed in the permanence of
+species, but as far as I can remember, vague doubts occasionally flitted
+across my mind. On my return home in the autumn of 1836, I immediately
+began to prepare my Journal for publication, and then saw how many facts
+indicated the common descent of species, so that in July, 1837, I opened
+a note-book to record any facts which might bear on the question. But I
+did not become convinced that species were mutable until, I think, two
+or three years had elapsed."</p>
+
+<p>Two years bring us to 1839, at which date the idea of natural selection
+had already occurred to him&mdash;a fact which agrees with what has been said
+above. How far the idea that evolution is conceivable came to him from
+earlier writers it is not possible to say. He has recorded in the
+<i>Autobiography</i> (p. 38) the "silent astonishment with which, about the
+year 1825, he heard Grant expound the Lamarckian philosophy." He goes
+on:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I had previously read the <i>Zoonomia</i> of my grandfather, in which
+similar views are maintained, but without producing any effect on me.
+Nevertheless, it is probable that the hearing rather early in life such
+views maintained and praised, may have favoured my upholding them under
+a different form in my <i>Origin of Species</i>. At this time I admired
+greatly the <i>Zoonomia</i>; but on reading it a second time after an
+interval of ten or fifteen years, I was much disappointed; the
+proportion of speculation being so large to the facts given."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Huxley has well said (Obituary Notice, p. ii.): "Erasmus<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> Darwin,
+was in fact an anticipator of Lamarck, and not of Charles Darwin; there
+is no trace in his works of the conception by the addition of which his
+grandson metamorphosed the theory of evolution as applied to living
+things, and gave it a new foundation."</p>
+
+<p>On the whole it seems to me that the effect on his mind of the earlier
+evolutionists was inappreciable, and as far as concerns the history of
+the <i>Origin of the Species</i>, it is of no particular importance, because,
+as before said, evolution made no progress in his mind until the cause
+of modification was conceivable.</p>
+
+<p>I think Mr. Huxley is right in saying<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> that "it is hardly too much
+to say that Darwin's greatest work is the outcome of the unflinching
+application to biology of the leading idea, and the method applied in
+the <i>Principles</i> to Geology." Mr. Huxley has elsewhere<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> admirably
+expressed the bearing of Lyell's work in this connection:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot but believe that Lyell, for others, as for myself, was the
+chief agent in smoothing the road for Darwin. For consistent
+uniformitarianism postulates evolution as much in the organic as in the
+inorganic world. The origin of a new species by other than ordinary
+agencies would be a vastly greater 'catastrophe' than any of those which
+Lyell successfully eliminated from sober geological speculation....</p>
+
+<p>"Lyell,<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> with perfect right, claims this position for himself. He
+speaks of having 'advocated a law of continuity even in the organic
+world, so far as possible without adopting Lamarck's theory of
+transmutation....</p>
+
+<p>"'But while I taught,' Lyell goes on, 'that as often as certain forms of
+animals and plants disappeared, for reasons quite intelligible to us,
+others took their place by virtue of a causation which was beyond our
+comprehension; it remained for Darwin to accumulate proof that there is
+no break between the incoming and the outgoing species, that they are
+the work of evolution, and not of special creation.... I had certainly
+prepared the way in this country, in six editions of my work before the
+<i>Vestiges of Creation</i> appeared in 1842 [1844], for the reception of
+Darwin's gradual and insensible evolution of species.'"</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Huxley continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"If one reads any of the earlier editions of the <i>Principles</i> carefully
+(especially by the light of the interesting series of letters recently
+published by Sir Charles Lyell's biographer), it is easy to see that,
+with all his energetic opposition to Lamarck, on the one hand, and to
+the ideal quasi-progressionism of Agassiz, on the other, Lyell, in his
+own mind, was strongly disposed to account for the origination of all
+past and present species of living things by natural causes. But he
+would have liked, at the same time, to keep the name of creation for a
+natural process which he imagined to be incomprehensible."</p>
+
+<p>The passage above given refers to the influence of Lyell in preparing
+men's minds for belief in the <i>Origin</i>, but I cannot doubt that it
+"smoothed the way" for the author of that work in his early searchings,
+as well as for his followers. My father spoke prophetically when he
+wrote the dedication to Lyell of the second edition of the <i>Journal of
+Researches</i> (1845).</p>
+
+<p>"To Charles Lyell, Esq., F.R.S., this second edition is dedicated with
+grateful pleasure&mdash;as an acknowledgment that the chief part of whatever
+scientific merit this journal and the other works of the author may
+possess, has been derived from studying the well-known and admirable
+<i>Principles of Geology</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Professor Judd, in some reminiscences of my father which he was so good
+as to give me, quotes him as saying that, "It was the reading of the
+<i>Principles of Geology</i> which did most towards moulding his mind and
+causing him to take up the line of investigation to which his life was
+devoted."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>r&ocirc;le</i> that Lyell played as a pioneer makes his own point of view as
+to evolution all the more remarkable. As the late H. C. Watson wrote to
+my father (December 21, 1859):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Now these novel views are brought fairly before the scientific public,
+it seems truly remarkable how so many of them could have failed to see
+their right road sooner. How could Sir C. Lyell, for instance, for
+thirty years read, write, and think, on the subject of species <i>and
+their succession</i>, and yet constantly look down the wrong road!</p>
+
+<p>"A quarter of a century ago, you and I must have been in something like
+the same state of mind on the main question. But you were able to see
+and work out the <i>quo modo</i> of the succession, the all-important thing,
+while I failed to grasp it."</p>
+
+<p>In his earlier attitude towards evolution, my father was on a par with
+his contemporaries. He wrote in the <i>Autobiography</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p><p>"I occasionally sounded not a few naturalists, and never happened to
+come across a single one who seemed to doubt about the permanence of
+species:" and it will be made abundantly clear by his letters that in
+supporting the opposite view he felt himself a terrible heretic.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Huxley<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> writes in the same sense:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Within the ranks of biologists, at that time [1851-58], I met with
+nobody, except Dr. Grant, of University College, who had a word to say
+for Evolution&mdash;and his advocacy was not calculated to advance the cause.
+Outside these ranks, the only person known to me whose knowledge and
+capacity compelled respect, and who was, at the same time, a
+thorough-going evolutionist, was Mr. Herbert Spencer, whose acquaintance
+I made, I think, in 1852, and then entered into the bonds of a
+friendship which, I am happy to think, has known no interruption. Many
+and prolonged were the battles we fought on this topic. But even my
+friend's rare dialectic skill and copiousness of apt illustration could
+not drive me from my agnostic position. I took my stand upon two
+grounds: firstly, that up to that time, the evidence in favour of
+transmutation was wholly insufficient; and, secondly, that no suggestion
+respecting the causes of the transmutation assumed, which had been made,
+was in any way adequate to explain the phenomena. Looking back at the
+state of knowledge at that time, I really do not see that any other
+conclusion was justifiable."</p>
+
+<p>These two last citations refer of course to a period much later than the
+time, 1836-37, at which the Darwinian theory was growing in my father's
+mind. The same thing is however true of earlier days.</p>
+
+<p>So much for the general problem: the further question as to the growth
+of Darwin's theory of natural selection is a less complex one, and I
+need add but little to the history given in the <i>Autobiography</i> of how
+he came by that great conception by the help of which he was able to
+revivify "the oldest of all philosophies&mdash;that of evolution."</p>
+
+<p>The first point in the slow journey towards the <i>Origin of Species</i> was
+the opening of that note-book of 1837 of which mention has been already
+made. The reader who is curious on the subject will find a series of
+citations from this most interesting note-book, in the <i>Life and
+Letters</i>, vol. ii. p. 5, <i>et seq.</i></p>
+
+<p>The two following extracts show that he applied the theory<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> of evolution
+to the "whole organic kingdom" from plants to man.</p>
+
+<p>"If we choose to let conjecture run wild, then animals, our fellow
+brethren in pain, disease, death, suffering and famine&mdash;our slaves in
+the most laborious works, our companions in our amusements&mdash;they may
+partake [of] our origin in one common ancestor&mdash;we may be all melted
+together."</p>
+
+<p>"The different intellects of man and animals not so great as between
+living things without thought (plants), and living things with thought
+(animals)."</p>
+
+<p>Speaking of intermediate forms, he remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Opponents will say&mdash;<i>show them me</i>. I will answer yes, if you will show
+me every step between bulldog and greyhound."</p>
+
+<p>Here we see that the argument from domestic animals was already present
+in his mind as bearing on the production of natural species, an argument
+which he afterwards used with such signal force in the <i>Origin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A comparison of the two editions of the <i>Naturalists' Voyage</i> is
+instructive, as giving some idea of the development of his views on
+evolution. It does not give us a true index of the mass of conjecture
+which was taking shape in his mind, but it shows us that he felt sure
+enough of the truth of his belief to allow a stronger tinge of evolution
+to appear in the second edition. He has mentioned in the <i>Autobiography</i>
+(p. 40), that it was not until he read Malthus that he got a clear view
+of the potency of natural selection. This was in 1838&mdash;a year after he
+finished the first edition (it was not published until 1839), and seven
+years before the second edition was issued (1845). Thus the
+turning-point in the formation of his theory took place between the
+writing of the two editions. Yet the difference between the two editions
+is not very marked; it is another proof of the author's caution and
+self-restraint in the treatment of his ideas. After reading the second
+edition of the <i>Voyage</i> we remember with a strong feeling of surprise
+how far advanced were his views when he wrote it.</p>
+
+<p>These views are given in the manuscript volume of 1844, mentioned in the
+<i>Autobiography</i>. I give from my father's Pocket-book the entries
+referring to the preliminary sketch of this historic essay.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>1842, May 18</i>,&mdash;Went to Maer. <i>June 15</i>&mdash;to Shrewsbury, and 18th to
+Capel Curig. During my stay at Maer and Shrewsbury ... wrote pencil
+sketch of species theory."<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p><p>In 1844, the pencil-sketch was enlarged to one of 230 folio pages,
+which is a wonderfully complete presentation of the arguments familiar
+to us in the <i>Origin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The following letter shows in a striking manner the value my father put
+on this piece of work.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Mrs. Darwin.</i> Down [July 5, 1844].</p>
+
+<p>... I have just finished my sketch of my species theory. If, as I
+believe, my theory in time be accepted even by one competent judge, it
+will be a considerable step in science.</p>
+
+<p>I therefore write this in case of my sudden death, as my most solemn and
+last request, which I am sure you will consider the same as if legally
+entered in my will, that you will devote &pound;400 to its publication, and
+further, will yourself, or through Hensleigh,<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> take trouble in
+promoting it. I wish that my sketch be given to some competent person,
+with this sum to induce him to take trouble in its improvement and
+enlargement. I give to him all my books on Natural History, which are
+either scored or have references at the end to the pages, begging him
+carefully to look over and consider such passages as actually bearing,
+or by possibility bearing, on this subject. I wish you to make a list of
+all such books as some temptation to an editor. I also request that you
+will hand over [to] him all those scraps roughly divided in eight or ten
+brown paper portfolios. The scraps, with copied quotations from various
+works, are those which may aid my editor. I also request that you, or
+some amanuensis, will aid in deciphering any of the scraps which the
+editor may think possibly of use. I leave to the editor's judgment
+whether to interpolate these facts in the text, or as notes, or under
+appendices. As the looking over the references and scraps will be a long
+labour, and as the <i>correcting</i> and enlarging and altering my sketch
+will also take considerable time, I leave this sum of &pound;400 as some
+remuneration, and any profits from the work, I consider that for this
+the editor is bound to get the sketch published either at a publisher's
+or his own risk. Many of the scraps in the portfolios contain mere rude
+suggestions and early views, now useless, and many of the facts will
+probably turn out as having no bearing on my theory.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to editors, Mr. Lyell would be the best if he would
+undertake it; I believe he would find the work pleasant, and he would
+learn some facts new to him. As the editor must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> be a geologist as well
+as a naturalist, the next best editor would be Professor Forbes of
+London. The next best (and quite best in many respects) would be
+Professor Henslow. Dr. Hooker would be <i>very</i> good. The next, Mr.
+Strickland.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> If none of these would undertake it, I would request
+you to consult with Mr. Lyell, or some other capable man for some
+editor, a geologist and naturalist. Should one other hundred pounds make
+the difference of procuring a good editor, I request earnestly that you
+will raise &pound;500.</p>
+
+<p>My remaining collections in Natural History may be given to any one or
+any museum where [they] would be accepted....</p>
+
+<p>The following note seems to have formed part of the original letter, but
+may have been of later date:</p>
+
+<p>"Lyell, especially with the aid of Hooker (and of any good zoological
+aid), would be best of all. Without an editor will pledge himself to
+give up time to it, it would be of no use paying such a sum."</p>
+
+<p>"It there should be any difficulty in getting an editor who would go
+thoroughly into the subject, and think of the bearing of the passages
+marked in the books and copied out [on?] scraps of paper, then let my
+sketch be published as it is, stating that it was done several years
+ago<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> and from memory without consulting any works, and with no
+intention of publication in its present form."</p>
+
+<p>The idea that the Sketch of 1844 might remain, in the event of his
+death, as the only record of his work, seems to have been long in his
+mind, for in August 1854, when he had finished with the Cirripedes, and
+was thinking of beginning his "species work," he added on the back of
+the above letter, "Hooker by far best man to edit my species volume.
+August 1854."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> Vol. xliv. No. 269.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> <i>Life and Letters</i>, vol. ii. p. 180.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> This letter was unaccountably overlooked in preparing the
+<i>Life and Letters</i> for publication.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Obituary Notice</i>, p. viii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> <i>Life and Letters</i>, vol. ii. p. 190. In Mr. Huxley's
+chapter the passage beginning "Lyell with perfect right...." is given as
+a footnote: it will be seen that I have incorporated it with Mr.
+Huxley's text.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Lyell's <i>Life and Letters</i>, Letter to Haeckel, vol. ii.
+p. 436. Nov. 23, 1868.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Life and Letters</i>, vol. ii. p. 188.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> I have discussed in the <i>Life and Letters</i> the statement
+often made that the first sketch of his theory was written in 1839.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> The late Mr. H. Wedgwood.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> After Mr. Strickland's name comes the following sentence,
+which has been erased, but remains legible: "Professor Owen would be
+very good; but I presume he would not undertake such a work."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> The words "several years ago and," seem to have been
+added at a later date.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER X.</span> <span class="smaller">THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'<br />1843-1858.</span></h2>
+
+<p>The history of the years 1843-1858 is here related in an extremely
+abbreviated fashion. It was a period of minute labour on a variety of
+subjects, and the letters accordingly abound in detail. They are in many
+ways extremely interesting, more especially so to professed naturalists,
+and the picture of patient research which they convey is of great value
+from a biographical point of view. But such a picture must either be
+given in a complete series of unabridged letters, or omitted altogether.
+The limits of space compel me to the latter choice. The reader must
+imagine my father corresponding on problems in geology, geographical
+distribution, and classification; at the same time collecting facts on
+such varied points as the stripes on horses' legs, the floating of
+seeds, the breeding of pigeons, the form of bees' cells and the
+innumerable other questions to which his gigantic task demanded answers.</p>
+
+<p>The concluding letter of the last chapter has shown how strong was his
+conviction of the value of his work. It is impressive evidence of the
+condition of the scientific atmosphere, to discover, as in the following
+letters to Sir Joseph Hooker, how small was the amount of encouragement
+that he dared to hope for from his brother-naturalists.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">[January 11th, 1844.]</p>
+
+<p>... I have been now ever since my return engaged in a very presumptuous
+work, and I know no one individual who would not say a very foolish one.
+I was so struck with the distribution of the Galapagos organisms, &amp;c.
+&amp;c., and with the character of the American fossil mammifers, &amp;c. &amp;c.,
+that I determined to collect blindly every sort of fact, which could
+bear any way on what are species. I have read heaps of agricultural and
+horticultural books, and have never ceased collecting facts. At last
+gleams of light have come, and I am<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> almost convinced (quite contrary to
+the opinion I started with) that species are not (it is like confessing
+a murder) immutable. Heaven forfend me from Lamarck nonsense of a
+"tendency to progression," "adaptations from the slow willing of
+animals," &amp;c.! But the conclusions I am led to are not widely different
+from his; though the means of change are wholly so. I think I have found
+out (here's presumption!) the simple way by which species become
+exquisitely adapted to various ends. You will now groan, and think to
+yourself, "on what a man have I been wasting my time and writing to." I
+should, five years ago, have thought so....</p>
+
+<p>And again (1844):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"In my most sanguine moments, all I expect, is that I shall be able to
+show even to sound Naturalists, that there are two sides to the question
+of the immutability of species&mdash;that facts can be viewed and grouped
+under the notion of allied species having descended from common stocks.
+With respect to books on this subject, I do not know of any systematical
+ones, except Lamarck's which is veritable rubbish: but there are plenty,
+as Lyell, Pritchard, &amp;c., on the view of the immutability. Agassiz
+lately has brought the strongest argument in favour of immutability.
+Isidore G. St. Hilaire has written some good Essays, tending towards the
+mutability-side, in the <i>Suites &agrave; Buffon</i>, entitled <i>Zoolog. G&eacute;n&eacute;rale</i>.
+Is it not strange that the author of such a book as the <i>Animaux sans
+Vert&egrave;bres</i> should have written that insects, which never see their eggs,
+should will (and plants, their seeds) to be of particular forms, so as
+to become attached to particular objects. The other common (specially
+Germanic) notion is hardly less absurd, viz. that climate, food, &amp;c.,
+should make a Pediculus formed to climb hair, or a wood-pecker to climb
+trees. I believe all these absurd views arise from no one having, as far
+as I know, approached the subject on the side of variation under
+domestication, and having studied all that is known about
+domestication."</p>
+
+<p>"I hate arguments from results, but on my views of descent, really
+Natural History becomes a sublimely grand result-giving subject (now you
+may quiz me for so foolish an escape of mouth)...."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to L. Jenyns</i><a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> Down Oct. 12th [1845].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Jenyns</span>&mdash;Thanks for your note. I am sorry to say I have not even
+the tail-end of a fact in English Zoology to communicate. I have found
+that even trifling observations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> require, in my case, some leisure and
+energy, [of] both of which ingredients I have had none to spare, as
+writing my Geology thoroughly expends both. I had always thought that I
+would keep a journal and record everything, but in the way I now live I
+find I observe nothing to record. Looking after my garden and trees, and
+occasionally a very little walk in an idle frame of my mind, fill up
+every afternoon in the same manner. I am surprised that with all your
+parish affairs, you have had time to do all that which you have done. I
+shall be very glad to see your little work<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> (and proud should I have
+been if I could have added a single fact to it). My work on the species
+question has impressed me very forcibly with the importance of all such
+works as your intended one, containing what people are pleased generally
+to call trifling facts. These are the facts which make one understand
+the working or economy of nature. There is one subject, on which I am
+very curious, and which perhaps you may throw some light on, if you have
+ever thought on it; namely, what are the checks and what the periods of
+life&mdash;by which the increase of any given species is limited. Just
+calculate the increase of any bird, if you assume that only half the
+young are reared, and these breed: within the <i>natural</i> (i.e. if free
+from accidents) life of the parents the number of individuals will
+become enormous, and I have been much surprised to think how great
+destruction <i>must</i> annually or occasionally be falling on every species,
+yet the means and period of such destruction are scarcely perceived by us.</p>
+
+<p>I have continued steadily reading and collecting facts on variation of
+domestic animals and plants, and on the question of what are species. I
+have a grand body of facts, and I think I can draw some sound
+conclusions. The general conclusions at which I have slowly been driven
+from a directly opposite conviction, is that species are mutable, and
+that allied species are co-descendants from common stocks. I know how
+much I open myself to reproach for such a conclusion, but I have at
+least honestly and deliberately come to it. I shall not publish on this
+subject for several years.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. Darwin to L. Jenyns.</i><a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> Down [1845?].</p>
+
+<p>With respect to my far distant work on species, I must have expressed
+myself with singular inaccuracy if I led you to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> suppose that I meant to
+say that my conclusions were inevitable. They have become so, after
+years of weighing puzzles, to myself <i>alone</i>; but in my wildest
+day-dream, I never expect more than to be able to show that there are
+two sides to the question of the immutability of species, i.e. whether
+species are <i>directly</i> created or by intermediate laws (as with the life
+and death of individuals). I did not approach the subject on the side of
+the difficulty in determining what are species and what are varieties,
+but (though why I should give you such a history of my doings it would
+be hard to say) from such facts as the relationship between the living
+and extinct mammifers in South America, and between those living on the
+Continent and on adjoining islands, such as the Galapagos. It occurred
+to me that a collection of all such analogous facts would throw light
+either for or against the view of related species being co-descendants
+from a common stock. A long searching amongst agricultural and
+horticultural books and people makes me believe (I well know how
+absurdly presumptuous this must appear) that I see the way in which new
+varieties become exquisitely adapted to the external conditions of life
+and to other surrounding beings. I am a bold man to lay myself open to
+being thought a complete fool, and a most deliberate one. From the
+nature of the grounds which make me believe that species are mutable in
+form, these grounds cannot be restricted to the closest-allied species;
+but how far they extend I cannot tell, as my reasons fall away by
+degrees, when applied to species more and more remote from each other.
+Pray do not think that I am so blind as not to see that there are
+numerous immense difficulties in my notions, but they appear to me less
+than on the common view. I have drawn up a sketch and had it copied (in
+200 pages) of my conclusions; and if I thought at some future time that
+you would think it worth reading, I should, of course, be most thankful
+to have the criticism of so competent a critic. Excuse this very long
+and egotistical and ill-written letter, which by your remarks you have
+led me into.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down [1849-50?].</p>
+
+<p>... How painfully (to me) true is your remark, that no one has hardly a
+right to examine the question of species who has not minutely described
+many. I was, however, pleased to hear from Owen (who is vehemently
+opposed to any mutability in species), that he thought it was a very
+fair subject, and that there was a mass of facts to be brought to bear
+on the question,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> not hitherto collected. My only comfort is (as I mean
+to attempt the subject), that I have dabbled in several branches of
+Natural History, and seen good specific men work out my species, and
+know something of geology (an indispensable union); and though I shall
+get more kicks than half-pennies, I will, life serving, attempt my work.
+Lamarck is the only exception, that I can think of, of an accurate
+describer of species at least in the Invertebrate Kingdom, who has
+disbelieved in permanent species, but he in his absurd though clever
+work has done the subject harm, as has Mr. Vestiges, and, as (some
+future loose naturalist attempting the same speculations will perhaps
+say) has Mr. D....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> September 25th [1853].</p>
+
+<p>In my own Cirripedial work (by the way, thank you for the dose of soft
+solder; it does one&mdash;or at least me&mdash;a great deal of good)&mdash;in my own
+work I have not felt conscious that disbelieving in the mere
+<i>permanence</i> of species has made much difference one way or the other;
+in some few cases (if publishing avowedly on the doctrine of
+non-permanence), I should <i>not</i> have affixed names, and in some few
+cases should have affixed names to remarkable varieties. Certainly I
+have felt it humiliating, discussing and doubting, and examining over
+and over again, when in my own mind the only doubt has been whether the
+form varied <i>to-day or yesterday</i> (not to put too fine a point on it, as
+Snagsby<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> would say). After describing a set of forms as distinct
+species, tearing up my MS., and making them one species, tearing that up
+and making them separate, and then making them one again (which has
+happened to me), I have gnashed my teeth, cursed species, and asked what
+sin I had committed to be so punished. But I must confess that perhaps
+nearly the same thing would have happened to me on any scheme of work.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down, March 26th [1854].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>&mdash;I had hoped that you would have had a little
+breathing-time after your Journal,<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> but this seems to be very far
+from the case; and I am the more obliged (and somewhat contrite) for the
+long letter received this morning, <i>most</i> juicy with news and <i>most</i>
+interesting to me in many ways. I am very glad indeed to hear of the
+reforms, &amp;c., in the Royal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> Society. With respect to the Club,<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> I am
+deeply interested; only two or three days ago, I was regretting to my
+wife, how I was letting drop and being dropped by nearly all my
+acquaintances, and that I would endeavour to go oftener to London; I was
+not then thinking of the Club, which, as far as one thing goes, would
+answer my exact object in keeping up old and making some new
+acquaintances. I will therefore come up to London for every (with rare
+exceptions) Club-day, and then my head, I think, will allow me on an
+average to go to every other meeting. But it is grievous how often any
+change knocks me up. I will further pledge myself, as I told Lyell, to
+resign after a year, if I did not attend pretty often, so that I should
+<i>at worst</i> encumber the Club temporarily. If you can get me elected, I
+certainly shall be very much pleased.... I am particularly obliged to
+you for sending me Asa Gray's letter; how very pleasantly he writes. To
+see his and your caution on the species-question ought to overwhelm me
+in confusion and shame; it does make me feel deuced uncomfortable.... I
+was pleased and surprised to see A. Gray's remarks on crossing
+obliterating varieties, on which, as you know, I have been collecting
+facts for these dozen years. How awfully flat I shall feel, if, when I
+got my notes together on species, &amp;c. &amp;c., the whole thing explodes like
+an empty puff-ball. Do not work yourself to death.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ever yours most truly.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>To work out the problem of the Geographical Distribution of animals and
+plants on evolutionary principles, Darwin had to study the means by
+which seeds, eggs, &amp;c., can be transported across wide spaces of ocean.
+It was this need which gave an interest to the class of experiment to
+which the following letters refer.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> April 13th [1855].</p>
+
+<p>... I have had one experiment some little time in progress which will, I
+think, be interesting, namely, seeds in salt water, immersed in water of
+32&deg;-33&deg;, which I have and shall long have, as I filled a great tank with
+snow. When I wrote last I was going to triumph over you, for my
+experiment had in a slight degree succeeded; but this, with infinite
+baseness, I did not tell, in hopes that you would say that you would eat
+all the plants which I could raise after immersion. It is very
+aggravating that I cannot in the least remember what you did formerly
+say that made me think you scoffed at the experiments vastly; for you
+now seem to view the experiment like a good Christian. I have in small
+bottles out of doors, exposed to variation of temperature, cress,
+radish, cabbages, lettuces, carrots, and celery, and onion seed. These,
+after immersion for exactly one week, have all germinated, which I did
+not in the least expect (and thought how you would sneer at me); for the
+water of nearly all, and of the cress especially, smelt very badly, and
+the cress seed emitted a wonderful quantity of mucus (the
+<i>Vestiges</i><a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> would have expected them to turn into tadpoles), so as
+to adhere in a mass; but these seeds germinated and grew splendidly. The
+germination of all (especially cress and lettuces) has been accelerated,
+except the cabbages, which have come up very irregularly, and a good
+many, I think, dead. One would, have thought, from their native habitat,
+that the cabbage would have stood well. The Umbellifer&aelig; and onions seem
+to stand the salt well. I wash the seed before planting them. I have
+written to the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>,<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> though I doubt whether it
+was worth while. If my success seems to make it worth while, I will send
+a seed list, to get you to mark some different classes of seeds. To-day
+I replant the same seeds as above after fourteen days' immersion. As
+many sea-currents go a mile an hour, even in a week they might be
+transported 168 miles; the Gulf Stream is said to go fifty and sixty
+miles a day. So much and too much on this head; but my geese are always
+swans....</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> [April 14th, 1855.]</p>
+
+<p>... You are a good man to confess that you expected the cress would be
+killed in a week, for this gives me a nice little triumph. The children
+at first were tremendously eager, and asked me often, "whether I should
+beat Dr. Hooker!" The cress and lettuce have just vegetated well after
+twenty-one days' immersion. But I will write no more, which is a great
+virtue in me; for it is to me a very great pleasure telling you
+everything I do.</p>
+
+<p>... If you knew some of the experiments (if they may be so called) which
+I am trying, you would have a good right to sneer, for they are so
+<i>absurd</i> even in <i>my</i> opinion that I dare not tell you.</p>
+
+<p>Have not some men a nice notion of experimentising? I have had a letter
+telling me that seeds <i>must</i> have <i>great</i> power of resisting salt water,
+for otherwise how could they get to islands'? This is the true way to
+solve a problem?</p>
+
+<p>Experiments on the transportal of seeds through the agency of animals,
+also gave him much labour. He wrote to Fox (1855):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"All nature is perverse and will not do as I wish it; and just at
+present I wish I had my old barnacles to work at, and nothing new."</p>
+
+<p>And to Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Everything has been going wrong with me lately: the fish at the Zoolog.
+Soc. ate up lots of soaked seeds, and in imagination they had in my mind
+been swallowed, fish and all, by a heron, had been carried a hundred
+miles, been voided on the banks of some other lake and germinated
+splendidly, when lo and behold, the fish ejected vehemently, and with
+disgust equal to my own, <i>all</i> the seeds from their mouths."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">THE UNFINISHED BOOK.</p>
+
+<p>In his Autobiographical sketch (p. 41) my father wrote:&mdash;"Early in 1856
+Lyell advised me to write out my views pretty fully, and I began at once
+to do so on a scale three or four times as extensive as that which was
+afterwards followed in my <i>Origin of Species</i>; yet it was only an
+abstract of the materials which I had collected." The remainder of the
+present chapter is chiefly concerned with the preparation of this
+unfinished book.</p>
+
+<p>The work was begun on May 14th, and steadily continued up to June 1858,
+when it was interrupted by the arrival of Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> Wallace's MS. During the
+two years which we are now considering, he wrote ten chapters (that is
+about one-half) of the projected book.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker</i>. May 9th [1856].</p>
+
+<p>... I very much want advice and <i>truthful</i> consolation if you can give
+it. I had a good talk with Lyell about my species work, and he urges me
+strongly to publish something. I am fixed against any periodical or
+Journal, as I positively will <i>not</i> expose myself to an Editor or a
+Council allowing a publication for which they might be abused. If I
+publish anything it must be a <i>very thin</i> and little volume, giving a
+sketch of my views and difficulties; but it is really dreadfully
+unphilosophical to give a <i>r&eacute;sum&eacute;</i>, without exact references, of an
+unpublished work. But Lyell seemed to think I might do this, at the
+suggestion of friends, and on the ground, which I I might state, that I
+had been at work for eighteen<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> years, and yet could not publish for
+several years, and especially as I could point out difficulties which
+seemed to me to require especial investigation. Now what think you? I
+should be really grateful for advice. I thought of giving up a couple of
+months and writing such a sketch, and trying to keep my judgment open
+whether or no to publish it when completed. It will be simply impossible
+for me to give exact references; anything important I should state on
+the authority of the author generally; and instead of giving all the
+facts on which I ground my opinion, I could give by memory only one or
+two. In the Preface I would state that the work could not be considered
+strictly scientific, but a mere sketch or outline of a future work in
+which full references, &amp;c., should be given. Eheu, eheu, I believe I
+should sneer at any one else doing this, and my only comfort is, that I
+<i>truly</i> never dreamed of it, till Lyell suggested it, and seems
+deliberately to think it advisable.</p>
+
+<p>I am in a peck of troubles, and do pray forgive me for troubling you.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>He made an attempt at a sketch of his views, but as he wrote to Fox in
+October 1856:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I found it such unsatisfactory work that I have desisted,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> and am now
+drawing up my work as perfect as my materials of nineteen years'
+collecting suffice, but do not intend to stop to perfect any line of
+investigation beyond current work."</p>
+
+<p>And in November he wrote to Sir Charles Lyell:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am working very steadily at my big book; I have found it quite
+impossible to publish any preliminary essay or sketch; but am doing my
+work as completely as my present materials allow without waiting to
+perfect them. And this much acceleration I owe to you."</p>
+
+<p>Again to Mr. Fox, in February, 1857:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am got most deeply interested in my subject; though I wish I could
+set less value on the bauble fame, either present or posthumous, than I
+do, but not I think, to any extreme degree: yet, if I know myself, I
+would work just as hard, though with less gusto, if I knew that my book
+would be published for ever anonymously."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to A. R. Wallace.</i> Moor Park, May 1st, 1857.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>&mdash;I am much obliged for your letter of October 10th, from
+Celebes, received a few days ago; in a laborious undertaking, sympathy
+is a valuable and real encouragement. By your letter and even still more
+by your paper<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> in the Annals, a year or more ago, I can plainly see
+that we have thought much alike and to a certain extent have come to
+similar conclusions. In regard to the Paper in the Annals, I agree to
+the truth of almost every word of your paper; and I dare say that you
+will agree with me that it is very rare to find oneself agreeing pretty
+closely with any theoretical paper; for it is lamentable how each man
+draws his own different conclusions from the very same facts. This
+summer will make the 20th year (!) since I opened my first note-book, on
+the question how and in what way do species and varieties differ from
+each other. I am now preparing my work for publication, but I find the
+subject so very large, that though I have written many chapters, I do
+not suppose I shall go to press for two years. I have never heard how
+long you intend staying in the Malay Archipelago; I wish I might profit
+by the publication of your Travels there before my work appears, for no
+doubt you will reap a large harvest of facts. I have acted already in
+accordance with your advice of keeping domestic varieties, and those
+appearing in a state of nature,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> distinct; but I have sometimes doubted
+of the wisdom of this, and therefore I am glad to be backed by your
+opinion. I must confess, however, I rather doubt the truth of the now
+very prevalent doctrine of all our domestic animals having descended
+from several wild stocks; though I do not doubt that it is so in some
+cases. I think there is rather better evidence on the sterility of
+hybrid animals than you seem to admit: and in regard to plants the
+collection of carefully recorded facts by K&ouml;lreuter and Gaertner (and
+Herbert) is <i>enormous</i>. I most entirely agree with you on the little
+effects of "climatal conditions," which one sees referred to <i>ad
+nauseam</i> in all books: I suppose some very little effect must be
+attributed to such influences, but I fully believe that they are very
+slight. It is really <i>impossible</i> to explain my views (in the compass of
+a letter), on the causes and means of variation in a state of nature;
+but I have slowly adopted a distinct and tangible idea,&mdash;whether true or
+false others must judge; for the firmest conviction of the truth of a
+doctrine by its author, seems, alas, not to be the slightest guarantee
+of truth!...</p>
+
+<p>In December 1857 he wrote to the same correspondent:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You ask whether I shall discuss 'man.' I think I shall avoid the whole
+subject, as so surrounded with prejudices; though I fully admit that it
+is the highest and most interesting problem for the naturalist. My work,
+on which I have now been at work more or less for twenty years, will not
+fix or settle anything; but I hope it will aid by giving a large
+collection of facts, with one definite end. I get on very slowly, partly
+from ill-health, partly from being a very slow worker. I have got about
+half written; but I do not suppose I shall publish under a couple of
+years. I have now been three whole months on one chapter on Hybridism!</p>
+
+<p>"I am astonished to see that you expect to remain out three or four
+years more. What a wonderful deal you will have seen, and what
+interesting areas&mdash;the grand Malay Archipelago and the richest parts of
+South America! I infinitely admire and honour your zeal and courage in
+the good cause of Natural Science; and you have my very sincere and
+cordial good wishes for success of all kinds, and may all your theories
+succeed, except that on Oceanic Islands, on which subject I will do
+battle to the death."</p>
+
+<p>And to Fox in February 1858:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am working very hard at my book, perhaps too hard. It will be very
+big, and I am become most deeply interested in the way facts fall into
+groups. I am like Cr&oelig;sus overwhelmed with my riches in facts, and I
+mean to make my book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> as perfect as ever I can. I shall not go to press
+at soonest for a couple of years."</p>
+
+<p>The letter which follows, written from his favourite resting place, the
+Water-Cure Establishment at Moor Park, comes in like a lull before the
+storm,&mdash;the upset of all his plans by the arrival of Mr. Wallace's
+manuscript, a phase in the history of his life to which the next chapter
+is devoted.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Mrs. Darwin.</i> Moor Park, April [1858].</p>
+
+<p>The weather is quite delicious. Yesterday, after writing to you, I
+strolled a little beyond the glade for an hour and a half, and enjoyed
+myself&mdash;the fresh yet dark green of the grand Scotch firs, the brown of
+the catkins of the old birches, with their white stems, and a fringe of
+distant green from the larches, made an excessively pretty view. At last
+I fell fast asleep on the grass, and awoke with a chorus of birds
+singing around me, and squirrels running up the trees, and some
+woodpeckers laughing, and it was as pleasant and rural a scene as ever I
+saw, and I did not care one penny how any of the beasts or birds had
+been formed. I sat in the drawing-room till after eight, and then went
+and read the Chief Justice's summing up, and thought Bernard<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a>
+guilty, and then read a bit of my novel, which is feminine, virtuous,
+clerical, philanthropical, and all that sort of thing, but very
+decidedly flat. I say feminine, for the author is ignorant about money
+matters, and not much of a lady&mdash;for she makes her men say, "My Lady." I
+like Miss Craik very much, though we have some battles, and differ on
+every subject. I like also the Hungarian; a thorough gentleman, formerly
+attach&eacute; at Paris, and then in the Austrian cavalry, and now a pardoned
+exile, with broken health. He does not seem to like Kossuth, but says,
+he is certain [he is] a sincere patriot, most clever and eloquent, but
+weak, with no determination of character....</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Rev. L. Blomefield.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> Mr. Jenyns' <i>Observations in Natural History</i>. It is
+prefaced by an Introduction on "Habits of observing as connected with
+the study of Natural History," and followed by a "Calendar of Periodic
+Phenomena in Natural History," with "Remarks on the importance of such
+Registers."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Rev. L. Blomefield.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> In <i>Bleak House</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Sir Joseph Hooker's <i>Himalayan Journal</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> The Philosophical Club, to which my father was elected
+(as Professor Bonney is good enough to inform me) on April 24, 1854. He
+resigned his membership in 1864. The Club was founded in 1847. The
+number of members being limited to 47, it was proposed to christen it
+"the Club of 47," but the name was never adopted. The nature of the Club
+may be gathered from its first rule: "The purpose of the Club is to
+promote as much as possible the scientific objects of the Royal Society;
+to facilitate intercourse between those Fellows who are actively engaged
+in cultivating the various branches of Natural Science, and who have
+contributed to its progress; to increase the attendance at the evening
+meetings, and to encourage the contribution and discussion of papers."
+The Club met for dinner at 6, and the chair was to be quitted at 8.15,
+it being expected that members would go to the Royal Society. Of late
+years the dinner has been at 6.30, the Society meeting in the
+afternoon.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> <i>The Vestiges of Creation</i>, by R. Chambers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> A few words asking for information. The results were
+published in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>, May 26, Nov. 24, 1855. In the
+same year (p. 789) he sent a postscript to his former paper, correcting
+a misprint and adding a few words on the seeds of the Leguminos&aelig;. A
+fuller paper on the germination of seeds after treatment in salt water,
+appeared in the <i>Linnean Soc. Journal</i>, 1857, p. 130.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> The interval of eighteen years, from 1837 when he began
+to collect facts, would bring the date of this letter to 1855, not 1856,
+nevertheless the latter seems the more probable date.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> "On the Law that has regulated the Introduction of New
+Species."&mdash;<i>Ann. Nat. Hist.</i>, 1855.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Simon Bernard was tried in April 1858 as an accessory to
+Orsini's attempt on the life of the Emperor of the French. The verdict
+was "not guilty."</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER XI.</span> <span class="smaller">THE WRITING OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>"I have done my best. If you had all my material I am sure you
+would have made a splendid book."&mdash;From a letter to Lyell, June 21,
+1859.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="bold">JUNE 18, 1858, TO NOVEMBER 1859.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, 18th [June 1858].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>&mdash;Some year or so ago you recommended me to read a paper by
+Wallace in the <i>Annals</i>,<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> which had interested you, and as I was
+writing to him, I knew this would please him much, so I told him. He has
+to-day sent me the enclosed, and asked me to forward it to you. It seems
+to me well worth reading. Your words have come true with a
+vengeance&mdash;that I should be forestalled. You said this, when I explained
+to you here very briefly my views of 'Natural Selection' depending on
+the struggle for existence. I never saw a more striking coincidence; if
+Wallace had my MS. sketch written out in 1842, he could not have made a
+better short abstract! Even his terms now stand as heads of my chapters.
+Please return me the MS., which he does not say he wishes me to publish,
+but I shall, of course, at once write and offer to send to any journal.
+So all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed,
+though my book, if it will ever have any value, will not be
+deteriorated; as all the labour consists in the application of the
+theory.</p>
+
+<p>I hope you will approve of Wallace's sketch, that I may tell him what
+you say.</p>
+
+<p class="center">My dear Lyell, yours most truly.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, [June 25, 1858].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>&mdash;I am very sorry to trouble you, busy as you are, in so
+merely personal an affair; but if you will give me your deliberate
+opinion, you will do me as great a service<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> as ever man did, for I have
+entire confidence in your judgment and honour....</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing in Wallace's sketch which is not written out much
+fuller in my sketch, copied out in 1844, and read by Hooker some dozen
+years ago. About a year ago I sent a short sketch, of which I have a
+copy, of my views (owing to correspondence on several points) to Asa
+Gray, so that I could most truly say and prove that I take nothing from
+Wallace. I should be extremely glad now to publish a sketch of my
+general views in about a dozen pages or so; but I cannot persuade myself
+that I can do so honourably. Wallace says nothing about publication, and
+I enclose his letter. But as I had not intended to publish any sketch,
+can I do so honourably, because Wallace has sent me an outline of his
+doctrine? I would far rather burn my whole book, than that he or any
+other man should think that I had behaved in a paltry spirit. Do you not
+think his having sent me this sketch ties my hands?... If I could
+honourably publish, I would state that I was induced now to publish a
+sketch (and I should be very glad to be permitted to say, to follow your
+advice long ago given) from Wallace having sent me an outline of my
+general conclusions. We differ only, [in] that I was led to my views
+from what artificial selection has done for domestic animals. I would
+send Wallace a copy of my letter to Asa Gray, to show him that I had not
+stolen his doctrine. But I cannot tell whether to publish now would not
+be base and paltry. This was my first impression, and I should have
+certainly acted on it had it not been for your letter.</p>
+
+<p>This is a trumpery affair to trouble you with, but you cannot tell how
+much obliged I should be for your advice.</p>
+
+<p>By the way, would you object to send this and your answer to Hooker to
+be forwarded to me? for then I shall have the opinion of my two best and
+kindest friends. This letter is miserably written, and I write it now,
+that I may for a time banish the whole subject; and I am worn out with
+musing....</p>
+
+<p>My good dear friend, forgive me. This is a trumpery letter, influenced
+by trumpery feelings.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Yours most truly.</p>
+
+<p>I will never trouble you or Hooker on the subject again.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, 26th [June 1858].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>&mdash;Forgive me for adding a P.S. to make the case as strong
+as possible against myself.</p>
+
+<p>Wallace might say, "You did not intend publishing an<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> abstract of your
+views till you received my communication. Is it fair to take advantage
+of my having freely, though unasked, communicated to you my ideas, and
+thus prevent me forestalling you?" The advantage which I should take
+being that I am induced to publish from privately knowing that Wallace
+is in the field. It seems hard on me that I should be thus compelled to
+lose my priority of many years' standing, but I cannot feel at all sure
+that this alters the justice of the case. First impressions are
+generally right, and I at first thought it would be dishonourable in me
+now to publish.</p>
+
+<p class="right">Yours most truly.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;I have always thought you would make a first-rate Lord Chancellor;
+and I now appeal to you as a Lord Chancellor.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Tuesday night [June 29, 1858].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>&mdash;I have just read your letter, and see you want the
+papers at once. I am quite prostrated,<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> and can do nothing, but I
+send Wallace, and the abstract<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> of my letter to Asa Gray, which
+gives most imperfectly only the means of change, and does not touch on
+reasons for believing that species do change. I dare say all is too
+late. I hardly care about it. But you are too generous to sacrifice so
+much time and kindness. It is most generous, most kind. I send my sketch
+of 1844 solely that you may see by your own handwriting that you did
+read it. I really cannot bear to look at it. Do not waste much time. It
+is miserable in me to care at all about priority.</p>
+
+<p>The table of contents will show what it is.</p>
+
+<p>I would make a similar, but shorter and more accurate sketch for the
+<i>Linnean Journal</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I will do anything. God bless you, my dear kind friend.</p>
+
+<p>I can write no more. I send this by my servant to Kew.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The joint paper<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> of Mr. Wallace and my father was read at the
+Linnean Society on the evening of July 1st. Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> Wallace's Essay bore
+the title, "On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the
+Original Type."</p>
+
+<p>My father's contribution to the paper consisted of (1) Extracts from the
+sketch of 1844; (2) part of a letter, addressed to Dr. Asa Gray, dated
+September 5, 1857. The paper was "communicated" to the Society by Sir
+Charles Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker, in whose prefatory letter a clear
+account of the circumstances of the case is given.</p>
+
+<p>Referring to Mr. Wallace's Essay, they wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"So highly did Mr. Darwin appreciate the value of the views therein set
+forth, that he proposed, in a letter to Sir Charles Lyell, to obtain Mr.
+Wallace's consent to allow the Essay to be published as soon as
+possible. Of this step we highly approved, provided Mr. Darwin did not
+withhold from the public, as he was strongly inclined to do (in favour
+of Mr. Wallace), the memoir which he had himself written on the same
+subject, and which, as before stated, one of us had perused in 1844, and
+the contents of which we had both of us been privy to for many years. On
+representing this to Mr. Darwin, he gave us permission to make what use
+we thought proper of his memoir, &amp;c.; and in adopting our present
+course, of presenting it to the Linnean Society, we have explained to
+him that we are not solely considering the relative claims to priority
+of himself and his friend, but the interests of science generally."</p>
+
+<p>Sir Charles Lyell and Sir J. D. Hooker were present at the reading of
+the paper, and both, I believe, made a few remarks, chiefly with a view
+of impressing on those present the necessity of giving the most careful
+consideration to what they had heard. There was, however, no semblance
+of a discussion. Sir Joseph Hooker writes to me: "The interest excited
+was intense, but the subject was too novel and too ominous for the old
+school to enter the lists, before armouring. After the meeting it was
+talked over with bated breath: Lyell's approval and perhaps in a small
+way mine, as his lieutenant in the affair, rather overawed the Fellows,
+who would otherwise have flown out against the doctrine. We had, too,
+the vantage ground of being familiar with the authors and their theme."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wallace has, at my request, been so good as to allow me to publish
+the following letter. Professor Newton, to whom the letter is addressed,
+had submitted to Mr. Wallace his recollections of what the latter had
+related to him many years before, and had asked Mr. Wallace for a fuller
+version of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> story. Hence the few corrections in Mr. Wallace's
+letter, for instance <i>bed</i> for <i>hammock</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>A. R. Wallace to A. Newton.</i> Frith Hill, Godalming, Dec. 3rd, 1887.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Newton</span>&mdash;I had hardly heard of Darwin before going to the East,
+except as connected with the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>, which I <i>think</i> I
+had read. I saw him <i>once</i> for a few minutes in the British Museum
+before I sailed. Through Stevens, my agent, I heard that he wanted
+curious <i>varieties</i> which he was studying. I <i>think</i> I wrote to him
+about some varieties of ducks I had sent, and he must have written once
+to me. I find on looking at his "Life" that his <i>first</i> letter to me is
+given in vol. ii. p. 95, and another at p. 109, both after the
+publication of my first paper. I must have heard from some notices in
+the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>, I think (which I had sent me), that he was studying
+varieties and species, and as I was continually thinking of the subject,
+I wrote to him giving some of my notions, and making some suggestions.
+But at that time I had not the remotest notion that he had already
+arrived at a definite theory&mdash;still less that it was the same as
+occurred to me, suddenly, in Ternate in 1858. The most interesting
+coincidence in the matter, I think, is, that I, <i>as well as Darwin</i>, was
+led to the theory itself through Malthus&mdash;in my case it was his
+elaborate account of the action of "preventive checks" in keeping down
+the population of savage races to a tolerably fixed, but scanty number.
+This had strongly impressed me, and it suddenly flashed upon me that all
+animals are necessarily thus kept down&mdash;"the struggle for
+existence"&mdash;while <i>variations</i>, on which I was always thinking, must
+necessarily often be <i>beneficial</i>, and would then cause those varieties
+to increase while the injurious variations diminished.<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> You are
+quite at liberty to mention the circumstances, but I think you have
+coloured them a little highly, and introduced some slight errors. I was
+lying on my bed (no hammocks in the East) in the hot fit of intermittent
+fever, when the idea suddenly came to me. I thought it almost all out
+before the fit was over, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> the moment I got up began to write it
+down, and I believe finished the first draft the next day.</p>
+
+<p>I had no idea whatever of "dying,"&mdash;as it was not a serious
+illness,&mdash;but I <i>had</i> the idea of working it out, so far as I was able,
+when I returned home, not at all expecting that Darwin had so long
+anticipated me. I can truly say <i>now</i>, as I said many years ago, that I
+am glad it was so; for I have not the love of <i>work</i>, <i>experiment</i> and
+<i>detail</i> that was so pre-eminent in Darwin, and without which anything I
+could have written would never have convinced the world. If you do refer
+to me at any length, can you send me a proof and I will return it to you
+at once?</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours faithfully</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Alfred R. Wallace.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Miss Wedgwood's, Hartfield, Tunbridge Wells
+[July 13th, 1858].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>&mdash;Your letter to Wallace seems to me perfect, quite clear
+and most courteous. I do not think it could possibly be improved, and I
+have to-day forwarded it with a letter of my own. I always thought it
+very possible that I might be forestalled, but I fancied that I had a
+grand enough soul not to care; but I found myself mistaken, and
+punished; I had, however, quite resigned myself, and had written half a
+letter to Wallace to give up all priority to him, and should certainly
+not have changed had it not been for Lyell's and your quite
+extraordinary kindness. I assure you I feel it, and shall not forget it.
+I am <i>more</i> than satisfied at what took place at the Linnean Society. I
+had thought that your letter and mine to Asa Gray were to be only an
+appendix to Wallace's paper.</p>
+
+<p>We go from here in a few days to the sea-side, probably to the Isle of
+Wight, and on my return (after a battle with pigeon skeletons) I will
+set to work at the abstract, though how on earth I shall make anything
+of an abstract in thirty pages of the Journal, I know not, but will try
+my best....</p>
+
+<p>I must try and see you before your journey; but do not think I am
+fishing to ask you to come to Down, for you will have no time for that.</p>
+
+<p>You cannot imagine how pleased I am that the notion of Natural Selection
+has acted as a purgative on your bowels of immutability. Whenever
+naturalists can look at species changing as certain, what a magnificent
+field will be open,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>&mdash;on all the laws of variation,&mdash;on the genealogy of
+all living beings,&mdash;on their lines of migration, &amp;c. &amp;c. Pray thank Mrs.
+Hooker for her very kind little note, and pray say how truly obliged I
+am, and in truth ashamed to think that she should have had the trouble
+of copying my ugly MS. It was extraordinarily kind in her. Farewell, my
+dear kind friend.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;I have had some fun here in watching a slave-making ant; for I
+could not help rather doubting the wonderful stories, but I have now
+seen a defeated marauding party, and I have seen a migration from one
+nest to another of the slave-makers, carrying their slaves (who are
+<i>house</i>, and not field niggers) in their mouths!</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> King's Head Hotel, Sandown, Isle of Wight. July
+18th [1858].</p>
+
+<p>... We are established here for ten days, and then go on to Shanklin,
+which seems more amusing to one, like myself, who cannot walk. We hope
+much that the sea may do H. and L. good. And if it does, our expedition
+will answer, but not otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>I have never half thanked you for all the extraordinary trouble and
+kindness you showed me about Wallace's affair. Hooker told me what was
+done at the Linnean Society, and I am far more than satisfied, and I do
+not think that Wallace can think my conduct unfair in allowing you and
+Hooker to do whatever you thought fair. I certainly was a little annoyed
+to lose all priority, but had resigned myself to my fate. I am going to
+prepare a longer abstract; but it is really impossible to do justice to
+the subject, except by giving the facts on which each conclusion is
+grounded, and that will, of course, be absolutely impossible. Your name
+and Hooker's name appearing as in any way the least interested in my
+work will, I am certain, have the most important bearing in leading
+people to consider the subject without prejudice. I look at this as so
+very important, that I am almost glad of Wallace's paper for having led
+to this.</p>
+
+<p class="center">My dear Lyell, yours most gratefully.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following letter refers to the proof-sheets of the Linnean paper.
+The 'introduction' means the prefatory letter signed by Sir C. Lyell and
+Sir J. D. Hooker.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> King's Head Hotel, Sandown, Isle of Wight.
+July 21st [1858].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>&mdash;I received only yesterday the proof-sheets, which I now
+return. I think your introduction cannot be improved.</p>
+
+<p>I am disgusted with my bad writing. I could not improve it, without
+rewriting all, which would not be fair or worth while, as I have begun
+on a better abstract for the Linnean Society. My excuse is that it
+<i>never</i> was intended for publication. I have made only a few corrections
+in the style; but I cannot make it decent, but I hope moderately
+intelligible. I suppose some one will correct the revise. (Shall I?)</p>
+
+<p>Could I have a clean proof to send to Wallace?</p>
+
+<p>I have not yet fully considered your remarks on big genera (but your
+general concurrence is of the <i>highest possible</i> interest to me); nor
+shall I be able till I re-read my MS.; but you may rely on it that you
+never make a remark to me which is lost from <i>inattention</i>. I am
+particularly glad you do not object to my stating your objections in a
+modified form, for they always struck me as very important, and as
+having much inherent value, whether or no they were fatal to my notions.
+I will consider and reconsider all your remarks....</p>
+
+<p>I am very glad at what you say about my Abstract, but you may rely on it
+that I will condense to the utmost. I would aid in money if it is too
+long.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> In how many ways you have aided me!</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The "Abstract" mentioned in the last sentence of the preceding letter
+was in fact the <i>Origin of Species</i>, on which he now set to work. In his
+<i>Autobiography</i> (p. 41) he speaks of beginning to write in September,
+but in his Diary he wrote, "July 20 to Aug. 12, at Sandown, began
+Abstract of Species book." "Sep. 16, Recommenced Abstract." The book was
+begun with the idea that it would be published as a paper, or series of
+papers, by the Linnean Society, and it was only in the late autumn that
+it became clear that it must take the form of an independent volume.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Norfolk House, Shanklin, Isle of Wight.
+[August 1858.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;I write merely to say that the MS. came safely two or
+three days ago. I am much obliged for the correction of style: I find it
+unutterably difficult to write clearly. When we meet I must talk over a
+few points on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>You speak of going to the sea-side somewhere; we think this the nicest
+sea-side place which we have ever seen, and we like Shanklin better than
+other spots on the south coast of the island, though many are charming
+and prettier, so that I would suggest your thinking of this place. We
+are on the actual coast; but tastes differ so much about places.</p>
+
+<p>If you go to Broadstairs, when there is a strong wind from the coast of
+France and in fine, dry, warm weather, look out and you will <i>probably</i>
+(!) see thistle-seeds blown across the Channel. The other day I saw one
+blown right inland, and then in a few minutes a second one and then a
+third; and I said to myself, God bless me, how many thistles there must
+be in France; and I wrote a letter in imagination to you. But I then
+looked at the <i>low</i> clouds, and noticed that they were not coming
+inland, so I feared a screw was loose, I then walked beyond a headland
+and found the wind parallel to the coast, and on this very headland a
+noble bed of thistles, which by every wide eddy were blown far out to
+sea, and then came right in at right angles to the shore! One day such a
+number of insects were washed up by the tide, and I brought to life
+thirteen species of Coleoptera; not that I suppose these came from
+France. But do you watch for thistle-seed as you saunter along the coast....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> [Down] Oct. 6th, 1858.</p>
+
+<p>... If you have or can make leisure, I should very much like to hear
+news of Mrs. Hooker, yourself, and the children. Where did you go, and
+what did you do and are doing? There is a comprehensive text.</p>
+
+<p>You cannot tell how I enjoyed your little visit here. It did me much
+good. If Harvey<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> is still with you, pray remember me very kindly to
+him.</p>
+
+<p>... I am working most steadily at my Abstract [<i>Origin of Species</i>], but
+it grows to an inordinate length; yet fully to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> make my view clear (and
+never giving briefly more than a fact or two, and slurring over
+difficulties), I cannot make it shorter. It will yet take me three or
+four months; so slow do I work, though never idle. You cannot imagine
+what a service you have done me in making me make this Abstract; for
+though I thought I had got all clear, it has clarified my brains very
+much, by making me weigh the relative importance of the several elements.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>He was not so fully occupied but that he could find time to help his
+boys in their collecting. He sent a short notice to the <i>Entomologists'
+Weekly Intelligencer</i>, June 25th, 1859, recording the capture of
+<i>Licinus silphoides</i>, <i>Clytus mysticus</i>, <i>Panag&aelig;us 4-pustulatus</i>. The
+notice begins with the words, "We three very young collectors having
+lately taken in the parish of Down," &amp;c., and is signed by three of his
+boys, but was clearly not written by them. I have a vivid recollection
+of the pleasure of turning out my bottle of dead beetles for my father
+to name, and the excitement, in which he fully shared, when any of them
+proved to be uncommon ones. The following letter to Mr. Fox (Nov. 13th,
+1858), illustrates this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am reminded of old days by my third boy having just begun collecting
+beetles, and he caught the other day <i>Brachinus crepitans</i>, of immortal
+Whittlesea Mere memory. My blood boiled with old ardour when he caught a
+Licinus&mdash;a prize unknown to me."</p>
+
+<p>And again to Sir John Lubbock:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I feel like an old war-horse at the sound of the trumpet when I read
+about the capturing of rare beetles&mdash;is not this a magnanimous simile
+for a decayed entomologist?&mdash;It really almost makes me long to begin
+collecting again. Adios.</p>
+
+<p>"'Floreat Entomologia'!&mdash;to which toast at Cambridge I have drunk many a
+glass of wine. So again, 'Floreat Entomologia.'&mdash;N.B. I have <i>not</i> now
+been drinking any glasses full of wine."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down, Jan. 23rd, 1859.</p>
+
+<p>... I enclose letters to you and me from Wallace. I admire extremely the
+spirit in which they are written. I never felt very sure what he would
+say. He must be an amiable man. Please return that to me, and Lyell
+ought to be told how well satisfied he is. These letters have vividly
+brought before me how much I owe to your and Lyell's most kind and
+generous conduct in all this affair.</p>
+
+<p>... How glad I shall be when the Abstract is finished, and I can rest!...</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to A. B. Wallace.</i> Down, Jan. 25th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I was extremely much pleased at receiving three days ago
+your letter to me and that to Dr. Hooker. Permit me to say how heartily
+I admire the spirit in which they are written. Though I had absolutely
+nothing whatever to do in leading Lyell and Hooker to what they thought
+a fair course of action, yet I naturally could not but feel anxious to
+hear what your impression would be. I owe indirectly much to you and
+them; for I almost think that Lyell would have proved right, and I
+should never have completed my larger work, for I have found my Abstract
+[<i>Origin of Species</i>] hard enough with my poor health, but now, thank
+God, I am in my last chapter but one. My Abstract will make a small
+volume of 400 or 500 pages. Whenever published, I will, of course, send
+you a copy, and then you will see what I mean about the part which I
+believe selection has played with domestic productions. It is a very
+different part, as you suppose, from that played by "Natural Selection."
+I sent off, by the same address as this note, a copy of the <i>Journal of
+the Linnean Society</i>, and subsequently I have sent some half-dozen
+copies of the paper. I have many other copies at your disposal....</p>
+
+<p>I am glad to hear that you have been attending to birds' nests. I have
+done so, though almost exclusively under one point of view, viz. to show
+that instincts vary, so that selection could work on and improve them.
+Few other instincts, so to speak, can be preserved in a Museum.</p>
+
+<p>Many thanks for your offer to look after horses' stripes; if there are
+any donkeys, pray add them. I am delighted to hear that you have
+collected bees' combs.... This is an especial hobby of mine, and I think
+I can throw a light on the subject. If you can collect duplicates at no
+very great expense, I should be glad of some specimens for myself with
+some bees of each kind. Young, growing, and irregular combs, and those
+which have not had pup&aelig;, are most valuable for measurements and
+examination. Their edges should be well protected against abrasion.</p>
+
+<p>Every one whom I have seen has thought your paper very well written and
+interesting. It puts my extracts (written in 1839,<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> now just twenty
+years ago!), which I must say in apology were never for an instant
+intended for publication, into the shade.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p><p>You ask about Lyell's frame of mind. I think he is somewhat staggered,
+but does not give in, and speaks with horror, often to me, of what a
+thing it would be, and what a job it would be for the next edition of
+<i>The Principles</i>, if he were "perverted." But he is most candid and
+honest, and I think will end by being perverted. Dr. Hooker has become
+almost as heterodox as you or I, and I look at Hooker as <i>by far</i> the
+most capable judge in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Most cordially do I wish you health and entire success in all your
+pursuits, and, God knows, if admirable zeal and energy deserve success,
+most amply do you deserve it. I look at my own career as nearly run out.
+If I can publish my Abstract and perhaps my greater work on the same
+subject, I shall look at my course as done.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Believe me, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In March 1859 the work was telling heavily on him. He wrote to Fox:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I can see daylight through my work, and am now finally correcting my
+chapters for the press; and I hope in a month or six weeks to have
+proof-sheets. I am weary of my work. It is a very odd thing that I have
+no sensation that I overwork my brain; but facts compel me to conclude
+that my brain was never formed for much thinking. We are resolved to go
+for two or three months, when I have finished, to Ilkley, or some such
+place, to see if I can anyhow give my health a good start, for it
+certainly has been wretched of late, and has incapacitated me for
+everything. You do me injustice when you think that I work for fame; I
+value it to a certain extent; but, if I know myself, I work from a sort
+of instinct to try to make out truth."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, March 28th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>,&mdash;If I keep decently well, I hope to be able to go to
+press with my volume early in May. This being so, I want much to beg a
+little advice from you. From an expression in Lady Lyell's note, I fancy
+that you have spoken to Murray. Is it so? And is he willing to publish
+my Abstract?<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> If you will tell me whether anything, and what has
+passed, I will then write to him. Does he know at all of the subject of
+the book? Secondly, can you advise me whether I had better state what
+terms of publication I should prefer, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> first ask him to propose
+terms? And what do you think would be fair terms for an edition? Share
+profits, or what?</p>
+
+<p>Lastly, will you be so very kind as to look at the enclosed title and
+give me your opinion and any criticisms; you must remember that, if I
+have health, and it appears worth doing, I have a much larger and full
+book on the same subject nearly ready.</p>
+
+<p>My Abstract will be about five hundred pages of the size of your first
+edition of the <i>Elements of Geology</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Pray forgive me troubling you with the above queries; and you shall have
+no more trouble on the subject. I hope the world goes well with you, and
+that you are getting on with your various works.</p>
+
+<p>I am working very hard for me, and long to finish and be free and try to
+recover some health.</p>
+
+<p class="center">My dear Lyell, ever yours.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;Would you advise me to tell Murray that my book is not more
+<i>un</i>-orthodox than the subject makes inevitable. That I do not discuss
+the origin of man. That I do not bring in any discussion about Genesis,
+&amp;c. &amp;c., and only give facts, and such conclusions from them as seem to
+me fair.</p>
+
+<p>Or had I better say <i>nothing</i> to Murray, and assume that he cannot
+object to this much unorthodoxy, which in fact is not more than any
+Geological Treatise which runs slap counter to Genesis.</p>
+
+<p><i>Enclosure.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">AN ABSTRACT OF AN ESSAY<br />ON THE<br />ORIGIN<br />OF<br />
+SPECIES AND VARIETIES<br />THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION<br />BY<br />
+<span class="smcap">Charles Darwin, M.A.</span><br />
+FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, GEOLOGICAL, AND LINNEAN SOCIETIES.<br />&mdash;&mdash;<br />
+LONDON:<br />&amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c. &amp;c.<br />1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, March 30th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>,&mdash;You have been uncommonly kind in all you have done. You
+not only have saved me much trouble and some anxiety, but have done all
+incomparably better than I could have done it. I am much pleased at all
+you say about Murray. I will write either to-day or to-morrow to him,
+and will send shortly a large bundle of MS., but unfortunately I cannot
+for a week, as the first three chapters are in the copyists' hands.</p>
+
+<p>I am sorry about Murray objecting to the term Abstract, as I look at it
+as the only possible apology for <i>not</i> giving references and facts in
+full, but I will defer to him and you. I am also sorry about the term
+"natural selection." I hope to retain it with explanation somewhat as
+thus:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Through natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races."</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Why I like the term is that it is constantly used in all works on
+breeding, and I am surprised that it is not familiar to Murray; but I
+have so long studied such works that I have ceased to be a competent judge.</p>
+
+<p>I again most truly and cordially thank you for your really valuable assistance.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours most truly.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down, April 2nd [1859].</p>
+
+<p>... I wrote to him [Mr. Murray] and gave him the headings of the
+chapters, and told him he could not have the MS. for ten days or so; and
+this morning I received a letter, offering me handsome terms, and
+agreeing to publish without seeing the MS.! So he is eager enough; I
+think I should have been cautious, anyhow, but, owing to your letter, I
+told him most <i>explicitly</i> that I accept his offer solely on condition
+that, after he has seen part or all the MS. he has full power of
+retracting. You will think me presumptuous, but I think my book will be
+popular to a certain extent (enough to ensure [against] heavy loss)
+amongst scientific and semi-scientific men; why I think so is, because I
+have found in conversation so great and surprising an interest amongst
+such men, and some 0-scientific [non-scientific] men on this subject,
+and all my chapters are not <i>nearly</i> so dry and dull as that which you
+have read on geographical distribution. Anyhow, Murray ought to be the
+best judge, and if he chooses to publish it, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> think I may wash my
+hands of all responsibility. I am sure my friends, <i>i.e.</i> Lyell and you,
+have been <i>extraordinarily</i> kind in troubling yourselves on the matter.</p>
+
+<p>I shall be delighted to see you the day before Good Friday; there would
+be one advantage for you in any other day&mdash;as I believe both my boys
+come home on that day&mdash;and it would be almost impossible that I could
+send the carriage for you. There will, I believe, be some relations in
+the house&mdash;but I hope you will not care for that, as we shall easily get
+as much talking as my <i>imbecile state</i> allows. I shall deeply enjoy
+seeing you.</p>
+
+<p>... I am tired, so no more.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;Please to send, well <i>tied up</i> with strong string, my Geographical
+MS. towards the latter half of next week&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> 7th or 8th&mdash;that I may
+send it with more to Murray; and God help him if he tries to read it.</p>
+
+<p>... I cannot help a little doubting whether Lyell would take much pains
+to induce Murray to publish my book; this was not done at my request,
+and it rather grates against my pride.</p>
+
+<p>I know that Lyell has been <i>infinitely</i> kind about my affair, but your
+dashed [<i>i.e.</i> underlined] "<i>induce</i>" gives the idea that Lyell had
+unfairly urged Murray.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. Murray.</i> Down, April 6th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I send by this post, the Title (with some remarks on a
+separate page), and the first three chapters. If you have patience to
+read all Chapter I., I honestly think you will have a fair notion of the
+interest of the whole book. It may be conceit, but I believe the subject
+will interest the public, and I am sure that the views are original. If
+you think otherwise, I must repeat my request that you will freely
+reject my work; and though I shall be a little disappointed, I shall be
+in no way injured.</p>
+
+<p>If you choose to read Chapters II. and III., you will have a dull and
+rather abstruse chapter, and a plain and interesting one, in my opinion.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as you have done with the MS., please to send it by <i>careful
+messenger, and plainly directed</i>, to Miss G. Tollett,<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> 14, Queen
+Anne Street, Cavendish Square.</p>
+
+<p>This lady, being an excellent judge of style, is going to look out for
+errors for me.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span></p><p>You must take your own time, but the sooner you finish, the sooner she
+will, and the sooner I shall get to press, which I so earnestly wish.</p>
+
+<p>I presume you will wish to see Chapter IV.,<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> the key-stone of my
+arch, and Chapters X. and XI., but please to inform me on this head.</p>
+
+<p class="center">My dear Sir, yours sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>On April 11th he wrote to Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I write one line to say that I heard from Murray yesterday, and he says
+he has read the first three chapters of [my] MS. (and this includes a
+very dull one), and he abides by his offer. Hence he does not want more
+MS., and you can send my Geographical chapter when it pleases you."</p>
+
+<p>Part of the MS. seems to have been lost on its way back to my father. He
+wrote (April 14) to Sir J. D. Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have the old MS., otherwise the loss would have killed me! The worst
+is now that it will cause delay in getting to press, and far worst of
+all, I lose all advantage of your having looked over my chapter,<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>
+except the third part returned. I am very sorry Mrs. Hooker took the
+trouble of copying the two pages."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> [April or May, 1859.]</p>
+
+<p>... Please do not say to any one that I thought my book on species would
+be fairly popular, and have a fairly remunerative sale (which was the
+height of my ambition), for if it prove a dead failure, it would make me
+the more ridiculous.</p>
+
+<p>I enclose a criticism, a taste of the future&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><i>Rev. S. Haughton's Address to the Geological Society, Dublin.</i><a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a></p>
+
+<p>"This speculation of Messrs. Darwin and Wallace would not be worthy of
+notice were it not for the weight of authority of the names (<i>i.e.</i>
+Lyell's and yours), under whose auspices it has been brought forward. If
+it means what it says, it is a truism; if it means anything more, it is
+contrary to fact."</p>
+
+<p class="right">Q. E. D.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down, May 11th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;Thank you for telling me about obscurity of style. But
+on my life no nigger with lash over him could have worked harder at
+clearness than I have done. But the very difficulty to me, of itself
+leads to the probability that I fail. Yet one lady who has read all my
+MS. has found only two or three obscure sentences; but Mrs. Hooker
+having so found it, makes me tremble. I will do my best in proofs. You
+are a good man to take the trouble to write about it.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to our mutual muddle,<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> I never for a moment thought we
+could not make our ideas clear to each other by talk, or if either of us
+had time to write <i>in extenso</i>.</p>
+
+<p>I imagine from some expressions (but if you ask me what, I could not
+answer) that you look at variability as some necessary contingency with
+organisms, and further that there is some necessary tendency in the
+variability to go on diverging in character or degree. <i>If you do</i>, I do
+not agree. "Reversion" again (a form of inheritance), I look at as in no
+way directly connected with Variation, though of course inheritance is
+of fundamental importance to us, for if a variation be not inherited, it
+is of no signification to us. It was on such points as these I <i>fancied</i>
+that we perhaps started differently.</p>
+
+<p>I fear that my book will not deserve at all the pleasant things you say
+about it, and Good Lord, how I do long to have done with it!</p>
+
+<p>Since the above was written, I have received and have been <i>much
+interested</i> by A. Gray. I am delighted at his note about my and
+Wallace's paper. He will go round, for it is futile to give up very many
+species, and stop at an arbitrary line at others. It is what my father
+called Unitarianism, "a featherbed to catch a falling Christian."...</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. Murray.</i> Down, June 14th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,&mdash;The diagram will do very well, and I will send it shortly
+to Mr. West to have a few trifling corrections made.</p>
+
+<p>I get on very slowly with proofs. I remember writing to you that I
+thought there would be not much correction. I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> honestly wrote what I
+thought, but was most grievously mistaken. I find the style incredibly
+bad, and most difficult to make clear and smooth. I am extremely sorry
+to say, on account of expense, and loss of time for me, that the
+corrections are very heavy, as heavy as possible. But from casual
+glances, I still hope that later chapters are not so badly written. How
+I could have written so badly is quite inconceivable, but I suppose it
+was owing to my whole attention being fixed on the general line of
+argument, and not on details. All I can say is, that I am very sorry.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours very sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down [Sept.] 11th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;I corrected the last proof yesterday, and I have now my
+revises, index, &amp;c., which will take me near to the end of the month. So
+that the neck of my work, thank God, is broken.</p>
+
+<p>I write now to say that I am uneasy in my conscience about hesitating to
+look over your proofs,<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> but I was feeling miserably unwell and
+shattered when I wrote. I do not suppose I could be of hardly any use,
+but if I could, pray send me any proofs. I should be (and fear I was)
+the most ungrateful man to hesitate to do anything for you after some
+fifteen or more years' help from you.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as ever I have fairly finished I shall be off to Ilkley, or some
+other Hydropathic establishment. But I shall be some time yet, as my
+proofs have been so utterly obscured with corrections, that I have to
+correct heavily on revises.</p>
+
+<p>Murray proposes to publish the first week in November. Oh, good heavens,
+the relief to my head and body to banish the whole subject from my mind!</p>
+
+<p>I hope you do not think me a brute about your proof-sheets.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Farewell, yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following letter is interesting as showing with what a very moderate
+amount of recognition he was satisfied,&mdash;and more than satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Charles Lyell was President of the Geological section at the meeting
+of the British Association at Aberdeen in 1859. In his address he
+said:&mdash;"On this difficult and mysterious subject [Evolution] a work will
+very shortly appear by Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> Charles Darwin, the result of twenty years
+of observations and experiments in Zoology, Botany, and Geology, by
+which he has been led to the conclusion that those powers of nature
+which give rise to races and permanent varieties in animals and plants,
+are the same as those which in much longer periods produce species, and
+in a still longer series of ages give rise to differences of generic
+rank. He appears to me to have succeeded by his investigations and
+reasonings in throwing a flood of light on many classes of phenomena
+connected with the affinities, geographical distribution, and geological
+succession of organic beings, for which no other hypothesis has been
+able, or has even attempted to account."</p>
+
+<p>My father wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You once gave me intense pleasure, or rather delight, by the way you
+were interested, in a manner I never expected, in my Coral Reef notions,
+and now you have again given me similar pleasure by the manner you have
+noticed my species work. Nothing could be more satisfactory to me, and I
+thank you for myself, and even more for the subject's sake, as I know
+well that the sentence will make many fairly consider the subject,
+instead of ridiculing it."</p>
+
+<p>And again, a few days later:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I do thank you for your eulogy at Aberdeen. I have been so wearied and
+exhausted of late that I have for months doubted whether I have not been
+throwing away time and labour for nothing. But now I care not what the
+universal world says; I have always found you right, and certainly on
+this occasion I am not going to doubt for the first time. Whether you go
+far, or but a very short way with me and others who believe as I do, I
+am contented, for my work cannot be in vain. You would laugh if you knew
+how often I have read your paragraph, and it has acted like a little dram."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, Sept. 30th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>,&mdash;I sent off this morning the last sheets, but without
+index, which is not in type. I look at you as my Lord High Chancellor in
+Natural Science, and therefore I request you, after you have finished,
+just to <i>re-run</i> over the heads in the recapitulation-part of the last
+chapter. I shall be deeply anxious to hear what you decide (if you are
+able to decide) on the balance of the pros and contras given in my
+volume, and of such other pros and contras as may occur to you. I hope
+that you will think that I have given the difficulties fairly. I feel an
+entire conviction that if you are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> now staggered to any moderate extent,
+you will come more and more round, the longer you keep the subject at
+all before your mind. I remember well how many long years it was before
+I could look into the face of some of the difficulties and not feel
+quite abashed. I fairly struck my colours before the case of neuter
+insects.<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a></p>
+
+<p>I suppose that I am a very slow thinker, for you would be surprised at
+the number of years it took me to see clearly what some of the problems
+were which had to be solved, such as the necessity of the principle of
+divergence of character, the extinction of intermediate varieties, on a
+continuous area, with graduated conditions; the double problem of
+sterile first crosses and sterile hybrids, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Looking back, I think it was more difficult to see what the problems
+were than to solve them, so far as I have succeeded in doing, and this
+seems to me rather curious. Well, good or bad, my work, thank God, is
+over; and hard work, I can assure you, I have had, and much work which
+has never borne fruit. You can see, by the way I am scribbling, that I
+have an idle and rainy afternoon. I was not able to start for Ilkley
+yesterday as I was too unwell; but I hope to get there on Tuesday or
+Wednesday. Do, I beg you, when you have finished my book and thought a
+little over it, let me hear from you. Never mind and pitch into me, if
+you think it requisite; some future day, in London possibly, you may
+give me a few criticisms in detail, that is, if you have scribbled any
+remarks on the margin, for the chance of a second edition.</p>
+
+<p>Murray has printed 1250 copies, which seems to me rather too large an
+edition, but I hope he will not lose.</p>
+
+<p>I make as much fuss about my book as if it were my first. Forgive me,
+and believe me, my dear Lyell,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours most sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The book was at last finished and printed, and he wrote to Mr. Murray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Ilkley, Yorkshire [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I have received your kind note and the copy; I am
+infinitely pleased and proud at the appearance of my child.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p><p>I quite agree to all you propose about price. But you are really too
+generous about the, to me, scandalously heavy corrections. Are you not
+acting unfairly towards yourself? Would it not be better at least to
+share the &pound;72 8s.? I shall be fully satisfied, for I had no business to
+send, though quite unintentionally and unexpectedly, such badly composed
+MS. to the printers.</p>
+
+<p>Thank you for your kind offer to distribute the copies to my friends and
+assisters as soon as possible. Do not trouble yourself much about the
+foreigners, as Messrs. Williams and Norgate have most kindly offered to
+do their best, and they are accustomed to send to all parts of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>I will pay for my copies whenever you like. I am so glad that you were
+so good as to undertake the publication of my book.</p>
+
+<p class="center">My dear Sir, yours very sincerely,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Charles Darwin</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The further history of the book is given in the next chapter.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> <i>Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.</i>, 1855.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> After the death, from scarlet fever, of his infant
+child.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> "Abstract" is here used in the sense of "extract;" in
+this sense also it occurs in the <i>Linnean Journal</i>, where the sources of
+my father's paper are described.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> "On the tendency of Species to form Varieties and on the
+Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
+Selection."&mdash;<i>Linnean Society's Journal</i>, iii. p. 53.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> This passage was published as a footnote in a review of
+the <i>Life and Letters of Charles Darwin</i> which appeared in the
+<i>Quarterly Review</i>, Jan. 1888. In the new edition (1891) of <i>Natural
+Selection and Tropical Nature</i> (p. 20), Mr. Wallace has given the facts
+above narrated. There is a slight and quite unimportant discrepancy
+between the two accounts, viz. that in the narrative of 1891 Mr. Wallace
+speaks of the "cold fit" instead of the "hot fit" of his ague attack.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> That is to say, he would help to pay for the printing, if
+it should prove too long for the Linnean Society.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> W. H. Harvey, born 1811, died 1866: a well-known
+botanist.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> See a discussion on the date of the earliest sketch of
+the <i>Origin</i> in the <i>Life and Letters</i>, ii. p. 10.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> <i>The Origin of Species.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Miss Tollett was an old friend of the family.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> In the first edition Chapter iv. was on Natural
+Selection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> The following characteristic acknowledgment of the help
+he received occurs in a letter to Hooker, of about this time: "I never
+did pick any one's pocket, but whilst writing my present chapter I keep
+on feeling (even when differing most from you) just as if I were
+stealing from you, so much do I owe to your writings and conversation,
+so much more than mere acknowledgments show."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> Feb. 9th, 1858.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> "When I go over the chapter I will see what I can do, but
+I hardly know how I am obscure, and I think we are somehow in a mutual
+muddle with respect to each other, from starting from some fundamentally
+different notions."&mdash;Letter of May 6th, 1859.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Of Hooker's <i>Flora of Australia</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> <i>Origin of Species</i>, 6th edition, vol. ii. p. 357. "But
+with the working ant we have an insect differing greatly from its
+parents, yet absolutely sterile, so that it could never have transmitted
+successively acquired modifications of structure or instinct to its
+progeny. It may well be asked how is it possible to reconcile this case
+with the theory of natural selection?"</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER XII.</span> <span class="smaller">THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Remember that your verdict will probably have more influence than
+my book in deciding whether such views as I hold will be admitted
+or rejected at present; in the future I cannot doubt about their
+admittance, and our posterity will marvel as much about the current
+belief as we do about fossil shells having been thought to have
+been created as we now see them."&mdash;From a letter to Lyell, Sept.
+1859.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="bold">OCTOBER 3RD, 1859, TO DECEMBER 31ST, 1859.</p>
+
+<p>Under the date of October 1st, 1859, in my father's Diary occurs the
+entry:&mdash;"Finished proofs (thirteen months and ten days) of Abstract on
+<i>Origin of Species</i>; 1250 copies printed. The first edition was
+published on November 24th, and all copies sold first day."</p>
+
+<p>In October he was, as we have seen in the last chapter, at Ilkley, near
+Leeds: there he remained with his family until December, and on the 9th
+of that month he was again at Down. The only other entry in the Diary
+for this year is as follows:&mdash;"During end of November and beginning of
+December, employed in correcting for second edition of 3000 copies;
+multitude of letters."</p>
+
+<p>The first and a few of the subsequent letters refer to proof-sheets, and
+to early copies of the Origin which were sent to friends before the book
+was published.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. Lyell to C. Darwin.</i> October 3rd, 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Darwin</span>,&mdash;I have just finished your volume, and right glad I am
+that I did my best with Hooker to persuade you to publish it without
+waiting for a time which probably could never have arrived, though you
+lived till the age of a hundred, when you had prepared all your facts on
+which you ground so many grand generalizations.</p>
+
+<p>It is a splendid case of close reasoning, and long substantial argument
+throughout so many pages; the condensation immense, too great perhaps
+for the uninitiated, but an effective and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> important preliminary
+statement, which will admit, even before your detailed proofs appear, of
+some occasional useful exemplification, such as your pigeons and
+cirripedes, of which you make such excellent use.</p>
+
+<p>I mean that, when, as I fully expect, a new edition is soon called for,
+you may here and there insert an actual case to relieve the vast number
+of abstract propositions. So far as I am concerned, I am so well
+prepared to take your statements of facts for granted, that I do not
+think the "pi&egrave;ces justificatives" when published will make much
+difference, and I have long seen most clearly that if any concession is
+made, all that you claim in your concluding pages will follow. It is
+this which has made me so long hesitate, always feeling that the case of
+Man and his races, and of other animals, and that of plants is one and
+the same, and that if a "vera causa" be admitted for one, instead of a
+purely unknown and imaginary one, such as the word "Creation," all the
+consequences must follow.</p>
+
+<p>I fear I have not time to-day, as I am just leaving this place to
+indulge in a variety of comments, and to say how much I was delighted
+with Oceanic Islands&mdash;Rudimentary Organs&mdash;Embryology&mdash;the genealogical
+key to the Natural System, Geographical Distribution, and if I went on I
+should be copying the heads of all your chapters. But I will say a word
+of the Recapitulation, in case some slight alteration, or, at least,
+omission of a word or two be still possible in that.</p>
+
+<p>In the first place, at p. 480, it cannot surely be said that the most
+eminent naturalists have rejected the view of the mutability of species?
+You do not mean to ignore G. St. Hilaire and Lamarck. As to the latter,
+you may say, that in regard to animals you substitute natural selection
+for volition to a certain considerable extent, but in his theory of the
+changes of plants he could not introduce volition; he may, no doubt,
+have laid an undue comparative stress on changes in physical conditions,
+and too little on those of contending organisms. He at least was for the
+universal mutability of species and for a genealogical link between the
+first and the present. The men of his school also appealed to
+domesticated varieties. (Do you mean <i>living</i> naturalists?)<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first page of this most important summary gives the adversary an
+advantage, by putting forth so abruptly and crudely such a startling
+objection as the formation of "the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> eye,"<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> not by means analogous to
+man's reason, or rather by some power immeasurably superior to human
+reason, but by superinduced variation like those of which a
+cattle-breeder avails himself. Pages would be required thus to state an
+objection and remove it. It would be better, as you wish to persuade, to
+say nothing. Leave out several sentences, and in a future edition bring
+it out more fully.</p>
+
+<p>... But these are small matters, mere spots on the sun. Your comparison
+of the letters retained in words, when no longer wanted for the sound,
+to rudimentary organs is excellent, as both are truly genealogical....</p>
+
+<p>You enclose your sheets in old MS., so the Post Office very properly
+charge them, as letters, 2<i>d.</i> extra. I wish all their fines on MS. were
+worth as much. I paid 4<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i> for such wash the other day from
+Paris, from a man who can prove 300 deluges in the valley of Seine.</p>
+
+<p>With my hearty congratulations to you on your grand work, believe me,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ever very affectionately yours.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to L. Agassiz.</i><a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> Down, November 11th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I have ventured to send you a copy of my book (as yet only
+an abstract) on the <i>Origin of Species</i>. As the conclusions at which I
+have arrived on several points differ so widely from yours, I have
+thought (should you at any time read my volume) that you might think
+that I had sent it to you out of a spirit of defiance or bravado; but I
+assure you that I act under a wholly different frame of mind. I hope
+that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> you will at least give me credit, however erroneous you may think
+my conclusions, for having earnestly endeavoured to arrive at the truth.
+With sincere respect, I beg leave to remain,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours very faithfully.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>He sent copies of the <i>Origin</i>, accompanied by letters similar to the
+last, to M. De Candolle, Dr. Asa Gray, Falconer and Mr. Jenyns
+(Blomefield).</p>
+
+<p>To Henslow he wrote (Nov. 11th, 1859):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have told Murray to send a copy of my book on Species to you, my dear
+old master in Natural History; I fear, however, that you will not
+approve of your pupil in this case. The book in its present state does
+not show the amount of labour which I have bestowed on the subject.</p>
+
+<p>"If you have time to read it carefully, and would take the trouble to
+point out what parts seem weakest to you and what best, it would be a
+most material aid to me in writing my bigger book, which I hope to
+commence in a few months. You know also how highly I value your
+judgment. But I am not so unreasonable as to wish or expect you to write
+detailed and lengthy criticisms, but merely a few general remarks,
+pointing out the weakest parts.</p>
+
+<p>"If you are <i>in ever so slight a degree</i> staggered (which I hardly
+expect) on the immutability of species, then I am convinced with further
+reflection you will become more and more staggered, for this has been
+the process through which my mind has gone."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to A. R. Wallace.</i> Ilkley, November 13th, 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I have told Murray to send you by post (if possible) a
+copy of my book, and I hope that you will receive it at nearly the same
+time with this note. (N.B. I have got a bad finger, which makes me write
+extra badly.) If you are so inclined, I should very much like to hear
+your general impression of the book, as you have thought so profoundly
+on the subject, and in so nearly the same channel with myself. I hope
+there will be some little new to you, but I fear not much. Remember it
+is only an abstract, and very much condensed. God knows what the public
+will think. No one has read it, except Lyell, with whom I have had much
+correspondence. Hooker thinks him a complete convert, but he does not
+seem so in his letters to me; but is evidently deeply interested in the
+subject. I do not think your share in the theory will be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> overlooked by
+the real judges, as Hooker, Lyell, Asa Gray, &amp;c. I have heard from Mr.
+Sclater that your paper on the Malay Archipelago has been read at the
+Linnean Society, and that he was <i>extremely</i> much interested by it.</p>
+
+<p>I have not seen one naturalist for six or nine months, owing to the
+state of my health, and therefore I really have no news to tell you. I
+am writing this at Ilkley Wells, where I have been with my family for
+the last six weeks, and shall stay for some few weeks longer. As yet I
+have profited very little. God knows when I shall have strength for my
+bigger book.</p>
+
+<p>I sincerely hope that you keep your health; I suppose that you will be
+thinking of returning<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> soon with your magnificent collections, and
+still grander mental materials. You will be puzzled how to publish. The
+Royal Society fund will be worth your consideration. With every good
+wish, pray believe me,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours very sincerely.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;I think that I told you before that Hooker is a complete convert.
+If I can convert Huxley I shall be content.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. Darwin to W. B. Carpenter.</i> November 19th [1859].</p>
+
+<p>... If, after reading my book, you are able to come to a conclusion in
+any degree definite, will you think me very unreasonable in asking you
+to let me hear from you? I do not ask for a long discussion, but merely
+for a brief idea of your general impression. From your widely extended
+knowledge, habit of investigating the truth, and abilities, I should
+value your opinion in the very highest rank. Though I, of course,
+believe in the truth of my own doctrine, I suspect that no belief is
+vivid until shared by others. As yet I know only one believer, but I
+look at him as of the greatest authority, viz. Hooker. When I think of
+the many cases of men who have studied one subject for years, and have
+persuaded themselves of the truth of the foolishest doctrines, I feel
+sometimes a little frightened, whether I may not be one of these monomaniacs.</p>
+
+<p>Again pray excuse this, I fear, unreasonable request. A short note would
+suffice, and I could bear a hostile verdict, and shall have to bear many a one.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours very sincerely.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Ilkley, Yorkshire. [November, 1859.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;I have just read a review on my book in the
+<i>Athen&aelig;um</i><a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> and it excites my curiosity much who is the author. If
+you should hear who writes in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> I wish you would tell me.
+It seems to me well done, but the reviewer gives no new objections, and,
+being hostile, passes over every single argument in favour of the
+doctrine.... I fear, from the tone of the review, that I have written in
+a conceited and cocksure style,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> which shames me a little. There is
+another review of which I should like to know the author, viz. of H. C.
+Watson in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> Some of the remarks are like
+yours, and he does deserve punishment; but surely the review is too
+severe. Don't you think so?...</p>
+
+<p>I have heard from Carpenter, who, I think, is likely to be a convert.
+Also from Quatrefages, who is inclined to go a long way with us. He says
+that he exhibited in his lecture a diagram closely like mine!</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>J. D. Hooker to C. Darwin.</i> Monday [Nov. 21, 1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Darwin</span>,&mdash;I am a sinner not to have written you ere this, if only
+to thank you for your glorious book&mdash;what a mass of close reasoning on
+curious facts and fresh phenomena&mdash;it is capitally written, and will be
+very successful. I say this on the strength of two or three plunges into
+as many chapters, for I have not yet attempted to read it. Lyell, with
+whom we are staying, is perfectly enchanted, and is absolutely gloating
+over it. I must accept your compliment to me, and acknowledgment of
+supposed assistance<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> from me, as the warm tribute of affection from
+an honest (though deluded) man, and furthermore accept it as very
+pleasing to my vanity; but, my dear fellow, neither my name nor my
+judgment nor my assistance deserved any such compliments, and if I am
+dishonest enough to be pleased with what I don't deserve, it must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> just
+pass. How different the <i>book</i> reads from the MS. I see I shall have
+much to talk over with you. Those lazy printers have not finished my
+luckless Essay: which, beside your book, will look like a ragged
+handkerchief beside a Royal Standard....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> [November, 1859.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;I cannot help it, I must thank you for your
+affectionate and most kind note. My head will be turned. By Jove, I must
+try and get a bit modest. I was a little chagrined by the review.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> I
+hope it was <i>not</i> &mdash;&mdash;. As advocate, he might think himself justified in
+giving the argument only on one side. But the manner in which he drags
+in immortality, and sets the priests at me, and leaves me to their
+mercies, is base. He would, on no account, burn me, but he will get the
+wood ready, and tell the black beasts how to catch me.... It would be
+unspeakably grand if Huxley were to lecture on the subject, but I can
+see this is a mere chance; Faraday might think it too unorthodox.</p>
+
+<p>... I had a letter from [Huxley] with such tremendous praise of my book,
+that modesty (as I am trying to cultivate that difficult herb) prevents
+me sending it to you, which I should have liked to have done, as he is
+very modest about himself.</p>
+
+<p>You have cockered me up to that extent, that I now feel I can face a
+score of savage reviewers. I suppose you are still with the Lyells. Give
+my kindest remembrance to them. I triumph to hear that he continues to
+approve.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Believe me, your would-be modest friend.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following passage from a letter to Lyell shows how strongly he felt
+on the subject of Lyell's adherence:&mdash;"I rejoice profoundly that you
+intend admitting the doctrine of modification in your new edition;<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a>
+nothing, I am convinced, could be more important for its success. I
+honour you most sincerely. To have maintained in the position of a
+master,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> one side of a question for thirty years, and then deliberately
+give it up, is a fact to which I much doubt whether the records of
+science offer a parallel. For myself, also I rejoice profoundly; for,
+thinking of so many cases of men pursuing an illusion for years, often
+and often a cold shudder has run through me, and I have asked myself
+whether I may not have devoted my life to a phantasy. Now I look at it
+as morally impossible that investigators of truth, like you and Hooker,
+can be wholly wrong, and therefore I rest in peace."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>T. H. Huxley</i><a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> <i>to C. Darwin.</i> Jermyn Street, W. November
+23rd, 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Darwin</span>,&mdash;I finished your book yesterday, a lucky examination
+having furnished me with a few hours of continuous leisure.</p>
+
+<p>Since I read Von B&auml;r's<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> essays, nine years ago, no work on Natural
+History Science I have met with has made so great an impression upon me,
+and I do most heartily thank you for the great store of new views you
+have given me. Nothing, I think, can be better than the tone of the
+book, it impresses those who know nothing about the subject. As for your
+doctrine, I am prepared to go to the stake, if requisite, in support of
+Chapter IX.,<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> and most parts of Chapters X., XI., XII.; and Chapter
+XIII. contains much that is most admirable, but on one or two points I
+enter a <i>caveat</i> until I can see further into all sides of the question.</p>
+
+<p>As to the first four chapters, I agree thoroughly and fully<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> with all
+the principles laid down in them. I think you have demonstrated a true
+cause for the production of species, and have thrown the <i>onus
+probandi</i>, that species did not arise in the way you suppose, on your
+adversaries.</p>
+
+<p>But I feel that I have not yet by any means fully realized the bearings
+of those most remarkable and original Chapters III., IV. and V., and I
+will write no more about them just now.</p>
+
+<p>The only objections that have occurred to me are, 1st that you have
+loaded yourself with an unnecessary difficulty in adopting <i>Natura non
+facit saltum</i> so unreservedly.... And 2nd, it is not clear to me why, if
+continual physical conditions are of so little moment as you suppose,
+variation should occur at all.</p>
+
+<p>However, I must read the book two or three times more before I presume
+to begin picking holes.</p>
+
+<p>I trust you will not allow yourself to be in any way disgusted or
+annoyed by the considerable abuse and misrepresentation which, unless I
+greatly mistake, is in store for you. Depend upon it you have earned the
+lasting gratitude of all thoughtful men. And as to the curs which will
+bark and yelp, you must recollect that some of your friends, at any
+rate, are endowed with an amount of combativeness which (though you have
+often and justly rebuked it) may stand you in good stead.</p>
+
+<p>I am sharpening up my claws and beak in readiness.</p>
+
+<p>Looking back over my letter, it really expresses so feebly all I think
+about you and your noble book that I am half ashamed of it; but you will
+understand that, like the parrot in the story, "I think the more."</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ever yours faithfully.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to T. H. Huxley.</i> Ilkley, Nov. 25 [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Huxley</span>,&mdash;Your letter has been forwarded to me from Down. Like a
+good Catholic who has received extreme unction, I can now sing "nunc
+dimittis." I should have been more than contented with one quarter of
+what you have said. Exactly fifteen months ago, when I put pen to paper
+for this volume, I had awful misgivings; and thought perhaps I had
+deluded myself, like so many have done, and I then fixed in my mind
+three judges, on whose decision I determined mentally to abide. The
+judges were Lyell, Hooker, and yourself. It was this which made me so
+excessively anxious for your verdict. I am now contented, and can sing
+my "nunc dimittis." What<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> a joke it would be if I pat you on the back
+when you attack some immovable creationists! You have most cleverly hit
+on one point, which has greatly troubled me; if, as I must think,
+external conditions produce little <i>direct</i> effect, what the devil
+determines each particular variation? What makes a tuft of feathers come
+on a cock's head, or moss on a moss-rose? I shall much like to talk over
+this with you....</p>
+
+<p>My dear Huxley, I thank you cordially for your letter.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours very sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Erasmus Darwin</i><a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> <i>to C. Darwin.</i> November 23rd [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Charles</span>,&mdash;I am so much weaker in the head, that I hardly know if I
+can write, but at all events I will jot down a few things that the
+Dr.<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> has said. He has not read much above half, so, as he says, he
+can give no definite conclusion, and keeps stating that he is not tied
+down to either view, and that he has always left an escape by the way he
+has spoken of varieties. I happened to speak of the eye before he had
+read that part, and it took away his breath&mdash;utterly
+impossible&mdash;structure&mdash;function, &amp;c., &amp;c., &amp;c., but when he had read it
+he hummed and hawed, and perhaps it was partly conceivable, and then he
+fell back on the bones of the ear, which were beyond all probability or
+conceivability. He mentioned a slight blot, which I also observed, that
+in speaking of the slave-ants carrying one another, you change the
+species without giving notice first, and it makes one turn back....</p>
+
+<p>... For myself I really think it is the most interesting book I ever
+read, and can only compare it to the first knowledge of chemistry,
+getting into a new world or rather behind the scenes. To me the
+geographical distribution, I mean the relation of islands to continents
+is the most convincing of the proofs, and the relation of the oldest
+forms to the existing species. I dare say I don't feel enough the
+absence of varieties, but then I don't in the least know if everything
+now living were fossilized whether the pal&aelig;ontologists could distinguish
+them. In fact the <i>a priori</i> reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me
+that if the facts won't fit in, why so much the worse for the facts is
+my feeling. My ague has left me in such a state of torpidity that I wish
+I had gone through the process of natural selection.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>A. Sedgwick</i><a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> <i>to C. Darwin.</i> [November 1859.]</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Darwin</span>,&mdash;I write to thank you for your work on the <i>Origin of
+Species</i>. It came, I think, in the latter part of last week; but it may
+have come a few days sooner, and been overlooked among my book-parcels,
+which often remain unopened when I am lazy or busy with any work before
+me. So soon as I opened it I began to read it, and I finished it, after
+many interruptions, on Tuesday. Yesterday I was employed&mdash;1st, in
+preparing for my lecture; 2ndly, in attending a meeting of my brother
+Fellows to discuss the final propositions of the Parliamentary
+Commissioners; 3rdly, in lecturing; 4thly, in hearing the conclusion of
+the discussion and the College reply, whereby, in conformity with my own
+wishes, we accepted the scheme of the Commissioners; 5thly, in dining
+with an old friend at Clare College; 6thly, in adjourning to the weekly
+meeting of the Ray Club, from which I returned at 10 <span class="smaller">P.M.</span>, dog-tired,
+and hardly able to climb my staircase. Lastly, in looking through the
+<i>Times</i> to see what was going on in the busy world.</p>
+
+<p>I do not state this to fill space (though I believe that Nature does
+abhor a vacuum), but to prove that my reply and my thanks are sent to
+you by the earliest leisure I have, though that is but a very contracted
+opportunity. If I did not think you a good-tempered and truth-loving
+man, I should not tell you that (spite of the great knowledge, store of
+facts, capital views of the correlation of the various parts of organic
+nature, admirable hints about the diffusion, through wide regions, of
+many related organic beings, &amp;c. &amp;c.) I have read your book with more
+pain than pleasure. Parts of it I admired greatly, parts I laughed at
+till my sides were almost sore; other parts I read with absolute sorrow,
+because I think them utterly false and grievously mischievous. You have
+<i>deserted</i>&mdash;after a start in that tram-road of all solid physical
+truth&mdash;the true method of induction, and started us in machinery as
+wild, I think, as Bishop Wilkins's locomotive that was to sail with us
+to the moon. Many of your wide conclusions are based upon assumptions
+which can neither be proved nor disproved, why then express them in the
+language and arrangement of philosophical induction? As to your grand
+principle&mdash;<i>natural selection</i>&mdash;what is it but a secondary consequence
+of supposed, or known, primary facts? Development is a better word,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
+because more close to the cause of the fact? For you do not deny
+causation. I call (in the abstract) causation the will of God; and I can
+prove that He acts for the good of His creatures. He also acts by laws
+which we can study and comprehend. Acting by law, and under what is
+called final causes, comprehends, I think, your whole principle. You
+write of "natural selection" as if it were done consciously by the
+selecting agent. 'Tis but a consequence of the pre-supposed development,
+and the subsequent battle for life. This view of nature you have stated
+admirably, though admitted by all naturalists and denied by no one of
+common-sense. We all admit development as a fact of history: but how
+came it about? Here, in language, and still more in logic, we are
+point-blank at issue. There is a moral or metaphysical part of nature as
+well as a physical. A man who denies this is deep in the mire of folly.
+'Tis the crown and glory of organic science that it <i>does</i> through
+<i>final cause</i>, link material and moral; and yet <i>does not</i> allow us to
+mingle them in our first conception of laws, and our classification of
+such laws, whether we consider one side of nature or the other. You have
+ignored this link; and, if I do not mistake your meaning, you have done
+your best in one or two pregnant cases to break it. Were it possible
+(which, thank God, it is not) to break it, humanity, in my mind, would
+suffer a damage that might brutalize it, and sink the human race into a
+lower grade of degradation than any into which it has fallen since its
+written records tell us of its history. Take the case of the bee-cells.
+If your development produced the successive modification of the bee and
+its cells (which no mortal can prove), final cause would stand good as
+the directing cause under which the successive generations acted and
+gradually improved. Passages in your book, like that to which I have
+alluded (and there are others almost as bad), greatly shocked my moral
+taste. I think, in speculating on organic descent, you <i>over</i>-state the
+evidence of geology; and that you <i>under</i>-state it while you are talking
+of the broken links of your natural pedigree: but my paper is nearly
+done, and I must go to my lecture-room. Lastly, then, I greatly dislike
+the concluding chapter&mdash;not as a summary, for in that light it appears
+good&mdash;but I dislike it from the tone of triumphant confidence in which
+you appeal to the rising generation (in a tone I condemned in the author
+of the <i>Vestiges</i>) and prophesy of things not yet in the womb of time,
+nor (if we are to trust the accumulated experience of human sense and
+the inferences of its logic) ever likely to be found anywhere but in the
+fertile womb of man's imagination. And now to say a word about a son of
+a monkey and an old<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> friend of yours: I am better, far better, than I
+was last year. I have been lecturing three days a week (formerly I gave
+six a week) without much fatigue, but I find by the loss of activity and
+memory, and of all productive powers, that my bodily frame is sinking
+slowly towards the earth. But I have visions of the future. They are as
+much a part of myself as my stomach and my heart, and these visions are
+to have their anti-type in solid fruition of what is best and greatest.
+But on one condition only&mdash;that I humbly accept God's revelation of
+Himself both in His works and in His word, and do my best to act in
+conformity with that knowledge which He only can give me, and He only
+can sustain me in doing. If you and I do all this, we shall meet in heaven.</p>
+
+<p>I have written in a hurry, and in a spirit of brotherly love, therefore
+forgive any sentence you happen to dislike; and believe me, spite of any
+disagreement in some points of the deepest moral interest, your
+true-hearted old friend,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">A. Sedgwick</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from a note to Lyell (Nov. 24) gives an idea of
+the conditions under which the second edition was prepared: "This
+morning I heard from Murray that he sold the whole edition<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> the
+first day to the trade. He wants a new edition instantly, and this
+utterly confounds me. Now, under water-cure, with all nervous power
+directed to the skin, I cannot possibly do head-work, and I must make
+only actually necessary corrections. But I will, as far as I can without
+my manuscript, take advantage of your suggestions: I must not attempt
+much. Will you send me one line to say whether I must strike out about
+the secondary whale,<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> it goes to my heart. About the rattle-snake,
+look to my Journal, under Trigonocephalus, and you will see the probable
+origin of the rattle, and generally in transitions it is the <i>premier
+pas qui co&ucirc;te</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Here follows a hint of the coming storm (from a letter to Lyell, Dec.
+2):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Do what I could, I fear I shall be greatly abused. In answer to
+Sedgwick's remark that my book would be 'mischievous,' I asked him
+whether truth can be known except by being victorious over all attacks.
+But it is no use. H. C. Watson tells me that one zoologist says he will
+read my book, 'but I will never believe it.' What a spirit to read any
+book<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span> in! Crawford<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> writes to me that his notice will be hostile,
+but that 'he will not calumniate the author.' He says he has read my
+book, 'at least such parts as he could understand.'<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> He sent me some
+notes and suggestions (quite unimportant), and they show me that I have
+unavoidably done harm to the subject, by publishing an abstract.... I
+have had several notes from &mdash;&mdash;, very civil and less decided. Says he
+shall not pronounce against me without much reflection, <i>perhaps will
+say nothing</i> on the subject. X. says he will go to that part of hell,
+which Dante tells us is appointed for those who are neither on God's
+side nor on that of the devil."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>But his friends were preparing to fight for him. Huxley gave, in
+<i>Macmillan's Magazine</i> for December, an analysis of the <i>Origin</i>,
+together with the substance of his Royal Institution lecture, delivered
+before the publication of the book.</p>
+
+<p>Carpenter was preparing an essay for the <i>National Review</i>, and
+negotiating for a notice in the <i>Edinburgh</i> free from any taint of
+<i>odium theologicum</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down [December 12th, 1859].</p>
+
+<p>... I had very long interviews with &mdash;&mdash;, which perhaps you would like
+to hear about.... I infer from several expressions that, at bottom, he
+goes an immense way with us....</p>
+
+<p>He said to the effect that my explanation was the best ever published of
+the manner of formation of species. I said I was very glad to hear it.
+He took me up short: "You must not at all suppose that I agree with you
+in all respects." I said I thought it no more likely that I should be
+right in nearly all points, than that I should toss up a penny and get
+heads twenty times running. I asked him what he thought the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> weakest
+part. He said he had no particular objection to any part. He added:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"If I must criticise, I should say, we do not want to know what Darwin
+believes and is convinced of, but what he can prove." I agreed most
+fully and truly that I have probably greatly sinned in this line, and
+defended my general line of argument of inventing a theory and seeing
+how many classes of facts the theory would explain. I added that I would
+endeavour to modify the "believes" and "convinceds." He took me up
+short: "You will then spoil your book, the charm of it is that it is
+Darwin himself." He added another objection, that the book was too
+<i>teres atque rotundus</i>&mdash;that it explained everything, and that it was
+improbable in the highest degree that I should succeed in this. I quite
+agree with this rather queer objection, and it comes to this that my
+book must be very bad or very good....</p>
+
+<p>I have heard, by a roundabout channel, that Herschel says my book "is
+the law of higgledy-piggledy." What this exactly means I do not know,
+but it is evidently very contemptuous. If true this is a great blow and
+discouragement.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>J. D. Hooker to C. Darwin</i>. Kew [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Darwin</span>,&mdash;You have, I know, been drenched with letters since the
+publication of your book, and I have hence forborne to add my mite.<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a>
+I hope now that you are well through Edition II., and I have heard that
+you were flourishing in London. I have not yet got half-through the
+book, not from want of will, but of time&mdash;for it is the very hardest
+book to read, to full profits, that I ever tried&mdash;it is so cram-full of
+matter and reasoning.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> I am all the more glad that you have
+published in this form, for the three volumes, unprefaced by this, would
+have choked any Naturalist of the nineteenth century, and certainly have
+softened my brain in the operation of assimilating their contents. I am
+perfectly tired of marvelling at the wonderful amount of facts you have
+brought to bear, and your skill in marshalling them and throwing them on
+the enemy; it is also extremely clear as far as I have gone, but very
+hard to fully appreciate. Somehow it reads very different from the MS.,
+and I often fancy that I must have been very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> stupid not to have more
+fully followed it in MS. Lyell told me of his criticisms. I did not
+appreciate them all, and there are many little matters I hope one day to
+talk over with you. I saw a highly flattering notice in the <i>English
+Churchman</i>, short and not at all entering into discussion, but praising
+you and your book, and talking patronizingly of the doctrine!... Bentham
+and Henslow will still shake their heads, I fancy....</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ever yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to T. H. Huxley.</i> Down, Dec. 28th [1859].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Huxley</span>,&mdash;Yesterday evening, when I read the <i>Times</i> of a
+previous day, I was amazed to find a splendid essay and review of me.
+Who can the author be? I am intensely curious. It included an eulogium
+of me which quite touched me, though I am not vain enough to think it
+all deserved. The author is a literary man, and German scholar. He has
+read my book very attentively; but, what is very remarkable, it seems
+that he is a profound naturalist. He knows my Barnacle-book, and
+appreciates it too highly. Lastly, he writes and thinks with quite
+uncommon force and clearness; and what is even still rarer, his writing
+is seasoned with most pleasant wit. We all laughed heartily over some of
+the sentences.... Who can it be? Certainly I should have said that there
+was only one man in England who could have written this essay, and that
+<i>you</i> were the man. But I suppose I am wrong, and that there is some
+hidden genius of great calibre. For how could you influence Jupiter
+Olympus and make him give three and a half columns to pure science? The
+old fogies will think the world will come to an end. Well, whoever the
+man is, he has done great service to the cause, far more than by a dozen
+reviews in common periodicals. The grand way he soars above common
+religious prejudices, and the admission of such views into the <i>Times</i>,
+I look at as of the highest importance, quite independently of the mere
+question of species. If you should happen to be <i>acquainted</i> with the
+author, for Heaven-sake tell me who he is?</p>
+
+<p class="center">My dear Huxley, yours most sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt that this powerful essay, appearing in the leading
+daily Journal, must have had a strong influence on the reading public.
+Mr. Huxley allows me to quote from a letter an account of the happy
+chance that threw into his hands the opportunity of writing it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The <i>Origin</i> was sent to Mr. Lucas, one of the staff of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> <i>Times</i>
+writers at that day, in what I suppose was the ordinary course of
+business. Mr. Lucas, though an excellent journalist, and, at a later
+period, editor of <i>Once a Week</i>, was as innocent of any knowledge of
+science as a babe, and bewailed himself to an acquaintance on having to
+deal with such a book. Whereupon he was recommended to ask me to get him
+out of his difficulty, and he applied to me accordingly, explaining,
+however, that it would be necessary for him formally to adopt anything I
+might be disposed to write, by prefacing it with two or three paragraphs
+of his own.</p>
+
+<p>"I was too anxious to seize upon the opportunity thus offered of giving
+the book a fair chance with the multitudinous readers of the <i>Times</i> to
+make any difficulty about conditions; and being then very full of the
+subject, I wrote the article faster, I think, than I ever wrote anything
+in my life, and sent it to Mr. Lucas, who duly prefixed his opening
+sentences.</p>
+
+<p>"When the article appeared, there was much speculation as to its
+authorship. The secret leaked out in time, as all secrets will, but not
+by my aid; and then I used to derive a good deal of innocent amusement
+from the vehement assertions of some of my more acute friends, that they
+knew it was mine from the first paragraph!</p>
+
+<p>"As the <i>Times</i> some years since referred to my connection with the
+review, I suppose there will be no breach of confidence in the
+publication of this little history, if you think it worth the space it
+will occupy."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> In his next letter to Lyell my father writes: "The
+omission of 'living' before 'eminent' naturalists was a dreadful
+blunder." In the first edition, as published, the blunder is corrected
+by the addition of the word "living."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Darwin wrote to Asa Gray in 1860:&mdash;"The eye to this day
+gives me a cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations,
+my reason tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, born at Mortier, on the lake
+of Morat in Switzerland, on May 28th, 1807. He emigrated to America in
+1846, where he spent the rest of his life, and died Dec. 14th, 1873. His
+<i>Life</i>, written by his widow, was published in 1885. The following
+extract from a letter to Agassiz (1850) is worth giving, as showing how
+my father regarded him, and it may be added that his cordial feeling
+towards the great American naturalist remained strong to the end of his
+life:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have seldom been more deeply gratified than by receiving your most
+kind present of <i>Lake Superior</i>. I had heard of it, and had much wished
+to read it, but I confess that it was the very great honour of having in
+my possession a work with your autograph as a presentation copy, that
+has given me such lively and sincere pleasure. I cordially thank you for
+it. I have begun to read it with uncommon interest, which I see will
+increase as I go on."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Mr. Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Nov. 19, 1859.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> The Reviewer speaks of the author's "evident
+self-satisfaction," and of his disposing of all difficulties "more or
+less confidently."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> A review of the fourth volume of Watson's <i>Cybele
+Britannica</i>, <i>Gard. Chron.</i>, 1859, p. 911.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> See the <i>Origin</i>, first edition, p. 3, where Sir J. D.
+Hooker's help is conspicuously acknowledged.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> This refers to the review in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>, Nov. 19th,
+1859, where the reviewer, after touching on the theological aspects of
+the book, leaves the author to "the mercies of the Divinity Hall, the
+College, the Lecture Room, and the Museum."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> It appears from Sir Charles Lyell's published letters
+that he intended to admit the doctrine of evolution in a new edition of
+the <i>Manual</i>, but this was not published till 1865. He was, however, at
+work on the <i>Antiquity of Man</i> in 1860, and had already determined to
+discuss the Origin at the end of the book.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> In a letter written in October, my father had said, "I am
+intensely curious to hear Huxley's opinion of my book. I fear my long
+discussion on classification will disgust him, for it is much opposed to
+what he once said to me." He may have remembered the following incident
+told by Mr. Huxley in his chapter of the <i>Life and Letters</i>, ii. p.
+196:&mdash;"I remember, in the course of my first interview with Mr. Darwin,
+expressing my belief in the sharpness of the lines of demarcation
+between natural groups and in the absence of transitional forms, with
+all the confidence of youth and imperfect knowledge. I was not aware, at
+that time, that he had then been many years brooding over the species
+question; and the humorous smile which accompanied his gentle answer,
+that such was not altogether his view, long haunted and puzzled me."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> Karl Ernst von Baer, b. 1792, d. at Dorpat 1876&mdash;one of
+the most distinguished biologists of the century. He practically founded
+the modern science of embryology.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> In the first edition of the <i>Origin</i>, Chap. IX. is on the
+'Imperfection of the Geological Record;' Chap. X., on the 'Geological
+Succession of Organic Beings;' Chaps. XI. and XII., on 'Geographical
+Distribution;' Chap. XIII., on 'Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings;
+Morphology; Embryology; Rudimentary Organs.'</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> His brother.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Dr., afterwards Sir Henry, Holland.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> Rev. Adam Sedgwick, Woodwardian Professor of Geology in
+the University of Cambridge. Born 1785, died 1873.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> First edition, 1250 copies.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> The passage was omitted in the second edition.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> John Crawford, orientalist, ethnologist, &amp;c., b. 1783, d.
+1868. The review appeared in the <i>Examiner</i>, and, though hostile, is
+free from bigotry, as the following citation will show: "We cannot help
+saying that piety must be fastidious indeed that objects to a theory the
+tendency of which is to show that all organic beings, man included, are
+in a perpetual progress of amelioration and that is expounded in the
+reverential language which we have quoted."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> A letter of Dec. 14, gives a good example of the manner
+in which some naturalists received and understood it. "Old J. E. Gray of
+the British Museum attacked me in fine style: 'You have just reproduced
+Lamarck's doctrine, and nothing else, and here Lyell and others have
+been attacking him for twenty years, and because <i>you</i> (with a sneer and
+laugh) say the very same thing, they are all coming round; it is the
+most ridiculous inconsistency, &amp;c. &amp;c.'"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> See, however, p. 211.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Mr. Huxley has made a similar remark:&mdash;"Long occupation
+with the work has led the present writer to believe that the <i>Origin of
+Species</i> is one of the hardest of books to master."&mdash;<i>Obituary Notice,
+Proc. R. Soc.</i> No. 269, p. xvii.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER XIII.</span> <span class="smaller">THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES'&mdash;REVIEWS AND CRITICISMS&mdash;ADHESIONS AND ATTACKS.</span></h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>"You are the greatest revolutionist in natural history of this
+century, if not of all centuries."&mdash;H. C. Watson to C. Darwin, Nov. 21, 1859.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p class="bold">1860.</p>
+
+<p>The second edition, 3000 copies, of the <i>Origin</i> was published on
+January 7th; on the 10th, he wrote with regard to it, to Lyell:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, January 10th [1860].</p>
+
+<p>... It is perfectly true that I owe nearly all the corrections to you,
+and several verbal ones to you and others; I am heartily glad you
+approve of them, as yet only two things have annoyed me; those
+confounded millions<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> of years (not that I think it is probably
+wrong), and my not having (by inadvertence) mentioned Wallace towards
+the close of the book in the summary, not that any one has noticed this
+to me. I have now put in Wallace's name at p. 484 in a conspicuous
+place. I shall be truly glad to read carefully any MS. on man, and give
+my opinion. You used to caution me to be cautious about man. I suspect I
+shall have to return the caution a hundred fold! Yours will, no doubt,
+be a grand discussion; but it will horrify the world at first more than
+my whole volume; although by the sentence (p. 489, new edition<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a>) I
+show that I believe man is in the same predicament with other animals.
+It is in fact impossible to doubt it. I have thought (only vaguely) on
+man.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> With respect to the races, one of my best chances of truth has
+broken down from the impossibility of getting facts. I have one good
+speculative line, but a man must have entire credence in Natural
+Selection before he will even listen to it. Psychologically, I have done
+scarcely anything. Unless, indeed, expression of countenance can be
+included, and on that subject I have collected a good many facts, and
+speculated, but I do not suppose I shall ever publish, but it is an
+uncommonly curious subject.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later he wrote again to the same correspondent:</p>
+
+<p>"What a grand immense benefit you conferred on me by getting Murray to
+publish my book. I never till to-day realised that it was getting widely
+distributed; for in a letter from a lady to-day to E., she says she
+heard a man enquiring for it at the <i>Railway Station!!!</i> at Waterloo
+Bridge; and the bookseller said that he had none till the new edition
+was out. The bookseller said he had not read it, but had heard it was a
+very remarkable book!!!"</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down, 14th [January, 1860].</p>
+
+<p>... I heard from Lyell this morning, and he tells me a piece of news.
+You are a good-for-nothing man; here you are slaving yourself to death
+with hardly a minute to spare, and you must write a review on my book! I
+thought it<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> a very good one, and was so much struck with it, that I
+sent it to Lyell. But I assumed, as a matter of course, that it was
+Lindley's. Now that I know it is yours, I have re-read it, and my kind
+and good friend, it has warmed my heart with all the honourable and
+noble things you say of me and it. I was a good deal surprised at
+Lindley hitting on some of the remarks, but I never dreamed of you. I
+admired it chiefly as so well adapted to tell on the readers of the
+<i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>; but now I admire it in another spirit. Farewell,
+with hearty thanks....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Asa Gray to J. D. Hooker.</i> Cambridge, Mass., January 5th, 1860.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;Your last letter, which reached me just before
+Christmas, has got mislaid during the upturnings in my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> study which take
+place at that season, and has not yet been discovered. I should be very
+sorry to lose it, for there were in it some botanical mems. which I had
+not secured....</p>
+
+<p>The principal part of your letter was high laudation of Darwin's book.</p>
+
+<p>Well, the book has reached me, and I finished its careful perusal four
+days ago; and I freely say that your laudation is not out of place.</p>
+
+<p>It is done in a <i>masterly manner</i>. It might well have taken twenty years
+to produce it. It is crammed full of most interesting matter&mdash;thoroughly
+digested&mdash;well expressed&mdash;close, cogent, and taken as a system it makes
+out a better case than I had supposed possible....</p>
+
+<p>Agassiz, when I saw him last, had read but a part of it. He says it is
+<i>poor&mdash;very poor</i>!! (entre nous). The fact [is] he is very much annoyed
+by it, ... and I do not wonder at it. To bring all <i>ideal</i> systems
+within the domain of science, and give good physical or natural
+explanations of all his capital points, is as bad as to have Forbes take
+the glacier materials ... and give scientific explanation of all the
+phenomena.</p>
+
+<p>Tell Darwin all this. I will write to him when I get a chance. As I have
+promised, he and you shall have fair-play here.... I must myself write a
+review<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> of Darwin's book for <i>Silliman's Journal</i> (the more so that
+I suspect Agassiz means to come out upon it) for the next (March)
+number, and I am now setting about it (when I ought to be every moment
+working the Expl[oring] Expedition Composit&aelig;, which I know far more
+about). And really it is no easy job as you may well imagine.</p>
+
+<p>I doubt if I shall please you altogether. I know I shall not please
+Agassiz at all. I hear another reprint is in the Press, and the book
+will excite much attention here, and some controversy....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Asa Gray.</i> Down, January 28th [1860].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Gray</span>,&mdash;Hooker has forwarded to me your letter to him; and I
+cannot express how deeply it has gratified me. To<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> receive the approval
+of a man whom one has long sincerely respected, and whose judgment and
+knowledge are most universally admitted, is the highest reward an author
+can possibly wish for; and I thank you heartily for your most kind expressions.</p>
+
+<p>I have been absent from home for a few days, and so could not earlier
+answer your letter to me of the 10th of January. You have been extremely
+kind to take so much trouble and interest about the edition. It has been
+a mistake of my publisher not thinking of sending over the sheets. I had
+entirely and utterly forgotten your offer of receiving the sheets as
+printed off. But I must not blame my publisher, for had I remembered
+your most kind offer I feel pretty sure I should not have taken
+advantage of it; for I never dreamed of my book being so successful with
+general readers: I believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending
+the sheets to America.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p>
+
+<p>After much consideration, and on the strong advice of Lyell and others,
+I have resolved to leave the present book as it is (excepting correcting
+errors, or here and there inserting short sentences), and to use all my
+strength, <i>which is but little</i>, to bring out the first part (forming a
+separate volume, with index, &amp;c.) of the three volumes which will make
+my bigger work; so that I am very unwilling to take up time in making
+corrections for an American edition. I enclose a list of a few
+corrections in the second reprint, which you will have received by this
+time complete, and I could send four or five corrections or additions of
+equally small importance, or rather of equal brevity. I also intend to
+write a <i>short</i> preface with a brief history of the subject. These I
+will set about, as they must some day be done, and I will send them to
+you in a short time&mdash;the few corrections first, and the preface
+afterwards, unless I hear that you have given up all idea of a separate
+edition. You will then be able to judge whether it is worth having the
+new edition with <i>your review prefixed</i>. Whatever be the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> nature of your
+review, I assure you I should feel it a <i>great</i> honour to have my book
+thus preceded....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down [February 15th, 1860].</p>
+
+<p>... I am perfectly convinced (having read it this morning) that the
+review in the <i>Annals</i><a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> is by Wollaston; no one else in the world
+would have used so many parentheses. I have written to him, and told him
+that the "pestilent" fellow thanks him for his kind manner of speaking
+about him. I have also told him that he would be pleased to hear that
+the Bishop of Oxford says it is the most unphilosophical<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a> work he
+ever read. The review seems to me clever, and only misinterprets me in a
+few places. Like all hostile men, he passes over the explanation given
+of Classification, Morphology, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs, &amp;c. I
+read Wallace's paper in MS.,<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> and thought it admirably good; he does
+not know that he has been anticipated about the depth of intervening sea
+determining distribution.... The most curious point in the paper seems
+to me that about the African character of the Celebes productions, but I
+should require further confirmation....</p>
+
+<p>Henslow is staying here; I have had some talk with him; he is in much
+the same state as Bunbury,<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a> and will go a very little way with us,
+but brings up no real argument against going further. He also shudders
+at the eye! It is really curious (and perhaps is an argument in our
+favour) how differently different opposers view the subject. Henslow
+used to rest his opposition on the imperfection of the Geological
+Record, but he now thinks nothing of this, and says I have got well out
+of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> it; I wish I could quite agree with him. Baden Powell says he never
+read anything so conclusive as my statement about the eye!! A stranger
+writes to me about sexual selection, and regrets that I boggle about
+such a trifle as the brush of hair on the male turkey, and so on. As L.
+Jenyns has a really philosophical mind, and as you say you like to see
+everything, I send an old letter of his. In a later letter to Henslow,
+which I have seen, he is more candid than any opposer I have heard of,
+for he says, though he cannot go so far as I do, yet he can give no good
+reason why he should not. It is funny how each man draws his own
+imaginary line at which to halt. It reminds me so vividly [of] what I
+was told<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> about you when I first commenced geology&mdash;to believe a
+<i>little</i>, but on no account to believe all.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ever yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the attitude of the more liberal representatives of the
+Church, the following letter from Charles Kingsley is of interest:</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. Kingsley to C. Darwin.</i> Eversley Rectory, Winchfield, November 18th, 1859.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I have to thank you for the unexpected honour of your book.
+That the Naturalist whom, of all naturalists living, I most wish to know
+and to learn from, should have sent a scientist like me his book,
+encourages me at least to observe more carefully, and think more slowly.</p>
+
+<p>I am so poorly (in brain), that I fear I cannot read your book just now
+as I ought. All I have seen of it <i>awes</i> me; both with the heap of facts
+and the prestige of your name, and also with the clear intuition, that
+if you be right, I must give up much that I have believed and written.</p>
+
+<p>In that I care little. Let God be true, and every man a liar! Let us
+know what is, and, as old Socrates has it, &#7953;&#960;&#949;&#963;&#952;&#945;&#953; &#964;&#8033; &#955;&#8001;&#947;&#8033; [Greek: hepesthai t&ocirc;
+log&ocirc;]&mdash;follow up the villainous shifty fox of an argument, into
+whatsoever unexpected bogs and brakes he may lead us, if we do but run
+into him at last.</p>
+
+<p>From two common superstitious, at least, I shall be free while judging
+of your book:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>(1.) I have long since, from watching the crossing of domesticated
+animals and plants, learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of
+species.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p><p>(2.) I have gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a
+conception of Deity, to believe that He created primal forms capable of
+self-development into all forms needful <i>pro tempore</i> and <i>pro loco</i>, as
+to believe that He required a fresh act of intervention to supply the
+<i>lacunas</i> which He Himself had made. I question whether the former be
+not the loftier thought.</p>
+
+<p>Be it as it may, I shall prize your book, both for itself, and as a
+proof that you are aware of the existence of such a person as</p>
+
+<p class="center">Your faithful servant,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">C. Kingsley</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>My father's old friend, the Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton Brodie, who
+was for many years Vicar of Down, in some reminiscences of my father
+which he was so good as to give me, writes in the same spirit:</p>
+
+<p>"We never attacked each other. Before I knew Mr. Darwin I had adopted,
+and publicly expressed, the principle that the study of natural history,
+geology, and science in general, should be pursued without reference to
+the Bible. That the Book of Nature and Scripture came from the same
+Divine source, ran in parallel lines, and when properly understood would
+never cross....</p>
+
+<p>"In [a] letter, after I had left Down, he [Darwin] writes, 'We often
+differed, but you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ
+and yet feel no shade of animosity, and that is a thing [of] which I
+should feel very proud if any one could say [it] of me.'</p>
+
+<p>"On my last visit to Down, Mr. Darwin said, at his dinner-table, 'Innes
+and I have been fast friends for thirty years, and we never thoroughly
+agreed on any subject but once, and then we stared hard at each other,
+and thought one of us must be very ill.'"</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from a letter to Lyell, Feb. 23, 1860, has a
+certain bearing on the points just touched on:</p>
+
+<p>"With respect to Bronn's<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> objection that it cannot be shown how life
+arises, and likewise to a certain extent Asa Gray's remark that natural
+selection is not a <i>vera causa</i>, I was much interested by finding
+accidentally in Brewster's <i>Life of Newton</i>, that Leibnitz objected to
+the law of gravity because Newton could not show what gravity itself is.
+As it has chanced, I have used in letters this very same argument,
+little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> knowing that any one had really thus objected to the law of
+gravity. Newton answers by saying that it is philosophy to make out the
+movements of a clock, though you do not know why the weight descends to
+the ground. Leibnitz further objected that the law of gravity was
+opposed to Natural Religion! Is this not curious? I really think I shall
+use the facts for some introductory remarks for my bigger book."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down, March 3rd [1860].</p>
+
+<p>... I think you expect too much in regard to change of opinion on the
+subject of Species. One large class of men, more especially I suspect of
+naturalists, never will care about <i>any</i> general question, of which old
+Gray, of the British Museum, may be taken as a type; and secondly,
+nearly all men past a moderate age, either in actual years or in mind
+are, I am fully convinced, incapable of looking at facts under a new
+point of view. Seriously, I am astonished and rejoiced at the progress
+which the subject has made; look at the enclosed memorandum. &mdash;&mdash; says
+my book will be forgotten in ten years, perhaps so; but, with such a
+list, I feel convinced the subject will not.</p>
+
+<p>[Here follows the memorandum referred to:]</p>
+
+
+<table border="1" summary="memorandum">
+  <tr class="center">
+    <td>Geologists.</td>
+    <td>Zoologists and<br />Pal&aelig;ontologists.</td>
+    <td>Physiologists.</td>
+    <td>Botanists.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="center">
+    <td>Lyell.<br />Ramsay.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>
+<br />Jukes.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a>
+<br />H. D. Rogers.<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></td>
+    <td>Huxley.<br />J. Lubbock.<br />L. Jenyns<br />(to large extent).<br />Searles Wood.<a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a></td>
+    <td>Carpenter.<br />Sir. H. Holland<br />(to large extent).</td>
+    <td>Hooker.<br />H. C. Watson.<br />Asa Gray<br />(to some extent).<br />Dr. Boott
+<br />(to large extent).<br />Thwaites.<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Asa Gray</i>. Down, April 3 [1860].</p>
+
+<p>... I remember well the time when the thought of the eye made me cold
+all over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, and now small
+trifling particulars of structure often make me very uncomfortable. The
+sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me sick!...</p>
+
+<p>You may like to hear about reviews on my book. Sedgwick (as I and Lyell
+feel <i>certain</i> from internal evidence) has reviewed me savagely and
+unfairly in the <i>Spectator</i>.<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> The notice includes much abuse, and is
+hardly fair in several respects. He would actually lead any one, who was
+ignorant of geology, to suppose that I had invented the great gaps
+between successive geological formations, instead of its being an almost
+universally admitted dogma. But my dear old friend Sedgwick, with his
+noble heart, is old, and is rabid with indignation.... There has been
+one prodigy of a review, namely, an <i>opposed</i> one (by Pictet,<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> the
+pal&aelig;ontologist, in the <i>Bib. Universelle</i> of Geneva) which is
+<i>perfectly</i> fair and just, and I agree to every word he says; our only
+difference being that he attaches less weight to arguments in favour,
+and more to arguments opposed, than I do. Of all the opposed reviews, I
+think this the only quite fair one, and I never expected to see one.
+Please observe that I do not class your review by any means as opposed,
+though you think so yourself! It has done me <i>much</i> too good service
+ever to appear in that rank in my eyes. But I fear I shall weary you
+with so much about my book. I should rather think there was a good
+chance of my becoming the most egotistical man in all Europe! What a
+proud pre-eminence! Well, you have helped to make me so, and therefore
+you must forgive me if you can.</p>
+
+<p class="center">My dear Gray, ever yours most gratefully.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, April 10th [1860].</p>
+
+<p>I have just read the <i>Edinburgh</i>,<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> which without doubt is by &mdash;&mdash;.
+It is extremely malignant, clever, and I fear will be very damaging. He
+is atrociously severe on Huxley's lecture, and very bitter against
+Hooker. So we three <i>enjoyed</i> it together. Not that I really enjoyed it,
+for it made me uncomfortable for one night; but I have got quite over it
+to-day. It requires much study to appreciate all the bitter spite of
+many of the remarks against me; indeed I did not discover all myself. It
+scandalously misrepresents many parts. He misquotes some passages,
+altering words within inverted commas....</p>
+
+<p>It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which &mdash;&mdash; hates me.</p>
+
+<p>Now for a curious thing about my book, and then I have done. In last
+Saturday's <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>,<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> a Mr. Patrick Matthew publishes
+a long extract from his work on <i>Naval Timber and Arboriculture</i>
+published in 1831, in which he briefly but completely anticipates the
+theory of Natural Selection. I have ordered the book, as some few
+passages are rather obscure, but it is certainly, I think, a complete
+but not developed anticipation! Erasmus always said that surely this
+would be shown to be the case some day. Anyhow, one may be excused in
+not having discovered the fact in a work on Naval Timber.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down [April 13th, 1860].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;Questions of priority so often lead to odious quarrels,
+that I should esteem it a great favour if you would read the
+enclosed.<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> If you think it proper that I should<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> send it (and of
+this there can hardly be any question), and if you think it full and
+ample enough, please alter the date to the day on which you post it, and
+let that be soon. The case in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i> seems a
+<i>little</i> stronger than in Mr. Matthew's book, for the passages are
+therein scattered in three places; but it would be mere hair-splitting
+to notice that. If you object to my letter, please return it; but I do
+not expect that you will, but I thought that you would not object to run
+your eye over it. My dear Hooker, it is a great thing for me to have so
+good, true, and old a friend as you. I owe much for science to my friends.</p>
+
+<p>... I have gone over [the <i>Edinburgh</i>] review again, and compared
+passages, and I am astonished at the misrepresentations. But I am glad I
+resolved not to answer. Perhaps it is selfish, but to answer and think
+more on the subject is too unpleasant. I am so sorry that Huxley by my
+means has been thus atrociously attacked. I do not suppose you much care
+about the gratuitous attack on you.</p>
+
+<p>Lyell in his letter remarked that you seemed to him as if you were
+overworked. Do, pray, be cautious, and remember how many and many a man
+has done this&mdash;who thought it absurd till too late. I have often thought
+the same. You know that you were bad enough before your Indian journey.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell.</i> Down, April [1860].</p>
+
+<p>... I was particularly glad to hear what you thought about not noticing
+[the <i>Edinburgh</i>] review. Hooker and Huxley thought it a sort of duty to
+point out the alteration of quoted citations, and there is truth in this
+remark; but I so hated the thought that I resolved not to do so. I shall
+come up to London on Saturday the 14th, for Sir B. Brodie's party, as I
+have an accumulation of things to do in London, and will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> (if I do not
+hear to the contrary) call about a quarter before ten on Sunday morning,
+and sit with you at breakfast, but will not sit long, and so take up
+much of your time. I must say one more word about our quasi-theological
+controversy about natural selection, and let me have your opinion when
+we meet in London. Do you consider that the successive variations in the
+size of the crop of the Pouter Pigeon, which man has accumulated to
+please his caprice, have been due to "the creative and sustaining powers
+of Brahma?" In the sense that an omnipotent and omniscient Deity must
+order and know everything, this must be admitted; yet, in honest truth,
+I can hardly admit it. It seems preposterous that a maker of a universe
+should care about the crop of a pigeon solely to please man's silly
+fancies. But if you agree with me in thinking such an interposition of
+the Deity uncalled for, I can see no reason whatever for believing in
+such interpositions in the case of natural beings, in which strange and
+admirable peculiarities have been naturally selected for the creature's
+own benefit. Imagine a Pouter in a state of nature wading into the water
+and then, being buoyed up by its inflated crop, sailing about in search
+of food. What admiration this would have excited&mdash;adaptation to the laws
+of hydrostatic pressure, &amp;c. &amp;c. For the life of me, I cannot see any
+difficulty in natural selection producing the most exquisite structure,
+<i>if such structure can be arrived at by gradation</i>, and I know from
+experience how hard it is to name any structure towards which at least
+some gradations are not known.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ever yours.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;The conclusion at which I have come, as I have told Asa Gray, is
+that such a question, as is touched on in this note, is beyond the human
+intellect, like "predestination and free will," or the "origin of evil."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down [May 15th, 1860].</p>
+
+<p>... How paltry it is in such men as X., Y. and Co. not reading your
+essay. It is incredibly paltry. They may all attack me to their hearts'
+content. I am got case-hardened. As for the old fogies in
+Cambridge,<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a> it really signifies nothing. I look at their attacks as
+a proof that our work is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> worth the doing. It makes me resolve to buckle
+on my armour. I see plainly that it will be a long uphill fight. But
+think of Lyell's progress with Geology. One thing I see most plainly,
+that without Lyell's, yours, Huxley's and Carpenter's aid, my book would
+have been a mere flash in the pan. But if we all stick to it, we shall
+surely gain the day. And I now see that the battle is worth fighting. I
+deeply hope that you think so.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Asa Gray.</i> Down May 22nd [1860].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Gray</span>,&mdash;Again I have to thank you for one of your very pleasant
+letters of May 7th, enclosing a very pleasant remittance of &pound;22. I am in
+simple truth astonished at all the kind trouble you have taken for me. I
+return Appletons' account. For the chance of your wishing for a formal
+acknowledgment I send one. If you have any further communication to the
+Appletons, pray express my acknowledgment for [their] generosity; for it
+is generosity in my opinion. I am not at all surprised at the sale
+diminishing; my extreme surprise is at the greatness of the sale. No
+doubt the public has been <i>shamefully</i> imposed on! for they bought the
+book thinking that it would be nice easy reading. I expect the sale to
+stop soon in England, yet Lyell wrote to me the other day that calling
+at Murray's he heard that fifty copies had gone in the previous
+forty-eight hours. I am extremely glad that you will notice in
+<i>Silliman</i> the additions in the <i>Origin</i>.<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> Judging from letters (and
+I have just seen one from Thwaites to Hooker), and from remarks, the
+most serious omission in my book was not explaining how it is, as I
+believe, that all forms do not necessarily advance, how there can now be
+<i>simple</i> organisms still existing.... I hear there is a <i>very</i> severe
+review on me in the <i>North British</i> by a Rev. Mr. Dunns,<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> a Free
+Kirk minister, and dabbler in Natural History. In the <i>Saturday Review</i>
+(one of our cleverest periodicals) of May 5th, p. 573, there is a nice
+article on [the <i>Edinburgh</i>] review, defending Huxley, but not Hooker;
+and the latter, I think, [the <i>Edinburgh</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> reviewer] treats most
+ungenerously.<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a> But surely you will get sick unto death of me and my
+reviewers.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the theological view of the question. This is always
+painful to me. I am bewildered. I had no intention to write
+atheistically. But I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and
+as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides
+of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade
+myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly
+created the Ichneumonid&aelig; with the express intention of their feeding
+within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with
+mice. Not believing this, I see no necessity in the belief that the eye
+was expressly designed. On the other hand, I cannot anyhow be contented
+to view this wonderful universe, and especially the nature of man, and
+to conclude that everything is the result of brute force. I am inclined
+to look at everything as resulting from designed laws, with the details,
+whether good or bad, left to the working out of what we may call chance.
+Not that this notion <i>at all</i> satisfies me. I feel most deeply that the
+whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as
+well speculate on the mind of Newton. Let each man hope and believe what
+he can. Certainly I agree with you that my views are not at all
+necessarily atheistical. The lightning kills a man, whether a good one
+or bad one, owing to the excessively complex action of natural laws. A
+child (who may turn out an idiot) is born by the action of even more
+complex laws, and I can see no reason why a man, or other animal, may
+not have been aboriginally produced by other laws, and that all these
+laws may have been expressly designed by an omniscient Creator, who
+foresaw every future event and consequence. But the more I think the
+more bewildered I become; as indeed I have probably shown by this
+letter.</p>
+
+<p>Most deeply do I feel your generous kindness and interest.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours sincerely and cordially.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The meeting of the British Association at Oxford in 1860 is famous for
+two pitched battles over the <i>Origin of Species</i>. Both of them
+originated in unimportant papers. On Thursday,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> June 28th, Dr. Daubeny
+of Oxford made a communication to Section D: "On the final causes of the
+sexuality of plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on
+the <i>Origin of Species</i>." Mr. Huxley was called on by the President, but
+tried (according to the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> report) to avoid a discussion, on the
+ground "that a general audience, in which sentiment would unduly
+interfere with intellect, was not the public before which such a
+discussion should be carried on." However, the subject was not allowed
+to drop. Sir R. Owen (I quote from the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>, July 7th, 1860), who
+"wished to approach this subject in the spirit of the philosopher,"
+expressed his "conviction that there were facts by which the public
+could come to some conclusion with regard to the probabilities of the
+truth of Mr. Darwin's theory." He went on to say that the brain of the
+gorilla "presented more differences, as compared with the brain of man,
+than it did when compared with the brains of the very lowest and most
+problematical of the Quadrumana." Mr. Huxley replied, and gave these
+assertions a "direct and unqualified contradiction," pledging himself to
+"justify that unusual procedure elsewhere,"<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> a pledge which he amply
+fulfilled.<a name="FNanchor_211_211" id="FNanchor_211_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> On Friday there was peace, but on Saturday 30th, the
+battle arose with redoubled fury, at a conjoint meeting of three
+Sections, over a paper by Dr. Draper of New York, on the "Intellectual
+development of Europe considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin."</p>
+
+<p>The following account is from an eye-witness of the scene.</p>
+
+<p>"The excitement was tremendous. The Lecture-room, in which it had been
+arranged that the discussion should be held, proved far too small for
+the audience, and the meeting adjourned to the Library of the Museum,
+which was crammed to suffocation long before the champions entered the
+lists. The numbers were estimated at from 700 to 1000. Had it been
+term-time, or had the general public been admitted, it would have been
+impossible to have accommodated the rush to hear the oratory of the bold
+Bishop.<a name="FNanchor_212_212" id="FNanchor_212_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> Professor Henslow, the President of Section D, occupied the
+chair, and wisely announced <i>in limine</i> that none who had not valid
+arguments to bring forward on one side or the other, would be allowed to
+address the meeting: a caution that proved necessary, for no fewer than
+four combatants had their utterances burked by him, because of their
+indulgence in vague declamation.</p>
+
+<p>"The Bishop was up to time, and spoke for full half-an-hour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> with
+inimitable spirit, emptiness and unfairness. It was evident from his
+handling of the subject that he had been 'crammed' up to the throat, and
+that he knew nothing at first hand; in fact, he used no argument not to
+be found in his <i>Quarterly</i> article.<a name="FNanchor_213_213" id="FNanchor_213_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a> He ridiculed Darwin badly, and
+Huxley savagely, but all in such dulcet tones, so persuasive a manner,
+and in such well-turned periods, that I who had been inclined to blame
+the President for allowing a discussion that could serve no scientific
+purpose, now forgave him from the bottom of my heart."</p>
+
+<p>What follows is from notes most kindly supplied by the Hon. and Rev. W.
+H. Fremantle, who was an eye-witness of the scene.</p>
+
+<p>"The Bishop of Oxford attacked Darwin, at first playfully but at last in
+grim earnest. It was known that the Bishop had written an article
+against Darwin in the last <i>Quarterly Review</i>: it was also rumoured that
+Professor Owen had been staying at Cuddesden and had primed the Bishop,
+who was to act as mouthpiece to the great Pal&aelig;ontologist, who did not
+himself dare to enter the lists. The Bishop, however, did not show
+himself master of the facts, and made one serious blunder. A fact which
+had been much dwelt on as confirmatory of Darwin's idea of variation,
+was that a sheep had been born shortly before in a flock in the North of
+England, having an addition of one to the vertebr&aelig; of the spine. The
+Bishop was declaring with rhetorical exaggeration that there was hardly
+any actual evidence on Darwin's side. 'What have they to bring forward?'
+he exclaimed. 'Some rumoured statement about a long-legged sheep.' But
+he passed on to banter: 'I should like to ask Professor Huxley, who is
+sitting by me, and is about to tear me to pieces when I have sat down,
+as to his belief in being descended from an ape. Is it on his
+grandfather's or his grandmother's side that the ape ancestry comes in?'
+And then taking a graver tone, he asserted in a solemn peroration that
+Darwin's views were contrary to the revelations of God in the
+Scriptures. Professor Huxley was unwilling to respond: but he was called
+for and spoke with his usual incisiveness and with some scorn. 'I am
+here only in the interests of science,' he said, 'and I have not heard
+anything which can prejudice the case of my august client.' Then after
+showing how little competent the Bishop was to enter upon the
+discussion, he touched on the question of Creation. 'You say that
+development drives out the Creator. But you assert that God made you:
+and yet you know that you yourself were originally a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> little piece of
+matter no bigger than the end of this gold pencil-case.' Lastly as to
+the descent from a monkey, he said: 'I should feel it no shame to have
+risen from such an origin. But I should feel it a shame to have sprung
+from one who prostituted the gifts of culture and of eloquence to the
+service of prejudice and of falsehood.'</p>
+
+<p>"Many others spoke. Mr. Gresley, an old Oxford don, pointed out that in
+human nature at least orderly development was not the necessary rule;
+Homer was the greatest of poets, but he lived 3000 years ago, and has
+not produced his like.</p>
+
+<p>"Admiral Fitz-Roy was present, and said that he had often expostulated
+with his old comrade of the <i>Beagle</i> for entertaining views which were
+contradictory to the First Chapter of Genesis.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir John Lubbock declared that many of the arguments by which the
+permanence of species was supported came to nothing, and instanced some
+wheat which was said to have come off an Egyptian mummy and was sent to
+him to prove that wheat had not changed since the time of the Pharaohs;
+but which proved to be made of French chocolate.<a name="FNanchor_214_214" id="FNanchor_214_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> Sir Joseph (then
+Dr.) Hooker spoke shortly, saying that he had found the hypothesis of
+Natural Selection so helpful in explaining the phenomena of his own
+subject of Botany, that he had been constrained to accept it. After a
+few words from Darwin's old friend Professor Henslow who occupied the
+chair, the meeting broke up, leaving the impression that those most
+capable of estimating the arguments of Darwin in detail saw their way to
+accept his conclusions."</p>
+
+<p>Many versions of Mr. Huxley's speech were current: the following report
+of his conclusion is from a letter addressed by the late John Richard
+Green, then an undergraduate, to a fellow-student, now Professor Boyd
+Dawkins:&mdash;"I asserted, and I repeat, that a man has no reason to be
+ashamed of having an ape for his grandfather. If there were an ancestor
+whom I should feel shame in recalling, it would be a <i>man</i>, a man of
+restless and versatile intellect, who, not content with an equivocal
+success in his own sphere of activity, plunges into scientific questions
+with which he has no real acquaintance, only to obscure them by an
+aimless rhetoric, and distract the attention of his hearers from the
+real point at issue by eloquent digressions, and skilled appeals to
+religious prejudice."<a name="FNanchor_215_215" id="FNanchor_215_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p><p>The following letter shows that Mr. Huxley's presence at this
+remarkable scene depended on so slight a chance as that of meeting a
+friend in the street; that this friend should have been Robert Chambers,
+so that the author of the <i>Vestiges</i> should have sounded the war-note
+for the battle of the <i>Origin</i>, adds interest to the incident. I have to
+thank Mr. Huxley for allowing the story to be told in words of his not
+written for publication.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>T. H. Huxley to Francis Darwin.</i></p>
+
+<p class="right">June 27, 1891.</p>
+
+<p>... I should say that Fremantle's account is substantially correct; but
+that Green has the passage of my speech more accurately. However, I am
+certain I did not use the word "equivocal."<a name="FNanchor_216_216" id="FNanchor_216_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a></p>
+
+<p>The odd part of the business is that I should not have been present
+except for Robert Chambers. I had heard of the Bishop's intention to
+utilise the occasion. I knew he had the reputation of being a first-rate
+controversialist, and I was quite aware that if he played his cards
+properly, we should have little chance, with such an audience, of making
+an efficient defence. Moreover, I was very tired, and wanted to join my
+wife at her brother-in-law's country house near Reading, on the
+Saturday. On the Friday I met Chambers in the street, and in reply to
+some remark of his about the meeting, I said that I did not mean to
+attend it; did not see the good of giving up peace and quietness to be
+episcopally pounded. Chambers broke out into vehement remonstrances and
+talked about my deserting them. So I said, "Oh! if you take it that way,
+I'll come and have my share of what is going on."</p>
+
+<p>So I came, and chanced to sit near old Sir Benjamin Brodie. The Bishop
+began his speech, and, to my astonishment, very soon showed that he was
+so ignorant that he did not know how to manage his own case. My spirits
+rose proportionally, and when he turned to me with his insolent
+question, I said to Sir Benjamin, in an undertone, "The Lord hath
+delivered him into mine hands."</p>
+
+<p>That sagacious old gentleman stared at me as if I had lost my senses.
+But, in fact, the Bishop had justified the severest retort I could
+devise, and I made up my mind to let him have it. I was careful,
+however, not to rise to reply, until the meeting called for me&mdash;then I
+let myself go.</p>
+
+<p>In justice to the Bishop, I am bound to say he bore no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> malice, but was
+always courtesy itself when we occasionally met in after years. Hooker
+and I walked away from the meeting together, and I remember saying to
+him that this experience had changed my opinion as to the practical
+value of the art of public speaking, and that, from that time forth, I
+should carefully cultivate it, and try to leave off hating it. I did the
+former, but never quite succeeded in the latter effort.</p>
+
+<p>I did not mean to trouble you with such a long scrawl when I began about
+this piece of ancient history.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ever yours very faithfully</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">T. H. Huxley</span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The eye-witness above quoted (p. 237) continues:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"There was a crowded conversazione in the evening at the rooms of the
+hospitable and genial Professor of Botany, Dr. Daubeny, where the almost
+sole topic was the battle of the <i>Origin</i>, and I was much struck with
+the fair and unprejudiced way in which the black coats and white cravats
+of Oxford discussed the question, and the frankness with which they
+offered their congratulations to the winners in the combat."<a name="FNanchor_217_217" id="FNanchor_217_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Monday night [July 2nd, 1860].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;I have just received your letter. I have been very
+poorly, with almost continuous bad headache for forty-eight hours, and I
+was low enough, and thinking what a useless burthen I was to myself and
+all others, when your letter came, and it has so cheered me; your
+kindness and affection brought tears into my eyes. Talk of fame, honour,
+pleasure, wealth, all are dirt compared with affection; and this is a
+doctrine with which, I know, from your letter, that you will agree with
+from the bottom of your heart.... How I should have liked to have
+wandered about Oxford with you, if I had been well enough; and how still
+more I should have liked to have heard you triumphing over the Bishop. I
+am astonished at your success and audacity. It is something
+unintelligible to me how any one can argue in public like orators do. I
+had no idea you had this power. I have read lately so many hostile
+views, that I was beginning to think that perhaps I was wholly in the
+wrong, and that &mdash;&mdash; was right when he said the whole subject would be
+forgotten in ten years; but now that I hear that you and Huxley will
+fight publicly (which I am sure I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> never could do), I fully believe that
+our cause will, in the long-run, prevail. I am glad I was not in Oxford,
+for I should have been overwhelmed, with my [health] in its present state.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> [July 1860.]</p>
+
+<p>... I have just read the <i>Quarterly</i>.<a name="FNanchor_218_218" id="FNanchor_218_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> It is uncommonly clever; it
+picks out with skill all the most conjectural parts,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> and brings forward
+well all the difficulties. It quizzes me quite splendidly by quoting the
+<i>Anti-Jacobin</i> versus my Grandfather. You are not alluded to, nor,
+strange to say, Huxley; and I can plainly see, here and there, &mdash;&mdash;'s
+hand. The concluding pages will make Lyell shake in his shoes. By Jove,
+if he sticks to us, he will be a real hero. Good-night. Your
+well-quizzed, but not sorrowful, and affectionate friend,</p>
+
+<p class="right">C. D.</p>
+
+<p>I can see there has been some queer tampering with the review, for a
+page has been cut out and reprinted.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from a letter of Sept. 1st, 1860, is of interest,
+not only as showing that Lyell was still conscientiously working out his
+conversion, but also and especially as illustrating the remarkable fact
+that hardly any of my father's critics gave him any new objections&mdash;so
+fruitful had been his ponderings of twenty years:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have been much interested by your letter of the 28th, received this
+morning. It has <i>delighted</i> me, because it demonstrates that you have
+thought a good deal lately on Natural Selection. Few things have
+surprised me more than the entire paucity of objections and difficulties
+new to me in the published reviews. Your remarks are of a different
+stamp and new to me."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Asa Gray.</i> [Hartfield, Sussex] July 22nd [1860].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Gray</span>,&mdash;Owing to absence from home at water-cure and then having
+to move my sick girl to whence I am now writing, I have only lately read
+the discussion in <i>Proc. American Acad.</i>,<a name="FNanchor_219_219" id="FNanchor_219_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> and now I cannot resist
+expressing my sincere admiration of your most clear powers of reasoning.
+As Hooker lately said in a note to me, you are more than <i>any one</i> else
+the thorough master of the subject. I declare that you know my book as
+well as I do myself; and bring to the question new lines of illustration
+and argument in a manner which excites my astonishment and almost my
+envy!<a name="FNanchor_220_220" id="FNanchor_220_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> admire these discussions, I think, almost more than your
+article in <i>Silliman's Journal</i>. Every single word seems weighed
+carefully, and tells like a 32-pound shot. It makes me much wish (but I
+know that you have not time) that you could write more in detail, and
+give, for instance, the facts on the variability of the American wild
+fruits. The <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> has the largest circulation, and I have sent my
+copy to the editor with a request that he would republish the first
+discussion; I much fear he will not, as he reviewed the subject in so
+hostile a spirit.... I shall be curious [to see], and will order the
+August number, as soon as I know that it contains your review of
+reviews. My conclusion is that you have made a mistake in being a
+botanist, you ought to have been a lawyer.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following passages from a letter to Huxley (Dec. 2nd, 1860) may
+serve to show what was my father's view of the position of the subject,
+after a year's experience of reviewers, critics and converts:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have got fairly sick of hostile reviews. Nevertheless, they have been
+of use in showing me when to expatiate a little and to introduce a few
+new discussions.</p>
+
+<p>"I entirely agree with you, that the difficulties on my notions are
+terrific, yet having seen what all the Reviews have said against me, I
+have far more confidence in the <i>general</i> truth of the doctrine than I
+formerly had. Another thing gives me confidence, viz. that some who went
+half an inch with me now go further, and some who were bitterly opposed
+are now less bitterly opposed.... I can pretty plainly see that, if my
+view is ever to be generally adopted, it will be by young men growing up
+and replacing the old workers, and then young ones finding that they can
+group facts and search out new lines of investigation better on the
+notion of descent, than on that of creation."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> This refers to the passage in the <i>Origin of Species</i>
+(2nd edit. p. 285) in which the lapse of time implied by the denudation
+of the Weald is discussed. The discussion closes with the sentence: "So
+that it is not improbable that a longer period than 300 million years
+has elapsed since the latter part of the Secondary period." This passage
+is omitted in the later editions of the <i>Origin</i>, against the advice of
+some of his friends, as appears from the pencil notes in my father's
+copy of the 2nd edition.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> In the first edition, the passages occur on p. 488.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>, 1860. Sir J. D. Hooker took the
+line of complete impartiality, so as not to commit the editor, Lindley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> On Jan. 23 Gray wrote to Darwin: "It naturally happens
+that my review of your book does not exhibit anything like the full
+force of the impression the book has made upon me. Under the
+circumstances I suppose I do your theory more good here, by bespeaking
+for it a fair and favourable consideration, and by standing
+non-committed as to its full conclusions, than I should if I announced
+myself a convert; nor could I say the latter, with truth....
+</p><p>
+"What seems to me the weakest point in the book is the attempt to
+account for the formation of organs, the making of eyes, &amp;c., by natural
+selection. Some of this reads quite Lamarckian."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> In a letter to Mr. Murray, 1860, my father wrote:&mdash;"I am
+amused by Asa Gray's account of the excitement my book has made amongst
+naturalists in the U. States. Agassiz has denounced it in a newspaper,
+but yet in such terms that it is in fact a fine advertisement!" This
+seems to refer to a lecture given before the Mercantile Library
+Association.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <i>Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.</i> third series, vol. v. p.
+132. My father has obviously taken the expression "pestilent" from the
+following passage (p. 138): "But who is this Nature, we have a right to
+ask, who has such tremendous power, and to whose efficiency such
+marvellous performances are ascribed? What are her image and attributes,
+when dragged from her wordy lurking-place? Is she ought but a pestilent
+abstraction, like dust cast in our eyes to obscure the workings of an
+Intelligent First Cause of all?" The reviewer pays a tribute to my
+father's candour "so manly and outspoken as almost to 'cover a multitude
+of sins.'" The parentheses (to which allusion is made above) are so
+frequent as to give a characteristic appearance to Mr. Wollaston's
+pages.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> Another version of the words is given by Lyell, to whom
+they were spoken, viz. "the most illogical book ever written."&mdash;<i>Life
+and Letters of Sir C. Lyell</i>, vol. ii. p. 358.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> "On the Zoological Geography of the Malay
+Archipelago."&mdash;<i>Linn. Soc. Journ.</i> 1860.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> The late Sir Charles Bunbury, well known as a
+Paleo-botanist.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> By Professor Henslow.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> The translator of the first German edition of the
+<i>Origin</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> Andrew Ramsay, late Director-General of the Geological
+Survey.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Joseph Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S., born 1811, died 1869.
+He was educated at Cambridge, and from 1842 to 1846 he acted as
+naturalist to H.M.S. <i>Fly</i>, on an exploring expedition in Australia and
+New Guinea. He was afterwards appointed Director of the Geological
+Survey of Ireland. He was the author of many papers, and of more than
+one good handbook of geology.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. Born
+in the United States 1809, died 1866.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Searles Valentine Wood, died 1880. Chiefly known for his
+work on the Mollusca of the <i>Crag</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites, F.R.S., was born in 1811, or about
+that date, and died in Ceylon, September 11, 1882. He began life as a
+Notary, but his passion for Botany and Entomology ultimately led to his
+taking to Science as a profession. He became lecturer on Botany at the
+Bristol School of Medicine, and in 1849 he was appointed Director of the
+Botanic Gardens at Peradeniya, which he made "the most beautiful
+tropical garden in the world." He is best known through his important
+discovery of conjugation in the Diatomace&aelig; (1847). His <i>Enumeratio
+Plantarum Zeylani&aelig;</i> (1858-64) was "the first complete account, on modern
+lines, of any definitely circumscribed tropical area." (From a notice in
+<i>Nature</i>, October 26, 1882.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> <i>Spectator</i>, March 24, 1860. There were favourable
+notices of the Origin by Huxley in the <i>Westminster Review</i>, and
+Carpenter in the <i>Medico-Chir. Review</i>, both in the April numbers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> Fran&ccedil;ois Jules Pictet, in the <i>Archives des Science de la
+Biblioth&egrave;que Universelle</i>, Mars 1860.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> <i>Edinburgh Review</i>, April, 1860.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> April 7, 1860.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> My father wrote (<i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>, April 21, 1860,
+p. 362): "I have been much interested by Mr. Patrick Matthew's
+communication in the number of your paper dated April 7th. I freely
+acknowledge that Mr. Matthew has anticipated by many years the
+explanation which I have offered of the origin of species, under the
+name of natural selection. I think that no one will feel surprised that
+neither I, nor apparently any other naturalist, had heard of Mr.
+Matthew's views, considering how briefly they are given, and that they
+appeared in the appendix to a work on Naval Timber and Arboriculture. I
+can do no more than offer my apologies to Mr. Matthew for my entire
+ignorance of his publication. If another edition of my work is called
+for, I will insert to the foregoing effect." In spite of my father's
+recognition of his claims, Mr. Matthew remained unsatisfied, and
+complained that an article in the <i>Saturday Analyst and Leader</i>, Nov.
+24, 1860, was "scarcely fair in alluding to Mr. Darwin as the parent of
+the origin of species, seeing that I published the whole that Mr. Darwin
+attempts to prove, more than twenty-nine years ago." It was not until
+later that he learned that Matthew had also been forestalled. In October
+1865, he wrote Sir J. D. Hooker:&mdash;"Talking of the <i>Origin</i>, a Yankee has
+called my attention to a paper attached to Dr. Wells' famous <i>Essay on
+Dew</i>, which was read in 1813 to the Royal Soc., but not [then] printed,
+in which he applies most distinctly the principle of Natural Selection
+to the races of Man. So poor old Patrick Matthew is not the first, and
+he cannot, or ought not, any longer to put on his title-pages,
+'Discoverer of the principle of Natural Selection'!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> This refers to a "savage onslaught" on the <i>Origin</i> by
+Sedgwick at the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Henslow defended his
+old pupil, and maintained that "the subject was a legitimate one for
+investigation."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> "The battle rages furiously in the United States. Gray
+says he was preparing a speech, which would take 1&frac12; hours to deliver,
+and which he 'fondly hoped would be a stunner.' He is fighting
+splendidly, and there seem to have been many discussions with Agassiz
+and others at the meetings. Agassiz pities me much at being so
+deluded."&mdash;From a letter to Hooker, May 30th, 1860.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> The statement as to authorship was made on the authority
+of Robert Chambers.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> In a letter to Mr. Huxley my father wrote:&mdash;"Have you
+seen the last <i>Saturday Review</i>? I am very glad of the defence of you
+and of myself. I wish the reviewer had noticed Hooker. The reviewer,
+whoever he is, is a jolly good fellow, as this review and the last on me
+showed. He writes capitally, and understands well his subject. I wish he
+had slapped [the <i>Edinburgh</i> reviewer] a little bit harder."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> <i>Man's Place in Nature</i>, by T. H. Huxley, 1863, p. 114.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_211" id="Footnote_211_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_211"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> See the <i>Nat. Hist. Review</i>, 1861.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_212" id="Footnote_212_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_212"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> It was well known that Bishop Wilberforce was going to
+speak.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_213" id="Footnote_213_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_213"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> <i>Quarterly Review</i>, July 1860.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_214" id="Footnote_214_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_214"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> Sir John Lubbock also insisted on the embryological
+evidence for evolution.&mdash;F. D.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_215" id="Footnote_215_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_215"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> Mr. Fawcett wrote (<i>Macmillan's Magazine</i>, 1860):&mdash;"The
+retort was so justly deserved and so inimitable in its manner, that no
+one who was present can ever forget the impression that it made."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_216" id="Footnote_216_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_216"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> This agrees with Professor Victor Carus's recollection.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_217" id="Footnote_217_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_217"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> See Professor Newton's interesting <i>Early Days of
+Darwinism in Macmillan's Magazine</i>, Feb. 1888, where the battle at
+Oxford is briefly described.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_218" id="Footnote_218_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_218"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> <i>Quarterly Review</i>, July 1860. The article in question
+was by Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and was afterwards published in
+his <i>Essays Contributed to the Quarterly Review</i>, 1874. In the <i>Life and
+Letters</i>, ii. p. 182, Mr. Huxley has given some account of this article.
+I quote a few lines:&mdash;"Since Lord Brougham assailed Dr. Young, the world
+has seen no such specimen of the insolence of a shallow pretender to a
+Master in Science as this remarkable production, in which one of the
+most exact of observers, most cautious of reasoners, and most candid of
+expositors, of this or any other age, is held up to scorn as a 'flighty'
+person, who endeavours 'to prop up his utterly rotten fabric of guess
+and speculation,' and whose 'mode of dealing with nature' is reprobated
+as 'utterly dishonourable to Natural Science.'" The passage from the
+<i>Anti-Jacobin</i>, referred to in the letter, gives the history of the
+evolution of space from the "prim&aelig;val point or <i>punctum saliens</i> of the
+universe," which is conceived to have moved "forward in a right line,
+<i>ad infinitum</i>, till it grew tired; after which the right line, which it
+had generated, would begin to put itself in motion in a lateral
+direction, describing an area of infinite extent. This area, as soon as
+it became conscious of its own existence, would begin to ascend or
+descend according as its specific gravity would determine it, forming an
+immense solid space filled with vacuum, and capable of containing the
+present universe."
+</p><p>
+The following (p. 263) may serve as an example of the passages in which
+the reviewer refers to Sir Charles Lyell:&mdash;"That Mr. Darwin should have
+wandered from this broad highway of nature's works into the jungle of
+fanciful assumption is no small evil. We trust that he is mistaken in
+believing that he may count Sir C. Lyell as one of his converts. We
+know, indeed, the strength of the temptations which he can bring to bear
+upon his geological brother.... Yet no man has been more distinct and
+more logical in the denial of the transmutation of species than Sir C.
+Lyell, and that not in the infancy of his scientific life, but in its
+full vigour and maturity." The Bishop goes on to appeal to Lyell, in
+order that with his help "this flimsy speculation may be as completely
+put down as was what in spite of all denials we must venture to call its
+twin though less instructed brother, the <i>Vestiges of Creation</i>."
+</p><p>
+With reference to this article, Mr. Brodie Innes, my father's old friend
+and neighbour, writes:&mdash;"Most men would have been annoyed by an article
+written with the Bishop's accustomed vigour, a mixture of argument and
+ridicule. Mr. Darwin was writing on some parish matter, and put a
+postscript&mdash;'If you have not seen the last <i>Quarterly</i>, do get it; the
+Bishop of Oxford has made such capital fun of me and my grandfather.' By
+a curious coincidence, when I received the letter, I was staying in the
+same house with the Bishop, and showed it to him. He said, 'I am very
+glad he takes it in that way, he is such a capital fellow.'"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_219" id="Footnote_219_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_219"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> April 10th, 1860. Dr. Gray criticised in detail "several
+of the positions taken at the preceding meeting by Mr. [J. A.] Lowell,
+Prof. Bowen and Prof. Agassiz." It was reprinted in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>, Aug.
+4th, 1860.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_220" id="Footnote_220_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_220"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> On Sept. 26th, 1860, he wrote in the same sense to
+Gray:&mdash;"You never touch the subject without making it clearer. I look at
+it as even more extraordinary that you never say a word or use an
+epithet which does not express fully my meaning. Now Lyell, Hooker, and
+others, who perfectly understand my book, yet sometimes use expressions
+to which I demur."</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER XIV.</span> <span class="smaller">THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.<br />1861&mdash;1871.</span></h2>
+
+<p>The beginning of the year 1861 saw my father engaged on the 3rd edition
+(2000 copies) of the <i>Origin</i>, which was largely corrected and added to,
+and was published in April, 1861.</p>
+
+<p>On July 1, he started, with his family, for Torquay, where he remained
+until August 27&mdash;a holiday which he characteristically enters in his
+diary as "eight weeks and a day." The house he occupied was in Hesketh
+Crescent, a pleasantly placed row of houses close above the sea,
+somewhat removed from what was then the main body of the town, and not
+far from the beautiful cliffed coast-line in the neighbourhood of
+Anstey's Cove.</p>
+
+<p>During the Torquay holiday, and for the remainder of the year, he worked
+at the fertilisation of orchids. This part of the year 1861 is not dealt
+with in the present chapter, because (as explained in the preface) the
+record of his life, seems to become clearer when the whole of his
+botanical work is placed together and treated separately. The present
+chapter will, therefore, include only the progress of his work in the
+direction of a general amplification of the <i>Origin of Species</i>&mdash;<i>e.g.</i>,
+the publication of <i>Animals and Plants</i> and the <i>Descent of Man</i>. It
+will also give some idea of the growth of belief in evolutionary
+doctrines.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to the third edition, he wrote to Mr. Murray in December,
+1860:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I shall be glad to hear when you have decided how many copies you will
+print off&mdash;the more the better for me in all ways, as far as compatible
+with safety; for I hope never again to make so many corrections, or
+rather additions, which I have made in hopes of making my many rather
+stupid reviewers at least understand what is meant. I hope and think I
+shall improve the book considerably."</p>
+
+<p>An interesting feature in the new edition was the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span>"Historical Sketch of
+the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species,"<a name="FNanchor_221_221" id="FNanchor_221_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> which now
+appeared for the first time, and was continued in the later editions of
+the work. It bears a strong impress of the author's personal character
+in the obvious wish to do full justice to all his predecessors,&mdash;though
+even in this respect it has not escaped some adverse criticism.</p>
+
+<p>A passage in a letter to Hooker (March 27, 1861) gives the history of
+one of his corrections.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>"Here is a good joke: H. C. Watson (who, I fancy and hope, is going to
+review the new edition of the <i>Origin</i>) says that in the first four
+paragraphs of the introduction, the words 'I,' 'me,' 'my,' occur
+forty-three times! I was dimly conscious of the accursed fact. He says
+it can be explained phrenologically, which I suppose civilly means, that
+I am the most egotistically self-sufficient man alive; perhaps so. I
+wonder whether he will print this pleasing fact; it beats hollow the
+parentheses in Wollaston's writing.</p>
+
+<p class="center">"I am, <i>my</i> dear Hooker, ever yours,</p>
+
+<p class="right">"<span class="smcap">C. Darwin</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"P.S.&mdash;Do not spread this pleasing joke; it is rather too biting."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>He wrote a couple of years later, 1863, to Asa Gray, in a manner which
+illustrates his use of the personal pronoun in the earlier editions of
+the <i>Origin</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You speak of Lyell as a judge; now what I complain of is that he
+declines to be a judge.... I have sometimes almost wished that Lyell had
+pronounced against me. When I say 'me,' I only mean <i>change of species
+by descent</i>. That seems to me the turning-point. Personally, of course,
+I care much about Natural Selection; but that seems to me utterly
+unimportant, compared to the question of Creation <i>or</i> Modification."</p>
+
+<p>He was, at first, alone, and felt himself to be so in maintaining a
+rational workable theory of Evolution. It was therefore perfectly
+natural that he should speak of "my" theory.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the end of the present year (1861) the final arrangements for
+the first French edition of the <i>Origin</i> were completed, and in
+September a copy of the third English edition was despatched to Mdlle.
+Cl&eacute;mence Royer, who undertook the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> work of translation. The book was now
+spreading on the Continent, a Dutch edition had appeared, and, as we
+have seen, a German translation had been published in 1860. In a letter
+to Mr. Murray (September 10, 1861), he wrote, "My book seems exciting
+much attention in Germany, judging from the number of discussions sent
+me." The silence had been broken, and in a few years the voice of German
+science was to become one of the strongest of the advocates of
+Evolution.</p>
+
+<p>A letter, June 23, 1861, gave a pleasant echo from the Continent of the
+growth of his views:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Hugh Falconer</i><a name="FNanchor_222_222" id="FNanchor_222_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> <i>to C. Darwin.</i> 31 Sackville St., W., June 23, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Darwin</span>,&mdash;I have been to Adelsberg cave and brought back with me
+a live <i>Proteus anguinus</i>, designed for you from the moment I got it;
+<i>i.e.</i> if you have got an aquarium and would care to have it. I only
+returned last night from the Continent, and hearing from your brother
+that you are about to go to Torquay, I lose no time in making you the
+offer. The poor dear animal is still alive&mdash;although it has had no
+appreciable means of sustenance for a month&mdash;and I am most anxious to
+get rid of the responsibility of starving it longer. In your hands it
+will thrive and have a fair chance of being developed without delay into
+some type of the Columbid&aelig;&mdash;say a Pouter or a Tumbler.</p>
+
+<p>My dear Darwin, I have been rambling through the north of Italy, and
+Germany lately. Everywhere have I heard your views and your admirable
+essay canvassed&mdash;the views of course often dissented from, according to
+the special bias of the speaker&mdash;but the work, its honesty of purpose,
+grandeur of conception, felicity of illustration, and courageous
+exposition, always referred to in terms of the highest admiration. And
+among your warmest friends no one rejoiced more heartily in the just
+appreciation of Charles Darwin than did,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours very truly.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>My father replied:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Down [June 24, 1861].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Falconer</span>,&mdash;I have just received your note, and by good luck a
+day earlier than properly, and I lose not a moment<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> in answering you,
+and thanking you heartily for your offer of the valuable specimen; but I
+have no aquarium and shall soon start for Torquay, so that it would be a
+thousand pities that I should have it. Yet I should certainly much like
+to see it, but I fear it is impossible. Would not the Zoological Society
+be the best place? and then the interest which many would take in this
+extraordinary animal would repay you for your trouble.</p>
+
+<p>Kind as you have been in taking this trouble and offering me this
+specimen, to tell the truth I value your note more than the specimen. I
+shall keep your note amongst a very few precious letters. Your kindness
+has quite touched me.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours affectionately and gratefully.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>My father, who had the strongest belief in the value of Asa Gray's help,
+was anxious that his evolutionary writings should be more widely known
+in England. In the autumn of 1860, and the early part of 1861, he had a
+good deal of correspondence with him as to the publication, in the form
+of a pamphlet, of Gray's three articles in the July, August, and October
+numbers of the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>, 1860.</p>
+
+<p>The reader will find these articles republished in Dr. Gray's
+<i>Darwiniana</i>, p. 87, under the title "Natural Selection not inconsistent
+with Natural Theology." The pamphlet found many admirers, and my father
+believed that it was of much value in lessening opposition, and making
+converts to Evolution. His high opinion of it is shown not only in his
+letters, but by the fact that he inserted a special notice of it in a
+prominent place in the third edition of the <i>Origin</i>. Lyell, among
+others, recognised its value as an antidote to the kind of criticism
+from which the cause of Evolution suffered. Thus my father wrote to Dr.
+Gray: "Just to exemplify the use of your pamphlet, the Bishop of London
+was asking Lyell what he thought of the review in the <i>Quarterly</i>, and
+Lyell answered, 'Read Asa Gray in the <i>Atlantic</i>.'"</p>
+
+<p>On the same subject he wrote to Gray in the following year:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I believe that your pamphlet has done my book <i>great</i> good; and I thank
+you from my heart for myself: and believing that the views are in large
+part true, I must think that you have done natural science a good turn.
+Natural Selection seems to be making a little progress in England and on
+the Continent; a new German edition is called for, and a French one has
+just appeared."</p>
+
+<p>The following may serve as an example of the form assumed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> between these
+friends of the animosity at that time so strong between England and
+America<a name="FNanchor_223_223" id="FNanchor_223_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Talking of books, I am in the middle of one which pleases me, though it
+is very innocent food, viz. Miss Cooper's <i>Journal of a Naturalist</i>. Who
+is she? She seems a very clever woman, and gives a capital account of
+the battle between <i>our</i> and <i>your</i> weeds.<a name="FNanchor_224_224" id="FNanchor_224_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> Does it not hurt your
+Yankee pride that we thrash you so confoundedly? I am sure Mrs. Gray
+will stick up for your own weeds. Ask her whether they are not more
+honest, downright good sort of weeds. The book gives an extremely pretty
+picture of one of your villages; but I see your autumn, though so much
+more gorgeous than ours, comes on sooner, and that is one comfort."</p>
+
+<p>A question constantly recurring in the letters to Gray is that of
+design. For instance:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Your question what would convince me of design is a poser. If I saw an
+angel come down to teach us good, and I was convinced from others seeing
+him that I was not mad, I should believe in design. If I could be
+convinced thoroughly that life and mind was in an unknown way a function
+of other imponderable force, I should be convinced. If man was made of
+brass or iron and no way connected with any other organism which had
+ever lived, I should perhaps be convinced. But this is childish writing.</p>
+
+<p>"I have lately been corresponding with Lyell, who, I think, adopts your
+idea of the stream of variation having been led or designed. I have
+asked him (and he says he will hereafter reflect and answer me) whether
+he believes that the shape of my nose was designed. If he does I have
+nothing more to say. If not, seeing what Fanciers have done by selecting
+individual differences in the nasal bones of pigeons, I must think that
+it is illogical to suppose that the variations, which natural selection
+preserves for the good of any being, have been designed. But I know that
+I am in the same sort of muddle (as I have said<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> before) as all the
+world seems to be in with respect to free will, yet with everything
+supposed to have been foreseen or preordained."</p>
+
+<p>The shape of his nose would perhaps not have been used as an
+illustration, if he had remembered Fitz-Roy's objection to that feature
+(see <i>Autobiography</i>, p. 26). He should, too, have remembered the
+difficulty of predicting the value to an organism of an apparently
+unimportant character.</p>
+
+<p>In England Professor Huxley was at work in the evolutionary cause. He
+gave, in 1862, two lectures at Edinburgh on <i>Man's Place in Nature</i>. My
+father wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am heartily glad of your success in the North. By Jove, you have
+attacked Bigotry in its stronghold. I thought you would have been
+mobbed. I am so glad that you will publish your Lectures. You seem to
+have kept a due medium between extreme boldness and caution. I am
+heartily glad that all went off so well."</p>
+
+<p>A review,<a name="FNanchor_225_225" id="FNanchor_225_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> by F. W. Hutton, afterwards Professor of Biology and
+Geology at Canterbury, N. Z., gave a hopeful note of the time not far
+off when a broader view of the argument for Evolution would be accepted.
+My father wrote to the author<a name="FNanchor_226_226" id="FNanchor_226_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Down, April 20th, 1861.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I hope that you will permit me to thank you for sending me a
+copy of your paper in the <i>Geologist</i>, and at the same time to express
+my opinion that you have done the subject a real service by the highly
+original, striking, and condensed manner with which you have put the
+case. I am actually weary of telling people that I do not pretend to
+adduce direct evidence of one species changing into another, but that I
+believe that this view in the main is correct, because so many phenomena
+can be thus grouped together and explained.</p>
+
+<p>But it is generally of no use, I cannot make persons see this. I
+generally throw in their teeth the universally admitted theory of the
+undulations of light&mdash;neither the undulations, nor the very existence of
+ether being proved&mdash;yet admitted because the view explains so much. You
+are one of the very few who have seen this, and have now put it most
+forcibly and clearly. I am much pleased to see how carefully you have
+read my book, and what is far more important, reflected on so many
+points with an independent spirit. As I am deeply interested in the
+subject<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> (and I hope not exclusively under a personal point of view) I
+could not resist venturing to thank you for the right good service which
+you have done. Pray believe me, dear sir,</p>
+
+<p class="right">Yours faithfully and obliged.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>It was a still more hopeful sign that work of the first rank in value,
+conceived on evolutionary principles, began to be published.</p>
+
+<p>My father expressed this idea in a letter to the late Mr. Bates.<a name="FNanchor_227_227" id="FNanchor_227_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Under a general point of view, I am quite convinced (Hooker and Huxley
+took the same view some months ago) that a philosophic view of nature
+can solely be driven into naturalists by treating special subjects as
+you have done."</p>
+
+<p>This refers to Mr. Bates' celebrated paper on mimicry, with which the
+following letter deals:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Down Nov. 20 [1862].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Bates</span>,&mdash;I have just finished, after several reads, your paper.<a name="FNanchor_228_228" id="FNanchor_228_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a>
+In my opinion it is one of the most remarkable and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> admirable papers I
+ever read in my life. The mimetic cases are truly marvellous, and you
+connect excellently a host of analogous facts. The illustrations are
+beautiful, and seem very well chosen; but it would have saved the reader
+not a little trouble, if the name of each had been engraved below each
+separate figure. No doubt this would have put the engraver into fits, as
+it would have destroyed the beauty of the plate. I am not at all
+surprised at such a paper having consumed much time. I am rejoiced that
+I passed over the whole subject in the <i>Origin</i>, for I should have made
+a precious mess of it. You have most clearly stated and solved a
+wonderful problem. No doubt with most people this will be the cream of
+the paper; but I am not sure that all your facts and reasonings on
+variation, and on the segregation of complete and semi-complete species,
+is not really more, or at least as valuable a part. I never conceived
+the process nearly so clearly before; one feels present at the creation
+of new forms. I wish, however, you had enlarged a little more on the
+pairing of similar varieties; a rather more numerous body of facts seems
+here wanted. Then, again, what a host of curious miscellaneous
+observations there are&mdash;as on related sexual and individual variability:
+these will some day, if I live, be a treasure to me.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to mimetic resemblance being so common with insects, do you
+not think it may be connected with their small size; they cannot defend
+themselves; they cannot escape by flight, at least, from birds,
+therefore they escape by trickery and deception?</p>
+
+<p>I have one serious criticism to make, and that is about the title of the
+paper; I cannot but think that you ought to have called prominent
+attention in it to the mimetic resemblances. Your paper is too good to
+be largely appreciated by the mob of naturalists without souls; but,
+rely on it, that it will have <i>lasting</i> value, and I cordially
+congratulate you on your first great work. You will find, I should
+think, that Wallace will appreciate it. How gets on your book? Keep your
+spirits up. A book is no<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> light labour. I have been better lately, and
+working hard, but my health is very indifferent. How is your health?
+Believe me, dear Bates,</p>
+
+<p class="right">Yours very sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="bold">1863.</p>
+
+<p>Although the battle<a name="FNanchor_229_229" id="FNanchor_229_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> of Evolution was not yet won, the growth of
+belief was undoubtedly rapid. So that, for instance, Charles Kingsley
+could write to F. D. Maurice<a name="FNanchor_230_230" id="FNanchor_230_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a>:</p>
+
+<p>"The state of the scientific mind is most curious; Darwin is conquering
+everywhere, and rushing in like a flood, by the mere force of truth and fact."</p>
+
+<p>The change did not proceed without a certain amount of personal
+bitterness. My father wrote in February, 1863:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"What an accursed evil it is that there should be all this quarrelling
+within what ought to be the peaceful realms of science."</p>
+
+<p>I do not desire to keep alive the memories of dead quarrels, but some of
+the burning questions of that day are too important from the
+biographical point of view to be altogether omitted. Of this sort is the
+history of Lyell's conversion to Evolution. It led to no flaw in the
+friendship of the two men principally concerned, but it shook and
+irritated a number of smaller people. Lyell was like the Mississippi in
+flood, and as he changed his course, the dwellers on the banks were
+angered and frightened by the general upsetting of landmarks.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Down, Feb. 24 [1863].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;I am astonished at your note. I have not seen the
+<i>Athen&aelig;um</i>,<a name="FNanchor_231_231" id="FNanchor_231_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> but I have sent for it, and may get it to-morrow; and
+will then say what I think.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p><p>I have read Lyell's book. [<i>The Antiquity of Man.</i>] The whole certainly
+struck me as a compilation, but of the highest class, for when possible
+the facts have been verified on the spot, making it almost an original
+work. The Glacial chapters seem to me best, and in parts magnificent. I
+could hardly judge about Man, as all the gloss and novelty was
+completely worn off. But certainly the aggregation of the evidence
+produced a very striking effect on my mind. The chapter comparing
+language and changes of species, seems most ingenious and interesting.
+He has shown great skill in picking out salient points in the argument
+for change of species; but I am deeply disappointed (I do not mean
+personally) to find that his timidity prevents him giving any
+judgment.... From all my communications with him, I must ever think that
+he has really entirely lost faith in the immutability of species; and
+yet one of his strongest sentences is nearly as follows; "If it should
+<i>ever</i><a name="FNanchor_232_232" id="FNanchor_232_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> be rendered highly probable that species change by variation
+and natural selection," &amp;c. &amp;c. I had hoped he would have guided the
+public as far as his own belief went.... One thing does please me on
+this subject, that he seems to appreciate your work. No doubt the public
+or a part may be induced to think that, as he gives to us a larger space
+than to Lamarck, he must think that there is something in our views.
+When reading the brain chapter, it struck me forcibly that if he had
+said openly that he believed in change of species, and as a consequence
+that man was derived from some Quadrumanous animal, it would have been
+very proper to have discussed by compilation the differences in the most
+important organ, viz. the brain. As it is, the chapter seems to me to
+come in rather by the head and shoulders. I do not think (but then I am
+as prejudiced as Falconer and Huxley, or more so) that it is too severe;
+it struck me as given with judicial force. It might perhaps be said with
+truth that he had no business to judge on a subject on which he knows
+nothing; but compilers must do this to a certain extent. (You know I
+value and rank high compilers, being one myself!)</p>
+
+<p>The Lyells are coming here on Sunday evening to stay till Wednesday. I
+dread it, but I must say how much disappointed I am that he has not
+spoken out on species, still less on man.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> And the best of the joke is
+that he thinks he has acted with the courage of a martyr of old. I hope
+I may have taken an exaggerated view of his timidity, and shall
+<i>particularly</i> be glad of your opinion on this head. When I got his book
+I turned over the pages, and saw he had discussed the subject of
+species, and said that I thought he would do more to convert the public
+than all of us, and now (which makes the case worse for me) I must, in
+common honesty, retract. I wish to Heaven he had said not a word on the
+subject.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell</i>. Down, March 6 [1863].</p>
+
+<p>... I have been of course deeply interested by your book.<a name="FNanchor_233_233" id="FNanchor_233_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a> I have
+hardly any remarks worth sending, but will scribble a little on what
+most interested me. But I will first get out what I hate saying, viz.
+that I have been greatly disappointed that you have not given judgment
+and spoken fairly out what you think about the derivation of species. I
+should have been contented if you had boldly said that species have not
+been separately created, and had thrown as much doubt as you like on how
+far variation and natural selection suffices. I hope to Heaven I am
+wrong (and from what you say about Whewell it seems so), but I cannot
+see how your chapters can do more good than an extraordinary able
+review. I think the <i>Parthenon</i> is right, that you will leave the public
+in a fog. No doubt they may infer that as you give more space to myself,
+Wallace, and Hooker, than to Lamarck, you think more of us. But I had
+always thought that your judgment would have been an epoch in the
+subject. All that is over with me, and I will only think on the
+admirable skill with which you have selected the striking points, and
+explained them. No praise can be too strong, in my opinion, for the
+inimitable chapter on language in comparison with species....</p>
+
+<p>I know you will forgive me for writing with perfect freedom, for you
+must know how deeply I respect you as my old honoured guide and master.
+I heartily hope and expect that your book will have a gigantic
+circulation, and may do in many ways as much good as it ought to do. I
+am tired, so no more. I have written so briefly that you will have to
+guess my meaning. I fear my remarks are hardly worth sending. Farewell,
+with kindest remembrance to Lady Lyell,</p>
+
+<p class="right">Ever yours.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p><p>A letter from Lyell to Hooker (Mar. 9, 1863), published in Lyell's
+<i>Life and Letters</i>, vol. ii. p. 361, shows what was his feeling at the
+time:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"He [Darwin] seems much disappointed that I do not go farther with him,
+or do not speak out more. I can only say that I have spoken out to the
+full extent of my present convictions, and even beyond my state of
+<i>feeling</i> as to man's unbroken descent from the brutes, and I find I am
+half converting not a few who were in arms against Darwin, and are even
+now against Huxley." Lyell speaks, too, of having had to abandon "old
+and long cherished ideas, which constituted the charm to me of the
+theoretical part of the science in my earlier days, when I believed with
+Pascal in the theory, as Hallam terms it, of 'the archangel ruined.'"</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to C. Lyell</i>. Down, 12th [March, 1863].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Lyell</span>,&mdash;I thank you for your very interesting and kind, I may
+say, charming letter. I feared you might be huffed for a little time
+with me. I know some men would have been so.... As you say that you have
+gone as far as you believe on the species question, I have not a word to
+say; but I must feel convinced that at times, judging from conversation,
+expressions, letters, &amp;c., you have as completely given up belief in
+immutability of specific forms as I have done. I must still think a
+clear expression from you, <i>if you could have given it</i>, would have been
+potent with the public, and all the more so, as you formerly held
+opposite opinions. The more I work, the more satisfied I become with
+variation and natural selection, but that part of the case I look at as
+less important, though more interesting to me personally. As you ask for
+criticisms on this head (and believe me that I should not have made them
+unasked), I may specify (pp. 412, 413) that such words as "Mr. D.
+labours to show," "is believed by the author to throw light," would lead
+a common reader to think that you yourself do <i>not</i> at all agree, but
+merely think it fair to give my opinion. Lastly, you refer repeatedly to
+my view as a modification of Lamarck's doctrine of development and
+progression. If this is your deliberate opinion there is nothing to be
+said, but it does not seem so to me. Plato, Buffon, my grandfather
+before Lamarck, and others, propounded the <i>obvious</i> view that if
+species were not created separately they must have descended from other
+species, and I can see nothing else in common between the <i>Origin</i> and
+Lamarck. I believe this way of putting the case is very injurious to its
+acceptance, as it implies necessary <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>progression, and closely connects
+Wallace's and my views with what I consider, after two deliberate
+readings, as a wretched book, and one from which (I well remember my
+surprise) I gained nothing. But I know you rank it higher, which is
+curious, as it did not in the least shake your belief. But enough, and
+more than enough. Please remember you have brought it all down on yourself!!</p>
+
+<p>I am very sorry to hear about Falconer's "reclamation."<a name="FNanchor_234_234" id="FNanchor_234_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> I hate the
+very word, and have a sincere affection for him.</p>
+
+<p>Did you ever read anything so wretched as the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> reviews of you,
+and of Huxley<a name="FNanchor_235_235" id="FNanchor_235_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> especially. Your <i>object</i> to make man old, and
+Huxley's <i>object</i> to degrade him. The wretched writer has not a glimpse
+of what the discovery of scientific truth means. How splendid some pages
+are in Huxley, but I fear the book will not be popular....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>, Mar. 28, 1862, p. 417, appeared a notice of Dr.
+Carpenter's book on 'Foraminifera,' which led to more skirmishing in the
+same journal. The article was remarkable for upholding spontaneous
+generation.</p>
+
+<p>My father wrote, Mar. 29, 1863:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Many thanks for <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>, received this morning, and to be returned
+to-morrow morning. Who would have ever thought of the old stupid
+<i>Athen&aelig;um</i> taking to Oken-like transcendental philosophy written in
+Owenian style!</p>
+
+<p>"It will be some time before we see 'slime, protoplasm, &amp;c.' generating
+a new animal. But I have long regretted that I truckled to public
+opinion, and used the Pentateuchal term of creation,<a name="FNanchor_236_236" id="FNanchor_236_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> by which I
+really meant 'appeared' by some wholly unknown process. It is mere
+rubbish, thinking at present of the origin of life; one might as well
+think of the origin of matter."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> continued to be a scientific battle-ground. On April 4,
+1863, Falconer wrote a severe article on Lyell. And<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> my father wrote
+(<i>Athen&aelig;um</i>, 1863, p. 554), under the cloak of attacking spontaneous
+generation, to defend Evolution. In reply, an article appeared in the
+same Journal (May 2nd, 1863, p. 586), accusing my father of claiming for
+his views the exclusive merit of "connecting by an intelligible thread
+of reasoning" a number of facts in morphology, &amp;c. The writer remarks
+that, "The different generalisations cited by Mr. Darwin as being
+connected by an intelligible thread of reasoning exclusively through his
+attempt to explain specific transmutation are in fact related to it in
+this wise, that they have prepared the minds of naturalists for a better
+reception of such attempts to explain the way of the origin of species
+from species."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>To this my father replied as follows in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> of May 9th,
+1863:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Down, May 5 [1863].</p>
+
+<p>I hope that you will grant me space to own that your reviewer is quite
+correct when he states that any theory of descent will connect, "by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning," the several generalizations before
+specified. I ought to have made this admission expressly; with the
+reservation, however, that, as far as I can judge, no theory so well
+explains or connects these several generalizations (more especially the
+formation of domestic races in comparison with natural species, the
+principles of classification, embryonic resemblance, &amp;c.) as the theory,
+or hypothesis, or guess, if the reviewer so likes to call it, of Natural
+Selection. Nor has any other satisfactory explanation been ever offered
+of the almost perfect adaptation of all organic beings to each other,
+and to their physical conditions of life. Whether the naturalist
+believes in the views given by Lamarck, by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, by the
+author of the <i>Vestiges</i>, by Mr. Wallace and myself, or in any other
+such view, signifies extremely little in comparison with the admission
+that species have descended from other species, and have not been
+created immutable; for he who admits this as a great truth has a wide
+field opened to him for further inquiry. I believe, however, from what I
+see of the progress of opinion on the Continent, and in this country,
+that the theory of Natural Selection will ultimately be adopted, with,
+no doubt, many subordinate modifications and improvements.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Charles Darwin.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the following, he refers to the above letter to the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to J. D. Hooker.</i> Saturday [May 11, 1863].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;You give good advice about not writing in newspapers; I
+have been gnashing my teeth at my own folly; and this not caused by
+----'s sneers, which were so good that I almost enjoyed them. I have
+written once again to own to a certain extent of truth in what he says,
+and then if I am ever such a fool again, have no mercy on me. I have
+read the squib in <i>Public Opinion</i>;<a name="FNanchor_237_237" id="FNanchor_237_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a> it is capital; if there is
+more, and you have a copy, do lend it. It shows well that a scientific
+man had better be trampled in dirt than squabble.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the following year (1864) he received the greatest honour which a
+scientific man can receive in this country, the Copley Medal of the
+Royal Society. It is presented at the Anniversary Meeting on St.
+Andrew's Day (Nov. 30), the medallist being usually present to receive
+it, but this the state of my father's health prevented. He wrote to Mr. Fox:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I was glad to see your hand-writing. The Copley, being open to all
+sciences and all the world, is reckoned a great honour; but excepting
+from several kind letters, such things make little difference to me. It
+shows, however, that Natural Selection is making some progress in this
+country, and that pleases me. The subject, however, is safe in foreign
+lands."</p>
+
+<p>The presentation of the Copley Medal is of interest in connection with
+what has gone before, inasmuch as it led to Sir C. Lyell making, in his
+after-dinner speech, a "confession of faith as to the <i>Origin</i>." He
+wrote to my father (<i>Life of Sir</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> <i>C. Lyell</i>, vol. ii. p. 384), "I said I
+had been forced to give up my old faith without thoroughly seeing my way
+to a new one. But I think you would have been satisfied with the length I went."</p>
+
+<p>Lyell's acceptance of Evolution was made public in the tenth edition of
+the <i>Principles</i>, published in 1867 and 1868. It was a sign of
+improvement, "a great triumph," as my father called it, that an
+evolutionary article by Wallace, dealing with Lyell's book, should have
+appeared in the <i>Quarterly Review</i> (April, 1869). Mr. Wallace wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The history of science hardly presents so striking an instance of
+youthfulness of mind in advanced life as is shown by this abandonment of
+opinions so long held and so powerfully advocated; and if we bear in
+mind the extreme caution, combined with the ardent love of truth which
+characterise every work which our author has produced, we shall be
+convinced that so great a change was not decided on without long and
+anxious deliberation, and that the views now adopted must indeed be
+supported by arguments of overwhelming force. If for no other reason
+than that Sir Charles Lyell in his tenth edition has adopted it, the
+theory of Mr. Darwin deserves an attentive and respectful consideration
+from every earnest seeker after truth."</p>
+
+<p>The incident of the Copley Medal is interesting as giving an index of
+the state of the scientific mind at the time.</p>
+
+<p>My father wrote: "some of the old members of the Royal are quite shocked
+at my having the Copley." In the <i>Reader</i>, December 3, 1864, General
+Sabine's presidential address at the Anniversary Meeting is reported at
+some length. Special weight was laid on my father's work in Geology,
+Zoology, and Botany, but the <i>Origin of Species</i> was praised chiefly as
+containing a "mass of observations," &amp;c. It is curious that as in the
+case of his election to the French Institute, so in this case, he was
+honoured not for the great work of his life, but for his less important
+work in special lines.</p>
+
+<p>I believe I am right in saying that no little dissatisfaction at the
+President's manner of allusion to the <i>Origin</i> was felt by some Fellows
+of the Society.</p>
+
+<p>My father spoke justly when he said that the subject was "safe in
+foreign lands." In telling Lyell of the progress of opinion, he wrote
+(March, 1863):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A first-rate German naturalist<a name="FNanchor_238_238" id="FNanchor_238_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> (I now forget the name!), who has
+lately published a grand folio, has spoken out to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> utmost extent on
+the <i>Origin</i>. De Candolle, in a very good paper on 'Oaks,' goes, in Asa
+Gray's opinion, as far as he himself does; but De Candolle, in writing
+to me, says <i>we</i>, 'we think this and that;' so that I infer he really
+goes to the full extent with me, and tells me of a French good botanical
+pal&aelig;ontologist<a name="FNanchor_239_239" id="FNanchor_239_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> (name forgotten), who writes to De Candolle that he
+is sure that my views will ultimately prevail. But I did not intend to
+have written all this. It satisfies me with the final results, but this
+result, I begin to see, will take two or three life-times. The
+entomologists are enough to keep the subject back for half a century."</p>
+
+<p>The official attitude of French science was not very hopeful. The
+Secr&eacute;taire Perp&eacute;tuel of the Acad&eacute;mie published an <i>Examen du livre de M.
+Darwin</i>, on which my father remarks:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A great gun, Flourens, has written a little dull book<a name="FNanchor_240_240" id="FNanchor_240_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> against me,
+which pleases me much, for it is plain that our good work is spreading in France."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Huxley, who reviewed the book,<a name="FNanchor_241_241" id="FNanchor_241_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> quotes the following passage
+from Flourens:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"M. Darwin continue: Aucune distinction absolue n'a &eacute;t&eacute; et ne peut &ecirc;tre
+&eacute;tablie entre les esp&egrave;ces et les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s! Je vous ai d&eacute;j&agrave; dit que vous
+vous trompiez; une distinction absolue s&eacute;pare les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s d'avec les
+esp&egrave;ces." Mr. Huxley remarks on this, "Being devoid of the blessings of
+an Academy in England, we are unaccustomed to see our ablest men treated
+in this way even by a Perpetual Secretary." After demonstrating M.
+Flourens' misapprehension of Natural Selection, Mr. Huxley says, "How
+one knows it all by heart, and with what relief one reads at p. 65, 'Je
+laisse M. Darwin.'"</p>
+
+<p>The deterrent effect of the Acad&eacute;mie on the spread of Evolution in
+France has been most striking. Even at the present day a member of the
+Institute does not feel quite happy in owning to a belief in Darwinism.
+We may indeed be thankful that we are "devoid of such a blessing."</p>
+
+<p>Among the Germans, he was fast gaining supporters. In 1865 he began a
+correspondence with the distinguished Naturalist, Fritz M&uuml;ller, then, as
+now, resident in Brazil. They never met, but the correspondence with
+M&uuml;ller, which continued to the close of my father's life, was a source
+of very great pleasure to him. My impression is that of all his unseen
+friends Fritz M&uuml;ller was the one for whom he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> the strongest regard.
+Fritz M&uuml;ller is the brother of another distinguished man, the late
+Hermann M&uuml;ller, the author of <i>Die Befruchtung der Blumen</i> (The
+Fertilisation of Flowers), and of much other valuable work.</p>
+
+<p>The occasion of writing to Fritz M&uuml;ller was the latter's book, <i>F&uuml;r
+Darwin</i>, which was afterwards translated by Mr. Dallas at my father's
+suggestion, under the title <i>Facts and Arguments for Darwin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterwards, in 1866, began his connection with Professor Victor
+Carus, of Leipzig, who undertook the translation of the 4th edition of
+the <i>Origin</i>. From this time forward Professor Carus continued to
+translate my father's books into German. The conscientious care with
+which this work was done was of material service, and I well remember
+the admiration (mingled with a tinge of vexation at his own
+shortcomings) with which my father used to receive the lists of
+oversights, &amp;c., which Professor Carus discovered in the course of
+translation. The connection was not a mere business one, but was
+cemented by warm feelings of regard on both sides.</p>
+
+<p>About this time, too, he came in contact with Professor Ernst Haeckel,
+whose influence on German science has been so powerful.</p>
+
+<p>The earliest letter which I have seen from my father to Professor
+Haeckel, was written in 1865, and from that time forward they
+corresponded (though not, I think, with any regularity) up to the end of
+my father's life. His friendship with Haeckel was not merely the growth
+of correspondence, as was the case with some others, for instance, Fritz
+M&uuml;ller. Haeckel paid more than one visit to Down, and these were
+thoroughly enjoyed by my father. The following letter will serve to show
+the strong feeling of regard which he entertained for his
+correspondent&mdash;a feeling which I have often heard him emphatically
+express, and which was warmly returned. The book referred to is
+Haeckel's <i>Generelle Morphologie</i>, published in 1866, a copy of which my
+father received from the author in January, 1867.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. E. Krause<a name="FNanchor_242_242" id="FNanchor_242_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> has given a good account of Professor Haeckel's
+services in the cause of Evolution. After speaking of the lukewarm
+reception which the <i>Origin</i> met with in Germany on its first
+publication, he goes on to describe the first adherents of the new faith
+as more or less popular writers, not especially likely to advance its
+acceptance with the professorial or purely scientific world. And he
+claims for Haeckel that it was his advocacy of Evolution in his
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span><i>Radiolaria</i> (1862), and at the "Versammlung" of Naturalists at Stettin
+in 1863, that placed the Darwinian question for the first time publicly
+before the forum of German science, and his enthusiastic propagandism
+that chiefly contributed to its success.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Huxley, writing in 1869, paid a high tribute to Professor Haeckel as
+the Coryph&aelig;us of the Darwinian movement in Germany. Of his <i>Generelle
+Morphologie</i>, "an attempt to work out the practical applications" of the
+doctrine of Evolution to their final results, he says that it has the
+"force and suggestiveness, and ... systematising power of Oken without
+his extravagance." Mr. Huxley also testifies to the value of Haeckel's
+<i>Sch&ouml;pfungs-Geschichte</i> as an exposition of the <i>Generelle Morphologie</i>
+"for an educated public."</p>
+
+<p>Again, in his <i>Evolution in Biology</i>,<a name="FNanchor_243_243" id="FNanchor_243_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> Mr. Huxley wrote: "Whatever
+hesitation may not unfrequently be felt by less daring minds, in
+following Haeckel in many of his speculations, his attempt to
+systematise the doctrine of Evolution and to exhibit its influence as
+the central thought of modern biology, cannot fail to have a
+far-reaching influence on the progress of science."</p>
+
+<p>In the following letter my father alludes to the somewhat fierce manner
+in which Professor Haeckel fought the battle of 'Darwinismus,' and on
+this subject Dr. Krause has some good remarks (p. 162). He asks whether
+much that happened in the heat of the conflict might not well have been
+otherwise, and adds that Haeckel himself is the last man to deny this.
+Nevertheless he thinks that even these things may have worked well for
+the cause of Evolution, inasmuch as Haeckel "concentrated on himself by
+his <i>Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts</i>, his <i>Generelle Morphologie</i>,
+and <i>Sch&ouml;pfungs-Geschichte</i>, all the hatred and bitterness which
+Evolution excited in certain quarters," so that, "in a surprisingly
+short time it became the fashion in Germany that Haeckel alone should be
+abused, while Darwin was held up as the ideal of forethought and moderation."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to E. Haeckel.</i> Down, May 21, 1867.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Haeckel</span>,&mdash;Your letter of the 18th has given me great pleasure, for
+you have received what I said in the most kind and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span> cordial manner. You
+have in part taken what I said much stronger than I had intended. It
+never occurred to me for a moment to doubt that your work, with the
+whole subject so admirably and clearly arranged, as well as fortified by
+so many new facts and arguments, would not advance our common object in
+the highest degree. All that I think is that you will excite anger, and
+that anger so completely blinds every one that your arguments would have
+no chance of influencing those who are already opposed to our views.
+Moreover, I do not at all like that you, towards whom I feel so much
+friendship, should unnecessarily make enemies, and there is pain and
+vexation enough in the world without more being caused. But I repeat
+that I can feel no doubt that your work will greatly advance our
+subject, and I heartily wish it could be translated into English, for my
+own sake and that of others. With respect to what you say about my
+advancing too strongly objections against my own views, some of my
+English friends think that I have erred on this side; but truth
+compelled me to write what I did, and I am inclined to think it was good
+policy. The belief in the descent theory is slowly spreading in
+England,<a name="FNanchor_244_244" id="FNanchor_244_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> even amongst those who can give no reason for their
+belief. No body of men were at first so much opposed to my views as the
+members of the London Entomological Society, but now I am assured that,
+with the exception of two or three old men, all the members concur with
+me to a certain extent. It has been a great disappointment to me that I
+have never received your long letter written to me from the Canary
+Islands. I am rejoiced to hear that your tour, which seems to have been
+a most interesting one, has done your health much good.</p>
+
+<p>... I am very glad to hear that there is some chance of your visiting
+England this autumn, and all in this house will be delighted to see you here.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Believe me, my dear Haeckel, yours very sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>I place here an extract from a letter of later date (Nov. 1868), which
+refers to one of Haeckel's later works.<a name="FNanchor_245_245" id="FNanchor_245_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a></p>
+
+<p>"Your chapters on the affinities and genealogy of the animal kingdom
+strike me as admirable and full of original thought.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> Your boldness,
+however, sometimes makes me tremble, but as Huxley remarked, some one
+must be bold enough to make a beginning in drawing up tables of descent.
+Although you fully admit the imperfection of the geological record, yet
+Huxley agreed with me in thinking that you are sometimes rather rash in
+venturing to say at what periods the several groups first appeared. I
+have this advantage over you, that I remember how wonderfully different
+any statement on this subject made 20 years ago, would have been to what
+would now be the case, and I expect the next 20 years will make quite as
+great a difference."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from a letter to Professor W. Preyer, a well-known
+physiologist, shows that he estimated at its true value the help he was
+to receive from the scientific workers of Germany:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">March 31, 1868.</p>
+
+<p>... I am delighted to hear that you uphold the doctrine of the
+Modification of Species, and defend my views. The support which I
+receive from Germany is my chief ground for hoping that our views will
+ultimately prevail. To the present day I am continually abused or
+treated with contempt by writers of my own country; but the younger
+naturalists are almost all on my side, and sooner or later the public
+must follow those who make the subject their special study. The abuse
+and contempt of ignorant writers hurts me very little....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>I must now pass on to the publication, in 1868, of his book on <i>The
+Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication</i>. It was begun two
+days after the appearance of the second edition of the <i>Origin</i>, on Jan.
+9, 1860, and it may, I think, be reckoned that about half of the eight
+years that elapsed between its commencement and completion was spent on
+it. The book did not escape adverse criticism: it was said, for
+instance, that the public had been patiently waiting for Mr. Darwin's
+<i>pi&egrave;ces justicatives</i>, and that after eight years of expectation, all
+they got was a mass of detail about pigeons, rabbits and silk-worms. But
+the true critics welcomed it as an expansion with unrivalled wealth of
+illustration of a section of the <i>Origin</i>. Variation under the influence
+of man was the only subject (except the question of man's origin) which
+he was able to deal with in detail so as to utilise his full stores of
+knowledge. When we remember how important for his argument is a
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>knowledge of the action of artificial selection, we may well rejoice
+that this subject was chosen by him for amplification.</p>
+
+<p>In 1864, he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:</p>
+
+<p>"I have begun looking over my old MS., and it is as fresh as if I had
+never written it; parts are astonishingly dull, but yet worth printing,
+I think; and other parts strike me as very good. I am a complete
+millionaire in odd and curious little facts, and I have been really
+astounded at my own industry whilst reading my chapters on Inheritance
+and Selection. God knows when the book will ever be completed, for I
+find that I am very weak, and on my best days cannot do more than one or
+one and a half hours' work. It is a good deal harder than writing about
+my dear climbing plants."</p>
+
+<p>In Aug. 1867, when Lyell was reading the proofs of the book, my father
+wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I thank you cordially for your last two letters. The former one did me
+<i>real</i> good, for I had got so wearied with the subject that I could
+hardly bear to correct the proofs, and you gave me fresh heart. I
+remember thinking that when you came to the Pigeon chapter you would
+pass it over as quite unreadable. I have been particularly pleased that
+you have noticed Pangenesis. I do not know whether you ever had the
+feeling of having thought so much over a subject that you had lost all
+power of judging it. This is my case with Pangenesis (which is 26 or 27
+years old), but I am inclined to think that if it be admitted as a
+probable hypothesis it will be a somewhat important step in Biology."</p>
+
+<p>His theory of Pangenesis, by which he attempted to explain "how the
+characters of the parents are 'photographed' on the child, by means of
+material atoms derived from each cell in both parents, and developed in
+the child," has never met with much acceptance. Nevertheless, some of
+his contemporaries felt with him about it. Thus in February 1868, he
+wrote to Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I heard yesterday from Wallace, who says (excuse horrid vanity), 'I can
+hardly tell you how much I admire the chapter on <i>Pangenesis</i>. It is a
+<i>positive comfort</i> to me to have any feasible explanation of a
+difficulty that has always been haunting me, and I shall never be able
+to give it up till a better one supplies its place, and that I think
+hardly possible.' Now his foregoing [italicised] words express my
+sentiments exactly and fully: though perhaps I feel the relief extra
+strongly from having during many years vainly attempted to form some
+hypothesis. When you or Huxley say that a single cell of a plant, or the
+stump of an amputated limb, has the 'potentiality'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> of reproducing the
+whole&mdash;or 'diffuses an influence,' these words give me no positive
+idea;&mdash;but, when it is said that the cells of a plant, or stump, include
+atoms derived from every other cell of the whole organism and capable of
+development, I gain a distinct idea."</p>
+
+<p>Immediately after the publication of the book, he wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Down, February 10 [1868].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Hooker</span>,&mdash;What is the good of having a friend, if one may not
+boast to him? I heard yesterday that Murray has sold in a week the whole
+edition of 1500 copies of my book, and the sale so pressing that he has
+agreed with Clowes to get another edition in fourteen days! This has
+done me a world of good, for I had got into a sort of dogged hatred of
+my book. And now there has appeared a review in the <i>Pall Mall</i> which
+has pleased me excessively, more perhaps than is reasonable. I am quite
+content, and do not care how much I may be pitched into. If by any
+chance you should hear who wrote the article in the <i>Pall Mall</i>, do
+please tell me; it is some one who writes capitally, and who knows the
+subject. I went to luncheon on Sunday, to Lubbock's, partly in hopes of
+seeing you, and, be hanged to you, you were not there.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Your cock-a-hoop friend,</p>
+
+<p class="right">C. D.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>Independently of the favourable tone of the able series of notices in
+the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i> (Feb. 10, 15, 17, 1868), my father may well have
+been gratified by the following passages:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>"We must call attention to the rare and noble calmness with which he
+expounds his own views, undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation
+which those views have excited, and persistently refusing to retort on
+his antagonists by ridicule, by indignation, or by contempt. Considering
+the amount of vituperation and insinuation which has come from the other
+side, this forbearance is supremely dignified."</p>
+
+<p>And again in the third notice, Feb. 17:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Nowhere has the author a word that could wound the most sensitive
+self-love of an antagonist; nowhere does he, in text or note, expose the
+fallacies and mistakes of brother investigators ... but while abstaining
+from impertinent censure, he is lavish in acknowledging the smallest
+debts he may owe; and his book will make many men happy."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span></p><p>I am indebted to Messrs. Smith and Elder for the information that these
+articles were written by Mr. G. H. Lewes.</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from a letter (Feb. 1870) to his friend Professor
+Newton, the well-known ornithologist, shows how much he valued the
+appreciation of his colleagues.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose it would be universally held extremely wrong for a defendant
+to write to a Judge to express his satisfaction at a judgment in his
+favour; and yet I am going thus to act. I have just read what you have
+said in the 'Record'<a name="FNanchor_246_246" id="FNanchor_246_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> about my pigeon chapters, and it has gratified
+me beyond measure. I have sometimes felt a little disappointed that the
+labour of so many years seemed to be almost thrown away, for you are the
+first man capable of forming a judgment (excepting partly Quatrefages),
+who seems to have thought anything of this part of my work. The amount
+of labour, correspondence, and care, which the subject cost me, is more
+than you could well suppose. I thought the article in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> was
+very unjust; but now I feel amply repaid, and I cordially thank you for
+your sympathy and too warm praise."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="bold">WORK ON MAN.</p>
+
+<p>In February 1867, when the manuscript of <i>Animals and Plants</i> had been
+sent to Messrs. Clowes to be printed, and before the proofs began to
+come in, he had an interval of spare time, and began a "Chapter on Man,"
+but be soon found it growing under his hands, and determined to publish
+it separately as a "very small volume."</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that only four years before this date, namely in 1864,
+he had given up hope of being able to work out this subject. He wrote to
+Mr. Wallace:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have collected a few notes on man, but I do not suppose that I shall
+ever use them. Do you intend to follow out your views, and if so, would
+you like at some future time to have my few references and notes? I am
+sure I hardly know whether they are of any value, and they are at
+present in a state of chaos. There is much more that I should like to
+write, but I have not strength." But this was at a period of ill-health;
+not long before, in 1863, he had written in the same depressed tone
+about his future work generally:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have been so steadily going downhill, I cannot help doubting whether
+I can ever crawl a little uphill again. Unless<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> I can, enough to work a
+little, I hope my life may be very short, for to lie on a sofa all day
+and do nothing but give trouble to the best and kindest of wives and
+good dear children is dreadful."</p>
+
+<p>The "Chapter on Man," which afterwards grew into the <i>Descent of Man</i>,
+was interrupted by the necessity of correcting the proofs of <i>Animals
+and Plants</i>, and by some botanical work, but was resumed with
+unremitting industry on the first available day in the following year.
+He could not rest, and he recognised with regret the gradual change in
+his mind that rendered continuous work more and more necessary to him as
+he grew older. This is expressed in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker, June
+17, 1868, which repeats to some extent what is given in the
+<i>Autobiography</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am glad you were at the <i>Messiah</i>, it is the one thing that I should
+like to hear again, but I dare say I should find my soul too dried up to
+appreciate it as in old days; and then I should feel very flat, for it
+is a horrid bore to feel as I constantly do, that I am a withered leaf
+for every subject except Science. It sometimes makes me hate Science,
+though God knows I ought to be thankful for such a perennial interest,
+which makes me forget for some hours every day my accursed stomach."</p>
+
+<p><i>The Descent of Man</i> (and this is indicated on its title-page) consists
+of two separate books, namely on the pedigree of mankind, and on sexual
+selection in the animal kingdom generally. In studying this latter part
+of the subject he had to take into consideration the whole subject of
+colour. I give the two following characteristic letters, in which the
+reader is as it were present at the birth of a theory.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to A. R. Wallace.</i> Down, February 23 [1867].</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Wallace</span>,&mdash;I much regretted that I was unable to call on you, but
+after Monday I was unable even to leave the house. On Monday evening I
+called on Bates, and put a difficulty before him, which he could not
+answer, and, as on some former similar occasion, his first suggestion
+was, "You had better ask Wallace." My difficulty is, why are
+caterpillars sometimes so beautifully and artistically coloured? Seeing
+that many are coloured to escape danger, I can hardly attribute their
+bright colour in other cases to mere physical conditions. Bates says the
+most gaudy caterpillar he ever saw in Amazonia (of a sphinx) was
+conspicuous at the distance of yards, from its<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> black and red colours,
+whilst feeding on large green leaves. If any one objected to male
+butterflies having been made beautiful by sexual selection, and asked
+why should they not have been made beautiful as well as their
+caterpillars, what would you answer? I could not answer, but should
+maintain my ground. Will you think over this, and some time, either by
+letter or when we meet, tell me what you think?...</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>He seems to have received an explanation by return of post, for a day or
+two afterwards he could write to Wallace:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Bates was quite right; you are the man to apply to in a difficulty. I
+never heard anything more ingenious than your suggestion, and I hope you
+may be able to prove it true. That is a splendid fact about the white
+moths; it warms one's very blood to see a theory thus almost proved to
+be true."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Wallace's suggestion was that conspicuous caterpillars or perfect
+insects (<i>e.g.</i> white butterflies), which are distasteful to birds,
+benefit by being promptly recognised and therefore easily avoided.<a name="FNanchor_247_247" id="FNanchor_247_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a></p>
+
+<p>The letter from Darwin to Wallace goes on: "The reason of my being so
+much interested just at present about sexual selection is, that I have
+almost resolved to publish a little essay on the origin of Mankind, and
+I still strongly think (though I failed to convince you, and this, to
+me, is the heaviest blow possible) that sexual selection has been the
+main agent in forming the races of man.</p>
+
+<p>"By the way, there is another subject which I shall introduce in my
+essay, namely, expression of countenance. Now, do you happen to know by
+any odd chance a very good-natured and acute observer in the Malay
+Archipelago, who you think would make a few easy observations for me on
+the expression of the Malays when excited by various emotions?"</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The reference to the subject of expression in the above letter is
+explained by the fact, that my father's original intention was to give
+his essay on this subject as a chapter in the <i>Descent of Man</i>, which in
+its turn grew, as we have seen, out of a proposed chapter in <i>Animals
+and Plants</i>.</p>
+
+<p>He got much valuable help from Dr. G&uuml;nther, of the Natural History
+Museum, to whom he wrote in May 1870:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"As I crawl on with the successive classes I am astonished to find how
+similar the rules are about the nuptial or 'wedding<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> dress' of all
+animals. The subject has begun to interest me in an extraordinary
+degree; but I must try not to fall into my common error of being too
+speculative. But a drunkard might as well say he would drink a little
+and not too much! My essay, as far as fishes, batrachians and reptiles
+are concerned, will be in fact yours, only written by me."</p>
+
+<p>The last revise of the <i>Descent of Man</i> was corrected on January 15th,
+1871, so that the book occupied him for about three years. He wrote to
+Sir J. Hooker: "I finished the last proofs of my book a few days ago;
+the work half-killed me, and I have not the most remote idea whether the
+book is worth publishing."</p>
+
+<p>He also wrote to Dr. Gray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have finished my book on the <i>Descent of Man</i>, &amp;c., and its
+publication is delayed only by the Index: when published, I will send
+you a copy, but I do not know that you will care about it. Parts, as on
+the moral sense, will, I dare say, aggravate you, and if I hear from
+you, I shall probably receive a few stabs from your polished stiletto of
+a pen."</p>
+
+<p>The book was published on February 24, 1871. 2500 copies were printed at
+first, and 6000 more before the end of the year. My father notes that he
+received for this edition &pound;1470.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing can give a better idea (in a small compass) of the growth of
+Evolutionism, and its position at this time, than a quotation from Mr.
+Huxley<a name="FNanchor_248_248" id="FNanchor_248_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The gradual lapse of time has now separated us by more than a decade
+from the date of the publication of the <i>Origin of Species</i>; and
+whatever may be thought or said about Mr. Darwin's doctrines, or the
+manner in which he has propounded them, this much is certain, that in a
+dozen years the <i>Origin of Species</i> has worked as complete a revolution
+in Biological Science as the <i>Principia</i> did in Astronomy;" and it had
+done so, "because in the words of Helmholtz, it contains 'an essentially
+new creative thought.' And, as time has slipped by, a happy change has
+come over Mr. Darwin's critics. The mixture of ignorance and insolence
+which at first characterised a large proportion of the attacks with
+which he was assailed, is no longer the sad distinction of
+anti-Darwinian criticism."</p>
+
+<p>A passage in the Introduction to the <i>Descent of Man</i> shows that the
+author recognised clearly this improvement in the position of
+Evolutionism. "When a naturalist like Carl Vogt ventures to say in his
+address, as President of the National<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> Institution of Geneva (1869),
+'personne, en Europe au moins, n'ose plus soutenir la cr&eacute;ation
+ind&eacute;pendante et de toutes pi&egrave;ces, des esp&egrave;ces,' it is manifest that at
+least a large number of naturalists must admit that species are the
+modified descendants of other species; and this especially holds good
+with the younger and rising naturalists.... Of the older and honoured
+chiefs in natural science, many, unfortunately, are still opposed to
+Evolution in every form."</p>
+
+<p>In Mr. James Hague's pleasantly written article, "A Reminiscence of Mr.
+Darwin" (<i>Harper's Magazine</i>, October 1884), he describes a visit to my
+father "early in 1871," shortly after the publication of the <i>Descent of
+Man</i>. Mr. Hague represents my father as "much impressed by the general
+assent with which his views had been received," and as remarking that
+"everybody is talking about it without being shocked."</p>
+
+<p>Later in the year the reception of the book is described in different
+language in the <i>Edinburgh Review</i>: "On every side it is raising a storm
+of mingled wrath, wonder and admiration."</p>
+
+<p>Haeckel seems to have been one of the first to write to my father about
+the <i>Descent of Man</i>. I quote from Darwin's reply:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I must send you a few words to thank you for your interesting, and I
+may truly say, charming letter. I am delighted that you approve of my
+book, as far as you have read it. I felt very great difficulty and doubt
+how often I ought to allude to what you have published; strictly
+speaking every idea, although occurring independently to me, if
+published by you previously ought to have appeared as if taken from your
+works, but this would have made my book very dull reading; and I hoped
+that a full acknowledgment at the beginning would suffice.<a name="FNanchor_249_249" id="FNanchor_249_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> I cannot
+tell you how glad I am to find that I have expressed my high admiration
+of your labours with sufficient clearness; I am sure that I have not
+expressed it too strongly."</p>
+
+<p>In March he wrote to Professor Ray Lankester:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I think you will be glad to hear, as a proof of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> increasing
+liberality of England, that my book has sold wonderfully ... and as yet
+no abuse (though some, no doubt, will come, strong enough), and only
+contempt even in the poor old <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>."</p>
+
+<p>About the same time he wrote to Mr. Murray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Many thanks for the <i>Nonconformist</i> [March 8, 1871]. I like to see all
+that is written, and it is of some real use. If you hear of reviewers in
+out-of-the-way papers, especially the religious, as <i>Record</i>,
+<i>Guardian</i>, <i>Tablet</i>, kindly inform me. It is wonderful that there has
+been no abuse as yet. On the whole, the reviews have been highly
+favourable."</p>
+
+<p>The following extract from a letter to Mr. Murray (April 13, 1871)
+refers to a review in the <i>Times</i><a name="FNanchor_250_250" id="FNanchor_250_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have no idea who wrote the <i>Times'</i> review. He has no knowledge of
+science, and seems to me a wind-bag full of metaphysics and classics, so
+that I do not much regard his adverse judgment, though I suppose it will
+injure the sale."</p>
+
+<p>A striking review appeared in the <i>Saturday Review</i> (March 4 and 11,
+1871) in which the position of Evolution is well stated.</p>
+
+<p>"He claims to have brought man himself, his origin and constitution,
+within that unity which he had previously sought to trace through all
+lower animal forms. The growth of opinion in the interval, due in chief
+measure to his own intermediate works, has placed the discussion of this
+problem in a position very much in advance of that held by it fifteen
+years ago. The problem of Evolution is hardly any longer to be treated
+as one of first principles: nor has Mr. Darwin to do battle for a first
+hearing of his central hypothesis, upborne as it is by a phalanx of
+names full of distinction and promise in either hemisphere."</p>
+
+<p>We must now return to the history of the general principle of Evolution.
+At the beginning of 1869<a name="FNanchor_251_251" id="FNanchor_251_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> he was at work on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> the fifth edition of
+the <i>Origin</i>. The most important alterations were suggested by a
+remarkable paper in the <i>North British Review</i> (June, 1867) written by
+the late Fleeming Jenkin.</p>
+
+<p>It is not a little remarkable that the criticisms, which my father, as I
+believe, felt to be the most valuable ever made on his views should have
+come, not from a professed naturalist but from a Professor of
+Engineering.</p>
+
+<p>The point on which Fleeming Jenkin convinced my father is the extreme
+difficulty of believing that <i>single individuals</i> which differ from
+their fellows in the possession of some useful character can be the
+starting point of a new variety. Thus the origin of a new variety is
+more likely to be found in a species which presents the incipient
+character in a large number of its individuals. This point of view was
+of course perfectly familiar to him, it was this that induced him to
+study "unconscious selection," where a breed is formed by the
+long-continued preservation by Man of all those individuals which are
+best adapted to his needs: not as in the art of the professed breeder,
+where a single individual is picked out to breed from.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to give in a short compass an account of Fleeming
+Jenkin's argument. My father's copy of the paper (ripped out of the
+volume as usual, and tied with a bit of string) is annotated in pencil
+in many places. I quote a passage opposite which my father has written
+"good sneers"&mdash;but it should be remembered that he used the word "sneer"
+in rather a special sense, not as necessarily implying a feeling of
+bitterness in the critic, but rather in the sense of "banter." Speaking
+of the "true believer," Fleeming Jenkin says, p. 293:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"He can invent trains of ancestors of whose existence there is no
+evidence; he can marshal hosts of equally imaginary foes; he can call up
+continents, floods, and peculiar atmospheres; he can dry up oceans,
+split islands, and parcel out eternity at will; surely with these
+advantages he must be a dull fellow if he cannot scheme some series of
+animals and circumstances explaining our assumed difficulty quite
+naturally. Feeling the difficulty of dealing with adversaries who
+command so huge a domain of fancy, we will abandon these arguments, and
+trust to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> those which at least cannot be assailed by mere efforts of
+imagination."</p>
+
+<p>In the fifth edition of the <i>Origin</i>, my father altered a passage in the
+Historical Sketch (fourth edition, p. xviii.). He thus practically gave
+up the difficult task of understanding whether or not Sir R. Owen claims
+to have discovered the principle of Natural Selection. Adding, "As far
+as the more enunciation of the principle of Natural Selection is
+concerned, it is quite immaterial whether or not Professor Owen preceded
+me, for both of us ... were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr.
+Matthew."</p>
+
+<p>The desire that his views might spread in France was always strong with
+my father, and he was therefore justly annoyed to find that in 1869 the
+publisher of the French edition had brought out a third edition without
+consulting the author. He was accordingly glad to enter into an
+arrangement for a French translation of the fifth edition; this was
+undertaken by M. Reinwald, with whom he continued to have pleasant
+relations as the publisher of many of his books in French.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I must enjoy myself and tell you about Mdlle. C. Royer, who translated
+the <i>Origin</i> into French, and for whose second edition I took infinite
+trouble. She has now just brought out a third edition without informing
+me, so that all the corrections, &amp;c., in the fourth and fifth English
+editions are lost. Besides her enormously long preface to the first
+edition, she has added a second preface abusing me like a pickpocket for
+Pangenesis, which of course has no relation to the <i>Origin</i>. So I wrote
+to Paris; and Reinwald agrees to bring out at once a new translation
+from the fifth English edition, in competition with her third
+edition.... This fact shows that 'evolution of species' must at last be
+spreading in France."</p>
+
+<p>It will be well perhaps to place here all that remains to be said about
+the <i>Origin of Species</i>. The sixth or final edition was published in
+January 1872 in a smaller and cheaper form than its predecessors. The
+chief addition was a discussion suggested by Mr. Mivart's <i>Genesis of
+Species</i>, which appeared in 1871, before the publication of the <i>Descent
+of Man</i>. The following quotation from a letter to Wallace (July 9, 1871)
+may serve to show the spirit and method in which Mr. Mivart dealt with
+the subject. "I grieve to see the omission of the words by Mivart,
+detected by Wright.<a name="FNanchor_252_252" id="FNanchor_252_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> I complained to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> Mivart that in two cases he
+quotes only the commencement of sentences by me, and thus modifies my
+meaning; but I never supposed he would have omitted words. There are
+other cases of what I consider unfair treatment."</p>
+
+<p>My father continues, with his usual charity and moderation:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I conclude with sorrow that though he means to be honourable, he is so
+bigoted that he cannot act fairly."</p>
+
+<p>In July 1871, my father wrote to Mr. Wallace:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I feel very doubtful how far I shall succeed in answering Mivart, it is
+so difficult to answer objections to doubtful points, and make the
+discussion readable. I shall make only a selection. The worst of it is,
+that I cannot possibly hunt through all my references for isolated
+points, it would take me three weeks of intolerably hard work. I wish I
+had your power of arguing clearly. At present I feel sick of everything,
+and if I could occupy my time and forget my daily discomforts, or rather
+miseries, I would never publish another word. But I shall cheer up, I
+dare say, soon, having only just got over a bad attack. Farewell; God
+knows why I bother you about myself. I can say nothing more about
+missing-links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-silurian
+times; but then comes Sir W. Thomson like an odious spectre.<a name="FNanchor_253_253" id="FNanchor_253_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a>
+Farewell.</p>
+
+<p>" ... There is a most cutting review of me in the [July] <i>Quarterly</i>; I
+have only read a few pages. The skill and style make me think of Mivart.
+I shall soon be viewed as the most despicable of men. This <i>Quarterly
+Review</i> tempts me to republish Ch. Wright,<a name="FNanchor_254_254" id="FNanchor_254_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> even if not read by any
+one, just to show some one will say a word against Mivart, and that his
+(<i>i.e.</i> Mivart's) remarks ought not to be swallowed without some
+reflection.... God knows whether my strength and spirit will last out to
+write a chapter versus Mivart and others; I do so hate controversy and
+feel I shall do it so badly."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Quarterly</i> review was the subject of an article by Mr. Huxley in
+the November number of the <i>Contemporary Review</i>. Here, also, are
+discussed Mr. Wallace's <i>Contribution to the Theory of Natural
+Selection</i>, and the second edition of Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> Mivart's <i>Genesis of
+Species</i>. What follows is taken from Mr. Huxley's article. The
+<i>Quarterly</i> reviewer, though to some extent an evolutionist, believes
+that Man "differs more from an elephant or a gorilla, than do these from
+the dust of the earth on which they tread." The reviewer also declares
+that Darwin has "with needless opposition, set at naught the first
+principles of both philosophy and religion." Mr. Huxley passes from the
+<i>Quarterly</i> reviewer's further statement, that there is no necessary
+opposition between evolution and religion, to the more definite position
+taken by Mr. Mivart, that the orthodox authorities of the Roman Catholic
+Church agree in distinctly asserting derivative creation, so that "their
+teachings harmonize with all that modern science can possibly require."
+Here Mr. Huxley felt the want of that "study of Christian philosophy"
+(at any rate, in its Jesuitic garb), which Mr. Mivart speaks of, and it
+was a want he at once set to work to fill up. He was then staying at St.
+Andrews, whence he wrote to my father:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"By great good luck there is an excellent library here, with a good copy
+of Suarez,<a name="FNanchor_255_255" id="FNanchor_255_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> in a dozen big folios. Among these I dived, to the great
+astonishment of the librarian, and looking into them 'as careful robins
+eye the delver's toil' (<i>vide Idylls</i>), I carried off the two venerable
+clasped volumes which were most promising." Even those who know Mr.
+Huxley's unrivalled power of tearing the heart out of a book must marvel
+at the skill with which he has made Suarez speak on his side. "So I have
+come out," he wrote, "in the new character of a defender of Catholic
+orthodoxy, and upset Mivart out of the mouth of his own prophet."</p>
+
+<p>The remainder of Mr. Huxley's critique is largely occupied with a
+dissection of the <i>Quarterly</i> reviewer's psychology, and his ethical
+views. He deals, too, with Mr. Wallace's objections to the doctrine of
+Evolution by natural causes when applied to the mental faculties of Man.
+Finally, he devotes a couple of pages to justifying his description of
+the <i>Quarterly</i> reviewer's treatment of Mr. Darwin as alike "unjust and
+unbecoming."<a name="FNanchor_256_256" id="FNanchor_256_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span></p><p>In the sixth edition my father also referred to the "direct action of
+the conditions of life" as a subordinate cause of modification in living
+things: On this subject he wrote to Dr. Moritz Wagner (Oct. 13, 1876):
+"In my opinion the greatest error which I have committed, has been not
+allowing sufficient weight to the direct action of the environment,
+<i>i.e.</i> food, climate, &amp;c., independently of natural selection.
+Modifications thus caused, which are neither of advantage nor
+disadvantage to the modified organism, would be especially favoured, as
+I can now see chiefly through your observations, by isolation, in a
+small area, where only a few individuals lived under nearly uniform
+conditions."</p>
+
+<p>It has been supposed that such statements indicate a serious change of
+front on my father's part. As a matter of fact the first edition of the
+<i>Origin</i> contains the words, "I am convinced that natural selection has
+been the main but not the exclusive means of modification." Moreover,
+any alteration that his views may have undergone was due not to a change
+of opinion, but to change in the materials on which a judgment was to be
+formed. Thus he wrote to Wagner in the above quoted letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"When I wrote the <i>Origin</i>, and for some years afterwards, I could find
+little good evidence of the direct action of the environment; now there
+is a large body of evidence."</p>
+
+<p>With the possibility of such action of the environment he had of course
+been familiar for many years. Thus he wrote to Mr. Davidson in 1861:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My greatest trouble is, not being able to weigh the direct effects of
+the long-continued action of changed conditions of life without any
+selection, with the action of selection on mere accidental (so to speak)
+variability. I oscillate much on this head, but generally return to my
+belief that the direct action of the conditions of life has not been
+great. At least this direct action can have played an extremely small
+part in producing all the numberless and beautiful adaptations in every
+living creature."</p>
+
+<p>And to Sir Joseph Hooker in the following year:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I hardly know why I am a little sorry, but my present work is leading
+me to believe rather more in the direct action of physical conditions. I
+presume I regret it, because it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> lessens the glory of Natural Selection,
+and is so confoundedly doubtful. Perhaps I shall change again when I get
+all my facts under one point of view, and a pretty hard job this will
+be."</p>
+
+<p>Reference has already been made to the growth of his book on the
+<i>Expression of the Emotions</i> out of a projected chapter in the <i>Descent
+of Man</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It was published in the autumn of 1872. The edition consisted of 7000,
+and of these 5267 copies were sold at Mr. Murray's sale in November. Two
+thousand were printed at the end of the year, and this proved a
+misfortune, as they did not afterwards sell so rapidly, and thus a mass
+of notes collected by the author was never employed for a second edition
+during his lifetime.<a name="FNanchor_257_257" id="FNanchor_257_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a></p>
+
+<p>As usual he had no belief in the possibility of the book being generally
+successful. The following passage in a letter to Haeckel serves to show
+that he had felt the writing of this book as a somewhat severe strain:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have finished my little book on Expression, and when it is published
+in November I will of course send you a copy, in case you would like to
+read it for amusement. I have resumed some old botanical work, and
+perhaps I shall never again attempt to discuss theoretical views.</p>
+
+<p>"I am growing old and weak, and no man can tell when his intellectual
+powers begin to fail. Long life and happiness to you for your own sake
+and for that of science."</p>
+
+<p>A good review by Mr. Wallace appeared in the <i>Quarterly Journal of
+Science</i>, Jan. 1873. Mr. Wallace truly remarks that the book exhibits
+certain "characteristics of the author's mind in an eminent degree,"
+namely, "the insatiable longing to discover the causes of the varied and
+complex phenomena presented by living things." He adds that in the case
+of the author "the restless curiosity of the child to know the 'what
+for?' the 'why?' and the 'how?' of everything" seems "never to have
+abated its force."</p>
+
+<p>The publication of the Expression book was the occasion of the following
+letter to one of his oldest friends, the late Mrs. Haliburton, who was
+the daughter of a Shropshire neighbour, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse, and
+became the wife of the author of <i>Sam Slick</i>.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Nov. 1, 1872.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Mrs. Haliburton</span>,&mdash;I dare say you will be surprised to hear from
+me. My object in writing now is to say that I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> have just published a
+book on the <i>Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</i>; and it has
+occurred to me that you might possibly like to read some parts of it;
+and I can hardly think that this would have been the case with any of
+the books which I have already published. So I send by this post my
+present book. Although I have had no communication with you or the other
+members of your family for so long a time, no scenes in my whole life
+pass so frequently or so vividly before my mind as those which relate to
+happy old days spent at Woodhouse. I should very much like to hear a
+little news about yourself and the other members of your family, if you
+will take the trouble to write to me. Formerly I used to glean some news
+about you from my sisters.</p>
+
+<p>I have had many years of bad health and have not been able to visit
+anywhere; and now I feel very old. As long as I pass a perfectly uniform
+life, I am able to do some daily work in Natural History, which is still
+my passion, as it was in old days, when you used to laugh at me for
+collecting beetles with such zeal at Woodhouse. Excepting from my
+continued ill-health, which has excluded me from society, my life has
+been a very happy one; the greatest drawback being that several of my
+children have inherited from me feeble health. I hope with all my heart
+that you retain, at least to a large extent, the famous "Owen
+constitution." With sincere feelings of gratitude and affection for all
+bearing the name of Owen, I venture to sign myself,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Yours affectionately.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Charles Darwin.</span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_221" id="Footnote_221_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_221"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> The Historical Sketch had already appeared in the first
+German edition (1860) and the American edition. Bronn states in the
+German edition (footnote, p. 1) that it was his critique in the <i>N.
+Jahrbuch f&uuml;r Mineralogie</i> that suggested to my father the idea of such a
+sketch.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_222" id="Footnote_222_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_222"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> Hugh Falconer, born 1809, died 1865. Chiefly known as a
+pal&aelig;ontologist, although employed as a botanist during his whole career
+in India, where he was a medical officer in the H.E.I.C. Service.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_223" id="Footnote_223_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_223"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> In his letters to Gray there are also numerous references
+to the American war. I give a single passage. "I never knew the
+newspapers so profoundly interesting. North America does not do England
+justice; I have not seen or heard of a soul who is not with the North.
+Some few, and I am one of them, even wish to God, though at the loss of
+millions of lives, that the North would proclaim a crusade against
+slavery. In the long-run, a million horrid deaths would be amply repaid
+in the cause of humanity. What wonderful times we live in! Massachusetts
+seems to show noble enthusiasm. Great God! how I should like to see the
+greatest curse on earth&mdash;slavery&mdash;abolished!"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_224" id="Footnote_224_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_224"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> This refers to the remarkable fact that many introduced
+European weeds have spread over large parts of the United States.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_225" id="Footnote_225_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_225"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <i>Geologist</i>, 1861, p. 132.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_226" id="Footnote_226_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_226"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> The letter is published in a lecture by Professor Hutton
+given before the Philosoph. Institute, Canterbury, N.Z., Sept 12th,
+1887.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_227" id="Footnote_227_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_227"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> Mr. Bates is perhaps most widely known through his
+delightful <i>The Naturalist on the Amazons</i>. It was with regard to this
+book that my father wrote (April 1863) to the author:&mdash;"I have finished
+vol. i. My criticisms may be condensed into a single sentence, namely,
+that it is the best work of Natural History Travels ever published in
+England. Your style seems to me admirable. Nothing can be better than
+the discussion on the struggle for existence, and nothing better than
+the description of the Forest scenery. It is a grand book, and whether
+or not it sells quickly, it will last. You have spoken out boldly on
+Species; and boldness on the subject seems to get rarer and rarer. How
+beautifully illustrated it is."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_228" id="Footnote_228_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_228"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> Mr. Bates' paper, 'Contributions to an Insect Fauna of
+the Amazons Valley' (<i>Linn. Soc. Trans.</i> xxiii. 1862), in which the now
+familiar subject of mimicry was founded. My father wrote a short review
+of it in the <i>Natural History Review</i>, 1863, p. 219, parts of which
+occur almost verbatim in the later editions of the <i>Origin of Species</i>.
+A striking passage occurs in the review, showing the difficulties of the
+case from a creationist's point of view:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"By what means, it may be asked, have so many butterflies of the
+Amazonian region acquired their deceptive dress? Most naturalists will
+answer that they were thus clothed from the hour of their creation&mdash;an
+answer which will generally be so far triumphant that it can be met only
+by long-drawn arguments; but it is made at the expense of putting an
+effectual bar to all further inquiry. In this particular case, moreover,
+the creationist will meet with special difficulties; for many of the
+mimicking forms of <i>Leptalis</i> can be shown by a graduated series to be
+merely varieties of one species; other mimickers are undoubtedly
+distinct species, or even distinct genera. So again, some of the
+mimicked forms can be shown to be merely varieties; but the greater
+number must be ranked as distinct species. Hence the creationist will
+have to admit that some of these forms have become imitators, by means
+of the laws of variation, whilst others he must look at as separately
+created under their present guise; he will further have to admit that
+some have been created in imitation of forms not themselves created as
+we now see them, but due to the laws of variation! Professor Agassiz,
+indeed, would think nothing of this difficulty; for he believes that not
+only each species and each variety, but that groups of individuals,
+though identically the same, when inhabiting distinct countries, have
+been all separately created in due proportional numbers to the wants of
+each land. Not many naturalists will be content thus to believe that
+varieties and individuals have been turned out all ready made, almost as
+a manufacturer turns out toys according to the temporary demand of the
+market."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_229" id="Footnote_229_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_229"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> Mr. Huxley was as usual active in guiding and stimulating
+the growing tendency to tolerate or accept the views set forth in the
+<i>Origin of Species</i>. He gave a series of lectures to working men at the
+School of Mines in November, 1862. These were printed in 1863 from the
+shorthand notes of Mr. May, as six little blue books, price 4<i>d.</i> each,
+under the title, <i>Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_230" id="Footnote_230_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_230"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Kingsley's <i>Life</i>, vol. ii. p. 171.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_231" id="Footnote_231_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_231"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> In the <i>Antiquity of Man</i>, first edition, p. 480, Lyell
+criticised somewhat severely Owen's account of the difference between
+the Human and Simian brains. The number of the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i> here referred
+to (1863, p. 262) contains a reply by Professor Owen to Lyell's
+strictures. The surprise expressed by my father was at the revival of a
+controversy which every one believed to be closed. Professor Huxley
+(<i>Medical Times</i>, Oct. 25th, 1862, quoted in <i>Man's Place in Nature</i>, p.
+117) spoke of the "two years during which this preposterous controversy
+has dragged its weary length." And this no doubt expressed a very
+general feeling.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_232" id="Footnote_232_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_232"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> The italics are not Lyell's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_233" id="Footnote_233_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_233"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> <i>The Antiquity of Man.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_234" id="Footnote_234_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_234"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> "Falconer, whom I [Lyell] referred to oftener than to any
+other author, says I have not done justice to the part he took in
+resuscitating the cave question, and says he shall come out with a
+separate paper to prove it. I offered to alter anything in the new
+edition, but this he declined."&mdash;C. Lyell to C. Darwin, March 11, 1863;
+Lyell's <i>Life</i>, vol ii. p. 364.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_235" id="Footnote_235_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_235"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> <i>Man's Place in Nature</i>, 1863.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_236" id="Footnote_236_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_236"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> This refers to a passage in which the reviewer of Dr.
+Carpenter's book speaks of "an operation of force," or "a concurrence of
+forces which have now no place in nature," as being, "a creative force,
+in fact, which Darwin could only express in Pentateuchal terms as the
+primordial form 'into which life was first breathed.'" The conception of
+expressing a creative force as a primordial form is the reviewer's.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_237" id="Footnote_237_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_237"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <i>Public Opinion</i>, April 23, 1863, A lively account of a
+police case, in which the quarrels of scientific men are satirised. Mr.
+John Bull gives evidence that&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"The whole neighbourhood was unsettled by their disputes; Huxley
+quarrelled with Owen, Owen with Darwin, Lyell with Owen, Falconer and
+Prestwich with Lyell, and Gray the menagerie man with everybody. He had
+pleasure, however, in stating that Darwin was the quietest of the set.
+They were always picking bones with each other and fighting over their
+gains. If either of the gravel sifters or stone breakers found anything,
+he was obliged to conceal it immediately, or one of the old bone
+collectors would be sure to appropriate it first and deny the theft
+afterwards, and the consequent wrangling and disputes were as endless as
+they were wearisome.
+</p><p>
+"Lord Mayor.&mdash;Probably the clergyman of the parish might exert some
+influence over them?
+</p><p>
+"The gentleman smiled, shook his head, and stated that he regretted to
+say that no class of men paid so little attention to the opinions of the
+clergy as that to which these unhappy men belonged."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_238" id="Footnote_238_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_238"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> No doubt Haeckel, whose monograph on the Radiolaria was
+published in 1862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_239" id="Footnote_239_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_239"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> The Marquis de Saporta.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_240" id="Footnote_240_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_240"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <i>Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur l'origine des esp&egrave;ces</i>.
+Par P. Flourens. 8vo. Paris, 1864.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_241" id="Footnote_241_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_241"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> <i>Lay Sermons</i>, p. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_242" id="Footnote_242_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_242"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> <i>Charles Darwin und sein Verh&auml;ltniss zu Deutschland</i>,
+1885.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_243" id="Footnote_243_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_243"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> An article in the <i>Encyclop&aelig;dia Britannica</i>, 9th edit.,
+reprinted in <i>Science and Culture</i>, 1881, p. 298.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_244" id="Footnote_244_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_244"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> In October, 1867, he wrote to Mr. Wallace:&mdash;"Mr.
+Warrington has lately read an excellent and spirited abstract of the
+<i>Origin</i> before the Victoria Institute, and as this is a most orthodox
+body, he has gained the name of the Devil's Advocate. The discussion
+which followed during three consecutive meetings is very rich from the
+nonsense talked."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_245" id="Footnote_245_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_245"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> <i>Die nat&uuml;rliche Sch&ouml;pfungs-Geschichte</i>, 1868. It was
+translated and published in 1876, under the title, <i>The History of
+Creation</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_246" id="Footnote_246_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_246"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> <i>Zoological Record.</i> The volume for 1868, published
+December, 1869.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_247" id="Footnote_247_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_247"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Mr. Jenner Weir's observations published in the
+<i>Transactions of the Entomological Society</i> (1869 and 1870) give strong
+support to the theory in question.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_248" id="Footnote_248_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_248"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> <i>Contemporary Review</i>, 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_249" id="Footnote_249_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_249"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> In the introduction to the <i>Descent of Man</i> the author
+wrote:&mdash;"This last naturalist [Haeckel] ... has recently ... published
+his <i>Nat&uuml;rliche Sch&ouml;pfungs-Geschichte</i>, in which he fully discusses the
+genealogy of man. If this work had appeared before my essay had been
+written, I should probably never have completed it. Almost all the
+conclusions at which I have arrived, I find confirmed by this
+naturalist, whose knowledge on many points is much fuller than mine."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_250" id="Footnote_250_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_250"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> April 7 and 8, 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_251" id="Footnote_251_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_251"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> His holiday this year was at Caerdeon, on the north shore
+of the beautiful Barmouth estuary, and pleasantly placed in being close
+to wild hill country behind, as well as to the picturesque wooded
+"hummocks," between the steeper hills and the river. My father was ill
+and somewhat depressed throughout this visit, and I think felt
+imprisoned and saddened by his inability to reach the hills over which
+he had once wandered for days together.
+</p><p>
+He wrote from Caerdeon to Sir J. D. Hooker (June 22nd):&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"We have been here for ten days, how I wish it was possible for you to
+pay us a visit here; we have a beautiful house with a terraced garden,
+and a really magnificent view of Cader, right opposite. Old Cader is a
+grand fellow, and shows himself off superbly with every changing light.
+We remain here till the end of July, when the H. Wedgwoods have the
+house. I have been as yet in a very poor way; it seems as soon as the
+stimulus of mental work stops, my whole strength gives way. As yet I
+have hardly crawled half a mile from the house, and then have been
+fearfully fatigued. It is enough to make one wish oneself quiet in a
+comfortable tomb."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_252" id="Footnote_252_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_252"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> The late Chauncey Wright, in an article published in the
+<i>North American Review</i>, vol. cxiii. pp. 83, 84. Wright points out that
+the words omitted are "essential to the point on which he [Mr. Mivart]
+cites Mr. Darwin's authority." It should be mentioned that the passage
+from which words are omitted is not given within inverted commas by Mr.
+Mivart.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_253" id="Footnote_253_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_253"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> My father, as an Evolutionist, felt that he required more
+time than Sir W. Thomson's estimate of the age of the world allows.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_254" id="Footnote_254_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_254"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> Chauncey Wright's review was published as a pamphlet in
+the autumn of 1871.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_255" id="Footnote_255_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_255"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> The learned Jesuit on whom Mr. Mivart mainly relies.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_256" id="Footnote_256_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_256"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> The same words may be applied to Mr. Mivart's treatment
+of my father. The following extract from a letter to Mr. Wallace (June
+17th, 1874) refers to Mr. Mivart's statement (<i>Lessons from Nature</i>, p.
+144) that Mr. Darwin at first studiously disguised his views as to the
+"bestiality of man":&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"I have only just heard of and procured your two articles in the
+<i>Academy</i>. I thank you most cordially for your generous defence of me
+against Mr. Mivart. In the <i>Origin</i> I did not discuss the derivation of
+any one species; but that I might not be accused of concealing my
+opinion, I went out of my way, and inserted a sentence which seemed to
+me (and still so seems) to disclose plainly my belief. This was quoted
+in my <i>Descent of Man</i>. Therefore it is very unjust ... of Mr. Mivart to
+accuse me of base fraudulent concealment."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_257" id="Footnote_257_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_257"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> They were utilised to some extent in the 2nd edition,
+edited by me, and published in 1890.&mdash;F. D.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER XV.</span> <span class="smaller">MISCELLANEA.&mdash;REVIVAL OF GEOLOGICAL WORK.&mdash;THE VIVISECTION
+QUESTION.&mdash;HONOURS.</span></h2>
+
+<p>In 1874 a second edition of his <i>Coral Reefs</i> was published, which need
+not specially concern us. It was not until some time afterwards that the
+criticisms of my father's theory appeared, which have attracted a good
+deal of attention.</p>
+
+<p>The following interesting account of the subject is taken from
+Professor's Judd's "Critical Introduction" to Messrs. Ward, Lock and
+Co's. edition of <i>Coral Reefs</i> and <i>Volcanic Islands, &amp;c.</i><a name="FNanchor_258_258" id="FNanchor_258_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a></p>
+
+<p>"The first serious note of dissent to the generally accepted theory was
+heard in 1863, when a distinguished German naturalist, Dr. Karl Semper,
+declared that his study of the Pelew Islands showed that uninterrupted
+subsidence could not have been going on in that region. Dr. Semper's
+objections were very carefully considered by Mr. Darwin, and a reply to
+them appeared in the second and revised edition of his <i>Coral Reefs</i>,
+which was published in 1874. With characteristic frankness and freedom
+from prejudices, Darwin admitted that the facts brought forward by Dr.
+Semper proved that in certain specified cases, subsidence could not have
+played the chief part in originating the peculiar forms of the coral
+islands. But while making this admission, he firmly maintained that
+exceptional cases, like those described in the Pelew Islands, were not
+sufficient to invalidate the theory of subsidence as applied to the
+widely spread atolls, encircling reefs, and barrier-reefs of the Pacific
+and Indian Oceans. It is worthy of note that to the end of his life
+Darwin maintained a friendly correspondence with Semper concerning the
+points on which they were at issue.</p>
+
+<p>"After the appearance of Semper's work, Dr. J. J. Rein published an
+account of the Bermudas, in which he opposed the interpretation of the
+structure of the islands given by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> Nelson and other authors, and
+maintained that the facts observed in them are opposed to the views of
+Darwin. Although so far as I am aware, Darwin had no opportunity of
+studying and considering these particular objections, it may be
+mentioned that two American geologists have since carefully re-examined
+the district&mdash;Professor W. N. Rice in 1884 and Professor A. Heilprin in
+1889&mdash;and they have independently arrived at the conclusion that Dr.
+Rein's objections cannot be maintained.</p>
+
+<p>"The most serious objection to Darwin's coral-reef theory, however, was
+that which developed itself after the return of H.M.S. <i>Challenger</i> from
+her famous voyage. Mr. John Murray, one of the staff of naturalists on
+board that vessel, propounded a new theory of coral-reefs, and
+maintained that the view that they were formed by subsidence was one
+that was no longer tenable; these objections have been supported by
+Professor Alexander Agassiz in the United States, and by Dr. A. Geikie,
+and Dr. H. B. Guppy in this country.</p>
+
+<p>"Although Mr. Darwin did not live to bring out a third edition of his
+<i>Coral Reefs</i>, I know from several conversations with him that he had
+given the most patient and thoughtful consideration to Mr. Murray's
+paper on the subject. He admitted to me that had he known, when he wrote
+his work, of the abundant deposition of the remains of calcareous
+organisms on the sea floor, he might have regarded this cause as
+sufficient in a few cases to raise the summit of submerged volcanoes or
+other mountains to a level at which reef-forming corals can commence to
+flourish. But he did not think that the admission that under certain
+favourable conditions, atolls might be thus formed without subsidence,
+necessitated an abandonment of his theory in the case of the innumerable
+examples of the kind which stud the Indian and Pacific Oceans.</p>
+
+<p>"A letter written by Darwin to Professor Alexander Agassiz in May 1881,
+shows exactly the attitude which careful consideration of the subject
+led him to maintain towards the theory propounded by Mr. Murray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"'You will have seen,' he writes, 'Mr. Murray's views on the formation
+of atolls and barrier reefs. Before publishing my book, I thought long
+over the same view, but only as far as ordinary marine organisms are
+concerned, for at that time little was known of the multitude of minute
+oceanic organisms. I rejected this view, as from the few dredgings made
+in the <i>Beagle</i>, in the south temperate regions, I concluded that
+shells, the smaller corals, &amp;c., decayed, and were dissolved, when not
+protected by the deposition of sediment, and sediment could<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span> not
+accumulate in the open ocean. Certainly, shells, &amp;c., were in several
+cases completely rotten, and crumbled into mud between my fingers; but
+you will know well whether this is in any degree common. I have
+expressly said that a bank at the proper depth would give rise to an
+atoll, which could not be distinguished from one formed during
+subsidence. I can, however, hardly believe in the former presence of as
+many banks (there having been no subsidence) as there are atolls in the
+great oceans, within a reasonable depth, on which minute oceanic
+organisms could have accumulated to the thickness of many hundred feet.</p>
+
+<p>"Darwin's concluding words in the same letter written within a year of
+his death, are a striking proof of the candour and openness of mind
+which he preserved so well to the end, in this as in other
+controversies.</p>
+
+<p>"'If I am wrong, the sooner I am knocked on the head and annihilated so
+much the better. It still seems to me a marvellous thing that there
+should not have been much, and long continued, subsidence in the beds of
+the great oceans. I wish that some doubly rich millionaire would take it
+into his head to have borings made in some of the Pacific and Indian
+atolls, and bring home cores for slicing from a depth of 500 or 600
+feet.'</p>
+
+<p>"It is noteworthy that the objections to Darwin's theory have for the
+most part proceeded from zoologists, while those who have fully
+appreciated the geological aspect of the question have been the
+staunchest supporters of the theory of subsidence. The desirability of
+such boring operations in atolls has been insisted upon by several
+geologists, and it may be hoped that before many years have passed away,
+Darwin's hopes may be realised, either with or without the intervention
+of the 'doubly rich millionaire.'</p>
+
+<p>"Three years after the death of Darwin, the veteran Professor Dana
+re-entered the lists and contributed a powerful defence of the theory of
+subsidence in the form of a reply to an essay written by the ablest
+exponent of the anti-Darwinian views on this subject, Dr. A. Geikie.
+While pointing out that the Darwinian position had been to a great
+extent misunderstood by its opponents, he showed that the rival theory
+presented even greater difficulties than those which it professed to
+remove.</p>
+
+<p>"During the last five years, the whole question of the origin of
+coral-reefs and islands has been re-opened, and a controversy has
+arisen, into which, unfortunately, acrimonious elements have been very
+unnecessarily introduced. Those who desire it, will find clear and
+impartial statements of the varied and often<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> mutually destructive views
+put forward by different authors, in three works which have made their
+appearance within the last year&mdash;<i>The Bermuda Islands</i>, by Professor
+Angelo Heilprin: <i>Corals and Coral Islands</i>, new edition by Professor J.
+D. Dana; and the third edition of Darwin's <i>Coral-Reefs</i>, with Notes and
+Appendix by Professor T. G. Bonney.</p>
+
+<p>"Most readers will, I think, rise from the perusal of these works with
+the conviction that, while on certain points of detail it is clear that,
+through the want of knowledge concerning the action of marine organisms
+in the open ocean, Darwin was betrayed into some grave errors, yet the
+main foundations of his argument have not been seriously impaired by the
+new facts observed in the deep-sea researches, or by the severe
+criticisms to which his theory has been subjected during the last ten
+years. On the other hand, I think it will appear that much
+misapprehension has been exhibited by some of Darwin's critics, as to
+what his views and arguments really were; so that the reprint and wide
+circulation of the book in its original form is greatly to be desired,
+and cannot but be attended with advantage to all those who will have the
+fairness to acquaint themselves with Darwin's views at first hand,
+before attempting to reply to them."</p>
+
+<p>The only important geological work of my father's later years is
+embodied in his book on earthworms (1881), which may therefore be
+conveniently considered in this place. This subject was one which had
+interested him many years before this date, and in 1838 a paper on the
+formation of mould was published in the <i>Proceedings of the Geological
+Society</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Here he showed that "fragments of burnt marl, cinders, &amp;c., which had
+been thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows were found
+after a few years lying at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, but
+still forming a layer." For the explanation of this fact, which forms
+the central idea of the geological part of the book, he was indebted to
+his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, who suggested that worms, by bringing earth
+to the surface in their castings, must undermine any objects lying on
+the surface and cause an apparent sinking.</p>
+
+<p>In the book of 1881 he extended his observations on this burying action,
+and devised a number of different ways of checking his estimates as to
+the amount of work done. He also added a mass of observations on the
+natural history and intelligence of worms, a part of the work which
+added greatly to its popularity.</p>
+
+<p>In 1877 Sir Thomas Farrer had discovered close to his garden the remains
+of a building of Roman-British times, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span> thus gave my father the
+opportunity of seeing for himself the effects produced by earthworms on
+the old concrete floors, walls, &amp;c. On his return he wrote to Sir Thomas
+Farrer:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I cannot remember a more delightful week than the last. I know very
+well that E. will not believe me, but the worms were by no means the
+sole charm."</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1880, when the <i>Power of Movement in Plants</i> was nearly
+finished, he began once more on the subject. He wrote to Professor Carus
+(September 21):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"In the intervals of correcting the press, I am writing a very little
+book, and have done nearly half of it. Its title will be (as at present
+designed), <i>The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
+Worms</i>.<a name="FNanchor_259_259" id="FNanchor_259_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> As far as I can judge, it will be a curious little book."</p>
+
+<p>The manuscript was sent to the printers in April 1881, and when the
+proof-sheets were coming in he wrote to Professor Carus: "The subject
+has been to me a hobby-horse, and I have perhaps treated it in foolish
+detail."</p>
+
+<p>It was published on October 10, and 2000 copies were sold at once. He
+wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker, "I am glad that you approve of the <i>Worms</i>.
+When in old days I used to tell you whatever I was doing, if you were at
+all interested, I always felt as most men do when their work is finally
+published."</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. Mellard Reade he wrote (November 8): "It has been a complete
+surprise to me how many persons have cared for the subject." And to Mr.
+Dyer (in November): "My book has been received with almost laughable
+enthusiasm, and 3500 copies have been sold!!!" Again to his friend Mr.
+Anthony Rich, he wrote on February 4, 1882, "I have been plagued with an
+endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish and
+enthusiastic; but some containing good facts which I have used in
+correcting yesterday the <i>Sixth Thousand</i>." The popularity of the book
+may be roughly estimated by the fact that, in the three years following
+its publication, 8500 copies were sold&mdash;a sale relatively greater than
+that of the <i>Origin of Species</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is not difficult to account for its success with the non-scientific
+public. Conclusions so wide and so novel, and so easily understood,
+drawn from the study of creatures so familiar, and treated with unabated
+vigour and freshness, may well have attracted many readers. A reviewer
+remarks: "In the eyes of most men ... the earthworm is a mere blind,
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>dumbsenseless, and unpleasantly slimy annelid. Mr. Darwin under-takes
+to rehabilitate his character, and the earthworm steps forth at once as
+an intelligent and beneficent personage, a worker of vast geological
+changes, a planer down of mountain sides ... a friend of man ... and an
+ally of the Society for the preservation of ancient monuments." The <i>St.
+James's Gazette</i>, of October 17th, 1881, pointed out that the teaching
+of the cumulative importance of the infinitely little is the point of
+contact between this book and the author's previous work.</p>
+
+<p>One more book remains to be noticed, the <i>Life of Erasmus Darwin</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In February 1879 an essay by Dr. Ernst Krause, on the scientific work of
+Erasmus Darwin, appeared in the evolutionary journal, <i>Kosmos</i>. The
+number of <i>Kosmos</i> in question was a "Gratulationsheft,"<a name="FNanchor_260_260" id="FNanchor_260_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> or special
+congratulatory issue in honour of my father's birthday, so that Dr.
+Krause's essay, glorifying the older evolutionist, was quite in its
+place. He wrote to Dr. Krause, thanking him cordially for the honour
+paid to Erasmus, and asking his permission to publish an English
+translation of the Essay.</p>
+
+<p>His chief reason for writing a notice of his grandfather's life was "to
+contradict flatly some calumnies by Miss Seward." This appears from a
+letter of March 27, 1879, to his cousin Reginald Darwin, in which he
+asks for any documents and letters which might throw light on the
+character of Erasmus. This led to Mr. Reginald Darwin placing in my
+father's hands a quantity of valuable material, including a curious
+folio common-place book, of which he wrote: "I have been deeply
+interested by the great book, ... reading and looking at it is like
+having communion with the dead ... [it] has taught me a good deal about
+the occupations and tastes of our grandfather."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Krause's contribution formed the second part of the <i>Life of Erasmus
+Darwin</i>, my father supplying a "preliminary notice." This expression on
+the title-page is somewhat misleading; my father's contribution is more
+than half the book, and should have been described as a biography. Work
+of this kind was new to him, and he wrote doubtfully to Mr. Thiselton
+Dyer, June 18th: "God only knows what I shall make of his life, it is
+such a new kind of work to me." The strong interest he felt about his
+forbears helped to give zest to the work,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> which became a decided
+enjoyment to him. With the general public the book was not markedly
+successful, but many of his friends recognised its merits. Sir J. D.
+Hooker was one of these, and to him my father wrote, "Your praise of the
+Life of Dr. D. has pleased me exceedingly, for I despised my work, and
+thought myself a perfect fool to have undertaken such a job."</p>
+
+<p>To Mr. Galton, too, he wrote, November 14:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I am extremely glad that you approve of the little <i>Life</i> of our
+grandfather, for I have been repenting that I ever undertook it, as the
+work was quite beyond my tether."</p>
+
+<p class="bold">THE VIVISECTION QUESTION.</p>
+
+<p>Something has already been said of my father's strong feeling with
+regard to suffering<a name="FNanchor_261_261" id="FNanchor_261_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> both in man and beast. It was indeed one of the
+strongest feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small
+and great, in his sympathy with the educational miseries of dancing
+dogs, or his horror at the sufferings of slaves.</p>
+
+<p>The remembrance of screams, or other sounds heard in Brazil, when he was
+powerless to interfere with what he believed to be the torture of a
+slave, haunted him for years, especially at night. In smaller matters,
+where he could interfere, he did so vigorously. He returned one day from
+his walk pale and faint from having seen a horse ill-used, and from the
+agitation of violently remonstrating with the man. On another occasion
+he saw a horse-breaker teaching his son to ride; the little boy was
+frightened and the man was rough; my father stopped, and jumping out of
+the carriage reproved the man in no measured terms.</p>
+
+<p>One other little incident may be mentioned, showing that his humanity to
+animals was well known in his own neighbourhood. A visitor, driving from
+Orpington to Down, told the cabman to go faster. "Why," said the man,
+"if I had whipped the horse<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> <i>this</i> much, driving Mr. Darwin, he would
+have got out of the carriage and abused me well."</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the special point under consideration,&mdash;the sufferings
+of animals subjected to experiment,&mdash;nothing could show a stronger
+feeling than the following words from a letter to Professor Ray
+Lankester (March 22, 1871):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite agree that it is
+justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere
+damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick
+with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not
+sleep to-night."</p>
+
+<p>The Anti-Vivisection agitation, to which the following letters refer,
+seems to have become specially active in 1874, as may be seen, <i>e.g.</i> by
+the index to <i>Nature</i> for that year, in which the word "Vivisection"
+suddenly comes into prominence. But before that date the subject had
+received the earnest attention of biologists. Thus at the Liverpool
+Meeting of the British Association in 1870, a Committee was appointed,
+whose report defined the circumstances and conditions under which, in
+the opinion of the signatories, experiments on living animals were
+justifiable. In the spring of 1875, Lord Hartismere introduced a Bill
+into the Upper House to regulate the course of physiological research.
+Shortly afterwards a Bill more just towards science in its provisions
+was introduced to the House of Commons by Messrs. Lyon Playfair,
+Walpole, and Ashley. It was, however, withdrawn on the appointment of a
+Royal Commission to inquire into the whole question. The Commissioners
+were Lords Cardwell and Winmarleigh, Mr. W. E. Forster, Sir J. B.
+Karslake, Mr. Huxley, Professor Erichssen, and Mr. R. H. Hutton: they
+commenced their inquiry in July, 1875, and the Report was published
+early in the following year.</p>
+
+<p>In the early summer of 1876, Lord Carnarvon's Bill, entitled, "An Act to
+amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals," was introduced. The
+framers of this Bill, yielding to the unreasonable clamour of the
+public, went far beyond the recommendations of the Royal Commission. As
+a correspondent writes in <i>Nature</i> (1876, p. 248), "the evidence on the
+strength of which legislation was recommended went beyond the facts, the
+Report went beyond the evidence, the Recommendations beyond the Report;
+and the Bill can hardly be said to have gone beyond the Recommendations;
+but rather to have contradicted them."</p>
+
+<p>The legislation which my father worked for, was practically what was
+introduced as Dr. Lyon Playfair's Bill.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The following letter appeared in the Times, April 18th, 1881:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Frithiof Holmgren.</i><a name="FNanchor_262_262" id="FNanchor_262_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> Down, April 14, 1881.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,&mdash;In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have no
+objection to express my opinion with respect to the right of
+experimenting on living animals. I use this latter expression as more
+correct and comprehensive than that of vivisection. You are at liberty
+to make any use of this letter which you may think fit, but if published
+I should wish the whole to appear. I have all my life been a strong
+advocate for humanity to animals, and have done what I could in my
+writings to enforce this duty. Several years ago, when the agitation
+against physiologists commenced in England, it was asserted that
+inhumanity was here practised, and useless suffering caused to animals;
+and I was led to think that it might be advisable to have an Act of
+Parliament on the subject. I then took an active part in trying to get a
+Bill passed, such as would have removed all just cause of complaint, and
+at the same time have left physiologists free to pursue their
+researches&mdash;a Bill very different from the Act which has since been
+passed. It is right to add that the investigation of the matter by a
+Royal Commission proved that the accusations made against our English
+physiologists were false. From all that I have heard, however, I fear
+that in some parts of Europe little regard is paid to the sufferings of
+animals, and if this be the case, I should be glad to hear of
+legislation against inhumanity in any such country. On the other hand, I
+know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by means of
+experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest conviction that he
+who retards the progress of physiology commits a crime against mankind.
+Any one who remembers, as I can, the state of this science half a
+century ago must admit that it has made immense progress, and it is now
+progressing at an ever-increasing rate. What improvements in medical
+practice may be directly attributed to physiological research is a
+question which can be properly discussed only by those physiologists and
+medical practitioners who have studied the history of their subjects;
+but, as far as I can learn, the benefits are already great. However this
+may be, no one, unless he is grossly ignorant of what science has done
+for mankind, can entertain any doubt of the incalculable benefits which
+will hereafter be derived from physiology, not only by man, but by the
+lower animals. Look for instance at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> Pasteur's results in modifying the
+germs of the most malignant diseases, from which, as it happens, animals
+will in the first place receive more relief than man. Let it be
+remembered how many lives and what a fearful amount of suffering have
+been saved by the knowledge gained of parasitic worms through the
+experiments of Virchow and others on living animals. In the future every
+one will be astonished at the ingratitude shown, at least in England, to
+these benefactors of mankind. As for myself, permit me to assure you
+that I honour, and shall always honour, every one who advances the noble
+science of physiology.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Dear Sir, yours faithfully.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Times</i> of the following day appeared a letter headed "Mr. Darwin
+and Vivisection," signed by Miss Frances Power Cobbe. To this my father
+replied in the <i>Times</i> of April 22, 1881. On the same day he wrote to
+Mr. Romanes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"As I have a fair opportunity, I sent a letter to the <i>Times</i> on
+Vivisection, which is printed to-day. I thought it fair to bear my share
+of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to the Editor of the 'Times.'</i></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,&mdash;I do not wish to discuss the views expressed by Miss Cobbe in the
+letter which appeared in the <i>Times</i> of the 19th inst.; but as she
+asserts that I have "misinformed" my correspondent in Sweden in saying
+that "the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that
+the accusations made against our English physiologists were false," I
+will merely ask leave to refer to some other sentences from the report
+of the Commission.</p>
+
+<p>(1.) The sentence&mdash;"It is not to be doubted that inhumanity may be found
+in persons of very high position as physiologists," which Miss Cobbe
+quotes from page 17 of the report, and which, in her opinion, "can
+necessarily concern English physiologists alone and not foreigners," is
+immediately followed by the words "We have seen that it was so in
+Magendie." Magendie was a French physiologist who became notorious some
+half century ago for his cruel experiments on living animals.</p>
+
+<p>(2.) The Commissioners, after speaking of the "general sentiment of
+humanity" prevailing in this country, say (p. 10):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"This principle is accepted generally by the very highly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span> educated men
+whose lives are devoted either to scientific investigation and education
+or to the mitigation or the removal of the sufferings of their
+fellow-creatures; though differences of degree in regard to its
+practical application will be easily discernible by those who study the
+evidence as it has been laid before us."</p>
+
+<p>Again, according to the Commissioners (p. 10):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The secretary of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
+Animals, when asked whether the general tendency of the scientific world
+in this country is at variance with humanity, says he believes it to be
+very different indeed from that of foreign physiologists; and while
+giving it as the opinion of the society that experiments are performed
+which are in their nature beyond any legitimate province of science, and
+that the pain which they inflict is pain which it is not justifiable to
+inflict even for the scientific object in view, he readily acknowledges
+that he does not know a single case of wanton cruelty, and that in
+general the English physiologists have used an&aelig;sthetics where they think
+they can do so with safety to the experiment."</p>
+
+<p class="right">I am, Sir, your obedient servant.</p>
+
+<p>April 21.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>During the later years of my father's life there was a growing tendency
+in the public to do him honour.<a name="FNanchor_263_263" id="FNanchor_263_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> The honours which he valued most
+highly were those which united the sympathy of friends with a mark of
+recognition of his scientific colleagues. Of this type was the article
+"Charles Darwin," published in <i>Nature</i>, June 4, 1874, and written by
+Asa Gray. This admirable estimate of my father's work in science is
+given in the form of a comparison and contrast between Robert Brown and
+Charles Darwin.</p>
+
+<p>To Gray he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I wrote yesterday and cannot remember exactly what I said, and now
+cannot be easy without again telling you how profoundly I have been
+gratified. Every one, I suppose, occasionally thinks that he has worked
+in vain, and when one of these fits overtakes me, I will think of your
+article, and if that does not dispel the evil spirit, I shall know that
+I am at the time a little bit insane, as we all are occasionally.</p>
+
+<p>"What you say about Teleology<a name="FNanchor_264_264" id="FNanchor_264_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> pleases me especially,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> and I do not
+think any one else has ever noticed the point. I have always said you
+were the man to hit the nail on the head."</p>
+
+<p>In 1877 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of
+Cambridge. The degree was conferred on November 17, and with the
+customary Latin speech from the Public Orator, concluding with the
+words: "Tu vero, qui leges natur&aelig; tam docte illustraveris, legum doctor
+nobis esto."</p>
+
+<p>The honorary degree led to a movement being set on foot in the
+University to obtain some permanent memorial of my father. In June 1879
+he sat to Mr. W. Richmond for the portrait in the possession of the
+University, now placed in the Library of the Philosophical Society at
+Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>A similar wish on the part of the Linnean Society&mdash;with which my father
+was so closely associated&mdash;led to his sitting in August, 1881, to Mr.
+John Collier, for the portrait now in the possession of the Society. The
+portrait represents him standing facing the observer in the loose cloak
+so familiar to those who knew him, with his slouch hat in his hand. Many
+of those who knew his face most intimately, think that Mr. Collier's
+picture is the best of the portraits, and in this judgment the sitter
+himself was inclined to agree. According to my feeling it is not so
+simple or strong a representation of him as that given by Mr. Ouless.
+The last-named portrait was painted at Down in 1875; it is in the
+possession of the family,<a name="FNanchor_265_265" id="FNanchor_265_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> and is known to many through Rajon's fine
+etching. Of Mr. Ouless's picture my father wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker:</p>
+
+<p>"I look a very venerable, acute, melancholy old dog; whether I really
+look so I do not know."</p>
+
+<p>Besides the Cambridge degree, he received about the same time honours of
+an academic kind from some foreign societies.</p>
+
+<p>On August 5, 1878, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the French
+Institute in the Botanical Section,<a name="FNanchor_266_266" id="FNanchor_266_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> and wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I see that we are both elected Corresponding Members of the Institute.
+It is rather a good joke that I should be elected in the Botanical
+Section, as the extent of my <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>knowledge is little more than that a daisy
+is a Compositous plant and a pea a Leguminous one."</p>
+
+<p>He valued very highly two photographic albums containing portraits of a
+large number of scientific men in Germany and Holland, which he received
+as birthday gifts in 1877.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1878 my father received a singular mark of recognition in
+the form of a letter from a stranger, announcing that the writer
+intended to leave to him the reversion of the greater part of his
+fortune. Mr. Anthony Rich, who desired thus to mark his sense of my
+father's services to science, was the author of a <i>Dictionary of Roman
+and Greek Antiquities</i>, said to be the best book of the kind. It has
+been translated into French, German, and Italian, and has, in English,
+gone through several editions. Mr. Rich lived a great part of his life
+in Italy, painting, and collecting books and engravings. He finally
+settled, many years ago, at Worthing (then a small village), where he
+was a friend of Byron's Trelawny. My father visited Mr. Rich at
+Worthing, more than once, and gained a cordial liking and respect for
+him.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Rich died in April, 1891, having arranged that his bequest<a name="FNanchor_267_267" id="FNanchor_267_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>
+should not lapse in consequence of the predecease of my father.</p>
+
+<p>In 1879 he received from the Royal Academy of Turin the <i>Bressa</i> Prize
+for the years 1875-78, amounting to the sum of 12,000 francs. He refers
+to this in a letter to Dr. Dohrn (February 15th, 1880):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps you saw in the papers that the Turin Society honoured me to an
+extraordinary degree by awarding me the <i>Bressa</i> Prize. Now it occurred
+to me that if your station wanted some piece of apparatus, of about the
+value of &pound;100, I should very much like to be allowed to pay for it. Will
+you be so kind as to keep this in mind, and if any want should occur to
+you, I would send you a cheque at any time."</p>
+
+<p>I find from my father's accounts that &pound;100 was presented to the Naples
+Station.</p>
+
+<p>Two years before my father's death, and twenty-one years<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> after the
+publication of his greatest work, a lecture was given (April 9, 1880) at
+the Royal Institution by Mr. Huxley<a name="FNanchor_268_268" id="FNanchor_268_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a> which was aptly named "The
+Coming of Age of the Origin of Species." The following characteristic
+letter, inferring to this subject, may fitly close the present chapter.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">Abinger Hall, Dorking, Sunday, April 11, 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Huxley</span>,&mdash;I wished much to attend your Lecture, but I have had a
+bad cough, and we have come here to see whether a change would do me
+good, as it has done. What a magnificent success your lecture seems to
+have been, as I judge from the reports in the <i>Standard</i> and <i>Daily
+News</i>, and more especially from the accounts given me by three of my
+children. I suppose that you have not written out your lecture, so I
+fear there is no chance of its being printed <i>in extenso</i>. You appear to
+have piled, as on so many other occasions, honours high and thick on my
+old head. But I well know how great a part you have played in
+establishing and spreading the belief in the descent-theory, ever since
+that grand review in the <i>Times</i> and the battle royal at Oxford up to
+the present day.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Ever, my dear Huxley,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br />Yours sincerely and gratefully,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Charles Darwin</span>.</p>
+
+<p>P.S.&mdash;It was absurdly stupid in me, but I had read the announcement of
+your Lecture, and thought that you meant the maturity of the subject,
+until my wife one day remarked, "it is almost twenty-one years since the
+<i>Origin</i> appeared," and then for the first time the meaning of your
+words flashed on me.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_258" id="Footnote_258_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_258"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> <i>The Minerva Library of famous Books</i>, 1890, edited by G.
+T. Bettany.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_259" id="Footnote_259_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_259"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> The full title is <i>The Formation of Vegetable Mould
+through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits</i>, 1881.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_260" id="Footnote_260_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_260"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> The same number contains a good biographical sketch of my
+father of which the material was to a large extent supplied by him to
+the writer, Professor Preyer of Jena. The article contains an excellent
+list of my father's publications.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_261" id="Footnote_261_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_261"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> He once made an attempt to free a patient in a mad-house,
+who (as he wrongly supposed) was sane. He was in correspondence with the
+gardener at the asylum, and on one occasion he found a letter from the
+patient enclosed with one from the gardener. The letter was rational in
+tone and declared that the writer was sane and wrongfully confined.
+</p><p>
+My father wrote to the Lunacy Commissioners (without explaining the
+source of his information) and in due time heard that the man had been
+visited by the Commissioners, and that he was certainly insane. Some
+time afterward the patient was discharged, and wrote to thank my father
+for his interference, adding that he had undoubtedly been insane when he
+wrote his former letter.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_262" id="Footnote_262_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_262"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> Professor of Physiology at Upsala.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_263" id="Footnote_263_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_263"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> In 1867 he had received a distinguished honour from
+Germany,&mdash;the order "Pour le M&eacute;rite."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_264" id="Footnote_264_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_264"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> "Let us recognise Darwin's great service to Natural
+Science in bringing back to it Teleology; so that instead of Morphology
+<i>versus</i> Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to Teleology."
+Similar remarks had been previously made by Mr. Huxley. See <i>Critiques
+and Addresses</i>, p. 305.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_265" id="Footnote_265_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_265"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> A <i>replica</i> by the artist hangs alongside of the
+portraits of Milton and Paley in the hall of Christ's College,
+Cambridge.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_266" id="Footnote_266_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_266"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> He received twenty-six votes out of a possible
+thirty-nine, five blank papers were sent in, and eight votes were
+recorded for the other candidates. In 1872 an attempt had been made to
+elect him in the Section of Zoology, when, however, he only received
+fifteen out of forty-eight votes, and Lov&eacute;n was chosen for the vacant
+place. It appears (<i>Nature</i>, August 1st, 1872) that an eminent member of
+the Academy wrote to <i>Les Mondes</i> to the following effect:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+"What has closed the doors of the Academy to Mr. Darwin is that the
+science of those of his books which have made his chief title to
+fame&mdash;the <i>Origin of Species</i>, and still more the <i>Descent of Man</i>, is
+not science, but a mass of assertions and absolutely gratuitous
+hypotheses, often evidently fallacious. This kind of publication and
+these theories are a bad example, which a body that respects itself
+cannot encourage."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_267" id="Footnote_267_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_267"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> Mr. Rich leaves a single near relative, to whom is
+bequeathed the life-interest in his property.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_268_268" id="Footnote_268_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268_268"><span class="label">[268]</span></a> Published in <i>Science and Culture</i>, p. 310.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>BOTANICAL WORK.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="block"><p>"I have been making some little trifling observations which have
+interested and perplexed me much."</p>
+
+<p class="right">From a letter of June 1860.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER XVI.</span> <span class="smaller">FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.</span></h2>
+
+<p>The botanical work which my father accomplished by the guidance of the
+light cast on the study of natural history by his own work on evolution
+remains to be noticed. In a letter to Mr. Murray, September 24th, 1861,
+speaking of his book the <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>, he says: "It will
+perhaps serve to illustrate how Natural History may be worked under the
+belief of the modification of species." This remark gives a suggestion
+as to the value and interest of his botanical work, and it might be
+expressed in far more emphatic language without danger of exaggeration.</p>
+
+<p>In the same letter to Mr. Murray, he says: "I think this little volume
+will do good to the <i>Origin</i>, as it will show that I have worked hard at
+details." It is true that his botanical work added a mass of
+corroborative detail to the case for Evolution, but the chief support
+given to his doctrines by these researches was of another kind. They
+supplied an argument against those critics who have so freely dogmatised
+as to the uselessness of particular structures, and as to the consequent
+impossibility of their having been developed by means of natural
+selection. His observations on Orchids enabled him to say: "I can show
+the meaning of some of the apparently meaningless ridges and horns; who
+will now venture to say that this or that structure is useless?" A
+kindred point is expressed in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker (May 14th,
+1862):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"When many parts of structure, as in the woodpecker, show distinct
+adaptation to external bodies, it is preposterous to attribute them to
+the effects of climate, &amp;c., but when a single point alone, as a hooked
+seed, it is conceivable it may thus have arisen. I have found the study
+of Orchids eminently useful in showing me how nearly all parts of the
+flower are co-adapted for fertilisation by insects, and therefore the
+results of natural selection,&mdash;even the most trifling details of
+structure."</p>
+
+<p>One of the greatest services rendered by my father to the Study of
+Natural History is the revival of Teleology. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> evolutionist studies
+the purpose or meaning of organs with the zeal of the older Teleologist,
+but with far wider and more coherent purpose. He has the invigorating
+knowledge that he is gaining not isolated conceptions of the economy of
+the present, but a coherent view of both past and present. And even
+where he fails to discover the use of any part, he may, by a knowledge
+of its structure, unravel the history of the past vicissitudes in the
+life of the species. In this way a vigour and unity is given to the
+study of the forms of organised beings, which before it lacked. Mr.
+Huxley has well remarked:<a name="FNanchor_269_269" id="FNanchor_269_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> "Perhaps the most remarkable service to
+the philosophy of Biology rendered by Mr. Darwin is the reconciliation
+of Teleology and Morphology, and the explanation of the facts of both,
+which his views offer. The teleology which supposes that the eye, such
+as we see it in man, or one of the higher vertebrata, was made with the
+precise structure it exhibits, for the purpose of enabling the animal
+which possesses it to see, has undoubtedly received its death-blow.
+Nevertheless, it is necessary to remember that there is a wider
+teleology which is not touched by the doctrine of Evolution, but is
+actually based upon the fundamental proposition of Evolution."</p>
+
+<p>The point which here especially concerns us is to recognise that this
+"great service to natural science," as Dr. Gray describes it, was
+effected almost as much by Darwin's special botanical work as by the
+<i>Origin of Species</i>.</p>
+
+<p>For a statement of the scope and influence of my father's botanical
+work, I may refer to Mr. Thiselton Dyer's article in 'Charles Darwin,'
+one of the <i>Nature Series</i>. Mr. Dyer's wide knowledge, his friendship
+with my father, and his power of sympathising with the work of others,
+combine to give this essay a permanent value. The following passage (p.
+43) gives a true picture:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Notwithstanding the extent and variety of his botanical work, Mr.
+Darwin always disclaimed any right to be regarded as a professed
+botanist. He turned his attention to plants, doubtless because they were
+convenient objects for studying organic phenomena in their least
+complicated forms; and this point of view, which, if one may use the
+expression without disrespect, had something of the amateur about it,
+was in itself of the greatest importance. For, from not being, till he
+took up any point, familiar with the literature bearing on it, his mind
+was absolutely free from any prepossession. He was never afraid of his
+facts, or of framing any hypothesis, however<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> startling, which seemed to
+explain them.... In any one else such an attitude would have produced
+much work that was crude and rash. But Mr. Darwin&mdash;if one may venture on
+language which will strike no one who had conversed with him as
+over-strained&mdash;seemed by gentle persuasion to have penetrated that
+reserve of nature which baffles smaller men. In other words, his long
+experience had given him a kind of instinctive insight into the method
+of attack of any biological problem, however unfamiliar to him, while he
+rigidly controlled the fertility of his mind in hypothetical
+explanations by the no less fertility of ingeniously devised
+experiment."</p>
+
+<p>To form any just idea of the greatness of the revolution worked by my
+father's researches in the study of the fertilisation of flowers, it is
+necessary to know from what a condition this branch of knowledge has
+emerged. It should be remembered that it was only during the early years
+of the present century that the idea of sex, as applied to plants,
+became firmly established. Sachs, in his <i>History of Botany</i><a name="FNanchor_270_270" id="FNanchor_270_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a>
+(1875), has given some striking illustrations of the remarkable slowness
+with which its acceptance gained ground. He remarks that when we
+consider the experimental proofs given by Camerarius (1694), and by
+K&ouml;lreuter (1761-66), it appears incredible that doubts should afterwards
+have been raised as to the sexuality of plants. Yet he shows that such
+doubts did actually repeatedly crop up. These adverse criticisms rested
+for the most part on careless experiments, but in many cases on <i>a
+priori</i> arguments. Even as late as 1820, a book of this kind, which
+would now rank with circle squaring, or flat-earth philosophy, was
+seriously noticed in a botanical journal. A distinct conception of sex,
+as applied to plants, had, in fact, not long emerged from the mists of
+profitless discussion and feeble experiment, at the time when my father
+began botany by attending Henslow's lectures at Cambridge.</p>
+
+<p>When the belief in the sexuality of plants had become established as an
+incontrovertible piece of knowledge, a weight of misconception remained,
+weighing down any rational view of the subject. Camerarius<a name="FNanchor_271_271" id="FNanchor_271_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> believed
+(naturally enough in his day) that hermaphrodite<a name="FNanchor_272_272" id="FNanchor_272_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a> flowers are
+necessarily self-fertilised. He had the wit to be astonished at this, a
+degree of intelligence which, as Sachs points out, the majority of his
+successors did not attain to.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p><p>The following extracts from a note-book show that this point occurred
+to my father as early as 1837:</p>
+
+<p>"Do not plants which have male and female organs together [<i>i.e.</i> in the
+same flower] yet receive influence from other plants? Does not Lyell
+give some argument about varieties being difficult to keep [true] on
+account of pollen from other plants? Because this may be applied to show
+all plants do receive intermixture."</p>
+
+<p>Sprengel,<a name="FNanchor_273_273" id="FNanchor_273_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> indeed, understood that the hermaphrodite structure of
+flowers by no means necessarily leads to self-fertilisation. But
+although he discovered that in many cases pollen is of necessity carried
+to the stigma of another <i>flower</i>, he did not understand that in the
+advantage gained by the intercrossing of distinct <i>plants</i> lies the key
+to the whole question. Hermann M&uuml;ller<a name="FNanchor_274_274" id="FNanchor_274_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> has well remarked that this
+"omission was for several generations fatal to Sprengel's work.... For
+both at the time and subsequently, botanists felt above all the weakness
+of his theory, and they set aside, along with his defective ideas, the
+rich store of his patient and acute observations and his comprehensive
+and accurate interpretations." It remained for my father to convince the
+world that the meaning hidden in the structure of flowers was to be
+found by seeking light in the same direction in which Sprengel, seventy
+years before, had laboured. Robert Brown was the connecting link between
+them, for it was at his recommendation that my father in 1841 read
+Sprengel's now celebrated <i>Secret of Nature Displayed</i>.<a name="FNanchor_275_275" id="FNanchor_275_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a></p>
+
+<p>The book impressed him as being "full of truth," although "with some
+little nonsense." It not only encouraged him in kindred speculation, but
+guided him in his work, for in 1844 he speaks of verifying Sprengel's
+observations. It may be doubted whether Robert Brown ever planted a more
+fruitful seed than in putting such a book into such hands.</p>
+
+<p>A passage in the <i>Autobiography</i> (p. 44) shows how it was that my father
+was attracted to the subject of fertilisation: "During the summer of
+1839, and I believe during the previous summer, I was led to attend to
+the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having
+come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant."</p>
+
+<p>The original connection between the study of flowers and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span> the problem of
+evolution is curious, and could hardly have been predicted. Moreover, it
+was not a permanent bond. My father proved by a long series of laborious
+experiments, that when a plant is fertilised and sets seeds under the
+influence of pollen from a distinct individual, the offspring so
+produced are superior in vigour to the offspring of self-fertilisation,
+<i>i.e.</i> of the union of the male and female elements of a single plant.
+When this fact was established, it was possible to understand the
+<i>raison d'&ecirc;tre</i> of the machinery which insures cross-fertilisation in so
+many flowers; and to understand how natural selection can act on, and
+mould, the floral structure.</p>
+
+<p>Asa Gray has well remarked with regard to this central idea (<i>Nature</i>,
+June 4, 1874):&mdash;"The aphorism, 'Nature abhors a vacuum,' is a
+characteristic specimen of the science of the middle ages. The aphorism,
+'Nature abhors close fertilisation,' and the demonstration of the
+principle, belong to our age and to Mr. Darwin. To have originated this,
+and also the principle of Natural Selection ... and to have applied
+these principles to the system of nature, in such a manner as to make,
+within a dozen years, a deeper impression upon natural history than has
+been made since Linn&aelig;us, is ample title for one man's fame."</p>
+
+<p>The flowers of the Papilionace&aelig;<a name="FNanchor_276_276" id="FNanchor_276_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> attracted his attention early, and
+were the subject of his first paper on fertilisation.<a name="FNanchor_277_277" id="FNanchor_277_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> The following
+extract from an undated letter to Asa Gray seems to have been written
+before the publication of this paper, probably in 1856 or 1857:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>" ... What you say on Papilionaceous flowers is very true; and I have no
+facts to show that varieties are crossed; but yet (and the same remark
+is applicable in a beautiful way to Fumaria and Dielytra, as I noticed
+many years ago), I must believe that the flowers are constructed partly
+in direct relation to the visits of insects; and how insects can avoid
+bringing pollen from other individuals I cannot understand. It is really
+pretty to watch the action of a humble-bee on the scarlet kidney bean,
+and in this genus (and in <i>Lathyrus grandiflorus</i>)<a name="FNanchor_278_278" id="FNanchor_278_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> the honey is so
+placed that the bee invariably alights on that <i>one</i> side of the flower
+towards which the spiral pistil is protruded (bringing out with it
+pollen), and by the depression of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> the wing-petal is forced against the
+bee's side all dusted with pollen. In the broom the pistil is rubbed on
+the centre of the back of the bee. I suspect there is something to be
+made out about the Leguminos&aelig;, which will bring the case within <i>our</i>
+theory; though I have failed to do so. Our theory will explain why in
+the vegetable ... kingdom the act of fertilisation even in
+hermaphrodites usually takes place <i>sub jove</i>, though thus exposed to
+<i>great</i> injury from damp and rain."</p>
+
+<p>A letter to Dr. Asa Gray (September 5th, 1857) gives the substance of
+the paper in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Lately I was led to examine buds of kidney bean with the pollen shed;
+but I was led to believe that the pollen could <i>hardly</i> get on the
+stigma by wind or otherwise, except by bees visiting [the flower] and
+moving the wing petals: hence I included a small bunch of flowers in two
+bottles in every way treated the same: the flowers in one I daily just
+momentarily moved, as if by a bee; these set three fine pods, the other
+<i>not one</i>. Of course this little experiment must be tried again, and
+this year in England it is too late, as the flowers seem now seldom to
+set. If bees are necessary to this flower's self-fertilisation, bees
+must almost cross them, as their dusted right-side of head and right
+legs constantly touch the stigma.</p>
+
+<p>"I have, also, lately been reobserving daily <i>Lobelia fulgens</i>&mdash;this in
+my garden is never visited by insects, and never sets seeds, without
+pollen be put on the stigma (whereas the small blue Lobelia is visited
+by bees and does set seed); I mention this because there are such
+beautiful contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own
+pollen; which seems only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of
+crosses."</p>
+
+<p>The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858.<a name="FNanchor_279_279" id="FNanchor_279_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> The chief object of
+these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the
+possibility of growing varieties of Leguminous plants near each other,
+and yet keeping them true. It is curious that the Papilionace&aelig; should
+not only have been the first flowers which attracted his attention by
+their obvious adaptation to the visits of insects, but should also have
+constituted one of his sorest puzzles. The common pea and the sweet pea
+gave him much difficulty, because, although they are as obviously fitted
+for insect-visits as the rest of the order, yet their varieties keep
+true. The fact is that neither of these plants being indigenous, they
+are not perfectly adapted for fertilisation by British insects. He could
+not, at this stage of his observations, know that the co-ordination
+between a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> flower and the particular insect which fertilises it may be
+as delicate as that between a lock and its key, so that this explanation
+was not likely to occur to him.</p>
+
+<p>Besides observing the Leguminos&aelig;, he had already begun, as shown in the
+foregoing extracts, to attend to the structure of other flowers in
+relation to insects. At the beginning of 1860 he worked at
+Leschenaultia,<a name="FNanchor_280_280" id="FNanchor_280_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> which at first puzzled him, but was ultimately made
+out. A passage in a letter chiefly relating to Leschenaultia seems to
+show that it was only in the spring of 1860 that he began widely to
+apply his knowledge to the relation of insects to other flowers. This is
+somewhat surprising, when we remember that he had read Sprengel many
+years before. He wrote (May 14):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I should look at this curious contrivance as specially related to
+visits of insects; as I begin to think is almost universally the case."</p>
+
+<p>Even in July 1862 he wrote to Asa Gray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"There is no end to the adaptations. Ought not these cases to make one
+very cautious when one doubts about the use of all parts? I fully
+believe that the structure of all irregular flowers is governed in
+relation to insects. Insects are the Lords of the floral (to quote the
+witty <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>) world."</p>
+
+<p>This idea has been worked out by H. M&uuml;ller, who has written on insects
+in the character of flower-breeders or flower-fanciers, showing how the
+habits and structure of the visitors are reflected in the forms and
+colours of the flowers visited.</p>
+
+<p>He was probably attracted to the study of Orchids by the fact that
+several kinds are common near Down. The letters of 1860 show that these
+plants occupied a good deal of his attention; and in 1861 he gave part
+of the summer and all the autumn to the subject. He evidently considered
+himself idle for wasting time on Orchids which ought to have been given
+to <i>Variation under Domestication</i>. Thus he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"There is to me incomparably more interest in observing than in writing;
+but I feel quite guilty in trespassing on these subjects, and not
+sticking to varieties of the confounded cocks, hens and ducks. I hear
+that Lyell is savage at me."</p>
+
+<p>It was in the summer of 1860 that he made out one of the most striking
+and familiar facts in the Orchid-book, namely, the manner in which the
+pollen masses are adapted for removal by insects. He wrote to Sir J. D.
+Hooker, July 12:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have been examining <i>Orchis pyramidalis</i>, and it almost equals,
+perhaps even beats, your Listera case; the sticky<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> glands are
+congenitally united into a saddle-shaped organ, which has great power of
+movement, and seizes hold of a bristle (or proboscis) in an admirable
+manner, and then another movement takes place in the pollen masses, by
+which they are beautifully adapted to leave pollen on the two lateral
+stigmatic surfaces. I never saw anything so beautiful."</p>
+
+<p>In June of the same year he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You speak of adaptation being rarely visible, though present in plants.
+I have just recently been looking at the common Orchis, and I declare I
+think its adaptations in every part of the flower quite as beautiful and
+plain, or even more beautiful than in the woodpecker."<a name="FNanchor_281_281" id="FNanchor_281_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a></p>
+
+<p>He wrote also to Dr. Gray, June 8, 1860:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Talking of adaptation, I have lately been looking at our common
+orchids, and I dare say the facts are as old and well-known as the
+hills, but I have been so struck with admiration at the contrivances,
+that I have sent a notice to the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Besides attending to the fertilisation of the flowers he was already, in
+1860, busy with the homologies of the parts, a subject of which he made
+good use in the Orchid book. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (July):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It is a real good joke my discussing homologies of Orchids with you,
+after examining only three or four genera; and this very fact makes me
+feel positive I am right! I do not quite understand some of your terms;
+but sometime I must get you to explain the homologies; for I am
+intensely interested in the subject, just as at a game of chess."</p>
+
+<p>This work was valuable from a systematic point of view. In 1880 he wrote
+to Mr. Bentham:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It was very kind in you to write to me about the Orchide&aelig;, for it has
+pleased me to an extreme degree that I could have been of the <i>least</i>
+use to you about the nature of the parts."</p>
+
+<p>The pleasure which his early observations on Orchids gave him is shown
+in such passages as the following from a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker
+(July 27, 1861):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You cannot conceive how the Orchids have delighted me. They came safe,
+but box rather smashed; cylindrical old cocoa-or snuff-canister much
+safer. I enclose postage. As an account of the movement, I shall allude
+to what I suppose is Oncidium, to make <i>certain</i>,&mdash;is the enclosed
+flower with crumpled petals this genus? Also I most specially want to
+know what the enclosed little globular brown Orchid is. I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> only
+seen pollen of a Cattleya on a bee, but surely have you not
+unintentionally sent me what I wanted most (after Catasetum or
+Mormodes), viz., one of the Epidendre&aelig;?! I <i>particularly</i> want (and will
+presently tell you why) another spike of this little Orchid, with older
+flowers, some even almost withered."</p>
+
+<p>His delight in observation is again shown in a letter to Dr. Gray
+(1863). Referring to Cr&uuml;ger's letters from Trinidad, he wrote:&mdash;"Happy
+man, he has actually seen crowds of bees flying round Catasetum, with
+the pollinia sticking to their backs!"</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts of letters to Sir J. D. Hooker illustrate further
+the interest which his work excited in him:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Veitch sent me a grand lot this morning. What wonderful structures!</p>
+
+<p>"I have now seen enough, and you must not send me more, for though I
+enjoy looking at them <i>much</i>, and it has been very useful to me, seeing
+so many different forms, it is idleness. For my object each species
+requires studying for days. I wish you had time to take up the group. I
+would give a good deal to know what the rostellum is, of which I have
+traced so many curious modifications. I suppose it cannot be one of the
+stigmas,<a name="FNanchor_282_282" id="FNanchor_282_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> there seems a great tendency for two lateral stigmas to
+appear. My paper, though touching on only subordinate points will run, I
+fear, to 100 MS. folio pages! The beauty of the adaptation of parts
+seems to me unparalleled. I should think or guess waxy pollen was most
+differentiated. In Cypripedium which seems least modified, and a much
+exterminated group, the grains are single. In <i>all others</i>, as far as I
+have seen, they are in packets of four; and these packets cohere into
+many wedge-formed masses in Orchis; into eight, four, and finally two.
+It seems curious that a flower should exist, which could <i>at most</i>
+fertilise only two other flowers, seeing how abundant pollen generally
+is; this fact I look at as explaining the perfection of the contrivance
+by which the pollen, so important from its fewness, is carried from
+flower to flower"<a name="FNanchor_283_283" id="FNanchor_283_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a>(1861).</p>
+
+<p>"I was thinking of writing to you to-day, when your note with the
+Orchids came. What frightful trouble you have taken about Vanilla; you
+really must not take an atom more;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> for the Orchids are more play than
+real work. I have been much interested by Epidendrum, and have worked
+all morning at them; for Heaven's sake, do not corrupt me by any more"
+(August 30, 1861).</p>
+
+<p>He originally intended to publish his notes on Orchids as a paper in the
+Linnean Society's <i>Journal</i>, but it soon became evident that a separate
+volume would be a more suitable form of publication. In a letter to Sir
+J. D. Hooker, Sept. 24, 1861, he writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have been acting, I fear that you will think, like a goose; and
+perhaps in truth I have. When I finished a few days ago my Orchis paper,
+which turns out one hundred and forty folio pages!! and thought of the
+expense of woodcuts, I said to myself, I will offer the Linnean Society
+to withdraw it, and publish it in a pamphlet. It then flashed on me that
+perhaps Murray would publish it, so I gave him a cautious description,
+and offered to share risks and profits. This morning he writes that he
+will publish and take all risks, and share profits and pay for all
+illustrations. It is a risk, and Heaven knows whether it will not be a
+dead failure, but I have not deceived Murray, and [have] told him that
+it would interest those alone who cared much for natural history. I hope
+I do not exaggerate the curiosity of the many special contrivances."</p>
+
+<p>And again on September 28th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"What a good soul you are not to sneer at me, but to pat me on the back.
+I have the greatest doubt whether I am not going to do, in publishing my
+paper, a most ridiculous thing. It would annoy me much, but only for
+Murray's sake, if the publication were a dead failure."</p>
+
+<p>There was still much work to be done, and in October he was still
+receiving Orchids from Kew, and wrote to Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It is impossible to thank you enough. I was almost mad at the wealth of
+Orchids." And again&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Veitch most generously has sent me two splendid buds of Mormodes,
+which will be capital for dissection, but I fear will never be
+irritable; so for the sake of charity and love of heaven do, I beseech
+you, observe what movement takes place in Cychnoches, and what part must
+be touched. Mr. V. has also sent me one splendid flower of Catasetum,
+the most wonderful Orchid I have seen."</p>
+
+<p>On October 13 he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"It seems that I cannot exhaust your good nature. I have had the hardest
+day's work at Catasetum and buds of Mormodes, and believe I understand
+at last the mechanism of movements and the functions. Catasetum is a
+beautiful case<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> of slight modification of structure leading to new
+functions. I never was more interested in any subject in all my life
+than in this of Orchids. I owe very much to you."</p>
+
+<p>Again to the same friend, November 1, 1861:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"If you really can spare another Catasetum, when nearly ready, I shall
+be most grateful; had I not better send for it? The case is truly
+marvellous; the (so-called) sensation, or stimulus from a light touch is
+certainly transmitted through the antenn&aelig; for more than one inch
+<i>instantaneously</i>.... A cursed insect or something let my last flower
+off last night."</p>
+
+<p>Professor de Candolle has remarked<a name="FNanchor_284_284" id="FNanchor_284_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> of my father, "Ce n'est pas lui
+qui aurait demand&eacute; de construire des palais pour y loger des
+laboratoires." This was singularly true of his orchid work, or rather it
+would be nearer the truth to say that he had no laboratory, for it was
+only after the publication of the <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>, that he
+built himself a greenhouse. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (December 24th,
+1862):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"And now I am going to tell you a <i>most</i> important piece of news!! I
+have almost resolved to build a small hot-house; my neighbour's really
+first-rate gardener has suggested it, and offered to make me plans, and
+see that it is well done, and he is really a clever follow, who wins
+lots of prizes, and is very observant. He believes that we should
+succeed with a little patience; it will be a grand amusement for me to
+experiment with plants."</p>
+
+<p>Again he wrote (February 15th, 1863):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I write now because the new hot-house is ready, and I long to stock it,
+just like a schoolboy. Could you tell me pretty soon what plants you can
+give me; and then I shall know what to order? And do advise me how I had
+better get such plants as you can <i>spare</i>. Would it do to send my
+tax-cart early in the morning, on a day that was not frosty, lining the
+cart with mats, and arriving here before night? I have no idea whether
+this degree of exposure (and of course the cart would be cold) could
+injure stove-plants; they would be about five hours (with bait) on the
+journey home."</p>
+
+<p>A week later he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You cannot imagine what pleasure your plants give me (far more than
+your dead Wedgwood-ware can give you); H. and I go and gloat over them,
+but we privately confessed to each other, that if they were not our own,
+perhaps we should not see such transcendant beauty in each leaf."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span></p><p>And in March, when he was extremely unwell, he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"A few words about the stove-plants; they do so amuse me. I have crawled
+to see them two or three times. Will you correct and answer, and return
+enclosed. I have hunted in all my books and cannot find these names, and
+I like much to know the family." His difficulty with regard to the names
+of plants is illustrated, with regard to a Lupine on which he was at
+work, in an extract from a letter (July 21, 1866) to Sir J. D. Hooker:
+"I sent to the nursery garden, whence I bought the seed, and could only
+hear that it was 'the common blue Lupine,' the man saying 'he was no
+scholard, and did not know Latin, and that parties who make experiments
+ought to find out the names.'"</p>
+
+<p>The book was published May 15th, 1862. Of its reception he writes to Mr.
+Murray, June 13th and 18th:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Botanists praise my Orchid-book to the skies. Some one sent me
+(perhaps you) the <i>Parthenon</i>, with a good review. The <i>Athen&aelig;um</i><a name="FNanchor_285_285" id="FNanchor_285_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a>
+treats me with very kind pity and contempt; but the reviewer knew
+nothing of his subject."</p>
+
+<p>"There is a superb, but I fear exaggerated, review in the <i>London
+Review</i>.<a name="FNanchor_286_286" id="FNanchor_286_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> But I have not been a fool, as I thought I was, to
+publish; for Asa Gray, about the most competent judge in the world,
+thinks almost as highly of the book as does the <i>London Review</i>. The
+<i>Athen&aelig;um</i> will hinder the sale greatly."</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. M. J. Berkeley was the author of the notice in the <i>London
+Review</i>, as my father learned from Sir J. D. Hooker, who added, "I
+thought it very well done indeed. I have read a good deal of the
+Orchid-book, and echo all he says."</p>
+
+<p>To this my father replied (June 30th, 1862):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"My dear old friend,&mdash;You speak of my warming the cockles of your heart,
+but you will never know how often you have warmed mine. It is not your
+approbation of my scientific work (though I care for that more than for
+any one's): it is something deeper. To this day I remember keenly a
+letter you wrote to me from Oxford, when I was at the Water-cure, and
+how it cheered me when I was utterly weary of life. Well, my Orchid-book
+is a success (but I do not know whether it sells)."</p>
+
+<p>In another letter to the same friend, he wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You have pleased me much by what you say in regard to Bentham and
+Oliver approving of my book; for I had got a sort of nervousness, and
+doubted whether I had not made an egregious fool of myself, and
+concocted pleasant little stinging<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> remarks for reviews, such as 'Mr.
+Darwin's head seems to have been turned by a certain degree of success,
+and he thinks that the most trifling observations are worth
+publication.'"</p>
+
+<p>He wrote too, to Asa Gray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Your generous sympathy makes you over-estimate what you have read of my
+Orchid-book. But your letter of May 18th and 26th has given me an almost
+foolish amount of satisfaction. The subject interested me, I knew,
+beyond its real value; but I had lately got to think that I had made
+myself a complete fool by publishing in a semi-popular form. Now I shall
+confidently defy the world.... No doubt my volume contains much error:
+how curiously difficult it is to be accurate, though I try my utmost.
+Your notes have interested me beyond measure. I can now afford to d&mdash;&mdash;
+my critics with ineffable complacency of mind. Cordial thanks for this
+benefit."</p>
+
+<p>Sir Joseph Hooker reviewed the book in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>,
+writing in a successful imitation of the style of Lindley, the Editor.
+My father wrote to Sir Joseph (Nov. 12, 1862):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"So you did write the review in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>. Once or
+twice I doubted whether it was Lindley; but when I came to a little slap
+at R. Brown, I doubted no longer. You arch-rogue! I do not wonder you
+have deceived others also. Perhaps I am a conceited dog; but if so, you
+have much to answer for; I never received so much praise, and coming
+from you I value it much more than from any other."</p>
+
+<p>With regard to botanical opinion generally, he wrote to Dr. Gray, "I am
+fairly astonished at the success of my book with botanists." Among
+naturalists who were not botanists, Lyell was pre-eminent in his
+appreciation of the book. I have no means of knowing when he read it,
+but in later life, as I learn from Professor Judd, he was enthusiastic
+in praise of the <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>, which he considered "next
+to the <i>Origin</i>, as the most valuable of all Darwin's works." Among the
+general public the author did not at first hear of many disciples, thus
+he wrote to his cousin Fox in September 1862: "Hardly any one not a
+botanist, except yourself, as far as I know, has cared for it."</p>
+
+<p>If we examine the literature relating to the fertilisation of flowers,
+we do not find that this new branch of study showed any great activity
+immediately after the publication of the Orchid-book. There are a few
+papers by Asa Gray, in 1862 and 1863, by Hildebrand in 1864, and by
+Moggridge in 1865, but the great mass of work by Axell, Delpino,
+Hildebrand, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> the M&uuml;llers, did not begin to appear until about 1867.
+The period during which the new views were being assimilated, and before
+they became thoroughly fruitful, was, however, surprisingly short. The
+later activity in this department may be roughly gauged by the fact that
+the valuable 'Bibliography,' given by Professor D'Arcy Thompson in his
+translation of M&uuml;ller's <i>Befruchtung</i> (1883),<a name="FNanchor_287_287" id="FNanchor_287_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> contains references
+to 814 papers.</p>
+
+<p>In 1877 a second edition of the <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i> was
+published, the first edition having been for some time out of print. The
+new edition was remodelled and almost rewritten, and a large amount of
+new matter added, much of which the author owed to his friend Fritz
+M&uuml;ller.</p>
+
+<p>With regard to this edition he wrote to Dr. Gray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I do not suppose I shall ever again touch the book. After much doubt I
+have resolved to act in this way with all my books for the future; that
+is to correct them once and never touch them again, so as to use the
+small quantity of work left in me for new matter."</p>
+
+<p>One of the latest references to his Orchid-work occurs in a letter to
+Mr. Bentham, February 16, 1880. It shows the amount of pleasure which
+this subject gave to my father, and (what is characteristic of him) that
+his reminiscence of the work was one of delight in the observations
+which preceded its publication, not to the applause which followed it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"They are wonderful creatures, these Orchids, and I sometimes think with
+a glow of pleasure, when I remember making out some little point in
+their method of fertilisation."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The Effect of Cross-and Self-fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.
+Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same species.</i></p>
+
+<p>Two other books bearing on the problem of sex in plants require a brief
+notice. <i>The Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation</i>, published in
+1876, is one of his most important works, and at the same time one of
+the most unreadable to any but the professed naturalist. Its value lies
+in the proof it offers of the increased vigour given to the offspring by
+the act of cross-fertilisation. It is the complement of the Orchid book
+because it makes us understand the advantage gained by the mechanisms
+for insuring cross-fertilisation described in that work.</p>
+
+<p>The book is also valuable in another respect, because it throws light on
+the difficult problems of the origin of sexuality.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> The increased vigour
+resulting from cross-fertilisation is allied in the closest manner to
+the advantage gained by change of conditions. So strongly is this the
+case, that in some instances cross-fertilisation gives no advantage to
+the offspring, unless the parents have lived under slightly different
+conditions. So that the really important thing is not that two
+individuals of different <i>blood</i> shall unite, but two individuals which
+have been subjected to different conditions. We are thus led to believe
+that sexuality is a means for infusing vigour into the offspring by the
+coalescence of differentiated elements, an advantage which could not
+accompany asexual reproductions.</p>
+
+<p>It is remarkable that this book, the result of eleven years of
+experimental work, owed its origin to a chance observation. My father
+had raised two beds of <i>Linaria vulgaris</i>&mdash;one set being the offspring
+of cross and the other of self-fertilisation. The plants were grown for
+the sake of some observations on inheritance, and not with any view to
+cross-breeding, and he was astonished to observe that the offspring of
+self-fertilisation were clearly less vigorous than the others. It seemed
+incredible to him that this result could be due to a single act of
+self-fertilisation, and it was only in the following year, when
+precisely the same result occurred in the case of a similar experiment
+on inheritance in carnations, that his attention was "thoroughly
+aroused," and that he determined to make a series of experiments
+specially directed to the question.</p>
+
+<p>The volume on <i>Forms of Flowers</i> was published in 1877, and was
+dedicated by the author to Professor Asa Gray, "as a small tribute of
+respect and affection." It consists of certain earlier papers re-edited,
+with the addition of a quantity of new matter. The subjects treated in
+the book are:&mdash;</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>(i.) Heterostyled Plants.</p>
+
+<p>(ii.) Polygamous, Di&oelig;cious, and Gynodi&oelig;cious Plants.</p>
+
+<p>(iii.) Cleistogamic Flowers.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The nature of heterostyled plants may be illustrated in the primrose,
+one of the best known examples of the class. If a number of primroses be
+gathered, it will be found that some plants yield nothing but "pin-eyed"
+flowers, in which the style (or organ for the transmission of the pollen
+to the ovule) is long, while the others yield only "thrum-eyed" flowers
+with short styles. Thus primroses are divided into two sets or castes
+differing structurally from each other. My father showed that they also
+differ sexually, and that in fact the bond between the two castes more
+nearly resembles that between separate sexes than any other known
+relationship. Thus for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span> example a long-styled primrose, though it can be
+fertilised by its own pollen, is not <i>fully</i> fertile unless it is
+impregnated by the pollen of a short-styled flower. Heterostyled plants
+are comparable to hermaphrodite animals, such as snails, which require
+the concourse of two individuals, although each possesses both the
+sexual elements. The difference is that in the case of the primrose it
+is <i>perfect fertility</i>, and not simply <i>fertility</i>, that depends on the
+mutual action of the two sets of individuals.</p>
+
+<p>The work on heterostyled plants has a special bearing, to which the
+author attached much importance, on the problem of the origin of
+species.<a name="FNanchor_288_288" id="FNanchor_288_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a></p>
+
+<p>He found that a wonderfully close parallelism exists between
+hybridisation (<i>i.e.</i> crosses between distinct species), and certain
+forms of fertilisation among heterostyled plants. So that it is hardly
+an exaggeration to say that the "illegitimately" reared seedlings are
+hybrids, although both their parents belong to identically the same
+species. In a letter to Professor Huxley, given in the second volume of
+the <i>Life and Letters</i> (p. 384), my father writes as if his researches
+on heterostyled plants tended to make him believe that sterility is a
+selected or acquired quality. But in his later publications, <i>e.g.</i> in
+the sixth edition of the <i>Origin</i>, he adheres to the belief that
+sterility is an incidental<a name="FNanchor_289_289" id="FNanchor_289_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> rather than a selected quality. The
+result of his work on heterostyled plants is of importance as showing
+that sterility is no test of specific distinctness, and that it depends
+on differentiation of the sexual elements which is independent of any
+racial difference. I imagine that it was his instinctive love of making
+out a difficulty which to a great extent kept him at work so patiently
+on the heterostyled plants. But it was the fact that general conclusions
+of the above character could be drawn from his results which made him
+think his results worthy of publication.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_269_269" id="Footnote_269_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269_269"><span class="label">[269]</span></a> The "Genealogy of Animals" (<i>The Academy</i>, 1869),
+reprinted in <i>Critiques and Addresses</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_270_270" id="Footnote_270_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270_270"><span class="label">[270]</span></a> An English edition is published by the Clarendon Press,
+1890.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_271_271" id="Footnote_271_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271_271"><span class="label">[271]</span></a> Sachs, <i>Geschichte d. Botanik</i>, p. 419.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_272_272" id="Footnote_272_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272_272"><span class="label">[272]</span></a> That is to say, flowers possessing both stamens, or male
+organs, and pistils or female organs.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_273_273" id="Footnote_273_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273_273"><span class="label">[273]</span></a> Christian Conrad Sprengel, born 1750, died 1816.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_274_274" id="Footnote_274_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274_274"><span class="label">[274]</span></a> <i>Fertilisation of Flowers</i> (Eng. Trans.) 1883, p. 3.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_275_275" id="Footnote_275_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275_275"><span class="label">[275]</span></a> <i>Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Baue und in der
+Befruchtung der Blumen.</i> Berlin, 1793.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_276_276" id="Footnote_276_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276_276"><span class="label">[276]</span></a> The order to which the pea and bean belong.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_277_277" id="Footnote_277_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277_277"><span class="label">[277]</span></a> <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>, 1857, p. 725. It appears that
+this paper was a piece of "over-time" work. He wrote to a friend, "that
+confounded Leguminous paper was done in the afternoon, and the
+consequence was I had to go to Moor Park for a week."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_278_278" id="Footnote_278_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278_278"><span class="label">[278]</span></a> The sweet pea and everlasting pea belong to the genus
+Lathyrus.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_279_279" id="Footnote_279_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279_279"><span class="label">[279]</span></a> <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>, 1858, p. 828.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_280_280" id="Footnote_280_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280_280"><span class="label">[280]</span></a> He published a short paper on the manner of fertilisation
+of this flower, in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i> 1871, p. 1166.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_281_281" id="Footnote_281_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281_281"><span class="label">[281]</span></a> The woodpecker was one of his stock examples of
+adaptation.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_282_282" id="Footnote_282_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282_282"><span class="label">[282]</span></a> It is a modification of the upper stigma.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_283_283" id="Footnote_283_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283_283"><span class="label">[283]</span></a> This rather obscure statement may be paraphrased thus:&mdash;
+</p><p>
+The machinery is so perfect that the plant can afford to minimise the
+amount of pollen produced. Where the machinery for pollen distribution
+is of a cruder sort, for instance where it is carried by the wind,
+enormous quantities are produced, <i>e.g.</i> in the fir tree.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_284_284" id="Footnote_284_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284_284"><span class="label">[284]</span></a> "Darwin consid&eacute;r&eacute;, &amp;c.," <i>Archives des Sciences Physiques
+et Naturelles</i> 3&egrave;me p&eacute;riode. Tome vii. 481, 1882.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_285_285" id="Footnote_285_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285_285"><span class="label">[285]</span></a> May 24th, 1862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_286_286" id="Footnote_286_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286_286"><span class="label">[286]</span></a> June 14th, 1862.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_287_287" id="Footnote_287_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287_287"><span class="label">[287]</span></a> My father's "Prefatory Notice" to this work is dated
+February 6th, 1882, and is therefore almost the last of his writings.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_288_288" id="Footnote_288_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288_288"><span class="label">[288]</span></a> See Autobiography, p. 48.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_289_289" id="Footnote_289_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289_289"><span class="label">[289]</span></a> The pollen or fertilising element is in each species
+adapted to produce a certain change in the egg-cell (or female element),
+just as a key is adapted to a lock. If a key opens a lock for which it
+was never intended it is an incidental result. In the same way if the
+pollen of species of A. proves to be capable of fertilising the egg-cell
+of species B. we may call it incidental.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER XVII.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Climbing Plants; Power of Movement in Plants; Insectivorous
+Plants; Kew Index of Plant Names.</i></p>
+
+<p>My father mentions in his <i>Autobiography</i> (p. 45) that he was led to
+take up the subject of climbing plants by reading Dr. Gray's paper,
+"Note on the Coiling of the Tendrils of Plants."<a name="FNanchor_290_290" id="FNanchor_290_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> This essay seems
+to have been read in 1862, but I am only able to guess at the date of
+the letter in which he asks for a reference to it, so that the precise
+date of his beginning this work cannot be determined.</p>
+
+<p>In June 1863, he was certainly at work, and wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker
+for information as to previous publications on the subject, being then
+in ignorance of Palm's and H. v. Mohl's works on climbing plants, both
+of which were published in 1827.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. Darwin to Asa Gray.</i> Down, August 4 [1863].</p>
+
+<p>My present hobby-horse I owe to you, viz. the tendrils: their
+irritability is beautiful, as beautiful in all its modifications as
+anything in Orchids. About the <i>spontaneous</i> movement (independent of
+touch) of the tendrils and upper internodes, I am rather taken aback by
+your saying, "is it not well known?" I can find nothing in any book
+which I have.... The spontaneous movement of the tendrils is independent
+of the movement of the upper internodes, but both work harmoniously
+together in sweeping a circle for the tendrils to grasp a stick. So with
+all climbing plants (without tendrils) as yet examined, the upper
+internodes go on night and day sweeping a circle in one fixed direction.
+It is surprising to watch the Apocyne&aelig; with shoots 18 inches long
+(beyond the supporting stick), steadily searching for something to climb
+up. When the shoot meets a stick, the motion at that point is arrested,
+but in the upper part is continued; so that the climbing of all plants
+yet examined is the simple result of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> spontaneous circulatory
+movement of the upper internodes.<a name="FNanchor_291_291" id="FNanchor_291_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a> Pray tell me whether anything has
+been published on this subject? I hate publishing what is old; but I
+shall hardly regret my work if it is old, as it has much amused me....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>He soon found that his observations were not entirely novel, and wrote
+to Hooker: "I have now read two German books, and all I believe that has
+been written on climbers, and it has stirred me up to find that I have a
+good deal of new matter. It is strange, but I really think no one has
+explained simple twining plants. These books have stirred me up, and
+made me wish for plants specified in them."</p>
+
+<p>He continued his observations on climbing plants during the prolonged
+illness from which he suffered in the autumn of 1863, and in the
+following spring. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker, apparently in March 1864:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The hot-house is such an amusement to me, and my amusement I owe to
+you, as my delight is to look at the many odd leaves and plants from
+Kew.... The only approach to work which I can do is to look at tendrils
+and climbers, this does not distress my weakened brain. Ask Oliver to
+look over the enclosed queries (and do you look) and amuse a broken-down
+brother naturalist by answering any which he can. If you ever lounge
+through your houses, remember me and climbing plants."</p>
+
+<p>A letter to Dr. Gray, April 9, 1865, has a word or two on the subject.&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have began correcting proofs of my paper on Climbing Plants. I
+suppose I shall be able to send you a copy in four or five weeks. I
+think it contains a good deal new, and some curious points, but it is so
+fearfully long, that no one will ever read it. If, however, you do not
+<i>skim</i> through it, you will be an unnatural parent, for it is your
+child."</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Gray not only read it but approved of it, to my father's great
+satisfaction, as the following extracts show:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I was much pleased to get your letter of July 24th. Now that I can do
+nothing, I maunder over old subjects, and your approbation of my
+climbing paper gives me <i>very</i> great satisfaction. I made my
+observations when I could do nothing else and much enjoyed it, but
+always doubted whether they were worth publishing....</p>
+
+<p>"I received yesterday your article<a name="FNanchor_292_292" id="FNanchor_292_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a> on climbers, and it has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> pleased
+me in an extraordinary and even silly manner. You pay me a superb
+compliment, and as I have just said to my wife, I think my friends must
+perceive that I like praise, they give me such hearty doses. I always
+admire your skill in reviews or abstracts, and you have done this
+article excellently and given the whole essence of my paper.... I have
+had a letter from a good zoologist in S. Brazil, F. M&uuml;ller, who has been
+stirred up to observe climbers, and gives me some curious cases of
+<i>branch</i>-climbers, in which branches are converted into tendrils, and
+then continue to grow and throw out leaves and new branches, and then
+lose their tendril character."</p>
+
+<p>The paper on Climbing Plants was republished in 1875, as a separate
+book. The author had been unable to give his customary amount of care to
+the style of the original essay, owing to the fact that it was written
+during a period of continued ill-health, and it was now found to require
+a great deal of alteration. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (March 3,
+1875): "It is lucky for authors in general that they do not require such
+dreadful work in merely licking what they write into shape." And to Mr.
+Murray, in September, he wrote: "The corrections are heavy in <i>Climbing
+Plants</i>, and yet I deliberately went over the MS. and old sheets three
+times." The book was published in September 1875, an edition of 1500
+copies was struck off; the edition sold fairly well, and 500 additional
+copies were printed in June of the following year.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The Power of Movement in Plants.</i> 1880.</p>
+
+<p>The few sentences in the autobiographical chapter give with sufficient
+clearness the connection between the <i>Power of Movement</i> and the book on
+Climbing Plants. The central idea of the book is that the movements of
+plants in relation to light, gravitation, &amp;c., are modifications of a
+spontaneous tendency to revolve or circumnutate, which is widely
+inherent in the growing parts of plants. This conception has not been
+generally adopted, and has not taken a place among the canons of
+orthodox physiology. The book has been treated by Professor Sachs with a
+few words of professorial contempt; and by Professor Wiesner it has been
+honoured by careful and generously expressed criticism.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Thiselton Dyer<a name="FNanchor_293_293" id="FNanchor_293_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> has well said: "Whether this masterly<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>
+conception of the unity of what has hitherto seemed a chaos of unrelated
+phenomena will be sustained, time alone will show. But no one can doubt
+the importance of what Mr. Darwin has done, in showing that for the
+future the phenomena of plant movement can and indeed must be studied
+from a single point of view."</p>
+
+<p>The work was begun in the summer of 1877, after the publication of
+<i>Different Forms of Flowers</i>, and by the autumn his enthusiasm for the
+subject was thoroughly established, and he wrote to Mr. Dyer: "I am all
+on fire at the work." At this time he was studying the movements of
+cotyledons, in which the sleep of plants is to be observed in its
+simplest form; in the following spring he was trying to discover what
+useful purpose those sleep-movements could serve, and wrote to Sir
+Joseph Hooker (March 25th, 1878):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I think we have <i>proved</i> that the sleep of plants is to lessen the
+injury to the leaves from radiation. This has interested me much, and
+has cost us great labour, as it has been a problem since the time of
+Linn&aelig;us. But we have killed or badly injured a multitude of plants.
+N.B.&mdash;<i>Oxalis carnosa</i> was most valuable, but last night was killed."</p>
+
+<p>The book was published on November 6, 1880, and 1500 copies were
+disposed of at Mr. Murray's sale. With regard to it he wrote to Sir J.
+D. Hooker (November 23):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Your note has pleased me much&mdash;for I did not expect that you would have
+had time to read <i>any</i> of it. Read the last chapter, and you will know
+the whole result, but without the evidence. The case, however, of
+radicles bending after exposure for an hour to geotropism, with their
+tips (or brains) cut off is, I think worth your reading (bottom of p.
+525); it astounded me. But I will bother you no more about my book. The
+sensitiveness of seedlings to light is marvellous."</p>
+
+<p>To another friend, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, he wrote (November 28, 1880):</p>
+
+<p>"Very many thanks for your most kind note, but you think too highly of
+our work, not but what this is very pleasant.... Many of the Germans are
+very contemptuous about making out the use of organs; but they may sneer
+the souls out of their bodies, and I for one shall think it the most
+interesting part of Natural History. Indeed you are greatly mistaken if
+you doubt for one moment on the very great value of your constant and
+most kind assistance to us."</p>
+
+<p>The book was widely reviewed, and excited much interest among the
+general public. The following letter refers to a leading article in the
+<i>Times</i>, November 20, 1880:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Mrs. Haliburton.</i><a name="FNanchor_294_294" id="FNanchor_294_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> Down, November 22, 1880.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sarah</span>,&mdash;You see how audaciously I begin; but I have always loved
+and shall ever love this name. Your letter has done more than please me,
+for its kindness has touched my heart. I often think of old days and of
+the delight of my visits to Woodhouse, and of the deep debt of gratitude
+which I owe to your father. It was very good of you to write. I had
+quite forgotten my old ambition about the Shrewsbury newspaper;<a name="FNanchor_295_295" id="FNanchor_295_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> but
+I remember the pride which I felt when I saw in a book about beetles the
+impressive words "captured by C. Darwin." Captured sounded so grand
+compared with caught. This seemed to me glory enough for any man! I do
+not know in the least what made the <i>Times</i> glorify me, for it has
+sometimes pitched into me ferociously.</p>
+
+<p>I should very much like to see you again, but you would find a visit
+here very dull, for we feel very old and have no amusement, and lead a
+solitary life. But we intend in a few weeks to spend a few days in
+London, and then if you have anything else to do in London, you would
+perhaps come and lunch with us.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Believe me, my dear Sarah,<br />Yours gratefully and affectionately.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The following letter was called forth by the publication of a volume
+devoted to the criticism of the <i>Power of Movement in Plants</i> by an
+accomplished botanist, Dr. Julius Wiesner, Professor of Botany in the
+University of Vienna:</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Julius Wiesner.</i> Down, October 25th, 1881.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Sir</span>,&mdash;I have now finished your book,<a name="FNanchor_296_296" id="FNanchor_296_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> and have understood
+the whole except a very few passages. In the first place, let me thank
+you cordially for the manner in which you have everywhere treated me.
+You have shown how a man may differ from another in the most decided
+manner, and yet express his difference with the most perfect courtesy.
+Not a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> few English and German naturalists might learn a useful lesson
+from your example; for the coarse language often used by scientific men
+towards each other does no good, and only degrades science.</p>
+
+<p>I have been profoundly interested by your book, and some of your
+experiments are so beautiful, that I actually felt pleasure while being
+vivisected. It would take up too much space to discuss all the important
+topics in your book. I fear that you have quite upset the interpretation
+which I have given of the effects of cutting off the tips of
+horizontally extended roots, and of those laterally exposed to moisture;
+but I cannot persuade myself that the horizontal position of lateral
+branches and roots is due simply to their lessened power of growth. Nor
+when I think of my experiments with the cotyledons of <i>Phalaris</i>, can I
+give up the belief of the transmission of some stimulus due to light
+from the upper to the lower part. At p. 60 you have misunderstood my
+meaning, when you say that I believe that the effects from light are
+transmitted to a part which is not itself heliotropic. I never
+considered whether or not the short part beneath the ground was
+heliotropic; but I believe that with young seedlings the part which
+bends <i>near</i>, but <i>above</i> the ground is heliotropic, and I believe so
+from this part bending only moderately when the light is oblique, and
+bending rectangularly when the light is horizontal. Nevertheless the
+bending of this lower part, as I conclude from my experiments with
+opaque caps, is influenced by the action of light on the upper part. My
+opinion, however, on the above and many other points, signifies very
+little, for I have no doubt that your book will convince most botanists
+that I am wrong in all the points on which we differ.</p>
+
+<p>Independently of the question of transmission, my mind is so full of
+facts leading me to believe that light, gravity, &amp;c., act not in a
+direct manner on growth, but as stimuli, that I am quite unable to
+modify my judgment on this head. I could not understand the passage at
+p. 78, until I consulted my son George, who is a mathematician. He
+supposes that your objection is founded on the diffused light from the
+lamp illuminating both sides of the object, and not being reduced, with
+increasing distance in the same ratio as the direct light; but he doubts
+whether this <i>necessary</i> correction will account for the very little
+difference in the heliotropic curvature of the plants in the successive pots.</p>
+
+<p>With respect to the sensitiveness of the tips of roots to contact, I
+cannot admit your view until it is proved that I am in error about bits
+of card attached by liquid gum causing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> movement; whereas no movement
+was caused if the card remained separated from the tip by a layer of the
+liquid gum. The fact also of thicker and thinner bits of card attached
+on opposite sides of the same root by shellac, causing movement in one
+direction, has to be explained. You often speak of the tip having been
+injured; but externally there was no sign of injury: and when the tip
+was plainly injured, the extreme part became curved <i>towards</i> the
+injured side. I can no more believe that the tip was injured by the bits
+of card, at least when attached by gum-water, than that the glands of
+Drosera are injured by a particle of thread or hair placed on it, or
+that the human tongue is so when it feels any such object.</p>
+
+<p>About the most important subject in my book, namely circumnutation, I
+can only say that I feel utterly bewildered at the difference in our
+conclusions; but I could not fully understand some parts which my son
+Francis will be able to translate to me when he returns home. The
+greater part of your book is beautifully clear.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, I wish that I had enough strength and spirit to commence a
+fresh set of experiments, and publish the results, with a full
+recantation of my errors when convinced of them; but I am too old for
+such an undertaking, nor do I suppose that I shall be able to do much,
+or any more, original work. I imagine that I see one possible source of
+error in your beautiful experiment of a plant rotating and exposed to a
+lateral light.</p>
+
+<p>With high respect, and with sincere thanks for the kind manner in which
+you have treated me and my mistakes, I remain,</p>
+
+<p class="center">My dear Sir, yours sincerely.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Insectivorous Plants.</i></p>
+
+<p>In the summer of 1860 he was staying at the house of his sister-in-law,
+Miss Wedgwood, in Ashdown Forest whence he wrote (July 29, 1860), to Sir
+Joseph Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Latterly I have done nothing here; but at first I amused myself with a
+few observations on the insect-catching power of Drosera:<a name="FNanchor_297_297" id="FNanchor_297_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> and I
+must consult you some time whether my 'twaddle' is worth communicating
+to the Linnean Society."</p>
+
+<p>In August he wrote to the same friend:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I will gratefully send my notes on Drosera when copied<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> by my copier:
+the subject amused me when I had nothing to do."</p>
+
+<p>He has described in the <i>Autobiography</i> (p. 47), the general nature of
+these early experiments. He noticed insects sticking to the leaves, and
+finding that flies, &amp;c., placed on the adhesive glands, were held fast
+and embraced, he suspected that the captured prey was digested and
+absorbed by the leaves. He therefore tried the effect on the leaves of
+various nitrogenous fluids&mdash;with results which, as far as they went,
+verified his surmise. In September, 1860, he wrote to Dr. Gray:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I have been infinitely amused by working at Drosera: the movements are
+really curious; and the manner in which the leaves detect certain
+nitrogenous compounds is marvellous. You will laugh; but it is, at
+present, my full belief (after endless experiments) that they detect
+(and move in consequence of) the 1/2880 part of a single grain of
+nitrate of ammonia; but the muriate and sulphate of ammonia bother their
+chemical skill, and they cannot make anything of the nitrogen in these salts!"</p>
+
+<p>Later in the autumn he was again obliged to leave home for Eastbourne,
+where he continued his work on Drosera.</p>
+
+<p>On his return home he wrote to Lyell (November 1860):&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I will and must finish my Drosera MS., which will take me a week, for,
+at the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all
+the species in the world. But I will not publish on Drosera till next
+year, for I am frightened and astounded at my results. I declare it is a
+certain fact, that one organ is so sensitive to touch, that a weight
+seventy-eight-times less than that, viz., 1/1000 of a grain, which will
+move the best chemical balance, suffices to cause a conspicuous
+movement. Is it not curious that a plant should be far more sensitive to
+the touch than any nerve in the human body? Yet I am perfectly sure that
+this is true. When I am on my hobby-horse, I never can resist telling my
+friends how well my hobby goes, so you must forgive the rider."</p>
+
+<p>The work was continued, as a holiday task, at Bournemouth, where he
+stayed during the autumn of 1862.</p>
+
+<p>A long break now ensued in his work on insectivorous plants, and it was
+not till 1872 that the subject seriously occupied him again. A passage
+in a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, written in 1863 or 1864, shows, however,
+that the question was not altogether absent from his mind in the
+interim:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Depend on it you are unjust on the merits of my beloved Drosera; it is
+a wonderful plant, or rather a most sagacious animal. I will stick up
+for Drosera to the day of my death.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> Heaven knows whether I shall ever
+publish my pile of experiments on it."</p>
+
+<p>He notes in his diary that the last proof of the <i>Expression of the
+Emotions</i> was finished on August 22, 1872, and that he began to work on
+Drosera on the following day.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Asa Gray</i> [Sevenoaks], October 22 [1872].</p>
+
+<p>... I have worked pretty hard for four or five weeks on Drosera, and
+then broke down; so that we took a house near Sevenoaks for three weeks
+(where I now am) to get complete rest. I have very little power of
+working now, and must put off the rest of the work on Drosera till next
+spring, as my plants are dying. It is an endless subject, and I must cut
+it short, and for this reason shall not do much on Dion&aelig;a. The point
+which has interested me most is tracing the <i>nerves</i>! which follow the
+vascular bundles. By a prick with a sharp lancet at a certain point, I
+can paralyse one-half the leaf, so that a stimulus to the other half
+causes no movement. It is just like dividing the spinal marrow of a
+frog:&mdash;no stimulus can be sent from the brain or anterior part of the
+spine to the hind legs: but if these latter are stimulated, they move by
+reflex action. I find my old results about the astonishing sensitiveness
+of the nervous system (!?) of Drosera to various stimulants fully
+confirmed and extended....</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>C. D. to Asa Gray</i>, Down, June 3 [1874].</p>
+
+<p>... I am now hard at work getting my book on Drosera &amp; Co. ready for the
+printers, but it will take some time, for I am always finding out new
+points to observe. I think you will be interested by my observations on
+the digestive process in Drosera; the secretion contains an acid of the
+acetic series, and some ferment closely analogous to, but not identical
+with, pepsine; for I have been making a long series of comparative
+trials. No human being will believe what I shall publish about the
+smallness of the doses of phosphate of ammonia which act....</p>
+
+<p>The manuscript of <i>Insectivorous Plants</i> was finished in March 1875. He
+seems to have been more than usually oppressed by the writing of this
+book, thus he wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker in February:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"You ask about my book, and all that I can say is that I am ready to
+commit suicide; I thought it was decently written,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> but find so much
+wants rewriting, that it will not be ready to go to printers for two
+months, and will then make a confoundedly big book. Murray will say that
+it is no use publishing in the middle of summer, so I do not know what
+will be the upshot; but I begin to think that every one who publishes a
+book is a fool."</p>
+
+<p>The book was published on July 2nd, 1875, and 2700 copies were sold out
+of the edition of 3000.</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The Kew Index of Plant-Names.</i></p>
+
+<p>Some account of my father's connection with the <i>Index of Plant-Names</i>,
+now (1892) being printed by the Clarendon Press, will be found in Mr. B.
+Daydon Jackson's paper in the <i>Journal of Botany</i>, 1887, p. 151. Mr.
+Jackson quotes the following statement by Sir J. D. Hooker:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Shortly before his death, Mr. Charles Darwin informed Sir Joseph Hooker
+that it was his intention to devote a considerable sum of money annually
+for some years in aid or furtherance of some work or works of practical
+utility to biological science, and to make provisions in his will in the
+event of these not being completed during his lifetime.</p>
+
+<p>"Amongst other objects connected with botanical science, Mr. Darwin
+regarded with especial interest the importance of a complete index to
+the names and authors of the genera and species of plants known to
+botanists, together with their native countries. Steudel's <i>Nomenclator</i>
+is the only existing work of this nature, and although now nearly half a
+century old, Mr. Darwin had found it of great aid in his own researches.
+It has been indispensable to every botanical institution, whether as a
+list of all known flowering plants, as an indication of their authors,
+or as a digest of botanical geography."</p>
+
+<p>Since 1840, when the <i>Nomenclator</i> was published, the number of
+described plants may be said to have doubled, so that Steudel is now
+seriously below the requirements of botanical work. To remedy this want,
+the <i>Nomenclator</i> has been from time to time posted up in an interleaved
+copy in the Herbarium at Kew, by the help of "funds supplied by private
+liberality."<a name="FNanchor_298_298" id="FNanchor_298_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a></p>
+
+<p>My father, like other botanists, had, as Sir Joseph Hooker points out,
+experienced the value of Steudel's work. He obtained plants from all
+sorts of sources, which were often incorrectly named, and he felt the
+necessity of adhering to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> the accepted nomenclature so that he might
+convey to other workers precise indications as to the plants which he
+had studied. It was also frequently a matter of importance to him to
+know the native country of his experimental plants. Thus it was natural
+that he should recognise the desirability of completing and publishing
+the interleaved volume at Kew. The wish to help in this object was
+heightened by the admiration he felt for the results for which the world
+has to thank the Royal Gardens at Kew, and by his gratitude for the
+invaluable aid which for so many years he received from its Director and
+his staff. He expressly stated that it was his wish "to aid in some way
+the scientific work carried on at the Royal Gardens"<a name="FNanchor_299_299" id="FNanchor_299_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a>&mdash;which induced
+him to offer to supply funds for the completion of the Kew
+<i>Nomenclator</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The following passage, for which I am indebted to Professor Judd, is of
+interest, as illustrating, the motives that actuated my father in this
+matter. Professor Judd writes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"On the occasion of my last visit to him, he told me that his income
+having recently greatly increased, while his wants remained the same, he
+was most anxious to devote what he could spare to the advancement of
+Geology or Biology. He dwelt in the most touching manner on the fact
+that he owed so much happiness and fame to the natural history sciences,
+which had been the solace of what might have been a painful
+existence;&mdash;and he begged me, if I knew of any research which could be
+aided by a grant of a few hundreds of pounds, to let him know, as it
+would be a delight to him to feel that he was helping in promoting the
+progress of science. He informed me at the same time that he was making
+the same suggestion to Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Huxley with
+respect to Botany and Zoology respectively. I was much impressed by the
+earnestness, and, indeed, deep emotion, with which he spoke of his
+indebtedness to Science, and his desire to promote its interests."</p>
+
+<p>The plan of the proposed work having been carefully considered, Sir
+Joseph Hooker was able to confide its elaboration in detail to Mr. B.
+Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, whose extensive
+knowledge of botanical literature qualifies him for the task. My
+father's original idea of producing a modern edition of Steudel's
+<i>Nomenclator</i> has been practically abandoned, the aim now kept in view
+is rather to construct a list of genera and species (with references)
+founded on Bentham and Hooker's <i>Genera Plantarum</i>. Under Sir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> Joseph
+Hooker's supervision, the work, carried out with admirable zeal by Mr.
+Jackson, goes steadily forward. The colossal nature of the undertaking
+may be estimated by the fact that the manuscript of the <i>Index</i> is at
+the present time (1892) believed to weigh more than a ton.</p>
+
+<p>The Kew 'Index,' will be a fitting memorial of my father: and his share
+in its completion illustrates a part of his character&mdash;his ready
+sympathy with work outside his own lines of investigation&mdash;and his
+respect for minute and patient labour in all branches of science.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_290_290" id="Footnote_290_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290_290"><span class="label">[290]</span></a> <i>Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences</i>, 1858.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_291_291" id="Footnote_291_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291_291"><span class="label">[291]</span></a> This view is rejected by some botanists.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_292_292" id="Footnote_292_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292_292"><span class="label">[292]</span></a> In the September number of <i>Silliman's Journal</i>,
+concluded in the January number, 1866.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_293_293" id="Footnote_293_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293_293"><span class="label">[293]</span></a> <i>Charles Darwin</i>, <i>Nature</i> Series, p. 41.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_294_294" id="Footnote_294_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294_294"><span class="label">[294]</span></a> Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of my father's early
+friend, the late Mr. Owen, of Woodhouse.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_295_295" id="Footnote_295_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295_295"><span class="label">[295]</span></a> Mrs. Haliburton had reminded him of his saying as a boy
+that if Eddowes' newspaper ever alluded to him as "our deserving
+fellow-townsman," his ambition would be amply gratified.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_296_296" id="Footnote_296_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296_296"><span class="label">[296]</span></a> <i>Das Bewegungsverm&ouml;gen der Pflanzen.</i> Vienna, 1881.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_297_297" id="Footnote_297_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297_297"><span class="label">[297]</span></a> The common sun-dew.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_298_298" id="Footnote_298_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298_298"><span class="label">[298]</span></a> <i>Kew Gardens Report</i>, 1881, p. 62.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_299_299" id="Footnote_299_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299_299"><span class="label">[299]</span></a> See <i>Nature</i>, January 5, 1882.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>CHAPTER XVIII.</span> <span class="smaller">CONCLUSION.</span></h2>
+
+<p>Some idea of the general course of my father's health may have been
+gathered from the letters given in the preceding pages. The subject of
+health appears more prominently than is often necessary in a Biography,
+because it was, unfortunately, so real an element in determining the
+outward form of his life.</p>
+
+<p>My father was at one time in the hands of Dr. Bence Jones, from whose
+treatment he certainly derived benefit. In later years he became a
+patient of Sir Andrew Clark, under whose care he improved greatly in
+general health. It was not only for his generously rendered service that
+my father felt a debt of gratitude towards Sir Andrew Clark. He owed to
+his cheering personal influence an often-repeated encouragement, which
+latterly added something real to his happiness, and he found sincere
+pleasure in Sir Andrew's friendship and kindness towards himself and his
+children. During the last ten years of his life the state of his health
+was a cause of satisfaction and hope to his family. His condition showed
+signs of amendment in several particulars. He suffered less distress and
+discomfort, and was able to work more steadily.</p>
+
+<p>Scattered through his letters are one or two references to pain or
+uneasiness felt in the region of the heart. How far these indicate that
+the heart was affected early in life, I cannot pretend to say; in any
+case it is certain that he had no serious or permanent trouble of this
+nature until shortly before his death. In spite of the general
+improvement in his health, which has been above alluded to, there was a
+certain loss of physical vigour occasionally apparent during the last
+few years of his life. This is illustrated by a sentence in a letter to
+his old friend Sir James Sulivan, written on January 10, 1879: "My
+scientific work tires me more than it used to do, but I have nothing
+else to do, and whether one is worn out a year or two sooner or later
+signifies but little."</p>
+
+<p>A similar feeling is shown in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> June 15,
+1881. My father was staying at Patterdale, and wrote: "I am rather
+despondent about myself.... I have not the heart or strength to begin
+any investigation lasting years, which is the only thing I enjoy, and I
+have no little jobs which I can do."</p>
+
+<p>In July, 1881, he wrote to Mr. Wallace: "We have just returned home
+after spending five weeks on Ullswater; the scenery is quite charming,
+but I cannot walk, and everything tires me, even seeing scenery.... What
+I shall do with my few remaining years of life I can hardly tell. I have
+everything to make me happy and contented, but life has become very
+wearisome to me." He was, however, able to do a good deal of work, and
+that of a trying sort,<a name="FNanchor_300_300" id="FNanchor_300_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> during the autumn of 1881, but towards the
+end of the year, he was clearly in need of rest: and during the winter
+was in a lower condition than was usual with him.</p>
+
+<p>On December 13, he went for a week to his daughter's house in Bryanston
+Street. During his stay in London he went to call on Mr. Romanes, and
+was seized when on the door-step with an attack apparently of the same
+kind as those which afterwards became so frequent. The rest of the
+incident, which I give in Mr. Romanes' words, is interesting too from a
+different point of view, as giving one more illustration of my father's
+scrupulous consideration for others:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"I happened to be out, but my butler, observing that Mr. Darwin was ill,
+asked him to come in. He said he would prefer going home, and although
+the butler urged him to wait at least until a cab could be fetched, he
+said he would rather not give so much trouble. For the same reason he
+refused to allow the butler to accompany him. Accordingly he watched him
+walking with difficulty towards the direction in which cabs were to be
+met with, and saw that, when he had got about three hundred yards from
+the house, he staggered and caught hold of the park-railings as if to
+prevent himself from falling. The butler therefore hastened to his
+assistance, but after a few seconds saw him turn round with the evident
+purpose of retracing his steps to my house. However, after he had
+returned part of the way he seems to have felt better, for he again
+changed his mind, and proceeded to find a cab."</p>
+
+<p>During the last week of February and in the beginning of March, attacks
+of pain in the region of the heart, with irregularity of the pulse,
+became frequent, coming on indeed nearly every afternoon. A seizure of
+this sort occurred about<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> March 7, when he was walking alone at a short
+distance from the house; he got home with difficulty, and this was the
+last time that he was able to reach his favourite 'Sand-walk.' Shortly
+after this, his illness became obviously more serious and alarming, and
+he was seen by Sir Andrew Clark, whose treatment was continued by Dr.
+Norman Moore, of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and Dr. Allfrey, at that
+time in practice at St. Mary Cray. He suffered from distressing
+sensations of exhaustion and faintness, and seemed to recognise with
+deep depression the fact that his working days were over. He gradually
+recovered from this condition, and became more cheerful and hopeful, as
+is shown in the following letter to Mr. Huxley, who was anxious that my
+father should have closer medical supervision than the existing
+arrangements allowed:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right">"Down, March 27, 1882.</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">My dear Huxley</span>,&mdash;Your most kind letter has been a real cordial to me. I
+have felt better to-day than for three weeks, and have felt as yet no
+pain. Your plan seems an excellent one, and I will probably act upon it,
+unless I get very much better. Dr. Clark's kindness is unbounded to me,
+but he is too busy to come here. Once again, accept my cordial thanks,
+my dear old friend. I wish to God there were more automata<a name="FNanchor_301_301" id="FNanchor_301_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> in the
+world like you.</p>
+
+<p class="right">"Ever yours,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<br />
+"<span class="smcap">Ch. Darwin</span>."</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The allusion to Sir Andrew Clark requires a word of explanation. Sir
+Andrew himself was ever ready to devote himself to my father, who
+however, could not endure the thought of sending for him, knowing how
+severely his great practice taxed his strength.</p>
+
+<p>No especial change occurred during the beginning of April, but on
+Saturday 15th he was seized with giddiness while sitting at dinner in
+the evening, and fainted in an attempt to reach his sofa. On the 17th he
+was again better, and in my temporary absence recorded for me the
+progress of an experiment in which I was engaged. During the night of
+April 18th, about a quarter to twelve, he had a severe attack and passed
+into a faint, from which he was brought back to consciousness with great
+difficulty. He seemed to recognise the approach of death, and said, "I
+am not the least afraid to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span> die." All the next morning he suffered from
+terrible nausea and faintness, and hardly rallied before the end came.</p>
+
+<p>He died at about four o'clock on Wednesday, April 19th, 1882, in the
+74th year of his age.</p>
+
+<p>I close the record of my father's life with a few words of retrospect
+added to the manuscript of his <i>Autobiography</i> in 1879:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"As for myself, I believe that I have acted rightly in steadily
+following and devoting my life to Science. I feel no remorse from having
+committed any great sin, but have often and often regretted that I have
+not done more direct good to my fellow creatures."</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_300_300" id="Footnote_300_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300_300"><span class="label">[300]</span></a> On the action of carbonate of ammonia on roots and
+leaves.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_301_301" id="Footnote_301_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301_301"><span class="label">[301]</span></a> The allusion is to Mr. Huxley's address, "On the
+hypothesis that animals are automata, and its history," given at the
+Belfast Meeting of the British Association, 1874, and republished in
+<i>Science and Culture</i>.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>APPENDIX I.</span> <span class="smaller">THE FUNERAL IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.</span></h2>
+
+<p>On the Friday succeeding my father's death, the following letter, signed
+by twenty Members of Parliament, was addressed to Dr. Bradley, Dean of
+Westminster:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">House of Commons</span>, April 21, 1882.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Very Rev. Sir</span>,&mdash;We hope you will not think we are taking a liberty if we
+venture to suggest that it would be acceptable to a very large number of
+our fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious
+countryman, Mr. Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey.</p>
+
+<p class="center">We remain, your obedient servants,</p>
+
+<table class="left" summary="funeral arramgements">
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">John Lubbock</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Richard B. Martin</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Nevil Storey Maskelyne</span>,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Francis W. Buxton</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">A. J. Mundella</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">E. L. Stanley</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">G. O. Trevelyan</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Henry Broadhurst</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Lyon Playfair</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">John Barran</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Charles W. Dilke</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">J. F. Cheetham</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">David Wedderburn</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">H. S. Holland</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Arthur Russell</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">H. Campbell-Bannerman</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Horace Davey</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Charles Bruce</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Benjamin Armitage</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Richard Fort</span>.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The Dean was abroad at the time, and telegraphed his cordial acquiescence.</p>
+
+<p>The family had desired that my father should be buried at Down: with
+regard to their wishes, Sir John Lubbock wrote:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">House of Commons</span>, April 25, 1882.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">My dear Darwin</span>,&mdash;I quite sympathise with your feeling, and personally I
+should greatly have preferred that your father should have rested in
+Down amongst us all. It is, I am sure, quite understood that the
+initiative was not taken by you. Still, from a national point of view,
+it is clearly right that he should be buried in the Abbey. I esteem it a
+great privilege to be allowed to accompany my dear master to the grave.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Believe me, yours most sincerely,</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">John Lubbock.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">W. E. Darwin, Esq.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The family gave up their first-formed plans, and the funeral took place
+in Westminster Abbey on April 26th. The pall-bearers were:&mdash;</p>
+
+<table class="left" summary="funeral arramgements">
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Sir John Lubbock</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Canon Farrar</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Mr. Huxley</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Sir Joseph Hooker</span>,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Mr. James Russell Lowell</span>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Mr. William Spottiswoode</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;(American Minister),</td>
+    <td>&nbsp; &nbsp;(President of the Royal Society),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">Mr. A. R. Wallace</span></td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Earl of Derby</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Duke of Devonshire</span>,</td>
+    <td><span class="smcap">The Duke of Argyll</span>.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p>The funeral was attended by the representatives of France, Germany,
+Italy, Spain, Russia, and by those of the Universities and learned
+Societies, as well as by large numbers of personal friends and
+distinguished men.</p>
+
+<p>The grave is in the north aisle of the Nave, close to the angle of the
+choir-screen, and a few feet from the grave of Sir Isaac Newton. The
+stone bears the inscription&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN.<br />Born 12 February, 1809.<br />
+Died 19 April, 1882.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>APPENDIX II.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">Portraits.</span></p>
+
+<table border="1" summary="portraits">
+  <tr class="center">
+    <th>Date.</th>
+    <th>Description.</th>
+    <th>Artist.</th>
+    <th>In the Possession of</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>1838</td>
+    <td>Water-colour</td>
+    <td>G. Richmond</td>
+    <td>The Family.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>1851</td>
+    <td>Lithograph</td>
+    <td>Ipswich British Assn. Series.&nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>1853</td>
+    <td>Chalk Drawing</td>
+    <td>Samuel Lawrence</td>
+    <td>The Family.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>1853?&nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Chalk Drawing<a name="FNanchor_302_302" id="FNanchor_302_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a>&nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Samuel Lawrence</td>
+    <td>Professor Hughes, Cambridge.&nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>1869</td>
+    <td>Bust, marble</td>
+    <td>T. Woolner, R.A.</td>
+    <td>The Family.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>1875</td>
+    <td>Oil Painting<a name="FNanchor_303_303" id="FNanchor_303_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a></td>
+    <td>W. Ouless, R.A.</td>
+    <td>The Family.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Etched by</td>
+    <td>P. Rajon.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>1879</td>
+    <td>Oil Painting</td>
+    <td>W. B. Richmond</td>
+    <td>The University of Cambridge.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>1881</td>
+    <td>Oil Painting<a name="FNanchor_304_304" id="FNanchor_304_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a></td>
+    <td>Hon. John Collier</td>
+    <td>The Linnean Society.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Etched by</td>
+    <td>Leopold Flameng</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">Chief Portraits and Memorials not taken from Life.</span></p>
+
+<table border="1" summary="Chief Portraits and Memorials not taken from Life">
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>Statue<a name="FNanchor_305_305" id="FNanchor_305_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a></td>
+    <td>Joseph Boehm, R.A.</td>
+    <td>Museum, South Kensington.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>Bust</td>
+    <td>Chr. Lehr, Junr.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>Plaque</td>
+    <td>T. Woolner, R.A., and Josiah Wedgwood and Sons.&nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+    <td>Christ's College, in Charles Darwin's Room.&nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr class="left">
+    <td>Deep Medallion.&nbsp; &nbsp;</td>
+    <td>J. Boehm, R.A.</td>
+    <td>In Westminster Abbey.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="bold"><span class="smcap">Chief Engravings from Photographs.</span></p>
+
+<p>*1854? By Messrs. Maull and Fox, engraved on wood for <i>Harper's
+Magazine</i> (Oct. 1884). Frontispiece, <i>Life and Letters</i>, vol. i.</p>
+
+<p>1868 By the late Mrs. Cameron, reproduced in heliogravure by the
+Cambridge Engraving Company for the present work.</p>
+
+<p>*1870? By O. J. Rejlander, engraved on Steel by C. H. Jeens for <i>Nature</i>
+(June 4, 1874).</p>
+
+<p>*1874? By Major Darwin, engraved on wood for the <i>Century Magazine</i>
+(Jan. 1883). Frontispiece, <i>Life and Letters</i>, vol. ii.</p>
+
+<p>1881 By Messrs. Elliot and Fry, engraved on wood by G. Kruells, for vol.
+iii. of the <i>Life and Letters</i>.</p>
+
+<p>*The dates of these photographs must, from various causes, remain
+uncertain. Owing to a loss of books by fire, Messrs. Maull and Fox can
+give only an approximate date. Mr. Rejlander died some years ago, and
+his business was broken up. My brother, Major Darwin, has no record of
+the date at which his photograph was taken.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_302_302" id="Footnote_302_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302_302"><span class="label">[302]</span></a> Probably a sketch made at one of the sittings for the
+last-mentioned.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_303_303" id="Footnote_303_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303_303"><span class="label">[303]</span></a> A <i>replica</i> by the artist is in the possession of
+Christ's College, Cambridge.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_304_304" id="Footnote_304_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304_304"><span class="label">[304]</span></a> A <i>replica</i> by the artist is in the possession of W. E.
+Darwin, Esq., Southampton.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_305_305" id="Footnote_305_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305_305"><span class="label">[305]</span></a> A cast from this work is now placed in the New Museums at
+Cambridge.</p></div></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2><span>INDEX.</span></h2>
+
+<div class="index">
+<ul>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Abbott, F. E., letters to, on religious opinions,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Aberdeen, British Association Meeting at, 1859..&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Abstract ('Origin of Species'),&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_192">192</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_193">193</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_195">195</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Agassiz, Louis, Professor, letter to, sending him the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">note on, and extract from letter to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">opinion of the book,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">opposition to Darwin's views,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Asa Gray on the opinions of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Agassiz, Alexander, Professor, letter to:&mdash;on coral reefs,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Agnosticism,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ainsworth, William,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Albums of photographs received from Germany and Holland,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Algebra, distaste for the study of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Allfrey, Dr., treatment by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>American edition of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; Civil War, the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ammonia, salts of, behaviour of the leaves of <i>Drosera</i>, towards,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Andes, excursion across the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_136">136</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Lyell on the slow rise of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Animals, crossing of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Anti-Jacobin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <i>note</i>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ants, slave-making,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Apocyne&aelig;, twisting of shoots of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Apparatus,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_92">92-94</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">purchase of, for the Zoological Station at Naples,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Appletons' American reprints of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ascension,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Athen&aelig;um,' letter to the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">article in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">reply to the article,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_258">258</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_211">211</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">reviews in the, of Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,' and Huxley's 'Man's place in Nature,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_253">253</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Athen&aelig;um Club,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Atlantic Monthly,' Asa Gray's articles in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_248">248</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Atolls, formation of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Audubon,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Autobiography,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_5">5-54</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Automata,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Aveling, Dr., on C. Darwin's religious views,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Babbage and Carlyle,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bachelor of Arts, degree taken,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>B&auml;r, Karl Ernest von,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bahia, forest scenery at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_131">131</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to R. W. Darwin from,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Barmouth, visit to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bates, H. W., paper on mimetic butterflies,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Darwin's opinion of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_251">251</a> <i>note</i>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">'Naturalist on the Amazons,' opinion of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to:&mdash;on his 'Insect-Fauna of the Amazons Valley,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Beagle</i>, correspondence relating to the appointment to the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_115">115-123</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; equipment of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_125">125</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">accommodation on board the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">officers and crew of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_126">126</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_127">127</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">manner of life on board the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span><i>Beagle</i>, voyage of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_25">25-30</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Zoology of the voyage of the, publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Beans, stated to have grown on the wrong side of the pod,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bees, visits of, necessary for the impregnation of the Scarlet Bean,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bees' cells, Sedgwick on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, combs,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Beetles, collecting at, Cambridge, &amp;c.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_20">20</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_23">23</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_106">106</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_109">109</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bell, Professor Thomas,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Bell-stone,' Shrewsbury, an erratic boulder,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Beneficence, Evidence of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bentham, G., approval of the work on the fertilisation of orchids,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; letter to, on orchids,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_304">304</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Berkeley, Rev. M. J., review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Bermuda Islands,' by Prof. A. Heilprin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Biblioth&egrave;que Universelle de Gen&egrave;ve,' review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Birds' nests,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Blomefield, Rev. L., see <span class="smcap">Jenyns, Rev. L.</span>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>"Bob," the retriever,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Body-snatchers, arrest of, in Cambridge,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Books, treatment of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Boott, Dr. Francis,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Botanical work, scope and influence of C. Darwin's,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_297">297</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Botofogo Bay, letter to W. D. Fox from,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Boulders, erratic, of South America, paper on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bournemouth, residence at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bowen, Prof. F., Asa Gray on the opinions of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Branch-climbers,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bressa Prize, award of the, by the Royal Academy of Turin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>British Association, Sir C. Lyell's Presidential address to the, at Aberdeen, 1859..&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">at Oxford,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">action of, in connection with the question of vivisection,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Broderip, W. J.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bronn, H. G., translator of the 'Origin' into German,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Brown, Robert, acquaintance with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">recommendation of Sprengel's book,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Buckle, Mr., meeting with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bulwer's 'Professor Long,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Bunbury, Sir C., his opinion of the theory,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Butler, Dr., schoolmaster at Shrewsbury,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Rev. T.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Caerdeon, holiday at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cambridge, gun-practice at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">life at,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_17">17-23</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_30">30</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_104">104-113</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cambridge, degree of LL.D. conferred by University of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">subscription portrait at,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; Philosophical Society, Sedgwick's attack before the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Camerarius on sexuality in plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Canary Islands, projected excursion to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cape Verd Islands,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Carlyle, Thomas, acquaintance with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Carnarvon, Lord, proposed Act to amend the Law relating to cruelty to animals,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Carnations, effects of cross- and self-fertilisation on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Carpenter, Dr. W. B., letters to:&mdash;on the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_210">210</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review in the 'Medico-Chirurgical Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">notice of the 'Foraminifera,' in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Carus, Prof. Victor, impressions of the Oxford discussion,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, his translations of the 'Origin' and other works,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to:&mdash;on earthworms,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Case, Rev. G., schoolmaster at Shrewsbury,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Catasetum</i>, pollinia of, adhering to bees' backs,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">sensitiveness of flowers of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Caterpillars, colouring of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_269">269</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cats and mice,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>Cattle, falsely described new breed of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Celebes, African character of productions of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Chambers, R.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_179">179</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Chemistry, study of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Chili, recent elevation of the coast of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Chimneys, employment of boys in sweeping,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Christ's College, Cambridge,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">bet as to height of combination-room of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Church, destination to the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_17">17</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cirripedia, work on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_38">38</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_155">155-158</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">confusion of nomenclature of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">completion of work on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Clark, Sir Andrew, treatment by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_325">325</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Classics, study of, at Dr. Butler's school,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Climbing plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_45">45</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_313">313-315</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Climbing Plants,' publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Coal, supposed marine origin of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Coal-plants, letters to Sir Joseph Hooker on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_158">158</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cobbe, Miss, letter headed "Mr. Darwin and vivisection" in the <i>Times</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Coldstream, Dr.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Collections made during the voyage of the 'Beagle,' destination of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Collier, Hon. John, portrait of C. Darwin, by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cooper, Miss, 'Journal of a Naturalist,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Copley medal, award of, to C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Coral Reefs, work on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, second edition of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Semper's remarks on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Murray's criticisms,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">third edition,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; and Islands, Prof. Geikie and Sir C. Lyell on the theory of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; and Volcanoes, book on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Corals and Coral Islands,' by Prof. J. D. Dana,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Corrections on proofs,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_201">201</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_202">202</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Correspondence,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; during life at Cambridge, 1828-31..&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_104">104-113</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">relating to appointment on the 'Beagle,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_115">115-123</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">during the voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_125">125-139</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">during residence in London, 1836-42..&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_140">140-149</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the subject of religion,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_55">55-65</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+	 		<li class="subitem">during residence at Down, 1842-1854..&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_150">150-164</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+	 		<li class="subitem">during the progress of the work on the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_165">165-205</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+	 		<li class="subitem">after the publication of the work,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_206">206-265</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+	 		<li class="subitem">on the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_265">265-268</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+	 		<li class="subitem">on the work on 'Man,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_268">268-280</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+	 		<li class="subitem">miscellaneous,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_281">281-294</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on botanical researches,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_297">322</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cotyledons, movements of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Crawford, John, review of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Creation, objections to use of the term,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cross- and self-fertilisation in plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Cross-fertilisation of hermaphrodite flowers, first ideas of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Crossing of animals,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Cychnoches</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Cypripedium</i>, pollen of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Dallas, W. S., translation of Fritz M&uuml;ller's 'F&uuml;r Darwin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Dana, Professor J. D., defence of the theory of subsidence,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">'Corals and Coral Islands,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Darwin, Charles R.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Autobiography of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_5">5-54</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">birth,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">loss of mother,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">day-school at Shrewsbury,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">natural history tastes,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">hoaxing,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">humanity,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">egg-collecting,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">angling,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">dragoon's funeral,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">boarding school at Shrewsbury,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">fondness for dogs,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">classics,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">liking for geometry,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">reading,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">fondness for shooting,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span>science,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">at Edinburgh,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_11">11-15</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">early medical practice at Shrewsbury,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">tours in North Wales,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">shooting at Woodhouse and Maer,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">at Cambridge,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_17">17-23</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">visit to North Wales, with Sedgwick,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_24">24</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the voyage of the 'Beagle,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_25">25-30</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">residence in London,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_31">31-37</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">marriage,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">residence at Down,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publications,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_38">38-49</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">manner of writing,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">mental qualities,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_50">50-54</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Darwin, Reminiscences of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_66">66-103</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">personal appearance,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_67">67</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">mode of walking,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">dissecting,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">laughing,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">gestures,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">dress,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">early rising,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">work,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">fondness for dogs,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">walks,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">love of flowers,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">riding,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">diet,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_73">73</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">correspondence,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">business habits,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">smoking,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">snuff-taking,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">reading aloud,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">backgammon,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">music,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">bed-time,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">art-criticism,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">German reading,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">general interest in science,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">idleness a sign of ill-health,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">aversion to public appearances,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">visits,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">holidays,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">love of scenery,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">visits to hydropathic establishments,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">family relations,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_82">82-87</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">hospitality,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">conversational powers,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_88">88-90</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">friends,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">local influence,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">mode of work,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">literary style,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">ill-health,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Dr. Erasmus, life of, by Ernst Krause,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Erasmus Alvey,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter from,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Miss Susan, letters to:&mdash;relating the 'Beagle,' appointment,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_118">118</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">from Valparaiso,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Mrs., letter to, with regard to the publication of the essay of 1844..&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to, from Moor Park,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Reginald, letters to, on Dr. Erasmus Darwin's common-place book and papers,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Darwin, Dr. Robert Waring,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">his family,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to, in answer to objections to accept the appointment on the 'Beagle,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to, from Bahia,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Darwinismus,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Daubeny, Professor,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">'On the final causes of the sexuality of plants,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Davidson, Mr., letter to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Dawes, Mr.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>De Candolle, Professor A., sending him the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Descent of Man,' work on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_46">46</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Reviews of the, in the 'Edinburgh Review,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Nonconformist</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Times</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Saturday Review</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'Quarterly Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Design in Nature,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_63">63</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">argument from, as to existence of God,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, evidence of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Dielytra</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Different Forms of Flowers,' publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Digestion in <i>Drosera</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_320">320</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Dimorphism and trimorphism in plants, papers on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Divergence, principle of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Dohrn, Dr. Anton, letter to, offering to present apparatus to the Zoological station at Naples,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Domestication, variation under,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Down, residence at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_37">37</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">daily life at,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">local influence at,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">sequestered situation of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Dragoon, funeral of a,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Draper, Dr., paper before the British Association on the "Intellectual development of Europe,"&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Drosera</i>, observations on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_47">47</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">action of glands of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">action of ammoniacal salts on the leaves of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Dunns, Rev. J., the supposed author of a review in the 'North British Review,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span>Dutch translation of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Dyer, W. Thiselton, on Mr. Darwin's botanical work,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Power of Movement in Plants,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">note to, on the life of Erasmus Darwin,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letter to:&mdash;on movement in plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Earthquakes, paper on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Earthworms, paper on the formation of mould by the agency of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">first observations on work done by,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">work on,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Edinburgh, Plinian Society,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Royal Medical Society,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Wernerian Society,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">lectures on Geology and Zoology in,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, studies at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_11">11-15</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Edinburgh Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_232">232</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_233">233</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Descent of Man' in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,' publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_47">47</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Elie de Beaumont's theory,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>England, spread of the Descent-theory in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>English Churchman</i>, review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Engravings, fondness for,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Entomological Society, concurrence of the members of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_264">264</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Epidendrum</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Equator, ceremony at crossing the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Erratic blocks, at Glen Roy,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; boulders of South America, paper on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>European opinions of Darwin's work, Dr. Falconer on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Evolution, progress of the theory of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_165">165</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_253">253</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_271">271</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Experiment, love of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Expression in man,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_224">224</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; in the Malays,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; of the Emotions, work on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals,' publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_47">47</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Eye, structure of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_208">208</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_215">215</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Falconer, Dr. Hugh,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, claim of priority against Lyell,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter from, offering a live <i>Proteus</i> and reporting on continental opinion,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">sending him the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Family relations,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_82">82-87</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Farrer, Sir Thomas, letter to, on earthworms,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fawcett, Henry, on Huxley's reply to the Bishop of Oxford,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fernando Noronha, visit to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Fertilisation of Orchids,' publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_44">44</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'&mdash;&mdash; of Orchids,' publication of second edition of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'&mdash;&mdash; of Orchids,' reviews of the; in the 'Parthenon,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'London Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, cross- and self-, in the vegetable kingdom,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_310">310-312</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; of flowers, bibliography of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fish swallowing seeds,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fitz-Roy, Capt.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">character of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">by Rev. G. Peacock,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_115">115</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Darwin's impression of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_119">119</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">discipline on board the 'Beagle,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to, from Shrewsbury,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fitzwilliam Gallery, Cambridge,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Flourens, 'Examen du livre de M. Darwin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Flowers, adaptation of, to visits of insects,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">different forms of, on plants of the same species,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">fertilisation of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_297">297-312</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">hermaphrodite, first ideas of cross-fertilisation of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">irregular, all adapted for visits of insects,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Flustra</i>, paper on the larv&aelig; of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Forbes, David, on the geology of Chile,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fordyce, J., extract from letter to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span>'Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the action of Worms,' publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_49">49</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">unexpected success of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fossil bones, given to the College of Surgeons,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fox, Rev. William Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letters to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_110">110-113</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_114">114</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">from Botofogo Bay,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in 1836-1842:&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_143">143</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the house at Down,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on their respective families,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on family matters,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the progress of the work,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_181">181</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_183">183</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the award of the Copley Medal,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>France and Germany, contrast of progress of theory in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Fremantle, Mr., on the Oxford meeting of the British Association,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>French, translation of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">third edition of the, published,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; translation of the 'Origin' from the fifth English edition, arrangements for the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Fumaria</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Funeral in Westminster Abbey,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Galapagos,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Galton, Francis, note to, on the life of Erasmus Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>, review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_224">224</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Mr. Patrick Matthew's claim of priority in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Geikie, Prof. Archibald, notes on the work on Coral Reefs,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_152">152</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">notes on the work on Volcanic Islands,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Darwin's theory of the parallel roads of Glen Roy,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Geoffrey St. Hilaire,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Geological Observations on South America,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands,' publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Prof. Geikie's notes on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Geological Society, secretaryship of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_31">31</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Geological work in the Andes,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Geologist,' review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Geology, commencement of the study of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_24">24</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">lectures on, in Edinburgh,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">predilection for,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_134">134</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">study of, during the <i>Beagle's</i> voyage,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>German translation of the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Germany, H&auml;ckel's influence in the spread of Darwinism,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, photograph-album received from,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_293">283</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, reception of Darwinistic views in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; and France, contrast of progress of theory in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Glacial period, influence of the, on distribution,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Glacier action in North Wales,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Glands, sticky, of the pollinia,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Glen Roy, visit to, and paper on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">expedition to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Glossotherium</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Glutton Club,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Gorilla, brain of, compared with that of man,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Gower Street, Upper, residence in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Graham, W., letter to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Grant, Dr. R. E.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">an evolutionist,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Gravity, light, &amp;c., acting as stimuli,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Gray, Dr. Asa, comparison of rain drops and variations,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter from, to J. D. Hooker, on the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">articles in the 'Atlantic Monthly,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">'Darwiniana,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the aphorism, "Nature abhors close fertilisation,"&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">"Note on the coiling of the Tendrils of Plants,"&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters to: on Design in Nature,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">with abstract of the theory of the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">sending him the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">suggesting an American edition,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Sedgwick's and Pictet's reviews,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span>on notices in the 'North British' and 'Edinburgh' Reviews, and on the theological view,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the position of Profs. Agassiz and Bowen,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on his article in the 'Atlantic Monthly,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on change of species by descent,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on design,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the American war,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Descent of Man,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the biographical notice in 'Nature,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on their election to the French Institute,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on fertilisation of Papilionaceous flowers and <i>Lobelia</i> by insects,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_301">301</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the structure of irregular flowers,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Orchids,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_304">304</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_305">305</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_309">309</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on movement of tendrils,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on climbing plants,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on <i>Drosera</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_320">320</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Great Marlborough Street, residence in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_31">31</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Gretton, Mr., his 'Memory's Harkback,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Grote, A., meeting with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Gully, Dr.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>G&uuml;nther, Dr. A., letter to:&mdash;on sexual differences,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>H&auml;ckel, Professor Ernst, embryological researches of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_43">43</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">influence of, in the spread of Darwinism in Germany,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters to:&mdash;on the progress of Evolution in England,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on his works,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Descent of Man,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Expression of the Emotions,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>H&auml;ckel's 'Generelle Morphologie,' 'Radiolaria,' 'Sch&ouml;pfungs-Geschichte,' and 'Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; 'Nat&uuml;rliche Sch&ouml;pfungs-Geschichte,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_263">263</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Huxley's opinion of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hague, James, on the reception of the 'Descent of Man,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Haliburton, Mrs., letter to, on the 'Expression of the Emotions,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_279">279</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hardie, Mr.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Harris, William Snow,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Haughton, Professor S., opinion on the new views of Wallace and Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_41">41</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">criticism on the theory of the origin of species,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Health,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_68">68</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">improved during the last ten years of life,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Heart, pain felt in the region of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_28">28</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_325">325</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Heilprin, Professor A., 'The Bermuda Islands,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Heliotropism of seedlings,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Henslow, Professor, lectures by, at Cambridge,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">introduction to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">intimacy with,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_107">107</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">his opinion of Lyell's 'Principles,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">of the Darwinian theory,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letter from, on the offer of the appointment to the 'Beagle,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letter to, from Rev. G. Peacock,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters to:&mdash;relating to the appointment to the 'Beagle,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_121">121</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">from Rio de Janeiro,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">from Sydney,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">from Shrewsbury,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">as to destination of specimens collected during the voyage of the 'Beagle,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters to:&mdash;1836-1842,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">sending him the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Herbert, John Maurice,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">anecdotes from,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_105">105</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_106">106</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letters to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'South American Geology,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hermaphrodite flowers, first idea of cross-fertilisation of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Herschel, Sir J., acquaintance with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter from Sir C. Lyell to, on the theory of coral-reefs,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">his opinion of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_220">220</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Heterostyled plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">some forms of fertilisation of, analogous to hybridisation,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hoaxes,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Holidays,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Holland, photograph-album received from,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Holland, Sir H., his opinions of the theory,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Holmgren, Frithiof, letter to, on vivisection,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_289">289</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>Hooker, Sir J. D., on the training obtained by the work on Cirripedes,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letters from, on the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_188">188</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_211">211</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">speech at Oxford, in answer to Bishop Wilberforce,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' by,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on coal-plants,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_158">158</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">announcing death of R. W. Darwin, and an intention to try water-cure,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the award of the Royal Society's Medal,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the theory of the origin of species,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_173">173</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">cirripedial work,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the Philosophical Club,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the germination of soaked seeds,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_179">179</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the preparation of a sketch of the theory of species,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the papers read before the Linnean Society,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_187">187</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Abstract,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_192">192</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_193">193</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_194">194</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on thistle-seeds,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Wallace's letter,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the arrangement with Mr. Murray,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Professor Haughton's remarks,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on style and variability,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the completion of proof-sheets,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the review of the 'Origin' in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_211">211</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on his review in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the progress of opinion,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Mr. Matthew's claim of priority and the 'Edinburgh Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the Cambridge opposition,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the British Association discussion,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the review in the 'Quarterly,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the corrections in the new edition,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on letters in the papers,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the completion and publication of the book on 'Variation under Domestication,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_266">266</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on pangenesis,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on work,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on a visit to Wales,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on a new French translation of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the life of Erasmus Darwin,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Mr. Ouless' portrait,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the earthworm,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the fertilisation of Orchids,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_297">297</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_303">303</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_304">304</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_305">305</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_306">306</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on establishing a hot-house,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on his review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on climbing plants,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Insectivorous Plants,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_319">319</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the movements of plants,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on health and work,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hooker, Sir J. D., 'Himalayan Journal,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Horner, Leonard,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Horses, humanity to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hot-house, building of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Humboldt, Baron A. von, meeting with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">his opinion of C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Huth, Mr., on 'Consanguineous Marriage,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hutton, Prof. F. W., letter to, on his review of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Huxley, Prof. T. H., on the value as training, of Darwin's work on the Cirripedes,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the theory of evolution,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_155">155-169</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Origin' in the 'Westminster Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">reply to Owen, on the Brain in Man and the Gorilla,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">speech at Oxford, in answer to the Bishop,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">lectures on 'Our Knowledge of the causes of Organic Nature,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_253">253</a> <i>note</i>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">opinion of H&auml;ckel's work,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the progress of the doctrine of evolution,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">article in the 'Contemporary Review,' against Mivart, and the Quarterly reviewer of the 'Descent of Man,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">lecture on 'the Coming of Age of the Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on teleology,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters from, on the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the discussion at Oxford,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters to:&mdash;on his adoption of the theory,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the review in the <i>Times</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the effect of reviews,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on his Edinburgh lectures,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on 'the coming of age of the Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">last letter to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>Hybridisation, analogy of, with some forms of fertilisation of heterostyled plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hybridism,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hybrids, sterility of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Hydropathic establishments, visits to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ichnuemonid&aelig;, and their function,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ilkley, residence at, in 1859..&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ill-health,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_39">39</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_102">102</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_149">149</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_158">158</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_160">160</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Immortality of the Soul,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Innes, Rev. J. Brodie,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_76">76</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; on Darwin's position with regard to theological views,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">note on the review in the 'Quarterly' and Darwin's appreciation of it,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Insectivorous Plants,' work on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_319">319-322</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_47">477</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Insects,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_109">10</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">agency of, in cross-fertilisation,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Institute of France, election as a corresponding member of the Botanical section of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Isolation, effects of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Jackson, B. Daydon, preparation of the Kew-Index placed under the charge of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Jenkin, Fleeming, review of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Jenyns, Rev. Leonard, acquaintance with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_22">22</a>;&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">his opinion of the theory,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters to:&mdash;on the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on checks to increase of species,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on his 'Observations in Natural History,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the immutability of species,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Jones, Dr. Bence, treatment by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Journal of Researches,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_38">38</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of the second edition of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">differences in the two editions of the, with regard to the theory of species,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Judd, Prof., on Coral Reefs,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Mr. Darwin's intention to devote a certain sum to the advancement of scientific interests,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Jukes, Prof. Joseph B.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Kew-Index of plant names,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">endowment of, by Mr. Darwin,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Kidney-beans, fertilisation of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Kingsley, Rev. Charles, letter from, on the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the progress of the theory of Evolution,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_253">253</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Kossuth, character of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Krause, Ernst, 'Life of Erasmus Darwin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on H&auml;ckel's services to the cause of Evolution in Germany,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the work of Dr. Erasmus Darwin,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lamarck's philosophy,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; views, references to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_174">174</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_177">177</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_207">207</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lankester, E. Ray, letter to, on the reception of the 'Descent of Man,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Last words,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Lathyrus grandiflorus</i>, fertilisation of, by bees,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Laws, designed,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Leibnitz, objections raised by, to Newton's law of Gravitation,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Leschenaultia</i>, fertilisation of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lewes, G. H., review of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' in the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Life, origin of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_257">257</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Light, gravity, &amp;c., acting as stimuli,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lightning,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Linaria vulgaris</i>, observations on cross- and self-fertilisation in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lindley, John,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Linnean Society, joint paper with A. R. Wallace, read before the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">portrait at the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Linum flavum</i>, dimorphism of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>List of naturalists who had adopted the theory in March, 1860..&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Literature, taste in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Little-Go, passed,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_111">11</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Lobelia fulgens</i>, not self-fertilisable,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span>London, residence in,,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_31">31-37</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">from 1836 to 1842..&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_140">140-149</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'London Review,' review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lonsdale, W.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lubbock, Sir John, letter from, to W. E. Darwin, on the funeral in Westminster Abbey,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to:&mdash;on beetle-collecting,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lyell, Sir Charles, acquaintance with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">character of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">influence of, on Geology,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">geological views,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Darwin's theory of coral islands,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">extract of letter to, on the treatise on volcanic islands,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">attitude towards the doctrine of Evolution,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_167">167</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">announcement of the forthcoming 'Origin of Species,' to the British Association at Aberdeen in 1859..&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter from, criticising the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Bishop Wilberforce's remarks upon,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <i>note</i>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">inclination to accept the notion of design,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Darwin's views,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Sir Charles, letters to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_145">145</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">&mdash;on the second edition of the 'Journal of Researches,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the receipt of Wallace's paper,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_185">185</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the papers read before the Linnean Society,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the mode of publication of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_196">196</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">with proof-sheets,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the announcement of the work of the British Association,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on his adoption of the theory of descent,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on objectors to the theory of descent,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_218">218</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the second edition of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_218">218</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the review of the 'Origin' in the 'Annals,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on objections,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the review in the 'Edinburgh Review,' and on Matthew's anticipation of the theory of Natural Selection,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on design in variation,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Antiquity of Man,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_255">255</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the progress of opinion,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on 'Pangenesis,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Drosera,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Lyell, Sir Charles, 'Antiquity of Man,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_254">254</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; 'Elements of Geology,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; 'Principles of Geology.'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">tenth edition of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Lythrum</i>, trimorphism of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Macaulay, meeting with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Macgillivray, William,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mackintosh, Sir James, meeting with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Macmillan's Magazine,' review of the 'Origin' in, by H. Fawcett,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Macrauchenia</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mad-house, attempt to free a patient from a,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Maer, visits to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Malay Archipelago, Wallace's 'Zoological Geography' of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Malays, expression in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Malthus on <i>Population</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_40">40</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Malvern, Hydropathic treatment at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_39">39</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mammalia, fossil from South America,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Man, descent of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">objections to discussing origin of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">brain of, and that of the gorilla,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">influence of sexual selection upon the races of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">work on,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Marriage,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mathematics, difficulties with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_108">108</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">distaste for the study of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Matthew, Patrick, claim of priority in the theory of Natural Selection,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Medico-Chirurgical Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, by W. B. Carpenter,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mellersh, Admiral, reminiscences of C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mendoza,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mental peculiarities,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_49">49-54</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Microscopes,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">compound,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mimicry, H. W. Bates on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_251">251</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Minerals, collecting,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Miracles,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Moor Park, Hydropathic establishment at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; water-cure at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span>Moore, Dr. Norman, treatment by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Mormodes</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Moths, white, Mr. Weir's observations on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Motley, meeting with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Mould, formation of, by the agency of Earthworms, paper on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of book on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Mount,' the Shrewsbury, Charles Darwin's birthplace,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>M&uuml;ller, Fritz, embryological researches of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, 'F&uuml;r Darwin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">'Facts and arguments for Darwin,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Fritz, observations on branch-tendrils,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;,  Hermann,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on self-fertilisation of plants,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Sprengel's views as to cross-fertilisation,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Murray, John, criticisms on the Darwinian theory of coral formation,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Murray, John, letters to:&mdash;relating to the publication of the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_199">199</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_201">201</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the reception of the 'Origin' in the United States,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_226">226</a> <i>note</i>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the third edition of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on critiques of the 'Descent of Man,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the publication of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_297">297</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the publication of 'Climbing Plants,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Music, effects of&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">fondness for,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_77">77</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">taste for, at Cambridge,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Mylodon</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Names of garden plants, difficulty of obtaining,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Naples, Zoological Station, donation of &pound;100 to the, for apparatus,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Nash, Mrs., reminiscences of Mr. Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Natural History, early taste for,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; selection,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_165">165</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; belief in, founded on general considerations,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">H. C. Watson on,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">priority in the theory of, claimed by Mr. Patrick Matthew,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Sedgwick on,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_216">216</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Naturalists, list of, who had adopted the theory in March, 1860..&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Naturalist's Voyage</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Nature,' review in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_315">315</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>"Nervous system of" <i>Drosera</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Newton, Prof. A., letter to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Newton's 'Law of Gravitation,' objections raised by Leibnitz to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Nicknames on board the <i>Beagle</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Nitrogenous compounds, detection of, by the leaves of <i>Drosera</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Nomenclator,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">endowment by Mr. Darwin,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">plan of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Nomenclature, need of reform in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Nonconformist</i>, review of the 'Descent of Man' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'North British Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_274">274</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>North Wales, tours through,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">tour in,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">visit to, with Sedgwick,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">visit to, in 1869..&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Nose, objection to shape of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Novels, liking for,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_50">50</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Nuptial dress of animals,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Observation, methods of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_94">94</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; power of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Old Testament, Darwinian theory contained in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Oliver, Prof., approval of the work on the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Orchids, fertilisation of, bearing of the, on the theory of Natural Selection,,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">fertilisation of, work on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">homologies of,,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">study of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_303">303</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">pleasure of investigating,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Orchis pyramidalis</i>, adaptation in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Orders, thoughts of taking,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Organs, rudimentary, comparison of, with unsounded letters in words,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Origin of Species, first notes on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span>investigations upon the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_39">39-41</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">progress of the theory of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">differences in the two editions of the 'Journal' with regard to the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">extracts from note-books on the,,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">first sketch of work on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">essay of 1844 on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Origin of Species,' publication of the first edition of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_41">41</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">success of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">reviews of the, in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_211">211</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in 'Macmillan's Magazine,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Times</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Gardeners' Chronicle</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Spectator</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'Biblioth&egrave;que Universelle de Gen&egrave;ve,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the Medico-Chirurgical Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'Westminster Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'Edinburgh Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_232">232</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_233">233</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'North British Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Saturday Review</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'Quarterly Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the 'Geologist,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_250">250</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; publication of the second edition of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; third edition, commencement of work upon the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; publication of the fifth edition of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_274">274</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; sixth edition, publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; the 'Coming of Age' of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ouless, W., portrait of Mr. Darwin by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Owen, Sir R., on the differences between the brains of man and the Gorilla,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">reply to Lyell, on the difference between the human and simian brains,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">claim of priority,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Oxford, British Association Meeting, discussion at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_236">236-239</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Paley's writings, study of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, review of the Variation of Animals and Plants,' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_267">267</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Pangenesis,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_266">266</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Papilionace&aelig;, papers on cross-fertilisation of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_301">301</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Parallel roads of Glen Roy, paper on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Parasitic worms, experiments on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Parslow, Joseph,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Parthenon,' review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Pasteur's results upon the germs of diseases,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Patagonia,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Peacock, Rev. George, letter from, to Professor Henslow,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Philosophical Club,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; Magazine,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Photograph-albums received from Germany and Holland,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Pictet, Professor F. J., review of the 'Origin' in the 'Biblioth&egrave;que Universelle,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Pictures, taste for, acquired at Cambridge,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Pigeons, nasal bones of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_249">249</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Plants, climbing,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_45">45</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_313">313-315</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">insectivorous,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_47">47</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_319">319-322</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">power of movement in,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_315">315-319</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">garden, difficulty of naming,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">heterostyled, polygamous, di&oelig;cious and gynodi&oelig;cious,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Pleasurable sensations, influence of, in Natural Selection,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Plinian Society,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Poetry, taste for,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">failure of taste for,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Pollen, conveyance of, by the wings of butterflies and moths,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, differences in the two forms of Primrose,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>"Polly," the fox-terrier,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Pontobdella</i>, egg-cases of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Portraits, list of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>"Pour le M&eacute;rite," the order,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Pouter Pigeons,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Powell, Prof. Baden, his opinion on the structure of the eye,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Power of Movement in Plants,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_48">48</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_315">315-319</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Preyer, Prof. W., letter to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Primrose, heterostyled flowers of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">differences of the pollen in the two forms of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span><i>Primula</i>, dimorphism of, paper on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Primul&aelig;</i>, said to have produced seed without access of insects,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Proteus</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Publication of the 'Origin of Species,' arrangements connected with the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_196">196-200</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Publications, account of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_38">38-49</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Public Opinion</i>, squib in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Quarterly Journal of Science, review of the 'Expression of the Emotions,' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Quarterly Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Darwin's appreciation of it,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <i>note</i>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Descent of Man' in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Rabbits, asserted close interbreeding of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Ramsay, Sir Andrew,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Mr.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Reade, T. Mellard, note to, on the earthworms,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Rein, Dr. J. J., account of the Bermudas,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Reinwald, M., French translation of the 'Origin' by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Religious views,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_55">55-65</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">general statement of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_57">57-62</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Reverence, development of the bump of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Reversion,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Reviewers,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Rich, Anthony, letter to, on the book on 'Earthworms,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">bequest from,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Richmond, W., portrait of C. Darwin by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Rio de Janeiro, letter to J. S. Henslow, from,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Rogers, Prof. H. D.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Romanes, G. J., account of a sudden attack of illness,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; letter to, on vivisection,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Roots, sensitiveness of tips of, to contact,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Royal Commission on Vivisection,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; Society, award of the Royal Medal to C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">award of the Copley Medal to C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_259">259</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Royer, Mdlle. Cl&eacute;mence, French translation of the 'Origin' by,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of third French edition of the 'Origin,' and criticism of pangenesis by,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Rudimentary organs,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">comparison of, with unsounded letters in words,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sabine, Sir E.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">reference to Darwin's work in his Presidential Address to the Royal Society,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_260">260</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sachs on the establishment of the idea of sexuality in plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>St. Helena,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>St. Jago, Cape Verd Islands,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">geology of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>St. John's College, Cambridge, strict discipline at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>St. Paul's Island, visit to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Salisbury Craigs, trap-dyke in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>"Sand walk," last visit to the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>San Salvador, letter to R. W. Darwin from,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Saporta, Marquis de, his opinion in 1863..&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Saturday Review</i>, article in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Descent of Man' in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Scelidotherium</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Scepticism, effects of, in science,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Science, early attention to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">general interest in,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Scott, Sir Walter,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sea-sickness,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_127">127</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sedgwick, Professor Adam, introduction to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">visit to North Wales with,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">opinion of C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter from, on the 'Origin of Species,',&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Origin' in the <i>Spectator</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">attack before the 'Cambridge Philosophical Society,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Seedlings, heliotropism of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_318">318</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Seeds, experiments on the germination of, after immersion,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_179">179</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>Selection, natural,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_165">165</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">influence of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, sexual, in insects,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">influence of, upon races of man,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Semper, Professor Karl, on coral reefs,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sex in plants, establishment of the idea of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sexual selection,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">influence of, upon races of man,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sexuality, origin of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Shanklin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Shooting, fondness for,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Shrewsbury, schools at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_6">6</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">return to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">early medical practice at,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Sigillaria</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Silliman's Journal, reviews in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_225">225</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_235">235</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_244">244</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Slavery,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Slaves, sympathy with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_287">287</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sleep-movements of plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Smith, Rev. Sydney, meeting with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Snipe, first,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Snowdon, ascent of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Son, eldest, birth of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">observations on,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>South America, publication of the geological observations on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Species, accumulation of facts relating to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_39">39-41</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">checks to the increase of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">mutability of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">progress of the theory of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">differences with regard to the, in the two editions of the 'Journal,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">extracts from Note-books on,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">first sketch of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Essay of 1884 on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Spectator</i>, review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Spencer, Herbert, an evolutionist,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sprengel, C. K., on cross-fertilisation of hermaphrodite flowers,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Stanhope, Lord,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sterility, in heterostyled plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Steudel's 'Nomenclator,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Stokes, Admiral Lort,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Strickland, H. E., letter to, on nomenclature,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Struggle for Existence,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_40">40</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Style,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">defects of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Suarez, T. H. Huxley's study of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Subsidence, theory of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Suffering, evidence from, as to the existence of God,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_57">57</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_59">59</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sulivan, Sir B. J., letter to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_325">325</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, reminiscences of C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sundew,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>see</i> Drosera.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Sydney, letter to J. S. Henslow from,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Teleology, revival of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash; and morphology, reconciliation of, by Darwinism,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Tendrils of plants, irritability of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Teneriffe,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">desire to visit,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">projected excursion to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Theological views,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Theology and Natural History,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Thistle-seeds, conveyance of, by wind,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Thompson, Professor D'Arcy, literature of the fertilisation of flowers,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_310">310</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Thwaites, G. H. K.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Tierra del Fuego,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Times</i>, review of the 'Origin' in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_221">221</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Descent of Man' in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to, on vivisection,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">article on Mr. Darwin in the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Title-page, proposed, of the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Torquay, visit to (1861),&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Toxodon</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Translations of the 'Origin' into French, Dutch and German,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Transmutation of species, investigations on the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">first note-book on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Trimorphism and dimorphism in plants, papers on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>Tropical forest, first sight of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Turin, Royal Academy of, award of the Bressa prize by the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_293">293</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Twining plants,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Unfinished Book,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Unitarianism, Erasmus Darwin's definition of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Unorthodoxy,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Valparaiso, letter to Miss S. Darwin from,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><i>Vanilla</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Variability,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' publication of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_46">46</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_265">265</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'&mdash;&mdash;,' reviews of the, in the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">in the <i>Athen&aelig;um</i>,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_268">268</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Vegetable Kingdom, cross- and self-fertilisation in the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Vestiges of Creation,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Victoria Institute, analysis of the 'Origin,' read before the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Vivisection,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_287">287-291</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">opinion of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">commencement of agitation against, and Royal Commission on,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">legislation on,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Vogt, Prof. Carl, on the origin of species,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Volcanic islands, Geological observations on, publication of the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Prof. Geikie's notes on the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Volcanoes and Coral-reefs, book on,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Wagner, Moritz, letter to, on the influence of isolation,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_278">278</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Wallace, A. R., first essay on variability of species,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_41">41</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">article in the 'Quarterly Review,' April, 1869..&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">opinion of Pangenesis,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_266">266</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Expression of the Emotions,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, letters to,&mdash;on a paper by Wallace,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_182">182</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on the 'Origin of Species,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_195">195</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_209">209</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on 'Warrington's paper at the Victoria Institute,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <i>note</i>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on man,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on sexual selection,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_269">269</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Mr. Wright's pamphlet in answer to Mivart,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Mivart's remarks and an article in the 'Quarterly Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on his criticism of Mivart's 'Lessons from Nature,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">last letter to,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_326">326</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Wallace, A. R., letter from, to Prof. A. Newton,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Warrington, Mr., Analysis of the 'Origin' read by, to the Victoria Institute,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <i>note</i>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Water-cure, at Ilkley,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">at Malvern,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Moor Park,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_82">82</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Watkins, Archdeacon,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Watson, H. C., charge of egotism against C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">on Natural Selection,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Wedgwood, Emma, married to C. Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Josiah, character of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Miss Julia, letter to,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, Susannah, married to R. W. Darwin,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_1">1</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Weir, J., Jenner, observations on white moths,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Westminster Abbey, funeral in,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_329">329</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Westminster Review,' review of the 'Origin,' in the, by T. H. Huxley,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Whale, secondary,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_218">218</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Whewell, Dr., acquaintance with,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Whitley, Rev. C.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Wiesner, Prof. Julius, criticisms of the 'Power of Movement in Plants,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">letter to, on Movement in Plants,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Wilberforce, Bishop, his opinion of the 'Origin,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">speech at Oxford against the Darwinian theory,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">review of the 'Origin' in the 'Quarterly Review,'&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Wollaston, T. V., review of the 'Origin' in the 'Annals,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Wonders of the World,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Wood, Searles V.,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Woodhouse, shooting at,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Work,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">method of,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_50">50</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_91">91-99</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>&mdash;&mdash;, growing necessity of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_269">269</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Worms, formation of vegetable-mould by the action of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_49">49</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>Wright, Chauncey, article against Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,'&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_275">275</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Writing, manner of,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_50">50</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+			<li><a href="#Page_97">97-99</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	</li>
+	<li>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Zacharias, Dr., Otto, letter to, on the theory of evolution,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>Zoology, lectures on, in Edinburgh,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+	<ul>
+		<li>'Zoology of the Voyage of the <i>Beagle</i>,' arrangements for publishing the,&nbsp;
+		<ul>
+			<li><a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li>
+			<li class="subitem">Government grant obtained for the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+			<li class="subitem">publication of the,&nbsp;
+			<ul>
+				<li><a href="#Page_31">31</a>,&nbsp;</li>
+				<li><a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li>
+			</ul>
+			</li>
+		</ul>
+		</li>
+	</ul>
+
+
+	</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tbrk">&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES DARWIN: HIS LIFE IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER, AND IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED LETTERS***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 38629-h.txt or 38629-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/6/2/38629">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/6/2/38629</a></p>
+<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.</p>
+
+<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.</p>
+
+
+
+<pre>
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license">http://www.gutenberg.org/license)</a>.
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's
+eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII,
+compressed (zipped), HTML and others.
+
+Corrected EDITIONS of our eBooks replace the old file and take over
+the old filename and etext number.  The replaced older file is renamed.
+VERSIONS based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving
+new filenames and etext numbers.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">http://www.gutenberg.org</a>
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+EBooks posted prior to November 2003, with eBook numbers BELOW #10000,
+are filed in directories based on their release date.  If you want to
+download any of these eBooks directly, rather than using the regular
+search system you may utilize the following addresses and just
+download by the etext year.
+
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext06/</a>
+
+    (Or /etext 05, 04, 03, 02, 01, 00, 99,
+     98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 92, 91 or 90)
+
+EBooks posted since November 2003, with etext numbers OVER #10000, are
+filed in a different way.  The year of a release date is no longer part
+of the directory path.  The path is based on the etext number (which is
+identical to the filename).  The path to the file is made up of single
+digits corresponding to all but the last digit in the filename.  For
+example an eBook of filename 10234 would be found at:
+
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/0/2/3/10234
+
+or filename 24689 would be found at:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL">http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/GUTINDEX.ALL</a>
+
+*** END: FULL LICENSE ***
+</pre>
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/38629-h/images/frontis.jpg b/38629-h/images/frontis.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b003a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629-h/images/frontis.jpg
diff --git a/38629-h/images/handwriting.jpg b/38629-h/images/handwriting.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b536a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629-h/images/handwriting.jpg
diff --git a/38629-h/images/i066.jpg b/38629-h/images/i066.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88be7b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629-h/images/i066.jpg
diff --git a/38629-h/images/i124.jpg b/38629-h/images/i124.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48e18cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629-h/images/i124.jpg
diff --git a/38629.txt b/38629.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c1ed88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,16950 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Charles Darwin: His Life in an
+Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published
+Letters, by Charles Darwin, Edited by Sir Francis Darwin
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Charles Darwin: His Life in an Autobiographical Chapter, and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters
+
+
+Author: Charles Darwin
+
+Editor: Sir Francis Darwin
+
+Release Date: January 20, 2012  [eBook #38629]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES DARWIN: HIS LIFE IN AN
+AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER, AND IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED
+LETTERS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Charlene Taylor, Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Martin
+Pettit, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 38629-h.htm or 38629-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38629/38629-h/38629-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38629/38629-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN:
+HIS LIFE TOLD IN AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER, AND
+IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED LETTERS.
+
+Edited by His Son, FRANCIS DARWIN, F.R.S.
+
+With a Portrait.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London:
+John Murray, Albemarle Street.
+1908.
+
+
+
+[Illustration: _Elliot & Fry, Photo._ _Walker & Cockerell, ph. sc._
+
+Ch. Darwin]
+
+
+
+Printed by
+William Clowes and Sons, Limited,
+London and Beccles.
+
+
+
+TO DR. HOLLAND, ST. MORITZ.
+
+_13th July, 1892._
+
+DEAR HOLLAND,
+
+This book is associated in my mind with St. Moritz (where I worked at
+it), and therefore with you.
+
+I inscribe your name on it, not only in token of my remembrance of your
+many acts of friendship, but also as a sign of my respect for one who
+lives a difficult life well.
+
+Yours gratefully,
+FRANCIS DARWIN.
+
+
+"For myself I found that I was fitted for nothing so well as for the
+study of Truth; ... as being gifted by nature with desire to seek,
+patience to doubt, fondness to meditate, slowness to assert, readiness
+to reconsider, carefulness to dispose and set in order; and as being a
+man that neither affects what is new nor admires what is old, and that
+hates every kind of imposture. So I thought my nature had a kind of
+familiarity and relationship with Truth."--BACON. (Proem to the
+_Interpretatio Naturae_.)
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE FIRST EDITION (1892).
+
+
+In preparing this volume, which is practically an abbreviation of the
+_Life and Letters_ (1887), my aim has been to retain as far as possible
+the personal parts of those volumes. To render this feasible, large
+numbers of the more purely scientific letters are omitted, or
+represented by the citation of a few sentences.[1] In certain periods of
+my father's life the scientific and the personal elements run a parallel
+course, rising and falling together in their degree of interest. Thus
+the writing of the _Origin of Species_, and its publication, appeal
+equally to the reader who follows my father's career from interest in
+the man, and to the naturalist who desires to know something of this
+turning point in the history of Biology. This part of the story has
+therefore been told with nearly the full amount of available detail.
+
+In arranging my material I have followed a roughly chronological
+sequence, but the character and variety of my father's researches make a
+strictly chronological order an impossibility. It was his habit to work
+more or less simultaneously at several subjects. Experimental work was
+often carried on as a refreshment or variety, while books entailing
+reasoning and the marshalling of large bodies of facts were being
+written. Moreover many of his researches were dropped only to be resumed
+after years had elapsed. Thus a chronological record of his work would
+be a patchwork, from which it would be difficult to disentangle the
+history of any given subject. The Table of Contents will show how I have
+tried to avoid this result. It will be seen, for instance, that after
+Chapter VIII. a break occurs; the story turns back from 1854 to 1831 in
+order that the Evolutionary chapters which follow may tell a continuous
+story. In the same way the Botanical Work which occupied so much of my
+father's time during the latter part of his life is treated separately
+in Chapters XVI. and XVII.
+
+With regard to Chapter IV., in which I have attempted to give an account
+of my father's manner of working, I may be allowed to say that I acted
+as his assistant during the last eight years of his life, and had
+therefore an opportunity of knowing something of his habits and methods.
+
+My acknowledgments are gladly made to the publishers of the _Century
+Magazine_, who have courteously given me the use of one of their
+illustrations for the heading of Chapter IV.
+
+FRANCIS DARWIN.
+
+WYCHFIELD, CAMBRIDGE,
+_August, 1892_.
+
+FOOTNOTE:
+
+[1] I have not thought it necessary to indicate all the omissions in the
+abbreviated letters.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
+
+
+It is pleasure to me to acknowledge the kindness of Messrs. Elliott &
+Fry in allowing me to reproduce the fine photograph which appears as the
+frontispiece to the present issue.
+
+FRANCIS DARWIN.
+WYCHFIELD, CAMBRIDGE,
+_April, 1902_.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAP.                                                              PAGE
+    I.--The Darwins                                                   1
+
+   II.--Autobiography                                                 5
+
+  III.--Religion                                                     55
+
+   IV.--Reminiscences                                                66
+
+    V.--Cambridge Life--The Appointment to the _Beagle_: 1828-1831  104
+
+   VI.--The Voyage: 1831-1836                                       124
+
+  VII.--London and Cambridge: 1836-1842                             140
+
+ VIII.--Life at Down: 1842-1854                                     150
+
+   IX.--The Foundations of the _Origin of Species_: 1831-1844       165
+
+    X.--The Growth of the _Origin of Species_: 1843-1858            173
+
+   XI.--The Writing of the _Origin of Species_, June 1858, to
+        November 1859                                               185
+
+  XII.--The Publication of the _Origin of Species_, October to
+        December 1859                                               206
+
+ XIII.--The _Origin of Species_--Reviews and Criticisms--Adhesions
+        and Attacks: 1860                                           223
+
+  XIV.--The Spread of Evolution: 1861-1871                          245
+
+   XV.--Miscellanea--Revival of Geological Work--The Vivisection
+        Question--Honours                                           281
+
+  XVI.--The Fertilisation of Flowers                                297
+
+ XVII.--Climbing Plants--Power of Movement in Plants--Insectivorous
+        Plants--Kew Index of Plant Names                            313
+
+XVIII.--Conclusion                                                  325
+
+
+APPENDICES.
+
+APPENDIX
+ I.--The Funeral in Westminster Abbey                329
+
+II.--Portraits                                       331
+
+INDEX                                                333
+
+
+[Illustration: --led to comprehend two affinities. [illeg] My theory
+would give zest to recent & fossil Comparative Anatomy, it would lead to
+study of instincts, heredity & mind heredity, whole metaphysics - it
+would lead to closest examination of hybridity & generation, causes of
+change in order to know what we have come from & to what we tend - to
+what circumstances favour crossing & what prevents it; this & direct
+examination of direct passages of [species (crossed out)] structures in
+species, might lead to laws of change, which would then be main object
+of study, to guide our [past (crossed out)] speculations]
+
+
+
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE DARWINS.
+
+
+Charles Robert Darwin was the second son of Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, of
+Shrewsbury, where he was born on February 12, 1809. Dr. Darwin was a son
+of Erasmus Darwin, sometimes described as a poet, but more deservedly
+known as physician and naturalist. Charles Darwin's mother was Susannah,
+daughter of Josiah Wedgwood, the well-known potter of Etruria, in
+Staffordshire.
+
+If such speculations are permissible, we may hazard the guess that
+Charles Darwin inherited his sweetness of disposition from the Wedgwood
+side, while the character of his genius came rather from the Darwin
+grandfather.[2]
+
+Robert Waring Darwin was a man of well-marked character. He had no
+pretensions to being a man of science, no tendency to generalise his
+knowledge, and though a successful physician he was guided more by
+intuition and everyday observation than by a deep knowledge of his
+subject. His chief mental characteristics were his keen powers of
+observation, and his knowledge of men, qualities which led him to "read
+the characters and even the thoughts of those whom he saw even for a
+short time." It is not therefore surprising that his help should have
+been sought, not merely in illness, but in cases of family trouble and
+sorrow. This was largely the case, and his wise sympathy, no less than
+his medical skill, obtained for him a strong influence over the lives of
+a large number of people. He was a man of a quick, vivid temperament,
+with a lively interest in even the smaller details in the lives of those
+with whom he came in contact. He was fond of society, and entertained a
+good deal, and with his large practice and many friends, the life at
+Shrewsbury must have been a stirring and varied one--very different in
+this respect to the later home of his son at Down.[3]
+
+We have a miniature of his wife, Susannah, with a remarkably sweet and
+happy face, bearing some resemblance to the portrait of her father
+painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds; a countenance expressive of the gentle
+and sympathetic nature which Miss Meteyard ascribes to her.[4] She died
+July 15, 1817, thirty-two years before her husband, whose death occurred
+on November 13, 1848. Dr. Darwin lived before his marriage for two or
+three years on St. John's Hill, afterwards at the Crescent, where his
+eldest daughter Marianne was born, lastly at the "Mount," in the part of
+Shrewsbury known as Frankwell, where the other children were born. This
+house was built by Dr. Darwin about 1800, it is now in the possession of
+Mr. Spencer Phillips, and has undergone but little alteration. It is a
+large, plain, square, red-brick house, of which the most attractive
+feature is the pretty green-house, opening out of the morning-room.
+
+The house is charmingly placed, on the top of a steep bank leading down
+to the Severn. The terraced bank is traversed by a long walk, leading
+from end to end, still called "the Doctor's Walk." At one point in this
+walk grows a Spanish chestnut, the branches of which bend back parallel
+to themselves in a curious manner, and this was Charles Darwin's
+favourite tree as a boy, where he and his sister Catharine had each
+their special seat.
+
+The Doctor took great pleasure in his garden, planting it with
+ornamental trees and shrubs, and being especially successful with fruit
+trees; and this love of plants was, I think, the only taste kindred to
+natural history which he possessed.
+
+Charles Darwin had the strongest feeling of love and respect for his
+father's memory. His recollection of everything that was connected with
+him was peculiarly distinct, and he spoke of him frequently, generally
+prefacing an anecdote with some such phrase as, "My father, who was the
+wisest man I ever knew," &c. It was astonishing how clearly he
+remembered his father's opinions, so that he was able to quote some
+maxim or hint of his in many cases of illness. As a rule he put small
+faith in doctors, and thus his unlimited belief in Dr. Darwin's medical
+instinct and methods of treatment was all the more striking.
+
+His reverence for him was boundless, and most touching. He would have
+wished to judge everything else in the world dispassionately, but
+anything his father had said was received with almost implicit faith.
+His daughter, Mrs. Litchfield, remembers him saying that he hoped none
+of his sons would ever believe anything because he said it, unless they
+were themselves convinced of its truth--a feeling in striking contrast
+with his own manner of faith.
+
+A visit which Charles Darwin made to Shrewsbury in 1869 left on the mind
+of the daughter who accompanied him a strong impression of his love for
+his old home. The tenant of the Mount at the time, showed them over the
+house, and with mistaken hospitality remained with the party during the
+whole visit. As they were leaving, Charles Darwin said, with a pathetic
+look of regret, "If I could have been left alone in that green-house for
+five minutes, I know I should have been able to see my father in his
+wheel-chair as vividly as if he had been there before me."
+
+Perhaps this incident shows what I think is the truth, that the memory
+of his father he loved the best, was that of him as an old man. Mrs.
+Litchfield has noted down a few words which illustrate well his feeling
+towards his father. She describes him as saying with the most tender
+respect, "I think my father was a little unjust to me when I was young;
+but afterwards, I am thankful to think I became a prime favourite with
+him." She has a vivid recollection of the expression of happy reverie
+that accompanied these words, as if he were reviewing the whole
+relation, and the remembrance left a deep sense of peace and gratitude.
+
+Dr. Darwin had six children, of whom none are now living: Marianne,
+married Dr. Henry Parker; Caroline, married Josiah Wedgwood; Erasmus
+Alvey; Susan, died unmarried; Charles Robert; Catharine, married Rev.
+Charles Langton.
+
+The elder son, Erasmus, was born in 1804, and died unmarried at the age
+of seventy-seven.
+
+His name, not known to the general public, may be remembered from a few
+words of description occurring in Carlyle's _Reminiscences_ (vol. ii. p.
+208). A truer and more sympathetic sketch of his character, by his
+cousin, Miss Julia Wedgwood, was published in the _Spectator_, September
+3, 1881.
+
+There was something pathetic in Charles Darwin's affection for his
+brother Erasmus, as if he always recollected his solitary life, and the
+touching patience and sweetness of his nature. He often spoke of him as
+"Poor old Ras," or "Poor dear old Philos." I imagine Philos
+(Philosopher) was a relic of the days when they worked at chemistry in
+the tool-house at Shrewsbury--a time of which he always preserved a
+pleasant memory. Erasmus was rather more than four years older than
+Charles Darwin, so that they were not long together at Cambridge, but
+previously at Edinburgh they shared the same lodgings, and after the
+Voyage they lived for a time together in Erasmus' house in Great
+Marlborough Street. In later years Erasmus Darwin came to Down
+occasionally, or joined his brother's family in a summer holiday. But
+gradually it came about that he could not, through ill health, make up
+his mind to leave London, and thus they only saw each other when Charles
+Darwin went for a week at a time to his brother's house in Queen Anne
+Street.
+
+This brief sketch of the family to which Charles Darwin belonged may
+perhaps suffice to introduce the reader to the autobiographical chapter
+which follows.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] See Charles Darwin's biographical sketch of his grandfather,
+prefixed to Ernst Krause's _Erasmus Darwin_. (Translated from the German
+by W. S. Dallas, 1878.) Also Miss Meteyard's _Life of Josiah Wedgwood_.
+
+[3] The above passage is, by permission of Messrs. Smith & Elder, taken
+from my article _Charles Darwin_, in the _Dictionary of National
+Biography_.
+
+[4] _A Group of Englishmen_, by Miss Meteyard, 1871.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
+
+     [My father's autobiographical recollections, given in the present
+     chapter, were written for his children,--and written without any
+     thought that they would ever be published. To many this may seem an
+     impossibility; but those who knew my father will understand how it
+     was not only possible, but natural. The autobiography bears the
+     heading, _Recollections of the Development of my Mind and
+     Character_, and ends with the following note:--"Aug. 3, 1876. This
+     sketch of my life was begun about May 28th at Hopedene,[5] and
+     since then I have written for nearly an hour on most afternoons."
+     It will easily be understood that, in a narrative of a personal and
+     intimate kind written for his wife and children, passages should
+     occur which must here be omitted; and I have not thought it
+     necessary to indicate where such omissions are made. It has been
+     found necessary to make a few corrections of obvious verbal slips,
+     but the number of such alterations has been kept down to the
+     minimum.--F. D]
+
+
+A German Editor having written to me for an account of the development
+of my mind and character with some sketch of my autobiography, I have
+thought that the attempt would amuse me, and might possibly interest my
+children or their children. I know that it would have interested me
+greatly to have read even so short and dull a sketch of the mind of my
+grandfather, written by himself, and what he thought and did, and how he
+worked. I have attempted to write the following account of myself, as if
+I were a dead man in another world looking back at my own life. Nor have
+I found this difficult, for life is nearly over with me. I have taken no
+pains about my style of writing.
+
+I was born at Shrewsbury on February 12th, 1809, and my earliest
+recollection goes back only to when I was a few months over four years
+old, when we went to near Abergele for sea-bathing, and I recollect some
+events and places there with some little distinctness.
+
+My mother died in July 1817, when I was a little over eight years old,
+and it is odd that I can remember hardly anything about her except her
+deathbed, her black velvet gown, and her curiously constructed
+work-table. In the spring of this same year I was sent to a day-school
+in Shrewsbury, where I stayed a year. I have been told that I was much
+slower in learning than my younger sister Catherine, and I believe that
+I was in many ways a naughty boy.
+
+By the time I went to this day-school[6] my taste for natural history,
+and more especially for collecting, was well developed. I tried to make
+out the names of plants, and collected all sorts of things, shells,
+seals, franks, coins, and minerals. The passion for collecting which
+leads a man to be a systematic naturalist, a virtuoso, or a miser, was
+very strong in me, and was clearly innate, as none of my sisters or
+brother ever had this taste.
+
+One little event during this year has fixed itself very firmly in my
+mind, and I hope that it has done so from my conscience having been
+afterwards sorely troubled by it; it is curious as showing that
+apparently I was interested at this early age in the variability of
+plants! I told another little boy (I believe it was Leighton,[7] who
+afterwards became a well-known lichenologist and botanist), that I could
+produce variously coloured polyanthuses and primroses by watering them
+with certain coloured fluids, which was of course a monstrous fable, and
+had never been tried by me. I may here also confess that as a little boy
+I was much given to inventing deliberate falsehoods, and this was always
+done for the sake of causing excitement. For instance, I once gathered
+much valuable fruit from my father's trees and hid it in the shrubbery,
+and then ran in breathless haste to spread the news that I had
+discovered a hoard of stolen fruit.[8]
+
+I must have been a very simple little fellow when I first went to the
+school. A boy of the name of Garnett took me into a cake shop one day,
+and bought some cakes for which he did not pay, as the shopman trusted
+him. When we came out I asked him why he did not pay for them, and he
+instantly answered, "Why, do you not know that my uncle left a great sum
+of money to the town on condition that every tradesman should give
+whatever was wanted without payment to any one who wore his old hat and
+moved [it] in a particular manner?" and he then showed me how it was
+moved. He then went into another shop where he was trusted, and asked
+for some small article, moving his hat in the proper manner, and of
+course obtained it without payment. When we came out he said, "Now if
+you like to go by yourself into that cake-shop (how well I remember its
+exact position), I will lend you my hat, and you can get whatever you
+like if you move the hat on your head properly." I gladly accepted the
+generous offer, and went in and asked for some cakes, moved the old hat,
+and was walking out of the shop, when the shopman made a rush at me, so
+I dropped the cakes and ran for dear life, and was astonished by being
+greeted with shouts of laughter by my false friend Garnett.
+
+I can say in my own favour that I was as a boy humane, but I owed this
+entirely to the instruction and example of my sisters. I doubt indeed
+whether humanity is a natural or innate quality. I was very fond of
+collecting eggs, but I never took more than a single egg out of a bird's
+nest, except on one single occasion, when I took all, not for their
+value, but from a sort of bravado.
+
+I had a strong taste for angling, and would sit for any number of hours
+on the bank of a river or pond watching the float; when at Maer[9] I was
+told that I could kill the worms with salt and water, and from that day
+I never spitted a living worm, though at the expense probably of some
+loss of success.
+
+Once as a very little boy whilst at the day school, or before that time,
+I acted cruelly, for I beat a puppy, I believe, simply from enjoying the
+sense of power; but the beating could not have been severe, for the
+puppy did not howl, of which I feel sure as the spot was near the house.
+This act lay heavily on my conscience, as is shown by my remembering the
+exact spot where the crime was committed. It probably lay all the
+heavier from my love of dogs being then, and for a long time afterwards,
+a passion. Dogs seemed to know this, for I was an adept in robbing their
+love from their masters.
+
+I remember clearly only one other incident during this year whilst at
+Mr. Case's daily school,--namely, the burial of a dragoon soldier; and
+it is surprising how clearly I can still see the horse with the man's
+empty boots and carbine suspended to the saddle, and the firing over the
+grave. This scene deeply stirred whatever poetic fancy there was in
+me.[10]
+
+In the summer of 1818 I went to Dr. Butler's great school in Shrewsbury,
+and remained there for seven years till Midsummer 1825, when I was
+sixteen years old. I boarded at this school, so that I had the great
+advantage of living the life of a true schoolboy; but as the distance
+was hardly more than a mile to my home, I very often ran there in the
+longer intervals between the callings over and before locking up at
+night. This, I think, was in many ways advantageous to me by keeping up
+home affections and interests. I remember in the early part of my school
+life that I often had to run very quickly to be in time, and from being
+a fleet runner was generally successful; but when in doubt I prayed
+earnestly to God to help me, and I well remember that I attributed my
+success to the prayers and not to my quick running, and marvelled how
+generally I was aided.
+
+I have heard my father and elder sister say that I had, as a very young
+boy, a strong taste for long solitary walks; but what I thought about I
+know not. I often became quite absorbed, and once, whilst returning to
+school on the summit of the old fortifications round Shrewsbury, which
+had been converted into a public foot-path with no parapet on one side,
+I walked off and fell to the ground, but the height was only seven or
+eight feet. Nevertheless, the number of thoughts which passed through my
+mind during this very short, but sudden and wholly unexpected fall, was
+astonishing, and seem hardly compatible with what physiologists have, I
+believe, proved about each thought requiring quite an appreciable amount
+of time.
+
+Nothing could have been worse for the development of my mind than Dr.
+Butler's school, as it was strictly classical, nothing else being
+taught, except a little ancient geography and history. The school as a
+means of education to me was simply a blank. During my whole life I
+have been singularly incapable of mastering any language. Especial
+attention was paid to verse-making, and this I could never do well. I
+had many friends, and got together a good collection of old verses,
+which by patching together, sometimes aided by other boys, I could work
+into any subject. Much attention was paid to learning by heart the
+lessons of the previous day; this I could effect with great facility,
+learning forty or fifty lines of Virgil or Homer, whilst I was in
+morning chapel; but this exercise was utterly useless, for every verse
+was forgotten in forty-eight hours. I was not idle, and with the
+exception of versification, generally worked conscientiously at my
+classics, not using cribs. The sole pleasure I ever received from such
+studies, was from some of the odes of Horace, which I admired greatly.
+
+When I left the school I was for my age neither high nor low in it; and
+I believe that I was considered by all my masters and by my father as a
+very ordinary boy, rather below the common standard in intellect. To my
+deep mortification my father once said to me, "You care for nothing but
+shooting, dogs, and rat-catching, and you will be a disgrace to yourself
+and all your family." But my father, who was the kindest man I ever
+knew, and whose memory I love with all my heart, must have been angry
+and somewhat unjust when he used such words.
+
+Looking back as well as I can at my character during my school life, the
+only qualities which at this period promised well for the future, were,
+that I had strong and diversified tastes, much zeal for whatever
+interested me, and a keen pleasure in understanding any complex subject
+or thing. I was taught Euclid by a private tutor, and I distinctly
+remember the intense satisfaction which the clear geometrical proofs
+gave me. I remember with equal distinctness the delight which my uncle
+(the father of Francis Galton) gave me by explaining the principle of
+the vernier of a barometer. With respect to diversified tastes,
+independently of science, I was fond of reading various books, and I
+used to sit for hours reading the historical plays of Shakespeare,
+generally in an old window in the thick walls of the school. I read also
+other poetry, such as Thomson's _Seasons_, and the recently published
+poems of Byron and Scott. I mention this because later in life I wholly
+lost, to my great regret, all pleasure from poetry of any kind,
+including Shakespeare. In connection with pleasure from poetry, I may
+add that in 1822 a vivid delight in scenery was first awakened in my
+mind, during a riding tour on the borders of Wales, and this has lasted
+longer than any other aesthetic pleasure.
+
+Early in my school-days a boy had a copy of the _Wonders of the World_,
+which I often read, and disputed with other boys about the veracity of
+some of the statements; and I believe that this book first gave me a
+wish to travel in remote countries, which was ultimately fulfilled by
+the voyage of the _Beagle_. In the latter part of my school life I
+became passionately fond of shooting; I do not believe that any one
+could have shown more zeal for the most holy cause than I did for
+shooting birds. How well I remember killing my first snipe, and my
+excitement was so great that I had much difficulty in reloading my gun
+from the trembling of my hands. This taste long continued, and I became
+a very good shot. When at Cambridge I used to practice throwing up my
+gun to my shoulder before a looking glass to see that I threw it up
+straight. Another and better plan was to get a friend to wave about a
+lighted candle, and then to fire at it with a cap on the nipple, and if
+the aim was accurate the little puff of air would blow out the candle.
+The explosion of the cap caused a sharp crack, and I was told that the
+tutor of the college remarked, "What an extraordinary thing it is, Mr.
+Darwin seems to spend hours in cracking a horse-whip in his room, for I
+often hear the crack when I pass under his windows."
+
+I had many friends amongst the schoolboys, whom I loved dearly, and I
+think that my disposition was then very affectionate.
+
+With respect to science, I continued collecting minerals with much zeal,
+but quite unscientifically--all that I cared about was a new-named
+mineral, and I hardly attempted to classify them. I must have observed
+insects with some little care, for when ten years old (1819) I went for
+three weeks to Plas Edwards on the sea-coast in Wales, I was very much
+interested and surprised at seeing a large black and scarlet Hemipterous
+insect, many moths (Zygoena), and a Cicindela, which are not found in
+Shropshire. I almost made up my mind to begin collecting all the insects
+which I could find dead, for on consulting my sister, I concluded that
+it was not right to kill insects for the sake of making a collection.
+From reading White's _Selborne_, I took much pleasure in watching the
+habits of birds, and even made notes on the subject. In my simplicity, I
+remember wondering why every gentleman did not become an ornithologist.
+
+Towards the close of my school life, my brother worked hard at
+chemistry, and made a fair laboratory with proper apparatus in the
+tool-house in the garden, and I was allowed to aid him as a servant in
+most of his experiments. He made all the gases and many compounds, and I
+read with care several books on chemistry, such as Henry and Parkes'
+_Chemical Catechism_. The subject interested me greatly, and we often
+used to go on working till rather late at night. This was the best part
+of my education at school, for it showed me practically the meaning of
+experimental science. The fact that we worked at chemistry somehow got
+known at school, and as it was an unprecedented fact, I was nicknamed
+"Gas." I was also once publicly rebuked by the head-master, Dr. Butler,
+for thus wasting my time on such useless subjects; and he called me very
+unjustly a "poco curante," and as I did not understand what he meant, it
+seemed to me a fearful reproach.
+
+As I was doing no good at school, my father wisely took me away at a
+rather earlier age than usual, and sent me (October 1825) to
+Edinburgh[11] University with my brother, where I stayed for two years
+or sessions. My brother was completing his medical studies, though I do
+not believe he ever really intended to practise, and I was sent there to
+commence them. But soon after this period I became convinced from
+various small circumstances that my father would leave me property
+enough to subsist on with some comfort, though I never imagined that I
+should be so rich a man as I am; but my belief was sufficient to check
+any strenuous effort to learn medicine.
+
+The instruction at Edinburgh was altogether by lectures, and these were
+intolerably dull, with the exception of those on chemistry by Hope; but
+to my mind there are no advantages and many disadvantages in lectures
+compared with reading. Dr. Duncan's lectures on Materia Medica at 8
+o'clock on a winter's morning are something fearful to remember. Dr.
+Munro made his lectures on human anatomy as dull as he was himself, and
+the subject disgusted me. It has proved one of the greatest evils in my
+life that I was not urged to practise dissection, for I should soon have
+got over my disgust, and the practice would have been invaluable for all
+my future work. This has been an irremediable evil, as well as my
+incapacity to draw. I also attended regularly the clinical wards in the
+hospital. Some of the cases distressed me a good deal, and I still have
+vivid pictures before me of some of them; but I was not so foolish as to
+allow this to lessen my attendance. I cannot understand why this part of
+my medical course did not interest me in a greater degree; for during
+the summer before coming to Edinburgh, I began attending some of the
+poor people, chiefly children and women in Shrewsbury: I wrote down as
+full an account as I could of the case with all the symptoms, and read
+them aloud to my father, who suggested further inquiries and advised me
+what medicines to give, which I made up myself. At one time I had at
+least a dozen patients, and I felt a keen interest in the work.[12] My
+father, who was by far the best judge of character whom I ever knew,
+declared that I should make a successful physician,--meaning by this,
+one who would get many patients. He maintained that the chief element of
+success was exciting confidence; but what he saw in me which convinced
+him that I should create confidence I know not. I also attended on two
+occasions the operating theatre in the hospital at Edinburgh, and saw
+two very bad operations, one on a child, but I rushed away before they
+were completed. Nor did I ever attend again, for hardly any inducement
+would have been strong enough to make me do so; this being long before
+the blessed days of chloroform. The two cases fairly haunted me for many
+a long year.
+
+My brother stayed only one year at the University, so that during the
+second year I was left to my own resources; and this was an advantage,
+for I became well acquainted with several young men fond of natural
+science. One of these was Ainsworth, who afterwards published his
+travels in Assyria; he was a Wernerian geologist, and knew a little
+about many subjects. Dr. Coldstream[13] was a very different young man,
+prim, formal, highly religious, and most kind-hearted; he afterwards
+published some good zoological articles. A third young man was Hardie,
+who would, I think, have made a good botanist, but died early in India.
+Lastly, Dr. Grant, my senior by several years, but how I became
+acquainted with him I cannot remember; he published some first-rate
+zoological papers, but after coming to London as Professor in University
+College, he did nothing more in science, a fact which has always been
+inexplicable to me. I knew him well; he was dry and formal in manner,
+with much enthusiasm beneath this outer crust. He one day, when we were
+walking together, burst forth in high admiration of Lamarck and his
+views on evolution. I listened in silent astonishment, and as far as I
+can judge, without any effect on my mind. I had previously read the
+_Zoonomia_ of my grandfather, in which similar views are maintained, but
+without producing any effect on me. Nevertheless it is probable that the
+hearing rather early in life such views maintained and praised may have
+favoured my upholding them under a different form in my _Origin of
+Species_. At this time I admired greatly the _Zoonomia_; but on reading
+it a second time after an interval of ten or fifteen years, I was much
+disappointed; the proportion of speculation being so large to the facts
+given.
+
+Drs. Grant and Coldstream attended much to marine Zoology, and I often
+accompanied the former to collect animals in the tidal pools, which I
+dissected as well as I could. I also became friends with some of the
+Newhaven fishermen, and sometimes accompanied them when they trawled for
+oysters, and thus got many specimens. But from not having had any
+regular practice in dissection, and from possessing only a wretched
+microscope, my attempts were very poor. Nevertheless I made one
+interesting little discovery, and read, about the beginning of the year
+1826, a short paper on the subject before the Plinian Society. This was
+that the so-called ova of Flustra had the power of independent movement
+by means of cilia, and were in fact larvae. In another short paper, I
+showed that the little globular bodies which had been supposed to be the
+young state of _Fucus loreus_ were the egg-cases of the worm-like
+_Pontobdella muricata_.
+
+The Plinian Society[14] was encouraged and, I believe, founded by
+Professor Jameson: it consisted of students, and met in an underground
+room in the University for the sake of reading papers on natural science
+and discussing them. I used regularly to attend, and the meetings had a
+good effect on me in stimulating my zeal and giving me new congenial
+acquaintances. One evening a poor young man got up, and after stammering
+for a prodigious length of time, blushing crimson, he at last slowly got
+out the words, "Mr. President, I have forgotten what I was going to
+say." The poor fellow looked quite overwhelmed, and all the members were
+so surprised that no one could think of a word to say to cover his
+confusion. The papers which were read to our little society were not
+printed, so that I had not the satisfaction of seeing my paper in
+print; but I believe Dr. Grant noticed my small discovery in his
+excellent memoir on Flustra.
+
+I was also a member of the Royal Medical Society, and attended pretty
+regularly; but as the subjects were exclusively medical, I did not much
+care about them. Much rubbish was talked there, but there were some good
+speakers, of whom the best was the [late] Sir J. Kay-Shuttleworth. Dr.
+Grant took me occasionally to the meetings of the Wernerian Society,
+where various papers on natural history were read, discussed, and
+afterwards published in the Transactions. I heard Audubon deliver there
+some interesting discourses on the habits of N. American birds, sneering
+somewhat unjustly at Waterton. By the way, a negro lived in Edinburgh,
+who had travelled with Waterton, and gained his livelihood by stuffing
+birds, which he did excellently: he gave me lessons for payment, and I
+used often to sit with him, for he was a very pleasant and intelligent
+man.
+
+Mr. Leonard Horner also took me once to a meeting of the Royal Society
+of Edinburgh, where I saw Sir Walter Scott in the chair as President,
+and he apologised to the meeting as not feeling fitted for such a
+position. I looked at him and at the whole scene with some awe and
+reverence, and I think it was owing to this visit during my youth, and
+to my having attended the Royal Medical Society, that I felt the honour
+of being elected a few years ago an honorary member of both these
+Societies, more than any other similar honour. If I had been told at
+that time that I should one day have been thus honoured, I declare that
+I should have thought it as ridiculous and improbable, as if I had been
+told that I should be elected King of England.
+
+During my second year at Edinburgh I attended Jameson's lectures on
+Geology and Zoology, but they were incredibly dull. The sole effect they
+produced on me was the determination never as long as I lived to read a
+book on Geology, or in any way to study the science. Yet I feel sure
+that I was prepared for a philosophical treatment of the subject; for an
+old Mr. Cotton, in Shropshire, who knew a good deal about rocks, had
+pointed out to me two or three years previously a well-known large
+erratic boulder in the town of Shrewsbury, called the "bell-stone;" he
+told me that there was no rock of the same kind nearer than Cumberland
+or Scotland, and he solemnly assured me that the world would come to an
+end before any one would be able to explain how this stone came where it
+now lay. This produced a deep impression on me, and I meditated over
+this wonderful stone. So that I felt the keenest delight when I first
+read of the action of icebergs in transporting boulders, and I gloried
+in the progress of Geology. Equally striking is the fact that I, though
+now only sixty-seven years old, heard the Professor, in a field lecture
+at Salisbury Craigs, discoursing on a trap-dyke, with amygdaloidal
+margins and the strata indurated on each side, with volcanic rocks all
+around us, say that it was a fissure filled with sediment from above,
+adding with a sneer that there were men who maintained that it had been
+injected from beneath in a molten condition. When I think of this
+lecture, I do not wonder that I determined never to attend to Geology.
+
+From attending Jameson's lectures, I became acquainted with the curator
+of the museum, Mr. Macgillivray, who afterwards published a large and
+excellent book on the birds of Scotland. I had much interesting
+natural-history talk with him, and he was very kind to me. He gave me
+some rare shells, for I at that time collected marine mollusca, but with
+no great zeal.
+
+My summer vacations during these two years were wholly given up to
+amusements, though I always had some book in hand, which I read with
+interest. During the summer of 1826, I took a long walking tour with two
+friends with knapsacks on our backs through North Wales. We walked
+thirty miles most days, including one day the ascent of Snowdon. I also
+went with my sister a riding tour in North Wales, a servant with
+saddle-bags carrying our clothes. The autumns were devoted to shooting,
+chiefly at Mr. Owen's, at Woodhouse, and at my Uncle Jos's,[15] at Maer.
+My zeal was so great that I used to place my shooting-boots open by my
+bed-side when I went to bed, so as not to lose half a minute in putting
+them on in the morning; and on one occasion I reached a distant part of
+the Maer estate, on the 20th of August for black-game shooting, before I
+could see: I then toiled on with the gamekeeper the whole day through
+thick heath and young Scotch firs.
+
+I kept an exact record of every bird which I shot throughout the whole
+season. One day when shooting at Woodhouse with Captain Owen, the eldest
+son, and Major Hill, his cousin, afterwards Lord Berwick, both of whom I
+liked very much, I thought myself shamefully used, for every time after
+I had fired and thought that I had killed a bird, one of the two acted
+as if loading his gun, and cried out, "You must not count that bird, for
+I fired at the same time," and the gamekeeper, perceiving the joke,
+backed them up. After some hours they told me the joke, but it was no
+joke to me, for I had shot a large number of birds, but did not know how
+many, and could not add them to my list, which I used to do by making a
+knot in a piece of string tied to a button-hole. This my wicked friends
+had perceived.
+
+How I did enjoy shooting! but I think that I must have been
+half-consciously ashamed of my zeal, for I tried to persuade myself that
+shooting was almost an intellectual employment; it required so much
+skill to judge where to find most game and to hunt the dogs well.
+
+One of my autumnal visits to Maer in 1827 was memorable from meeting
+there Sir J. Mackintosh, who was the best converser I ever listened to.
+I heard afterwards with a glow of pride that he had said, "There is
+something in that young man that interests me." This must have been
+chiefly due to his perceiving that I listened with much interest to
+everything which he said, for I was as ignorant as a pig about his
+subjects of history, politics, and moral philosophy. To hear of praise
+from an eminent person, though no doubt apt or certain to excite vanity,
+is, I think, good for a young man, as it helps to keep him in the right
+course.
+
+My visits to Maer during these two or three succeeding years were quite
+delightful, independently of the autumnal shooting. Life there was
+perfectly free; the country was very pleasant for walking or riding; and
+in the evening there was much very agreeable conversation, not so
+personal as it generally is in large family parties, together with
+music. In the summer the whole family used often to sit on the steps of
+the old portico with the flower-garden in front, and with the steep
+wooded bank opposite the house reflected in the lake, with here and
+there a fish rising or a water-bird paddling about. Nothing has left a
+more vivid picture on my mind than these evenings at Maer. I was also
+attached to and greatly revered my Uncle Jos; he was silent and
+reserved, so as to be a rather awful man; but he sometimes talked openly
+with me. He was the very type of an upright man, with the clearest
+judgment. I do not believe that any power on earth could have made him
+swerve an inch from what he considered the right course. I used to apply
+to him in my mind the well-known ode of Horace, now forgotten by me, in
+which the words "nec vultus tyranni, &c.,"[16] come in.
+
+_Cambridge_, 1828-1831.--After having spent two sessions in Edinburgh,
+my father perceived, or he heard from my sisters, that I did not like
+the thought of being a physician, so he proposed that I should become a
+clergyman. He was very properly vehement against my turning into an idle
+sporting man, which then seemed my probable destination. I asked for
+some time to consider, as from what little I had heard or thought on the
+subject I had scruples about declaring my belief in all the dogmas of
+the Church of England; though otherwise I liked the thought of being a
+country clergyman. Accordingly I read with great care _Pearson on the
+Creed_, and a few other books on divinity; and as I did not then in the
+least doubt the strict and literal truth of every word in the Bible, I
+soon persuaded myself that our Creed must be fully accepted.
+
+Considering how fiercely I have been attacked by the orthodox, it seems
+ludicrous that I once intended to be a clergyman. Nor was this intention
+and my father's wish ever formally given up, but died a natural death
+when, on leaving Cambridge, I joined the _Beagle_ as naturalist. If the
+phrenologists are to be trusted, I was well fitted in one respect to be
+a clergyman. A few years ago the secretaries of a German psychological
+society asked me earnestly by letter for a photograph of myself; and
+some time afterwards I received the proceedings of one of the meetings,
+in which it seemed that the shape of my head had been the subject of a
+public discussion, and one of the speakers declared that I had the bump
+of reverence developed enough for ten priests.
+
+As it was decided that I should be a clergyman, it was necessary that I
+should go to one of the English universities and take a degree; but as I
+had never opened a classical book since leaving school, I found to my
+dismay, that in the two intervening years, I had actually forgotten,
+incredible as it may appear, almost everything which I had learnt, even
+to some few of the Greek letters. I did not therefore proceed to
+Cambridge at the usual time in October, but worked with a private tutor
+in Shrewsbury, and went to Cambridge after the Christmas vacation, early
+in 1828. I soon recovered my school standard of knowledge, and could
+translate easy Greek books, such as Homer and the Greek Testament, with
+moderate facility.
+
+During the three years which I spent at Cambridge my time was wasted, as
+far as the academical studies were concerned, as completely as at
+Edinburgh and at school. I attempted mathematics, and even went during
+the summer of 1828 with a private tutor to Barmouth, but I got on very
+slowly. The work was repugnant to me, chiefly from my not being able to
+see any meaning in the early steps in algebra. This impatience was very
+foolish, and in after years I have deeply regretted that I did not
+proceed far enough at least to understand something of the great leading
+principles of mathematics, for men thus endowed seem to have an extra
+sense. But I do not believe that I should ever have succeeded beyond a
+very low grade. With respect to Classics I did nothing except attend a
+few compulsory college lectures, and the attendance was almost nominal.
+In my second year I had to work for a month or two to pass the
+Little-Go, which I did easily. Again, in my last year I worked with some
+earnestness for my final degree of B.A., and brushed up my Classics,
+together with a little Algebra and Euclid, which latter gave me much
+pleasure, as it did at school. In order to pass the B.A. examination, it
+was also necessary to get up Paley's _Evidences of Christianity_, and
+his _Moral Philosophy_. This was done in a thorough manner, and I am
+convinced that I could have written out the whole of the _Evidences_
+with perfect correctness, but not of course in the clear language of
+Paley. The logic of this book and, as I may add, of his _Natural
+Theology_, gave me as much delight as did Euclid. The careful study of
+these works, without attempting to learn any part by rote, was the only
+part of the academical course which, as I then felt, and as I still
+believe, was of the least use to me in the education of my mind. I did
+not at that time trouble myself about Paley's premises; and taking these
+on trust, I was charmed and convinced by the long line of argumentation.
+By answering well the examination questions in Paley, by doing Euclid
+well, and by not failing miserably in Classics, I gained a good place
+among the [Greek: oi polloi] or crowd of men who do not go in for
+honours. Oddly enough, I cannot remember how high I stood, and my memory
+fluctuates between the fifth, tenth, or twelfth, name on the list.[17]
+
+Public lectures on several branches were given in the University,
+attendance being quite voluntary; but I was so sickened with lectures at
+Edinburgh that I did not even attend Sedgwick's eloquent and interesting
+lectures. Had I done so I should probably have become a geologist
+earlier than I did. I attended, however, Henslow's lectures on Botany,
+and liked them much for their extreme clearness, and the admirable
+illustrations; but I did not study botany. Henslow used to take his
+pupils, including several of the older members of the University, field,
+excursions, on foot or in coaches, to distant places, or in a barge down
+the river, and lectured on the rarer plants and animals which were
+observed. These excursions were delightful.
+
+Although, as we shall presently see, there were some redeeming features
+in my life at Cambridge, my time was sadly wasted there, and worse than
+wasted. From my passion for shooting and for hunting, and, when this
+failed, for riding across country, I got into a sporting set, including
+some dissipated low-minded young men. We used often to dine together in
+the evening, though these dinners often included men of a higher stamp,
+and we sometimes drank too much, with jolly singing and playing at cards
+afterwards. I know that I ought to feel ashamed of days and evenings
+thus spent, but as some of my friends were very pleasant, and we were
+all in the highest spirits, I cannot help looking back to these times
+with much pleasure.[18]
+
+But I am glad to think that I had many other friends of a widely
+different nature. I was very intimate with Whitley,[19] who was
+afterwards Senior Wrangler, and we used continually to take long walks
+together. He inoculated me with a taste for pictures and good
+engravings, of which I bought some. I frequently went to the Fitzwilliam
+Gallery, and my taste must have been fairly good, for I certainly
+admired the best pictures, which I discussed with the old curator. I
+read also with much interest Sir Joshua Reynolds' book. This taste,
+though not natural to me, lasted for several years, and many of the
+pictures in the National Gallery in London gave me much pleasure; that
+of Sebastian del Piombo exciting in me a sense of sublimity.
+
+I also got into a musical set, I believe by means of my warm-hearted
+friend, Herbert,[20] who took a high wrangler's degree. From associating
+with these men, and hearing them play, I acquired a strong taste for
+music, and used very often to time my walks so as to hear on week days
+the anthem in King's College Chapel. This gave me intense pleasure, so
+that my backbone would sometimes shiver. I am sure that there was no
+affectation or mere imitation in this taste, for I used generally to go
+by myself to King's College, and I sometimes hired the chorister boys to
+sing in my rooms. Nevertheless I am so utterly destitute of an ear, that
+I cannot perceive a discord, or keep time and hum a tune correctly; and
+it is a mystery how I could possibly have derived pleasure from music.
+
+My musical friends soon perceived my state, and sometimes amused
+themselves by making me pass an examination, which consisted in
+ascertaining how many tunes I could recognise, when they were played
+rather more quickly or slowly than usual. 'God save the King,' when thus
+played, was a sore puzzle. There was another man with almost as bad an
+ear as I had, and strange to say he played a little on the flute. Once I
+had the triumph of beating him in one of our musical examinations.
+
+But no pursuit at Cambridge was followed with nearly so much eagerness
+or gave me so much pleasure as collecting beetles. It was the mere
+passion for collecting, for I did not dissect them, and rarely compared
+their external characters with published descriptions, but got them
+named anyhow. I will give a proof of my zeal: one day, on tearing off
+some old bark, I saw two rare beetles, and seized one in each hand; then
+I saw a third and new kind, which I could not bear to lose, so that I
+popped the one which I held in my right hand into my mouth. Alas! it
+ejected some intensely acrid fluid, which burnt my tongue so that I was
+forced to spit the beetle out, which was lost, as was the third one.
+
+I was very successful in collecting, and invented two new methods; I
+employed a labourer to scrape, during the winter, moss off old trees and
+place it in a large bag, and likewise to collect the rubbish at the
+bottom of the barges in which reeds are brought from the fens, and thus
+I got some very rare species. No poet ever felt more delighted at seeing
+his first poem published than I did at seeing, in Stephens'
+_Illustrations of British Insects_, the magic words, "captured by C.
+Darwin, Esq." I was introduced to entomology by my second cousin, W.
+Darwin Fox, a clever and most pleasant man, who was then at Christ's
+College, and with whom I became extremely intimate. Afterwards I became
+well acquainted, and went out collecting, with Albert Way of Trinity,
+who in after years became a well-known archaeologist; also with H.
+Thompson,[21] of the same College, afterwards a leading agriculturist,
+chairman of a great railway, and Member of Parliament. It seems,
+therefore, that a taste for collecting beetles is some indication of
+future success in life!
+
+I am surprised what an indelible impression many of the beetles which I
+caught at Cambridge have left on my mind. I can remember the exact
+appearance of certain posts, old trees and banks where I made a good
+capture. The pretty _Panagaeus crux-major_ was a treasure in those days,
+and here at Down I saw a beetle running across a walk, and on picking it
+up instantly perceived that it differed slightly from _P. crux-major_,
+and it turned out to be _P. quadripunctatus_, which is only a variety or
+closely allied species, differing from it very slightly in outline. I
+had never seen in those old days Licinus alive, which to an uneducated
+eye hardly differs from many of the black Carabidous beetles; but my
+sons found here a specimen, and I instantly recognised that it was new
+to me; yet I had not looked at a British beetle for the last twenty
+years.
+
+I have not yet mentioned a circumstance which influenced my whole career
+more than any other. This was my friendship with Professor Henslow.
+Before coming up to Cambridge, I had heard of him from my brother as a
+man who knew every branch of science, and I was accordingly prepared to
+reverence him. He kept open house once every week[22] when all
+under-graduates and some older members of the University, who were
+attached to science, used to meet in the evening. I soon got, through
+Fox, an invitation, and went there regularly. Before long I became well
+acquainted with Henslow, and during the latter half of my time at
+Cambridge took long walks with him on most days; so that I was called by
+some of the dons "the man who walks with Henslow;" and in the evening I
+was very often asked to join his family dinner. His knowledge was great
+in botany, entomology, chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. His strongest
+taste was to draw conclusions from long-continued minute observations.
+His judgment was excellent, and his whole mind well-balanced; but I do
+not suppose that any one would say that he possessed much original
+genius.
+
+He was deeply religious, and so orthodox, that he told me one day he
+should be grieved if a single word of the Thirty-nine Articles were
+altered. His moral qualities were in every way admirable. He was free
+from every tinge of vanity or other petty feeling; and I never saw a man
+who thought so little about himself or his own concerns. His temper was
+imperturbably good, with the most winning and courteous manners; yet, as
+I have seen, he could be roused by any bad action to the warmest
+indignation and prompt action.
+
+I once saw in his company in the streets of Cambridge almost as horrid
+a scene as could have been witnessed during the French Revolution. Two
+body-snatchers had been arrested, and whilst being taken to prison had
+been torn from the constable by a crowd of the roughest men, who dragged
+them by their legs along the muddy and stony road. They were covered
+from head to foot with mud, and their faces were bleeding either from
+having been kicked or from the stones; they looked like corpses, but the
+crowd was so dense that I got only a few momentary glimpses of the
+wretched creatures. Never in my life have I seen such wrath painted on a
+man's face as was shown by Henslow at this horrid scene. He tried
+repeatedly to penetrate the mob; but it was simply impossible. He then
+rushed away to the mayor, telling me not to follow him, but to get more
+policemen. I forget the issue, except that the two men were got into the
+prison without being killed.
+
+Henslow's benevolence was unbounded, as he proved by his many excellent
+schemes for his poor parishioners, when in after years he held the
+living of Hitcham. My intimacy with such a man ought to have been, and I
+hope was, an inestimable benefit. I cannot resist mentioning a trifling
+incident, which showed his kind consideration. Whilst examining some
+pollen-grains on a damp surface, I saw the tubes exserted, and instantly
+rushed off to communicate my surprising discovery to him. Now I do not
+suppose any other professor of botany could have helped laughing at my
+coming in such a hurry to make such a communication. But he agreed how
+interesting the phenomenon was, and explained its meaning, but made me
+clearly understand how well it was known; so I left him not in the least
+mortified, but well pleased at having discovered for myself so
+remarkable a fact, but determined not to be in such a hurry again to
+communicate my discoveries.
+
+Dr. Whewell was one of the older and distinguished men who sometimes
+visited Henslow, and on several occasions I walked home with him at
+night. Next to Sir J. Mackintosh he was the best converser on grave
+subjects to whom I ever listened. Leonard Jenyns,[23] who afterwards
+published some good essays in Natural History, often stayed with
+Henslow, who was his brother-in-law. I visited him at his parsonage on
+the borders of the Fens [Swaffham Bulbeck], and had many a good walk
+and talk with him about Natural History. I became also acquainted with
+several other men older than me, who did not care much about science,
+but were friends of Henslow. One was a Scotchman, brother of Sir
+Alexander Ramsay, and tutor of Jesus College; he was a delightful man,
+but did not live for many years. Another was Mr. Dawes, afterwards Dean
+of Hereford, and famous for his success in the education of the poor.
+These men and others of the same standing, together with Henslow, used
+sometimes to take distant excursions into the country, which I was
+allowed to join, and they were most agreeable.
+
+Looking back, I infer that there must have been something in me a little
+superior to the common run of youths, otherwise the above-mentioned men,
+so much older than me and higher in academical position, would never
+have allowed me to associate with them. Certainly I was not aware of any
+such superiority, and I remember one of my sporting friends, Turner, who
+saw me at work with my beetles, saying that I should some day be a
+Fellow of the Royal Society, and the notion seemed to me preposterous.
+
+During my last year at Cambridge, I read with care and profound interest
+Humboldt's _Personal Narrative_. This work, and Sir J. Herschel's
+_Introduction to the Study of Natural Philosophy_, stirred up in me a
+burning zeal to add even the most humble contribution to the noble
+structure of Natural Science. No one or a dozen other books influenced
+me nearly so much as these two. I copied out from Humboldt long passages
+about Teneriffe, and read them aloud on one of the above-mentioned
+excursions, to (I think) Henslow, Ramsay, and Dawes, for on a previous
+occasion I had talked about the glories of Teneriffe, and some of the
+party declared they would endeavour to go there; but I think they were
+only half in earnest. I was, however, quite in earnest, and got an
+introduction to a merchant in London to enquire about ships; but the
+scheme was, of course, knocked on the head by the voyage of the
+_Beagle_.
+
+My summer vacations were given up to collecting beetles, to some
+reading, and short tours. In the autumn my whole time was devoted to
+shooting, chiefly at Woodhouse and Maer, and sometimes with young Eyton
+of Eyton. Upon the whole the three years which I spent at Cambridge were
+the most joyful in my happy life; for I was then in excellent health,
+and almost always in high spirits.
+
+As I had at first come up to Cambridge at Christmas, I was forced to
+keep two terms after passing my final examination, at the commencement
+of 1831; and Henslow then persuaded me to begin the study of geology.
+Therefore on my return to Shropshire I examined sections, and coloured a
+map of parts round Shrewsbury. Professor Sedgwick intended to visit
+North Wales in the beginning of August to pursue his famous geological
+investigations amongst the older rocks, and Henslow asked him to allow
+me to accompany him.[24] Accordingly he came and slept at my father's
+house.
+
+A short conversation with him during this evening produced a strong
+impression on my mind. Whilst examining an old gravel-pit near
+Shrewsbury, a labourer told me that he had found in it a large worn
+tropical Volute shell, such as may be seen on chimney-pieces of
+cottages; and as he would not sell the shell, I was convinced that he
+had really found it in the pit. I told Sedgwick of the fact, and he at
+once said (no doubt truly) that it must have been thrown away by some
+one into the pit; but then added, if really embedded there it would be
+the greatest misfortune to geology, as it would overthrow all that we
+know about the superficial deposits of the Midland Counties. These
+gravel-beds belong in fact to the glacial period, and in after years I
+found in them broken arctic shells. But I was then utterly astonished at
+Sedgwick not being delighted at so wonderful a fact as a tropical shell
+being found near the surface in the middle of England. Nothing before
+had ever made me thoroughly realise, though I had read various
+scientific books, that science consists in grouping facts so that
+general laws or conclusions may be drawn from them.
+
+Next morning we started for Llangollen, Conway, Bangor, and Capel Curig.
+This tour was of decided use in teaching me a little how to make out the
+geology of a country. Sedgwick often sent me on a line parallel to his,
+telling me to bring back specimens of the rocks and to mark the
+stratification on a map. I have little doubt that he did this for my
+good, as I was too ignorant to have aided him. On this tour I had a
+striking instance how easy it is to overlook phenomena, however
+conspicuous, before they have been observed by any one. We spent many
+hours in Cwm Idwal, examining all the rocks with extreme care, as
+Sedgwick was anxious to find fossils in them; but neither of us saw a
+trace of the wonderful glacial phenomena all around us; we did not
+notice the plainly scored rocks, the perched boulders, the lateral and
+terminal moraines. Yet these phenomena are so conspicuous that, as I
+declared in a paper published many years afterwards in the
+_Philosophical Magazine_,[25] a house burnt down by fire did not tell
+its story more plainly than did this valley. If it had still been filled
+by a glacier, the phenomena would have been less distinct than they now
+are.
+
+At Capel Curig I left Sedgwick and went in a straight line by compass
+and map across the mountains to Barmouth, never following any track
+unless it coincided with my course. I thus came on some strange wild
+places, and enjoyed much this manner of travelling. I visited Barmouth
+to see some Cambridge friends who were reading there, and thence
+returned to Shrewsbury and to Maer for shooting; for at that time I
+should have thought myself mad to give up the first days of
+partridge-shooting for geology or any other science.
+
+
+_Voyage of the 'Beagle': from December 27, 1831, to October 2, 1836._
+
+On returning home from my short geological tour in North Wales, I found
+a letter from Henslow, informing me that Captain Fitz-Roy was willing to
+give up part of his own cabin to any young man who would volunteer to go
+with him without pay as naturalist to the Voyage of the _Beagle_. I have
+given, as I believe, in my MS. Journal an account of all the
+circumstances which then occurred; I will here only say that I was
+instantly eager to accept the offer, but my father strongly objected,
+adding the words, fortunate for me, "If you can find any man of
+common-sense who advises you to go I will give my consent." So I wrote
+that evening and refused the offer. On the next morning I went to Maer
+to be ready for September 1st, and whilst out shooting, my uncle[26]
+sent for me, offering to drive me over to Shrewsbury and talk with my
+father, as my uncle thought it would be wise in me to accept the offer.
+My father always maintained that [my uncle] was one of the most sensible
+men in the world, and he at once consented in the kindest manner. I had
+been rather extravagant at Cambridge, and to console my father, said,
+"that I should be deuced clever to spend more than my allowance whilst
+on board the _Beagle_;" but he answered with a smile, "But they tell me
+you are very clever."
+
+Next day I started for Cambridge to see Henslow, and thence to London
+to see Fitz-Roy, and all was soon arranged. Afterwards, on becoming very
+intimate with Fitz-Roy, I heard that I had run a very narrow risk of
+being rejected on account of the shape of my nose! He was an ardent
+disciple of Lavater, and was convinced that he could judge of a man's
+character by the outline of his features; and he doubted whether any one
+with my nose could possess sufficient energy and determination for the
+voyage. But I think he was afterwards well satisfied that my nose had
+spoken falsely.
+
+Fitz-Roy's character was a singular one, with very many noble features:
+he was devoted to his duty, generous to a fault, bold, determined, and
+indomitably energetic, and an ardent friend to all under his sway. He
+would undertake any sort of trouble to assist those whom he thought
+deserved assistance. He was a handsome man, strikingly like a gentleman,
+with highly-courteous manners, which resembled those of his maternal
+uncle, the famous Lord Castlereagh, as I was told by the Minister at
+Rio. Nevertheless he must have inherited much in his appearance from
+Charles II., for Dr. Wallich gave me a collection of photographs which
+he had made, and I was struck with the resemblance of one to Fitz-Roy;
+and on looking at the name, I found it Ch. E. Sobieski Stuart, Count
+d'Albanie,[27] a descendant of the same monarch.
+
+Fitz-Roy's temper was a most unfortunate one. It was usually worst in
+the early morning, and with his eagle eye he could generally detect
+something amiss about the ship, and was then unsparing in his blame. He
+was very kind to me, but was a man very difficult to live with on the
+intimate terms which necessarily followed from our messing by ourselves
+in the same cabin. We had several quarrels; for instance, early in the
+voyage at Bahia, in Brazil, he defended and praised slavery, which I
+abominated, and told me that he had just visited a great slave-owner,
+who had called up many of his slaves and asked them whether they were
+happy, and whether they wished to be free, and all answered "No." I then
+asked him, perhaps with a sneer, whether he thought that the answer of
+slaves in the presence of their master was worth anything? This made him
+excessively angry, and he said that as I doubted his word we could not
+live any longer together. I thought that I should have been compelled to
+leave the ship; but as soon as the news spread, which it did quickly,
+as the captain sent for the first lieutenant to assuage his anger by
+abusing me, I was deeply gratified by receiving an invitation from all
+the gun-room officers to mess with them. But after a few hours Fitz-Roy
+showed his usual magnanimity by sending an officer to me with an apology
+and a request that I would continue to live with him.
+
+His character was in several respects one of the most noble which I have
+ever known.
+
+The voyage of the _Beagle_ has been by far the most important event in
+my life, and has determined my whole career; yet it depended on so small
+a circumstance as my uncle offering to drive me thirty miles to
+Shrewsbury, which few uncles would have done, and on such a trifle as
+the shape of my nose. I have always felt that I owe to the voyage the
+first real training or education of my mind; I was led to attend closely
+to several branches of natural history, and thus my powers of
+observation were improved, though they were always fairly developed.
+
+The investigation of the geology of all the places visited was far more
+important, as reasoning here comes into play. On first examining a new
+district, nothing can appear more hopeless than the chaos of rocks; but
+by recording the stratification and nature of the rocks and fossils at
+many points, always reasoning and predicting what will be found
+elsewhere, light soon begins to dawn on the district, and the structure
+of the whole becomes more or less intelligible. I had brought with me
+the first volume of Lyell's _Principles of Geology_, which I studied
+attentively; and the book was of the highest service to me in many ways.
+The very first place which I examined, namely, St. Jago, in the Cape de
+Verde islands, showed me clearly the wonderful superiority of Lyell's
+manner of treating geology, compared with that of any other author whose
+works I had with me or ever afterwards read.
+
+Another of my occupations was collecting animals of all classes, briefly
+describing and roughly dissecting many of the marine ones; but from not
+being able to draw, and from not having sufficient anatomical knowledge,
+a great pile of MS. which I made during the voyage has proved almost
+useless. I thus lost much time, with the exception of that spent in
+acquiring some knowledge of the Crustaceans, as this was of service when
+in after years I undertook a monograph of the Cirripedia.
+
+During some part of the day I wrote my Journal, and took much pains in
+describing carefully and vividly all that I had seen; and this was good
+practice. My Journal served also, in part, as letters to my home, and
+portions were sent to England whenever there was an opportunity.
+
+The above various special studies were, however, of no importance
+compared with the habit of energetic industry and of concentrated
+attention to whatever I was engaged in, which I then acquired.
+Everything about which I thought or read was made to bear directly on
+what I had seen or was likely to see; and this habit of mind was
+continued during the five years of the voyage. I feel sure that it was
+this training which has enabled me to do whatever I have done in
+science.
+
+Looking backwards, I can now perceive how my love for science gradually
+preponderated over every other taste. During the first two years my old
+passion for shooting survived in nearly full force, and I shot myself
+all the birds and animals for my collection; but gradually I gave up my
+gun more and more, and finally altogether, to my servant, as shooting
+interfered with my work, more especially with making out the geological
+structure of a country. I discovered, though unconsciously and
+insensibly, that the pleasure of observing and reasoning was a much
+higher one than that of skill and sport. That my mind became developed
+through my pursuits during the voyage is rendered probable by a remark
+made by my father, who was the most acute observer whom I ever saw, of a
+sceptical disposition, and far from being a believer in phrenology; for
+on first seeing me after the voyage, he turned round to my sisters, and
+exclaimed, "Why, the shape of his head is quite altered."
+
+To return to the voyage. On September 11th (1831), I paid a flying visit
+with Fitz-Roy to the _Beagle_ at Plymouth. Thence to Shrewsbury to wish
+my father and sisters a long farewell. On October 24th I took up my
+residence at Plymouth, and remained there until December 27th, when the
+_Beagle_ finally left the shores of England for her circumnavigation of
+the world. We made two earlier attempts to sail, but were driven back
+each time by heavy gales. These two months at Plymouth were the most
+miserable which I ever spent, though I exerted myself in various ways. I
+was out of spirits at the thought of leaving all my family and friends
+for so long a time, and the weather seemed to me inexpressibly gloomy. I
+was also troubled with palpitation and pain about the heart, and like
+many a young ignorant man, especially one with a smattering of medical
+knowledge, was convinced that I had heart disease. I did not consult
+any doctor, as I fully expected to hear the verdict that I was not fit
+for the voyage, and I was resolved to go at all hazards.
+
+I need not here refer to the events of the voyage--where we went and
+what we did--as I have given a sufficiently full account in my published
+Journal. The glories of the vegetation of the Tropics rise before my
+mind at the present time more vividly than anything else; though the
+sense of sublimity, which the great deserts of Patagonia and the
+forest-clad mountains of Tierra del Fuego excited in me, has left an
+indelible impression on my mind. The sight of a naked savage in his
+native land is an event which can never be forgotten. Many of my
+excursions on horseback through wild countries, or in the boats, some of
+which lasted several weeks, were deeply interesting; their discomfort
+and some degree of danger were at that time hardly a drawback, and none
+at all afterwards. I also reflect with high satisfaction on some of my
+scientific work, such as solving the problem of coral islands, and
+making out the geological structure of certain islands, for instance,
+St. Helena. Nor must I pass over the discovery of the singular relations
+of the animals and plants inhabiting the several islands of the
+Galapagos archipelago, and of all of them to the inhabitants of South
+America.
+
+As far as I can judge of myself, I worked to the utmost during the
+voyage from the mere pleasure of investigation, and from my strong
+desire to add a few facts to the great mass of facts in Natural Science.
+But I was also ambitious to take a fair place among scientific
+men,--whether more ambitious or less so than most of my fellow-workers,
+I can form no opinion.
+
+The geology of St. Jago is very striking, yet simple: a stream of lava
+formerly flowed over the bed of the sea, formed of triturated recent
+shells and corals, which it has baked into a hard white rock. Since then
+the whole island has been upheaved. But the line of white rock revealed
+to me a new and important fact, namely, that there had been afterwards
+subsidence round the craters, which had since been in action, and had
+poured forth lava. It then first dawned on me that I might perhaps write
+a book on the geology of the various countries visited, and this made me
+thrill with delight. That was a memorable hour to me, and how distinctly
+I can call to mind the low cliff of lava beneath which I rested, with
+the sun glaring hot, a few strange desert plants growing near, and with
+living corals in the tidal pools at my feet. Later in the voyage,
+Fitz-Roy asked me to read some of my Journal, and declared it would be
+worth publishing; so here was a second book in prospect!
+
+Towards the close of our voyage I received a letter whilst at Ascension,
+in which my sisters told me that Sedgwick had called on my father, and
+said that I should take a place among the leading scientific men. I
+could not at the time understand how he could have learnt anything of my
+proceedings, but I heard (I believe afterwards) that Henslow had read
+some of the letters which I wrote to him before the Philosophical
+Society of Cambridge,[28] and had printed them for private distribution.
+My collection of fossil bones, which had been sent to Henslow, also
+excited considerable attention amongst palaeontologists. After reading
+this letter, I clambered over the mountains of Ascension with a bounding
+step and made the volcanic rocks resound under my geological hammer. All
+this shows how ambitious I was; but I think that I can say with truth
+that in after years, though I cared in the highest degree for the
+approbation of such men as Lyell and Hooker, who were my friends, I did
+not care much about the general public. I do not mean to say that a
+favourable review or a large sale of my books did not please me greatly,
+but the pleasure was a fleeting one, and I am sure that I have never
+turned one inch out of my course to gain fame.
+
+
+_From my return to England (October 2, 1836) to my marriage (January 29,
+1839)._
+
+These two years and three months wore the most active ones which I ever
+spent, though I was occasionally unwell, and so lost some time. After
+going backwards and forwards several times between Shrewsbury, Maer,
+Cambridge, and London, I settled in lodgings at Cambridge[29] on
+December 13th, where all my collections were under the care of Henslow.
+I stayed here three months, and got my minerals and rocks examined by
+the aid of Professor Miller.
+
+I began preparing my _Journal of Travels_, which was not hard work, as
+my MS. Journal had been written with care, and my chief labour was
+making an abstract of my more interesting scientific results. I sent
+also, at the request of Lyell, a short account of my observations on the
+elevation of the coast of Chili to the Geological Society.[30]
+
+On March 7th, 1837, I took lodgings in Great Marlborough Street in
+London, and remained there for nearly two years, until I was married.
+During these two years I finished my Journal, read several papers before
+the Geological Society, began preparing the MS. for my _Geological
+Observations_, and arranged for the publication of the _Zoology of the
+Voyage of the Beagle_. In July I opened my first note-book for facts in
+relation to the _Origin of Species_, about which I had long reflected,
+and never ceased working for the next twenty years.
+
+During these two years I also went a little into society, and acted as
+one of the honorary secretaries of the Geological Society. I saw a great
+deal of Lyell. One of his chief characteristics was his sympathy with
+the work of others, and I was as much astonished as delighted at the
+interest which he showed when, on my return to England, I explained to
+him my views on coral reefs. This encouraged me greatly, and his advice
+and example had much influence on me. During this time I saw also a good
+deal of Robert Brown; I used often to call and sit with him during his
+breakfast on Sunday mornings, and he poured forth a rich treasure of
+curious observations and acute remarks, but they almost always related
+to minute points, and he never with me discussed large or general
+questions in science.
+
+During these two years I took several short excursions as a relaxation,
+and one longer one to the parallel roads of Glen Roy, an account of
+which was published in the _Philosophical Transactions_.[31] This paper
+was a great failure, and I am ashamed of it. Having been deeply
+impressed with what I had seen of the elevation of the land in South
+America, I attributed the parallel lines to the action of the sea; but I
+had to give up this view when Agassiz propounded his glacier-lake
+theory. Because no other explanation was possible under our then state
+of knowledge, I argued in favour of sea-action; and my error has been a
+good lesson to me never to trust in science to the principle of
+exclusion.
+
+As I was not able to work all day at science, I read a good deal during
+these two years on various subjects, including some metaphysical books;
+but I was not well fitted for such studies. About this time I took much
+delight in Wordsworth's and Coleridge's poetry; and can boast that I
+read the _Excursion_ twice through. Formerly Milton's _Paradise Lost_
+had been my chief favourite, and in my excursions during the voyage of
+the _Beagle_, when I could take only a single volume, I always chose
+Milton.
+
+
+_From my marriage, January 29, 1839, and residence in Upper Gower
+Street, to our leaving London and settling at Down, September 14, 1842._
+
+[After speaking of his happy married life, and of his children, he
+continues:]
+
+During the three years and eight months whilst we resided in London, I
+did less scientific work, though I worked as hard as I possibly could,
+than during any other equal length of time in my life. This was owing to
+frequently recurring unwellness, and to one long and serious illness.
+The greater part of my time, when I could do anything, was devoted to my
+work on _Coral Reefs_, which I had begun before my marriage, and of
+which the last proof-sheet was corrected on May 6th, 1842. This book,
+though a small one, cost me twenty months of hard work, as I had to read
+every work on the islands of the Pacific and to consult many charts. It
+was thought highly of by scientific men, and the theory therein given
+is, I think, now well established.
+
+No other work of mine was begun in so deductive a spirit as this, for
+the whole theory was thought out on the west coast of South America,
+before I had seen a true coral reef. I had therefore only to verify and
+extend my views by a careful examination of living reefs. But it should
+be observed that I had during the two previous years been incessantly
+attending to the effects on the shores of South America of the
+intermittent elevation of the land, together with denudation and the
+deposition of sediment. This necessarily led me to reflect much on the
+effects of subsidence, and it was easy to replace in imagination the
+continued deposition of sediment by the upward growth of corals. To do
+this was to form my theory of the formation of barrier-reefs and atolls.
+
+Besides my work on coral-reefs, during my residence in London, I read
+before the Geological Society papers on the Erratic Boulders of South
+America,[32] on Earthquakes,[33] and on the Formation by the Agency of
+Earth-worms of Mould.[34] I also continued to superintend the
+publication of the _Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle_. Nor did I ever
+intermit collecting facts bearing on the origin of species; and I could
+sometimes do this when I could do nothing else from illness.
+
+In the summer of 1842 I was stronger than I had been for some time, and
+took a little tour by myself in North Wales, for the sake of observing
+the effects of the old glaciers which formerly filled all the larger
+valleys. I published a short account of what I saw in the _Philosophical
+Magazine_.[35] This excursion interested me greatly, and it was the last
+time I was ever strong enough to climb mountains or to take long walks
+such as are necessary for geological work.
+
+During the early part of our life in London, I was strong enough to go
+into general society, and saw a good deal of several scientific men and
+other more or less distinguished men. I will give my impressions with
+respect to some of them, though I have little to say worth saying.
+
+I saw more of Lyell than of any other man, both before and after my
+marriage. His mind was characterised, as it appeared to me, by
+clearness, caution, sound judgment, and a good deal of originality. When
+I made any remark to him on Geology, he never rested until he saw the
+whole case clearly, and often made me see it more clearly than I had
+done before. He would advance all possible objections to my suggestion,
+and even after these were exhausted would long remain dubious. A second
+characteristic was his hearty sympathy with the work of other scientific
+men.[36]
+
+On my return from the voyage of the _Beagle_, I explained to him my
+views on coral-reefs, which differed from his, and I was greatly
+surprised and encouraged by the vivid interest which he showed. His
+delight in science was ardent, and he felt the keenest interest in the
+future progress of mankind. He was very kind-hearted, and thoroughly
+liberal in his religious beliefs, or rather disbeliefs; but he was a
+strong theist. His candour was highly remarkable. He exhibited this by
+becoming a convert to the Descent theory, though he had gained much fame
+by opposing Lamarck's views, and this after he had grown old. He
+reminded me that I had many years before said to him, when discussing
+the opposition of the old school of geologists to his new views, "What a
+good thing it would be if every scientific man was to die when sixty
+years old, as afterwards he would be sure to oppose all new doctrines."
+But he hoped that now he might be allowed to live.
+
+The science of Geology is enormously indebted to Lyell--more so, as I
+believe, than to any other man who ever lived. When [I was] starting on
+the voyage of the _Beagle_, the sagacious Henslow, who, like all other
+geologists, believed at that time in successive cataclysms, advised me
+to get and study the first volume of the _Principles_, which had then
+just been published, but on no account to accept the views therein
+advocated. How differently would any one now speak of the _Principles_!
+I am proud to remember that the first place, namely, St. Jago, in the
+Cape de Verde Archipelago, in which I geologised, convinced me of the
+infinite superiority of Lyell's views over those advocated in any other
+work known to me.
+
+The powerful effects of Lyell's works could formerly be plainly seen in
+the different progress of the science in France and England. The present
+total oblivion of Elie de Beaumont's wild hypotheses, such as his
+_Craters of Elevation_ and _Lines of Elevation_ (which latter hypothesis
+I heard Sedgwick at the Geological Society lauding to the skies), may be
+largely attributed to Lyell.
+
+I saw a good deal of Robert Brown, "facile Princeps Botanicorum," as he
+was called by Humboldt. He seemed to me to be chiefly remarkable for the
+minuteness of his observations and their perfect accuracy. His knowledge
+was extraordinarily great, and much died with him, owing to his
+excessive fear of ever making a mistake. He poured out his knowledge to
+me in the most unreserved manner, yet was strangely jealous on some
+points. I called on him two or three times before the voyage of the
+_Beagle_, and on one occasion he asked me to look through a microscope
+and describe what I saw. This I did, and believe now that it was the
+marvellous currents of protoplasm in some vegetable cell. I then asked
+him what I had seen; but he answered me, "That is my little secret."
+
+He was capable of the most generous actions. When old, much out of
+health, and quite unfit for any exertion, he daily visited (as Hooker
+told me) an old man-servant, who lived at a distance (and whom he
+supported), and read aloud to him. This is enough to make up for any
+degree of scientific penuriousness or jealousy.
+
+I may here mention a few other eminent men whom I have occasionally
+seen, but I have little to say about them worth saying. I felt a high
+reverence for Sir J. Herschel, and was delighted to dine with him at his
+charming house at the Cape of Good Hope and afterwards at his London
+house. I saw him, also, on a few other occasions. He never talked much,
+but every word which he uttered was worth listening to.
+
+I once met at breakfast, at Sir R. Murchison's house, the illustrious
+Humboldt, who honoured me by expressing a wish to see me. I was a little
+disappointed with the great man, but my anticipations probably were too
+high. I can remember nothing distinctly about our interview, except
+that Humboldt was very cheerful and talked much.
+
+X.[37] reminds me of Buckle, whom I once met at Hensleigh Wedgwood's. I
+was very glad to learn from [Buckle] his system of collecting facts. He
+told me that he bought all the books which he read, and made a full
+index to each, of the facts which he thought might prove serviceable to
+him, and that he could always remember in what book he had read
+anything, for his memory was wonderful. I asked him how at first he
+could judge what facts would be serviceable, and he answered that he did
+not know, but that a sort of instinct guided him. From this habit of
+making indices, he was enabled to give the astonishing number of
+references on all sorts of subjects which may be found in his _History
+of Civilisation_. This book I thought most interesting, and read it
+twice, but I doubt whether his generalisations are worth anything.
+Buckle was a great talker; and I listened to him, saying hardly a word,
+nor indeed could I have done so, for he left no gaps. When Mrs. Farrer
+began to sing, I jumped up and said that I must listen to her. After I
+had moved away, he turned round to a friend, and said (as was overheard
+by my brother), "Well, Mr. Darwin's books are much better than his
+conversation."
+
+Of other great literary men, I once met Sydney Smith at Dean Milman's
+house. There was something inexplicably amusing in every word which he
+uttered. Perhaps this was partly due to the expectation of being amused.
+He was talking about Lady Cork, who was then extremely old. This was the
+lady who, as he said, was once so much affected by one of his charity
+sermons, that she _borrowed_ a guinea from a friend to put in the plate.
+He now said, "It is generally believed that my dear old friend Lady Cork
+has been overlooked"; and he said this in such a manner that no one
+could for a moment doubt that he meant that his dear old friend had been
+overlooked by the devil. How he managed to express this I know not.
+
+I likewise once met Macaulay at Lord Stanhope's (the historian's) house,
+and as there was only one other man at dinner, I had a grand opportunity
+of hearing him converse, and he was very agreeable. He did not talk at
+all too much, nor indeed could such a man talk too much, as long as he
+allowed others to turn the stream of his conversation, and this he did
+allow.
+
+Lord Stanhope once gave me a curious little proof of the accuracy and
+fulness of Macaulay's memory. Many historians used often to meet at
+Lord Stanhope's house; and, in discussing various subjects, they would
+sometimes differ from Macaulay, and formerly they often referred to some
+book to see who was right; but latterly, as Lord Stanhope noticed, no
+historian ever took this trouble, and whatever Macaulay said was final.
+
+On another occasion I met at Lord Stanhope's house one of his parties of
+historians and other literary men, and amongst them were Motley and
+Grote. After luncheon I walked about Chevening Park for nearly an hour
+with Grote, and was much interested by his conversation and pleased by
+the simplicity and absence of all pretension in his manners.
+
+Long ago I dined occasionally with the old Earl, the father of the
+historian. He was a strange man, but what little I knew of him I liked
+much. He was frank, genial, and pleasant. He had strongly-marked
+features, with a brown complexion, and his clothes, when I saw him, were
+all brown. He seemed to believe in everything which was to others
+utterly incredible. He said one day to me, "Why don't you give up your
+fiddle-faddle of geology and zoology, and turn to the occult sciences?"
+The historian, then Lord Mahon, seemed shocked at such a speech to me,
+and his charming wife much amused.
+
+The last man whom I will mention is Carlyle, seen by me several times at
+my brother's house and two or three times at my own house. His talk was
+very racy and interesting, just like his writings, but he sometimes went
+on too long on the same subject. I remember a funny dinner at my
+brother's, where, amongst a few others, were Babbage and Lyell, both of
+whom liked to talk. Carlyle, however, silenced every one by haranguing
+during the whole dinner on the advantages of silence. After dinner,
+Babbage, in his grimmest manner, thanked Carlyle for his very
+interesting lecture on silence.
+
+Carlyle sneered at almost every one: One day in my house he called
+Grote's _History_ "a fetid quagmire, with nothing spiritual about it." I
+always thought, until his _Reminiscences_ appeared, that his sneers were
+partly jokes, but this now seems rather doubtful. His expression was
+that of a depressed, almost despondent, yet benevolent man, and it is
+notorious how heartily he laughed. I believe that his benevolence was
+real, though stained by not a little jealousy. No one can doubt about
+his extraordinary power of drawing pictures of things and men--far more
+vivid, as it appears to me, than any drawn by Macaulay. Whether his
+pictures of men were true ones is another question.
+
+He has been all-powerful in impressing some grand moral truths on the
+minds of men. On the other hand, his views about slavery were
+revolting. In his eyes might was right. His mind seemed to me a very
+narrow one; even if all branches of science, which he despised, are
+excluded. It is astonishing to me that Kingsley should have spoken of
+him as a man well fitted to advance science. He laughed to scorn the
+idea that a mathematician, such as Whewell, could judge, as I maintained
+he could, of Goethe's views on light. He thought it a most ridiculous
+thing that any one should care whether a glacier moved a little quicker
+or a little slower, or moved at all. As far as I could judge, I never
+met a man with a mind so ill adapted for scientific research.
+
+Whilst living in London, I attended as regularly as I could the meetings
+of several scientific societies, and acted as secretary to the
+Geological Society. But such attendance, and ordinary society, suited my
+health so badly that we resolved to live in the country, which we both
+preferred and have never repented of.
+
+
+_Residence at Down, from September 14, 1842, to the present time, 1876._
+
+After several fruitless searches in Surrey and elsewhere, we found this
+house and purchased it. I was pleased with the diversified appearance of
+the vegetation proper to a chalk district, and so unlike what I had been
+accustomed to in the Midland counties; and still more pleased with the
+extreme quietness and rusticity of the place. It is not, however, quite
+so retired a place as a writer in a German periodical makes it, who says
+that my house can be approached only by a mule-track! Our fixing
+ourselves here has answered admirably in one way which we did not
+anticipate, namely, by being very convenient for frequent visits from
+our children.
+
+Few persons can have lived a more retired life than we have done.
+Besides short visits to the houses of relations, and occasionally to the
+seaside or elsewhere, we have gone nowhere. During the first part of our
+residence we went a little into society, and received a few friends
+here; but my health almost always suffered from the excitement, violent
+shivering and vomiting attacks being thus brought on. I have therefore
+been compelled for many years to give up all dinner-parties; and this
+has been somewhat of a deprivation to me, as such parties always put me
+into high spirits. From the same cause I have been able to invite here
+very few scientific acquaintances.
+
+My chief enjoyment and sole employment throughout life has been
+scientific work, and the excitement from such work makes me for the time
+forget, or drives quite away, my daily discomfort. I have therefore
+nothing to record during the rest of my life, except the publication of
+my several books. Perhaps a few details how they arose may be worth
+giving.
+
+_My several Publications._--In the early part of 1844, my observations
+on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of the _Beagle_ were
+published. In 1845, I took much pains in correcting a new edition of my
+_Journal of Researches_, which was originally published in 1839 as part
+of Fitz-Roy's work. The success of this my first literary child always
+tickles my vanity more than that of any of my other books. Even to this
+day it sells steadily in England and the United States, and has been
+translated for the second time into German, and into French and other
+languages. This success of a book of travels, especially of a scientific
+one, so many years after its first publication, is surprising. Ten
+thousand copies have been sold in England of the second edition. In 1846
+my _Geological Observations on South America_ were published. I record
+in a little diary, which I have always kept, that my three geological
+books (_Coral Reefs_ included) consumed four and a half years' steady
+work; "and now it is ten years since my return to England. How much time
+have I lost by illness?" I have nothing to say about these three books
+except that to my surprise new editions have lately been called for.[38]
+
+In October, 1846, I began to work on 'Cirripedia' (Barnacles). When on
+the coast of Chile, I found a most curious form, which burrowed into
+shells of Concholepas, and which differed so much from all other
+Cirripedes that I had to form a new sub-order for its sole reception.
+Lately an allied burrowing genus has been found on the shores of
+Portugal. To understand the structure of my new Cirripede I had to
+examine and dissect many of the common forms: and this gradually led me
+on to take up the whole group. I worked steadily on the subject for the
+next eight years, and ultimately published two thick volumes,[39]
+describing all the known living species, and two thin quartos on the
+extinct species. I do not doubt that Sir E. Lytton Bulwer had me in his
+mind when he introduced in one of his novels a Professor Long, who had
+written two huge volumes on limpets.
+
+Although I was employed during eight years on this work, yet I record in
+my diary that about two years out of this time was lost by illness. On
+this account I went in 1848 for some months to Malvern for hydropathic
+treatment, which did me much good, so that on my return home I was able
+to resume work. So much was I out of health that when my dear father
+died on November 13th, 1848, I was unable to attend his funeral or to
+act as one of his executors.
+
+My work on the Cirripedia possesses, I think, considerable value, as
+besides describing several new and remarkable forms, I made out the
+homologies of the various parts--I discovered the cementing apparatus,
+though I blundered dreadfully about the cement glands--and lastly I
+proved the existence in certain genera of minute males complemental to
+and parasitic on the hermaphrodites. This latter discovery has at last
+been fully confirmed; though at one time a German writer was pleased to
+attribute the whole account to my fertile imagination. The Cirripedes
+form a highly varying and difficult group of species to class; and my
+work was of considerable use to me, when I had to discuss in the _Origin
+of Species_ the principles of a natural classification. Nevertheless, I
+doubt whether the work was worth the consumption of so much time.
+
+From September 1854 I devoted my whole time to arranging my huge pile of
+notes, to observing, and to experimenting in relation to the
+transmutation of species. During the voyage of the _Beagle_ I had been
+deeply impressed by discovering in the Pampean formation great fossil
+animals covered with armour like that on the existing armadillos;
+secondly, by the manner in which closely allied animals replace one
+another in proceeding southwards over the Continent; and thirdly, by the
+South American character of most of the productions of the Galapagos
+archipelago, and more especially by the manner in which they differ
+slightly on each island of the group; none of the islands appearing to
+be very ancient in a geological sense.
+
+It was evident that such facts as these, as well as many others, could
+only be explained on the supposition that species gradually become
+modified; and the subject haunted me. But it was equally evident that
+neither the action of the surrounding conditions, nor the will of the
+organisms (especially in the case of plants) could account for the
+innumerable cases in which organisms of every kind are beautifully
+adapted to their habits of life--for instance, a woodpecker or a
+tree-frog to climb trees, or a seed for dispersal by hooks or plumes. I
+had always been much struck by such adaptations, and until these could
+be explained it seemed to me almost useless to endeavour to prove by
+indirect evidence that species have been modified.
+
+After my return to England it appeared to me that by following the
+example of Lyell in Geology, and by collecting all facts which bore in
+any way on the variation of animals and plants under domestication and
+nature, some light might perhaps be thrown on the whole subject. My
+first note-book was opened in July 1837. I worked on true Baconian
+principles, and without any theory collected facts on a wholesale scale,
+more especially with respect to domesticated productions, by printed
+enquiries, by conversation with skilful breeders and gardeners, and by
+extensive reading. When I see the list of books of all kinds which I
+read and abstracted, including whole series of Journals and
+Transactions, I am surprised at my industry. I soon perceived that
+selection was the keystone of man's success in making useful races of
+animals and plants. But how selection could be applied to organisms
+living in a state of nature remained for some time a mystery to me.
+
+In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic
+enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on _Population_, and
+being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which
+everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of
+animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances
+favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones
+to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new
+species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work; but I
+was so anxious to avoid prejudice, that I determined not for some time
+to write even the briefest sketch of it. In June 1842 I first allowed
+myself the satisfaction of writing a very brief abstract of my theory in
+pencil in 35 pages; and this was enlarged during the summer of 1844 into
+one of 230 pages, which I had fairly copied out and still possess.
+
+But at that time I overlooked one problem of great importance; and it is
+astonishing to me, except on the principle of Columbus and his egg, how
+I could have overlooked it and its solution. This problem is the
+tendency in organic beings descended from the same stock to diverge in
+character as they become modified. That they have diverged greatly is
+obvious from the manner in which species of all kinds can be classed
+under genera, genera under families, families under sub-orders, and so
+forth; and I can remember the very spot in the road, whilst in my
+carriage, when to my joy the solution occurred to me; and this was long
+after I had come to Down. The solution, as I believe, is that the
+modified offspring of all dominant and increasing forms tend to become
+adapted to many and highly diversified places in the economy of nature.
+
+Early in 1856 Lyell advised me to write out my views pretty fully, and
+I began at once to do so on a scale three or four times as extensive as
+that which was afterwards followed in my _Origin of Species_; yet it was
+only an abstract of the materials which I had collected, and I got
+through about half the work on this scale. But my plans were overthrown,
+for early in the summer of 1858 Mr. Wallace, who was then in the Malay
+archipelago, sent me an essay _On the Tendency of Varieties to depart
+indefinitely from the Original Type_; and this essay contained exactly
+the same theory as mine. Mr. Wallace expressed the wish that if I
+thought well of his essay, I should send it to Lyell for perusal.
+
+The circumstances under which I consented at the request of Lyell and
+Hooker to allow of an abstract from my MS., together with a letter to
+Asa Gray, dated September 5, 1857, to be published at the same time with
+Wallace's Essay, are given in the _Journal of the Proceedings of the
+Linnean Society_, 1858, p. 45. I was at first very unwilling to consent,
+as I thought Mr. Wallace might consider my doing so unjustifiable, for I
+did not then know how generous and noble was his disposition. The
+extract from my MS. and the letter to Asa Gray had neither been intended
+for publication, and were badly written. Mr. Wallace's essay, on the
+other hand, was admirably expressed and quite clear. Nevertheless, our
+joint productions excited very little attention, and the only published
+notice of them which I can remember was by Professor Haughton of Dublin,
+whose verdict was that all that was new in them was false, and what was
+true was old. This shows how necessary it is that any new view should be
+explained at considerable length in order to arouse public attention.
+
+In September 1858 I set to work by the strong advice of Lyell and Hooker
+to prepare a volume on the transmutation of species, but was often
+interrupted by ill-health, and short visits to Dr. Lane's delightful
+hydropathic establishment at Moor Park. I abstracted the MS. begun on a
+much larger scale in 1856, and completed the volume on the same reduced
+scale. It cost me thirteen months and ten days' hard labour. It was
+published under the title of the _Origin of Species_, in November 1859.
+Though considerably added to and corrected in the later editions, it has
+remained substantially the same book.
+
+It is no doubt the chief work of my life. It was from the first highly
+successful. The first small edition of 1250 copies was sold on the day
+of publication, and a second edition of 3000 copies soon afterwards.
+Sixteen thousand copies have now (1876) been sold in England; and
+considering how stiff a book it is, this is a large sale. It has been
+translated into almost every European tongue, even into such languages
+as Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, and Russian. It has also, according to
+Miss Bird, been translated into Japanese,[40] and is there much studied.
+Even an essay in Hebrew has appeared on it, showing that the theory is
+contained in the Old Testament! The reviews were very numerous; for some
+time I collected all that appeared on the _Origin_ and on my related
+books, and these amount (excluding newspaper reviews) to 265; but after
+a time I gave up the attempt in despair. Many separate essays and books
+on the subject have appeared; and in Germany a catalogue or bibliography
+on "Darwinismus" has appeared every year or two.
+
+The success of the _Origin_ may, I think, be attributed in large part to
+my having long before written two condensed sketches, and to my having
+finally abstracted a much larger manuscript, which was itself an
+abstract. By this means I was enabled to select the more striking facts
+and conclusions. I had, also, during many years, followed a golden rule,
+namely, that whenever a published fact, a new observation or thought
+came across me, which was opposed to my general results, to make a
+memorandum of it without fail and at once; for I had found by experience
+that such facts and thoughts were far more apt to escape from the memory
+than favourable ones. Owing to this habit, very few objections were
+raised against my views which I had not at least noticed and attempted
+to answer.
+
+It has sometimes been said that the success of the _Origin_ proved "that
+the subject was in the air," or "that men's minds were prepared for it."
+I do not think that this is strictly true, for I occasionally sounded
+not a few naturalists, and never happened to come across a single one
+who seemed to doubt about the permanence of species. Even Lyell and
+Hooker, though they would listen with interest to me, never seemed to
+agree. I tried once or twice to explain to able men what I meant by
+Natural selection, but signally failed. What I believe was strictly true
+is that innumerable well-observed facts were stored in the minds of
+naturalists ready to take their proper places as soon as any theory
+which would receive them was sufficiently explained. Another element in
+the success of the book was its moderate size; and this I owe to the
+appearance of Mr. Wallace's essay; had I published on the scale in
+which I began to write in 1856, the book would have been four or five
+times as large as the _Origin_, and very few would have had the patience
+to read it.
+
+I gained much by my delay in publishing from about 1839, when the theory
+was clearly conceived, to 1859; and I lost nothing by it, for I cared
+very little whether men attributed most originality to me or Wallace;
+and his essay no doubt aided in the reception of the theory. I was
+forestalled in only one important point, which my vanity has always made
+me regret, namely, the explanation by means of the Glacial period of the
+presence of the same species of plants and of some few animals on
+distant mountain summits and in the arctic regions. This view pleased me
+so much that I wrote it out _in extenso_, and I believe that it was read
+by Hooker some years before E. Forbes published his celebrated
+memoir[41] on the subject. In the very few points in which we differed,
+I still think that I was in the right. I have never, of course, alluded
+in print to my having independently worked out this view.
+
+Hardly any point gave me so much satisfaction when I was at work on the
+_Origin_, as the explanation of the wide difference in many classes
+between the embryo and the adult animal, and of the close resemblance of
+the embryos within the same class. No notice of this point was taken, as
+far as I remember, in the early reviews of the _Origin_, and I recollect
+expressing my surprise on this head in a letter to Asa Gray. Within late
+years several reviewers have given the whole credit to Fritz Mueller and
+Haeckel, who undoubtedly have worked it out much more fully, and in some
+respects more correctly than I did. I had materials for a whole chapter
+on the subject, and I ought to have made the discussion longer; for it
+is clear that I failed to impress my readers; and he who succeeds in
+doing so deserves, in my opinion, all the credit.
+
+This leads me to remark that I have almost always been treated honestly
+by my reviewers, passing over those without scientific knowledge as not
+worthy of notice. My views have often been grossly misrepresented,
+bitterly opposed and ridiculed, but this has been generally done, as I
+believe, in good faith. On the whole I do not doubt that my works have
+been over and over again greatly overpraised. I rejoice that I have
+avoided controversies, and this I owe to Lyell, who many years ago, in
+reference to my geological works, strongly advised me never to get
+entangled in a controversy, as it rarely did any good and caused a
+miserable loss of time and temper.
+
+Whenever I have found out that I have blundered, or that my work has
+been imperfect, and when I have been contemptuously criticised, and even
+when I have been overpraised, so that I have felt mortified, it has been
+my greatest comfort to say hundreds of times to myself that "I have
+worked as hard and as well as I could, and no man can do more than
+this." I remember when in Good Success Bay, in Tierra del Fuego,
+thinking (and, I believe, that I wrote home to the effect) that I could
+not employ my life better than in adding a little to Natural Science.
+This I have done to the best of my abilities, and critics may say what
+they like, but they cannot destroy this conviction.
+
+During the two last months of 1859 I was fully occupied in preparing a
+second edition of the _Origin_, and by an enormous correspondence. On
+January 1st, 1860, I began arranging my notes for my work on the
+_Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_; but it was not
+published until the beginning of 1868; the delay having been caused
+partly by frequent illnesses, one of which lasted seven months, and
+partly by being tempted to publish on other subjects which at the time
+interested me more.
+
+On May 15th, 1862, my little book on the _Fertilisation of Orchids_,
+which cost me ten months' work, was published: most of the facts had
+been slowly accumulated during several previous years. During the summer
+of 1839, and, I believe, during the previous summer, I was led to attend
+to the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having
+come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant. I
+attended to the subject more or less during every subsequent summer; and
+my interest in it was greatly enhanced by having procured and read in
+November 1841, through the advice of Robert Brown, a copy of C. K.
+Sprengel's wonderful book, _Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur_. For
+some years before 1862 I had specially attended to the fertilisation of
+our British orchids; and it seemed to me the best plan to prepare as
+complete a treatise on this group of plants as well as I could, rather
+than to utilise the great mass of matter which I had slowly collected
+with respect to other plants.
+
+My resolve proved a wise one; for since the appearance of my book, a
+surprising number of papers and separate works on the fertilisation of
+all kinds of flowers have appeared; and these are far better done than I
+could possibly have effected. The merits of poor old Sprengel, so long
+overlooked, are now fully recognised many years after his death.
+
+During the same year I published in the _Journal of the Linnean
+Society_, a paper _On the Two Forms, or Dimorphic Condition of Primula_,
+and during the next five years, five other papers on dimorphic and
+trimorphic plants. I do not think anything in my scientific life has
+given me so much satisfaction as making out the meaning of the structure
+of these plants. I had noticed in 1838 or 1839 the dimorphism of _Linum
+flavum_, and had at first thought that it was merely a case of unmeaning
+variability. But on examining the common species of Primula, I found
+that the two forms were much too regular and constant to be thus viewed.
+I therefore became almost convinced that the common cowslip and primrose
+were on the high-road to become dioecious;--that the short pistil in the
+one form, and the short stamens in the other form were tending towards
+abortion. The plants were therefore subjected under this point of view
+to trial; but as soon as the flowers with short pistils fertilised with
+pollen from the short stamens, were found to yield more seeds than any
+other of the four possible unions, the abortion-theory was knocked on
+the head. After some additional experiment, it became evident that the
+two forms, though both were perfect hermaphrodites, bore almost the same
+relation to one another as do the two sexes of an ordinary animal. With
+Lythrum we have the still more wonderful case of three forms standing in
+a similar relation to one another. I afterwards found that the offspring
+from the union of two plants belonging to the same forms presented a
+close and curious analogy with hybrids from the union of two distinct
+species.
+
+In the autumn of 1864 I finished a long paper on _Climbing Plants_, and
+sent it to the Linnean Society. The writing of this paper cost me four
+months: but I was so unwell when I received the proof-sheets that I was
+forced to leave them very badly and often obscurely expressed. The paper
+was little noticed, but when in 1875 it was corrected and published as a
+separate book it sold well. I was led to take up this subject by reading
+a short paper by Asa Gray, published in 1858. He sent me seeds, and on
+raising some plants I was so much fascinated and perplexed by the
+revolving movements of the tendrils and stems, which movements are
+really very simple, though appearing at first sight very complex, that I
+procured various other kinds of climbing plants, and studied the whole
+subject. I was all the more attracted to it, from not being at all
+satisfied with the explanation which Henslow gave us in his lectures,
+about twining plants, namely, that they had a natural tendency to grow
+up in a spire. This explanation proved quite erroneous. Some of the
+adaptations displayed by climbing plants are as beautiful as those of
+Orchids for ensuring cross-fertilisation.
+
+My _Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_ was begun, as
+already stated, in the beginning of 1860, but was not published until
+the beginning of 1868. It was a big book, and cost me four years and two
+months' hard labour. It gives all my observations and an immense number
+of facts collected from various sources, about our domestic productions.
+In the second volume the causes and laws of variation, inheritance, &c.,
+are discussed, as far as our present state of knowledge permits. Towards
+the end of the work I give my well-abused hypothesis of Pangenesis. An
+unverified hypothesis is of little or no value; but if any one should
+hereafter be led to make observations by which some such hypothesis
+could be established, I shall have done good service, as an astonishing
+number of isolated facts can be thus connected together and rendered
+intelligible. In 1875 a second and largely corrected edition, which cost
+me a good deal of labour, was brought out.
+
+My _Descent of Man_ was published in February 1871. As soon as I had
+become, in the year 1837 or 1838, convinced that species were mutable
+productions, I could not avoid the belief that man must come under the
+same law. Accordingly I collected notes on the subject for my own
+satisfaction, and not for a long time with any intention of publishing.
+Although in the _Origin of Species_ the derivation of any particular
+species is never discussed, yet I thought it best, in order that no
+honourable man should accuse me of concealing my views, to add that by
+the work "light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history."
+It would have been useless, and injurious to the success of the book to
+have paraded, without giving any evidence, my conviction with respect to
+his origin.
+
+But when I found that many naturalists fully accepted the doctrine of
+the evolution of species, it seemed to me advisable to work up such
+notes as I possessed, and to publish a special treatise on the origin of
+man. I was the more glad to do so, as it gave me an opportunity of fully
+discussing sexual selection--a subject which had always greatly
+interested me. This subject, and that of the variation of our domestic
+productions, together with the causes and laws of variation,
+inheritance, and the intercrossing of plants, are the sole subjects
+which I have been able to write about in full, so as to use all the
+materials which I have collected. The _Descent of Man_ took me three
+years to write, but then as usual some of this time was lost by
+ill-health, and some was consumed by preparing new editions and other
+minor works. A second and largely corrected edition of the _Descent_
+appeared in 1874.
+
+My book on the _Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals_ was
+published in the autumn of 1872. I had intended to give only a chapter
+on the subject in the _Descent of Man_, but as soon as I began to put my
+notes together, I saw that it would require a separate treatise.
+
+My first child was born on December 27th, 1839, and I at once commenced
+to make notes on the first dawn of the various expressions which he
+exhibited, for I felt convinced, even at this early period, that the
+most complex and fine shades of expression must all have had a gradual
+and natural origin. During the summer of the following year, 1840, I
+read Sir C. Bell's admirable work on expression, and this greatly
+increased the interest which I felt in the subject, though I could not
+at all agree with his belief that various muscles had been specially
+created for the sake of expression. From this time forward I
+occasionally attended to the subject, both with respect to man and our
+domesticated animals. My book sold largely; 5267 copies having been
+disposed of on the day of publication.
+
+In the summer of 1860 I was idling and resting near Hartfield, where two
+species of [Sundew] abound; and I noticed that numerous insects had been
+entrapped by the leaves. I carried home some plants, and on giving them
+insects saw the movements of the tentacles, and this made me think it
+probable that the insects were caught for some special purpose.
+Fortunately a crucial test occurred to me, that of placing a large
+number of leaves in various nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous fluids of
+equal density; and as soon as I found that the former alone excited
+energetic movements, it was obvious that here was a fine new field for
+investigation.
+
+During subsequent years, whenever I had leisure, I pursued my
+experiments, and my book on _Insectivorous Plants_ was published in July
+1875--that is sixteen years after my first observations. The delay in
+this case, as with all my other books, has been a great advantage to me;
+for a man after a long interval can criticise his own work, almost as
+well as if it were that of another person. The fact that a plant should
+secrete, when properly excited, a fluid containing an acid and ferment,
+closely analogous to the digestive fluid of an animal, was certainly a
+remarkable discovery.
+
+During this autumn of 1876 I shall publish on the _Effects of Cross-and
+Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom_. This book will form a
+complement to that on the _Fertilisation of Orchids_, in which I showed
+how perfect were the means for cross-fertilisation, and here I shall
+show how important are the results. I was led to make, during eleven
+years, the numerous experiments recorded in this volume, by a mere
+accidental observation; and indeed it required the accident to be
+repeated before my attention was thoroughly aroused to the remarkable
+fact that seedlings of self-fertilised parentage are inferior, even in
+the first generation, in height and vigour to seedlings of
+cross-fertilised parentage. I hope also to republish a revised edition
+of my book on Orchids, and hereafter my papers on dimorphic and
+trimorphic plants, together with some additional observations on allied
+points which I never have had time to arrange. My strength will then
+probably be exhausted, and I shall be ready to exclaim "Nunc dimittis."
+
+_Written May 1st, 1881._--_The Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation_
+was published in the autumn of 1876; and the results there arrived at
+explain, as I believe, the endless and wonderful contrivances for the
+transportal of pollen from one plant to another of the same species. I
+now believe, however, chiefly from the observations of Hermann Mueller,
+that I ought to have insisted more strongly than I did on the many
+adaptations for self-fertilisation; though I was well aware of many such
+adaptations. A much enlarged edition of my _Fertilisation of Orchids_
+was published in 1877.
+
+In this same year _The Different Forms of Flowers, &c._, appeared, and
+in 1880 a second edition. This book consists chiefly of the several
+papers on Hetero-styled flowers originally published by the Linnean
+Society, corrected, with much new matter added, together with
+observations on some other cases in which the same plant bears two kinds
+of flowers. As before remarked, no little discovery of mine ever gave me
+so much pleasure as the making out the meaning of heterostyled flowers.
+The results of crossing such flowers in an illegitimate manner, I
+believe to be very important, as bearing on the sterility of hybrids;
+although these results have been noticed by only a few persons.
+
+In 1879, I had a translation of Dr. Ernst Krause's _Life of Erasmus
+Darwin_ published, and I added a sketch of his character and habits from
+material in my possession. Many persons have been much interested by
+this little life, and I am surprised that only 800 or 900 copies were
+sold.
+
+In 1880 I published, with [my son] Frank's assistance our _Power of
+Movement in Plants_. This was a tough piece of work. The book bears
+somewhat the same relation to my little book on _Climbing Plants_,
+which _Cross-Fertilisation_ did to the _Fertilisation of Orchids_; for
+in accordance with the principle of evolution it was impossible to
+account for climbing plants having been developed in so many widely
+different groups unless all kinds of plants possess some slight power of
+movement of an analogous kind. This I proved to be the case; and I was
+further led to a rather wide generalisation, viz., that the great and
+important classes of movements, excited by light, the attraction of
+gravity, &c., are all modified forms of the fundamental movement of
+circumnutation. It has always pleased me to exalt plants in the scale of
+organised beings; and I therefore felt an especial pleasure in showing
+how many and what admirably well adapted movements the tip of a root
+possesses.
+
+I have now (May 1, 1881) sent to the printers the MS. of a little book
+on _The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms_. This
+is a subject of but small importance; and I know not whether it will
+interest any readers,[42] but it has interested me. It is the completion
+of a short paper read before the Geological Society more than forty
+years ago, and has revived old geological thoughts.
+
+I have now mentioned all the books which I have published, and these
+have been the milestones in my life, so that little remains to be said.
+I am not conscious of any change in my mind during the last thirty
+years, excepting in one point presently to be mentioned; nor, indeed,
+could any change have been expected unless one of general deterioration.
+But my father lived to his eighty-third year with his mind as lively as
+ever it was, and all his faculties undimmed; and I hope that I may die
+before my mind fails to a sensible extent. I think that I have become a
+little more skilful in guessing right explanations and in devising
+experimental tests; but this may probably be the result of mere
+practice, and of a larger store of knowledge. I have as much difficulty
+as ever in expressing myself clearly and concisely; and this difficulty
+has caused me a very great loss of time; but it has had the compensating
+advantage of forcing me to think long and intently about every sentence,
+and thus I have been led to see errors in reasoning and in my own
+observations or those of others.
+
+There seems to be a sort of fatality in my mind leading me to put at
+first my statement or proposition in a wrong or awkward form. Formerly I
+used to think about my sentences before writing them down; but for
+several years I have found that it saves time to scribble in a vile
+hand, whole pages as quickly as I possibly can, contracting half the
+words; and then correct deliberately. Sentences thus scribbled down are
+often better ones than I could have written deliberately.
+
+Having said thus much about my manner of writing, I will add that with
+my large books I spend a good deal of time over the general arrangement
+of the matter. I first make the rudest outline in two or three pages,
+and then a larger one in several pages, a few words or one word standing
+for a whole discussion or series of facts. Each one of these headings is
+again enlarged and often transferred before I begin to write _in
+extenso_. As in several of my books facts observed by others have been
+very extensively used, and as I have always had several quite distinct
+subjects in hand at the same time, I may mention that I keep from thirty
+to forty large portfolios, in cabinets with labelled shelves, into which
+I can at once put a detached reference or memorandum. I have bought many
+books, and at their ends I make an index of all the facts that concern
+my work; or, if the book is not my own, write out a separate abstract,
+and of such abstracts I have a large drawer full. Before beginning on
+any subject I look to all the short indexes and make a general and
+classified index, and by taking the one or more proper portfolios I have
+all the information collected during my life ready for use.
+
+I have said that in one respect my mind has changed during the last
+twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty, or beyond it, poetry of
+many kinds, such as the works of Milton, Gray, Byron, Wordsworth,
+Coleridge, and Shelley, gave me great pleasure, and even as a schoolboy
+I took intense delight in Shakespeare, especially in the historical
+plays. I have also said that formerly pictures gave me considerable, and
+music very great delight. But now for many years I cannot endure to read
+a line of poetry: I have tried lately to read Shakespeare, and found it
+so intolerably dull that it nauseated me. I have also almost lost my
+taste for pictures or music. Music generally sets me thinking too
+energetically on what I have been at work on, instead of giving me
+pleasure. I retain some taste for fine scenery, but it does not cause me
+the exquisite delight which it formerly did. On the other hand, novels,
+which are works of the imagination, though not of a very high order,
+have been for years a wonderful relief and pleasure to me, and I often
+bless all novelists. A surprising number have been read aloud to me, and
+I like all if moderately good, and if they do not end unhappily--against
+which a law ought to be passed. A novel, according to my taste, does
+not come into the first class unless it contains some person whom one
+can thoroughly love, and if a pretty woman all the better.
+
+This curious and lamentable loss of the higher aesthetic tastes is all
+the odder, as books on history, biographies, and travels (independently
+of any scientific facts which they may contain), and essays on all sorts
+of subjects interest me as much as ever they did. My mind seems to have
+become a kind of machine for grinding general laws out of large
+collections of facts, but why this should have caused the atrophy of
+that part of the brain alone, on which the higher tastes depend, I
+cannot conceive. A man with a mind more highly organised or better
+constituted than mine, would not, I suppose, have thus suffered; and if
+I had to live my life again, I would have made a rule to read some
+poetry and listen to some music at least once every week; for perhaps
+the parts of my brain now atrophied would thus have been kept active
+through use. The loss of these tastes is a loss of happiness, and may
+possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral
+character, by enfeebling the emotional part of our nature.
+
+My books have sold largely in England, have been translated into many
+languages, and passed through several editions in foreign countries. I
+have heard it said that the success of a work abroad is the best test of
+its enduring value. I doubt whether this is at all trustworthy; but
+judged by this standard my name ought to last for a few years. Therefore
+it may be worth while to try to analyse the mental qualities and the
+conditions on which my success has depended; though I am aware that no
+man can do this correctly.
+
+I have no great quickness of apprehension or wit which is so remarkable
+in some clever men, for instance, Huxley. I am therefore a poor critic:
+a paper or book, when first read, generally excites my admiration, and
+it is only after considerable reflection that I perceive the weak
+points. My power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought
+is very limited; and therefore I could never have succeeded with
+metaphysics or mathematics. My memory is extensive, yet hazy: it
+suffices to make me cautious by vaguely telling me that I have observed
+or read something opposed to the conclusion which I am drawing, or on
+the other hand in favour of it; and after a time I can generally
+recollect where to search for my authority. So poor in one sense is my
+memory, that I have never been able to remember for more than a few days
+a single date or a line of poetry.
+
+Some of my critics have said, "Oh, he is a good observer, but he has no
+power of reasoning!" I do not think that this can be true, for the
+_Origin of Species_ is one long argument from the beginning to the end,
+and it has convinced not a few able men. No one could have written it
+without having some power of reasoning. I have a fair share of
+invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly
+successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher
+degree.
+
+On the favourable side of the balance, I think that I am superior to the
+common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and
+in observing them carefully. My industry has been nearly as great as it
+could have been in the observation and collection of facts. What is far
+more important, my love of natural science has been steady and ardent.
+
+This pure love has, however, been much aided by the ambition to be
+esteemed by my fellow naturalists. From my early youth I have had the
+strongest desire to understand or explain whatever I observed,--that is,
+to group all facts under some general laws. These causes combined have
+given me the patience to reflect or ponder for any number of years over
+any unexplained problem. As far as I can judge, I am not apt to follow
+blindly the lead of other men. I have steadily endeavoured to keep my
+mind free so as to give up any hypothesis, however much beloved (and I
+cannot resist forming one on every subject), as soon as facts are shown
+to be opposed to it. Indeed, I have had no choice but to act in this
+manner, for with the exception of the Coral Reefs, I cannot remember a
+single first-formed hypothesis which had not after a time to be given up
+or greatly modified. This has naturally led me to distrust greatly,
+deductive reasoning in the mixed sciences. On the other hand, I am not
+very sceptical,--a frame of mind which I believe to be injurious to the
+progress of science. A good deal of scepticism in a scientific man is
+advisable to avoid much loss of time, [but] I have met with not a few
+men, who, I feel sure, have often thus been deterred from experiment or
+observations, which would have proved directly or indirectly
+serviceable.
+
+In illustration, I will give the oddest case which I have known. A
+gentleman (who, as I afterwards heard, is a good local botanist) wrote
+to me from the Eastern counties that the seeds or beans of the common
+field-bean had this year everywhere grown on the wrong side of the pod.
+I wrote back, asking for further information, as I did not understand
+what was meant; but I did not receive any answer for a very long time. I
+then saw in two newspapers, one published in Kent and the other in
+Yorkshire, paragraphs stating that it was a most remarkable fact that
+"the beans this year had all grown on the wrong side." So I thought
+there must be some foundation for so general a statement. Accordingly, I
+went to my gardener, an old Kentish man, and asked him whether he had
+heard anything about it, and he answered, "Oh, no, sir, it must be a
+mistake, for the beans grow on the wrong side only on leap-year." I then
+asked him how they grew in common years and how on leap-years, but soon
+found that he knew absolutely nothing of how they grew at any time, but
+he stuck to his belief.
+
+After a time I heard from my first informant, who, with many apologies,
+said that he should not have written to me had he not heard the
+statement from several intelligent farmers; but that he had since spoken
+again to every one of them, and not one knew in the least what he had
+himself meant. So that here a belief--if indeed a statement with no
+definite idea attached to it can be called a belief--had spread over
+almost the whole of England without any vestige of evidence.
+
+I have known in the course of my life only three intentionally falsified
+statements, and one of these may have been a hoax (and there have been
+several scientific hoaxes) which, however, took in an American
+Agricultural Journal. It related to the formation in Holland of a new
+breed of oxen by the crossing of distinct species of Bos (some of which
+I happen to know are sterile together), and the author had the impudence
+to state that he had corresponded with me, and that I had been deeply
+impressed with the importance of his result. The article was sent to me
+by the editor of an English Agricultural Journal, asking for my opinion
+before republishing it.
+
+A second case was an account of several varieties, raised by the author
+from several species of Primula, which had spontaneously yielded a full
+complement of seed, although the parent plants had been carefully
+protected from the access of insects. This account was published before
+I had discovered the meaning of heterostylism, and the whole statement
+must have been fraudulent, or there was neglect in excluding insects so
+gross as to be scarcely credible.
+
+The third case was more curious: Mr. Huth published in his book on
+'Consanguineous Marriage' some long extracts from a Belgian author, who
+stated that he had interbred rabbits in the closest manner for very many
+generations, without the least injurious effects. The account was
+published in a most respectable Journal, that of the Royal Society of
+Belgium; but I could not avoid feeling doubts--I hardly know why,
+except that there were no accidents of any kind, and my experience in
+breeding animals made me think this improbable.
+
+So with much hesitation I wrote to Professor Van Beneden, asking him
+whether the author was a trustworthy man. I soon heard in answer that
+the Society had been greatly shocked by discovering that the whole
+account was a fraud.[43] The writer had been publicly challenged in the
+journal to say where he had resided and kept his large stock of rabbits
+while carrying on his experiments, which must have consumed several
+years, and no answer could be extracted from him.
+
+My habits are methodical, and this has been of not a little use for my
+particular line of work. Lastly, I have had ample leisure from not
+having to earn my own bread. Even ill-health, though it has annihilated
+several years of my life, has saved me from the distractions of society
+and amusement.
+
+Therefore, my success as a man of science, whatever this may have
+amounted to, has been determined, as far as I can judge, by complex and
+diversified mental qualities and conditions. Of these, the most
+important have been--the love of science--unbounded patience in long
+reflecting over any subject--industry in observing and collecting
+facts--and a fair share of invention as well as of common-sense. With
+such moderate abilities as I possess, it is truly surprising that I
+should have influenced to a considerable extent the belief of scientific
+men on some important points.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] The late Mr. Hensleigh Wedgwood's house in Surrey.
+
+[6] Kept by Rev. G. Case, minister of the Unitarian Chapel in the High
+Street. Mrs. Darwin was a Unitarian and attended Mr. Case's chapel, and
+my father as a little boy went there with his elder sisters. But both he
+and his brother were christened and intended to belong to the Church of
+England; and after his early boyhood he seems usually to have gone to
+church and not to Mr. Case's. It appears (_St. James's Gazette_,
+December 15, 1883) that a mural tablet has been erected to his memory in
+the chapel, which is now known as the "Free Christian Church."--F. D.
+
+[7] Rev. W. A. Leighton remembers his bringing a flower to school and
+saying that his mother had taught him how by looking at the inside of
+the blossom the name of the plant could be discovered. Mr. Leighton goes
+on, "This greatly roused my attention and curiosity, and I inquired of
+him repeatedly how this could be done?"--but his lesson was naturally
+enough not transmissible.--F. D.
+
+[8] His father wisely treated this tendency not by making crimes of the
+fibs, but by making light of the discoveries.--F. D.
+
+[9] The house of his uncle, Josiah Wedgwood, the younger.
+
+[10] It is curious that another Shrewsbury boy should have been
+impressed by this military funeral; Mr. Gretton, in his _Memory's
+Harkback_, says that the scene is so strongly impressed on his mind that
+he could "walk straight to the spot in St. Chad's churchyard where the
+poor fellow was buried." The soldier was an Inniskilling Dragoon, and
+the officer in command had been recently wounded at Waterloo, where his
+corps did good service against the French Cuirassiers.
+
+[11] He lodged at Mrs. Mackay's, 11, Lothian Street. What little the
+records of Edinburgh University can reveal has been published in the
+_Edinburgh Weekly Dispatch_, May 22, 1888; and in the _St. James's
+Gazette_, February 16, 1888. From the latter journal it appears that he
+and his brother Erasmus made more use of the library than was usual
+among the students of their time.
+
+[12] I have heard him call to mind the pride he felt at the results of
+the successful treatment of a whole family with tartar emetic.--F. D.
+
+[13] Dr. Coldstream died September 17, 1863; see Crown 16mo. Book Tract.
+No. 19 of the Religious Tract Society (no date).
+
+[14] The society was founded in 1823, and expired about 1848 (_Edinburgh
+Weekly Dispatch_, May 22, 1888).
+
+[15] Josiah Wedgwood, the son of the founder of the Etruria Works.
+
+[16]
+     Justum et tenacem propositi virum
+     Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
+       Non vultus instantis tyranni
+         Mente quatit solida.
+
+[17] Tenth in the list of January 1831.
+
+[18] I gather from some of my father's contemporaries that he has
+exaggerated the Bacchanalian nature of those parties.--F. D.
+
+[19] Rev. C. Whitley, Hon. Canon of Durham, formerly Reader in Natural
+Philosophy in Durham University.
+
+[20] The late John Maurice Herbert, County Court Judge of Cardiff and
+the Monmouth Circuit.
+
+[21] Afterwards Sir H. Thompson, first baronet.
+
+[22] The _Cambridge Ray Club_, which in 1887 attained its fiftieth
+anniversary, is the direct descendant of these meetings, having been
+founded to fill the blank caused by the discontinuance, in 1836, of
+Henslow's Friday evenings. See Professor Babington's pamphlet, _The
+Cambridge Ray Club_, 1887.
+
+[23] Mr. Jenyns (now Blomefield) described the fish for the _Zoology of
+the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle_; and is author of a long series of papers,
+chiefly Zoological. In 1887 he printed, for private circulation, an
+autobiographical sketch, _Chapters in my Life_, and subsequently some
+(undated) addenda. The well-known Soame Jenyns was cousin to Mr. Jenyns'
+father.
+
+[24] In connection with this tour my father used to tell a story about
+Sedgwick: they had started from their inn one morning, and had walked a
+mile or two, when Sedgwick suddenly stopped, and vowed that he would
+return, being certain "that damned scoundrel" (the waiter) had not given
+the chambermaid the sixpence intrusted to him for the purpose. He was
+ultimately persuaded to give up the project, seeing that there was no
+reason for suspecting the waiter of perfidy.--F. D.
+
+[25] _Philosophical Magazine_, 1842.
+
+[26] Josiah Wedgwood.
+
+[27] The Count d'Albanie's claim to Royal descent has been shown to be
+baaed on a myth. See the _Quarterly Review_, 1847, vol. lxxxi. p. 83;
+also Hayward's _Biographical and Critical Essays_, 1873, vol. ii. p.
+201.
+
+[28] Read at the meeting held November 16, 1835, and printed in a
+pamphlet of 31 pp. for distribution among the members of the Society.
+
+[29] In Fitzwilliam Street.
+
+[30] _Geolog. Soc. Proc._ ii. 1838, pp. 416-449.
+
+[31] 1839, pp. 39-82.
+
+[32] _Geolog. Soc. Proc._ iii. 1842.
+
+[33] _Geolog. Trans._ v. 1840.
+
+[34] _Geolog. Soc. Proc._ ii. 1838.
+
+[35] _Philosophical Magazine_, 1842.
+
+[36] The slight repetition here observable is accounted for by the notes
+on Lyell, &c., having been added in April, 1881, a few years after the
+rest of the _Recollections_ were written.--F. D.
+
+[37] A passage referring to X. is here omitted.--F. D.
+
+[38] _Geological Observations_, 2nd Edit. 1876. _Coral Reefs_, 2nd Edit.
+1874
+
+[39] Published by the Ray Society.
+
+[40] Miss Bird is mistaken, as I learn from Professor Mitsukuri.--F. D.
+
+[41] _Geolog. Survey Mem._, 1846.
+
+[42] Between November 1881 and February 1884, 8500 copies were sold.--F.
+D.
+
+[43] The falseness of the published statements on which Mr. Huth relied
+were pointed out in a slip inserted in all the unsold copies of his
+book, _The Marriage of near Kin_.--F. D.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+RELIGION.
+
+
+My father in his published works was reticent on the matter of religion,
+and what he has left on the subject was not written with a view to
+publication.[44]
+
+I believe that his reticence arose from several causes. He felt strongly
+that a man's religion is an essentially private matter, and one
+concerning himself alone. This is indicated by the following extract
+from a letter of 1879:--[45]
+
+"What my own views may be is a question of no consequence to any one but
+myself. But, as you ask, I may state that my judgment often
+fluctuates.... In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an
+Atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. I think that
+generally (and more and more as I grow older), but not always, that an
+Agnostic would be the more correct description of my state of mind."
+
+He naturally shrank from wounding the sensibilities of others in
+religious matters, and he was also influenced by the consciousness that
+a man ought not to publish on a subject to which he has not given
+special and continuous thought. That he felt this caution to apply to
+himself in the matter of religion is shown in a letter to Dr. F. E.
+Abbott, of Cambridge, U.S. (September 6, 1871). After explaining that
+the weakness arising from bad health prevented him from feeling "equal
+to deep reflection, on the deepest subject which can fill a man's mind,"
+he goes on to say: "With respect to my former notes to you, I quite
+forget their contents. I have to write many letters, and can reflect but
+little on what I write; but I fully believe and hope that I have never
+written a word, which at the time I did not think; but I think you will
+agree with me, that anything which is to be given to the public ought to
+be maturely weighed and cautiously put. It never occurred to me that you
+would wish to print any extract from my notes: if it had, I would have
+kept a copy. I put 'private' from habit, only as yet partially acquired,
+from some hasty notes of mine having been printed, which were not in the
+least degree worth printing, though otherwise unobjectionable. It is
+simply ridiculous to suppose that my former note to you would be worth
+sending to me, with any part marked which you desire to print; but if
+you like to do so, I will at once say whether I should have any
+objection. I feel in some degree unwilling to express myself publicly on
+religious subjects, as I do not feel that I have thought deeply enough
+to justify any publicity."
+
+What follows is from another letter to Dr. Abbott (November 16, 1871),
+in which my father gives more fully his reasons for not feeling
+competent to write on religious and moral subjects:--
+
+"I can say with entire truth that I feel honoured by your request that I
+should become a contributor to the _Index_, and am much obliged for the
+draft. I fully, also, subscribe to the proposition that it is the duty
+of every one to spread what he believes to be the truth; and I honour
+you for doing so, with so much devotion and zeal. But I cannot comply
+with your request for the following reasons; and excuse me for giving
+them in some detail, as I should be very sorry to appear in your eyes
+ungracious. My health is very weak: I _never_ pass 24 hours without many
+hours of discomfort, when I can do nothing whatever. I have thus, also,
+lost two whole consecutive months this season. Owing to this weakness,
+and my head being often giddy, I am unable to master new subjects
+requiring much thought, and can deal only with old materials. At no time
+am I a quick thinker or writer: whatever I have done in science has
+solely been by long pondering, patience and industry.
+
+"Now I have never systematically thought much on religion in relation to
+science, or on morals in relation to society; and without steadily
+keeping my mind on such subjects for a long period, I am really
+incapable of writing anything worth sending to the _Index_."
+
+He was more than once asked to give his views on religion, and he had,
+as a rule, no objection to doing so in a private letter. Thus, in answer
+to a Dutch student, he wrote (April 2, 1873):--
+
+"I am sure you will excuse my writing at length, when I tell you that I
+have long been much out of health, and am now staying away from my home
+for rest.
+
+"It is impossible to answer your question briefly; and I am not sure
+that I could do so, even if I wrote at some length. But I may say that
+the impossibility of conceiving that this grand and wondrous universe,
+with our conscious selves, arose through chance, seems to me the chief
+argument for the existence of God; but whether this is an argument of
+real value, I have never been able to decide. I am aware that if we
+admit a First Cause, the mind still craves to know whence it came, and
+how it arose. Nor can I overlook the difficulty from the immense amount
+of suffering through the world. I am, also, induced to defer to a
+certain extent to the judgment of the many able men who have fully
+believed in God; but here again I see how poor an argument this is. The
+safest conclusion seems to me that the whole subject is beyond the scope
+of man's intellect; but man can do his duty."
+
+Again in 1879 he was applied to by a German student, in a similar
+manner. The letter was answered by a member of my father's family, who
+wrote:--
+
+"Mr. Darwin begs me to say that he receives so many letters, that he
+cannot answer them all.
+
+"He considers that the theory of Evolution is quite compatible with the
+belief in a God; but that you must remember that different persons have
+different definitions of what they mean by God."
+
+This, however, did not satisfy the German youth, who again wrote to my
+father, and received from him the following reply:--
+
+"I am much engaged, an old man, and out of health, and I cannot spare
+time to answer your questions fully,--nor indeed can they be answered.
+Science has nothing to do with Christ, except in so far as the habit of
+scientific research makes a man cautious in admitting evidence. For
+myself, I do not believe that there ever has been any revelation. As for
+a future life, every man must judge for himself between conflicting
+vague probabilities."
+
+The passages which here follow are extracts, somewhat abbreviated, from
+a part of the Autobiography, written in 1876, in which my father gives
+the history of his religious views:--
+
+"During these two years[46] I was led to think much about religion.
+Whilst on board the _Beagle_ I was quite orthodox, and I remember being
+heartily laughed at by several of the officers (though themselves
+orthodox) for quoting the Bible as an unanswerable authority on some
+point of morality. I suppose it was the novelty of the argument that
+amused them. But I had gradually come by this time, _i.e._ 1836 to 1839,
+to see that the Old Testament was no more to be trusted than the sacred
+books of the Hindoos. The question then continually rose before my mind
+and would not be banished,--is it credible that if God were now to make
+a revelation to the Hindoos, he would permit it to be connected with the
+belief in Vishnu, Siva, &c., as Christianity is connected with the Old
+Testament? This appeared to me utterly incredible.
+
+"By further reflecting that the clearest evidence would be requisite to
+make any sane man believe in the miracles by which Christianity is
+supported,--and that the more we know of the fixed laws of nature the
+more incredible do miracles become,--that the men at that time were
+ignorant and credulous to a degree almost incomprehensible by us,--that
+the Gospels cannot be proved to have been written simultaneously with
+the events,--that they differ in many important details, far too
+important, as it seemed to me, to be admitted as the usual inaccuracies
+of eye-witnesses;--by such reflections as these, which I give not as
+having the least novelty or value, but as they influenced me, I
+gradually came to disbelieve in Christianity as a divine revelation. The
+fact that many false religions have spread over large portions of the
+earth like wildfire had some weight with me.
+
+"But I was very unwilling to give up my belief; I feel sure of this, for
+I can well remember often and often inventing day-dreams of old letters
+between distinguished Romans, and manuscripts being discovered at
+Pompeii or elsewhere, which confirmed in the most striking manner all
+that was written in the Gospels. But I found it more and more difficult,
+with free scope given to my imagination, to invent evidence which would
+suffice to convince me. Thus disbelief crept over me at a very slow
+rate, but was at last complete. The rate was so slow that I felt no
+distress.
+
+"Although I did not think much about the existence of a personal God
+until a considerably later period of my life, I will here give the vague
+conclusions to which I have been driven. The old argument from design in
+Nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive,
+fails, now that the law of natural selection has been discovered. We can
+no longer argue that, for instance, the beautiful hinge of a bivalve
+shell must have been made by an intelligent being, like the hinge of a
+door by man. There seems to be no more design in the variability of
+organic beings, and in the action of natural selection, than in the
+course which the wind blows. But I have discussed this subject at the
+end of my book on the _Variation of Domesticated Animals and
+Plants_,[47] and the argument there given has never, as far as I can
+see, been answered.
+
+"But passing over the endless beautiful adaptations which we everywhere
+meet with, it may be asked how can the generally beneficent arrangement
+of the world be accounted for? Some writers indeed are so much impressed
+with the amount of suffering in the world, that they doubt, if we look
+to all sentient beings, whether there is more of misery or of happiness;
+whether the world as a whole is a good or a bad one. According to my
+judgment happiness decidedly prevails, though this would be very
+difficult to prove. If the truth of this conclusion be granted, it
+harmonizes well with the effects which we might expect from natural
+selection. If all the individuals of any species were habitually to
+suffer to an extreme degree, they would neglect to propagate their kind;
+but we have no reason to believe that this has ever, or at least often
+occurred. Some other considerations, moreover, lead to the belief that
+all sentient beings have been formed so as to enjoy, as a general rule,
+happiness.
+
+"Every one who believes, as I do, that all the corporeal and mental
+organs (excepting those which are neither advantageous nor
+disadvantageous to the possessor) of all beings have been developed
+through natural selection, or the survival of the fittest, together with
+use or habit, will admit that these organs have been formed so that
+their possessors may compete successfully with other beings, and thus
+increase in number. Now an animal may be led to pursue that course of
+action which is most beneficial to the species by suffering, such as
+pain, hunger, thirst, and fear; or by pleasure, as in eating and
+drinking, and in the propagation of the species, &c.; or by both means
+combined, as in the search for food. But pain or suffering of any kind,
+if long continued, causes depression and lessens the power of action,
+yet is well adapted to make a creature guard itself against any great or
+sudden evil. Pleasurable sensations, on the other hand, may be long
+continued without any depressing effect; on the contrary, they stimulate
+the whole system to increased action. Hence it has come to pass that
+most or all sentient beings have been developed in such a manner,
+through natural selection, that pleasurable sensations serve as their
+habitual guides. We see this in the pleasure from exertion, even
+occasionally from great exertion of the body or mind,--in the pleasure
+of our daily meals, and especially in the pleasure derived from
+sociability, and from loving our families. The sum of such pleasures as
+these, which are habitual or frequently recurrent, give, as I can hardly
+doubt, to most sentient beings an excess of happiness over misery,
+although many occasionally suffer much. Such suffering is quite
+compatible with the belief in Natural Selection, which is not perfect in
+its action, but tends only to render each species as successful as
+possible in the battle for life with other species, in wonderfully
+complex and changing circumstances.
+
+"That there is much suffering in the world no one disputes. Some have
+attempted to explain this with reference to man by imagining that it
+serves for his moral improvement. But the number of men in the world is
+as nothing compared with that of all other sentient beings, and they
+often suffer greatly without any moral improvement. This very old
+argument from the existence of suffering against the existence of an
+intelligent First Cause seems to me a strong one; whereas, as just
+remarked, the presence of much suffering agrees well with the view that
+all organic beings have been developed through variation and natural
+selection.
+
+"At the present day the most usual argument for the existence of an
+intelligent God is drawn from the deep inward conviction and feelings
+which are experienced by most persons.
+
+"Formerly I was led by feelings such as those just referred to (although
+I do not think that the religious sentiment was ever strongly developed
+in me), to the firm conviction of the existence of God and of the
+immortality of the soul. In my Journal I wrote that whilst standing in
+the midst of the grandeur of a Brazilian forest, 'it is not possible to
+give an adequate idea of the higher feelings of wonder, admiration, and
+devotion which fill and elevate the mind.' I well remember my
+conviction that there is more in man than the mere breath of his body;
+but now the grandest scenes would not cause any such convictions and
+feelings to rise in my mind. It may be truly said that I am like a man
+who has become colour-blind, and the universal belief by men of the
+existence of redness makes my present loss of perception of not the
+least value as evidence. This argument would be a valid one if all men
+of all races had the same inward conviction of the existence of one God;
+but we know that this is very far from being the case. Therefore I
+cannot see that such inward convictions and feelings are of any weight
+as evidence of what really exists. The state of mind which grand scenes
+formerly excited in me, and which was intimately connected with a belief
+in God, did not essentially differ from that which is often called the
+sense of sublimity; and however difficult it may be to explain the
+genesis of this sense, it can hardly be advanced as an argument for the
+existence of God, any more than the powerful though vague and similar
+feelings excited by music.
+
+"With respect to immortality, nothing, shows me [so clearly] how strong
+and almost instinctive a belief it is as the consideration of the view
+now held by most physicists, namely, that the sun with all the planets
+will in time grow too cold for life, unless indeed some great body
+dashes into the sun and thus gives it fresh life. Believing as I do that
+man in the distant future will be a far more perfect creature than he
+now is, it is an intolerable thought that he and all other sentient
+beings are doomed to complete annihilation after such long-continued
+slow progress. To those who fully admit the immortality of the human
+soul, the destruction of our world will not appear so dreadful.
+
+"Another source of conviction in the existence of God, connected with
+the reason and not with the feelings, impresses me as having much more
+weight. This follows from the extreme difficulty or rather impossibility
+of conceiving this immense and wonderful universe, including man with
+his capacity of looking far backwards and far into futurity, as the
+result of blind chance or necessity. When thus reflecting, I feel
+compelled to look to a First Cause having an intelligent mind in some
+degree analogous to that of man; and I deserve to be called a Theist.
+This conclusion was strong in my mind about the time, as far as I can
+remember, when I wrote the _Origin of Species_, and it is since that
+time that it has very gradually, with many fluctuations, become weaker.
+But then arises the doubt--can the mind of man, which has, as I fully
+believe, been developed from a mind as low as that possessed by the
+lowest animals, be trusted when it draws such grand conclusions?
+
+"I cannot pretend to throw the least light on such abstruse problems.
+The mystery of the beginning of all things is insoluble by us, and I for
+one must be content to remain an Agnostic."
+
+The following letters repeat to some extent what is given above from the
+_Autobiography_. The first one refers to _The Boundaries of Science: a
+Dialogue_, published in _Macmillan's Magazine_, for July 1861.
+
+
+_C. D. to Miss Julia Wedgwood_, July 11 [1861].
+
+Some one has sent us _Macmillan_, and I must tell you how much I admire
+your Article, though at the same time I must confess that I could not
+clearly follow you in some parts, which probably is in main part due to
+my not being at all accustomed to metaphysical trains of thought. I
+think that you understand my book[48] perfectly, and that I find a very
+rare event with my critics. The ideas in the last page have several
+times vaguely crossed my mind. Owing to several correspondents, I have
+been led lately to think, or rather to try to think, over some of the
+chief points discussed by you. But the result has been with me a
+maze--something like thinking on the origin of evil, to which you
+allude. The mind refuses to look at this universe, being what it is,
+without having been designed; yet, where one would most expect design,
+viz. in the structure of a sentient being, the more I think on the
+subject, the less I can see proof of design. Asa Gray and some others
+look at each variation, or at least at each beneficial variation (which
+A. Gray would compare with the raindrops[49] which do not fall on the
+sea, but on to the land to fertilise it) as having been providentially
+designed. Yet when I ask him whether he looks at each variation in the
+rock-pigeon, by which man has made by accumulation a pouter or fantail
+pigeon, as providentially designed for man's amusement, he does not know
+what to answer; and if he, or any one, admits [that] these variations
+are accidental, as far as purpose is concerned (of course not accidental
+as to their cause or origin), then I can see no reason why he should
+rank the accumulated variations by which the beautifully-adapted
+woodpecker has been formed as providentially designed. For it would be
+easy to imagine the enlarged crop of the pouter, or tail of the fantail,
+as of some use to birds, in a state of nature, having peculiar habits of
+life. These are the considerations which perplex me about design; but
+whether you will care to hear them, I know not.
+
+On the subject of design, he wrote (July 1860) to Dr. Gray:
+
+"One word more on 'designed laws' and 'undesigned results.' I see a bird
+which I want for food, take my gun and kill it, I do this _designedly_.
+An innocent and good man stands under a tree and is killed by a flash of
+lightning. Do you believe (and I really should like to hear) that God
+_designedly_ killed this man? Many or most persons do believe this; I
+can't and don't. If you believe so, do you believe that when a swallow
+snaps up a gnat that God designed that that particular swallow should
+snap up that particular gnat at that particular instant? I believe that
+the man and the gnat are in the same predicament. If the death of
+neither man nor gnat is designed, I see no good reason to believe that
+their _first_ birth or production should be necessarily designed."
+
+
+_C. D. to W. Graham._ Down, July 3rd, 1881.
+
+DEAR SIR,--I hope that you will not think it intrusive on my part to
+thank you heartily for the pleasure which I have derived from reading
+your admirably-written _Creed of Science_, though I have not yet quite
+finished it, as now that I am old I read very slowly. It is a very long
+time since any other book has interested me so much. The work must have
+cost you several years and much hard labour with full leisure for work.
+You would not probably expect any one fully to agree with you on so many
+abstruse subjects; and there are some points in your book which I cannot
+digest. The chief one is that the existence of so-called natural laws
+implies purpose. I cannot see this. Not to mention that many expect that
+the several great laws will some day be found to follow inevitably from
+some one single law, yet taking the laws as we now know them, and look
+at the moon, where the law of gravitation--and no doubt of the
+conservation of energy--of the atomic theory, &c., &c., hold good, and I
+cannot see that there is then necessarily any purpose. Would there be
+purpose if the lowest organisms alone, destitute of consciousness,
+existed in the moon? But I have had no practice in abstract reasoning,
+and I may be all astray. Nevertheless you have expressed my inward
+conviction, though far more vividly and clearly than I could have done,
+that the Universe is not the result of chance.[50] But then with me the
+horrid doubt always arises whether the convictions of man's mind, which
+has been developed from the mind of the lower animals, are of any value
+or at all trustworthy. Would any one trust in the convictions of a
+monkey's mind, if there are any convictions in such a mind? Secondly, I
+think that I could make somewhat of a case against the enormous
+importance which you attribute to our greatest men; I have been
+accustomed to think second, third, and fourth-rate men of very high
+importance, at least in the case of Science. Lastly, I could show fight
+on natural selection having done and doing more for the progress of
+civilisation than you seem inclined to admit. Remember what risk the
+nations of Europe ran, not so many centuries ago, of being overwhelmed
+by the Turks, and how ridiculous such an idea now is! The more civilised
+so-called Caucasian races have beaten the Turkish hollow in the struggle
+for existence. Looking to the world at no very distant date, what an
+endless number of the lower races will have been eliminated by the
+higher civilised races throughout the world. But I will write no more,
+and not even mention the many points in your work which have much
+interested me. I have indeed cause to apologise for troubling you with
+my impressions, and my sole excuse is the excitement in my mind which
+your book has aroused.
+
+I beg leave to remain, dear sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged.
+
+
+Darwin spoke little on these subjects, and I can contribute nothing from
+my own recollection of his conversation which can add to the impression
+here given of his attitude towards Religion.[51] Some further idea of
+his views may, however, be gathered from occasional remarks in his
+letters.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[44] As an exception, may be mentioned, a few words of concurrence with
+Dr. Abbott's _Truths for the Times_, which my father allowed to be
+published in the _Index_.
+
+[45] Addressed to Mr. J. Fordyce, and published by him in his _Aspects
+of Scepticism_, 1883.
+
+[46] October 1836 to January 1839.
+
+[47] My father asks whether we are to believe that the forms are
+preordained of the broken fragments of rock which are fitted together by
+man to build his houses. If not, why should we believe that the
+variations of domestic animals or plants are preordained for the sake of
+the breeder? "But if we give up the principle in one case, ... no shadow
+of reason can be assigned for the belief that variations alike in nature
+and the result of the same general laws, which have been the groundwork
+through natural selection of the formation of the most perfectly adapted
+animals in the world, man included, were intentionally and specially
+guided."--_Variation of Animals and Plants_, 1st Edit. vol. ii. p.
+431.--F. D.
+
+[48] The _Origin of Species_.
+
+[49] Dr. Gray's rain-drop metaphor occurs in the Essay, _Darwin and his
+Reviewers_ (_Darwiniana_, p. 157): "The whole animate life of a country
+depends absolutely upon the vegetation, the vegetation upon the rain.
+The moisture is furnished by the ocean, is raised by the sun's heat from
+the ocean's surface, and is wafted inland by the winds. But what
+multitudes of rain-drops fall back into the ocean--are as much without a
+final cause as the incipient varieties which come to nothing! Does it
+therefore follow that the rains which are bestowed upon the soil with
+such rule and average regularity were not designed to support vegetable
+and animal life?"
+
+[50] The Duke of Argyll (_Good Words_, April 1885, p. 244) has recorded
+a few words on this subject, spoken by my father in the last year of his
+life. " ... in the course of that conversation I said to Mr. Darwin,
+with reference to some of his own remarkable works on the _Fertilisation
+of Orchids_, and upon _The Earthworms_, and various other observations
+he made of the wonderful contrivances for certain purposes in nature--I
+said it was impossible to look at these without seeing that they were
+the effect and the expression of mind. I shall never forget Mr. Darwin's
+answer. He looked at me very hard and said, 'Well, that often comes over
+me with overwhelming force; but at other times,' and he shook his head
+vaguely, adding, 'it seems to go away.'"
+
+[51] Dr. Aveling has published an account of a conversation with my
+father. I think that the readers of this pamphlet (_The Religious Views
+of Charles Darwin_, Free Thought Publishing Company, 1883) may be misled
+into seeing more resemblance than really existed between the positions
+of my father and Dr. Aveling: and I say this in spite of my conviction
+that Dr. Aveling gives quite fairly his impressions of my father's
+views. Dr. Aveling tried to show that the terms "Agnostic" and "Atheist"
+are practically equivalent--that an atheist is one who, without denying
+the existence of God, is without God, inasmuch as he is unconvinced of
+the existence of a Deity. My father's replies implied his preference for
+the unaggressive attitude of an Agnostic. Dr. Aveling seems (p. 5) to
+regard the absence of aggressiveness in my father's views as
+distinguishing them in an unessential manner from his own. But, in my
+judgment, it is precisely differences of this kind which distinguish him
+so completely from the class of thinkers to which Dr. Aveling belongs.
+
+[Illustration: THE STUDY AT DOWN.[52]]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+REMINISCENCES OF MY FATHER'S EVERYDAY LIFE.
+
+
+It is my wish in the present chapter to give some idea of my father's
+everyday life. It has seemed to me that I might carry out this object in
+the form of a rough sketch of a day's life at Down, interspersed with
+such recollections as are called up by the record. Many of these
+recollections, which have a meaning for those who knew my father, will
+seem colourless or trifling to strangers. Nevertheless, I give them in
+the hope that they may help to preserve that impression of his
+personality which remains on the minds of those who knew and loved
+him--an impression at once so vivid and so untranslatable into words.
+
+Of his personal appearance (in these days of multiplied photographs) it
+is hardly necessary to say much. He was about six feet in height, but
+scarcely looked so tall, as he stooped a good deal; in later days he
+yielded to the stoop; but I can remember seeing him long ago swinging
+back his arms to open out his chest, and holding himself upright with a
+jerk. He gave one the idea that he had been active rather than strong;
+his shoulders were not broad for his height, though certainly not
+narrow. As a young man he must have had much endurance, for on one of
+the shore excursions from the _Beagle_, when all were suffering from
+want of water, he was one of the two who were better able than the rest
+to struggle on in search of it. As a boy he was active, and could jump a
+bar placed at the height of the "Adam's apple" in his neck.
+
+He walked with a swinging action, using a stick heavily shod with iron,
+which he struck loudly against the ground, producing as he went round
+the "Sand-walk" at Down, a rhythmical click which is with all of us a
+very distinct remembrance. As he returned from the midday walk, often
+carrying the waterproof or cloak which had proved too hot, one could see
+that the swinging step was kept up by something of an effort. Indoors
+his step was often slow and laboured, and as he went upstairs in the
+afternoon he might be heard mounting the stairs with a heavy footfall,
+as if each step were an effort. When interested in his work he moved
+about quickly and easily enough, and often in the midst of dictating he
+went eagerly into the hall to get a pinch of snuff, leaving the study
+door open, and calling out the last words of his sentence as he left the
+room.
+
+In spite of his activity, he had, I think, no natural grace or neatness
+of movement. He was awkward with his hands, and was unable to draw at
+all well.[53] This he always regretted, and he frequently urged the
+paramount necessity to a young naturalist of making himself a good
+draughtsman.
+
+He could dissect well under the simple microscope, but I think it was by
+dint of his great patience and carefulness. It was characteristic of him
+that he thought any little bit of skilful dissection something almost
+superhuman. He used to speak with admiration of the skill with which he
+saw Newport dissect a humble bee, getting out the nervous system with a
+few cuts of a pair of fine scissors. He used to consider cutting
+microscopic sections a great feat, and in the last year of his life,
+with wonderful energy, took the pains to learn to cut sections of roots
+and leaves. His hand was not steady enough to hold the object to be cut,
+and he employed a common microtome, in which the pith for holding the
+object was clamped, and the razor slid on a glass surface. He used to
+laugh at himself, and at his own skill in section-cutting, at which he
+would say he was "speechless with admiration." On the other hand, he
+must have had accuracy of eye and power of co-ordinating his movements,
+since he was a good shot with a gun as a young man, and as a boy was
+skilful in throwing. He once killed a hare sitting in the flower-garden
+at Shrewsbury by throwing a marble at it, and, as a man, he killed a
+cross-beak with a stone. He was so unhappy at having uselessly killed
+the cross-beak that he did not mention it for years, and then explained
+that he should never have thrown at it if he had not felt sure that his
+old skill had gone from him.
+
+His beard was full and almost untrimmed, the hair being grey and white,
+fine rather than coarse, and wavy or frizzled. His moustache was
+somewhat disfigured by being cut short and square across. He became very
+bald, having only a fringe of dark hair behind.
+
+His face was ruddy in colour, and this perhaps made people think him
+less of an invalid than he was. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (June 13,
+1849), "Every one tells me that I look quite blooming and beautiful; and
+most think I am shamming, but you have never been one of those." And it
+must be remembered that at this time he was miserably ill, far worse
+than in later years. His eyes were bluish grey under deep overhanging
+brows, with thick, bushy projecting eye-brows. His high forehead was
+deeply wrinkled, but otherwise his face was not much marked or lined.
+His expression showed no signs of the continual discomfort he suffered.
+
+When he was excited with pleasant talk his whole manner was wonderfully
+bright and animated, and his face shared to the full in the general
+animation. His laugh was a free and sounding peal, like that of a man
+who gives himself sympathetically and with enjoyment to the person and
+the thing which have amused him. He often used some sort of gesture with
+his laugh, lifting up his hands or bringing one down with a slap. I
+think, generally speaking, he was given to gesture, and often used his
+hands in explaining anything (_e.g._ the fertilisation of a flower) in a
+way that seemed rather an aid to himself than to the listener. He did
+this on occasions when most people would illustrate their explanations
+by means of a rough pencil sketch.
+
+He wore dark clothes, of a loose and easy fit. Of late years he gave up
+the tall hat even in London, and wore a soft black one in winter, and a
+big straw hat in summer. His usual out-of-doors dress was the short
+cloak in which Elliot and Fry's photograph[54] represents him, leaning
+against the pillar of the verandah. Two peculiarities of his indoor
+dress were that he almost always wore a shawl over his shoulders, and
+that he had great loose cloth boots lined with fur which he could slip
+on over his indoor shoes.
+
+He rose early, and took a short turn before breakfast, a habit which
+began when he went for the first time to a water-cure establishment, and
+was preserved till almost the end of his life. I used, as a little boy,
+to like going out with him, and I have a vague sense of the red of the
+winter sunrise, and a recollection of the pleasant companionship, and a
+certain honour and glory in it. He used to delight me as a boy by
+telling me how, in still earlier walks, on dark winter mornings, he had
+once or twice met foxes trotting home at the dawning.
+
+After breakfasting alone about 7.45, he went to work at once,
+considering the 1-1/2 hour between 8 and 9.30 one of his best working
+times. At 9.30 he came in to the drawing-room for his letters--rejoicing
+if the post was a light one and being sometimes much worried if it was
+not. He would then hear any family letters read aloud as he lay on the
+sofa.
+
+The reading aloud, which also included part of a novel, lasted till
+about half-past ten, when he went back to work till twelve or a quarter
+past. By this time he considered his day's work over, and would often
+say, in a satisfied voice, "_I've_ done a good day's work." He then went
+out of doors whether it was wet or fine; Polly, his white terrier, went
+with him in fair weather, but in rain she refused or might be seen
+hesitating in the verandah, with a mixed expression of disgust and shame
+at her own want of courage; generally, however, her conscience carried
+the day, and as soon as he was evidently gone she could not bear to stay
+behind.
+
+My father was always fond of dogs, and as a young man had the power of
+stealing away the affections of his sister's pets; at Cambridge, he won
+the love of his cousin W. D. Fox's dog, and this may perhaps have been
+the little beast which used to creep down inside his bed and sleep at
+the foot every night. My father had a surly dog, who was devoted to him,
+but unfriendly to every one else, and when he came back from the
+_Beagle_ voyage, the dog remembered him, but in a curious way, which my
+father was fond of telling. He went into the yard and shouted in his
+old manner; the dog rushed out and set off with him on his walk, showing
+no more emotion or excitement than if the same thing had happened the
+day before, instead of five years ago. This story is made use of in the
+_Descent of Man_, 2nd Edit. p. 74.
+
+In my memory there were only two dogs which had much connection with my
+father. One was a large black and white half-bred retriever, called Bob,
+to which we, as children, were much devoted. He was the dog of whom the
+story of the "hot-house face" is told in the _Expression of the
+Emotions_.
+
+But the dog most closely associated with my father was the
+above-mentioned Polly, a rough, white fox-terrier. She was a
+sharp-witted, affectionate dog; when her master was going away on a
+journey, she always discovered the fact by the signs of packing going on
+in the study, and became low-spirited accordingly. She began, too, to be
+excited by seeing the study prepared for his return home. She was a
+cunning little creature, and used to tremble or put on an air of misery
+when my father passed, while she was waiting for dinner, just as if she
+knew that he would say (as he did often say) that "she was famishing."
+My father used to make her catch biscuits off her nose, and had an
+affectionate and mock-solemn way of explaining to her before-hand that
+she must "be a very good girl." She had a mark on her back where she had
+been burnt, and where the hair had re-grown red instead of white, and my
+father used to commend her for this tuft of hair as being in accordance
+with his theory of pangenesis; her father had been a red bull-terrier,
+thus the red hair appearing after the burn showed the presence of latent
+red gemmules. He was delightfully tender to Polly, and never showed any
+impatience at the attentions she required, such as to be let in at the
+door, or out at the verandah window, to bark at "naughty people," a
+self-imposed duty she much enjoyed. She died, or rather had to be
+killed, a few days after his death.[55]
+
+My father's mid-day walk generally began by a call at the greenhouse,
+where he looked at any germinating seeds or experimental plants which
+required a casual examination, but he hardly ever did any serious
+observing at this time. Then he went on for his constitutional--either
+round the "Sand-walk," or outside his own grounds in the immediate
+neighbourhood of the house. The "Sand-walk" was a narrow strip of land
+1-1/2 acre in extent, with a gravel-walk round it. On one side of it was
+a broad old shaw with fair-sized oaks in it, which made a sheltered shady
+walk; the other side was separated from a neighbouring grass field by a
+low quickset hedge, over which you could look at what view there was, a
+quiet little valley losing itself in the upland country towards the edge
+of the Westerham hill, with hazel coppice and larch plantation, the
+remnants of what was once a large wood, stretching away to the Westerham
+high road. I have heard my father say that the charm of this simple
+little valley was a decided factor in his choice of a home.
+
+The Sand-walk was planted by my father with a variety of trees, such as
+hazel, alder, lime, hornbeam, birch, privet, and dogwood, and with a
+long line of hollies all down the exposed side. In earlier times he took
+a certain number of turns every day, and used to count them by means of
+a heap of flints, one of which he kicked out on the path each time he
+passed. Of late years I think he did not keep to any fixed number of
+turns, but took as many as he felt strength for. The Sand-walk was our
+play-ground as children, and here we continually saw my father as he
+walked round. He liked to see what we were doing, and was ever ready to
+sympathize in any fun that was going on. It is curious to think how,
+with regard to the Sand-walk in connection with my father, my earliest
+recollections coincide with my latest; it shows the unvarying character
+of his habits.
+
+Sometimes when alone he stood still or walked stealthily to observe
+birds or beasts. It was on one of these occasions that some young
+squirrels ran up his back and legs, while their mother barked at them in
+an agony from the tree. He always found birds' nests even up to the last
+years of his life, and we, as children, considered that he had a special
+genius in this direction. In his quiet prowls he came across the less
+common birds, but I fancy he used to conceal it from me as a little boy,
+because he observed the agony of mind which I endured at not having seen
+the siskin or goldfinch, or some other of the less common birds. He used
+to tell us how, when he was creeping noiselessly along in the
+"Big-Woods," he came upon a fox asleep in the daytime, which was so much
+astonished that it took a good stare at him before it ran off. A Spitz
+dog which accompanied him showed no sign of excitement at the fox, and
+he used to end the story by wondering how the dog could have been so
+faint-hearted.
+
+Another favourite place was "Orchis Bank," above the quiet Cudham
+valley, where fly- and musk-orchis grew among the junipers, and
+Cephalanthera and Neottia under the beech boughs; the little wood
+"Hangrove," just above this, he was also fond of, and here I remember
+his collecting grasses, when he took a fancy to make out the names of
+all the common kinds. He was fond of quoting the saying of one of his
+little boys, who, having found a grass that his father had not seen
+before, had it laid by his own plate during dinner, remarking, "I are an
+extraordinary grass-finder!"
+
+My father much enjoyed wandering idly in the garden with my mother or
+some of his children, or making one of a party, sitting on a bench on
+the lawn; he generally sat, however, on the grass, and I remember him
+often lying under one of the big lime-trees, with his head on the green
+mound at its foot. In dry summer weather, when we often sat out, the
+fly-wheel of the well was commonly heard spinning round, and so the
+sound became associated with those pleasant days. He used to like to
+watch us playing at lawn-tennis, and often knocked up a stray ball for
+us with the curved handle of his stick.
+
+Though he took no personal share in the management of the garden, he had
+great delight in the beauty of flowers--for instance, in the mass of
+Azaleas which generally stood in the drawing-room. I think he sometimes
+fused together his admiration of the structure of a flower and of its
+intrinsic beauty; for instance, in the case of the big pendulous pink
+and white flowers of Diclytra. In the same way he had an affection,
+half-artistic, half-botanical, for the little blue Lobelia. In admiring
+flowers, he would often laugh at the dingy high-art colours, and
+contrast them with the bright tints of nature. I used to like to hear
+him admire the beauty of a flower; it was a kind of gratitude to the
+flower itself, and a personal love for its delicate form and colour. I
+seem to remember him gently touching a flower he delighted in; it was
+the same simple admiration that a child might have.
+
+He could not help personifying natural things. This feeling came out in
+abuse as well as in praise--_e.g._ of some seedlings--"The little
+beggars are doing just what I don't want them to." He would speak in a
+half-provoked, half-admiring way of the ingenuity of the leaf of a
+Sensitive Plant in screwing itself out of a basin of water in which he
+had tried to fix it. One might see the same spirit in his way of
+speaking of Sundew, earthworms, &c.[56]
+
+Within my memory, his only outdoor recreation, besides walking, was
+riding; this was taken up at the recommendation of Dr. Bence Jones, and
+we had the luck to find for him the easiest and quietest cob in the
+world, named "Tommy." He enjoyed these rides extremely, and devised a
+series of short rounds which brought him home in time for lunch. Our
+country is good for this purpose, owing to the number of small valleys
+which give a variety to what in a flat country would be a dull loop of
+road. I think he felt surprised at himself, when he remembered how bold
+a rider he had been, and how utterly old age and bad health had taken
+away his nerve. He would say that riding prevented him thinking much
+more effectually than walking--that having to attend to the horse gave
+him occupation sufficient to prevent any really hard thinking. And the
+change of scene which it gave him was good for spirits and health.
+
+If I go beyond my own experience, and recall what I have heard him say
+of his love for sport, &c., I can think of a good deal, but much of it
+would be a repetition of what is contained in his _Recollections_. He
+was fond of his gun as quite a boy, and became a good shot; he used to
+tell how in South America he killed twenty-three snipe in twenty-four
+shots. In telling the story he was careful to add that he thought they
+were not quite so wild as English snipe.
+
+Luncheon at Down came after his mid-day walk; and here I may say a word
+or two about his meals generally. He had a boy-like love of sweets,
+unluckily for himself, since he was constantly forbidden to take them.
+He was not particularly successful in keeping the "vows," as he called
+them, which he made against eating sweets, and never considered them
+binding unless he made them aloud.
+
+He drank very little wine, but enjoyed and was revived by the little he
+did drink. He had a horror of drinking, and constantly warned his boys
+that any one might be led into drinking too much. I remember, in my
+innocence as a small boy, asking him if he had been ever tipsy; and he
+answered very gravely that he was ashamed to say he had once drunk too
+much at Cambridge. I was much impressed, so that I know now the place
+where the question was asked.
+
+After his lunch he read the newspaper, lying on the sofa in the
+drawing-room. I think the paper was the only non-scientific matter which
+he read to himself. Everything else, novels, travels, history, was read
+aloud to him. He took so wide an interest in life, that there was much
+to occupy him in newspapers, though he laughed at the wordiness of the
+debates, reading them, I think, only in abstract. His interest in
+politics was considerable, but his opinion on these matters was formed
+rather by the way than with any serious amount of thought.
+
+After he had read his paper, came his time for writing letters. These,
+as well as the MS. of his books, were written by him as he sat in a huge
+horse-hair chair by the fire, his paper supported on a board resting on
+the arms of the chair. When he had many or long letters to write, he
+would dictate them from a rough copy; these rough copies were written on
+the backs of manuscript or of proof-sheets, and were almost illegible,
+sometimes even to himself. He made a rule of keeping all letters that he
+received; this was a habit which he learnt from his father, and which he
+said had been of great use to him.
+
+Many letters were addressed to him by foolish, unscrupulous people, and
+all of these received replies. He used to say that if he did not answer
+them, he had it on his conscience afterwards, and no doubt it was in
+great measure the courtesy with which he answered every one which
+produced the widespread sense of his kindness of nature which was so
+evident on his death.
+
+He was considerate to his correspondents in other and lesser things--for
+instance, when dictating a letter to a foreigner, he hardly ever failed
+to say to me, "You'd better try and write well, as it's to a foreigner."
+His letters were generally written on the assumption that they would be
+carelessly read; thus, when he was dictating, he was careful to tell me
+to make an important clause begin with an obvious paragraph, "to catch
+his eye," as he often said. How much he thought of the trouble he gave
+others by asking questions, will be well enough shown by his letters.
+
+He had a printed form to be used in replying to troublesome
+correspondents, but he hardly ever used it; I suppose he never found an
+occasion that seemed exactly suitable. I remember an occasion on which
+it might have been used with advantage. He received a letter from a
+stranger stating that the writer had undertaken to uphold Evolution at a
+debating society, and that being a busy young man, without time for
+reading, he wished to have a sketch of my father's views. Even this
+wonderful young man got a civil answer, though I think he did not get
+much material for his speech. His rule was to thank the donors of books,
+but not of pamphlets. He sometimes expressed surprise that so few
+thanked him for his books which he gave away liberally; the letters
+that he did receive gave him much pleasure, because he habitually
+formed so humble an estimate of the value of all his works, that he was
+genuinely surprised at the interest which they excited.
+
+In money and business matters he was remarkably careful and exact. He
+kept accounts with great care, classifying them, and balancing at the
+end of the year like a merchant. I remember the quick way in which he
+would reach out for his account-book to enter each cheque paid, as
+though he were in a hurry to get it entered before he had forgotten it.
+His father must have allowed him to believe that he would be poorer than
+he really was, for some of the difficulty experienced over finding a
+house in the country must have arisen from the modest sum he felt
+prepared to give. Yet he knew, of course, that he would be in easy
+circumstances, for in his _Recollections_ he mentions this as one of the
+reasons for his not having worked at medicine with so much zeal as he
+would have done if he had been obliged to gain his living.
+
+He had a pet economy in paper, but it was rather a hobby than a real
+economy. All the blank sheets of letters received were kept in a
+portfolio to be used in making notes; it was his respect for paper that
+made him write so much on the backs of his old MS., and in this way,
+unfortunately, he destroyed large parts of the original MS. of his
+books. His feeling about paper extended to waste paper, and he objected,
+half in fun, to the habit of throwing a spill into the fire after it had
+been used for lighting a candle.
+
+He had a great respect for pure business capacity, and often spoke with
+admiration of a relative who had doubled his fortune. And of himself
+would often say in fun that what he really _was_ proud of was the money
+he had saved. He also felt satisfaction in the money he made by his
+books. His anxiety to save came in great measure from his fears that his
+children would not have health enough to earn their own livings, a
+foreboding which fairly haunted him for many years. And I have a dim
+recollection of his saying, "Thank God, you'll have bread and cheese,"
+when I was so young that I was inclined to take it literally.
+
+When letters were finished, about three in the afternoon, he rested in
+his bedroom, lying on the sofa, smoking a cigarette, and listening to a
+novel or other book not scientific. He only smoked when resting, whereas
+snuff was a stimulant, and was taken during working hours. He took snuff
+for many years of his life, having learnt the habit at Edinburgh as a
+student. He had a nice silver snuff-box given him by Mrs. Wedgwood, of
+Maer, which he valued much--but he rarely carried it, because it tempted
+him to take too many pinches. In one of his early letters he speaks of
+having given up snuff for a month, and describes himself as feeling
+"most lethargic, stupid, and melancholy." Our former neighbour and
+clergyman, Mr. Brodie Innes, tells me that at one time my father made a
+resolve not to take snuff, except away from home, "a most satisfactory
+arrangement for me," he adds, "as I kept a box in my study, to which
+there was access from the garden without summoning servants, and I had
+more frequently, than might have been otherwise the case, the privilege
+of a few minutes' conversation with my dear friend." He generally took
+snuff from a jar on the hall-table, because having to go this distance
+for a pinch was a slight check; the clink of the lid of the snuff-jar
+was a very familiar sound. Sometimes when he was in the drawing-room, it
+would occur to him that the study fire must be burning low, and when one
+of us offered to see after it, it would turn out that he also wished to
+get a pinch of snuff.
+
+Smoking he only took to permanently of late years, though on his Pampas
+rides he learned to smoke with the Gauchos, and I have heard him speak
+of the great comfort of a cup of _mate_ and a cigarette when he halted
+after a long ride and was unable to get food for some time.
+
+He came down at four o'clock to dress for his walk, and he was so
+regular that one might be quite certain it was within a few minutes of
+four when his descending steps were heard.
+
+From about half-past four to half-past five he worked; then he came to
+the drawing-room, and was idle till it was time (about six) to go up for
+another rest with novel-reading and a cigarette.
+
+Latterly he gave up late dinner, and had a simple tea at half-past seven
+(while we had dinner), with an egg or a small piece of meat. After
+dinner he never stayed in the room, and used to apologise by saying he
+was an old woman who must be allowed to leave with the ladies. This was
+one of the many signs and results of his constant weakness and
+ill-health. Half an hour more or less conversation would make to him the
+difference of a sleepless night and of the loss perhaps of half the next
+day's work.
+
+After dinner he played backgammon with my mother, two games being played
+every night. For many years a score of the games which each won was
+kept, and in this score he took the greatest interest. He became
+extremely animated over these games, bitterly lamenting his bad luck
+and exploding with exaggerated mock-anger at my mother's good fortune.
+
+After playing backgammon he read some scientific book to himself, either
+in the drawing-room, or, if much talking was going on, in the study.
+
+In the evening--that is, after he had read as much as his strength would
+allow, and before the reading aloud began--he would often lie on the
+sofa and listen to my mother playing the piano. He had not a good ear,
+yet in spite of this he had a true love of fine music. He used to lament
+that his enjoyment of music had become dulled with age, yet within my
+recollection his love of a good tune was strong. I never heard him hum
+more than one tune, the Welsh song "Ar hyd y nos," which he went through
+correctly; he used also, I believe, to hum a little Otaheitan song. From
+his want of ear he was unable to recognise a tune when he heard it
+again, but he remained constant to what he liked, and would often say,
+when an old favourite was played, "That's a fine thing; what is it?" He
+liked especially parts of Beethoven's symphonies and bits of Handel. He
+was sensitive to differences in style, and enjoyed the late Mrs. Vernon
+Lushington's playing intensely, and in June 1881, when Hans Richter paid
+a visit at Down, he was roused to strong enthusiasm by his magnificent
+performance on the piano. He enjoyed good singing, and was moved almost
+to tears by grand or pathetic songs. His niece Lady Farrer's singing of
+Sullivan's "Will he come" was a never-failing enjoyment to him. He was
+humble in the extreme about his own taste, and correspondingly pleased
+when he found that others agreed with him.
+
+He became much tired in the evenings, especially of late years, and left
+the drawing-room about ten, going to bed at half-past ten. His nights
+were generally bad, and he often lay awake or sat up in bed for hours,
+suffering much discomfort. He was troubled at night by the activity of
+his thoughts, and would become exhausted by his mind working at some
+problem which he would willingly have dismissed. At night, too, anything
+which had vexed or troubled him in the day would haunt him, and I think
+it was then that he suffered if he had not answered some troublesome
+correspondent.
+
+The regular readings, which I have mentioned, continued for so many
+years, enabled him to get through a great deal of the lighter kinds of
+literature. He was extremely fond of novels, and I remember well the way
+in which he would anticipate the pleasure of having a novel read to him
+as he lay down or lighted his cigarette. He took a vivid interest both
+in plot and characters, and would on no account know beforehand how a
+story finished; he considered looking at the end of a novel as a
+feminine vice. He could not enjoy any story with a tragical end; for
+this reason he did not keenly appreciate George Eliot, though he often
+spoke, warmly in praise of _Silas Marner_. Walter Scott, Miss Austen,
+and Mrs. Gaskell were read and re-read till they could be read no more.
+He had two or three books in hand at the same time--a novel and perhaps
+a biography and a book of travels. He did not often read out-of-the-way
+or old standard books, but generally kept to the books of the day
+obtained from a circulating library.
+
+His literary tastes and opinions were not on a level with the rest of
+his mind. He himself, though he was clear as to what he thought good,
+considered that in matters of literary tastes he was quite outside the
+pale, and often spoke of what those within it liked or disliked, as if
+they formed a class to which he had no claim to belong.
+
+In all matters of art he was inclined to laugh at professed critics and
+say that their opinions were formed by fashion. Thus in painting, he
+would say how in his day every one admired masters who are now
+neglected. His love of pictures as a young man is almost a proof that he
+must have had an appreciation of a portrait as a work of art, not as a
+likeness. Yet he often talked laughingly of the small worth of
+portraits, and said that a photograph was worth any number of pictures,
+as if he were blind to the artistic quality in a painted portrait. But
+this was generally said in his attempts to persuade us to give up the
+idea of having his portrait painted, an operation very irksome to him.
+
+This way of looking at himself as an ignoramus in all matters of art,
+was strengthened by the absence of pretence, which was part of his
+character. With regard to questions of taste, as well as to more serious
+things he had the courage of his opinions. I remember, however, an
+instance that sounds like a contradiction to this: when he was looking
+at the Turners in Mr. Ruskin's bedroom, he did not confess, as he did
+afterwards, that he could make out absolutely nothing of what Mr. Ruskin
+saw in them. But this little pretence was not for his own sake, but for
+the sake of courtesy to his host. He was pleased and amused when
+subsequently Mr. Ruskin brought him some photographs of pictures (I
+think Vandyke portraits), and courteously seemed to value my father's
+opinion about them.
+
+Much of his scientific reading was in German, and this was a serious
+labour to him; in reading a book after him, I was often struck at
+seeing, from the pencil-marks made each day where he left off, how
+little he could read at a time. He used to call German the "Verdammte,"
+pronounced as if in English. He was especially indignant with Germans,
+because he was convinced that they could write simply if they chose, and
+often praised Professor Hildebrand of Freiburg for writing German which
+was as clear as French. He sometimes gave a German sentence to a friend,
+a patriotic German lady, and used to laugh at her if she did not
+translate it fluently. He himself learnt German simply by hammering away
+with a dictionary; he would say that his only way was to read a sentence
+a great many times over, and at last the meaning occurred to him. When
+he began German long ago, he boasted of the fact (as he used to tell) to
+Sir J. Hooker, who replied, "Ah, my dear fellow, that's nothing; I've
+begun it many times."
+
+In spite of his want of grammar, he managed to get on wonderfully with
+German, and the sentences that he failed to make out were generally
+difficult ones. He never attempted to speak German correctly, but
+pronounced the words as though they were English; and this made it not a
+little difficult to help him, when he read out a German sentence and
+asked for a translation. He certainly had a bad ear for vocal sounds, so
+that he found it impossible to perceive small differences in
+pronunciation.
+
+His wide interest in branches of science that were not specially his own
+was remarkable. In the biological sciences his doctrines make themselves
+felt so widely that there was something interesting to him in most
+departments. He read a good deal of many quite special works, and large
+parts of text books, such as Huxley's _Invertebrate Anatomy_, or such a
+book as Balfour's _Embryology_, where the detail, at any rate, was not
+specially in his own line. And in the case of elaborate books of the
+monograph type, though he did not make a study of them, yet he felt the
+strongest admiration for them.
+
+In the non-biological sciences he felt keen sympathy with work of which
+he could not really judge. For instance, he used to read nearly the
+whole of _Nature_, though so much of it deals with mathematics and
+physics. I have often heard him say that he got a kind of satisfaction
+in reading articles which (according to himself) he could not
+understand. I wish I could reproduce the manner in which he would laugh
+at himself for it.
+
+It was remarkable, too, how he kept up his interest in subjects at
+which he had formerly worked. This was strikingly the case with geology.
+In one of his letters to Mr. Judd he begs him to pay him a visit, saying
+that since Lyell's death he hardly ever gets a geological talk. His
+observations, made only a few years before his death, on the upright
+pebbles in the drift at Southampton, and discussed in a letter to Sir A.
+Geikie, afford another instance. Again, in his letters to Dr. Dohrn, he
+shows how his interest in barnacles remained alive. I think it was all
+due to the vitality and persistence of his mind--a quality I have heard
+him speak of as if he felt that he was strongly gifted in that respect.
+Not that he used any such phrases as these about himself, but he would
+say that he had the power of keeping a subject or question more or less
+before him for a great many years. The extent to which he possessed this
+power appears when we consider the number of different problems which he
+solved, and the early period at which some of them began to occupy him.
+
+It was a sure sign that he was not well when he was idle at any times
+other than his regular resting hours; for, as long as he remained
+moderately well, there was no break in the regularity of his life.
+Week-days and Sundays passed by alike, each with their stated intervals
+of work and rest. It is almost impossible, except for those who watched
+his daily life, to realise how essential to his well-being was the
+regular routine that I have sketched: and with what pain and difficulty
+anything beyond it was attempted. Any public appearance, even of the
+most modest kind, was an effort to him. In 1871 he went to the little
+village church for the wedding of his elder daughter, but he could
+hardly bear the fatigue of being present through the short service. The
+same may be said of the few other occasions on which he was present at
+similar ceremonies.
+
+I remember him many years ago at a christening; a memory which has
+remained with me, because to us children his being at church was an
+extraordinary occurrence. I remember his look most distinctly at his
+brother Erasmus's funeral, as he stood in the scattering of snow,
+wrapped in a long black funeral cloak, with a grave look of sad reverie.
+
+When, after an absence of many years, he attended a meeting of the
+Linnean Society, it was felt to be, and was in fact, a serious
+undertaking; one not to be determined on without much sinking of heart,
+and hardly to be carried into effect without paying a penalty of
+subsequent suffering. In the same way a breakfast-party at Sir James
+Paget's, with some of the distinguished visitors to the Medical
+Congress (1881), was to him a severe exertion.
+
+The early morning was the only time at which he could make any effort of
+the kind, with comparative impunity. Thus it came about that the visits
+he paid to his scientific friends in London were by preference made as
+early as ten in the morning. For the same reason he started on his
+journeys by the earliest possible train, and used to arrive at the
+houses of relatives in London when they were beginning their day.
+
+He kept an accurate journal of the days on which he worked and those on
+which his ill health prevented him from working, so that it would be
+possible to tell how many were idle days in any given year. In this
+journal--a little yellow Letts's Diary, which lay open on his
+mantel-piece, piled on the diaries of previous years--he also entered
+the day on which he started for a holiday and that of his return.
+
+The most frequent holidays were visits of a week to London, either to
+his brother's house (6 Queen Anne Street), or to his daughter's (4
+Bryanston Street). He was generally persuaded by my mother to take these
+short holidays, when it became clear from the frequency of "bad days,"
+or from the swimming of his head, that he was being overworked. He went
+unwillingly, and tried to drive hard bargains, stipulating, for
+instance, that he should come home in five days instead of six. The
+discomfort of a journey to him was, at least latterly, chiefly in the
+anticipation, and in the miserable sinking feeling from which he
+suffered immediately before the start; even a fairly long journey, such
+as that to Coniston, tired him wonderfully little, considering how much
+an invalid he was; and he certainly enjoyed it in an almost boyish way,
+and to a curious degree.
+
+Although, as he has said, some of his aesthetic tastes had suffered a
+gradual decay, his love of scenery remained fresh and strong. Every walk
+at Coniston was a fresh delight, and he was never tired of praising the
+beauty of the broken hilly country at the head of the lake.
+
+Besides these longer holidays, there were shorter visits to various
+relatives--to his brother-in-law's house, close to Leith Hill, and to
+his son near Southampton. He always particularly enjoyed rambling over
+rough open country, such as the commons near Leith Hill and Southampton,
+the heath-covered wastes of Ashdown Forest, or the delightful "Rough"
+near the house of his friend Sir Thomas Farrer. He never was quite idle
+even on these holidays, and found things to observe. At Hartfield he
+watched Drosera catching insects, &c.; at Torquay he observed the
+fertilisation of an orchid (_Spiranthes_), and also made out the
+relations of the sexes in Thyme.
+
+He rejoiced at his return home after his holidays, and greatly enjoyed
+the welcome he got from his dog Polly, who would get wild with
+excitement, panting, squeaking, rushing round the room, and jumping on
+and off the chairs; and he used to stoop down, pressing her face to his,
+letting her lick him, and speaking to her with a peculiarly tender,
+caressing voice.
+
+My father had the power of giving to these summer holidays a charm which
+was strongly felt by all his family. The pressure of his work at home
+kept him at the utmost stretch of his powers of endurance, and when
+released from it, he entered on a holiday with a youthfulness of
+enjoyment that made his companionship delightful; we felt that we saw
+more of him in a week's holiday than in a month at home.
+
+Besides the holidays which I have mentioned, there were his visits to
+water-cure establishments. In 1849, when very ill, suffering from
+constant sickness, he was urged by a friend to try the water-cure, and
+at last agreed to go to Dr. Gully's establishment at Malvern. His
+letters to Mr. Fox show how much good the treatment did him; he seems to
+have thought that he had found a cure for his troubles, but, like all
+other remedies, it had only a transient effect on him. However, he found
+it, at first, so good for him, that when he came home he built himself a
+douche-bath, and the butler learnt to be his bathman.
+
+He was too, a frequent patient at Dr. Lane's water-cure establishment,
+Moor Park, near Aldershot, visits to which he always looked back with
+pleasure.
+
+Some idea of his relation to his family and his friends may be gathered
+from what has gone before; it would be impossible to attempt a complete
+account of these relationships, but a slightly fuller outline may not be
+out of place. Of his married life I cannot speak, save in the briefest
+manner. In his relationship towards my mother, his tender and
+sympathetic nature was shown in its most beautiful aspect. In her
+presence he found his happiness, and through her, his life--which might
+have been overshadowed by gloom--became one of content and quiet
+gladness.
+
+The _Expression of the Emotions_ shows how closely he watched his
+children; it was characteristic of him that (as I have heard him tell),
+although he was so anxious to observe accurately the expression of a
+crying child, his sympathy with the grief spoiled his observation. His
+note-book, in which are recorded sayings of his young children, shows
+his pleasure in them. He seemed to retain a sort of regretful memory of
+the childhoods which had faded away, and thus he wrote in his
+_Recollections_:--"When you were very young it was my delight to play
+with you all, and I think with a sigh that such days can never return."
+
+I quote, as showing the tenderness of his nature, some sentences from an
+account of his little daughter Annie, written a few days after her
+death:--
+
+"Our poor child, Annie, was born in Gower Street, on March 2, 1841, and
+expired at Malvern at mid-day on the 23rd of April, 1851.
+
+"I write these few pages, as I think in after years, if we live, the
+impressions now put down will recall more vividly her chief
+characteristics. From whatever point I look back at her, the main
+feature in her disposition which at once rises before me, is her buoyant
+joyousness, tempered by two other characteristics, namely, her
+sensitiveness, which might easily have been overlooked by a stranger,
+and her strong affection. Her joyousness and animal spirits radiated
+from her whole countenance, and rendered every movement elastic and full
+of life and vigour. It was delightful and cheerful to behold her. Her
+dear face now rises before me, as she used sometimes to come running
+downstairs with a stolen pinch of snuff for me, her whole form radiant
+with the pleasure of giving pleasure. Even when playing with her
+cousins, when her joyousness almost passed into boisterousness, a single
+glance of my eye, not of displeasure (for I thank God I hardly ever cast
+one on her), but of want of sympathy, would for some minutes alter her
+whole countenance.
+
+"The other point in her character, which made her joyousness and spirits
+so delightful, was her strong affection, which was of a most clinging,
+fondling nature. When quite a baby, this showed itself in never being
+easy without touching her mother, when in bed with her; and quite lately
+she would, when poorly, fondle for any length of time one of her
+mother's arms. When very unwell, her mother lying down beside her,
+seemed to soothe her in a manner quite different from what it would have
+done to any of our other children. So, again, she would at almost any
+time spend half-an-hour in arranging my hair, 'making it,' as she called
+it, 'beautiful,' or in smoothing, the poor dear darling, my collar or
+cuffs--in short, in fondling me.
+
+"Besides her joyousness thus tempered, she was in her manners
+remarkably cordial, frank, open, straightforward, natural, and without
+any shade of reserve. Her whole mind was pure and transparent. One felt
+one knew her thoroughly and could trust her. I always thought, that come
+what might, we should have had, in our old age, at least one loving
+soul, which nothing could have changed. All her movements were vigorous,
+active, and usually graceful. When going round the Sand-walk with me,
+although I walked fast, yet she often used to go before, pirouetting in
+the most elegant way, her dear face bright all the time with the
+sweetest smiles. Occasionally she had a pretty coquettish manner towards
+me, the memory of which is charming. She often used exaggerated
+language, and when I quizzed her by exaggerating what she had said, how
+clearly can I now see the little toss of the head, and exclamation of
+'Oh, papa, what a shame of you!' In the last short illness, her conduct
+in simple truth was angelic. She never once complained; never became
+fretful; was ever considerate of others, and was thankful in the most
+gentle, pathetic manner for everything done for her. When so exhausted
+that she could hardly speak, she praised everything that was given her,
+and said some tea 'was beautifully good.' When I gave her some water,
+she said, 'I quite thank you;' and these, I believe, were the last
+precious words ever addressed by her dear lips to me.
+
+"We have lost the joy of the household, and the solace of our old age.
+She must have known how we loved her. Oh, that she could now know how
+deeply, how tenderly, we do still and shall ever love her dear joyous
+face! Blessings on her![57]
+
+"April 30, 1851."
+
+We, his children, all took especial pleasure in the games he played at
+with us, and in his stories, which, partly on account of their rarity,
+were considered specially delightful.
+
+The way he brought us up is shown by a little story about my brother
+Leonard, which my father was fond of telling. He came into the
+drawing-room and found Leonard dancing about on the sofa, to the peril
+of the springs, and said, "Oh, Lenny, Lenny, that's against all rules,"
+and received for answer, "Then I think you'd better go out of the room."
+I do not believe he ever spoke an angry word to any of his children in
+his life; but I am certain that it never entered our heads to disobey
+him. I well remember one occasion when my father reproved me for a piece
+of carelessness; and I can still recall the feeling of depression which
+came over me, and the care which he took to disperse it by speaking to
+me soon afterwards with especial kindness. He kept up his delightful,
+affectionate manner towards us all his life. I sometimes wonder that he
+could do so, with such an undemonstrative race as we are; but I hope he
+knew how much we delighted in his loving words and manner. He allowed
+his grown-up children to laugh with and at him, and was generally
+speaking on terms of perfect equality with us.
+
+He was always full of interest about each one's plans or successes. We
+used to laugh at him, and say he would not believe in his sons, because,
+for instance, he would be a little doubtful about their taking some bit
+of work for which he did not feel sure that they had knowledge enough.
+On the other hand, he was only too much inclined to take a favourable
+view of our work. When I thought he had set too high a value on anything
+that I had done, he used to be indignant and inclined to explode in mock
+anger. His doubts were part of his humility concerning what was in any
+way connected with himself; his too favourable view of our work was due
+to his sympathetic nature, which made him lenient to every one.
+
+He kept up towards his children his delightful manner of expressing his
+thanks; and I never wrote a letter, or read a page aloud to him, without
+receiving a few kind words of recognition. His love and goodness towards
+his little grandson Bernard were great; and he often spoke of the
+pleasure it was to him to see "his little face opposite to him" at
+luncheon. He and Bernard used to compare their tastes; _e.g._, in liking
+brown sugar better than white, &c.; the result being, "We always agree,
+don't we?"
+
+My sister writes:--
+
+"My first remembrances of my father are of the delights of his playing
+with us. He was passionately attached to his own children, although he
+was not an indiscriminate child-lover. To all of us he was the most
+delightful play-fellow, and the most perfect sympathiser. Indeed it is
+impossible adequately to describe how delightful a relation his was to
+his family, whether as children or in their later life.
+
+"It is a proof of the terms on which we were, and also of how much he
+was valued as a play-fellow, that one of his sons when about four years
+old tried to bribe him with sixpence to come and play in working hours.
+
+"He must have been the most patient and delightful of nurses. I remember
+the haven of peace and comfort it seemed to me when I was unwell, to be
+tucked up on the study sofa, idly considering the old geological map
+hung on the wall. This must have been in his working hours, for I always
+picture him sitting in the horse hair arm chair by the corner of the
+fire.
+
+"Another mark of his unbounded patience was the way in which we were
+suffered to make raids into the study when we had an absolute need of
+sticking plaster, string, pins, scissors, stamps, foot rule, or hammer.
+These and other such necessaries were always to be found in the study,
+and it was the only place where this was a certainty. We used to feel it
+wrong to go in during work time; still, when the necessity was great, we
+did so. I remember his patient look when he said once, 'Don't you think
+you could not come in again, I have been interrupted very often.' We
+used to dread going in for sticking plaster, because he disliked to see
+that we had cut ourselves, both for our sakes and on account of his
+acute sensitiveness to the sight of blood. I well remember lurking about
+the passage till he was safe away, and then stealing in for the plaster.
+
+"Life seems to me, as I look back upon it, to have been very regular in
+those early days, and except relations (and a few intimate friends), I
+do not think any one came to the house. After lessons, we were always
+free to go where we would, and that was chiefly in the drawing-room and
+about the garden, so that we were very much with both my father and
+mother. We used to think it most delightful when he told us any stories
+about the _Beagle_, or about early Shrewsbury days--little bits about
+school life and his boyish tastes.
+
+"He cared for all our pursuits and interests, and lived our lives with
+us in a way that very few fathers do. But I am certain that none of us
+felt that this intimacy interfered the least with our respect and
+obedience. Whatever he said was absolute truth and law to us. He always
+put his whole mind into answering any of our questions. One trifling
+instance makes me feel how he cared for what we cared for. He had no
+special taste for cats, but yet he knew and remembered the
+individualities of my many cats, and would talk about the habits and
+characters of the more remarkable ones years after they had died.
+
+"Another characteristic of his treatment of his children was his respect
+for their liberty, and for their personality. Even as quite a little
+girl, I remember rejoicing in this sense of freedom. Our father and
+mother would not even wish to know what we were doing or thinking unless
+we wished to tell. He always made us feel that we were each of us
+creatures whose opinions and thoughts were valuable to him, so that
+whatever there was best in us came out in the sunshine of his presence.
+
+"I do not think his exaggerated sense of our good qualities,
+intellectual or moral, made us conceited, as might perhaps have been
+expected, but rather more humble and grateful to him. The reason being
+no doubt that the influence of his character, of his sincerity and
+greatness of nature, had a much deeper and more lasting effect than any
+small exaltation which his praises or admiration may have caused to our
+vanity."[58]
+
+As head of a household he was much loved and respected; he always spoke
+to servants with politeness, using the expression, "would you be so
+good," in asking for anything. He was hardly ever angry with his
+servants; it shows how seldom this occurred, that when, as a small boy,
+I overheard a servant being scolded, and my father speaking angrily, it
+impressed me as an appalling circumstance, and I remember running up
+stairs out of a general sense of awe. He did not trouble himself about
+the management of the garden, cows, &c. He considered the horses so
+little his concern, that he used to ask doubtfully whether he might have
+a horse and cart to send to Keston for Sundew, or to the Westerham
+nurseries for plants, or the like.
+
+As a host my father had a peculiar charm: the presence of visitors
+excited him, and made him appear to his best advantage. At Shrewsbury,
+he used to say, it was his father's wish that the guests should be
+attended to constantly, and in one of the letters to Fox he speaks of
+the impossibility of writing a letter while the house was full of
+company. I think he always felt uneasy at not doing more for the
+entertainment of his guests, but the result was successful; and, to make
+up for any loss, there was the gain that the guests felt perfectly free
+to do as they liked. The most usual visitors were those who stayed from
+Saturday till Monday; those who remained longer were generally
+relatives, and were considered to be rather more my mother's affair than
+his.
+
+Besides these visitors, there were foreigners and other strangers, who
+came down for luncheon and went away in the afternoon. He used
+conscientiously to represent to them the enormous distance of Down from
+London, and the labour it would be to come there, unconsciously taking
+for granted that they would find the journey as toilsome as he did
+himself. If, however, they were not deterred, he used to arrange their
+journeys for them, telling them when to come, and practically when to
+go. It was pleasant to see the way in which he shook hands with a guest
+who was being welcomed for the first time; his hand used to shoot out in
+a way that gave one the feeling that it was hastening to meet the
+guest's hands. With old friends his hand came down with a hearty swing
+into the other hand in a way I always had satisfaction in seeing. His
+good-bye was chiefly characterised by the pleasant way in which he
+thanked his guests, as he stood at the hall-door, for having come to see
+him.
+
+These luncheons were successful entertainments, there was no drag or
+flagging about them, my father was bright and excited throughout the
+whole visit. Professor De Candolle has described a visit to Down, in his
+admirable and sympathetic sketch of my father.[59] He speaks of his
+manner as resembling that of a "savant" of Oxford or Cambridge. This
+does not strike me as quite a good comparison; in his ease and
+naturalness there was more of the manner of some soldiers; a manner
+arising from total absence of pretence or affectation. It was this
+absence of pose, and the natural and simple way in which he began
+talking to his guests, so as to get them on their own lines, which made
+him so charming a host to a stranger. His happy choice of matter for
+talk seemed to flow out of his sympathetic nature, and humble, vivid
+interest in other people's work.
+
+To some, I think, he caused actual pain by his modesty; I have seen the
+late Francis Balfour quite discomposed by having knowledge ascribed to
+himself on a point about which my father claimed to be utterly ignorant.
+
+It is difficult to seize on the characteristics of my father's
+conversation.
+
+He had more dread than have most people of repeating his stories, and
+continually said, "You must have heard me tell," or "I daresay I've told
+you." One peculiarity he had, which gave a curious effect to his
+conversation. The first few words of a sentence would often remind him
+of some exception to, or some reason against, what he was going to say;
+and this again brought up some other point, so that the sentence would
+become a system of parenthesis within parenthesis, and it was often
+impossible to understand the drift of what he was saying until he came
+to the end of his sentence. He used to say of himself that he was not
+quick enough to hold an argument with any one, and I think this was
+true. Unless it was a subject on which he was just then at work, he
+could not get the train of argument into working order quickly enough.
+This is shown even in his letters; thus, in the case of two letters to
+Professor Semper about the effect of isolation, he did not recall the
+series of facts he wanted until some days after the first letter had
+been sent off.
+
+When puzzled in talking, he had a peculiar stammer on the first word of
+a sentence. I only recall this occurring with words beginning with w;
+possibly he had a special difficulty with this letter, for I have heard
+him say that as a boy he could not pronounce w, and that sixpence was
+offered him if he could say "white wine," which he pronounced "rite
+rine." Possibly he may have inherited this tendency from Erasmus Darwin
+who stammered.[60]
+
+He sometimes combined his metaphors in a curious way, using such a
+phrase as "holding on like life,"--a mixture of "holding on for his
+life," and "holding on like grim death." It came from his eager way of
+putting emphasis into what he was saying. This sometimes gave an air of
+exaggeration where it was not intended; but it gave, too, a noble air of
+strong and generous conviction; as, for instance, when he gave his
+evidence before the Royal Commission on vivisection, and came out with
+his words about cruelty, "It deserves detestation and abhorrence." When
+he felt strongly about any similar question, he could hardly trust
+himself to speak, as he then easily became angry, a thing which he
+disliked excessively. He was conscious that his anger had a tendency to
+multiply itself in the utterance, and for this reason dreaded (for
+example) having to reprove a servant.
+
+It was a proof of the modesty of his manner of talking, that when, for
+instance, a number of visitors came over from Sir John Lubbock's for a
+Sunday afternoon call, he never seemed to be preaching or lecturing,
+although he had so much of the talk to himself. He was particularly
+charming when "chaffing" any one, and in high spirits over it. His
+manner at such times was light-hearted and boyish, and his refinement of
+nature came out most strongly. So, when he was talking to a lady who
+pleased and amused him, the combination of raillery and deference in his
+manner was delightful to see. There was a personal dignity about him,
+which the most familiar intercourse did not diminish. One felt that he
+was the last person with whom anyone would wish to take a liberty, nor
+do I remember an instance of such a thing occurring to him.
+
+When my father had several guests he managed them well, getting a talk
+with each, or bringing two or three together round his chair. In these
+conversations there was always a good deal of fun, and, speaking
+generally, there was either a humorous turn in his talk, or a sunny
+geniality which served instead. Perhaps my recollection of a pervading
+element of humour is the more vivid, because the best talks were with
+Mr. Huxley, in whom there is the aptness which is akin to humour, even
+when humour itself is not there. My father enjoyed Mr. Huxley's humour
+exceedingly, and would often say, "What splendid fun Huxley is!" I think
+he probably had more scientific argument (of the nature of a fight) with
+Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker.
+
+He used to say that it grieved him to find that for the friends of his
+later life he had not the warm affection of his youth. Certainly in his
+early letters from Cambridge he gives proofs of strong friendship for
+Herbert and Fox; but no one except himself would have said that his
+affection for his friends was not, throughout life, of the warmest
+possible kind. In serving a friend he would not spare himself, and
+precious time and strength were willingly given. He undoubtedly had, to
+an unusual degree, the power of attaching his friends to him. He had
+many warm friendships, but to Sir Joseph Hooker he was bound by ties of
+affection stronger than we often see among men. He wrote in his
+_Recollections_, "I have known hardly any man more lovable than Hooker."
+
+His relationship to the village people was a pleasant one; he treated
+them, one and all, with courtesy, when he came in contact with them, and
+took an interest in all relating to their welfare. Some time after he
+came to live at Down he helped to found a Friendly Club, and served as
+treasurer for thirty years. He took much trouble about the club, keeping
+its accounts with minute and scrupulous exactness, and taking pleasure
+in its prosperous condition. Every Whit-Monday the club marched round
+with band and banner and paraded on the lawn in front of the house.
+There he met them, and explained to them their financial position in a
+little speech seasoned with a few well-worn jokes. He was often unwell
+enough to make even this little ceremony an exertion, but I think he
+never failed to meet them.
+
+He was also treasurer of the Coal Club, which gave him a certain amount
+of work, and he acted for some years as a County Magistrate.
+
+With regard to my father's interest in the affairs of the village, Mr.
+Brodie Innes has been so good as to give me his recollections:--
+
+"On my becoming Vicar of Down in 1846, we became friends, and so
+continued till his death. His conduct towards me and my family was one
+of unvarying kindness, and we repaid it by warm affection.
+
+"In all parish matters he was an active assistant; in matters connected
+with the schools, charities, and other business, his liberal
+contribution was ever ready, and in the differences which at times
+occurred in that, as in other parishes, I was always sure of his
+support. He held that where there was really no important objection, his
+assistance should be given to the clergyman, who ought to know the
+circumstances best, and was chiefly responsible."
+
+His intercourse with strangers was marked with scrupulous and rather
+formal politeness, but in fact he had few opportunities of meeting
+strangers, and the quiet life he led at Down made him feel confused in a
+large gathering; for instance, at the Royal Society's _soirees_ he felt
+oppressed by the numbers. The feeling that he ought to know people, and
+the difficulty he had in remembering faces in his latter years, also
+added to his discomfort on such occasions. He did not realise that he
+would be recognised from his photographs, and I remember his being
+uneasy at being obviously recognised by a stranger at the Crystal Palace
+Aquarium.
+
+I must say something of his manner of working: a striking characteristic
+was his respect for time; he never forgot how precious it was. This was
+shown, for instance, in the way in which he tried to curtail his
+holidays; also, and more clearly, with respect to shorter periods. He
+would often say, that saving the minutes was the way to get work done;
+he showed this love of saving the minutes in the difference he felt
+between a quarter of an hour and ten minutes' work; he never wasted a
+few spare minutes from thinking that it was not worth while to set to
+work. I was often struck by his way of working up to the very limit of
+his strength, so that he suddenly stopped in dictating, with the words,
+"I believe I mustn't do any more." The same eager desire not to lose
+time was seen in his quick movements when at work. I particularly
+remember noticing this when he was making an experiment on the roots of
+beans, which required some care in manipulation; fastening the little
+bits of card upon the roots was done carefully and necessarily slowly,
+but the intermediate movements were all quick; taking a fresh bean,
+seeing that the root was healthy, impaling it on a pin, fixing it on a
+cork, and seeing that it was vertical, &c.; all these processes were
+performed with a kind of restrained eagerness. He gave one the
+impression of working with pleasure, and not with any drag. I have an
+image, too, of him as he recorded the result of some experiment, looking
+eagerly at each root, &c., and then writing with equal eagerness. I
+remember the quick movement of his head up and down as he looked from
+the object to the notes.
+
+He saved a great deal of time through not having to do things twice.
+Although he would patiently go on repeating experiments where there was
+any good to be gained, he could not endure having to repeat an
+experiment which ought, if complete care had been taken, to have told
+its story at first--and this gave him a continual anxiety that the
+experiment should not be wasted; he felt the experiment to be sacred,
+however slight a one it was. He wished to learn as much as possible from
+an experiment, so that he did not confine himself to observing the
+single point to which the experiment was directed, and his power of
+seeing a number of other things was wonderful. I do not think he cared
+for preliminary or rough observations intended to serve as guides and to
+be repeated. Any experiment done was to be of some use, and in this
+connection I remember how strongly he urged the necessity of keeping the
+notes of experiments which failed, and to this rule he always adhered.
+
+In the literary part of his work he had the same horror of losing time,
+and the same zeal in what he was doing at the moment, and this made him
+careful not to be obliged unnecessarily to read anything a second time.
+
+His natural tendency was to use simple methods and few instruments. The
+use of the compound microscope has much increased since his youth, and
+this at the expense of the simple one. It strikes us nowadays as
+extraordinary that he should have had no compound microscope when he
+went his _Beagle_ voyage; but in this he followed the advice of Robert
+Brown, who was an authority in such matters. He always had a great
+liking for the simple microscope, and maintained that nowadays it was
+too much neglected, and that one ought always to see as much as possible
+with the simple before taking to the compound microscope. In one of his
+letters he speaks on this point, and remarks that he suspects the work
+of a man who never uses the simple microscope.
+
+His dissecting table was a thick board, let into a window of the study;
+it was lower than an ordinary table, so that he could not have worked at
+it standing; but this, from wishing to save his strength, he would not
+have done in any case. He sat at his dissecting-table on a curious low
+stool which had belonged to his father, with a seat revolving on a
+vertical spindle, and mounted on large castors, so that he could turn
+easily from side to side. His ordinary tools, &c., were lying about on
+the table, but besides these a number of odds and ends were kept in a
+round table full of radiating drawers, and turning on a vertical axis,
+which stood close by his left side, as he sat at his microscope-table.
+The drawers were labelled, "best tools," "rough tools," "specimens,"
+"preparations for specimens," &c. The most marked peculiarity of the
+contents of these drawers was the care with which little scraps and
+almost useless things were preserved; he held the well-known belief,
+that if you threw a thing away you were sure to want it directly--and so
+things accumulated.
+
+If any one had looked at his tools, &c., lying on the table, he would
+have been struck by an air of simpleness, make-shift, and oddity.
+
+At his right hand were shelves, with a number of other odds and ends,
+glasses, saucers, tin biscuit boxes for germinating seeds, zinc labels,
+saucers full of sand, &c., &c. Considering how tidy and methodical he
+was in essential things, it is curious that he bore with so many
+make-shifts: for instance, instead of having a box made of a desired
+shape, and stained black inside, he would hunt up something like what he
+wanted and get it darkened inside with shoe-blacking; he did not care to
+have glass covers made for tumblers in which he germinated seeds, but
+used broken bits of irregular shape, with perhaps a narrow angle
+sticking uselessly out on one side. But so much of his experimenting was
+of a simple kind, that he had no need for any elaboration, and I think
+his habit in this respect was in great measure due to his desire to
+husband his strength, and not waste it on inessential things.
+
+His way of marking objects may here be mentioned. If he had a number of
+things to distinguish, such as leaves, flowers, &c., he tied threads of
+different colours round them. In particular he used this method when he
+had only two classes of objects to distinguish; thus in the case of
+crossed and self-fertilised flowers, one set would be marked with black
+and one with white thread, tied round the stalk of the flower. I
+remember well the look of two sets of capsules, gathered and waiting to
+be weighed, counted, &c., with pieces of black and of white thread to
+distinguish the trays in which they lay. When he had to compare two sets
+of seedlings, sowed in the same pot, he separated them by a partition of
+zinc-plate; and the zinc-label, which gave the necessary details about
+the experiment, was always placed on a certain side, so that it became
+instinctive with him to know without reading the label which were the
+"crossed" and which the "self-fertilised."
+
+His love of each particular experiment, and his eager zeal not to lose
+the fruit of it, came out markedly in these crossing experiments--in the
+elaborate care he took not to make any confusion in putting capsules
+into wrong trays, &c. &c. I can recall his appearance as he counted
+seeds under the simple microscope with an alertness not usually
+characterising such mechanical work as counting. I think he personified
+each seed as a small demon trying to elude him by getting into the wrong
+heap, or jumping away altogether; and this gave to the work the
+excitement of a game. He had great faith in instruments, and I do not
+think it naturally occurred to him to doubt the accuracy of a scale, a
+measuring glass, &c. He was astonished when we found that one of his
+micrometers differed from the other. He did not require any great
+accuracy in most of his measurements, and had not good scales; he had an
+old three-foot rule, which was the common property of the household, and
+was constantly being borrowed, because it was the only one which was
+certain to be in its place--unless, indeed, the last borrower had
+forgotten to put it back. For measuring the height of plants, he had a
+seven-foot deal rod, graduated by the village carpenter. Latterly he
+took to using paper scales graduated to millimeters. I do not mean by
+this account of his instruments that any of his experiments suffered
+from want of accuracy in measurement, I give them as examples of his
+simple methods and faith in others--faith at least in instrument-makers,
+whose whole trade was a mystery to him.
+
+A few of his mental characteristics, bearing especially on his mode of
+working, occur to me. There was one quality of mind which seemed to be
+of special and extreme advantage in leading him to make discoveries. It
+was the power of never letting exceptions pass unnoticed. Everybody
+notices a fact as an exception when it is striking or frequent, but he
+had a special instinct for arresting an exception. A point apparently
+slight and unconnected with his present work is passed over by many a
+man almost unconsciously with some half-considered explanation, which is
+in fact no explanation. It was just these things that he seized on to
+make a start from. In a certain sense there is nothing special in this
+procedure, many discoveries being made by means of it. I only mention it
+because, as I watched him at work, the value of this power to an
+experimenter was so strongly impressed upon me.
+
+Another quality which was shown in his experimental work, was his power
+of sticking to a subject; he used almost to apologise for his patience,
+saying that he could not bear to be beaten, as if this were rather a
+sign of weakness on his part. He often quoted the saying, "It's dogged
+as does it;" and I think doggedness expresses his frame of mind almost
+better than perseverance. Perseverance seems hardly to express his
+almost fierce desire to force the truth to reveal itself. He often said
+that it was important that a man should know the right point at which to
+give up an inquiry. And I think it was his tendency to pass this point
+that inclined him to apologise for his perseverance, and gave the air of
+doggedness to his work.
+
+He often said that no one could be a good observer unless he was an
+active theoriser. This brings me back to what I said about his instinct
+for arresting exceptions: it was as though he were charged with
+theorising power ready to flow into any channel on the slightest
+disturbance, so that no fact, however small, could avoid releasing a
+stream of theory, and thus the fact became magnified into importance. In
+this way it naturally happened that many untenable theories occurred to
+him; but fortunately his richness of imagination was equalled by his
+power of judging and condemning the thoughts that occurred to him. He
+was just to his theories, and did not condemn them unheard; and so it
+happened that he was willing to test what would seem to most people not
+at all worth testing. These rather wild trials he called "fool's
+experiments," and enjoyed extremely. As an example I may mention that
+finding the seed-leaves of a kind of sensitive plant, to be highly
+sensitive to vibrations of the table, he fancied that they might
+perceive the vibrations of sound, and therefore made me play my bassoon
+close to a plant.[61]
+
+The love of experiment was very strong in him, and I can remember the
+way he would say, "I shan't be easy till I have tried it," as if an
+outside force were driving him. He enjoyed experimenting much more than
+work which only entailed reasoning, and when he was engaged on one of
+his books which required argument and the marshalling of facts, he felt
+experimental work to be a rest or holiday. Thus, while working upon the
+_Variations of Animals and Plants_ in 1860-61, he made out the
+fertilisation of Orchids, and thought himself idle for giving so much
+time to them. It is interesting to think that so important a piece of
+research should have been undertaken and largely worked out as a pastime
+in place of more serious work. The letters to Hooker of this period
+contain expressions such as, "God forgive me for being so idle; I am
+quite sillily interested in the work." The intense pleasure he took in
+understanding the adaptations for fertilisation is strongly shown in
+these letters. He speaks in one of his letters of his intention of
+working at Sundew as a rest from the _Descent of Man_. He has described
+in his _Recollections_ the strong satisfaction he felt in solving the
+problem of heterostylism.[62] And I have heard him mention that the
+Geology of South America gave him almost more pleasure than anything
+else. It was perhaps this delight in work requiring keen observation
+that made him value praise given to his observing powers almost more
+than appreciation of his other qualities.
+
+For books he had no respect, but merely considered them as tools to be
+worked with. Thus he did not bind them, and even when a paper book fell
+to pieces from use, as happened to Mueller's _Befruchtung_, he preserved
+it from complete dissolution by putting a metal clip over its back. In
+the same way he would cut a heavy book in half, to make it more
+convenient to hold. He used to boast that he had made Lyell publish the
+second edition of one of his books in two volumes, instead of in one, by
+telling him how he had been obliged to cut it in half. Pamphlets were
+often treated even more severely than books, for he would tear out, for
+the sake of saving room, all the pages except the one that interested
+him. The consequence of all this was, that his library was not
+ornamental, but was striking from being so evidently a working
+collection of books.
+
+He was methodical in his manner of reading books and pamphlets bearing
+on his own work. He had one shelf on which were piled up the books he
+had not yet read, and another to which they were transferred after
+having been read, and before being catalogued. He would often groan over
+his unread books, because there were so many which he knew he should
+never read. Many a book was at once transferred to the other heap,
+marked with a cypher at the end, to show that it contained no passages
+for reference, or inscribed, perhaps, "not read," or "only skimmed." The
+books accumulated in the "read" heap until the shelves overflowed, and
+then, with much lamenting, a day was given up to the cataloguing. He
+disliked this work, and as the necessity of undertaking the work became
+imperative, would often say, in a voice of despair, "We really must do
+these books soon."
+
+In each book, as he read it, he marked passages bearing on his work. In
+reading a book or pamphlet, &c., he made pencil-lines at the side of the
+page, often adding short remarks, and at the end made a list of the
+pages marked. When it was to be catalogued and put away, the marked
+pages were looked at, and so a rough abstract of the book was made. This
+abstract would perhaps be written under three or four headings on
+different sheets, the facts being sorted out and added to the previously
+collected facts in the different subjects. He had other sets of
+abstracts arranged, not according to subject, but according to the
+periodicals from which they were taken. When collecting facts on a large
+scale, in earlier years, he used to read through, and make abstracts, in
+this way, of whole series of journals.
+
+In some of his early letters he speaks of filling several note-books
+with facts for his book on species; but it was certainly early that he
+adopted his plan of using portfolios, as described in the
+_Recollections_.[63] My father and M. de Candolle were mutually pleased
+to discover that they had adopted the same plan of classifying facts. De
+Candolle describes the method in his _Phytologie_, and in his sketch of
+my father mentions the satisfaction he felt in seeing it in action at
+Down.
+
+Besides these portfolios, of which there are some dozens full of notes,
+there are large bundles of MS. marked "used" and put away. He felt the
+value of his notes, and had a horror of their destruction by fire. I
+remember, when some alarm of fire had happened, his begging me to be
+especially careful, adding very earnestly, that the rest of his life
+would be miserable if his notes and books were destroyed.
+
+He shows the same feeling in writing about the loss of a manuscript, the
+purport of his words being, "I have a copy, or the loss would have
+killed me." In writing a book he would spend much time and labour in
+making a skeleton or plan of the whole, and in enlarging and
+sub-classing each heading, as described in his _Recollections_. I think
+this careful arrangement of the plan was not at all essential to the
+building up of his argument, but for its presentment, and for the
+arrangement of his facts. In his _Life of Erasmus Darwin_, as it was
+first printed in slips, the growth of the book from a skeleton was
+plainly visible. The arrangement was altered afterwards, because it was
+too formal and categorical, and seemed to give the character of his
+grandfather rather by means of a list of qualities than as a complete
+picture.
+
+It was only within the last few years that he adopted a plan of writing
+which he was convinced suited him best, and which is described in the
+_Recollections_; namely, writing a rough copy straight off without the
+slightest attention to style. It was characteristic of him that he felt
+unable to write with sufficient want of care if he used his best paper,
+and thus it was that he wrote on the backs of old proofs or manuscript.
+The rough copy was then reconsidered, and a fair copy was made. For this
+purpose he had foolscap paper ruled at wide intervals, the lines being
+needed to prevent him writing so closely that correction became
+difficult. The fair copy was then corrected, and was recopied before
+being sent to the printers. The copying was done by Mr. E. Norman, who
+began this work many years ago when village schoolmaster at Down. My
+father became so used to Mr. Norman's handwriting, that he could not
+correct manuscript, even when clearly written out by one of his
+children, until it had been recopied by Mr. Norman. The MS., on
+returning from Mr. Norman, was once more corrected, and then sent off to
+the printers. Then came the work of revising and correcting the proofs,
+which my father found especially wearisome.
+
+When the book was passing through the "slip" stage he was glad to have
+corrections and suggestions from others. Thus my mother looked over the
+proofs of the _Origin_. In some of the later works my sister, Mrs.
+Litchfield, did much of the correction. After my sister's marriage
+perhaps most of the work fell to my share.
+
+My sister, Mrs. Litchfield, writes:--
+
+"This work was very interesting in itself, and it was inexpressibly
+exhilarating to work for him. He was so ready to be convinced that any
+suggested alteration was an improvement, and so full of gratitude for
+the trouble taken. I do not think that he ever forgot to tell me what
+improvement he thought I had made, and he used almost to excuse himself
+if he did not agree with any correction. I think I felt the singular
+modesty and graciousness of his nature through thus working for him in a
+way I never should otherwise have done."
+
+Perhaps the commonest corrections needed were of obscurities due to the
+omission of a necessary link in the reasoning, evidently omitted through
+familiarity with the subject. Not that there was any fault in the
+sequence of the thoughts, but that from familiarity with his argument he
+did not notice when the words failed to reproduce his thought. He also
+frequently put too much matter into one sentence, so that it had to be
+cut up into two.
+
+On the whole, I think the pains which my father took over the literary
+part of the work was very remarkable. He often laughed or grumbled at
+himself for the difficulty which he found in writing English, saying,
+for instance, that if a bad arrangement of a sentence was possible, he
+should be sure to adopt it. He once got much amusement and satisfaction
+out of the difficulty which one of the family found in writing a short
+circular. He had the pleasure of correcting and laughing at obscurities,
+involved sentences, and other defects, and thus took his revenge for all
+the criticism he had himself to bear with. He would quote with
+astonishment Miss Martineau's advice to young authors, to write straight
+off and send the MS. to the printer without correction. But in some
+cases he acted in a somewhat similar manner. When a sentence became
+hopelessly involved, he would ask himself, "now what _do_ you want to
+say?" and his answer written down, would often disentangle the
+confusion.
+
+His style has been much praised; on the other hand, at least one good
+judge has remarked to me that it is not a good style. It is, above all
+things, direct and clear; and it is characteristic of himself in its
+simplicity bordering on naivete, and in its absence of pretence. He had
+the strongest disbelief in the common idea that a classical scholar must
+write good English; indeed, he thought that the contrary was the case.
+In writing, he sometimes showed the same tendency to strong expressions
+that he did in conversation. Thus in the _Origin_, p. 440, there is a
+description of a larval cirripede, "with six pairs of beautifully
+constructed natatory legs, a pair of magnificent compound eyes, and
+extremely complex antennae." We used to laugh at him for this sentence,
+which we compared to an advertisement. This tendency to give himself up
+to the enthusiastic turn of his thought, without fear of being ludicrous
+appears elsewhere in his writings.
+
+His courteous and conciliatory tone towards his reader is remarkable,
+and it must be partly this quality which revealed his personal sweetness
+of character to so many who had never seen him. I have always felt it to
+be a curious fact, that he who has altered the face of Biological
+Science, and is in this respect the chief of the moderns, should have
+written and worked in so essentially a non-modern spirit and manner. In
+reading his books one is reminded of the older naturalists rather than
+of any modern school of writers. He was a Naturalist in the old sense of
+the word, that is, a man who works at many branches of science, not
+merely a specialist in one. Thus it is, that, though he founded whole
+new divisions of special subjects--such as the fertilisation of flowers,
+insectivorous plants, &c.--yet even in treating these very subjects he
+does not strike the reader as a specialist. The reader feels like a
+friend who is being talked to by a courteous gentleman, not like a pupil
+being lectured by a professor. The tone of such a book as the _Origin_
+is charming, and almost pathetic; it is the tone of a man who, convinced
+of the truth of his own views, hardly expects to convince others; it is
+just the reverse of the style of a fanatic, who tries to force belief on
+his readers. The reader is never scorned for any amount of doubt which
+he may be imagined to feel, and his scepticism is treated with patient
+respect. A sceptical reader, or perhaps even an unreasonable reader,
+seems to have been generally present to his thoughts. It was in
+consequence of this feeling, perhaps, that he took much trouble over
+points which he imagined would strike the reader, or save him trouble,
+and so tempt him to read.
+
+For the same reason he took much interest in the illustrations of his
+books, and I think rated rather too highly their value. The
+illustrations for his earlier books were drawn by professional artists.
+This was the case in _Animals and Plants_, the _Descent of Man_, and the
+_Expression of the Emotions_. On the other hand, _Climbing Plants_,
+_Insectivorous Plants_, the _Movements of Plants_, and _Forms of
+Flowers_, were, to a large extent, illustrated by some of his
+children--my brother George having drawn by far the most. It was
+delightful to draw for him, as he was enthusiastic in his praise of very
+moderate performances. I remember well his charming manner of receiving
+the drawings of one of his daughters-in-law, and how he would finish his
+words of praise by saying, "Tell A----, Michael Angelo is nothing to
+it." Though he praised so generously, he always looked closely at the
+drawing, and easily detected mistakes or carelessness.
+
+He had a horror of being lengthy, and seems to have been really much
+annoyed and distressed when he found how the _Variations of Animals and
+Plants_ was growing under his hands. I remember his cordially agreeing
+with 'Tristram Shandy's' words, "Let no man say, 'Come, I'll write a
+duodecimo.'"
+
+His consideration for other authors was as marked a characteristic as
+his tone towards his reader. He speaks of all other authors as persons
+deserving of respect. In cases where, as in the case of ----'s
+experiments on Drosera, he thought lightly of the author, he speaks of
+him in such a way that no one would suspect it. In other cases he treats
+the confused writings of ignorant persons as though the fault lay with
+himself for not appreciating or understanding them. Besides this general
+tone of respect, he had a pleasant way of expressing his opinion on the
+value of a quoted work, or his obligation for a piece of private
+information.
+
+His respectful feeling was not only admirable, but was I think of
+practical use in making him ready to consider the ideas and observations
+of all manner of people. He used almost to apologise for this, and would
+say that he was at first inclined to rate everything too highly.
+
+It was a great merit in his mind that, in spite of having so strong a
+respectful feeling towards what he read, he had the keenest of instincts
+as to whether a man was trustworthy or not. He seemed to form a very
+definite opinion as to the accuracy of the men whose books he read; and
+employed this judgment in his choice of facts for use in argument or as
+illustrations. I gained the impression that he felt this power of
+judging of a man's trustworthiness to be of much value.
+
+He had a keen feeling of the sense of honour that ought to reign among
+authors, and had a horror of any kind of laxness in quoting. He had a
+contempt for the love of honour and glory, and in his letters often
+blames himself for the pleasure he took in the success of his books, as
+though he were departing from his ideal--a love of truth and
+carelessness about fame. Often, when writing to Sir J. Hooker what he
+calls a boasting letter, he laughs at himself for his conceit and want
+of modesty. A wonderfully interesting letter is given in Chapter X.
+bequeathing to my mother, in case of his death, the care of publishing
+the manuscript of his first essay on evolution. This letter seems to me
+full of an intense desire that his theory should succeed as a
+contribution to knowledge, and apart from any desire for personal fame.
+He certainly had the healthy desire for success which a man of strong
+feelings ought to have. But at the time of the publication of the
+_Origin_ it is evident that he was overwhelmingly satisfied with the
+adherence of such men as Lyell, Hooker, Huxley, and Asa Gray, and did
+not dream of or desire any such general fame as that to which he
+attained.
+
+Connected with his contempt for the undue love of fame, was an equally
+strong dislike of all questions of priority. The letters to Lyell, at
+the time of the _Origin_, show the anger he felt with himself for not
+being able to repress a feeling of disappointment at what he thought was
+Mr. Wallace's forestalling of all his years of work. His sense of
+literary honour comes out strongly in these letters; and his feeling
+about priority is again shown in the admiration expressed in his
+_Recollections_ of Mr. Wallace's self-annihilation.
+
+His feeling about reclamations, including answers to attacks and all
+kinds of discussions, was strong. It is simply expressed in a letter to
+Falconer (1863): "If I ever felt angry towards you, for whom I have a
+sincere friendship, I should begin to suspect that I was a little mad. I
+was very sorry about your reclamation, as I think it is in every case a
+mistake and should be left to others. Whether I should so act myself
+under provocation is a different question." It was a feeling partly
+dictated by instinctive delicacy, and partly by a strong sense of the
+waste of time, energy, and temper thus caused. He said that he owed his
+determination not to get into discussions[64] to the advice of
+Lyell,--advice which he transmitted to those among his friends who were
+given to paper warfare.
+
+
+If the character of my father's working life is to be understood, the
+conditions of ill-health, under which he worked, must be constantly
+borne in mind. He bore his illness with such uncomplaining patience,
+that even his children can hardly, I believe, realise the extent of his
+habitual suffering. In their case the difficulty is heightened by the
+fact that, from the days of their earliest recollections, they saw him
+in constant ill-health,--and saw him, in spite of it, full of pleasure
+in what pleased them. Thus, in later life, their perception of what he
+endured had to be disentangled from the impression produced in childhood
+by constant genial kindness under conditions of unrecognised difficulty.
+No one indeed, except my mother, knows the full amount of suffering he
+endured, or the full amount of his wonderful patience. For all the
+latter years of his life she never left him for a night; and her days
+were so planned that all his resting hours might be shared with her. She
+shielded him from every avoidable annoyance, and omitted nothing that
+might save him trouble, or prevent him becoming overtired, or that might
+alleviate the many discomforts of his ill-health. I hesitate to speak
+thus freely of a thing so sacred as the life-long devotion which
+prompted all this constant and tender care. But it is, I repeat, a
+principal feature of his life, that for nearly forty years he never knew
+one day of the health of ordinary men, and that thus his life was one
+long struggle against the weariness and strain of sickness. And this
+cannot be told without speaking of the one condition which enabled him
+to bear the strain and fight out the struggle to the end.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[52] From the _Century Magazine_, January 1883.
+
+[53] The figure in _Insectivorous Plants_ representing the aggregated
+cell-contents was drawn by him.
+
+[54] _Life and Letters_, vol. iii. frontispiece.
+
+[55] The basket in which she usually lay curled up near the fire in his
+study is faithfully represented in Mr. Parson's drawing given at the
+head of the chapter.
+
+[56] Cf. Leslie Stephen's _Swift_, 1882, p. 200, where Swift's
+inspection of the manners and customs of servants are compared to my
+father's observations on worms, "The difference is," says Mr. Stephen,
+"that Darwin had none but kindly feelings for worms."
+
+[57] The words, "A good and dear child," form the descriptive part of
+the inscription on her gravestone. See the _Athenaeum_, Nov. 26, 1887.
+
+[58] Some pleasant recollections of my father's life at Down, written by
+our friend and former neighbour, Mrs. Wallis Nash, have been published
+in the _Overland Monthly_ (San Francisco), October 1890.
+
+[59] _Darwin considere au point de vue des causes de son succes_
+(Geneva, 1882).
+
+[60] My father related a Johnsonian answer of Erasmus Darwin's: "Don't
+you find it very inconvenient stammering, Dr. Darwin?" "No, Sir, because
+I have time to think before I speak, and don't ask impertinent
+questions."
+
+[61] This is not so much an example of superabundant theorising from a
+small cause as of his wish to test the most improbable ideas.
+
+[62] That is to say, the sexual relations in such plants as the cowslip.
+
+[63] The racks in which the portfolios were placed are shown in the
+illustration at the head of the chapter, in the recess at the right-hand
+side of the fire-place.
+
+[64] He departed from his rule in his "Note on the Habits of the Pampas
+Woodpecker, _Colaptes campestris_," _Proc. Zool. Soc._, 1870, p. 705:
+also in a letter published in the _Athenaeum_ (1863, p. 554), in which
+case he afterwards regretted that he had not remained silent. His
+replies to criticisms, in the latter editions of the _Origin_, can
+hardly be classed as infractions of his rule.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+CAMBRIDGE LIFE.--THE APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.'
+
+
+My father's Cambridge life comprises the time between the Lent Term,
+1828, when he came up to Christ's College as a Freshman, and the end of
+the May Term, 1831, when he took his degree[65] and left the University.
+
+He "kept" for a term or two in lodgings, over Bacon[66] the
+tobacconist's; not, however, over the shop in the Market Place, so well
+known to Cambridge men, but in Sydney Street. For the rest of his time
+he had pleasant rooms on the south side of the first court of
+Christ's.[67]
+
+What determined the choice of this college for his brother Erasmus and
+himself I have no means of knowing. Erasmus the elder, their
+grandfather, had been at St. John's, and this college might have been
+reasonably selected for them, being connected with Shrewsbury School.
+But the life of an undergraduate at St. John's seems, in those days, to
+have been a troubled one, if I may judge from the fact that a relative
+of mine migrated thence to Christ's to escape the harassing discipline
+of the place.
+
+Darwin seems to have found no difficulty in living at peace with all men
+in and out of office at Lady Margaret's elder foundation. The impression
+of a contemporary of my father's is that Christ's in their day was a
+pleasant, fairly quiet college, with some tendency towards "horsiness";
+many of the men made a custom of going to Newmarket during the races,
+though betting was not a regular practice. In this they were by no means
+discouraged by the Senior Tutor, Mr. Shaw, who was himself generally to
+be seen on the Heath on these occasions.
+
+Nor were the ecclesiastical authorities of the College over strict. I
+have heard my father tell how at evening chapel the Dean used to read
+alternate verses of the Psalms, without making even a pretence of
+waiting for the congregation to take their share. And when the Lesson
+was a lengthy one, he would rise and go on with the Canticles after the
+scholar had read fifteen or twenty verses.
+
+It is curious that my father often spoke of his Cambridge life as if it
+had been so much time wasted,[68] forgetting that, although the set
+studies of the place were barren enough for him, he yet gained in the
+highest degree the best advantages of a University life--the contact
+with men and an opportunity for mental growth. It is true that he valued
+at its highest the advantages which he gained from associating with
+Professor Henslow and some others, but he seemed to consider this as a
+chance outcome of his life at Cambridge, not an advantage for which
+_Alma Mater_ could claim any credit. One of my father's Cambridge
+friends was the late Mr. J. M. Herbert, County Court Judge for South
+Wales, from whom I was fortunate enough to obtain some notes which help
+us to gain an idea of how my father impressed his contemporaries. Mr.
+Herbert writes:--
+
+"It would be idle for me to speak of his vast intellectual powers ...
+but I cannot end this cursory and rambling sketch without testifying,
+and I doubt not all his surviving college friends would concur with me,
+that he was the most genial, warm-hearted, generous, and affectionate of
+friends; that his sympathies were with all that was good and true; and
+that he had a cordial hatred for everything false, or vile, or cruel, or
+mean, or dishonourable. He was not only great, but pre-eminently good,
+and just, and lovable."
+
+Two anecdotes told by Mr. Herbert show that my father's feeling for
+suffering, whether of man or beast, was as strong in him as a young man
+as it was in later years: "Before he left Cambridge he told me that he
+had made up his mind not to shoot any more; that he had had two days'
+shooting at his friend's, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse; and that on the second
+day, when going over some of the ground they had beaten on the day
+before, he picked up a bird not quite dead, but lingering from a shot
+it had received on the previous day; and that it had made and left such
+a painful impression on his mind, that he could not reconcile it to his
+conscience to continue to derive pleasure from a sport which inflicted
+such cruel suffering."
+
+To realise the strength of the feeling that led to this resolve, we must
+remember how passionate was his love of sport. We must recall the boy
+shooting his first snipe,[69] and trembling with excitement so that he
+could hardly reload his gun. Or think of such a sentence as, "Upon my
+soul, it is only about a fortnight to the 'First,' then if there is a
+bliss on earth that is it."[70]
+
+His old college friends agree in speaking with affectionate warmth of
+his pleasant, genial temper as a young man. From what they have been
+able to tell me, I gain the impression of a young man overflowing with
+animal spirits--leading a varied healthy life--not over-industrious in
+the set studies of the place, but full of other pursuits, which were
+followed with a rejoicing enthusiasm. Entomology, riding, shooting in
+the fens, suppers and card-playing, music at King's Chapel, engravings
+at the Fitzwilliam Museum, walks with Professor Henslow--all combined to
+fill up a happy life. He seems to have infected others with his
+enthusiasm. Mr. Herbert relates how, while on a reading-party at
+Barmouth, he was pressed into the service of "the science"--as my father
+called collecting beetles:--
+
+"He armed me with a bottle of alcohol, in which I had to drop any beetle
+which struck me as not of a common kind. I performed this duty with some
+diligence in my constitutional walks; but, alas! my powers of
+discrimination seldom enabled mo to secure a prize--the usual result, on
+his examining the contents of my bottle, being an exclamation, 'Well,
+old Cherbury'[71] (the nickname he gave me, and by which he usually
+addressed me), 'none of these will do.'" Again, the Rev. T. Butler, who
+was one of the Barmouth reading-party in 1828, says: "He inoculated me
+with a taste for Botany which has stuck by me all my life."
+
+Archdeacon Watkins, another old college friend of my father's,
+remembered him unearthing beetles in the willows between Cambridge and
+Grantchester, and speaks of a certain beetle the remembrance of whose
+name is "Crux major."[72] How enthusiastically must my father have
+exulted over this beetle to have impressed its name on a companion so
+that he remembers it after half a century!
+
+He became intimate with Henslow, the Professor of Botany, and through
+him with some other older members of the University. "But," Mr. Herbert
+writes, "he always kept up the closest connection with the friends of
+his own standing; and at our frequent social gatherings--at breakfast,
+wine or supper parties--he was ever one of the most cheerful, the most
+popular, and the most welcome."
+
+My father formed one of a club for dining once a week, called the
+Glutton Club, the members, besides himself and Mr. Herbert (from whom I
+quote), being Whitley of St. John's, now Honorary Canon of Durham;[73]
+Heaviside of Sydney, now Canon of Norwich; Lovett Cameron of Trinity,
+sometime vicar of Shoreham; R. Blane of Trinity,[74] who held a high
+post during the Crimean war, H. Lowe[75] (afterwards Sherbrooke) of
+Trinity Hall; and F. Watkins of Emmanuel, afterwards Archdeacon of York.
+The origin of the club's name seems already to have become involved in
+obscurity; it certainly implied no unusual luxury in the weekly
+gatherings.
+
+At any rate, the meetings seemed to have been successful, and to have
+ended with "a game of mild vingt-et-un."
+
+Mr. Herbert speaks strongly of my father's love of music, and adds,
+"What gave him the greatest delight was some grand symphony or overture
+of Mozart's or Beethoven's, with their full harmonies." On one occasion
+Herbert remembers "accompanying him to the afternoon service at King's,
+when we heard a very beautiful anthem. At the end of one of the parts,
+which was exceedingly impressive, he turned round to me and said, with a
+deep sigh, 'How's your backbone?'" He often spoke in later years of a
+feeling of coldness or shivering in his back on hearing beautiful music.
+
+Besides a love of music, he had certainly at this time a love of fine
+literature; and Mr. Cameron tells me that my father took much pleasure
+in Shakespeare readings carried on in his rooms at Christ's. He also
+speaks of Darwin's "great liking for first-class line engravings,
+especially those of Raphael Morghen and Mueller; and he spent hours in
+the Fitzwilliam Museum in looking over the prints in that collection."
+
+My father's letters to Fox show how sorely oppressed he felt by the
+reading for an examination. His despair over mathematics must have been
+profound, when he expresses a hope that Fox's silence is due to "your
+being ten fathoms deep in the Mathematics; and if you are, God help you,
+for so am I, only with this difference, I stick fast in the mud at the
+bottom, and there I shall remain." Mr. Herbert says: "He had, I imagine,
+no natural turn for mathematics, and he gave up his mathematical reading
+before he had mastered the first part of algebra, having had a special
+quarrel with Surds and the Binomial Theorem."
+
+We get some evidence from my father's letters to Fox of his intention of
+going into the Church. "I am glad," he writes,[76] "to hear that you are
+reading divinity. I should like to know what books you are reading, and
+your opinions about them; you need not be afraid of preaching to me
+prematurely." Mr. Herbert's sketch shows how doubts arose in my father's
+mind as to the possibility of his taking Orders. He writes, "We had an
+earnest conversation about going into Holy Orders; and I remember his
+asking me, with reference to the question put by the Bishop in the
+Ordination Service, 'Do you trust that you are inwardly moved by the
+Holy Spirit, &c.,' whether I could answer in the affirmative, and on my
+saying I could not, he said, 'Neither can I, and therefore I cannot take
+orders.'" This conversation appears to have taken place in 1829, and if
+so, the doubts here expressed must have been quieted, for in May 1830,
+he speaks of having some thoughts of reading divinity with Henslow.
+
+The greater number of his Cambridge letters are addressed by my father
+to his cousin, William Darwin Fox. My father's letters show clearly
+enough how genuine the friendship was. In after years, distance, large
+families, and ill-health on both sides, checked the intercourse; but a
+warm feeling of friendship remained. The correspondence was never quite
+dropped and continued till Mr. Fox's death in 1880. Mr. Fox took orders,
+and worked as a country clergyman until forced by ill-health to leave
+his living in Delamere Forest. His love of natural history was strong,
+and he became a skilled fancier of many kinds of birds, &c. The index to
+_Animals and Plants_, and my father's later correspondence, show how
+much help he received from his old College friend.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. M. Herbert._ September 14, 1828.[77]
+
+MY DEAR OLD CHERBURY,--I am about to fulfil my promise of writing to
+you, but I am sorry to add there is a very selfish motive at the bottom.
+I am going to ask you a great favour, and you cannot imagine how much
+you will oblige me by procuring some more specimens of some insects
+which I dare say I can describe. In the first place, I must inform you
+that I have taken some of the rarest of the British Insects, and their
+being found near Barmouth, is quite unknown to the Entomological world:
+I think I shall write and inform some of the crack entomologists.
+
+But now for business. _Several_ more specimens, if you can procure them
+without much trouble, of the following insects:--The violet-black
+coloured beetle, found on Craig Storm,[78] under stones, also a large
+smooth black one very like it; a bluish metallic-coloured dung-beetle,
+which is _very_ common on the hill-sides; also, if you _would_ be so
+very kind as to cross the ferry, and you will find a great number under
+the stones on the waste land of a long, smooth, jet-black beetle (a
+great many of these); also, in the same situation, a very small pinkish
+insect, with black spots, with a curved thorax projecting beyond the
+head; also, upon the marshy land over the ferry, near the sea, under old
+sea weed, stones, &c., you will find a small yellowish transparent
+beetle, with two or four blackish marks on the back. Under these stones
+there are two sorts, one much darker than the other; the lighter
+coloured is that which I want. These last two insects are _excessively
+rare_, and you will really _extremely_ oblige me by taking all this
+trouble pretty soon. Remember me most kindly to Butler,[79] tell him of
+my success, and I dare say both of you will easily recognise these
+insects. I hope his caterpillars go on well. I think many of the
+Chrysalises are well worth keeping. I really am quite ashamed [of] so
+long a letter all about my own concerns; but do return good for evil,
+and send me a long account of all your proceedings.
+
+In the first week I killed seventy-five head of game--a very
+contemptible number--but there are very few birds. I killed, however, a
+brace of black game. Since then I have been staying at the Fox's, near
+Derby; it is a very pleasant house, and the music meeting went off very
+well. I want to hear how Yates likes his gun, and what use he has made
+of it.
+
+If the bottle is not large you can buy another for me, and when you pass
+through Shrewsbury you can leave these treasures, and I hope, if you
+possibly can, you will stay a day or two with me, as I hope I need not
+say how glad I shall be to see you again. Fox remarked what deuced good
+natured fellows your friends at Barmouth must be; and if I did not know
+that you and Butler were so, I would not think of giving you so much
+trouble.
+
+
+In the following January we find him looking forward with pleasure to
+the beginning of another year of his Cambridge life: he writes to Fox,
+who had passed his examination:--
+
+"I do so wish I were now in Cambridge (a very selfish wish, however, as
+I was not with you in all your troubles and misery), to join in all the
+glory and happiness, which dangers gone by can give. How we would talk,
+walk, and entomologise! Sappho should be the best of bitches, and Dash,
+of dogs; then should be 'peace on earth, good will to men,'--which, by
+the way, I always think the most perfect description of happiness that
+words can give."
+
+Later on in the Lent term he writes to Fox:--
+
+"I am leading a quiet everyday sort of a life; a little of Gibbon's
+History in the morning, and a good deal of _Van John_ in the evening;
+this, with an occasional ride with Simcox and constitutional with
+Whitley, makes up the regular routine of my days. I see a good deal both
+of Herbert and Whitley, and the more I see of them increases every day
+the respect I have for their excellent understandings and dispositions.
+They have been giving some very gay parties, nearly sixty men there both
+evenings."
+
+
+_C. D. to W. D. Fox._ Christ's College, April 1 [1829].
+
+MY DEAR FOX--In your letter to Holden you are pleased to observe "that
+of all the blackguards you ever met with I am the greatest." Upon this
+observation I shall make no remarks, excepting that I must give you all
+due credit for acting on it most rigidly. And now I should like to know
+in what one particular are you less of a blackguard than I am? You idle
+old wretch, why have you not answered my last letter, which I am sure I
+forwarded to Clifton nearly three weeks ago? If I was not really very
+anxious to hear what you are doing, I should have allowed you to remain
+till you thought it worth while to treat me like a gentleman. And now
+having vented my spleen in scolding you, and having told you, what you
+must know, how very much and how anxiously I want to hear how you and
+your family are getting on at Clifton, the purport of this letter is
+finished. If you did but know how often I think of you, and how often I
+regret your absence, I am sure I should have heard from you long enough
+ago.
+
+I find Cambridge rather stupid, and as I know scarcely any one that
+walks, and this joined with my lips not being quite so well, has reduced
+me to a sort of hybernation.... I have caught Mr. Harbour[80] letting
+---- have the first pick of the beetles; accordingly we have made our
+final adieus, my part in the affecting scene consisted in telling him he
+was a d----d rascal, and signifying I should kick him down the stairs if
+ever he appeared in my rooms again. It seemed altogether mightily to
+surprise the young gentleman. I have no news to tell you; indeed, when a
+correspondence has been broken off like ours has been, it is difficult
+to make the first start again. Last night there was a terrible fire at
+Linton, eleven miles from Cambridge. Seeing the reflection so plainly in
+the sky, Hall, Woodyeare, Turner, and myself thought we would ride and
+see it. We set out at half-past nine, and rode like incarnate devils
+there, and did not return till two in the morning. Altogether it was a
+most awful sight. I cannot conclude without telling you, that of all the
+blackguards I ever met with, you are the greatest and the best.
+
+In July 1829 he had written to Fox:--
+
+"I must read for my Little-go. Graham smiled and bowed so very civilly,
+when he told me that he was one of the six appointed to make the
+examination stricter, and that they were determined this would make it a
+very different thing from any previous examination, that from all this I
+am sure it will be the very devil to pay amongst all idle men and
+entomologists."
+
+But things were not so bad as he feared, and in March 1830, he could
+write to the same correspondent:--
+
+"I am through my Little-go!!! I am too much exalted to humble myself by
+apologising for not having written before. But I assure you before I
+went in, and when my nerves were in a shattered and weak condition, your
+injured person often rose before my eyes and taunted me with my
+idleness. But I am through, through, through. I could write the whole
+sheet full with this delightful word. I went in yesterday, and have
+just heard the joyful news. I shall not know for a week which class I am
+in. The whole examination is carried on in a different system. It has
+one grand advantage--being over in one day. They are rather strict, and
+ask a wonderful number of questions.
+
+And now I want to know something about your plans; of course you intend
+coming up here: what fun we will have together; what beetles we will
+catch; it will do my heart good to go once more together to some of our
+old haunts. I have two very promising pupils in Entomology, and we will
+make regular campaigns into the Fens. Heaven protect the beetles and Mr.
+Jenyns, for we won't leave him a pair in the whole country. My new
+Cabinet is come down, and a gay little affair it is."
+
+In August he was diligently amusing himself in North Wales, finding no
+time to write to Fox, because:--
+
+"This is literally the first idle day I have had to myself; for on the
+rainy days I go fishing, on the good ones entomologising."
+
+November found him preparing for his degree, of which process he writes
+dolefully:--
+
+"I have so little time at present, and am so disgusted by reading, that
+I have not the heart to write to anybody. I have only written once home
+since I came up. This must excuse me for not having answered your three
+letters, for which I am really very much obliged....
+
+"I have not stuck an insect this term, and scarcely opened a case. If I
+had time I would have sent you the insects which I have so long
+promised; but really I have not spirits or time to do anything. Reading
+makes me quite desperate; the plague of getting up all my subjects is
+next thing to intolerable, Henslow is my tutor, and a most _admirable_
+one he makes; the hour with him is the pleasantest in the whole day. I
+think he is quite the most perfect man I ever met with. I have been to
+some very pleasant parties there this term. His good-nature is
+unbounded."
+
+The new year brought relief, and on January 23, 1831, he wrote to tell
+Fox that he was through his examination.
+
+"I do not know why the degree should make one so miserable, both before
+and afterwards. I recollect you were sufficiently wretched before, and I
+can assure [you], I am now; and what makes it the more ridiculous is, I
+know not what about. I believe it is a beautiful provision of nature to
+make one regret the less leaving so pleasant a place as Cambridge; and
+amongst all its pleasures--I say it for once and for all--none so great
+as my friendship with you. I sent you a newspaper yesterday, in which
+you will see what a good place--tenth--I have got in the Poll. As for
+Christ's, did you ever see such a college for producing Captains and
+Apostles?[81] There are no men either at Emmanuel or Christ's plucked.
+Cameron is gulfed,[82] together with other three Trinity scholars! My
+plans are not at all settled. I think I shall keep this term, and then
+go and economise at Shrewsbury, return and take my degree.
+
+"A man may be excused for writing so much about himself when he has just
+passed the examination; so you must excuse [me]. And on the same
+principle do you write a letter brimful of yourself and plans."
+
+
+THE APPOINTMENT TO THE 'BEAGLE.'
+
+In a letter addressed to Captain Fitz-Roy, before the _Beagle_ sailed,
+my father wrote, "What a glorious day the 4th of November[83] will be to
+me--my second life will then commence, and it shall be as a birthday for
+the rest of my life."
+
+Foremost in the chain of circumstances which led to his appointment to
+the _Beagle_, was his friendship with Professor Henslow, of which the
+autobiography gives a sufficient account.[84]
+
+An extract from a pocket-book, in which Darwin briefly recorded the
+chief events of his life, gives the history of his introduction to that
+science which was so soon to be his chief occupation--geology.
+
+"1831. _Christmas._--Passed my examination for B.A. degree and kept the
+two following terms. During these months lived much with Professor
+Henslow, often dining with him and walking with him; became slightly
+acquainted with several of the learned men in Cambridge, which much
+quickened the zeal which dinner parties and hunting had not destroyed.
+In the spring Henslow persuaded me to think of Geology, and introduced
+me to Sedgwick. During Midsummer geologized a little in Shropshire."
+
+This geological work was doubtless of importance as giving him some
+practical experience, and perhaps of more importance in helping to give
+him some confidence in himself. In July of the same year, 1831, he was
+"working like a tiger" at Geology, and trying to make a map of
+Shropshire, but not finding it "as easy as I expected."
+
+In writing to Henslow about the same time, he gives some account of his
+work:--
+
+"I have been working at so many things that I have not got on much with
+geology. I suspect the first expedition I take, clinometer and hammer in
+hand, will send me back very little wiser and a good deal more puzzled
+than when I started. As yet I have only indulged in hypotheses, but they
+are such powerful ones that I suppose, if they were put into action but
+for one day, the world would come to an end."
+
+He was evidently most keen to get to work with Sedgwick, who had
+promised to take him on a geological tour in North Wales, for he wrote
+to Henslow: "I have not heard from Professor Sedgwick, so I am afraid he
+will not pay the Severn formations a visit. I hope and trust you did
+your best to urge him."
+
+My father has given in his _Recollections_ some account of this Tour;
+there too we read of the projected excursion to the Canaries.
+
+In April 1831, he writes to Fox: "At present I talk, think, and dream of
+a scheme I have almost hatched of going to the Canary Islands. I have
+long had a wish of seeing tropical scenery and vegetation, and,
+according to Humboldt, Teneriffe is a very pretty specimen." And again
+in May: "As for my Canary scheme, it is rash of you to ask questions; my
+other friends most sincerely wish me there, I plague them so with
+talking about tropical scenery, &c. Eyton will go next summer, and I am
+learning Spanish."
+
+Later on in the summer the scheme took more definite form, and the date
+seems to have been fixed for June 1832. He got information in London
+about passage-money, and in July was working at Spanish and calling Fox
+"un grandisimo lebron," in proof of his knowledge of the language. But
+even then he seems to have had some doubts about his companions' zeal,
+for he writes to Henslow (July 27, 1831): "I hope you continue to fan
+your Canary ardour. I read and re-read Humboldt;[85] do you do the same.
+I am sure nothing will prevent us seeing the Great Dragon Tree."
+
+Geological work and Teneriffe dreams carried him through the summer,
+till on returning from Barmouth for the sacred 1st of September, he
+received the offer of appointment as Naturalist to the _Beagle_.
+
+The following extract from the pocket-book will be a help in reading the
+letters:--
+
+"Returned to Shrewsbury at end of August. Refused offer of voyage.
+
+"_September._--Went to Maer, returned with Uncle Jos. to Shrewsbury,
+thence to Cambridge. London.
+
+"_11th._--Went with Captain Fitz-Roy in steamer to Plymouth to see the
+_Beagle_.
+
+"_22nd._--Returned to Shrewsbury, passing through Cambridge.
+
+"_October 2nd._--Took leave of my home. Stayed in London.
+
+"_24th._--Reached Plymouth.
+
+"_October and November._--These months very miserable.
+
+"_December 10th._--Sailed, but were obliged to put back.
+
+"_21st._--Put to sea again, and were driven back.
+
+"_27th._--Sailed from England on our Circumnavigation."
+
+
+_George Peacock[86] to J. S. Henslow_ [1831].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--Captain Fitz-Roy is going out to survey the southern
+coast of Tierra del Fuego, and afterwards to visit many of the South Sea
+Islands, and to return by the Indian Archipelago. The vessel is fitted
+out expressly for scientific purposes, combined with the survey; it will
+furnish, therefore, a rare opportunity for a naturalist, and it would be
+a great misfortune that it should be lost.
+
+An offer has been made to me to recommend a proper person to go out as a
+naturalist with this expedition; he will be treated with every
+consideration. The Captain is a young man of very pleasing manners (a
+nephew of the Duke of Grafton), of great zeal in his profession, and who
+is very highly spoken of; if Leonard Jenyns could go, what treasures he
+might bring home with him, as the ship would be placed at his disposal
+whenever his inquiries made it necessary or desirable. In the absence of
+so accomplished a naturalist, is there any person whom you could
+strongly recommend? he must be such a person as would do credit to our
+recommendation. Do think of this subject; it would be a serious loss to
+the cause of natural science if this fine opportunity was lost.
+
+The contents of the foregoing letter were communicated to Darwin by
+Henslow (August 24th, 1831):--
+
+"I have been asked by Peacock, who will read and forward this to you
+from London, to recommend him a Naturalist as companion to Captain
+Fitz-Roy, employed by Government to survey the southern extremity of
+America. I have stated that I consider you to be the best qualified
+person I know of who is likely to undertake such a situation. I state
+this not in the supposition of your being a _finished_ naturalist, but
+as amply qualified for collecting, observing, and noting anything worthy
+to be noted in Natural History. Peacock has the appointment at his
+disposal, and if he cannot find a man willing to take the office, the
+opportunity will probably be lost. Captain Fitz-Roy wants a man (I
+understand) more as a companion than a mere collector, and would not
+take any one, however good a naturalist, who was not recommended to him
+likewise as a _gentleman_. Particulars of salary, &c., I know nothing.
+The voyage is to last two years, and if you take plenty of books with
+you, anything you please may be done. You will have ample opportunities
+at command. In short, I suppose there never was a finer chance for a man
+of zeal and spirit; Captain Fitz-Roy is a young man. What I wish you to
+do is instantly to come and consult with Peacock (at No. 7 Suffolk
+Street, Pall Mall East, or else at the University Club), and learn
+further particulars. Don't put on any modest doubts or fears about your
+disqualifications, for I assure you I think you are the very man they
+are in search of; so conceive yourself to be tapped on the shoulder by
+your bum-bailiff and affectionate friend, J. S. HENSLOW."
+
+On the strength of Henslow's recommendation, Peacock offered the post to
+Darwin, who wrote from Shrewsbury to Henslow (August 30, 1831):
+
+"Mr. Peacock's letter arrived on Saturday, and I received it late
+yesterday evening. As far as my own mind is concerned, I should, I think
+_certainly_, most gladly have accepted the opportunity which you so
+kindly have offered me. But my father, although he does not decidedly
+refuse me, gives such strong advice against going, that I should not be
+comfortable if I did not follow it.
+
+"My father's objections are these: the unfitting me to settle down as a
+Clergyman, my little habit of seafaring, _the shortness of the time_,
+and the chance of my not suiting Captain Fitz-Roy. It is certainly a
+very serious objection, the very short time for all my preparations, as
+not only body but mind wants making up for such an undertaking. But if
+it had not been for my father I would have taken all risks. What was the
+reason that a Naturalist was not long ago fixed upon? I am very much
+obliged for the trouble you have had about it; there certainly could not
+have been a better opportunity....
+
+"Even if I was to go, my father disliking would take away all energy,
+and I should want a good stock of that. Again I must thank you, it adds
+a little to the heavy but pleasant load of gratitude which I owe to
+you."
+
+The following letter was written by Darwin from Maer, the house of his
+uncle Josiah Wedgwood the younger. It is plain that at first he intended
+to await a written reply from Dr. Darwin, and that the expedition to
+Shrewsbury, mentioned in the _Autobiography_, was an afterthought.
+
+
+[Maer] August 31 [1831].
+
+MY DEAR FATHER--I am afraid I am going to make you again very
+uncomfortable. But, upon consideration, I think you will excuse me once
+again stating my opinions on the offer of the voyage. My excuse and
+reason is the different way all the Wedgwoods view the subject from what
+you and my sisters do.
+
+I have given Uncle Jos[87] what I fervently trust is an accurate and
+full list of your objections, and he is kind enough to give his opinions
+on all. The list and his answers will be enclosed. But may I beg of you
+one favour, it will be doing me the greatest kindness, if you will send
+me a decided answer, yes or no? If the latter, I should be most
+ungrateful if I did not implicitly yield to your better judgment, and to
+the kindest indulgence you have shown me all through my life; and you
+may rely upon it I will never mention the subject again. If your answer
+should be yes; I will go directly to Henslow and consult deliberately
+with him, and then come to Shrewsbury.
+
+The danger appears to me and all the Wedgwoods not great. The expense
+can not be serious, and the time I do not think, anyhow, would be more
+thrown away than if I stayed at home. But pray do not consider that I am
+so bent on going that I would for one _single moment_ hesitate, if you
+thought that after a short period you should continue uncomfortable.
+
+I must again state I cannot think it would unfit me hereafter for a
+steady life. I do hope this letter will not give you much uneasiness. I
+send it by the car to-morrow morning; if you make up your mind directly
+will you send me an answer on the following day by the same means? If
+this letter should not find you at home, I hope you will answer as soon
+as you conveniently can.
+
+I do not know what to say about Uncle Jos' kindness; I never can forget
+how he interests himself about me.
+
+Believe me, my dear father, your affectionate son,
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+Here follow the objections above referred to:--
+
+"(1.) Disreputable to my character as a Clergyman hereafter.
+
+"(2.) A wild scheme.
+
+"(3.) That they must have offered to many others before me the place of
+Naturalist.
+
+"(4.) And from its not being accepted there must be some serious
+objection to the vessel or expedition.
+
+"(5.) That I should never settle down to a steady life hereafter.
+
+"(6.) That my accommodations would be most uncomfortable.
+
+"(7.) That you [_i.e._ Dr. Darwin] should consider it as again changing
+my profession.
+
+"(8.) That it would be a useless undertaking."
+
+Josiah Wedgwood having demolished this curious array of argument, and
+the Doctor having been converted, Darwin left home for Cambridge. On his
+arrival at the Red Lion he sent a messenger to Henslow with the
+following note (September 2nd):--
+
+"I am just arrived; you will guess the reason. My father has changed his
+mind. I trust the place is not given away.
+
+I am very much fatigued, and am going to bed.
+
+I dare say you have not yet got my second letter.
+
+How soon shall I come to you in the morning? Send a verbal answer."
+
+
+_C. D. to Miss Susan Darwin._ Cambridge [September 4, 1831].
+
+... The whole of yesterday I spent with Henslow, thinking of what is to
+be done, and that I find is a great deal. By great good luck I know a
+man of the name of Wood, nephew of Lord Londonderry. He is a great
+friend of Captain Fitz-Roy, and has written to him about me. I heard a
+part of Captain Fitz-Roy's letter, dated some time ago, in which he
+says: 'I have a right good set of officers, and most of my men have been
+there before.' It seems he has been there for the last few years; he was
+then second in command with the same vessel that he has now chosen. He
+is only twenty-three years old, but [has] seen a deal of service, and
+won the gold medal at Portsmouth. The Admiralty say his maps are most
+perfect. He had choice of two vessels, and he chose the smallest.
+Henslow will give me letters to all travellers in town whom he thinks
+may assist me.
+
+... I write as if it was settled, but Henslow tells me _by no means_ to
+make up my mind till I have had long conversations with Captains
+Beaufort and Fitz-Roy. Good-bye. You will hear from me constantly.
+Direct 17 Spring Gardens. _Tell nobody_ in Shropshire yet. Be sure not.
+
+I was so tired that evening I was in Shrewsbury that I thanked none of
+you for your kindness half so much as I felt. Love to my father.
+
+The reason I don't want people told in Shropshire: in case I should not
+go, it will make it more flat.
+
+
+At this stage of the transaction, a hitch occurred. Captain Fitz-Roy, it
+seems, wished to take a friend (Mr. Chester) as companion on the voyage,
+and accordingly wrote to Cambridge in such a discouraging strain, that
+Darwin gave up hope and hardly thought it worth his while to go to
+London (September 5). Fortunately, however, he did go, and found that
+Mr. Chester could not leave England. When the physiognomical, or
+nose-difficulty (Autobiography, p. 26.) occurred, I have no means of
+knowing: for at this interview Fitz-Roy was evidently well-disposed
+towards him.
+
+My father wrote:--
+
+"He offers me to go shares in everything in his cabin if I like to come,
+and every sort of accommodation I can have, but they will not be
+numerous. He says nothing would be so miserable for him as having me
+with him if I was uncomfortable, as in a small vessel we must be thrown
+together, and thought it his duty to state everything in the worst point
+of view. I think I shall go on Sunday to Plymouth to see the vessel.
+
+"There is something most extremely attractive in his manners and way of
+coming straight to the point. If I live with him, he says I must live
+poorly--no wine, and the plainest dinners. The scheme is not certainly
+so good as Peacock describes. Captain Fitz-Roy advises me not [to] make
+up my mind quite yet, but that, seriously, he thinks it will have much
+more pleasure than pain for me....
+
+"The want of room is decidedly the most serious objection; but Captain
+Fitz-Roy (probably owing to Wood's letter) seems determined to make me
+[as] comfortable as he possibly can. I like his manner of proceeding. He
+asked me at once, 'Shall you bear being told that I want the cabin to
+myself--when I want to be alone? If we treat each other this way, I hope
+we shall suit; if not, probably we should wish each other at the
+devil.'"
+
+
+_C. D. to Miss Susan Darwin._ London [September 6, 1831].
+
+MY DEAR SUSAN--Again I am going to trouble you. I suspect, if I keep on
+at this rate, you will sincerely wish me at Tierra del Fuego, or any
+other Terra, but England. First, I will give my commissions. Tell Nancy
+to make me some twelve instead of eight shirts. Tell Edward to send me
+up in my carpet-bag (he can slip the key in the bag tied to some
+string), my slippers, a pair of lightish walking-shoes, my Spanish
+books, my new microscope (about six inches long and three or four deep),
+which must have cotton stuffed inside; my geological compass; my father
+knows that; a little book, if I have got it in my bed room--_Taxidermy_.
+Ask my father if he thinks there would be any objection to my taking
+arsenic for a little time, as my hands are not quite well, and I have
+always observed that if I once get them well, and change my manner of
+living about the same time, they will generally remain well. What is the
+dose? Tell Edward my gun is dirty. What is Erasmus's direction? Tell me
+if you think there is time to write and to receive an answer before I
+start, as I should like particularly to know what he thinks about it. I
+suppose you do not know Sir J. Mackintosh's direction?
+
+I write all this as if it was settled, but it is not more than it was,
+excepting that from Captain Fitz-Roy wishing me so much to go, and, from
+his kindness, I feel a predestination I shall start. I spent a very
+pleasant evening with him yesterday. He must be more than twenty-three
+years old; he is of a slight figure, and a dark but handsome edition of
+Mr. Kynaston, and, according to my notions, pre-eminently good manners.
+He is all for economy, excepting on one point--viz., fire-arms. He
+recommends me strongly to get a case of pistols like his, which cost
+L60!! and never to go on shore anywhere without loaded ones, and he is
+doubting about a rifle; he says I cannot appreciate the luxury of fresh
+meat here. Of course I shall buy nothing till everything is settled;
+but I work all day long at my lists, putting in and striking out
+articles. This is the first really cheerful day I have spent since I
+received the letter, and it all is owing to the sort of involuntary
+confidence I place in my _beau ideal_ of a Captain.
+
+We stop at Teneriffe. His object is to stop at as many places as
+possible. He takes out twenty chronometers, and it will be a "sin" not
+to settle the longitude. He tells me to get it down in writing at the
+Admiralty that I have the free choice to leave as soon and whenever I
+like. I daresay you expect I shall turn back at the Madeira; if I have a
+morsel of stomach left, I won't give up. Excuse my so often troubling
+and writing: the one is of great utility, the other a great amusement to
+me. Most likely I shall write to-morrow. Answer by return of post. Love
+to my father, dearest Susan.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. S. Henslow._ Devonport [November 15, 1831].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--The orders are come down from the Admiralty, and
+everything is finally settled. We positively sail the last day of this
+month, and I think before that time the vessel will be ready. She looks
+most beautiful, even a landsman must admire her. _We_ all think her the
+most perfect vessel ever turned out of the Dockyard. One thing is
+certain, no vessel has been fitted out so expensively, and with so much
+care. Everything that can be made so is of mahogany, and nothing can
+exceed the neatness and beauty of all the accommodations. The
+instructions are very general, and leave a great deal to the Captain's
+discretion and judgment, paying a substantial as well as a verbal
+compliment to him....
+
+No vessel ever left England with such a set of Chronometers, viz.
+twenty-four, all very good ones. In short, everything is well, and I
+have only now to pray for the sickness to moderate its fierceness, and I
+shall do very well. Yet I should not call it one of the very best
+opportunities for natural history that has ever occurred. The absolute
+want of room is an evil that nothing can surmount. I think L. Jenyns did
+very wisely in not coming, that is judging from my own feelings, for I
+am sure if I had left college some few years, or been those years older
+I _never_ could have endured it. The officers (excepting the Captain)
+are like the freshest freshmen, that is in their manners, in everything
+else widely different. Remember me most kindly to him, and tell him if
+ever he dreams in the night of palm-trees, he may in the morning comfort
+himself with the assurance that the voyage would not have suited him.
+
+I am much obliged for your advice, _de Mathematicis_. I suspect when
+I am struggling with a triangle, I shall often wish myself in your
+room, and as for those wicked sulky surds, I do not know what I
+shall do without you to conjure them. My time passes away very
+pleasantly. I know one or two pleasant people, foremost of whom is Mr.
+Thunder-and-lightning Harris,[88] whom I dare say you have heard of. My
+chief employment is to go on board the _Beagle_, and try to look as much
+like a sailor as I can. I have no evidence of having taken in man, woman
+or child.
+
+I am going to ask you to do one more commission, and I trust it will be
+the last. When I was in Cambridge, I wrote to Mr. Ash, asking him to
+send my College account to my father, after having subtracted about L30
+for my furniture. This he has forgotten to do, and my father has paid
+the bill, and I want to have the furniture-money transmitted to my
+father. Perhaps you would be kind enough to speak to Mr. Ash. I have
+cost my father so much money, I am quite ashamed of myself.
+
+I will write once again before sailing, and perhaps you will write to me
+before then.
+
+Believe me, yours affectionately,
+
+
+_C. D. to J. S. Henslow._ Devonport [December 3, 1831].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--It is now late in the evening, and to-night I am going
+to sleep on board. On Monday we most certainly sail, so you may guess in
+what a desperate state of confusion we are all in. If you were to hear
+the various exclamations of the officers, you would suppose we had
+scarcely had a week's notice. I am just in the same way taken all
+_aback_, and in such a bustle I hardly know what to do. The number of
+things to be done is infinite. I look forward even to sea-sickness with
+something like satisfaction, anything must be better than this state of
+anxiety. I am very much obliged for your last kind and affectionate
+letter. I always like advice from you, and no one whom I have the luck
+to know is more capable of giving it than yourself. Recollect, when you
+write, that I am a sort of _protege_ of yours, and that it is your
+bounden duty to lecture me.
+
+I will now give you my direction: it is at first, Rio; but if you will
+send me a letter on the first Tuesday (when the packet sails) in
+February, directed to Monte Video, it will give me very great pleasure:
+I shall so much enjoy hearing a little Cambridge news. Poor dear old
+_Alma Mater_! I am a very worthy son in as far as affection goes. I have
+little more to write about.... I cannot end this without telling you how
+cordially I feel grateful for the kindness you have shown me during my
+Cambridge life. Much of the pleasure and utility which I may have
+derived from it is owing to you. I long for the time when we shall again
+meet, and till then believe me, my dear Henslow,
+
+Your affectionate and obliged friend,
+CH. DARWIN.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[65] "On Tuesday last Charles Darwin, of Christ's College, was admitted
+B.A."--_Cambridge Chronicle_, Friday, April 29th, 1831.
+
+[66] Readers of Calverley (another Christ's man) will remember his
+tobacco poem ending "Hero's to thee, Bacon."
+
+[67] The rooms are on the first floor, on the west side of the middle
+staircase. A medallion (given by my brother) has recently been let into
+the wall of the sitting-room.
+
+[68] For instance in a letter to Hooker (1817):--"Many thanks for your
+welcome note from Cambridge, and I am glad you like my _Alma Mater_,
+which I despise heartily as a place of education, but love from many
+most pleasant recollections."
+
+[69] Autobiography p. 10.
+
+[70] From a letter to W. D. Fox.
+
+[71] No doubt in allusion to the title of Lord Herbert of Cherbury.
+
+[72] _Panagaeus crux-major._
+
+[73] Formerly Reader in Natural Philosophy at Durham University.
+
+[74] Blane was afterwards, I believe, in the Life Guards; he was in the
+Crimean War, and afterwards Military Attache at St. Petersburg. I am
+indebted to Mr. Hamilton for information about some of my father's
+contemporaries.
+
+[75] Brother of Lord Sherbrooke.
+
+[76] March 18, 1829.
+
+[77] The postmark being Derby seems to show that the letter was written
+from his cousin, W. D. Fox's house, Osmaston, near Derby.
+
+[78] The top of the hill immediately behind Barmouth was called
+Craig-Storm, a hybrid Cambro-English word.
+
+[79] Rev. T. Butler, a son of the former head master of Shrewsbury
+School.
+
+[80] No doubt a paid collector.
+
+[81] The "Captain" is at the head of the "Poll": the "Apostles" are the
+last twelve in the Mathematical Tripos.
+
+[82] For an explanation of the word "gulfed" or "gulphed," see Mr. W. W.
+Rouse Balls' interesting _History of the Study of Mathematics at
+Cambridge_ (1889), p. 160.
+
+[83] The _Beagle_ should have started on Nov. 4, but was delayed until
+Dec. 27.
+
+[84] See, too, a sketch by my father of his old master, in the Rev. L.
+Blomefield's _Memoir of Professor Henslow_.
+
+[85] The copy of Humboldt given by Henslow to my father, which is in my
+possession, is a double memento of the two men--the author and the
+donor, who so greatly influenced his life.
+
+[86] Formerly Dean of Ely, and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy at
+Cambridge.
+
+[87] Josiah Wedgwood.
+
+[88] William Snow Harris, the Electrician.
+
+[Illustration: THE 'BEAGLE' LAID ASHORE, RIVER SANTA CRUZ.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+THE VOYAGE.
+
+     "There is a natural good-humoured energy in his letters just like
+     himself."--From a letter of Dr. R. W. Darwin's to Professor
+     Henslow.
+
+
+The object of the _Beagle_ voyage is briefly described in my father's
+_Journal of Researches_, p. 1, as being "to complete the Survey of
+Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, commenced under Captain King in 1826 to
+1830; to survey the shores of Chile, Peru, and some islands in the
+Pacific; and to carry a chain of chronometrical measurements round the
+world."
+
+The _Beagle_ is described[89] as a well-built little vessel, of 235
+tons, rigged as a barque, and carrying six guns. She belonged to the old
+class of ten-gun brigs, which were nicknamed "coffins," from their
+liability to go down in severe weather. They were very "deep-waisted,"
+that is, their bulwarks were high in proportion to their size, so that a
+heavy sea breaking over them might be highly dangerous. Nevertheless,
+she had already lived through five years' work, in the most stormy
+regions in the world, under Commanders Stokes and Fitz-Roy without a
+serious accident. When re-commissioned in 1831 for her second voyage,
+she was found (as I learned from the late Admiral Sir James Sulivan) to
+be so rotten that she had practically to be rebuilt, and it was this
+that caused the long delay in refitting.
+
+She was fitted out for the expedition with all possible care: to quote
+my father's description, written from Devonport, November 17, 1831:
+"Everybody, who can judge, says it is one of the grandest voyages that
+has almost ever been sent out. Everything is on a grand scale.... In
+short, everything is as prosperous as human means can make it." The
+twenty-four chronometers and the mahogany fittings seem to have been
+especially admired, and are more than once alluded to.
+
+Owing to the smallness of the vessel, every one on board was cramped for
+room, and my father's accommodation seems to have been narrow enough.
+
+Yet of this confined space he wrote enthusiastically, September 17,
+1831:--"When I wrote last, I was in great alarm about my cabin. The
+cabins were not then marked out, but when I left they were, and mine is
+a capital one, certainly next best to the Captain's and remarkably
+light. My companion most luckily, I think, will turn out to be the
+officer whom I shall like best. Captain Fitz-Roy says he will take care
+that one corner is so fitted up that I shall be comfortable in it and
+shall consider it my home, but that also I shall have the run of his. My
+cabin is the drawing one; and in the middle is a large table, on which
+we two sleep in hammocks. But for the first two months there will be no
+drawing to be done, so that it will be quite a luxurious room, and a
+good deal larger than the Captain's cabin."
+
+My father used to say that it was the absolute necessity of tidiness in
+the cramped space on the _Beagle_ that helped "to give him his
+methodical habits of working." On the _Beagle_, too, he would say, that
+he learned what he considered the golden rule for saving time; _i.e._,
+taking care of the minutes.
+
+In a letter to his sister (July 1832), he writes contentedly of his
+manner of life at sea:--"I do not think I have ever given you an account
+of how the day passes. We breakfast at eight o'clock. The invariable
+maxim is to throw away all politeness--that is, never to wait for each
+other, and bolt off the minute one has done eating, &c. At sea, when the
+weather is calm, I work at marine animals, with which the whole ocean
+abounds. If there is any sea up I am either sick or contrive to read
+some voyage or travels. At one we dine. You shore-going people are
+lamentably mistaken about the manner of living on board. We have never
+yet (nor shall we) dined off salt meat. Rice and peas and _calavanses_
+are excellent vegetables, and, with good bread, who could want more?
+Judge Alderson could not be more temperate, as nothing but water comes
+on the table. At five we have tea."
+
+The crew of the _Beagle_ consisted of Captain Fitz-Roy, "Commander and
+Surveyor," two lieutenants, one of whom (the first lieutenant) was the
+late Captain Wickham, Governor of Queensland; the late Admiral Sir James
+Sulivan, K.C.B., was the second lieutenant. Besides the master and two
+mates, there was an assistant-surveyor, the late Admiral Lort Stokes.
+There were also a surgeon, assistant-surgeon, two midshipmen, master's
+mate, a volunteer (1st class), purser, carpenter, clerk, boatswain,
+eight marines, thirty-four seamen, and six boys.
+
+There are not now (1892) many survivors of my father's old ship-mates.
+Admiral Mellersh, and Mr. Philip King, of the Legislative Council of
+Sydney, are among the number. Admiral Johnson died almost at the same
+time as my father.
+
+My father retained to the last a most pleasant recollection of the
+voyage of the _Beagle_, and of the friends he made on board her. To his
+children their names were familiar, from his many stories of the voyage,
+and we caught his feeling of friendship for many who were to us nothing
+more than names.
+
+It is pleasant to know how affectionately his old companions remember
+him.
+
+Sir James Sulivan remained, throughout my father's lifetime, one of his
+best and truest friends. He writes:--"I can confidently express my
+belief that during the five years in the _Beagle_, he was never known to
+be out of temper, or to say one unkind or hasty word _of_ or _to_ any
+one. You will therefore readily understand how this, combined with the
+admiration of his energy and ability, led to our giving him the name of
+'the dear old Philosopher.'"[90] Admiral Mellersh writes to me:--"Your
+father is as vividly in my mind's eye as if it was only a week ago that
+I was in the _Beagle_ with him; his genial smile and conversation can
+never be forgotten by any who saw them and heard them. I was sent on two
+or three occasions away in a boat with him on some of his scientific
+excursions, and always looked forward to these trips with great
+pleasure, an anticipation that, unlike many others, was always realised.
+I think he was the only man I ever knew against whom I never heard a
+word said; and as people when shut up in a ship for five years are apt
+to get cross with each other, that is saying a good deal."
+
+Admiral Stokes, Mr. King, Mr. Usborne, and Mr. Hamond, all speak of
+their friendship with him in the same warm-hearted way.
+
+Captain Fitz-Roy was a strict officer, and made himself thoroughly
+respected both by officers and men. The occasional severity of his
+manner was borne with because every one on board knew that his first
+thought was his duty, and that he would sacrifice anything to the real
+welfare of the ship. My father writes, July 1834: "We all jog on very
+well together, there is no quarrelling on board, which is something to
+say. The Captain keeps all smooth by rowing every one in turn."
+
+My father speaks of the officers as a fine determined set of men, and
+especially of Wickham, the first lieutenant, as a "glorious fellow." The
+latter being responsible for the smartness and appearance of the ship
+strongly objected to Darwin littering the decks, and spoke of specimens
+as "d----d beastly devilment," and used to add, "If I were skipper, I
+would soon have you and all your d----d mess out of the place."
+
+A sort of halo of sanctity was given to my father by the fact of his
+dining in the Captain's cabin, so that the midshipmen used at first to
+call him "Sir," a formality, however, which did not prevent his becoming
+fast friends with the younger officers. He wrote about the year 1861 or
+1862 to Mr. P. G. King, M.L.C., Sydney, who, as before stated, was a
+midshipman on board the _Beagle_:--"The remembrance of old days, when we
+used to sit and talk on the booms of the _Beagle_, will always, to the
+day of my death, make me glad to hear of your happiness and prosperity."
+Mr. King describes the pleasure my father seemed to take "in pointing
+out to me as a youngster the delights of the tropical nights, with their
+balmy breezes eddying out of the sails above us, and the sea lighted up
+by the passage of the ship through the never-ending streams of
+phosphorescent animalculae."
+
+It has been assumed that his ill-health in later years was due to his
+having suffered so much from sea-sickness. This he did not himself
+believe, but rather ascribed his bad health to the hereditary fault
+which took shape as gout in some of the past generations. I am not quite
+clear as to how much he actually suffered from sea-sickness; my
+impression is distinct that, according to his own memory, he was not
+actually ill after the first three weeks, but constantly uncomfortable
+when the vessel pitched at all heavily. But, judging from his letters,
+and from the evidence of some of the officers, it would seem that in
+later years he forgot the extent of the discomfort. Writing June 3,
+1836, from the Cape of Good Hope, he says: "It is a lucky thing for me
+that the voyage is drawing to its close, for I positively suffer more
+from sea-sickness now than three years ago."
+
+_C. D. to R. W. Darwin._ Bahia, or San Salvador, Brazil. [February 8,
+1832.]
+
+     I find after the first page I have been writing to my sisters.
+
+MY DEAR FATHER--I am writing this on the 8th of February, one day's sail
+past St. Jago (Cape de Verd), and intend taking the chance of meeting
+with a homeward-bound vessel somewhere about the equator. The date,
+however, will tell this whenever the opportunity occurs. I will now
+begin from the day of leaving England, and give a short account of our
+progress. We sailed, as you know, on the 27th of December, and have been
+fortunate enough to have had from that time to the present a fair and
+moderate breeze. It afterwards proved that we had escaped a heavy gale
+in the Channel, another at Madeira, and another on [the] Coast of
+Africa. But in escaping the gale, we felt its consequence--a heavy sea.
+In the Bay of Biscay there was a long and continuous swell, and the
+misery I endured from sea-sickness is far beyond what I ever guessed at.
+I believe you are curious about it. I will give you all my dear-bought
+experience. Nobody who has only been to sea for twenty-four hours has a
+right to say that sea-sickness is even uncomfortable. The real misery
+only begins when you are so exhausted that a little exertion makes a
+feeling of faintness come on. I found nothing but lying in my hammock
+did me any good. I must especially except your receipt of raisins, which
+is the only food that the stomach will bear.
+
+On the 4th of January we were not many miles from Madeira, but as there
+was a heavy sea running, and the island lay to windward, it was not
+thought worth while to beat up to it. It afterwards has turned out it
+was lucky we saved ourselves the trouble. I was much too sick even to
+get up to see the distant outline. On the 6th, in the evening, we sailed
+into the harbour of Santa Cruz. I now first felt even moderately well,
+and I was picturing to myself all the delights of fresh fruit growing in
+beautiful valleys, and reading Humboldt's description of the island's
+glorious views, when perhaps you may nearly guess at our disappointment,
+when a small pale man informed us we must perform a strict quarantine of
+twelve days. There was a death-like stillness in the ship till the
+Captain cried "up jib," and we left this long wished-for place.
+
+We were becalmed for a day between Teneriffe and the Grand Canary, and
+here I first experienced any enjoyment. The view was glorious. The Peak
+of Teneriffe was seen amongst the clouds like another world. Our only
+drawback was the extreme wish of visiting this glorious island. From
+Teneriffe to St. Jago the voyage was extremely pleasant. I had a net
+astern the vessel which caught great numbers of curious animals, and
+fully occupied my time in my cabin, and on deck the weather was so
+delightful and clear, that the sky and water together made a picture. On
+the 16th we arrived at Port Praya, the capital of the Cape de Verds, and
+there we remained twenty-three days, viz. till yesterday, the 7th of
+February. The time has flown away most delightfully, indeed nothing can
+be pleasanter; exceedingly busy, and that business both a duty and a
+great delight. I do not believe I have spent one half-hour idly since
+leaving Teneriffe. St. Jago has afforded me an exceedingly rich harvest
+in several branches of Natural History. I find the descriptions scarcely
+worth anything of many of the commoner animals that inhabit the Tropics.
+I allude, of course, to those of the lower classes.
+
+Geologising in a volcanic country is most delightful; besides the
+interest attached to itself, it leads you into most beautiful and
+retired spots. Nobody but a person fond of Natural History can imagine
+the pleasure of strolling under cocoa-nuts in a thicket of bananas and
+coffee-plants, and an endless number of wild flowers. And this island,
+that has given me so much instruction and delight, is reckoned the most
+uninteresting place that we perhaps shall touch at during our voyage. It
+certainly is generally very barren, but the valleys are more exquisitely
+beautiful, from the very contrast. It is utterly useless to say anything
+about the scenery; it would be as profitable to explain to a blind man
+colours, as to a person who has not been out of Europe, the total
+dissimilarity of a tropical view. Whenever I enjoy anything, I always
+either look forward to writing it down, either in my log-book (which
+increases in bulk), or in a letter; so you must excuse raptures, and
+those raptures badly expressed. I find my collections are increasing
+wonderfully, and from Rio I think I shall be obliged to send a cargo
+home.
+
+All the endless delays which we experienced at Plymouth have been most
+fortunate, as I verily believe no person ever went out better provided
+for collecting and observing in the different branches of Natural
+History. In a multitude of counsellors I certainly found good. I find to
+my great surprise that a ship is singularly comfortable for all sorts of
+work. Everything is so close at hand, and being cramped makes one so
+methodical, that in the end I have been a gainer. I already have got to
+look at going to sea as a regular quiet place, like going back to home
+after staying away from it. In short, I find a ship a very comfortable
+house, with everything you want, and if it was not for sea-sickness the
+whole world would be sailors. I do not think there is much danger of
+Erasmus setting the example, but in case there should be, he may rely
+upon it he does not know one-tenth of the sufferings of sea-sickness.
+
+I like the officers much more than I did at first, especially Wickham,
+and young King and Stokes, and indeed all of them. The Captain continues
+steadily very kind, and does everything in his power to assist me. We
+see very little of each other when in harbour, our pursuits lead us in
+such different tracks. I never in my life met with a man who could
+endure nearly so great a share of fatigue. He works incessantly, and
+when apparently not employed, he is thinking. If he does not kill
+himself, he will during this voyage do a wonderful quantity of work....
+
+_February 26th._--About 280 miles from Bahia. We have been singularly
+unlucky in not meeting with any homeward-bound vessels, but I suppose
+[at] Bahia we certainly shall be able to write to England. Since writing
+the first part of [this] letter nothing has occurred except crossing the
+Equator, and being shaved. This most disagreeable operation, consists in
+having your face rubbed with paint and tar, which forms a lather for a
+saw which represents the razor, and then being half drowned in a sail
+filled with salt water. About 50 miles north of the line we touched at
+the rocks of St. Paul; this little speck (about 1/4 of a mile across) in
+the Atlantic has seldom been visited. It is totally barren, but is
+covered by hosts of birds; they were so unused to men that we found we
+could kill plenty with stones and sticks. After remaining some hours on
+the island, we returned on board with the boat loaded with our prey.[91]
+From this we went to Fernando Noronha, a small island where the
+[Brazilians] send their exiles. The landing there was attended with so
+much difficulty owing [to] a heavy surf that the Captain determined to
+sail the next day after arriving. My one day on shore was exceedingly
+interesting, the whole island is one single wood so matted together by
+creepers that it is very difficult to move out of the beaten path. I
+find the Natural History of all these unfrequented spots most
+exceedingly interesting, especially the geology. I have written this
+much in order to save time at Bahia.
+
+Decidedly the most striking thing in the Tropics is the novelty of the
+vegetable forms. Cocoa-nuts could well be imagined from drawings, if you
+add to them a graceful lightness which no European tree partakes of.
+Bananas and plantains are exactly the same as those in hothouses, the
+acacias or tamarinds are striking from the blueness of their foliage;
+but of the glorious orange trees, no description, no drawings, will give
+any just idea; instead of the sickly green of our oranges, the native
+ones exceed the Portugal laurel in the darkness of their tint, and
+infinitely exceed it in beauty of form. Cocoa-nuts, papaws, the
+light-green bananas, and oranges, loaded with fruit, generally surround
+the more luxuriant villages. Whilst viewing such scenes, one feels the
+impossibility that any description should come near the mark, much less
+be over-drawn.
+
+_March 1st._--Bahia, or San Salvador. I arrived at this place on the
+28th of February, and am now writing this letter after having in real
+earnest strolled in the forests of the new world. No person could
+imagine anything so beautiful as the ancient town of Bahia, it is fairly
+embosomed in a luxuriant wood of beautiful trees, and situated on a
+steep bank, and overlooks the calm waters of the great bay of All
+Saints. The houses are white and lofty, and, from the windows being
+narrow and long, have a very light and elegant appearance. Convents,
+porticos, and public buildings, vary the uniformity of the houses; the
+bay is scattered over with large ships; in short, and what can be said
+more, it is one of the finest views in the Brazils. But the exquisite
+glorious pleasure of walking amongst such flowers, and such trees,
+cannot be comprehended but by those who have experienced it.[92]
+Although in so low a latitude the locality is not disagreeably hot, but
+at present it is very damp, for it is the rainy season. I find the
+climate as yet agrees admirably with me; it makes me long to live
+quietly for some time in such a country. If you really want to have [an
+idea] of tropical countries, study Humboldt. Skip the scientific parts,
+and commence after leaving Teneriffe. My feelings amount to admiration
+the more I read him....
+
+This letter will go on the 5th, and I am afraid will be some time before
+it reaches you; it must be a warning how in other parts of the world you
+may be a long time without hearing. A year might by accident thus pass.
+About the 12th we start for Rio, but we remain some time on the way in
+sounding the Albrolhos shoals....
+
+We have beat all the ships in manoeuvring, so much so that the
+commanding officer says we need not follow his example; because we do
+everything better than his great ship. I begin to take great interest in
+naval points, more especially now, as I find they all say we are the No.
+1 in South America. I suppose the Captain is a most excellent officer.
+It was quite glorious to-day how we beat the _Samarang_ in furling
+sails. It is quite a new thing for a "sounding ship" to beat a regular
+man-of-war; and yet the _Beagle_ is not at all a particular ship.
+Erasmus will clearly perceive it when he hears that in the night I have
+actually sat down in the sacred precincts of the quarter deck. You must
+excuse these queer letters, and recollect they are generally written in
+the evening after my day's work. I take more pains over my log-book, so
+that eventually you will have a good account of all the places I visit.
+Hitherto the voyage has answered _admirably_ to me, and yet I am now
+more fully aware of your wisdom in throwing cold water on the whole
+scheme; the chances are so numerous of [its] turning out quite the
+reverse; to such an extent do I feel this, that if my advice was asked
+by any person on a similar occasion, I should be very cautious in
+encouraging him. I have not time to write to anybody else, so send to
+Maer to let them know, that in the midst of the glorious tropical
+scenery, I do not forget how instrumental they were in placing me there.
+I will not rapturise again, but I give myself great credit in not being
+crazy out of pure delight.
+
+Give my love to every soul at home, and to the Owens.
+
+I think one's affections, like other good things, flourish and increase
+in these tropical regions.
+
+The conviction that I am walking in the New World is even yet
+marvellous in my own eyes, and I daresay it is little less so to you,
+the receiving a letter from a son of yours in such a quarter.
+
+Believe me, my dear father, your most affectionate son.
+
+
+The _Beagle_ letters give ample proof of his strong love of home, and
+all connected with it, from his father down to Nancy, his old nurse, to
+whom he sometimes sends his love.
+
+His delight in home-letters is shown in such passages as:--"But if you
+knew the glowing, unspeakable delight, which I felt at being certain
+that my father and all of you were well, only four months ago, you would
+not grudge the labour lost in keeping up the regular series of letters."
+
+"You would be surprised to know how entirely the pleasure in arriving at
+a new place depends on letters."
+
+"I saw the other day a vessel sail for England; it was quite dangerous
+to know how easily I might turn deserter. As for an English lady, I have
+almost forgotten what she is--something very angelic and good."
+
+"I have just received a bundle more letters. I do not know how to thank
+you all sufficiently. One from Catherine, February 8th, another from
+Susan, March 3rd, together with notes from Caroline and from my father;
+give my best love to my father. I almost cried for pleasure at receiving
+it; it was very kind thinking of writing to me. My letters are both few,
+short, and stupid in return for all yours; but I always ease my
+conscience, by considering the Journal as a long letter."
+
+Or again--his longing to return in words like these:--"It is too
+delightful to think that I shall see the leaves fall and hear the robin
+sing next autumn at Shrewsbury. My feelings are those of a school-boy to
+the smallest point; I doubt whether ever boy longed for his holidays as
+much as I do to see you all again. I am at present, although nearly half
+the world is between me and home, beginning to arrange what I shall do,
+where I shall go during the first week."
+
+"No schoolboys ever sung the half-sentimental and half-jovial strain of
+'dulce domum' with more fervour than we all feel inclined to do. But the
+whole subject of 'dulce domum,' and the delight of seeing one's friends,
+is most dangerous, it must infallibly make one very prosy or very
+boisterous. Oh, the degree to which I long to be once again living
+quietly with not one single novel object near me! No one can imagine it
+till he has been whirled round the world during five long years in a
+ten-gun brig."
+
+The following extracts may serve to give an idea of the impressions now
+crowding on him, as well as of the vigorous delight with which he
+plunged into scientific work.
+
+
+May 18, 1832, to Henslow:--
+
+"Here [Rio], I first saw a tropical forest in all its sublime
+grandeur--nothing but the reality can give any idea how wonderful, how
+magnificent the scene is. If I was to specify any one thing I should
+give the pre-eminence to the host of parasitical plants. Your engraving
+is exactly true, but under-rates rather than exaggerates the luxuriance.
+I never experienced such intense delight. I formerly admired Humboldt, I
+now almost adore him; he alone gives any notion of the feelings which
+are raised in the mind on first entering the Tropics. I am now
+collecting fresh-water and land animals; if what was told me in London
+is true, viz., that there are no small insects in the collections from
+the Tropics, I tell Entomologists to look out and have their pens ready
+for describing. I have taken as minute (if not more so) as in England,
+Hydropori, Hygroti, Hydrobii, Pselaphi, Staphylini, Curculio, &c. &c. It
+is exceedingly interesting observing the difference of genera and
+species from those which I know; it is however much less than I had
+expected. I am at present red-hot with spiders; they are very
+interesting, and if I am not mistaken I have already taken some new
+genera. I shall have a large box to send very soon to Cambridge, and
+with that I will mention some more natural history particulars."
+
+"One great source of perplexity to me is an utter ignorance whether I
+note the right facts, and whether they are of sufficient importance to
+interest others. In the one thing collecting I cannot go wrong."
+
+"Geology carries the day: it is like the pleasure of gambling.
+Speculating, on first arriving, what the rocks may be, I often mentally
+cry out 3 to 1 tertiary against primitive; but the latter have hitherto
+won all the bets. So much for the grand end of my voyage: in other
+respects things are equally flourishing. My life, when at sea, is so
+quiet, that to a person who can employ himself, nothing can be
+pleasanter; the beauty of the sky and brilliancy of the ocean together
+make a picture. But when on shore, and wandering in the sublime forests,
+surrounded by views more gorgeous than even Claude ever imagined, I
+enjoy a delight which none but those who have experienced it can
+understand. At our ancient snug breakfasts, at Cambridge, I little
+thought that the wide Atlantic would ever separate us; but it is a rare
+privilege that with the body, the feelings and memory are not divided.
+On the contrary, the pleasantest scenes in my life, many of which have
+been in Cambridge, rise from the contrast of the present, the more
+vividly in my imagination. Do you think any diamond beetle will ever
+give me so much pleasure as our old friend _crux-major_?... It is one of
+my most constant amusements to draw pictures of the past; and in them I
+often see you and poor little Fan. Oh, Lord, and then old Dash poor
+thing! Do you recollect how you all tormented me about his beautiful
+tail?"--[From a letter to Fox.]
+
+To his sister, June 1833:--
+
+"I am quite delighted to find the hide of the Megatherium has given you
+all some little interest in my employments. These fragments are not,
+however, by any means the most valuable of the geological relics. I
+trust and believe that the time spent in this voyage, if thrown away for
+all other respects, will produce its full worth in Natural History; and
+it appears to me the doing what _little_ we can to increase the general
+stock of knowledge is as respectable an object of life as one can in any
+likelihood pursue. It is more the result of such reflections (as I have
+already said) than much immediate pleasure which now makes me continue
+the voyage, together with the glorious prospect of the future, when
+passing the Straits of Magellan, we have in truth the world before us."
+
+To Fox, July 1835:--
+
+"I am glad to hear you have some thoughts of beginning Geology. I hope
+you will; there is so much larger a field for thought than in the other
+branches of Natural History. I am become a zealous disciple of Mr.
+Lyell's views, as known in his admirable book. Geologising in South
+America, I am tempted to carry parts to a greater extent even than he
+does. Geology is a capital science to begin, as it requires nothing but
+a little reading, thinking, and hammering. I have a considerable body of
+notes together; but it is a constant subject of perplexity to me,
+whether they are of sufficient value for all the time I have spent about
+them, or whether animals would not have been of more certain value."
+
+
+In the following letter to his sister Susan he gives an
+account,--adapted to the non-geological mind,--of his South American
+work:--
+
+
+Valparaiso, April 23, 1835.
+
+MY DEAR SUSAN--I received, a few days since, your letter of November;
+the three letters which I before mentioned are yet missing, but I do not
+doubt they will come to life. I returned a week ago from my excursion
+across the Andes to Mendoza. Since leaving England I have never made so
+successful a journey; it has, however, been very expensive. I am sure my
+father would not regret it, if he could know how deeply I have enjoyed
+it: it was something more than enjoyment; I cannot express the delight
+which I felt at such a famous winding-up of all my geology in South
+America. I literally could hardly sleep at nights for thinking over my
+day's work. The scenery was so new, and so majestic; everything at an
+elevation of 12,000 feet bears so different an aspect from that in a
+lower country. I have seen many views more beautiful, but none with so
+strongly marked a character. To a geologist, also, there are such
+manifest proofs of excessive violence; the strata of the highest
+pinnacles are tossed about like the crust of a broken pie.
+
+I do not suppose any of you can be much interested in geological
+details, but I will just mention my principal results:--Besides
+understanding to a certain extent the description and manner of the
+force which has elevated this great line of mountains, I can clearly
+demonstrate that one part of the double line is of an age long posterior
+to the other. In the more ancient line, which is the true chain of the
+Andes, I can describe the sort and order of the rocks which compose it.
+These are chiefly remarkable by containing a bed of gypsum nearly 2000
+feet thick--a quantity of this substance I should think unparalleled in
+the world. What is of much greater consequence, I have procured fossil
+shells (from an elevation of 12,000 feet). I think an examination of
+these will give an approximate age to these mountains, as compared to
+the strata of Europe. In the other line of the Cordilleras there is a
+strong presumption (in my own mind, conviction) that the enormous mass
+of mountains, the peaks of which rise to 13,000 and 14,000 feet, are so
+very modern as to be contemporaneous with the plains of Patagonia (or
+about with the _upper_ strata of the Isle of Wight). If this result
+shall be considered as proved,[93] it is a very important fact in the
+theory of the formation of the world; because, if such wonderful changes
+have taken place so recently in the crust of the globe, there can be no
+reason for supposing former epochs of excessive violence....
+
+
+Another feature in his letters is the surprise and delight with which he
+hears of his collections and observations being of some use. It seems
+only to have gradually occurred to him that he would ever be more than a
+collector of specimens and facts, of which the great men were to make
+use. And even as to the value of his collections he seems to have had
+much doubt, for he wrote to Henslow in 1834: "I really began to think
+that my collections were so poor that you were puzzled what to say; the
+case is now quite on the opposite tack, for you are guilty of exciting
+all my vain feelings to a most comfortable pitch; if hard work will
+atone for these thoughts, I vow it shall not be spared."
+
+Again, to his sister Susan in August, 1836:--
+
+"Both your letters were full of good news; especially the expressions
+which you tell me Professor Sedgwick[94] used about my collections. I
+confess they are deeply gratifying--I trust one part at least will turn
+out true, and that I shall act as I now think--as a man who dares to
+waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life. Professor
+Sedgwick mentioning my name at all gives me hopes that he will assist me
+with his advice, of which, in my geological questions, I stand much in
+need."
+
+Occasional allusions to slavery show us that his feeling on this subject
+was at this time as strong as in later life[95]:--
+
+"The Captain does everything in his power to assist me, and we get on
+very well, but I thank my better fortune he has not made me a renegade
+to Whig principles. I would not be a Tory, if it was merely on account
+of their cold hearts about that scandal to Christian nations--Slavery."
+
+"I have watched how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections,
+has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she
+is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it! I was told
+before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my
+opinions would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming
+a much higher estimate of the negro character. It is impossible to see a
+negro and not feel kindly towards him; such cheerful, open, honest
+expressions and such fine muscular bodies. I never saw any of the
+diminutive Portuguese, with their murderous countenances, without almost
+wishing for Brazil to follow the example of Hayti; and, considering the
+enormous healthy-looking black population, it will be wonderful if, at
+some future day, it does not take place. There is at Rio a man (I know
+not his title) who has a large salary to prevent (I believe) the landing
+of slaves; he lives at Botofogo, and yet that was the bay where, during
+my residence, the greater number of smuggled slaves were landed. Some of
+the Anti-Slavery people ought to question about his office; it was the
+subject of conversation at Rio amongst the lower English...."
+
+
+_C. D. to J. S. Henslow._ Sydney [January, 1836].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--This is the last opportunity of communicating with you
+before that joyful day when I shall reach Cambridge. I have very little
+to say: but I must write if it is only to express my joy that the last
+year is concluded, and that the present one, in which the _Beagle_ will
+return, is gliding onward. We have all been disappointed here in not
+finding even a single letter; we are, indeed, rather before our expected
+time, otherwise I dare say, I should have seen your handwriting. I must
+feed upon the future, and it is beyond bounds delightful to feel the
+certainty that within eight months I shall be residing once again most
+quietly in Cambridge. Certainly, I never was intended for a traveller;
+my thoughts are always rambling over past or future scenes; I cannot
+enjoy the present happiness for anticipating the future, which is about
+as foolish as the dog who dropped the real bone for its shadow....
+
+I must return to my old resource and think of the future, but that I may
+not become more prosy, I will say farewell till the day arrives, when I
+shall see my Master in Natural History, and can tell him how grateful I
+feel for his kindness and friendship.
+
+Believe me, dear Henslow, ever yours most faithfully.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. S. Henslow._ Shrewsbury [October, 6 1836].
+
+MY DEAR HENSLOW--I am sure you will congratulate me on the delight of
+once again being home. The _Beagle_ arrived at Falmouth on Sunday
+evening, and I reached Shrewsbury yesterday morning. I am exceedingly
+anxious to see you, and as it will be necessary in four or five days to
+return to London to get my goods and chattels out of the _Beagle_, it
+appears to me my best plan to pass through Cambridge. I want your advice
+on many points; indeed I am in the clouds, and neither know what to do
+or where to go. My chief puzzle is about the geological specimens--who
+will have the charity to help me in describing their mineralogical
+nature? Will you be kind enough to write to me one line by _return of
+post_, saying whether you are now at Cambridge? I am doubtful till I
+hear from Captain Fitz-Roy whether I shall not be obliged to start
+before the answer can arrive, but pray try the chance. My dear Henslow,
+I do long to see you; you have been the kindest friend to me that ever
+man possessed. I can write no more, for I am giddy with joy and
+confusion.
+
+Farewell for the present,
+Yours most truly obliged.
+
+
+After his return and settlement in London, he began to realise the value
+of what he had done, and wrote to Captain Fitz-Roy--"However others may
+look back to the _Beagle's_ voyage, now that the small disagreeable
+parts are well-nigh forgotten, I think it far the _most fortunate
+circumstance in my life_ that the chance afforded by your offer of
+taking a Naturalist fell on me. I often have the most vivid and
+delightful pictures of what I saw on board the _Beagle_[96] pass before
+my eyes. These recollections, and what I learnt on Natural History, I
+would not exchange for twice ten thousand a year."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[89] _Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle_, vol. i. introduction xii.
+The illustration at the head of the chapter is from vol. ii. of the same
+work.
+
+[90] His other nickname was "The Flycatcher." I have heard my father
+tell how he overheard the boatswain of the _Beagle_ showing another
+boatswain over the ship, and pointing out the officers: "That's our
+first lieutenant; that's our doctor; that's our flycatcher."
+
+[91] "There was such a scene here. Wickham (1st Lieutenant) and I were
+the only two who landed with guns and geological hammers, &c. The birds
+by myriads were too close to shoot; we then tried stones, but at last,
+_proh pudor!_ my geological hammer was the instrument of death. We soon
+loaded the boat with birds and eggs. Whilst we were so engaged, the men
+in the boat were fairly fighting with the sharks for such magnificent
+fish as you could not see in the London market. Our boat would have made
+a fine subject for Snyders, such a medley of game it contained."--From a
+letter to Herbert.
+
+[92] "My mind has been, since leaving England, in a perfect hurricane of
+delight and astonishment."--_C. D. to Fox_, May 1832, from Botofogo Bay.
+
+[93] The importance of these results has been fully recognized by
+geologists.
+
+[94] Sedgwick wrote (November 7, 1835) to Dr. Butler, the head master of
+Shrewsbury School:--"He is doing admirable work in South America, and
+has already sent home a collection above all price. It was the best
+thing in the world for him that he went out on the voyage of discovery.
+There was some risk of his turning out an idle man, but his character
+will now be fixed, and if God spares his life he will have a great name
+among the naturalists of Europe...."--I am indebted to my friend Mr. J.
+W. Clark, the biographer of Sedgwick, for the above extract.
+
+[95] Compare the following passage from a letter (Aug. 25, 1845)
+addressed to Lyell, who had touched on slavery in his _Travels in North
+America._ "I was delighted with your letter in which you touch on
+Slavery; I wish the same feelings had been apparent in your published
+discussion. But I will not write on this subject, I should perhaps annoy
+you, and most certainly myself. I have exhaled myself with a paragraph
+or two in my Journal on the sin of Brazilian slavery; you perhaps will
+think that it is in answer to you; but such is not the case. I have
+remarked on nothing which I did not hear on the coast of South America.
+My few sentences, however, are merely an explosion of feeling. How could
+you relate so placidly that atrocious sentiment about separating
+children from their parents; and in the next page speak of being
+distressed at the whites not having prospered; I assure you the contrast
+made me exclaim out. But I have broken my intention, and so no more on
+this odious deadly subject." It is fair to add that the "atrocious
+sentiments" were not Lyell's but those of a planter.
+
+[96] According to the _Japan Weekly Mail_, as quoted in _Nature_, March
+8, 1888, the _Beagle_ is in use as a training ship at Yokosuka, in
+Japan. Part of the old ship is, I am glad to think, in my possession, in
+the form of a box (which I owe to the kindness of Admiral Mellersh) made
+out of her main cross-tree.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LONDON AND CAMBRIDGE.
+
+1836-1842.
+
+
+The period illustrated in the present chapter includes the years between
+Darwin's return from the voyage of the _Beagle_ and his settling at
+Down. It is marked by the gradual appearance of that weakness of health
+which ultimately forced him to leave London and take up his abode for
+the rest of his life in a quiet country house.
+
+There is no evidence of any intention of entering a profession after his
+return from the voyage, and early in 1840 he wrote to Fitz-Roy: "I have
+nothing to wish for, excepting stronger health to go on with the
+subjects to which I have joyfully determined to devote my life."
+
+These two conditions--permanent ill-health and a passionate love of
+scientific work for its own sake--determined thus early in his career,
+the character of his whole future life. They impelled him to lead a
+retired life of constant labour, carried on to the utmost limits of his
+physical power, a life which signally falsified his melancholy
+prophecy:--"It has been a bitter mortification for me to digest the
+conclusion that the 'race is for the strong,' and that I shall probably
+do little more, but be content to admire the strides others make in
+science."
+
+The end of the last chapter saw my father safely arrived at Shrewsbury
+on October 4, 1836, "after an absence of five years and two days." He
+wrote to Fox: "You cannot imagine how gloriously delightful my first
+visit was at home; it was worth the banishment." But it was a pleasure
+that he could not long enjoy, for in the last days of October he was at
+Greenwich unpacking specimens from the _Beagle_. As to the destination
+of the collections he writes, somewhat despondingly, to Henslow:--
+
+"I have not made much progress with the great men. I find, as you told
+me, that they are all overwhelmed with their own business. Mr. Lyell has
+entered, in the _most_ good-natured manner, and almost without being
+asked, into all my plans. He tells me, however, the same story, that I
+must do all myself. Mr. Owen seems anxious to dissect some of the
+animals in spirits, and, besides these two, I have scarcely met any one
+who seems to wish to possess any of my specimens. I must except Dr.
+Grant, who is willing to examine some of the corallines. I see it is
+quite unreasonable to hope for a minute that any man will undertake the
+examination of a whole order. It is clear the collectors so much
+outnumber the real naturalists that the latter have no time to spare.
+
+"I do not even find that the Collections care for receiving the unnamed
+specimens. The Zoological Museum[97] is nearly full, and upwards of a
+thousand specimens remain unmounted. I dare say the British Museum would
+receive them, but I cannot feel, from all I hear, any great respect even
+for the present state of that establishment. Your plan will be not only
+the best, but the only one, namely, to come down to Cambridge, arrange
+and group together the different families, and then wait till people,
+who are already working in different branches, may want specimens....
+
+"I have forgotten to mention Mr. Lonsdale,[98] who gave me a most
+cordial reception, and with whom I had much most interesting
+conversation. If I was not much more inclined for geology than the other
+branches of Natural History, I am sure Mr. Lyell's and Lonsdale's
+kindness ought to fix me. You cannot conceive anything more thoroughly
+good-natured than the heart-and-soul manner in which he put himself in
+my place and thought what would be best to do."
+
+A few days later he writes more cheerfully: "I became acquainted with
+Mr. Bell,[99] who, to my surprise, expressed a good deal of interest
+about my crustacea and reptiles, and seems willing to work at them. I
+also heard that Mr. Broderip would be glad to look over the South
+American shells, so that things flourish well with me."
+
+Again, on November 6:--
+
+"All my affairs, indeed, are most prosperous; I find there are plenty
+who will undertake the description of whole tribes of animals, of which
+I know nothing."
+
+As to his Geological Collection he was soon able to write: "I [have]
+disposed of the most important part [of] my collections, by giving all
+the fossil bones to the College of Surgeons, casts of them will be
+distributed, and descriptions published. They are very curious and
+valuable; one head belonged to some gnawing animal, but of the size of a
+Hippopotamus! Another to an ant-eater of the size of a horse!"
+
+My father's specimens included (besides the above-mentioned Toxodon and
+Scelidotherium) the remains of Mylodon, Glossotherium, another gigantic
+animal allied to the ant-eater, and Macrauchenia. His discovery of these
+remains is a matter of interest in itself, but it has a special
+importance as a point in his own life, his speculation on the extinction
+of these extraordinary creatures[100] and on their relationship to
+living forms having formed one of the chief starting-points of his views
+on the origin of species. This is shown in the following extract from
+his Pocket Book for this year (1837): "In July opened first note-book on
+Transmutation of Species. Had been greatly struck from about the month
+of previous March on character of South American fossils, and species on
+Galapagos Archipelago. These facts (especially latter), origin of all my
+views."
+
+His affairs being thus so far prosperously managed he was able to put
+into execution his plan of living at Cambridge, where he settled on
+December 10th, 1836.
+
+"Cambridge," he writes, "yet continues a very pleasant, but not half so
+merry a place as before. To walk through the courts of Christ's College,
+and not know an inhabitant of a single room, gave one a feeling half
+melancholy. The only evil I found in Cambridge was its being too
+pleasant: there was some agreeable party or another every evening, and
+one cannot say one is engaged with so much impunity there as in this
+great city."[101]
+
+Early in the spring of 1837 he left Cambridge for London, and a week
+later he was settled in lodgings at 36 Great Marlborough Street; and
+except for a "short visit to Shrewsbury" in June, he worked on till
+September, being almost entirely employed on his _Journal_, of which he
+wrote (March):--
+
+"In your last letter you urge me to get ready _the_ book. I am now hard
+at work and give up everything else for it. Our plan is as follows:
+Capt. Fitz-Roy writes two volumes out of the materials collected during
+the last voyage under Capt. King to Tierra del Fuego, and during our
+circumnavigation. I am to have the third volume, in which I intend
+giving a kind of journal of a naturalist, not following, however, always
+the order of time, but rather the order of position."
+
+A letter to Fox (July) gives an account of the progress of his work:--
+
+"I gave myself a holiday and a visit to Shrewsbury [in June], as I had
+finished my Journal. I shall now be very busy in filling up gaps and
+getting it quite ready for the press by the first of August. I shall
+always feel respect for every one who has written a book, let it be what
+it may, for I had no idea of the trouble which trying to write common
+English could cost one. And, alas, there yet remains the worst part of
+all, correcting the press. As soon as ever that is done I must put my
+shoulder to the wheel and commence at the Geology. I have read some
+short papers to the Geological Society, and they were favourably
+received by the great guns, and this gives me much confidence, and I
+hope not a very great deal of vanity, though I confess I feel too often
+like a peacock admiring his tail. I never expected that my Geology would
+ever have been worth the consideration of such men as Lyell, who has
+been to me, since my return, a most active friend. My life is a very
+busy one at present, and I hope may ever remain so; though Heaven knows
+there are many serious drawbacks to such a life, and chief amongst them
+is the little time it allows one for seeing one's natural friends. For
+the last three years, I have been longing and longing to be living at
+Shrewsbury, and after all now in the course of several months, I see my
+good dear people at Shrewsbury for a week. Susan and Catherine have,
+however, been staying with my brother here for some weeks, but they had
+returned home before my visit."
+
+In August he writes to Henslow to announce the success of the scheme for
+the publication of the _Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle_, through
+the promise of a grant of L1000 from the Treasury: "I had an interview
+with the Chancellor of the Exchequer.[102] He appointed to see me this
+morning, and I had a long conversation with him, Mr. Peacock being
+present. Nothing could be more thoroughly obliging and kind than his
+whole manner. He made no sort of restriction, but only told me to make
+the most of the money, which of course I am right willing to do.
+
+"I expected rather an awful interview, but I never found anything less
+so in my life. It will be my fault if I do not make a good work; but I
+sometimes take an awful fright that I have not materials enough. It will
+be excessively satisfactory at the end of some two years to find all
+materials made the most they were capable of."
+
+Later in the autumn he wrote to Henslow: "I have not been very well of
+late, with an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart, and my doctors
+urge me _strongly_ to knock off all work, and go and live in the country
+for a few weeks." He accordingly took a holiday of about a month at
+Shrewsbury and Maer, and paid Fox a visit in the Isle of Wight. It was,
+I believe, during this visit, at Mr. Wedgwood's house at Maer, that he
+made his first observations on the work done by earthworms, and late in
+the autumn he read a paper on the subject at the Geological Society.
+
+Here he was already beginning to make his mark. Lyell wrote to Sedgwick
+(April 21, 1837):--
+
+"Darwin is a glorious addition to any society of geologists, and is
+working hard and making way both in his book and in our discussions. I
+really never saw that bore Dr. Mitchell so successfully silenced, or
+such a bucket of cold water so dexterously poured down his back, as when
+Darwin answered some impertinent and irrelevant questions about South
+America. We escaped fifteen minutes of Dr. M.'s vulgar harangue in
+consequence...."
+
+Early in the following year (1838), he was, much against his will,
+elected Secretary of the Geological Society, an office he held for three
+years. A chief motive for his hesitation in accepting the post was the
+condition of his health, the doctors having urged "me to give up
+entirely all writing and even correcting press for some weeks. Of late
+anything which flurries me completely knocks me up afterwards, and
+brings on a violent palpitation of the heart."
+
+In the summer of 1838 he started on his expedition to Glen Roy, where he
+spent "eight good days" over the Parallel Roads. His Essay on this
+subject was written out during the same summer, and published by the
+Royal Society.[103] He wrote in his Pocket Book: "September 6 (1838).
+Finished the paper on 'Glen Roy,' one of the most difficult and
+instructive tasks I was ever engaged on." It will be remembered that in
+his _Autobiography_ he speaks of this paper as a failure, of which he
+was ashamed.[104]
+
+
+_C. D. to Lyell._ [August 9th, 1838.]
+
+36 Great Marlborough Street.
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--I did not write to you at Norwich, for I thought I should
+have more to say, if I waited a few more days. Very many thanks for the
+present of your _Elements_, which I received (and I believe the _very
+first_ copy distributed) together with your note. I have read it through
+every word, and am full of admiration of it, and, as I now see no
+geologist, I must talk to you about it. There is no pleasure in reading
+a book if one cannot have a good talk over it; I repeat, I am full of
+admiration of it, it is as clear as daylight, in fact I felt in many
+parts some mortification at thinking how geologists have laboured and
+struggled at proving what seems, as you have put it, so evidently
+probable. I read with much interest your sketch of the secondary
+deposits; you have contrived to make it quite "juicy," as we used to say
+as children of a good story. There was also much new to me, and I have
+to copy out some fifty notes and references. It must do good, the
+heretics against common-sense must yield.... By the way, do you
+recollect my telling you how much I disliked the manner X. referred to
+his other works, as much as to say, "You must, ought, and shall buy
+everything I have written." To my mind, you have somehow quite avoided
+this; your references only seem to say, "I can't tell you all in this
+work, else I would, so you must go to the _Principles_; and many a one,
+I trust, you will send there, and make them, like me, adorers of the
+good science of rock-breaking."[105] You will see I am in a fit of
+enthusiasm, and good cause I have to be, when I find you have made such
+infinitely more use of my Journal than I could have anticipated. I will
+say no more about the book, for it is all praise. I must, however,
+admire the elaborate honesty with which you quote the words of all
+living and dead geologists.
+
+My Scotch expedition answered brilliantly; my trip in the steam-packet
+was absolutely pleasant, and I enjoyed the spectacle, wretch that I am,
+of two ladies, and some small children quite sea-sick, I being well.
+Moreover, on my return from Glasgow to Liverpool, I triumphed in a
+similar manner over some full-grown men. I stayed one whole day in
+Edinburgh, or more truly on Salisbury Craigs; I want to hear some day
+what you think about that classical ground,--the structure was to me new
+and rather curious,--that is, if I understand it right. I crossed from
+Edinburgh in gigs and carts (and carts without springs, as I never shall
+forget) to Loch Leven. I was disappointed in the scenery, and reached
+Glen Roy on Saturday evening, one week after leaving Marlborough Street.
+Here I enjoyed five [?] days of the most beautiful weather with gorgeous
+sunsets, and all nature looking as happy as I felt. I wandered over the
+mountains in all directions, and examined that most extraordinary
+district. I think, without any exceptions, not even the first volcanic
+island, the first elevated beach, or the passage of the Cordillera, was
+so interesting to me as this week. It is far the most remarkable area I
+ever examined. I have fully convinced myself (after some doubting at
+first) that the shelves are sea-beaches, although I could not find a
+trace of a shell; and I think I can explain away most, if not all, the
+difficulties. I found a piece of a road in another valley, not hitherto
+observed, which is important; and I have some curious facts about
+erratic blocks, one of which was perched up on a peak 2200 feet above
+the sea. I am now employed in writing a paper on the subject, which I
+find very amusing work, excepting that I cannot anyhow condense it into
+reasonable limits. At some future day I hope to talk over some of the
+conclusions with you, which the examination of Glen Roy has led me to.
+Now I have had my talk out, I am much easier, for I can assure you Glen
+Roy has astonished me.
+
+I am living very quietly, and therefore pleasantly, and am crawling on
+slowly but steadily with my work. I have come to one conclusion, which
+you will think proves me to be a very sensible man, namely, that
+whatever you say proves right; and as a proof of this, I am coming into
+your way of only working about two hours at a spell; I then go out and
+do my business in the streets, return and set to work again, and thus
+make two separate days out of one. The new plan answers capitally; after
+the second half day is finished I go and dine at the Athenaeum like a
+gentleman, or rather like a lord, for I am sure the first evening I sat
+in that great drawing-room, all on a sofa by myself, I felt just like a
+duke. I am full of admiration at the Athenaeum, one meets so many people
+there that one likes to see....
+
+I have heard from more than one quarter that quarrelling is expected at
+Newcastle[106]; I am sorry to hear it. I met old ---- this evening at
+the Athenaeum, and he muttered something about writing to you or some one
+on the subject; I am however all in the dark. I suppose, however, I
+shall be illuminated, for I am going to dine with him in a few days, as
+my inventive powers failed in making any excuse. A friend of mine dined
+with him the other day, a party of four, and they finished ten bottles
+of wine--a pleasant prospect for me; but I am determined not even to
+taste his wine, partly for the fun of seeing his infinite disgust and
+surprise....
+
+I pity you the infliction of this most unmerciful letter. Pray remember
+me most kindly to Mrs. Lyell when you arrive at Kinnordy. Tell Mrs.
+Lyell to read the second series of 'Mr. Slick of Slickville's
+Sayings.'... He almost beats 'Samivel,' that prince of heroes. Good
+night, my dear Lyell; you will think I have been drinking some strong
+drink to write so much nonsense, but I did not even taste Minerva's
+small beer to-day....
+
+
+A record of what he wrote during the year 1838 would not give a true
+index of the most important work that was in progress--the laying of the
+foundation-stones of what was to be the achievement of his life. This is
+shown in the following passages from a letter to Lyell (September), and
+from a letter to Fox, written in June:--
+
+"I wish with all my heart that my Geological book was out. I have every
+motive to work hard, and will, following your steps, work just that
+degree of hardness to keep well. I should like my volume to be out
+before your new edition of the _Principles_ appears. Besides the Coral
+theory, the volcanic chapters will, I think, contain some new facts. I
+have lately been sadly tempted to be idle--that is, as far as pure
+geology is concerned--by the delightful number of new views which have
+been coming in thickly and steadily--on the classification and
+affinities and instincts of animals--bearing on the question of species.
+Note-book after note-book has been filled with facts which begin to
+group themselves _clearly_ under sub-laws."
+
+"I am delighted to hear you are such a good man as not to have forgotten
+my questions about the crossing of animals. It is my prime hobby, and I
+really think some day I shall be able to do something in that most
+intricate subject, species and varieties."
+
+In the winter of 1839 (Jan. 29) my father was married to his cousin,
+Emma Wedgwood.[107] The house in which they lived for the first few
+years of their married life, No. 12 Upper Gower Street, was a small
+common-place London house, with a drawing-room in front, and a small
+room behind, in which they lived for the sake of quietness. In later
+years my father used to laugh over the surpassing ugliness of the
+furniture, carpets, &c., of the Gower Street house. The only redeeming
+feature was a better garden than most London houses have, a strip as
+wide as the house, and thirty yards long. Even this small space of dingy
+grass made their London house more tolerable to its two country-bred
+inhabitants.
+
+Of his life in London he writes to Fox (October 1839): "We are living a
+life of extreme quietness; Delamere itself, which you describe as so
+secluded a spot, is, I will answer for it, quite dissipated compared
+with Gower Street. We have given up all parties, for they agree with
+neither of us; and if one is quiet in London, there is nothing like its
+quietness--there is a grandeur about its smoky fogs, and the dull
+distant sounds of cabs and coaches; in fact you may perceive I am
+becoming a thorough-paced Cockney, and I glory in the thought that I
+shall be here for the next six months."
+
+The entries of ill health in the Diary increase in number during these
+years, and as a consequence the holidays become longer and more
+frequent.
+
+The entry under August 1839 is: "Read a little, was much unwell and
+scandalously idle. I have derived this much good, that _nothing_ is so
+intolerable as idleness."
+
+At the end of 1839 his first child was born, and it was then that he
+began his observations ultimately published in the _Expression of the
+Emotions_. His book on this subject, and the short paper published in
+_Mind_,[108] show how closely he observed his child. He seems to have
+been surprised at his own feeling for a young baby, for he wrote to Fox
+(July 1840): "He [_i.e._ the baby] is so charming that I cannot pretend
+to any modesty. I defy anybody to flatter us on our baby, for I defy
+anyone to say anything in its praise of which we are not fully
+conscious.... I had not the smallest conception there was so much in a
+five-month baby. You will perceive by this that I have a fine degree of
+paternal fervour."
+
+In 1841 some improvement in his health became apparent; he wrote in
+September:--
+
+"I have steadily been gaining ground, and really believe now I shall
+some day be quite strong. I write daily for a couple of hours on my
+Coral volume, and take a little walk or ride every day. I grow very
+tired in the evenings, and am not able to go out at that time, or hardly
+to receive my nearest relations; but my life ceases to be burdensome now
+that I can do something."
+
+The manuscript of _Coral Reefs_ was at last sent to the printers in
+January 1842, and the last proof corrected in May. He thus writes of the
+work in his diary:--
+
+"I commenced this work three years and seven months ago. Out of this
+period about twenty months (besides work during _Beagle's_ voyage) has
+been spent on it, and besides it, I have only compiled the Bird part of
+Zoology; Appendix to Journal, paper on Boulders, and corrected papers on
+Glen Roy and earthquakes, reading on species, and rest all lost by
+illness."
+
+The latter part of this year belongs to the period including the
+settlement at Down, and is therefore dealt with in another chapter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[97] The Museum of the Zoological Society, then at 33 Bruton Street. The
+collection was some years later broken up and dispersed.
+
+[98] William Lonsdale, b. 1794, d. 1871, was originally in the army, and
+served at the battles of Salamanca and Waterloo. After the war he left
+the service and gave himself up to science. He acted as
+assistant-secretary to the Geological Society from 1829-42, when he
+resigned, owing to ill-health.
+
+[99] T. Bell, F.R.S., formerly Professor of Zoology in King's College,
+London, and sometime secretary to the Royal Society. He afterwards
+described the reptiles for the _Zoology of the Voyage of the Beagle_.
+
+[100] I have often heard him speak of the despair with which he had to
+break off the projecting extremity of a huge, partly excavated bone,
+when the boat waiting for him would wait no longer.
+
+[101] A trifling record of my father's presence in Cambridge occurs in
+the book kept in Christ's College Combination-room, in which fines and
+bets are recorded, the earlier entries giving a curious impression of
+the after-dinner frame of mind of the Fellows. The bets are not allowed
+to be made in money, but are, like the fines, paid in wine. The bet
+which my father made and lost is thus recorded:--
+
+"_Feb. 23, 1837._--Mr. Darwin _v._ Mr. Baines, that the combination-room
+measures from the ceiling to the floor more than _x_ feet.
+
+"1 Bottle paid same day."
+
+The bets are usually recorded in such a way as not to preclude future
+speculation on a subject which has proved itself capable of supplying a
+discussion (and a bottle) to the Room, hence the _x_ in the above
+quotation.
+
+[102] Spring Rice.
+
+[103] _Phil. Trans._, 1839, pp. 39-82.
+
+[104] Sir Archibald Geikie has been so good as to allow me to quote a
+passage from a letter addressed to me (Nov. 19, 1884):--"Had the idea of
+transient barriers of glacier-ice occurred to him, he would have found
+the difficulties vanish from the lake-theory which he opposed, and he
+would not have been unconsciously led to minimise the altogether
+overwhelming objections to the supposition that the terraces are of
+marine origin."
+
+It may be added that the idea of the barriers being formed by glaciers
+could hardly have occurred to him, considering the state of knowledge at
+the time, and bearing in mind his want of opportunities of observing
+glacial action on a large scale.
+
+[105] In a letter of Sept. 13 he wrote:--"It will be a curious point to
+geologists hereafter to note how long a man's name will support a theory
+so completely exposed as that of De Beaumont has been by you; you say
+you 'begin to hope that the great principles there insisted on will
+stand the test of time.' _Begin to hope_: why, the _possibility_ of a
+doubt has never crossed my mind for many a day. This may be very
+unphilosophical, but my geological salvation is staked on it."
+
+[106] At the meeting of the British Association.
+
+[107] Daughter of Josiah Wedgwood of Maer, and grand-daughter of the
+founder of the Etruria Pottery Works.
+
+[108] July 1877.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+LIFE AT DOWN.
+
+1842-1854.
+
+     "My life goes on like clockwork, and I am fixed on the spot where I
+     shall end it."
+
+     Letter to Captain Fitz-Roy, October, 1846.
+
+
+Certain letters which, chronologically considered, belong to the period
+1845-54 have been utilised in a later chapter where the growth of the
+_Origin of Species_ is described. In the present chapter we only get
+occasional hints of the growth of my father's views, and we may suppose
+ourselves to be seeing his life, as it might have appeared to those who
+had no knowledge of the quiet development of his theory of evolution
+during this period.
+
+On Sept. 14, 1842, my father left London with his family and settled at
+Down.[109] In the Autobiographical chapter, his motives for moving into
+the country are briefly given. He speaks of the attendance at scientific
+societies and ordinary social duties as suiting his health so "badly
+that we resolved to live in the country, which we both preferred and
+have never repented of." His intention of keeping up with scientific
+life in London is expressed in a letter to Fox (Dec., 1842):--
+
+"I hope by going up to town for a night every fortnight or three weeks,
+to keep up my communication with scientific men and my own zeal, and so
+not to turn into a complete Kentish hog."
+
+Visits to London of this kind were kept up for some years at the cost of
+much exertion on his part. I have often heard him speak of the wearisome
+drives of ten miles to or from Croydon or Sydenham--the nearest
+stations--with an old gardener acting as coachman, who drove with great
+caution and slowness up and down the many hills. In later years,
+regular scientific intercourse with London became, as before mentioned,
+an impossibility.
+
+The choice of Down was rather the result of despair than of actual
+preference: my father and mother were weary of house-hunting, and the
+attractive points about the place thus seemed to them to counterbalance
+its somewhat more obvious faults. It had at least one desideratum,
+namely, quietness. Indeed it would have been difficult to find a more
+retired place so near to London. In 1842 a coach drive of some twenty
+miles was the usual means of access to Down; and even now that railways
+have crept closer to it, it is singularly out of the world, with nothing
+to suggest the neighbourhood of London, unless it be the dull haze of
+smoke that sometimes clouds the sky. The village stands in an angle
+between two of the larger high-roads of the country, one leading to
+Tunbridge and the other to Westerham and Edenbridge. It is cut off from
+the Weald by a line of steep chalk hills on the south, and an abrupt
+hill, now smoothed down by a cutting and embankment, must formerly have
+been something of a barrier against encroachments from the side of
+London. In such a situation, a village, communicating with the main
+lines of traffic, only by stony tortuous lanes, may well have preserved
+its retired character. Nor is it hard to believe in the smugglers and
+their strings of pack-horses making their way up from the lawless old
+villages of the Weald, of which the memory still existed when my father
+settled in Down. The village stands on solitary upland country, 500 to
+600 feet above the sea--a country with little natural beauty, but
+possessing a certain charm in the shaws, or straggling strips of wood,
+capping the chalky banks and looking down upon the quiet ploughed lands
+of the valleys. The village, of three or four hundred inhabitants,
+consists of three small streets of cottages meeting in front of the
+little flint-built church. It is a place where new-comers are seldom
+seen, and the names occurring far back in the old church registers are
+still known in the village. The smock-frock is not yet quite extinct,
+though chiefly used as a ceremonial dress by the "bearers" at funerals;
+but as a boy I remember the purple or green smocks of the men at church.
+
+The house stands a quarter of a mile from the village, and is built,
+like so many houses of the last century, as near as possible to the
+road--a narrow lane winding away to the Westerham high-road. In 1842, it
+was dull and unattractive enough: a square brick building of three
+storeys, covered with shabby whitewash, and hanging tiles. The garden
+had none of the shrubberies or walls that now give shelter; it was
+overlooked from the lane, and was open, bleak, and desolate. One of my
+father's first undertakings was to lower the lane by about two feet, and
+to build a flint wall along that part of it which bordered the garden.
+The earth thus excavated was used in making banks and mounds round the
+lawn: these were planted with evergreens, which now give to the garden
+its retired and sheltered character.
+
+The house was made to look neater by being covered with stucco, but the
+chief improvement effected was the building of a large bow extending up
+through three storeys. This bow became covered with a tangle of
+creepers, and pleasantly varied the south side of the house. The
+drawing-room, with its verandah opening into the garden, as well as the
+study in which my father worked during the later years of his life, were
+added at subsequent dates.
+
+Eighteen acres of land were sold with the house, of which twelve acres
+on the south side of the house form a pleasant field, scattered with
+fair-sized oaks and ashes. From this field a strip was cut off and
+converted into a kitchen garden, in which the experimental plot of
+ground was situated, and where the greenhouses were ultimately put up.
+
+During the whole of 1843 he was occupied with geological work, the
+result of which was published in the spring of the following year. It
+was entitled _Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands, visited
+during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices on
+the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope_; it formed the
+second part of the _Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle_, published
+"with the Approval of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's
+Treasury." The volume on _Coral Reefs_ forms Part I. of the series, and
+was published, as we have seen, in 1842. For the sake of the
+non-geological reader, I may here quote Sir A. Geikie's words[110] on
+these two volumes--which were up to this time my father's chief
+geological works. Speaking of the _Coral Reefs_, he says (p. 17): "This
+well-known treatise, the most original of all its author's geological
+memoirs, has become one of the classics of geological literature. The
+origin of those remarkable rings of coral-rock in mid-ocean has given
+rise to much speculation, but no satisfactory solution of the problem
+had been proposed. After visiting many of them, and examining also coral
+reefs that fringe islands and continents, he offered a theory which for
+simplicity and grandeur, strikes every reader with astonishment. It is
+pleasant, after the lapse of many years, to recall the delight with
+which one first read the _Coral Reefs_, how one watched the facts being
+marshalled into their places, nothing being ignored or passed lightly
+over; and how, step by step, one was led to the grand conclusion of wide
+oceanic subsidence. No more admirable example of scientific method was
+ever given to the world, and even if he had written nothing else, the
+treatise alone would have placed Darwin in the very front of
+investigators of nature."
+
+It is interesting to see in the following extract from one of Lyell's
+letters[111] how warmly and readily he embraced the theory. The extract
+also gives incidentally some idea of the theory itself.
+
+"I am very full of Darwin's new theory of Coral Islands, and have urged
+Whewell to make him read it at our next meeting. I must give up my
+volcanic crater theory for ever, though it cost me a pang at first, for
+it accounted for so much, the annular form, the central lagoon, the
+sudden rising of an isolated mountain in a deep sea; all went so well
+with the notion of submerged, crateriform, and conical volcanoes, ...
+and then the fact that in the South Pacific we had scarcely any rocks in
+the regions of coral islands, save two kinds, coral limestone and
+volcanic! Yet in spite of all this, the whole theory is knocked on the
+head, and the annular shape and central lagoon have nothing to do with
+volcanoes, nor even with a crateriform bottom. Perhaps Darwin told you
+when at the Cape what he considers the true cause? Let any mountain be
+submerged gradually, and coral grow in the sea in which it is sinking,
+and there will be a ring of coral, and finally only a lagoon in the
+centre.... Coral islands are the last efforts of drowning continents to
+lift their heads above water. Regions of elevation and subsidence in the
+ocean may be traced by the state of the coral reefs."
+
+The second part of the _Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle_, _i.e._ the
+volume on Volcanic Islands, which specially concerns us now, cannot be
+better described than by again quoting from Sir A. Geikie (p. 18):--
+
+"Full of detailed observations, this work still remains the best
+authority on the general geological structure of most of the regions it
+describes. At the time it was written the 'crater of elevation theory,'
+though opposed by Constant Prevost, Scrope, and Lyell, was generally
+accepted, at least on the Continent. Darwin, however, could not receive
+it as a valid explanation of the facts; and though he did not share the
+view of its chief opponents, but ventured to propose a hypothesis of his
+own, the observations impartially made and described by him in this
+volume must be regarded as having contributed towards the final solution
+of the difficulty." Geikie continues (p. 21): "He is one of the earliest
+writers to recognize the magnitude of the denudation to which even
+recent geological accumulations have been subjected. One of the most
+impressive lessons to be learnt from his account of 'Volcanic Islands'
+is the prodigious extent to which they have been denuded.... He was
+disposed to attribute more of this work to the sea than most geologists
+would now admit; but he lived himself to modify his original views, and
+on this subject his latest utterances are quite abreast of the time."
+
+An extract from a letter of my father's to Lyell shows his estimate of
+his own work. "You have pleased me much by saying that you intend
+looking through my _Volcanic Islands_: it cost me eighteen months!!! and
+I have heard of very few who have read it.[112] Now I shall feel,
+whatever little (and little it is) there is confirmatory of old work, or
+new, will work its effect and not be lost."
+
+The second edition of the _Journal of Researches_[113] was completed in
+1845. It was published by Mr. Murray in the _Colonial and Home Library_,
+and in this more accessible form soon had a large sale.
+
+
+_C. D. to Lyell._ Down [July, 1845].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--I send you the first part[114] of the new edition, which
+I so entirely owe to you. You will see that I have ventured to dedicate
+it to you, and I trust that this cannot be disagreeable. I have long
+wished, not so much for your sake, as for my own feelings of honesty, to
+acknowledge more plainly than by mere reference, how much I
+geologically owe you. Those authors, however, who, like you, educate
+people's minds as well as teach them special facts, can never, I should
+think, have full justice done them except by posterity, for the mind
+thus insensibly improved can hardly perceive its own upward ascent. I
+had intended putting in the present acknowledgment in the third part of
+my Geology, but its sale is so exceedingly small that I should not have
+had the satisfaction of thinking that as far as lay in my power I had
+owned, though imperfectly, my debt. Pray do not think that I am so
+silly, as to suppose that my dedication can any ways gratify you, except
+so far as I trust you will receive it, as a most sincere mark of my
+gratitude and friendship. I think I have improved this edition,
+especially the second part, which I have just finished. I have added a
+good deal about the Fuegians, and cut down into half the mercilessly
+long discussion on climate and glaciers, &c. I do not recollect anything
+added to the first part, long enough to call your attention to; there is
+a page of description of a very curious breed of oxen in Banda Oriental.
+I should like you to read the few last pages; there is a little
+discussion on extinction, which will not perhaps strike you as new,
+though it has so struck me, and has placed in my mind all the
+difficulties with respect to the causes of extinction, in the same class
+with other difficulties which are generally quite overlooked and
+undervalued by naturalists; I ought, however, to have made my discussion
+longer and shown by facts, as I easily could, how steadily every species
+must be checked in its numbers.
+
+
+A pleasant notice of the _Journal_ occurs in a letter from Humboldt to
+Mrs. Austin, dated June 7, 1844[115]:--
+
+"Alas! you have got some one in England whom you do not read--young
+Darwin, who went with the expedition to the Straits of Magellan. He has
+succeeded far better than myself with the subject I took up. There are
+admirable descriptions of tropical nature in his journal, which you do
+not read because the author is a zoologist, which you imagine to be
+synonymous with bore. Mr. Darwin has another merit, a very rare one in
+your country--he has praised me."
+
+
+_October 1846 to October 1854._
+
+The time between October 1846, and October 1854, was practically given
+up to working at the Cirripedia (Barnacles); the results were published
+in two volumes by the Ray Society in 1851 and 1854. His volumes on the
+Fossil Cirripedes were published by the Palaeontographical Society in
+1851 and 1854.
+
+Writing to Sir J. D. Hooker in 1845, my father says: "I hope this next
+summer to finish my South American Geology,[116] then to get out a
+little Zoology, and hurrah for my species work...." This passage serves
+to show that he had at this time no intention of making an exhaustive
+study of the Cirripedes. Indeed it would seem that his original
+intention was, as I learn from Sir J. D. Hooker, merely to work out one
+special problem. This is quite in keeping with the following passage in
+the _Autobiography_: "When on the coast of Chile, I found a most curious
+form, which burrowed into the shells of Concholepas, and which differed
+so much from all other Cirripedes that I had to form a new sub-order for
+its sole reception.... To understand the structure of my new Cirripede I
+had to examine and dissect many of the common forms; and this gradually
+led me on to take up the whole group." In later years he seems to have
+felt some doubt as to the value of these eight years of work--for
+instance when he wrote in his _Autobiography_--"My work was of
+considerable use to me, when I had to discuss in the _Origin of Species_
+the principles of a natural classification. Nevertheless I doubt whether
+the work was worth the consumption of so much time." Yet I learn from
+Sir J. D. Hooker that he certainly recognised at the time its value to
+himself as systematic training. Sir Joseph writes to me: "Your father
+recognised three stages in his career as a biologist: the mere collector
+at Cambridge; the collector and observer in the _Beagle_, and for some
+years afterwards; and the trained naturalist after, and only after the
+Cirripede work. That he was a thinker all along is true enough, and
+there is a vast deal in his writings previous to the Cirripedes that a
+trained naturalist could but emulate.... He often alluded to it as a
+valued discipline, and added that even the 'hateful' work of digging out
+synonyms, and of describing, not only improved his methods but opened
+his eyes to the difficulties and merits of the works of the dullest of
+cataloguers. One result was that he would never allow a depreciatory
+remark to pass unchallenged on the poorest class of scientific workers,
+provided that their work was honest, and good of its kind. I have always
+regarded it as one of the finest traits of his character,--this generous
+appreciation of the hod-men of science, and of their labours ... and it
+was monographing the Barnacles that brought it about."
+
+Mr. Huxley allows me to quote his opinion as to the value of the eight
+years given to the Cirripedes:--
+
+"In my opinion your sagacious father never did a wiser thing than when
+he devoted himself to the years of patient toil which the Cirripede-book
+cost him.
+
+"Like the rest of us, he had no proper training in biological science,
+and it has always struck me as a remarkable instance of his scientific
+insight, that he saw the necessity of giving himself such training, and
+of his courage, that he did not shirk the labour of obtaining it.
+
+"The great danger which besets all men of large speculative faculty, is
+the temptation to deal with the accepted statements of fact in natural
+science, as if they were not only correct, but exhaustive; as if they
+might be dealt with deductively, in the same way as propositions in
+Euclid may be dealt with. In reality, every such statement, however true
+it may be, is true only relatively to the means of observation and the
+point of view of those who have enunciated it. So far it may be depended
+upon. But whether it will bear every speculative conclusion that may be
+logically deduced from it, is quite another question.
+
+"Your father was building a vast superstructure upon the foundations
+furnished by the recognised facts of geological and biological science.
+In Physical Geography, in Geology proper, in Geographical Distribution,
+and in Palaeontology, he had acquired an extensive practical training
+during the voyage of the _Beagle_. He knew of his own knowledge the way
+in which the raw materials of these branches of science are acquired,
+and was therefore a most competent judge of the speculative strain they
+would bear. That which he needed, after his return to England, was a
+corresponding acquaintance with Anatomy and Development, and their
+relation to Taxonomy--and he acquired this by his Cirripede work."
+
+Though he became excessively weary of the work before the end of the
+eight years, he had much keen enjoyment in the course of it. Thus he
+wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (1847?):--"As you say, there is an
+extraordinary pleasure in pure observation; not but what I suspect the
+pleasure in this case is rather derived from comparisons forming in
+one's mind with allied structures. After having been so long employed
+in writing my old geological observations, it is delightful to use one's
+eyes and fingers again." It was, in fact, a return to the work which
+occupied so much of his time when at sea during his voyage. Most of his
+work was done with the simple dissecting microscope--and it was the need
+which he found for higher powers that induced him, in 1846, to buy a
+compound microscope. He wrote to Hooker:--"When I was drawing with L., I
+was so delighted with the appearance of the objects, especially with
+their perspective, as seen through the weak powers of a good compound
+microscope, that I am going to order one; indeed, I often have
+structures in which the 1/30 is not power enough."
+
+During part of the time covered by the present chapter, my father
+suffered perhaps more from ill-health than at any other period of his
+life. He felt severely the depressing influence of these long years of
+illness; thus as early as 1840 he wrote to Fox: "I am grown a dull, old,
+spiritless dog to what I used to be. One gets stupider as one grows
+older I think." It is not wonderful that he should so have written, it
+is rather to be wondered at that his spirit withstood so great and
+constant a strain. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker in 1845: "You are very
+kind in your inquiries about my health; I have nothing to say about it,
+being always much the same, some days better and some worse. I believe I
+have not had one whole day, or rather night, without my stomach having
+been greatly disordered, during the last three years, and most days
+great prostration of strength: thank you for your kindness; many of my
+friends, I believe, think me a hypochondriac."
+
+During the whole of the period now under consideration, he was in
+constant correspondence with Sir Joseph Hooker. The following
+characteristic letter on Sigillaria (a gigantic fossil plant found in
+the Coal Measures) was afterwards characterised by himself as not being
+"reasoning, or even speculation, but simply as mental rioting."
+
+
+[Down, 1847?]
+
+" ... I am delighted to hear that Brongniart thought Sigillaria aquatic,
+and that Binney considers coal a sort of submarine peat. I would bet 5
+to 1 that in twenty years this will be generally admitted;[117] and I do
+not care for whatever the botanical difficulties or impossibilities may
+be. If I could but persuade myself that Sigillaria and Co. had a good
+range of depth, _i.e._ could live from 5 to 10 fathoms under water, all
+difficulties of nearly all kinds would be removed (for the simple fact
+of muddy ordinary shallow sea implies proximity of land). [N.B.--I am
+chuckling to think how you are sneering all this time.] It is not much
+of a difficulty, there not being shells with the coal, considering how
+unfavourable deep mud is for most Mollusca, and that shells would
+probably decay from the humic acid, as seems to take place in peat and
+in the _black_ moulds (as Lyell tells me) of the Mississippi. So coal
+question settled--Q. E. D. Sneer away!"
+
+The two following extracts give the continuation and conclusion of the
+coal battle.
+
+"By the way, as submarine coal made you so wrath, I thought I would
+experimentise on Falconer and Bunbury[118] together, and it made [them]
+even more savage; 'such infernal nonsense ought to be thrashed out of
+me.' Bunbury was more polite and contemptuous. So I now know how to stir
+up and show off any Botanist. I wonder whether Zoologists and Geologists
+have got their tender points; I wish I could find out."
+
+"I cannot resist thanking you for your most kind note. Pray do not think
+that I was annoyed by your letter: I perceived that you had been
+thinking with animation, and accordingly expressed yourself strongly,
+and so I understood it. Forfend me from a man who weighs every
+expression with Scotch prudence. I heartily wish you all success in your
+noble problem, and I shall be very curious to have some talk with you
+and hear your ultimatum."
+
+He also corresponded with the late Hugh Strickland,--a well-known
+ornithologist, on the need of reform in the principle of nomenclature.
+The following extract (1849) gives an idea of my father's view:--
+
+"I feel sure as long as species-mongers have their vanity tickled by
+seeing their own names appended to a species, because they miserably
+described it in two or three lines, we shall have the same _vast_ amount
+of bad work as at present, and which is enough to dishearten any man who
+is willing to work out any branch with care and time. I find every genus
+of Cirripedia has half-a-dozen names, and not one careful description of
+any one species in any one genus. I do not believe that this would have
+been the case if each man knew that the memory of his own name depended
+on his doing his work well, and not upon merely appending a name with a
+few wretched lines indicating only a few prominent external
+characters."
+
+In 1848 Dr. R. W. Darwin died, and Charles Darwin wrote to Hooker, from
+Malvern:--
+
+"On the 13th of November, my poor dear father died, and no one who did
+not know him would believe that a man above eighty-three years old could
+have retained so tender and affectionate a disposition, with all his
+sagacity unclouded to the last. I was at the time so unwell, that I was
+unable to travel, which added to my misery.
+
+"All this winter I have been bad enough ... and my nervous system began
+to be affected, so that my hands trembled, and head was often swimming.
+I was not able to do anything one day out of three, and was altogether
+too dispirited to write to you, or to do anything but what I was
+compelled. I thought I was rapidly going the way of all flesh. Having
+heard, accidentally, of two persons who had received much benefit from
+the water-cure, I got Dr. Gully's book, and made further inquiries, and
+at last started here, with wife, children, and all our servants. We have
+taken a house for two months, and have been here a fortnight. I am
+already a little stronger.... Dr. Gully feels pretty sure he can do me
+good, which most certainly the regular doctors could not.... I feel
+certain that the water-cure is no quackery.
+
+"How I shall enjoy getting back to Down with renovated health, if such
+is to be my good fortune, and resuming the beloved Barnacles. Now I hope
+that you will forgive me for my negligence in not having sooner answered
+your letter. I was uncommonly interested by the sketch you give of your
+intended grand expedition, from which I suppose you will soon be
+returning. How earnestly I hope that it may prove in every way
+successful...."
+
+
+_C. D. to W. D. Fox_. [March 7, 1852.]
+
+Our long silence occurred to me a few weeks since, and I had then
+thought of writing, but was idle. I congratulate and condole with you on
+your _tenth_ child; but please to observe when I have a tenth, send only
+condolences to me. We have now seven children, all well, thank God, as
+well as their mother; of these seven, five are boys; and my father used
+to say that it was certain that a boy gave as much trouble as three
+girls; so that _bona fide_ we have seventeen children. It makes me sick
+whenever I think of professions; all seem hopelessly bad, and as yet I
+cannot see a ray of light. I should very much like to talk over this
+(by the way, my three bugbears are Californian and Australian gold,
+beggaring me by making my money on mortgage worth nothing; the French
+coming by the Westerham and Sevenoaks roads, and therefore enclosing
+Down; and thirdly, professions for my boys), and I should like to talk
+about education, on which you ask me what we are doing. No one can more
+truly despise the old stereotyped stupid classical education than I do;
+but yet I have not had courage to break through the trammels. After many
+doubts we have just sent our eldest boy to Rugby, where for his age he
+has been very well placed.... I honour, admire, and envy you for
+educating your boys at home. What on earth shall you do with your boys?
+Very many thanks for your most kind and large invitation to Delamere,
+but I fear we can hardly compass it. I dread going anywhere, on account
+of my stomach so easily failing under any excitement. I rarely even now
+go to London, not that I am at all worse, perhaps rather better, and
+lead a very comfortable life with my three hours of daily work, but it
+is the life of a hermit. My nights are _always_ bad, and that stops my
+becoming vigorous. You ask about water-cure. I take at intervals of two
+or three months, five or six weeks of _moderately_ severe treatment, and
+always with good effect. Do you come here, I pray and beg whenever you
+can find time; you cannot tell how much pleasure it would give me and E.
+What pleasant times we had in drinking coffee in your rooms at Christ's
+College, and think of the glories of Crux-major.[119] Ah, in those days
+there were no professions for sons, no ill-health to fear for them, no
+Californian gold, no French invasions. How paramount the future is to
+the present when one is surrounded by children. My dread is hereditary
+ill-health. Even death is better for them.
+
+My dear Fox, your sincere friend.
+
+P.S.--Susan[120] has lately been working in a way which I think truly
+heroic about the scandalous violation of the Act against children
+climbing chimneys. We have set up a little Society in Shrewsbury to
+prosecute those who break the law. It is all Susan's doing. She has had
+very nice letters from Lord Shaftesbury and the Duke of Sutherland, but
+the brutal Shropshire squires are as hard as stones to move. The Act out
+of London seems most commonly violated. It makes one shudder to fancy
+one of one's own children at seven years old being forced up a
+chimney--to say nothing of the consequent loathsome disease and
+ulcerated limbs, and utter moral degradation. If you think strongly on
+this subject, do make some enquiries; add to your many good works, this
+other one, and try to stir up the magistrates....
+
+The following letter refers to the Royal Medal, which was awarded to him
+in November, 1853:
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker_. Down [November 1853].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--Amongst my letters received this morning, I opened first
+one from Colonel Sabine; the contents certainly surprised me very much,
+but, though the letter was a _very kind one_, somehow, I cared very
+little indeed for the announcement it contained. I then opened yours,
+and such is the effect of warmth, friendship, and kindness from one that
+is loved, that the very same fact, told as you told it, made me glow
+with pleasure till my very heart throbbed. Believe me, I shall not soon
+forget the pleasure of your letter. Such hearty, affectionate sympathy
+is worth more than all the medals that ever were or will be coined.
+Again, my dear Hooker, I thank you. I hope Lindley[121] will never hear
+that he was a competitor against me; for really it is almost
+_ridiculous_ (of course you would never repeat that I said this, for it
+would be thought by others, though not, I believe by you, to be
+affectation) his not having the medal long before me; I must feel _sure_
+that you did quite right to propose him; and what a good, dear, kind
+fellow you are, nevertheless, to rejoice in this honour being bestowed
+on me.
+
+What _pleasure_ I have felt on the occasion, I owe almost entirely to
+you.[122]
+
+Farewell, my dear Hooker, yours affectionately.
+
+
+The following series of extracts, must, for want of space, serve as a
+sketch of his feeling with regard to his seven years' work at
+Barnacles[123]:--
+
+_September 1849._--"It makes me groan to think that probably I shall
+never again have the exquisite pleasure of making out some new district,
+of evolving geological light out of some troubled dark region. So I must
+make the best of my Cirripedia...."
+
+_October 1849._--"I have of late been at work at mere species
+describing, which is much more difficult than I expected, and has much
+the same sort of interest as a puzzle has; but I confess I often feel
+wearied with the work, and cannot help sometimes asking myself what is
+the good of spending a week or fortnight in ascertaining that certain
+just perceptible differences blend together and constitute varieties and
+not species. As long as I am on anatomy I never feel myself in that
+disgusting, horrid, _cui bono_, inquiring, humour. What miserable work,
+again, it is searching for priority of names. I have just finished two
+species, which possess seven generic, and twenty-four specific names! My
+chief comfort is, that the work must be sometime done, and I may as well
+do it, as any one else."
+
+_October 1852._--"I am at work at the second volume of the Cirripedia,
+of which creatures I am wonderfully tired. I hate a Barnacle as no man
+ever did before, not even a sailor in a slow-sailing ship. My first
+volume is out; the only part worth looking at is on the sexes of Ibla
+and Scalpellum. I hope by next summer to have done with my tedious
+work."
+
+_July 1853._--"I am _extremely_ glad to hear that you approved of my
+cirripedial volume. I have spent an almost ridiculous amount of labour
+on the subject, and certainly would never have undertaken it had I
+foreseen what a job it was."
+
+In September, 1854, his Cirripede work was practically finished, and he
+wrote to Sir J. Hooker:
+
+"I have been frittering away my time for the last several weeks in a
+wearisome manner, partly idleness, and odds and ends, find sending ten
+thousand Barnacles[124] out of the house all over the world. But I shall
+now in a day or two begin to look over my old notes on species. What a
+deal I shall have to discuss with you; I shall have to look sharp that I
+do not 'progress' into one of the greatest bores in life, to the few
+like you with lots of knowledge."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[109] I must not omit to mention a member of the household who
+accompanied him. This was his butler, Joseph Parslow, who remained in
+the family, a valued friend and servant, for forty years, and became, as
+Sir Joseph Hooker once remarked to me, "an integral part of the family,
+and felt to be such by all visitors at the house."
+
+[110] Charles Darwin, _Nature_ Series, 1882.
+
+[111] To Sir John Herschel, May 24, 1837. _Life of Sir Charles Lyell_,
+vol. ii. p. 12.
+
+[112] He wrote to Herbert:--"I have long discovered that geologists
+never read each other's works, and that the only object in writing a
+book is a proof of earnestness, and that you do not form your opinions
+without undergoing labour of some kind. Geology is at present very oral,
+and what I here say is to a great extent quite true." And to Fitz-Roy,
+on the same subject, he wrote: "I have sent my _South American Geology_
+to Dover Street, and you will get it, no doubt, in the course of time.
+You do not know what you threaten when you propose to read it--it is
+purely geological. I said to my brother, 'You will of course read it,'
+and his answer was, 'Upon my life, I would sooner even buy it.'"
+
+[113] The first edition was published in 1839, as vol. iii. of the
+_Voyages of the 'Adventure' and 'Beagle.'_
+
+[114] No doubt proof-sheets.
+
+[115] _Three Generations of Englishwomen_, by Janet Ross (1888), vol. i.
+p. 195.
+
+[116] This refers to the third and last of his geological books,
+_Geological Observation on South America_, which was published in 1846.
+A sentence from a letter of Dec. 11, 1860, may be quoted here--"David
+Forbes has been carefully working the Geology of Chile, and as I value
+praise for accurate observation far higher than for any other quality,
+forgive (if you can) the _insufferable_ vanity of my copying the last
+sentence in his note: 'I regard your Monograph on Chile as, without
+exception, one of the finest specimens of Geological inquiry.' I feel
+inclined to strut like a turkey-cock!"
+
+[117] An unfulfilled prophecy.
+
+[118] The late Sir C. Bunbury, well known as a palaeobotanist.
+
+[119] The beetle Panagaeus crux-major.
+
+[120] His sister.
+
+[121] John Lindley (b. 1799, d. 1865) was the son of a nurseryman near
+Norwich, through whose failure in business he was thrown at the age of
+twenty on his own resources. He was befriended by Sir W. Hooker, and
+employed as assistant librarian by Sir J. Banks. He seems to have had
+enormous capacity for work, and is said to have translated Richard's
+_Analyse du Fruit_ at one sitting of two days and three nights. He
+became Assistant-Secretary to the Horticultural Society, and in 1829 was
+appointed Professor of Botany at University College, a post which he
+held for upwards of thirty years. His writings are numerous; the best
+known being perhaps his _Vegetable Kingdom_, published in 1846.
+
+[122] Shortly afterwards he received a fresh mark of esteem from his
+warm-hearted friend: "Hooker's book (_Himalayan Journal_) is out, and
+_most beautifully_ got up. He has honoured me beyond measure by
+dedicating it to me!"
+
+[123] In 1860 he wrote to Lyell: "Is not Krohn a good fellow? I have
+long meant to write to him. He has been working at Cirripedes, and has
+detected two or three gigantic blunders, about which, I thank Heaven, I
+spoke rather doubtfully. Such difficult dissection that even Huxley
+failed. It is chiefly the interpretation which I put on parts that is so
+wrong, and not the parts which I describe. But they were gigantic
+blunders, and why I say all this is because Krohn, instead of crowing at
+all, pointed out my errors with the utmost gentleness and pleasantness."
+
+There are two papers by Aug. Krohn, one on the Cement Glands, and the
+other on the development of Cirripedes, _Weigmann's Archiv._ xxv. and
+xxvi. See _Autobiography_, p. 39, where my father remarks, "I blundered
+dreadfully about the cement glands."
+
+[124] The duplicate type-specimens of my father's Cirripedes are in the
+Liverpool Free Public Museum, as I learn from the Rev. H. H. Higgins.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE FOUNDATIONS OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+
+To give an account of the development of the chief work of my father's
+life--the _Origin of Species_, it will be necessary to return to an
+earlier date, and to weave into the story letters and other material,
+purposely omitted from the chapters dealing with the voyage and with his
+life at Down.
+
+To be able to estimate the greatness of the work, we must know something
+of the state of knowledge on the species question at the time when the
+germs of the Darwinian theory were forming in my father's mind.
+
+For the brief sketch which I can here insert, I am largely indebted to
+vol. ii. chapter v. of the _Life and Letters_--a discussion on the
+_Reception of the Origin of Species_ which Mr. Huxley "was good enough
+to write for me, also to the masterly obituary essay on my father, which
+the same writer contributed to the Proceedings of the Royal
+Society."[125]
+
+Mr. Huxley has well said[126]:
+
+"To any one who studies the signs of the times, the emergence of the
+philosophy of Evolution, in the attitude of claimant to the throne of
+the world of thought, from the limbo of hated and, as many hoped,
+forgotten things, is the most portentous event of the nineteenth
+century."
+
+In the autobiographical chapter, my father has given an account of his
+share in this great work: the present chapter does little more than
+expand that story.
+
+Two questions naturally occur to one: (1)--When and how did Darwin
+become convinced that species are mutable? How (that is to say) did he
+begin to believe in evolution. And (2)--When and how did he conceive the
+manner in which species are modified; when did he begin to believe in
+Natural Selection?
+
+The first question is the more difficult of the two to answer. He has
+said in the _Autobiography_ (p. 39) that certain facts observed by him
+in South America seemed to be explicable only on the "supposition that
+species gradually become modified." He goes on to say that the subject
+"haunted him"; and I think it is especially worthy of note that this
+"haunting,"--this unsatisfied dwelling on the subject was connected with
+the desire to explain _how_ species can be modified. It was
+characteristic of him to feel, as he did, that it was "almost useless"
+to endeavour to prove the general truth of evolution, unless the cause
+of change could be discovered. I think that throughout his life the
+questions 1 and 2 were intimately,--perhaps unduly so, connected in his
+mind. It will be shown, however, that after the publication of the
+_Origin_, when his views were being weighed in the balance of scientific
+opinion, it was to the acceptance of Evolution not of Natural Selection
+that he attached importance.
+
+An interesting letter (Feb. 24, 1877) to Dr. Otto Zacharias,[127] gives
+the same impression as the _Autobiography_:--
+
+"When I was on board the _Beagle_ I believed in the permanence of
+species, but as far as I can remember, vague doubts occasionally flitted
+across my mind. On my return home in the autumn of 1836, I immediately
+began to prepare my Journal for publication, and then saw how many facts
+indicated the common descent of species, so that in July, 1837, I opened
+a note-book to record any facts which might bear on the question. But I
+did not become convinced that species were mutable until, I think, two
+or three years had elapsed."
+
+Two years bring us to 1839, at which date the idea of natural selection
+had already occurred to him--a fact which agrees with what has been said
+above. How far the idea that evolution is conceivable came to him from
+earlier writers it is not possible to say. He has recorded in the
+_Autobiography_ (p. 38) the "silent astonishment with which, about the
+year 1825, he heard Grant expound the Lamarckian philosophy." He goes
+on:--
+
+"I had previously read the _Zoonomia_ of my grandfather, in which
+similar views are maintained, but without producing any effect on me.
+Nevertheless, it is probable that the hearing rather early in life such
+views maintained and praised, may have favoured my upholding them under
+a different form in my _Origin of Species_. At this time I admired
+greatly the _Zoonomia_; but on reading it a second time after an
+interval of ten or fifteen years, I was much disappointed; the
+proportion of speculation being so large to the facts given."
+
+Mr. Huxley has well said (Obituary Notice, p. ii.): "Erasmus Darwin,
+was in fact an anticipator of Lamarck, and not of Charles Darwin; there
+is no trace in his works of the conception by the addition of which his
+grandson metamorphosed the theory of evolution as applied to living
+things, and gave it a new foundation."
+
+On the whole it seems to me that the effect on his mind of the earlier
+evolutionists was inappreciable, and as far as concerns the history of
+the _Origin of the Species_, it is of no particular importance, because,
+as before said, evolution made no progress in his mind until the cause
+of modification was conceivable.
+
+I think Mr. Huxley is right in saying[128] that "it is hardly too much
+to say that Darwin's greatest work is the outcome of the unflinching
+application to biology of the leading idea, and the method applied in
+the _Principles_ to Geology." Mr. Huxley has elsewhere[129] admirably
+expressed the bearing of Lyell's work in this connection:--
+
+"I cannot but believe that Lyell, for others, as for myself, was the
+chief agent in smoothing the road for Darwin. For consistent
+uniformitarianism postulates evolution as much in the organic as in the
+inorganic world. The origin of a new species by other than ordinary
+agencies would be a vastly greater 'catastrophe' than any of those which
+Lyell successfully eliminated from sober geological speculation....
+
+"Lyell,[130] with perfect right, claims this position for himself. He
+speaks of having 'advocated a law of continuity even in the organic
+world, so far as possible without adopting Lamarck's theory of
+transmutation....
+
+"'But while I taught,' Lyell goes on, 'that as often as certain forms of
+animals and plants disappeared, for reasons quite intelligible to us,
+others took their place by virtue of a causation which was beyond our
+comprehension; it remained for Darwin to accumulate proof that there is
+no break between the incoming and the outgoing species, that they are
+the work of evolution, and not of special creation.... I had certainly
+prepared the way in this country, in six editions of my work before the
+_Vestiges of Creation_ appeared in 1842 [1844], for the reception of
+Darwin's gradual and insensible evolution of species.'"
+
+Mr. Huxley continues:--
+
+"If one reads any of the earlier editions of the _Principles_ carefully
+(especially by the light of the interesting series of letters recently
+published by Sir Charles Lyell's biographer), it is easy to see that,
+with all his energetic opposition to Lamarck, on the one hand, and to
+the ideal quasi-progressionism of Agassiz, on the other, Lyell, in his
+own mind, was strongly disposed to account for the origination of all
+past and present species of living things by natural causes. But he
+would have liked, at the same time, to keep the name of creation for a
+natural process which he imagined to be incomprehensible."
+
+The passage above given refers to the influence of Lyell in preparing
+men's minds for belief in the _Origin_, but I cannot doubt that it
+"smoothed the way" for the author of that work in his early searchings,
+as well as for his followers. My father spoke prophetically when he
+wrote the dedication to Lyell of the second edition of the _Journal of
+Researches_ (1845).
+
+"To Charles Lyell, Esq., F.R.S., this second edition is dedicated with
+grateful pleasure--as an acknowledgment that the chief part of whatever
+scientific merit this journal and the other works of the author may
+possess, has been derived from studying the well-known and admirable
+_Principles of Geology_."
+
+Professor Judd, in some reminiscences of my father which he was so good
+as to give me, quotes him as saying that, "It was the reading of the
+_Principles of Geology_ which did most towards moulding his mind and
+causing him to take up the line of investigation to which his life was
+devoted."
+
+The _role_ that Lyell played as a pioneer makes his own point of view as
+to evolution all the more remarkable. As the late H. C. Watson wrote to
+my father (December 21, 1859):--
+
+Now these novel views are brought fairly before the scientific public,
+it seems truly remarkable how so many of them could have failed to see
+their right road sooner. How could Sir C. Lyell, for instance, for
+thirty years read, write, and think, on the subject of species _and
+their succession_, and yet constantly look down the wrong road!
+
+"A quarter of a century ago, you and I must have been in something like
+the same state of mind on the main question. But you were able to see
+and work out the _quo modo_ of the succession, the all-important thing,
+while I failed to grasp it."
+
+In his earlier attitude towards evolution, my father was on a par with
+his contemporaries. He wrote in the _Autobiography_:--
+
+"I occasionally sounded not a few naturalists, and never happened to
+come across a single one who seemed to doubt about the permanence of
+species:" and it will be made abundantly clear by his letters that in
+supporting the opposite view he felt himself a terrible heretic.
+
+Mr. Huxley[131] writes in the same sense:--
+
+"Within the ranks of biologists, at that time [1851-58], I met with
+nobody, except Dr. Grant, of University College, who had a word to say
+for Evolution--and his advocacy was not calculated to advance the cause.
+Outside these ranks, the only person known to me whose knowledge and
+capacity compelled respect, and who was, at the same time, a
+thorough-going evolutionist, was Mr. Herbert Spencer, whose acquaintance
+I made, I think, in 1852, and then entered into the bonds of a
+friendship which, I am happy to think, has known no interruption. Many
+and prolonged were the battles we fought on this topic. But even my
+friend's rare dialectic skill and copiousness of apt illustration could
+not drive me from my agnostic position. I took my stand upon two
+grounds: firstly, that up to that time, the evidence in favour of
+transmutation was wholly insufficient; and, secondly, that no suggestion
+respecting the causes of the transmutation assumed, which had been made,
+was in any way adequate to explain the phenomena. Looking back at the
+state of knowledge at that time, I really do not see that any other
+conclusion was justifiable."
+
+These two last citations refer of course to a period much later than the
+time, 1836-37, at which the Darwinian theory was growing in my father's
+mind. The same thing is however true of earlier days.
+
+So much for the general problem: the further question as to the growth
+of Darwin's theory of natural selection is a less complex one, and I
+need add but little to the history given in the _Autobiography_ of how
+he came by that great conception by the help of which he was able to
+revivify "the oldest of all philosophies--that of evolution."
+
+The first point in the slow journey towards the _Origin of Species_ was
+the opening of that note-book of 1837 of which mention has been already
+made. The reader who is curious on the subject will find a series of
+citations from this most interesting note-book, in the _Life and
+Letters_, vol. ii. p. 5, _et seq._
+
+The two following extracts show that he applied the theory of evolution
+to the "whole organic kingdom" from plants to man.
+
+"If we choose to let conjecture run wild, then animals, our fellow
+brethren in pain, disease, death, suffering and famine--our slaves in
+the most laborious works, our companions in our amusements--they may
+partake [of] our origin in one common ancestor--we may be all melted
+together."
+
+"The different intellects of man and animals not so great as between
+living things without thought (plants), and living things with thought
+(animals)."
+
+Speaking of intermediate forms, he remarks:--
+
+"Opponents will say--_show them me_. I will answer yes, if you will show
+me every step between bulldog and greyhound."
+
+Here we see that the argument from domestic animals was already present
+in his mind as bearing on the production of natural species, an argument
+which he afterwards used with such signal force in the _Origin_.
+
+A comparison of the two editions of the _Naturalists' Voyage_ is
+instructive, as giving some idea of the development of his views on
+evolution. It does not give us a true index of the mass of conjecture
+which was taking shape in his mind, but it shows us that he felt sure
+enough of the truth of his belief to allow a stronger tinge of evolution
+to appear in the second edition. He has mentioned in the _Autobiography_
+(p. 40), that it was not until he read Malthus that he got a clear view
+of the potency of natural selection. This was in 1838--a year after he
+finished the first edition (it was not published until 1839), and seven
+years before the second edition was issued (1845). Thus the
+turning-point in the formation of his theory took place between the
+writing of the two editions. Yet the difference between the two editions
+is not very marked; it is another proof of the author's caution and
+self-restraint in the treatment of his ideas. After reading the second
+edition of the _Voyage_ we remember with a strong feeling of surprise
+how far advanced were his views when he wrote it.
+
+These views are given in the manuscript volume of 1844, mentioned in the
+_Autobiography_. I give from my father's Pocket-book the entries
+referring to the preliminary sketch of this historic essay.
+
+"_1842, May 18_,--Went to Maer. _June 15_--to Shrewsbury, and 18th to
+Capel Curig. During my stay at Maer and Shrewsbury ... wrote pencil
+sketch of species theory."[132]
+
+In 1844, the pencil-sketch was enlarged to one of 230 folio pages,
+which is a wonderfully complete presentation of the arguments familiar
+to us in the _Origin_.
+
+The following letter shows in a striking manner the value my father put
+on this piece of work.
+
+
+_C. D. to Mrs. Darwin._ Down [July 5, 1844].
+
+... I have just finished my sketch of my species theory. If, as I
+believe, my theory in time be accepted even by one competent judge, it
+will be a considerable step in science.
+
+I therefore write this in case of my sudden death, as my most solemn and
+last request, which I am sure you will consider the same as if legally
+entered in my will, that you will devote L400 to its publication, and
+further, will yourself, or through Hensleigh,[133] take trouble in
+promoting it. I wish that my sketch be given to some competent person,
+with this sum to induce him to take trouble in its improvement and
+enlargement. I give to him all my books on Natural History, which are
+either scored or have references at the end to the pages, begging him
+carefully to look over and consider such passages as actually bearing,
+or by possibility bearing, on this subject. I wish you to make a list of
+all such books as some temptation to an editor. I also request that you
+will hand over [to] him all those scraps roughly divided in eight or ten
+brown paper portfolios. The scraps, with copied quotations from various
+works, are those which may aid my editor. I also request that you, or
+some amanuensis, will aid in deciphering any of the scraps which the
+editor may think possibly of use. I leave to the editor's judgment
+whether to interpolate these facts in the text, or as notes, or under
+appendices. As the looking over the references and scraps will be a long
+labour, and as the _correcting_ and enlarging and altering my sketch
+will also take considerable time, I leave this sum of L400 as some
+remuneration, and any profits from the work, I consider that for this
+the editor is bound to get the sketch published either at a publisher's
+or his own risk. Many of the scraps in the portfolios contain mere rude
+suggestions and early views, now useless, and many of the facts will
+probably turn out as having no bearing on my theory.
+
+With respect to editors, Mr. Lyell would be the best if he would
+undertake it; I believe he would find the work pleasant, and he would
+learn some facts new to him. As the editor must be a geologist as well
+as a naturalist, the next best editor would be Professor Forbes of
+London. The next best (and quite best in many respects) would be
+Professor Henslow. Dr. Hooker would be _very_ good. The next, Mr.
+Strickland.[134] If none of these would undertake it, I would request
+you to consult with Mr. Lyell, or some other capable man for some
+editor, a geologist and naturalist. Should one other hundred pounds make
+the difference of procuring a good editor, I request earnestly that you
+will raise L500.
+
+My remaining collections in Natural History may be given to any one or
+any museum where [they] would be accepted....
+
+The following note seems to have formed part of the original letter, but
+may have been of later date:
+
+"Lyell, especially with the aid of Hooker (and of any good zoological
+aid), would be best of all. Without an editor will pledge himself to
+give up time to it, it would be of no use paying such a sum."
+
+"It there should be any difficulty in getting an editor who would go
+thoroughly into the subject, and think of the bearing of the passages
+marked in the books and copied out [on?] scraps of paper, then let my
+sketch be published as it is, stating that it was done several years
+ago[135] and from memory without consulting any works, and with no
+intention of publication in its present form."
+
+The idea that the Sketch of 1844 might remain, in the event of his
+death, as the only record of his work, seems to have been long in his
+mind, for in August 1854, when he had finished with the Cirripedes, and
+was thinking of beginning his "species work," he added on the back of
+the above letter, "Hooker by far best man to edit my species volume.
+August 1854."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[125] Vol. xliv. No. 269.
+
+[126] _Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 180.
+
+[127] This letter was unaccountably overlooked in preparing the _Life
+and Letters_ for publication.
+
+[128] _Obituary Notice_, p. viii.
+
+[129] _Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 190. In Mr. Huxley's chapter the
+passage beginning "Lyell with perfect right...." is given as a footnote:
+it will be seen that I have incorporated it with Mr. Huxley's text.
+
+[130] Lyell's _Life and Letters_, Letter to Haeckel, vol. ii. p. 436.
+Nov. 23, 1868.
+
+[131] _Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 188.
+
+[132] I have discussed in the _Life and Letters_ the statement often
+made that the first sketch of his theory was written in 1839.
+
+[133] The late Mr. H. Wedgwood.
+
+[134] After Mr. Strickland's name comes the following sentence, which
+has been erased, but remains legible: "Professor Owen would be very
+good; but I presume he would not undertake such a work."
+
+[135] The words "several years ago and," seem to have been added at a
+later date.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE GROWTH OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+1843-1858.
+
+
+The history of the years 1843-1858 is here related in an extremely
+abbreviated fashion. It was a period of minute labour on a variety of
+subjects, and the letters accordingly abound in detail. They are in many
+ways extremely interesting, more especially so to professed naturalists,
+and the picture of patient research which they convey is of great value
+from a biographical point of view. But such a picture must either be
+given in a complete series of unabridged letters, or omitted altogether.
+The limits of space compel me to the latter choice. The reader must
+imagine my father corresponding on problems in geology, geographical
+distribution, and classification; at the same time collecting facts on
+such varied points as the stripes on horses' legs, the floating of
+seeds, the breeding of pigeons, the form of bees' cells and the
+innumerable other questions to which his gigantic task demanded answers.
+
+The concluding letter of the last chapter has shown how strong was his
+conviction of the value of his work. It is impressive evidence of the
+condition of the scientific atmosphere, to discover, as in the following
+letters to Sir Joseph Hooker, how small was the amount of encouragement
+that he dared to hope for from his brother-naturalists.
+
+
+[January 11th, 1844.]
+
+... I have been now ever since my return engaged in a very presumptuous
+work, and I know no one individual who would not say a very foolish one.
+I was so struck with the distribution of the Galapagos organisms, &c.
+&c., and with the character of the American fossil mammifers, &c. &c.,
+that I determined to collect blindly every sort of fact, which could
+bear any way on what are species. I have read heaps of agricultural and
+horticultural books, and have never ceased collecting facts. At last
+gleams of light have come, and I am almost convinced (quite contrary to
+the opinion I started with) that species are not (it is like confessing
+a murder) immutable. Heaven forfend me from Lamarck nonsense of a
+"tendency to progression," "adaptations from the slow willing of
+animals," &c.! But the conclusions I am led to are not widely different
+from his; though the means of change are wholly so. I think I have found
+out (here's presumption!) the simple way by which species become
+exquisitely adapted to various ends. You will now groan, and think to
+yourself, "on what a man have I been wasting my time and writing to." I
+should, five years ago, have thought so....
+
+And again (1844):--
+
+"In my most sanguine moments, all I expect, is that I shall be able to
+show even to sound Naturalists, that there are two sides to the question
+of the immutability of species--that facts can be viewed and grouped
+under the notion of allied species having descended from common stocks.
+With respect to books on this subject, I do not know of any systematical
+ones, except Lamarck's which is veritable rubbish: but there are plenty,
+as Lyell, Pritchard, &c., on the view of the immutability. Agassiz
+lately has brought the strongest argument in favour of immutability.
+Isidore G. St. Hilaire has written some good Essays, tending towards the
+mutability-side, in the _Suites a Buffon_, entitled _Zoolog. Generale_.
+Is it not strange that the author of such a book as the _Animaux sans
+Vertebres_ should have written that insects, which never see their eggs,
+should will (and plants, their seeds) to be of particular forms, so as
+to become attached to particular objects. The other common (specially
+Germanic) notion is hardly less absurd, viz. that climate, food, &c.,
+should make a Pediculus formed to climb hair, or a wood-pecker to climb
+trees. I believe all these absurd views arise from no one having, as far
+as I know, approached the subject on the side of variation under
+domestication, and having studied all that is known about
+domestication."
+
+"I hate arguments from results, but on my views of descent, really
+Natural History becomes a sublimely grand result-giving subject (now you
+may quiz me for so foolish an escape of mouth)...."
+
+
+_C. D. to L. Jenyns_[136] Down Oct. 12th [1845].
+
+MY DEAR JENYNS--Thanks for your note. I am sorry to say I have not even
+the tail-end of a fact in English Zoology to communicate. I have found
+that even trifling observations require, in my case, some leisure and
+energy, [of] both of which ingredients I have had none to spare, as
+writing my Geology thoroughly expends both. I had always thought that I
+would keep a journal and record everything, but in the way I now live I
+find I observe nothing to record. Looking after my garden and trees, and
+occasionally a very little walk in an idle frame of my mind, fill up
+every afternoon in the same manner. I am surprised that with all your
+parish affairs, you have had time to do all that which you have done. I
+shall be very glad to see your little work[137] (and proud should I have
+been if I could have added a single fact to it). My work on the species
+question has impressed me very forcibly with the importance of all such
+works as your intended one, containing what people are pleased generally
+to call trifling facts. These are the facts which make one understand
+the working or economy of nature. There is one subject, on which I am
+very curious, and which perhaps you may throw some light on, if you have
+ever thought on it; namely, what are the checks and what the periods of
+life--by which the increase of any given species is limited. Just
+calculate the increase of any bird, if you assume that only half the
+young are reared, and these breed: within the _natural_ (i.e. if free
+from accidents) life of the parents the number of individuals will
+become enormous, and I have been much surprised to think how great
+destruction _must_ annually or occasionally be falling on every species,
+yet the means and period of such destruction are scarcely perceived by
+us.
+
+I have continued steadily reading and collecting facts on variation of
+domestic animals and plants, and on the question of what are species. I
+have a grand body of facts, and I think I can draw some sound
+conclusions. The general conclusions at which I have slowly been driven
+from a directly opposite conviction, is that species are mutable, and
+that allied species are co-descendants from common stocks. I know how
+much I open myself to reproach for such a conclusion, but I have at
+least honestly and deliberately come to it. I shall not publish on this
+subject for several years.
+
+
+_C. Darwin to L. Jenyns._[138] Down [1845?].
+
+With respect to my far distant work on species, I must have expressed
+myself with singular inaccuracy if I led you to suppose that I meant to
+say that my conclusions were inevitable. They have become so, after
+years of weighing puzzles, to myself _alone_; but in my wildest
+day-dream, I never expect more than to be able to show that there are
+two sides to the question of the immutability of species, i.e. whether
+species are _directly_ created or by intermediate laws (as with the life
+and death of individuals). I did not approach the subject on the side of
+the difficulty in determining what are species and what are varieties,
+but (though why I should give you such a history of my doings it would
+be hard to say) from such facts as the relationship between the living
+and extinct mammifers in South America, and between those living on the
+Continent and on adjoining islands, such as the Galapagos. It occurred
+to me that a collection of all such analogous facts would throw light
+either for or against the view of related species being co-descendants
+from a common stock. A long searching amongst agricultural and
+horticultural books and people makes me believe (I well know how
+absurdly presumptuous this must appear) that I see the way in which new
+varieties become exquisitely adapted to the external conditions of life
+and to other surrounding beings. I am a bold man to lay myself open to
+being thought a complete fool, and a most deliberate one. From the
+nature of the grounds which make me believe that species are mutable in
+form, these grounds cannot be restricted to the closest-allied species;
+but how far they extend I cannot tell, as my reasons fall away by
+degrees, when applied to species more and more remote from each other.
+Pray do not think that I am so blind as not to see that there are
+numerous immense difficulties in my notions, but they appear to me less
+than on the common view. I have drawn up a sketch and had it copied (in
+200 pages) of my conclusions; and if I thought at some future time that
+you would think it worth reading, I should, of course, be most thankful
+to have the criticism of so competent a critic. Excuse this very long
+and egotistical and ill-written letter, which by your remarks you have
+led me into.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down [1849-50?].
+
+... How painfully (to me) true is your remark, that no one has hardly a
+right to examine the question of species who has not minutely described
+many. I was, however, pleased to hear from Owen (who is vehemently
+opposed to any mutability in species), that he thought it was a very
+fair subject, and that there was a mass of facts to be brought to bear
+on the question, not hitherto collected. My only comfort is (as I mean
+to attempt the subject), that I have dabbled in several branches of
+Natural History, and seen good specific men work out my species, and
+know something of geology (an indispensable union); and though I shall
+get more kicks than half-pennies, I will, life serving, attempt my work.
+Lamarck is the only exception, that I can think of, of an accurate
+describer of species at least in the Invertebrate Kingdom, who has
+disbelieved in permanent species, but he in his absurd though clever
+work has done the subject harm, as has Mr. Vestiges, and, as (some
+future loose naturalist attempting the same speculations will perhaps
+say) has Mr. D....
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ September 25th [1853].
+
+In my own Cirripedial work (by the way, thank you for the dose of soft
+solder; it does one--or at least me--a great deal of good)--in my own
+work I have not felt conscious that disbelieving in the mere
+_permanence_ of species has made much difference one way or the other;
+in some few cases (if publishing avowedly on the doctrine of
+non-permanence), I should _not_ have affixed names, and in some few
+cases should have affixed names to remarkable varieties. Certainly I
+have felt it humiliating, discussing and doubting, and examining over
+and over again, when in my own mind the only doubt has been whether the
+form varied _to-day or yesterday_ (not to put too fine a point on it, as
+Snagsby[139] would say). After describing a set of forms as distinct
+species, tearing up my MS., and making them one species, tearing that up
+and making them separate, and then making them one again (which has
+happened to me), I have gnashed my teeth, cursed species, and asked what
+sin I had committed to be so punished. But I must confess that perhaps
+nearly the same thing would have happened to me on any scheme of work.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, March 26th [1854].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--I had hoped that you would have had a little
+breathing-time after your Journal,[140] but this seems to be very far
+from the case; and I am the more obliged (and somewhat contrite) for the
+long letter received this morning, _most_ juicy with news and _most_
+interesting to me in many ways. I am very glad indeed to hear of the
+reforms, &c., in the Royal Society. With respect to the Club,[141] I am
+deeply interested; only two or three days ago, I was regretting to my
+wife, how I was letting drop and being dropped by nearly all my
+acquaintances, and that I would endeavour to go oftener to London; I was
+not then thinking of the Club, which, as far as one thing goes, would
+answer my exact object in keeping up old and making some new
+acquaintances. I will therefore come up to London for every (with rare
+exceptions) Club-day, and then my head, I think, will allow me on an
+average to go to every other meeting. But it is grievous how often any
+change knocks me up. I will further pledge myself, as I told Lyell, to
+resign after a year, if I did not attend pretty often, so that I should
+_at worst_ encumber the Club temporarily. If you can get me elected, I
+certainly shall be very much pleased.... I am particularly obliged to
+you for sending me Asa Gray's letter; how very pleasantly he writes. To
+see his and your caution on the species-question ought to overwhelm me
+in confusion and shame; it does make me feel deuced uncomfortable.... I
+was pleased and surprised to see A. Gray's remarks on crossing
+obliterating varieties, on which, as you know, I have been collecting
+facts for these dozen years. How awfully flat I shall feel, if, when I
+got my notes together on species, &c. &c., the whole thing explodes like
+an empty puff-ball. Do not work yourself to death.
+
+Ever yours most truly.
+
+
+To work out the problem of the Geographical Distribution of animals and
+plants on evolutionary principles, Darwin had to study the means by
+which seeds, eggs, &c., can be transported across wide spaces of ocean.
+It was this need which gave an interest to the class of experiment to
+which the following letters refer.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ April 13th [1855].
+
+... I have had one experiment some little time in progress which will, I
+think, be interesting, namely, seeds in salt water, immersed in water of
+32-33 deg., which I have and shall long have, as I filled a great tank
+with snow. When I wrote last I was going to triumph over you, for my
+experiment had in a slight degree succeeded; but this, with infinite
+baseness, I did not tell, in hopes that you would say that you would eat
+all the plants which I could raise after immersion. It is very
+aggravating that I cannot in the least remember what you did formerly
+say that made me think you scoffed at the experiments vastly; for you
+now seem to view the experiment like a good Christian. I have in small
+bottles out of doors, exposed to variation of temperature, cress,
+radish, cabbages, lettuces, carrots, and celery, and onion seed. These,
+after immersion for exactly one week, have all germinated, which I did
+not in the least expect (and thought how you would sneer at me); for the
+water of nearly all, and of the cress especially, smelt very badly, and
+the cress seed emitted a wonderful quantity of mucus (the
+_Vestiges_[142] would have expected them to turn into tadpoles), so as
+to adhere in a mass; but these seeds germinated and grew splendidly. The
+germination of all (especially cress and lettuces) has been accelerated,
+except the cabbages, which have come up very irregularly, and a good
+many, I think, dead. One would, have thought, from their native habitat,
+that the cabbage would have stood well. The Umbelliferae and onions seem
+to stand the salt well. I wash the seed before planting them. I have
+written to the _Gardeners' Chronicle_,[143] though I doubt whether it
+was worth while. If my success seems to make it worth while, I will send
+a seed list, to get you to mark some different classes of seeds. To-day
+I replant the same seeds as above after fourteen days' immersion. As
+many sea-currents go a mile an hour, even in a week they might be
+transported 168 miles; the Gulf Stream is said to go fifty and sixty
+miles a day. So much and too much on this head; but my geese are always
+swans....
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [April 14th, 1855.]
+
+... You are a good man to confess that you expected the cress would be
+killed in a week, for this gives me a nice little triumph. The children
+at first were tremendously eager, and asked me often, "whether I should
+beat Dr. Hooker!" The cress and lettuce have just vegetated well after
+twenty-one days' immersion. But I will write no more, which is a great
+virtue in me; for it is to me a very great pleasure telling you
+everything I do.
+
+... If you knew some of the experiments (if they may be so called) which
+I am trying, you would have a good right to sneer, for they are so
+_absurd_ even in _my_ opinion that I dare not tell you.
+
+Have not some men a nice notion of experimentising? I have had a letter
+telling me that seeds _must_ have _great_ power of resisting salt water,
+for otherwise how could they get to islands'? This is the true way to
+solve a problem?
+
+Experiments on the transportal of seeds through the agency of animals,
+also gave him much labour. He wrote to Fox (1855):--
+
+"All nature is perverse and will not do as I wish it; and just at
+present I wish I had my old barnacles to work at, and nothing new."
+
+And to Hooker:--
+
+"Everything has been going wrong with me lately: the fish at the Zoolog.
+Soc. ate up lots of soaked seeds, and in imagination they had in my mind
+been swallowed, fish and all, by a heron, had been carried a hundred
+miles, been voided on the banks of some other lake and germinated
+splendidly, when lo and behold, the fish ejected vehemently, and with
+disgust equal to my own, _all_ the seeds from their mouths."
+
+
+THE UNFINISHED BOOK.
+
+In his Autobiographical sketch (p. 41) my father wrote:--"Early in 1856
+Lyell advised me to write out my views pretty fully, and I began at once
+to do so on a scale three or four times as extensive as that which was
+afterwards followed in my _Origin of Species_; yet it was only an
+abstract of the materials which I had collected." The remainder of the
+present chapter is chiefly concerned with the preparation of this
+unfinished book.
+
+The work was begun on May 14th, and steadily continued up to June 1858,
+when it was interrupted by the arrival of Mr. Wallace's MS. During the
+two years which we are now considering, he wrote ten chapters (that is
+about one-half) of the projected book.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker_. May 9th [1856].
+
+... I very much want advice and _truthful_ consolation if you can give
+it. I had a good talk with Lyell about my species work, and he urges me
+strongly to publish something. I am fixed against any periodical or
+Journal, as I positively will _not_ expose myself to an Editor or a
+Council allowing a publication for which they might be abused. If I
+publish anything it must be a _very thin_ and little volume, giving a
+sketch of my views and difficulties; but it is really dreadfully
+unphilosophical to give a _resume_, without exact references, of an
+unpublished work. But Lyell seemed to think I might do this, at the
+suggestion of friends, and on the ground, which I I might state, that I
+had been at work for eighteen[144] years, and yet could not publish for
+several years, and especially as I could point out difficulties which
+seemed to me to require especial investigation. Now what think you? I
+should be really grateful for advice. I thought of giving up a couple of
+months and writing such a sketch, and trying to keep my judgment open
+whether or no to publish it when completed. It will be simply impossible
+for me to give exact references; anything important I should state on
+the authority of the author generally; and instead of giving all the
+facts on which I ground my opinion, I could give by memory only one or
+two. In the Preface I would state that the work could not be considered
+strictly scientific, but a mere sketch or outline of a future work in
+which full references, &c., should be given. Eheu, eheu, I believe I
+should sneer at any one else doing this, and my only comfort is, that I
+_truly_ never dreamed of it, till Lyell suggested it, and seems
+deliberately to think it advisable.
+
+I am in a peck of troubles, and do pray forgive me for troubling you.
+
+Yours affectionately.
+
+
+He made an attempt at a sketch of his views, but as he wrote to Fox in
+October 1856:--
+
+"I found it such unsatisfactory work that I have desisted, and am now
+drawing up my work as perfect as my materials of nineteen years'
+collecting suffice, but do not intend to stop to perfect any line of
+investigation beyond current work."
+
+And in November he wrote to Sir Charles Lyell:--
+
+"I am working very steadily at my big book; I have found it quite
+impossible to publish any preliminary essay or sketch; but am doing my
+work as completely as my present materials allow without waiting to
+perfect them. And this much acceleration I owe to you."
+
+Again to Mr. Fox, in February, 1857:--
+
+"I am got most deeply interested in my subject; though I wish I could
+set less value on the bauble fame, either present or posthumous, than I
+do, but not I think, to any extreme degree: yet, if I know myself, I
+would work just as hard, though with less gusto, if I knew that my book
+would be published for ever anonymously."
+
+
+_C. D. to A. R. Wallace._ Moor Park, May 1st, 1857.
+
+MY DEAR SIR--I am much obliged for your letter of October 10th, from
+Celebes, received a few days ago; in a laborious undertaking, sympathy
+is a valuable and real encouragement. By your letter and even still more
+by your paper[145] in the Annals, a year or more ago, I can plainly see
+that we have thought much alike and to a certain extent have come to
+similar conclusions. In regard to the Paper in the Annals, I agree to
+the truth of almost every word of your paper; and I dare say that you
+will agree with me that it is very rare to find oneself agreeing pretty
+closely with any theoretical paper; for it is lamentable how each man
+draws his own different conclusions from the very same facts. This
+summer will make the 20th year (!) since I opened my first note-book, on
+the question how and in what way do species and varieties differ from
+each other. I am now preparing my work for publication, but I find the
+subject so very large, that though I have written many chapters, I do
+not suppose I shall go to press for two years. I have never heard how
+long you intend staying in the Malay Archipelago; I wish I might profit
+by the publication of your Travels there before my work appears, for no
+doubt you will reap a large harvest of facts. I have acted already in
+accordance with your advice of keeping domestic varieties, and those
+appearing in a state of nature, distinct; but I have sometimes doubted
+of the wisdom of this, and therefore I am glad to be backed by your
+opinion. I must confess, however, I rather doubt the truth of the now
+very prevalent doctrine of all our domestic animals having descended
+from several wild stocks; though I do not doubt that it is so in some
+cases. I think there is rather better evidence on the sterility of
+hybrid animals than you seem to admit: and in regard to plants the
+collection of carefully recorded facts by Koelreuter and Gaertner (and
+Herbert) is _enormous_. I most entirely agree with you on the little
+effects of "climatal conditions," which one sees referred to _ad
+nauseam_ in all books: I suppose some very little effect must be
+attributed to such influences, but I fully believe that they are very
+slight. It is really _impossible_ to explain my views (in the compass of
+a letter), on the causes and means of variation in a state of nature;
+but I have slowly adopted a distinct and tangible idea,--whether true or
+false others must judge; for the firmest conviction of the truth of a
+doctrine by its author, seems, alas, not to be the slightest guarantee
+of truth!...
+
+In December 1857 he wrote to the same correspondent:--
+
+"You ask whether I shall discuss 'man.' I think I shall avoid the whole
+subject, as so surrounded with prejudices; though I fully admit that it
+is the highest and most interesting problem for the naturalist. My work,
+on which I have now been at work more or less for twenty years, will not
+fix or settle anything; but I hope it will aid by giving a large
+collection of facts, with one definite end. I get on very slowly, partly
+from ill-health, partly from being a very slow worker. I have got about
+half written; but I do not suppose I shall publish under a couple of
+years. I have now been three whole months on one chapter on Hybridism!
+
+"I am astonished to see that you expect to remain out three or four
+years more. What a wonderful deal you will have seen, and what
+interesting areas--the grand Malay Archipelago and the richest parts of
+South America! I infinitely admire and honour your zeal and courage in
+the good cause of Natural Science; and you have my very sincere and
+cordial good wishes for success of all kinds, and may all your theories
+succeed, except that on Oceanic Islands, on which subject I will do
+battle to the death."
+
+And to Fox in February 1858:--
+
+"I am working very hard at my book, perhaps too hard. It will be very
+big, and I am become most deeply interested in the way facts fall into
+groups. I am like Croesus overwhelmed with my riches in facts, and I
+mean to make my book as perfect as ever I can. I shall not go to press
+at soonest for a couple of years."
+
+The letter which follows, written from his favourite resting place, the
+Water-Cure Establishment at Moor Park, comes in like a lull before the
+storm,--the upset of all his plans by the arrival of Mr. Wallace's
+manuscript, a phase in the history of his life to which the next chapter
+is devoted.
+
+
+_C. D. to Mrs. Darwin._ Moor Park, April [1858].
+
+The weather is quite delicious. Yesterday, after writing to you, I
+strolled a little beyond the glade for an hour and a half, and enjoyed
+myself--the fresh yet dark green of the grand Scotch firs, the brown of
+the catkins of the old birches, with their white stems, and a fringe of
+distant green from the larches, made an excessively pretty view. At last
+I fell fast asleep on the grass, and awoke with a chorus of birds
+singing around me, and squirrels running up the trees, and some
+woodpeckers laughing, and it was as pleasant and rural a scene as ever I
+saw, and I did not care one penny how any of the beasts or birds had
+been formed. I sat in the drawing-room till after eight, and then went
+and read the Chief Justice's summing up, and thought Bernard[146]
+guilty, and then read a bit of my novel, which is feminine, virtuous,
+clerical, philanthropical, and all that sort of thing, but very
+decidedly flat. I say feminine, for the author is ignorant about money
+matters, and not much of a lady--for she makes her men say, "My Lady." I
+like Miss Craik very much, though we have some battles, and differ on
+every subject. I like also the Hungarian; a thorough gentleman, formerly
+attache at Paris, and then in the Austrian cavalry, and now a pardoned
+exile, with broken health. He does not seem to like Kossuth, but says,
+he is certain [he is] a sincere patriot, most clever and eloquent, but
+weak, with no determination of character....
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[136] Rev. L. Blomefield.
+
+[137] Mr. Jenyns' _Observations in Natural History_. It is prefaced by
+an Introduction on "Habits of observing as connected with the study of
+Natural History," and followed by a "Calendar of Periodic Phenomena in
+Natural History," with "Remarks on the importance of such Registers."
+
+[138] Rev. L. Blomefield.
+
+[139] In _Bleak House_.
+
+[140] Sir Joseph Hooker's _Himalayan Journal_.
+
+[141] The Philosophical Club, to which my father was elected (as
+Professor Bonney is good enough to inform me) on April 24, 1854. He
+resigned his membership in 1864. The Club was founded in 1847. The
+number of members being limited to 47, it was proposed to christen it
+"the Club of 47," but the name was never adopted. The nature of the Club
+may be gathered from its first rule: "The purpose of the Club is to
+promote as much as possible the scientific objects of the Royal Society;
+to facilitate intercourse between those Fellows who are actively engaged
+in cultivating the various branches of Natural Science, and who have
+contributed to its progress; to increase the attendance at the evening
+meetings, and to encourage the contribution and discussion of papers."
+The Club met for dinner at 6, and the chair was to be quitted at 8.15,
+it being expected that members would go to the Royal Society. Of late
+years the dinner has been at 6.30, the Society meeting in the afternoon.
+
+[142] _The Vestiges of Creation_, by R. Chambers.
+
+[143] A few words asking for information. The results were published in
+the _Gardeners' Chronicle_, May 26, Nov. 24, 1855. In the same year (p.
+789) he sent a postscript to his former paper, correcting a misprint and
+adding a few words on the seeds of the Leguminosae. A fuller paper on the
+germination of seeds after treatment in salt water, appeared in the
+_Linnean Soc. Journal_, 1857, p. 130.
+
+[144] The interval of eighteen years, from 1837 when he began to collect
+facts, would bring the date of this letter to 1855, not 1856,
+nevertheless the latter seems the more probable date.
+
+[145] "On the Law that has regulated the Introduction of New
+Species."--_Ann. Nat. Hist._, 1855.
+
+[146] Simon Bernard was tried in April 1858 as an accessory to Orsini's
+attempt on the life of the Emperor of the French. The verdict was "not
+guilty."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE WRITING OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+     "I have done my best. If you had all my material I am sure you
+     would have made a splendid book."--From a letter to Lyell, June 21,
+     1859.
+
+JUNE 18, 1858, TO NOVEMBER 1859.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, 18th [June 1858].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--Some year or so ago you recommended me to read a paper by
+Wallace in the _Annals_,[147] which had interested you, and as I was
+writing to him, I knew this would please him much, so I told him. He has
+to-day sent me the enclosed, and asked me to forward it to you. It seems
+to me well worth reading. Your words have come true with a
+vengeance--that I should be forestalled. You said this, when I explained
+to you here very briefly my views of 'Natural Selection' depending on
+the struggle for existence. I never saw a more striking coincidence; if
+Wallace had my MS. sketch written out in 1842, he could not have made a
+better short abstract! Even his terms now stand as heads of my chapters.
+Please return me the MS., which he does not say he wishes me to publish,
+but I shall, of course, at once write and offer to send to any journal.
+So all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed,
+though my book, if it will ever have any value, will not be
+deteriorated; as all the labour consists in the application of the
+theory.
+
+I hope you will approve of Wallace's sketch, that I may tell him what
+you say.
+
+My dear Lyell, yours most truly.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, [June 25, 1858].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--I am very sorry to trouble you, busy as you are, in so
+merely personal an affair; but if you will give me your deliberate
+opinion, you will do me as great a service as ever man did, for I have
+entire confidence in your judgment and honour....
+
+There is nothing in Wallace's sketch which is not written out much
+fuller in my sketch, copied out in 1844, and read by Hooker some dozen
+years ago. About a year ago I sent a short sketch, of which I have a
+copy, of my views (owing to correspondence on several points) to Asa
+Gray, so that I could most truly say and prove that I take nothing from
+Wallace. I should be extremely glad now to publish a sketch of my
+general views in about a dozen pages or so; but I cannot persuade myself
+that I can do so honourably. Wallace says nothing about publication, and
+I enclose his letter. But as I had not intended to publish any sketch,
+can I do so honourably, because Wallace has sent me an outline of his
+doctrine? I would far rather burn my whole book, than that he or any
+other man should think that I had behaved in a paltry spirit. Do you not
+think his having sent me this sketch ties my hands?... If I could
+honourably publish, I would state that I was induced now to publish a
+sketch (and I should be very glad to be permitted to say, to follow your
+advice long ago given) from Wallace having sent me an outline of my
+general conclusions. We differ only, [in] that I was led to my views
+from what artificial selection has done for domestic animals. I would
+send Wallace a copy of my letter to Asa Gray, to show him that I had not
+stolen his doctrine. But I cannot tell whether to publish now would not
+be base and paltry. This was my first impression, and I should have
+certainly acted on it had it not been for your letter.
+
+This is a trumpery affair to trouble you with, but you cannot tell how
+much obliged I should be for your advice.
+
+By the way, would you object to send this and your answer to Hooker to
+be forwarded to me? for then I shall have the opinion of my two best and
+kindest friends. This letter is miserably written, and I write it now,
+that I may for a time banish the whole subject; and I am worn out with
+musing....
+
+My good dear friend, forgive me. This is a trumpery letter, influenced
+by trumpery feelings.
+
+Yours most truly.
+
+I will never trouble you or Hooker on the subject again.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, 26th [June 1858].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL--Forgive me for adding a P.S. to make the case as strong
+as possible against myself.
+
+Wallace might say, "You did not intend publishing an abstract of your
+views till you received my communication. Is it fair to take advantage
+of my having freely, though unasked, communicated to you my ideas, and
+thus prevent me forestalling you?" The advantage which I should take
+being that I am induced to publish from privately knowing that Wallace
+is in the field. It seems hard on me that I should be thus compelled to
+lose my priority of many years' standing, but I cannot feel at all sure
+that this alters the justice of the case. First impressions are
+generally right, and I at first thought it would be dishonourable in me
+now to publish.
+
+Yours most truly.
+
+P.S.--I have always thought you would make a first-rate Lord Chancellor;
+and I now appeal to you as a Lord Chancellor.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Tuesday night [June 29, 1858].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--I have just read your letter, and see you want the
+papers at once. I am quite prostrated,[148] and can do nothing, but I
+send Wallace, and the abstract[149] of my letter to Asa Gray, which
+gives most imperfectly only the means of change, and does not touch on
+reasons for believing that species do change. I dare say all is too
+late. I hardly care about it. But you are too generous to sacrifice so
+much time and kindness. It is most generous, most kind. I send my sketch
+of 1844 solely that you may see by your own handwriting that you did
+read it. I really cannot bear to look at it. Do not waste much time. It
+is miserable in me to care at all about priority.
+
+The table of contents will show what it is.
+
+I would make a similar, but shorter and more accurate sketch for the
+_Linnean Journal_.
+
+I will do anything. God bless you, my dear kind friend.
+
+I can write no more. I send this by my servant to Kew.
+
+
+The joint paper[150] of Mr. Wallace and my father was read at the
+Linnean Society on the evening of July 1st. Mr. Wallace's Essay bore
+the title, "On the Tendency of Varieties to depart indefinitely from the
+Original Type."
+
+My father's contribution to the paper consisted of (1) Extracts from the
+sketch of 1844; (2) part of a letter, addressed to Dr. Asa Gray, dated
+September 5, 1857. The paper was "communicated" to the Society by Sir
+Charles Lyell and Sir Joseph Hooker, in whose prefatory letter a clear
+account of the circumstances of the case is given.
+
+Referring to Mr. Wallace's Essay, they wrote:--
+
+"So highly did Mr. Darwin appreciate the value of the views therein set
+forth, that he proposed, in a letter to Sir Charles Lyell, to obtain Mr.
+Wallace's consent to allow the Essay to be published as soon as
+possible. Of this step we highly approved, provided Mr. Darwin did not
+withhold from the public, as he was strongly inclined to do (in favour
+of Mr. Wallace), the memoir which he had himself written on the same
+subject, and which, as before stated, one of us had perused in 1844, and
+the contents of which we had both of us been privy to for many years. On
+representing this to Mr. Darwin, he gave us permission to make what use
+we thought proper of his memoir, &c.; and in adopting our present
+course, of presenting it to the Linnean Society, we have explained to
+him that we are not solely considering the relative claims to priority
+of himself and his friend, but the interests of science generally."
+
+Sir Charles Lyell and Sir J. D. Hooker were present at the reading of
+the paper, and both, I believe, made a few remarks, chiefly with a view
+of impressing on those present the necessity of giving the most careful
+consideration to what they had heard. There was, however, no semblance
+of a discussion. Sir Joseph Hooker writes to me: "The interest excited
+was intense, but the subject was too novel and too ominous for the old
+school to enter the lists, before armouring. After the meeting it was
+talked over with bated breath: Lyell's approval and perhaps in a small
+way mine, as his lieutenant in the affair, rather overawed the Fellows,
+who would otherwise have flown out against the doctrine. We had, too,
+the vantage ground of being familiar with the authors and their theme."
+
+
+Mr. Wallace has, at my request, been so good as to allow me to publish
+the following letter. Professor Newton, to whom the letter is addressed,
+had submitted to Mr. Wallace his recollections of what the latter had
+related to him many years before, and had asked Mr. Wallace for a fuller
+version of the story. Hence the few corrections in Mr. Wallace's
+letter, for instance _bed_ for _hammock_.
+
+
+_A. R. Wallace to A. Newton._ Frith Hill, Godalming, Dec. 3rd, 1887.
+
+MY DEAR NEWTON--I had hardly heard of Darwin before going to the East,
+except as connected with the voyage of the _Beagle_, which I _think_ I
+had read. I saw him _once_ for a few minutes in the British Museum
+before I sailed. Through Stevens, my agent, I heard that he wanted
+curious _varieties_ which he was studying. I _think_ I wrote to him
+about some varieties of ducks I had sent, and he must have written once
+to me. I find on looking at his "Life" that his _first_ letter to me is
+given in vol. ii. p. 95, and another at p. 109, both after the
+publication of my first paper. I must have heard from some notices in
+the _Athenaeum_, I think (which I had sent me), that he was studying
+varieties and species, and as I was continually thinking of the subject,
+I wrote to him giving some of my notions, and making some suggestions.
+But at that time I had not the remotest notion that he had already
+arrived at a definite theory--still less that it was the same as
+occurred to me, suddenly, in Ternate in 1858. The most interesting
+coincidence in the matter, I think, is, that I, _as well as Darwin_, was
+led to the theory itself through Malthus--in my case it was his
+elaborate account of the action of "preventive checks" in keeping down
+the population of savage races to a tolerably fixed, but scanty number.
+This had strongly impressed me, and it suddenly flashed upon me that all
+animals are necessarily thus kept down--"the struggle for
+existence"--while _variations_, on which I was always thinking, must
+necessarily often be _beneficial_, and would then cause those varieties
+to increase while the injurious variations diminished.[151] You are
+quite at liberty to mention the circumstances, but I think you have
+coloured them a little highly, and introduced some slight errors. I was
+lying on my bed (no hammocks in the East) in the hot fit of intermittent
+fever, when the idea suddenly came to me. I thought it almost all out
+before the fit was over, and the moment I got up began to write it
+down, and I believe finished the first draft the next day.
+
+I had no idea whatever of "dying,"--as it was not a serious
+illness,--but I _had_ the idea of working it out, so far as I was able,
+when I returned home, not at all expecting that Darwin had so long
+anticipated me. I can truly say _now_, as I said many years ago, that I
+am glad it was so; for I have not the love of _work_, _experiment_ and
+_detail_ that was so pre-eminent in Darwin, and without which anything I
+could have written would never have convinced the world. If you do refer
+to me at any length, can you send me a proof and I will return it to you
+at once?
+
+Yours faithfully
+ALFRED R. WALLACE.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Miss Wedgwood's, Hartfield, Tunbridge Wells
+[July 13th, 1858].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--Your letter to Wallace seems to me perfect, quite clear
+and most courteous. I do not think it could possibly be improved, and I
+have to-day forwarded it with a letter of my own. I always thought it
+very possible that I might be forestalled, but I fancied that I had a
+grand enough soul not to care; but I found myself mistaken, and
+punished; I had, however, quite resigned myself, and had written half a
+letter to Wallace to give up all priority to him, and should certainly
+not have changed had it not been for Lyell's and your quite
+extraordinary kindness. I assure you I feel it, and shall not forget it.
+I am _more_ than satisfied at what took place at the Linnean Society. I
+had thought that your letter and mine to Asa Gray were to be only an
+appendix to Wallace's paper.
+
+We go from here in a few days to the sea-side, probably to the Isle of
+Wight, and on my return (after a battle with pigeon skeletons) I will
+set to work at the abstract, though how on earth I shall make anything
+of an abstract in thirty pages of the Journal, I know not, but will try
+my best....
+
+I must try and see you before your journey; but do not think I am
+fishing to ask you to come to Down, for you will have no time for that.
+
+You cannot imagine how pleased I am that the notion of Natural Selection
+has acted as a purgative on your bowels of immutability. Whenever
+naturalists can look at species changing as certain, what a magnificent
+field will be open,--on all the laws of variation,--on the genealogy of
+all living beings,--on their lines of migration, &c. &c. Pray thank Mrs.
+Hooker for her very kind little note, and pray say how truly obliged I
+am, and in truth ashamed to think that she should have had the trouble
+of copying my ugly MS. It was extraordinarily kind in her. Farewell, my
+dear kind friend.
+
+Yours affectionately.
+
+P.S.--I have had some fun here in watching a slave-making ant; for I
+could not help rather doubting the wonderful stories, but I have now
+seen a defeated marauding party, and I have seen a migration from one
+nest to another of the slave-makers, carrying their slaves (who are
+_house_, and not field niggers) in their mouths!
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ King's Head Hotel, Sandown, Isle of Wight. July
+18th [1858].
+
+... We are established here for ten days, and then go on to Shanklin,
+which seems more amusing to one, like myself, who cannot walk. We hope
+much that the sea may do H. and L. good. And if it does, our expedition
+will answer, but not otherwise.
+
+I have never half thanked you for all the extraordinary trouble and
+kindness you showed me about Wallace's affair. Hooker told me what was
+done at the Linnean Society, and I am far more than satisfied, and I do
+not think that Wallace can think my conduct unfair in allowing you and
+Hooker to do whatever you thought fair. I certainly was a little annoyed
+to lose all priority, but had resigned myself to my fate. I am going to
+prepare a longer abstract; but it is really impossible to do justice to
+the subject, except by giving the facts on which each conclusion is
+grounded, and that will, of course, be absolutely impossible. Your name
+and Hooker's name appearing as in any way the least interested in my
+work will, I am certain, have the most important bearing in leading
+people to consider the subject without prejudice. I look at this as so
+very important, that I am almost glad of Wallace's paper for having led
+to this.
+
+My dear Lyell, yours most gratefully.
+
+
+The following letter refers to the proof-sheets of the Linnean paper.
+The 'introduction' means the prefatory letter signed by Sir C. Lyell and
+Sir J. D. Hooker.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ King's Head Hotel, Sandown, Isle of Wight.
+July 21st [1858].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER--I received only yesterday the proof-sheets, which I now
+return. I think your introduction cannot be improved.
+
+I am disgusted with my bad writing. I could not improve it, without
+rewriting all, which would not be fair or worth while, as I have begun
+on a better abstract for the Linnean Society. My excuse is that it
+_never_ was intended for publication. I have made only a few corrections
+in the style; but I cannot make it decent, but I hope moderately
+intelligible. I suppose some one will correct the revise. (Shall I?)
+
+Could I have a clean proof to send to Wallace?
+
+I have not yet fully considered your remarks on big genera (but your
+general concurrence is of the _highest possible_ interest to me); nor
+shall I be able till I re-read my MS.; but you may rely on it that you
+never make a remark to me which is lost from _inattention_. I am
+particularly glad you do not object to my stating your objections in a
+modified form, for they always struck me as very important, and as
+having much inherent value, whether or no they were fatal to my notions.
+I will consider and reconsider all your remarks....
+
+I am very glad at what you say about my Abstract, but you may rely on it
+that I will condense to the utmost. I would aid in money if it is too
+long.[152] In how many ways you have aided me!
+
+Yours affectionately.
+
+
+The "Abstract" mentioned in the last sentence of the preceding letter
+was in fact the _Origin of Species_, on which he now set to work. In his
+_Autobiography_ (p. 41) he speaks of beginning to write in September,
+but in his Diary he wrote, "July 20 to Aug. 12, at Sandown, began
+Abstract of Species book." "Sep. 16, Recommenced Abstract." The book was
+begun with the idea that it would be published as a paper, or series of
+papers, by the Linnean Society, and it was only in the late autumn that
+it became clear that it must take the form of an independent volume.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Norfolk House, Shanklin, Isle of Wight.
+[August 1858.]
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I write merely to say that the MS. came safely two or
+three days ago. I am much obliged for the correction of style: I find it
+unutterably difficult to write clearly. When we meet I must talk over a
+few points on the subject.
+
+You speak of going to the sea-side somewhere; we think this the nicest
+sea-side place which we have ever seen, and we like Shanklin better than
+other spots on the south coast of the island, though many are charming
+and prettier, so that I would suggest your thinking of this place. We
+are on the actual coast; but tastes differ so much about places.
+
+If you go to Broadstairs, when there is a strong wind from the coast of
+France and in fine, dry, warm weather, look out and you will _probably_
+(!) see thistle-seeds blown across the Channel. The other day I saw one
+blown right inland, and then in a few minutes a second one and then a
+third; and I said to myself, God bless me, how many thistles there must
+be in France; and I wrote a letter in imagination to you. But I then
+looked at the _low_ clouds, and noticed that they were not coming
+inland, so I feared a screw was loose, I then walked beyond a headland
+and found the wind parallel to the coast, and on this very headland a
+noble bed of thistles, which by every wide eddy were blown far out to
+sea, and then came right in at right angles to the shore! One day such a
+number of insects were washed up by the tide, and I brought to life
+thirteen species of Coleoptera; not that I suppose these came from
+France. But do you watch for thistle-seed as you saunter along the
+coast....
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [Down] Oct. 6th, 1858.
+
+... If you have or can make leisure, I should very much like to hear
+news of Mrs. Hooker, yourself, and the children. Where did you go, and
+what did you do and are doing? There is a comprehensive text.
+
+You cannot tell how I enjoyed your little visit here. It did me much
+good. If Harvey[153] is still with you, pray remember me very kindly to
+him.
+
+... I am working most steadily at my Abstract [_Origin of Species_], but
+it grows to an inordinate length; yet fully to make my view clear (and
+never giving briefly more than a fact or two, and slurring over
+difficulties), I cannot make it shorter. It will yet take me three or
+four months; so slow do I work, though never idle. You cannot imagine
+what a service you have done me in making me make this Abstract; for
+though I thought I had got all clear, it has clarified my brains very
+much, by making me weigh the relative importance of the several
+elements.
+
+
+He was not so fully occupied but that he could find time to help his
+boys in their collecting. He sent a short notice to the _Entomologists'
+Weekly Intelligencer_, June 25th, 1859, recording the capture of
+_Licinus silphoides_, _Clytus mysticus_, _Panagaeus 4-pustulatus_. The
+notice begins with the words, "We three very young collectors having
+lately taken in the parish of Down," &c., and is signed by three of his
+boys, but was clearly not written by them. I have a vivid recollection
+of the pleasure of turning out my bottle of dead beetles for my father
+to name, and the excitement, in which he fully shared, when any of them
+proved to be uncommon ones. The following letter to Mr. Fox (Nov. 13th,
+1858), illustrates this point:--
+
+"I am reminded of old days by my third boy having just begun collecting
+beetles, and he caught the other day _Brachinus crepitans_, of immortal
+Whittlesea Mere memory. My blood boiled with old ardour when he caught a
+Licinus--a prize unknown to me."
+
+And again to Sir John Lubbock:--
+
+"I feel like an old war-horse at the sound of the trumpet when I read
+about the capturing of rare beetles--is not this a magnanimous simile
+for a decayed entomologist?--It really almost makes me long to begin
+collecting again. Adios.
+
+"'Floreat Entomologia'!--to which toast at Cambridge I have drunk many a
+glass of wine. So again, 'Floreat Entomologia.'--N.B. I have _not_ now
+been drinking any glasses full of wine."
+
+
+_C D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, Jan. 23rd, 1859.
+
+... I enclose letters to you and me from Wallace. I admire extremely the
+spirit in which they are written. I never felt very sure what he would
+say. He must be an amiable man. Please return that to me, and Lyell
+ought to be told how well satisfied he is. These letters have vividly
+brought before me how much I owe to your and Lyell's most kind and
+generous conduct in all this affair.
+
+... How glad I shall be when the Abstract is finished, and I can
+rest!...
+
+
+_C. D. to A. B. Wallace._ Down, Jan. 25th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I was extremely much pleased at receiving three days ago
+your letter to me and that to Dr. Hooker. Permit me to say how heartily
+I admire the spirit in which they are written. Though I had absolutely
+nothing whatever to do in leading Lyell and Hooker to what they thought
+a fair course of action, yet I naturally could not but feel anxious to
+hear what your impression would be. I owe indirectly much to you and
+them; for I almost think that Lyell would have proved right, and I
+should never have completed my larger work, for I have found my Abstract
+[_Origin of Species_] hard enough with my poor health, but now, thank
+God, I am in my last chapter but one. My Abstract will make a small
+volume of 400 or 500 pages. Whenever published, I will, of course, send
+you a copy, and then you will see what I mean about the part which I
+believe selection has played with domestic productions. It is a very
+different part, as you suppose, from that played by "Natural Selection."
+I sent off, by the same address as this note, a copy of the _Journal of
+the Linnean Society_, and subsequently I have sent some half-dozen
+copies of the paper. I have many other copies at your disposal....
+
+I am glad to hear that you have been attending to birds' nests. I have
+done so, though almost exclusively under one point of view, viz. to show
+that instincts vary, so that selection could work on and improve them.
+Few other instincts, so to speak, can be preserved in a Museum.
+
+Many thanks for your offer to look after horses' stripes; if there are
+any donkeys, pray add them. I am delighted to hear that you have
+collected bees' combs.... This is an especial hobby of mine, and I think
+I can throw a light on the subject. If you can collect duplicates at no
+very great expense, I should be glad of some specimens for myself with
+some bees of each kind. Young, growing, and irregular combs, and those
+which have not had pupae, are most valuable for measurements and
+examination. Their edges should be well protected against abrasion.
+
+Every one whom I have seen has thought your paper very well written and
+interesting. It puts my extracts (written in 1839,[154] now just twenty
+years ago!), which I must say in apology were never for an instant
+intended for publication, into the shade.
+
+You ask about Lyell's frame of mind. I think he is somewhat staggered,
+but does not give in, and speaks with horror, often to me, of what a
+thing it would be, and what a job it would be for the next edition of
+_The Principles_, if he were "perverted." But he is most candid and
+honest, and I think will end by being perverted. Dr. Hooker has become
+almost as heterodox as you or I, and I look at Hooker as _by far_ the
+most capable judge in Europe.
+
+Most cordially do I wish you health and entire success in all your
+pursuits, and, God knows, if admirable zeal and energy deserve success,
+most amply do you deserve it. I look at my own career as nearly run out.
+If I can publish my Abstract and perhaps my greater work on the same
+subject, I shall look at my course as done.
+
+Believe me, my dear Sir, yours very sincerely.
+
+
+In March 1859 the work was telling heavily on him. He wrote to Fox:--
+
+"I can see daylight through my work, and am now finally correcting my
+chapters for the press; and I hope in a month or six weeks to have
+proof-sheets. I am weary of my work. It is a very odd thing that I have
+no sensation that I overwork my brain; but facts compel me to conclude
+that my brain was never formed for much thinking. We are resolved to go
+for two or three months, when I have finished, to Ilkley, or some such
+place, to see if I can anyhow give my health a good start, for it
+certainly has been wretched of late, and has incapacitated me for
+everything. You do me injustice when you think that I work for fame; I
+value it to a certain extent; but, if I know myself, I work from a sort
+of instinct to try to make out truth."
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, March 28th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL,--If I keep decently well, I hope to be able to go to
+press with my volume early in May. This being so, I want much to beg a
+little advice from you. From an expression in Lady Lyell's note, I fancy
+that you have spoken to Murray. Is it so? And is he willing to publish
+my Abstract?[155] If you will tell me whether anything, and what has
+passed, I will then write to him. Does he know at all of the subject of
+the book? Secondly, can you advise me whether I had better state what
+terms of publication I should prefer, or first ask him to propose
+terms? And what do you think would be fair terms for an edition? Share
+profits, or what?
+
+Lastly, will you be so very kind as to look at the enclosed title and
+give me your opinion and any criticisms; you must remember that, if I
+have health, and it appears worth doing, I have a much larger and full
+book on the same subject nearly ready.
+
+My Abstract will be about five hundred pages of the size of your first
+edition of the _Elements of Geology_.
+
+Pray forgive me troubling you with the above queries; and you shall have
+no more trouble on the subject. I hope the world goes well with you, and
+that you are getting on with your various works.
+
+I am working very hard for me, and long to finish and be free and try to
+recover some health.
+
+My dear Lyell, ever yours.
+
+P.S.--Would you advise me to tell Murray that my book is not more
+_un_-orthodox than the subject makes inevitable. That I do not discuss
+the origin of man. That I do not bring in any discussion about Genesis,
+&c. &c., and only give facts, and such conclusions from them as seem to
+me fair.
+
+Or had I better say _nothing_ to Murray, and assume that he cannot
+object to this much unorthodoxy, which in fact is not more than any
+Geological Treatise which runs slap counter to Genesis.
+
+_Enclosure._
+
+AN ABSTRACT OF AN ESSAY ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES
+AND VARIETIES THROUGH NATURAL SELECTION
+
+BY CHARLES DARWIN, M.A.
+FELLOW OF THE ROYAL, GEOLOGICAL, AND LINNEAN SOCIETIES.
+LONDON: &c. &c. &c. &c. 1859.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, March 30th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL,--You have been uncommonly kind in all you have done. You
+not only have saved me much trouble and some anxiety, but have done all
+incomparably better than I could have done it. I am much pleased at all
+you say about Murray. I will write either to-day or to-morrow to him,
+and will send shortly a large bundle of MS., but unfortunately I cannot
+for a week, as the first three chapters are in the copyists' hands.
+
+I am sorry about Murray objecting to the term Abstract, as I look at it
+as the only possible apology for _not_ giving references and facts in
+full, but I will defer to him and you. I am also sorry about the term
+"natural selection." I hope to retain it with explanation somewhat as
+thus:--
+
+
+     "Through natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races."
+
+
+Why I like the term is that it is constantly used in all works on
+breeding, and I am surprised that it is not familiar to Murray; but I
+have so long studied such works that I have ceased to be a competent
+judge.
+
+I again most truly and cordially thank you for your really valuable
+assistance.
+
+Yours most truly.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, April 2nd [1859].
+
+... I wrote to him [Mr. Murray] and gave him the headings of the
+chapters, and told him he could not have the MS. for ten days or so; and
+this morning I received a letter, offering me handsome terms, and
+agreeing to publish without seeing the MS.! So he is eager enough; I
+think I should have been cautious, anyhow, but, owing to your letter, I
+told him most _explicitly_ that I accept his offer solely on condition
+that, after he has seen part or all the MS. he has full power of
+retracting. You will think me presumptuous, but I think my book will be
+popular to a certain extent (enough to ensure [against] heavy loss)
+amongst scientific and semi-scientific men; why I think so is, because I
+have found in conversation so great and surprising an interest amongst
+such men, and some 0-scientific [non-scientific] men on this subject,
+and all my chapters are not _nearly_ so dry and dull as that which you
+have read on geographical distribution. Anyhow, Murray ought to be the
+best judge, and if he chooses to publish it, I think I may wash my
+hands of all responsibility. I am sure my friends, _i.e._ Lyell and you,
+have been _extraordinarily_ kind in troubling yourselves on the matter.
+
+I shall be delighted to see you the day before Good Friday; there would
+be one advantage for you in any other day--as I believe both my boys
+come home on that day--and it would be almost impossible that I could
+send the carriage for you. There will, I believe, be some relations in
+the house--but I hope you will not care for that, as we shall easily get
+as much talking as my _imbecile state_ allows. I shall deeply enjoy
+seeing you.
+
+... I am tired, so no more.
+
+P.S.--Please to send, well _tied up_ with strong string, my Geographical
+MS. towards the latter half of next week--_i.e._ 7th or 8th--that I may
+send it with more to Murray; and God help him if he tries to read it.
+
+... I cannot help a little doubting whether Lyell would take much pains
+to induce Murray to publish my book; this was not done at my request,
+and it rather grates against my pride.
+
+I know that Lyell has been _infinitely_ kind about my affair, but your
+dashed [_i.e._ underlined] "_induce_" gives the idea that Lyell had
+unfairly urged Murray.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. Murray._ Down, April 6th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I send by this post, the Title (with some remarks on a
+separate page), and the first three chapters. If you have patience to
+read all Chapter I., I honestly think you will have a fair notion of the
+interest of the whole book. It may be conceit, but I believe the subject
+will interest the public, and I am sure that the views are original. If
+you think otherwise, I must repeat my request that you will freely
+reject my work; and though I shall be a little disappointed, I shall be
+in no way injured.
+
+If you choose to read Chapters II. and III., you will have a dull and
+rather abstruse chapter, and a plain and interesting one, in my opinion.
+
+As soon as you have done with the MS., please to send it by _careful
+messenger, and plainly directed_, to Miss G. Tollett,[156] 14, Queen
+Anne Street, Cavendish Square.
+
+This lady, being an excellent judge of style, is going to look out for
+errors for me.
+
+You must take your own time, but the sooner you finish, the sooner she
+will, and the sooner I shall get to press, which I so earnestly wish.
+
+I presume you will wish to see Chapter IV.,[157] the key-stone of my
+arch, and Chapters X. and XI., but please to inform me on this head.
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely.
+
+
+On April 11th he wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"I write one line to say that I heard from Murray yesterday, and he says
+he has read the first three chapters of [my] MS. (and this includes a
+very dull one), and he abides by his offer. Hence he does not want more
+MS., and you can send my Geographical chapter when it pleases you."
+
+Part of the MS. seems to have been lost on its way back to my father. He
+wrote (April 14) to Sir J. D. Hooker:--
+
+"I have the old MS., otherwise the loss would have killed me! The worst
+is now that it will cause delay in getting to press, and far worst of
+all, I lose all advantage of your having looked over my chapter,[158]
+except the third part returned. I am very sorry Mrs. Hooker took the
+trouble of copying the two pages."
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [April or May, 1859.]
+
+... Please do not say to any one that I thought my book on species would
+be fairly popular, and have a fairly remunerative sale (which was the
+height of my ambition), for if it prove a dead failure, it would make me
+the more ridiculous.
+
+I enclose a criticism, a taste of the future--
+
+_Rev. S. Haughton's Address to the Geological Society, Dublin._[159]
+
+"This speculation of Messrs. Darwin and Wallace would not be worthy of
+notice were it not for the weight of authority of the names (_i.e._
+Lyell's and yours), under whose auspices it has been brought forward. If
+it means what it says, it is a truism; if it means anything more, it is
+contrary to fact."
+
+Q. E. D.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, May 11th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--Thank you for telling me about obscurity of style. But
+on my life no nigger with lash over him could have worked harder at
+clearness than I have done. But the very difficulty to me, of itself
+leads to the probability that I fail. Yet one lady who has read all my
+MS. has found only two or three obscure sentences; but Mrs. Hooker
+having so found it, makes me tremble. I will do my best in proofs. You
+are a good man to take the trouble to write about it.
+
+With respect to our mutual muddle,[160] I never for a moment thought we
+could not make our ideas clear to each other by talk, or if either of us
+had time to write _in extenso_.
+
+I imagine from some expressions (but if you ask me what, I could not
+answer) that you look at variability as some necessary contingency with
+organisms, and further that there is some necessary tendency in the
+variability to go on diverging in character or degree. _If you do_, I do
+not agree. "Reversion" again (a form of inheritance), I look at as in no
+way directly connected with Variation, though of course inheritance is
+of fundamental importance to us, for if a variation be not inherited, it
+is of no signification to us. It was on such points as these I _fancied_
+that we perhaps started differently.
+
+I fear that my book will not deserve at all the pleasant things you say
+about it, and Good Lord, how I do long to have done with it!
+
+Since the above was written, I have received and have been _much
+interested_ by A. Gray. I am delighted at his note about my and
+Wallace's paper. He will go round, for it is futile to give up very many
+species, and stop at an arbitrary line at others. It is what my father
+called Unitarianism, "a featherbed to catch a falling Christian."...
+
+
+_C. D. to J. Murray._ Down, June 14th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--The diagram will do very well, and I will send it shortly
+to Mr. West to have a few trifling corrections made.
+
+I get on very slowly with proofs. I remember writing to you that I
+thought there would be not much correction. I honestly wrote what I
+thought, but was most grievously mistaken. I find the style incredibly
+bad, and most difficult to make clear and smooth. I am extremely sorry
+to say, on account of expense, and loss of time for me, that the
+corrections are very heavy, as heavy as possible. But from casual
+glances, I still hope that later chapters are not so badly written. How
+I could have written so badly is quite inconceivable, but I suppose it
+was owing to my whole attention being fixed on the general line of
+argument, and not on details. All I can say is, that I am very sorry.
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down [Sept.] 11th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I corrected the last proof yesterday, and I have now my
+revises, index, &c., which will take me near to the end of the month. So
+that the neck of my work, thank God, is broken.
+
+I write now to say that I am uneasy in my conscience about hesitating to
+look over your proofs,[161] but I was feeling miserably unwell and
+shattered when I wrote. I do not suppose I could be of hardly any use,
+but if I could, pray send me any proofs. I should be (and fear I was)
+the most ungrateful man to hesitate to do anything for you after some
+fifteen or more years' help from you.
+
+As soon as ever I have fairly finished I shall be off to Ilkley, or some
+other Hydropathic establishment. But I shall be some time yet, as my
+proofs have been so utterly obscured with corrections, that I have to
+correct heavily on revises.
+
+Murray proposes to publish the first week in November. Oh, good heavens,
+the relief to my head and body to banish the whole subject from my mind!
+
+I hope you do not think me a brute about your proof-sheets.
+
+Farewell, yours affectionately.
+
+
+The following letter is interesting as showing with what a very moderate
+amount of recognition he was satisfied,--and more than satisfied.
+
+Sir Charles Lyell was President of the Geological section at the meeting
+of the British Association at Aberdeen in 1859. In his address he
+said:--"On this difficult and mysterious subject [Evolution] a work will
+very shortly appear by Mr. Charles Darwin, the result of twenty years
+of observations and experiments in Zoology, Botany, and Geology, by
+which he has been led to the conclusion that those powers of nature
+which give rise to races and permanent varieties in animals and plants,
+are the same as those which in much longer periods produce species, and
+in a still longer series of ages give rise to differences of generic
+rank. He appears to me to have succeeded by his investigations and
+reasonings in throwing a flood of light on many classes of phenomena
+connected with the affinities, geographical distribution, and geological
+succession of organic beings, for which no other hypothesis has been
+able, or has even attempted to account."
+
+My father wrote:--
+
+"You once gave me intense pleasure, or rather delight, by the way you
+were interested, in a manner I never expected, in my Coral Reef notions,
+and now you have again given me similar pleasure by the manner you have
+noticed my species work. Nothing could be more satisfactory to me, and I
+thank you for myself, and even more for the subject's sake, as I know
+well that the sentence will make many fairly consider the subject,
+instead of ridiculing it."
+
+And again, a few days later:--
+
+"I do thank you for your eulogy at Aberdeen. I have been so wearied and
+exhausted of late that I have for months doubted whether I have not been
+throwing away time and labour for nothing. But now I care not what the
+universal world says; I have always found you right, and certainly on
+this occasion I am not going to doubt for the first time. Whether you go
+far, or but a very short way with me and others who believe as I do, I
+am contented, for my work cannot be in vain. You would laugh if you knew
+how often I have read your paragraph, and it has acted like a little
+dram."
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, Sept. 30th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL,--I sent off this morning the last sheets, but without
+index, which is not in type. I look at you as my Lord High Chancellor in
+Natural Science, and therefore I request you, after you have finished,
+just to _re-run_ over the heads in the recapitulation-part of the last
+chapter. I shall be deeply anxious to hear what you decide (if you are
+able to decide) on the balance of the pros and contras given in my
+volume, and of such other pros and contras as may occur to you. I hope
+that you will think that I have given the difficulties fairly. I feel an
+entire conviction that if you are now staggered to any moderate extent,
+you will come more and more round, the longer you keep the subject at
+all before your mind. I remember well how many long years it was before
+I could look into the face of some of the difficulties and not feel
+quite abashed. I fairly struck my colours before the case of neuter
+insects.[162]
+
+I suppose that I am a very slow thinker, for you would be surprised at
+the number of years it took me to see clearly what some of the problems
+were which had to be solved, such as the necessity of the principle of
+divergence of character, the extinction of intermediate varieties, on a
+continuous area, with graduated conditions; the double problem of
+sterile first crosses and sterile hybrids, &c. &c.
+
+Looking back, I think it was more difficult to see what the problems
+were than to solve them, so far as I have succeeded in doing, and this
+seems to me rather curious. Well, good or bad, my work, thank God, is
+over; and hard work, I can assure you, I have had, and much work which
+has never borne fruit. You can see, by the way I am scribbling, that I
+have an idle and rainy afternoon. I was not able to start for Ilkley
+yesterday as I was too unwell; but I hope to get there on Tuesday or
+Wednesday. Do, I beg you, when you have finished my book and thought a
+little over it, let me hear from you. Never mind and pitch into me, if
+you think it requisite; some future day, in London possibly, you may
+give me a few criticisms in detail, that is, if you have scribbled any
+remarks on the margin, for the chance of a second edition.
+
+Murray has printed 1250 copies, which seems to me rather too large an
+edition, but I hope he will not lose.
+
+I make as much fuss about my book as if it were my first. Forgive me,
+and believe me, my dear Lyell,
+
+Yours most sincerely.
+
+
+The book was at last finished and printed, and he wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+
+Ilkley, Yorkshire [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I have received your kind note and the copy; I am
+infinitely pleased and proud at the appearance of my child.
+
+I quite agree to all you propose about price. But you are really too
+generous about the, to me, scandalously heavy corrections. Are you not
+acting unfairly towards yourself? Would it not be better at least to
+share the L72 8s.? I shall be fully satisfied, for I had no business to
+send, though quite unintentionally and unexpectedly, such badly composed
+MS. to the printers.
+
+Thank you for your kind offer to distribute the copies to my friends and
+assisters as soon as possible. Do not trouble yourself much about the
+foreigners, as Messrs. Williams and Norgate have most kindly offered to
+do their best, and they are accustomed to send to all parts of the
+world.
+
+I will pay for my copies whenever you like. I am so glad that you were
+so good as to undertake the publication of my book.
+
+My dear Sir, yours very sincerely,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+The further history of the book is given in the next chapter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[147] _Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist._, 1855.
+
+[148] After the death, from scarlet fever, of his infant child.
+
+[149] "Abstract" is here used in the sense of "extract;" in this sense
+also it occurs in the _Linnean Journal_, where the sources of my
+father's paper are described.
+
+[150] "On the tendency of Species to form Varieties and on the
+Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of
+Selection."--_Linnean Society's Journal_, iii. p. 53.
+
+[151] This passage was published as a footnote in a review of the _Life
+and Letters of Charles Darwin_ which appeared in the _Quarterly Review_,
+Jan. 1888. In the new edition (1891) of _Natural Selection and Tropical
+Nature_ (p. 20), Mr. Wallace has given the facts above narrated. There
+is a slight and quite unimportant discrepancy between the two accounts,
+viz. that in the narrative of 1891 Mr. Wallace speaks of the "cold fit"
+instead of the "hot fit" of his ague attack.
+
+[152] That is to say, he would help to pay for the printing, if it
+should prove too long for the Linnean Society.
+
+[153] W. H. Harvey, born 1811, died 1866: a well-known botanist.
+
+[154] See a discussion on the date of the earliest sketch of the
+_Origin_ in the _Life and Letters_, ii. p. 10.
+
+[155] _The Origin of Species._
+
+[156] Miss Tollett was an old friend of the family.
+
+[157] In the first edition Chapter iv. was on Natural Selection.
+
+[158] The following characteristic acknowledgment of the help he
+received occurs in a letter to Hooker, of about this time: "I never did
+pick any one's pocket, but whilst writing my present chapter I keep on
+feeling (even when differing most from you) just as if I were stealing
+from you, so much do I owe to your writings and conversation, so much
+more than mere acknowledgments show."
+
+[159] Feb. 9th, 1858.
+
+[160] "When I go over the chapter I will see what I can do, but I hardly
+know how I am obscure, and I think we are somehow in a mutual muddle
+with respect to each other, from starting from some fundamentally
+different notions."--Letter of May 6th, 1859.
+
+[161] Of Hooker's _Flora of Australia_.
+
+[162] _Origin of Species_, 6th edition, vol. ii. p. 357. "But with the
+working ant we have an insect differing greatly from its parents, yet
+absolutely sterile, so that it could never have transmitted successively
+acquired modifications of structure or instinct to its progeny. It may
+well be asked how is it possible to reconcile this case with the theory
+of natural selection?"
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE PUBLICATION OF THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES.'
+
+     "Remember that your verdict will probably have more influence than
+     my book in deciding whether such views as I hold will be admitted
+     or rejected at present; in the future I cannot doubt about their
+     admittance, and our posterity will marvel as much about the current
+     belief as we do about fossil shells having been thought to have
+     been created as we now see them."--From a letter to Lyell, Sept.
+     1859.
+
+OCTOBER 3RD, 1859, TO DECEMBER 31ST, 1859.
+
+
+Under the date of October 1st, 1859, in my father's Diary occurs the
+entry:--"Finished proofs (thirteen months and ten days) of Abstract on
+_Origin of Species_; 1250 copies printed. The first edition was
+published on November 24th, and all copies sold first day."
+
+In October he was, as we have seen in the last chapter, at Ilkley, near
+Leeds: there he remained with his family until December, and on the 9th
+of that month he was again at Down. The only other entry in the Diary
+for this year is as follows:--"During end of November and beginning of
+December, employed in correcting for second edition of 3000 copies;
+multitude of letters."
+
+The first and a few of the subsequent letters refer to proof-sheets, and
+to early copies of the Origin which were sent to friends before the book
+was published.
+
+
+_C. Lyell to C. Darwin._ October 3rd, 1859.
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I have just finished your volume, and right glad I am
+that I did my best with Hooker to persuade you to publish it without
+waiting for a time which probably could never have arrived, though you
+lived till the age of a hundred, when you had prepared all your facts on
+which you ground so many grand generalizations.
+
+It is a splendid case of close reasoning, and long substantial argument
+throughout so many pages; the condensation immense, too great perhaps
+for the uninitiated, but an effective and important preliminary
+statement, which will admit, even before your detailed proofs appear, of
+some occasional useful exemplification, such as your pigeons and
+cirripedes, of which you make such excellent use.
+
+I mean that, when, as I fully expect, a new edition is soon called for,
+you may here and there insert an actual case to relieve the vast number
+of abstract propositions. So far as I am concerned, I am so well
+prepared to take your statements of facts for granted, that I do not
+think the "pieces justificatives" when published will make much
+difference, and I have long seen most clearly that if any concession is
+made, all that you claim in your concluding pages will follow. It is
+this which has made me so long hesitate, always feeling that the case of
+Man and his races, and of other animals, and that of plants is one and
+the same, and that if a "vera causa" be admitted for one, instead of a
+purely unknown and imaginary one, such as the word "Creation," all the
+consequences must follow.
+
+I fear I have not time to-day, as I am just leaving this place to
+indulge in a variety of comments, and to say how much I was delighted
+with Oceanic Islands--Rudimentary Organs--Embryology--the genealogical
+key to the Natural System, Geographical Distribution, and if I went on I
+should be copying the heads of all your chapters. But I will say a word
+of the Recapitulation, in case some slight alteration, or, at least,
+omission of a word or two be still possible in that.
+
+In the first place, at p. 480, it cannot surely be said that the most
+eminent naturalists have rejected the view of the mutability of species?
+You do not mean to ignore G. St. Hilaire and Lamarck. As to the latter,
+you may say, that in regard to animals you substitute natural selection
+for volition to a certain considerable extent, but in his theory of the
+changes of plants he could not introduce volition; he may, no doubt,
+have laid an undue comparative stress on changes in physical conditions,
+and too little on those of contending organisms. He at least was for the
+universal mutability of species and for a genealogical link between the
+first and the present. The men of his school also appealed to
+domesticated varieties. (Do you mean _living_ naturalists?)[163]
+
+The first page of this most important summary gives the adversary an
+advantage, by putting forth so abruptly and crudely such a startling
+objection as the formation of "the eye,"[164] not by means analogous to
+man's reason, or rather by some power immeasurably superior to human
+reason, but by superinduced variation like those of which a
+cattle-breeder avails himself. Pages would be required thus to state an
+objection and remove it. It would be better, as you wish to persuade, to
+say nothing. Leave out several sentences, and in a future edition bring
+it out more fully.
+
+... But these are small matters, mere spots on the sun. Your comparison
+of the letters retained in words, when no longer wanted for the sound,
+to rudimentary organs is excellent, as both are truly genealogical....
+
+You enclose your sheets in old MS., so the Post Office very properly
+charge them, as letters, 2_d._ extra. I wish all their fines on MS. were
+worth as much. I paid 4_s._ 6_d._ for such wash the other day from
+Paris, from a man who can prove 300 deluges in the valley of Seine.
+
+With my hearty congratulations to you on your grand work, believe me,
+
+Ever very affectionately yours.
+
+
+_C. D. to L. Agassiz._[165] Down, November 11th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I have ventured to send you a copy of my book (as yet only
+an abstract) on the _Origin of Species_. As the conclusions at which I
+have arrived on several points differ so widely from yours, I have
+thought (should you at any time read my volume) that you might think
+that I had sent it to you out of a spirit of defiance or bravado; but I
+assure you that I act under a wholly different frame of mind. I hope
+that you will at least give me credit, however erroneous you may think
+my conclusions, for having earnestly endeavoured to arrive at the truth.
+With sincere respect, I beg leave to remain,
+
+Yours very faithfully.
+
+
+He sent copies of the _Origin_, accompanied by letters similar to the
+last, to M. De Candolle, Dr. Asa Gray, Falconer and Mr. Jenyns
+(Blomefield).
+
+To Henslow he wrote (Nov. 11th, 1859):--
+
+"I have told Murray to send a copy of my book on Species to you, my dear
+old master in Natural History; I fear, however, that you will not
+approve of your pupil in this case. The book in its present state does
+not show the amount of labour which I have bestowed on the subject.
+
+"If you have time to read it carefully, and would take the trouble to
+point out what parts seem weakest to you and what best, it would be a
+most material aid to me in writing my bigger book, which I hope to
+commence in a few months. You know also how highly I value your
+judgment. But I am not so unreasonable as to wish or expect you to write
+detailed and lengthy criticisms, but merely a few general remarks,
+pointing out the weakest parts.
+
+"If you are _in ever so slight a degree_ staggered (which I hardly
+expect) on the immutability of species, then I am convinced with further
+reflection you will become more and more staggered, for this has been
+the process through which my mind has gone."
+
+
+_C. D. to A. R. Wallace._ Ilkley, November 13th, 1859.
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I have told Murray to send you by post (if possible) a
+copy of my book, and I hope that you will receive it at nearly the same
+time with this note. (N.B. I have got a bad finger, which makes me write
+extra badly.) If you are so inclined, I should very much like to hear
+your general impression of the book, as you have thought so profoundly
+on the subject, and in so nearly the same channel with myself. I hope
+there will be some little new to you, but I fear not much. Remember it
+is only an abstract, and very much condensed. God knows what the public
+will think. No one has read it, except Lyell, with whom I have had much
+correspondence. Hooker thinks him a complete convert, but he does not
+seem so in his letters to me; but is evidently deeply interested in the
+subject. I do not think your share in the theory will be overlooked by
+the real judges, as Hooker, Lyell, Asa Gray, &c. I have heard from Mr.
+Sclater that your paper on the Malay Archipelago has been read at the
+Linnean Society, and that he was _extremely_ much interested by it.
+
+I have not seen one naturalist for six or nine months, owing to the
+state of my health, and therefore I really have no news to tell you. I
+am writing this at Ilkley Wells, where I have been with my family for
+the last six weeks, and shall stay for some few weeks longer. As yet I
+have profited very little. God knows when I shall have strength for my
+bigger book.
+
+I sincerely hope that you keep your health; I suppose that you will be
+thinking of returning[166] soon with your magnificent collections, and
+still grander mental materials. You will be puzzled how to publish. The
+Royal Society fund will be worth your consideration. With every good
+wish, pray believe me,
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+P.S.--I think that I told you before that Hooker is a complete convert.
+If I can convert Huxley I shall be content.
+
+
+_C. Darwin to W. B. Carpenter._ November 19th [1859].
+
+... If, after reading my book, you are able to come to a conclusion in
+any degree definite, will you think me very unreasonable in asking you
+to let me hear from you? I do not ask for a long discussion, but merely
+for a brief idea of your general impression. From your widely extended
+knowledge, habit of investigating the truth, and abilities, I should
+value your opinion in the very highest rank. Though I, of course,
+believe in the truth of my own doctrine, I suspect that no belief is
+vivid until shared by others. As yet I know only one believer, but I
+look at him as of the greatest authority, viz. Hooker. When I think of
+the many cases of men who have studied one subject for years, and have
+persuaded themselves of the truth of the foolishest doctrines, I feel
+sometimes a little frightened, whether I may not be one of these
+monomaniacs.
+
+Again pray excuse this, I fear, unreasonable request. A short note would
+suffice, and I could bear a hostile verdict, and shall have to bear many
+a one.
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Ilkley, Yorkshire. [November, 1859.]
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I have just read a review on my book in the
+_Athenaeum_[167] and it excites my curiosity much who is the author. If
+you should hear who writes in the _Athenaeum_ I wish you would tell me.
+It seems to me well done, but the reviewer gives no new objections, and,
+being hostile, passes over every single argument in favour of the
+doctrine.... I fear, from the tone of the review, that I have written in
+a conceited and cocksure style,[168] which shames me a little. There is
+another review of which I should like to know the author, viz. of H. C.
+Watson in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_.[169] Some of the remarks are like
+yours, and he does deserve punishment; but surely the review is too
+severe. Don't you think so?...
+
+I have heard from Carpenter, who, I think, is likely to be a convert.
+Also from Quatrefages, who is inclined to go a long way with us. He says
+that he exhibited in his lecture a diagram closely like mine!
+
+
+_J. D. Hooker to C. Darwin._ Monday [Nov. 21, 1859].
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I am a sinner not to have written you ere this, if only
+to thank you for your glorious book--what a mass of close reasoning on
+curious facts and fresh phenomena--it is capitally written, and will be
+very successful. I say this on the strength of two or three plunges into
+as many chapters, for I have not yet attempted to read it. Lyell, with
+whom we are staying, is perfectly enchanted, and is absolutely gloating
+over it. I must accept your compliment to me, and acknowledgment of
+supposed assistance[170] from me, as the warm tribute of affection from
+an honest (though deluded) man, and furthermore accept it as very
+pleasing to my vanity; but, my dear fellow, neither my name nor my
+judgment nor my assistance deserved any such compliments, and if I am
+dishonest enough to be pleased with what I don't deserve, it must just
+pass. How different the _book_ reads from the MS. I see I shall have
+much to talk over with you. Those lazy printers have not finished my
+luckless Essay: which, beside your book, will look like a ragged
+handkerchief beside a Royal Standard....
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [November, 1859.]
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I cannot help it, I must thank you for your
+affectionate and most kind note. My head will be turned. By Jove, I must
+try and get a bit modest. I was a little chagrined by the review.[171] I
+hope it was _not_ ----. As advocate, he might think himself justified in
+giving the argument only on one side. But the manner in which he drags
+in immortality, and sets the priests at me, and leaves me to their
+mercies, is base. He would, on no account, burn me, but he will get the
+wood ready, and tell the black beasts how to catch me.... It would be
+unspeakably grand if Huxley were to lecture on the subject, but I can
+see this is a mere chance; Faraday might think it too unorthodox.
+
+... I had a letter from [Huxley] with such tremendous praise of my book,
+that modesty (as I am trying to cultivate that difficult herb) prevents
+me sending it to you, which I should have liked to have done, as he is
+very modest about himself.
+
+You have cockered me up to that extent, that I now feel I can face a
+score of savage reviewers. I suppose you are still with the Lyells. Give
+my kindest remembrance to them. I triumph to hear that he continues to
+approve.
+
+Believe me, your would-be modest friend.
+
+
+The following passage from a letter to Lyell shows how strongly he felt
+on the subject of Lyell's adherence:--"I rejoice profoundly that you
+intend admitting the doctrine of modification in your new edition;[172]
+nothing, I am convinced, could be more important for its success. I
+honour you most sincerely. To have maintained in the position of a
+master, one side of a question for thirty years, and then deliberately
+give it up, is a fact to which I much doubt whether the records of
+science offer a parallel. For myself, also I rejoice profoundly; for,
+thinking of so many cases of men pursuing an illusion for years, often
+and often a cold shudder has run through me, and I have asked myself
+whether I may not have devoted my life to a phantasy. Now I look at it
+as morally impossible that investigators of truth, like you and Hooker,
+can be wholly wrong, and therefore I rest in peace."
+
+
+_T. H. Huxley[173] to C. Darwin._ Jermyn Street, W. November 23rd, 1859.
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I finished your book yesterday, a lucky examination
+having furnished me with a few hours of continuous leisure.
+
+Since I read Von Baer's[174] essays, nine years ago, no work on Natural
+History Science I have met with has made so great an impression upon me,
+and I do most heartily thank you for the great store of new views you
+have given me. Nothing, I think, can be better than the tone of the
+book, it impresses those who know nothing about the subject. As for your
+doctrine, I am prepared to go to the stake, if requisite, in support of
+Chapter IX.,[175] and most parts of Chapters X., XI., XII.; and Chapter
+XIII. contains much that is most admirable, but on one or two points I
+enter a _caveat_ until I can see further into all sides of the question.
+
+As to the first four chapters, I agree thoroughly and fully with all
+the principles laid down in them. I think you have demonstrated a true
+cause for the production of species, and have thrown the _onus
+probandi_, that species did not arise in the way you suppose, on your
+adversaries.
+
+But I feel that I have not yet by any means fully realized the bearings
+of those most remarkable and original Chapters III., IV. and V., and I
+will write no more about them just now.
+
+The only objections that have occurred to me are, 1st that you have
+loaded yourself with an unnecessary difficulty in adopting _Natura non
+facit saltum_ so unreservedly.... And 2nd, it is not clear to me why, if
+continual physical conditions are of so little moment as you suppose,
+variation should occur at all.
+
+However, I must read the book two or three times more before I presume
+to begin picking holes.
+
+I trust you will not allow yourself to be in any way disgusted or
+annoyed by the considerable abuse and misrepresentation which, unless I
+greatly mistake, is in store for you. Depend upon it you have earned the
+lasting gratitude of all thoughtful men. And as to the curs which will
+bark and yelp, you must recollect that some of your friends, at any
+rate, are endowed with an amount of combativeness which (though you have
+often and justly rebuked it) may stand you in good stead.
+
+I am sharpening up my claws and beak in readiness.
+
+Looking back over my letter, it really expresses so feebly all I think
+about you and your noble book that I am half ashamed of it; but you will
+understand that, like the parrot in the story, "I think the more."
+
+Ever yours faithfully.
+
+
+_C. D. to T. H. Huxley._ Ilkley, Nov. 25 [1859].
+
+MY DEAR HUXLEY,--Your letter has been forwarded to me from Down. Like a
+good Catholic who has received extreme unction, I can now sing "nunc
+dimittis." I should have been more than contented with one quarter of
+what you have said. Exactly fifteen months ago, when I put pen to paper
+for this volume, I had awful misgivings; and thought perhaps I had
+deluded myself, like so many have done, and I then fixed in my mind
+three judges, on whose decision I determined mentally to abide. The
+judges were Lyell, Hooker, and yourself. It was this which made me so
+excessively anxious for your verdict. I am now contented, and can sing
+my "nunc dimittis." What a joke it would be if I pat you on the back
+when you attack some immovable creationists! You have most cleverly hit
+on one point, which has greatly troubled me; if, as I must think,
+external conditions produce little _direct_ effect, what the devil
+determines each particular variation? What makes a tuft of feathers come
+on a cock's head, or moss on a moss-rose? I shall much like to talk over
+this with you....
+
+My dear Huxley, I thank you cordially for your letter.
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+
+_Erasmus Darwin[176] to C. Darwin._ November 23rd [1859].
+
+DEAR CHARLES,--I am so much weaker in the head, that I hardly know if
+I can write, but at all events I will jot down a few things that the
+Dr.[177] has said. He has not read much above half, so, as he says, he
+can give no definite conclusion, and keeps stating that he is not
+tied down to either view, and that he has always left an escape by
+the way he has spoken of varieties. I happened to speak of the eye
+before he had read that part, and it took away his breath--utterly
+impossible--structure--function, &c., &c., &c., but when he had read it
+he hummed and hawed, and perhaps it was partly conceivable, and then he
+fell back on the bones of the ear, which were beyond all probability or
+conceivability. He mentioned a slight blot, which I also observed, that
+in speaking of the slave-ants carrying one another, you change the
+species without giving notice first, and it makes one turn back....
+
+... For myself I really think it is the most interesting book I ever
+read, and can only compare it to the first knowledge of chemistry,
+getting into a new world or rather behind the scenes. To me the
+geographical distribution, I mean the relation of islands to continents
+is the most convincing of the proofs, and the relation of the oldest
+forms to the existing species. I dare say I don't feel enough the
+absence of varieties, but then I don't in the least know if everything
+now living were fossilized whether the palaeontologists could distinguish
+them. In fact the _a priori_ reasoning is so entirely satisfactory to me
+that if the facts won't fit in, why so much the worse for the facts is
+my feeling. My ague has left me in such a state of torpidity that I wish
+I had gone through the process of natural selection.
+
+Yours affectionately.
+
+
+_A. Sedgwick[178] to C. Darwin._ [November 1859.]
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I write to thank you for your work on the _Origin of
+Species_. It came, I think, in the latter part of last week; but it may
+have come a few days sooner, and been overlooked among my book-parcels,
+which often remain unopened when I am lazy or busy with any work before
+me. So soon as I opened it I began to read it, and I finished it, after
+many interruptions, on Tuesday. Yesterday I was employed--1st, in
+preparing for my lecture; 2ndly, in attending a meeting of my brother
+Fellows to discuss the final propositions of the Parliamentary
+Commissioners; 3rdly, in lecturing; 4thly, in hearing the conclusion of
+the discussion and the College reply, whereby, in conformity with my own
+wishes, we accepted the scheme of the Commissioners; 5thly, in dining
+with an old friend at Clare College; 6thly, in adjourning to the weekly
+meeting of the Ray Club, from which I returned at 10 P.M., dog-tired,
+and hardly able to climb my staircase. Lastly, in looking through the
+_Times_ to see what was going on in the busy world.
+
+I do not state this to fill space (though I believe that Nature does
+abhor a vacuum), but to prove that my reply and my thanks are sent to
+you by the earliest leisure I have, though that is but a very contracted
+opportunity. If I did not think you a good-tempered and truth-loving
+man, I should not tell you that (spite of the great knowledge, store of
+facts, capital views of the correlation of the various parts of organic
+nature, admirable hints about the diffusion, through wide regions, of
+many related organic beings, &c. &c.) I have read your book with more
+pain than pleasure. Parts of it I admired greatly, parts I laughed at
+till my sides were almost sore; other parts I read with absolute sorrow,
+because I think them utterly false and grievously mischievous. You have
+_deserted_--after a start in that tram-road of all solid physical
+truth--the true method of induction, and started us in machinery as
+wild, I think, as Bishop Wilkins's locomotive that was to sail with us
+to the moon. Many of your wide conclusions are based upon assumptions
+which can neither be proved nor disproved, why then express them in the
+language and arrangement of philosophical induction? As to your grand
+principle--_natural selection_--what is it but a secondary consequence
+of supposed, or known, primary facts? Development is a better word,
+because more close to the cause of the fact? For you do not deny
+causation. I call (in the abstract) causation the will of God; and I can
+prove that He acts for the good of His creatures. He also acts by laws
+which we can study and comprehend. Acting by law, and under what is
+called final causes, comprehends, I think, your whole principle. You
+write of "natural selection" as if it were done consciously by the
+selecting agent. 'Tis but a consequence of the pre-supposed development,
+and the subsequent battle for life. This view of nature you have stated
+admirably, though admitted by all naturalists and denied by no one of
+common-sense. We all admit development as a fact of history: but how
+came it about? Here, in language, and still more in logic, we are
+point-blank at issue. There is a moral or metaphysical part of nature as
+well as a physical. A man who denies this is deep in the mire of folly.
+'Tis the crown and glory of organic science that it _does_ through
+_final cause_, link material and moral; and yet _does not_ allow us to
+mingle them in our first conception of laws, and our classification of
+such laws, whether we consider one side of nature or the other. You have
+ignored this link; and, if I do not mistake your meaning, you have done
+your best in one or two pregnant cases to break it. Were it possible
+(which, thank God, it is not) to break it, humanity, in my mind, would
+suffer a damage that might brutalize it, and sink the human race into a
+lower grade of degradation than any into which it has fallen since its
+written records tell us of its history. Take the case of the bee-cells.
+If your development produced the successive modification of the bee and
+its cells (which no mortal can prove), final cause would stand good as
+the directing cause under which the successive generations acted and
+gradually improved. Passages in your book, like that to which I have
+alluded (and there are others almost as bad), greatly shocked my moral
+taste. I think, in speculating on organic descent, you _over_-state the
+evidence of geology; and that you _under_-state it while you are talking
+of the broken links of your natural pedigree: but my paper is nearly
+done, and I must go to my lecture-room. Lastly, then, I greatly dislike
+the concluding chapter--not as a summary, for in that light it appears
+good--but I dislike it from the tone of triumphant confidence in which
+you appeal to the rising generation (in a tone I condemned in the author
+of the _Vestiges_) and prophesy of things not yet in the womb of time,
+nor (if we are to trust the accumulated experience of human sense and
+the inferences of its logic) ever likely to be found anywhere but in the
+fertile womb of man's imagination. And now to say a word about a son of
+a monkey and an old friend of yours: I am better, far better, than I
+was last year. I have been lecturing three days a week (formerly I gave
+six a week) without much fatigue, but I find by the loss of activity and
+memory, and of all productive powers, that my bodily frame is sinking
+slowly towards the earth. But I have visions of the future. They are as
+much a part of myself as my stomach and my heart, and these visions are
+to have their anti-type in solid fruition of what is best and greatest.
+But on one condition only--that I humbly accept God's revelation of
+Himself both in His works and in His word, and do my best to act in
+conformity with that knowledge which He only can give me, and He only
+can sustain me in doing. If you and I do all this, we shall meet in
+heaven.
+
+I have written in a hurry, and in a spirit of brotherly love, therefore
+forgive any sentence you happen to dislike; and believe me, spite of any
+disagreement in some points of the deepest moral interest, your
+true-hearted old friend,
+
+A. SEDGWICK.
+
+
+The following extract from a note to Lyell (Nov. 24) gives an idea of
+the conditions under which the second edition was prepared: "This
+morning I heard from Murray that he sold the whole edition[179] the
+first day to the trade. He wants a new edition instantly, and this
+utterly confounds me. Now, under water-cure, with all nervous power
+directed to the skin, I cannot possibly do head-work, and I must make
+only actually necessary corrections. But I will, as far as I can without
+my manuscript, take advantage of your suggestions: I must not attempt
+much. Will you send me one line to say whether I must strike out about
+the secondary whale,[180] it goes to my heart. About the rattle-snake,
+look to my Journal, under Trigonocephalus, and you will see the probable
+origin of the rattle, and generally in transitions it is the _premier
+pas qui coute_."
+
+Here follows a hint of the coming storm (from a letter to Lyell, Dec.
+2):--
+
+"Do what I could, I fear I shall be greatly abused. In answer to
+Sedgwick's remark that my book would be 'mischievous,' I asked him
+whether truth can be known except by being victorious over all attacks.
+But it is no use. H. C. Watson tells me that one zoologist says he will
+read my book, 'but I will never believe it.' What a spirit to read any
+book in! Crawford[181] writes to me that his notice will be hostile,
+but that 'he will not calumniate the author.' He says he has read my
+book, 'at least such parts as he could understand.'[182] He sent me some
+notes and suggestions (quite unimportant), and they show me that I have
+unavoidably done harm to the subject, by publishing an abstract.... I
+have had several notes from ----, very civil and less decided. Says he
+shall not pronounce against me without much reflection, _perhaps will
+say nothing_ on the subject. X. says he will go to that part of hell,
+which Dante tells us is appointed for those who are neither on God's
+side nor on that of the devil."
+
+
+But his friends were preparing to fight for him. Huxley gave, in
+_Macmillan's Magazine_ for December, an analysis of the _Origin_,
+together with the substance of his Royal Institution lecture, delivered
+before the publication of the book.
+
+Carpenter was preparing an essay for the _National Review_, and
+negotiating for a notice in the _Edinburgh_ free from any taint of
+_odium theologicum_.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down [December 12th, 1859].
+
+... I had very long interviews with ----, which perhaps you would like
+to hear about.... I infer from several expressions that, at bottom, he
+goes an immense way with us....
+
+He said to the effect that my explanation was the best ever published of
+the manner of formation of species. I said I was very glad to hear it.
+He took me up short: "You must not at all suppose that I agree with you
+in all respects." I said I thought it no more likely that I should be
+right in nearly all points, than that I should toss up a penny and get
+heads twenty times running. I asked him what he thought the weakest
+part. He said he had no particular objection to any part. He added:--
+
+"If I must criticise, I should say, we do not want to know what Darwin
+believes and is convinced of, but what he can prove." I agreed most
+fully and truly that I have probably greatly sinned in this line, and
+defended my general line of argument of inventing a theory and seeing
+how many classes of facts the theory would explain. I added that I would
+endeavour to modify the "believes" and "convinceds." He took me up
+short: "You will then spoil your book, the charm of it is that it is
+Darwin himself." He added another objection, that the book was too
+_teres atque rotundus_--that it explained everything, and that it was
+improbable in the highest degree that I should succeed in this. I quite
+agree with this rather queer objection, and it comes to this that my
+book must be very bad or very good....
+
+I have heard, by a roundabout channel, that Herschel says my book "is
+the law of higgledy-piggledy." What this exactly means I do not know,
+but it is evidently very contemptuous. If true this is a great blow and
+discouragement.
+
+
+_J. D. Hooker to C. Darwin_. Kew [1859].
+
+DEAR DARWIN,--You have, I know, been drenched with letters since the
+publication of your book, and I have hence forborne to add my mite.[183]
+I hope now that you are well through Edition II., and I have heard that
+you were flourishing in London. I have not yet got half-through the
+book, not from want of will, but of time--for it is the very hardest
+book to read, to full profits, that I ever tried--it is so cram-full of
+matter and reasoning.[184] I am all the more glad that you have
+published in this form, for the three volumes, unprefaced by this, would
+have choked any Naturalist of the nineteenth century, and certainly have
+softened my brain in the operation of assimilating their contents. I am
+perfectly tired of marvelling at the wonderful amount of facts you have
+brought to bear, and your skill in marshalling them and throwing them on
+the enemy; it is also extremely clear as far as I have gone, but very
+hard to fully appreciate. Somehow it reads very different from the MS.,
+and I often fancy that I must have been very stupid not to have more
+fully followed it in MS. Lyell told me of his criticisms. I did not
+appreciate them all, and there are many little matters I hope one day to
+talk over with you. I saw a highly flattering notice in the _English
+Churchman_, short and not at all entering into discussion, but praising
+you and your book, and talking patronizingly of the doctrine!... Bentham
+and Henslow will still shake their heads, I fancy....
+
+Ever yours affectionately.
+
+
+_C. D. to T. H. Huxley._ Down, Dec. 28th [1859].
+
+MY DEAR HUXLEY,--Yesterday evening, when I read the _Times_ of a
+previous day, I was amazed to find a splendid essay and review of me.
+Who can the author be? I am intensely curious. It included an eulogium
+of me which quite touched me, though I am not vain enough to think it
+all deserved. The author is a literary man, and German scholar. He has
+read my book very attentively; but, what is very remarkable, it seems
+that he is a profound naturalist. He knows my Barnacle-book, and
+appreciates it too highly. Lastly, he writes and thinks with quite
+uncommon force and clearness; and what is even still rarer, his writing
+is seasoned with most pleasant wit. We all laughed heartily over some of
+the sentences.... Who can it be? Certainly I should have said that there
+was only one man in England who could have written this essay, and that
+_you_ were the man. But I suppose I am wrong, and that there is some
+hidden genius of great calibre. For how could you influence Jupiter
+Olympus and make him give three and a half columns to pure science? The
+old fogies will think the world will come to an end. Well, whoever the
+man is, he has done great service to the cause, far more than by a dozen
+reviews in common periodicals. The grand way he soars above common
+religious prejudices, and the admission of such views into the _Times_,
+I look at as of the highest importance, quite independently of the mere
+question of species. If you should happen to be _acquainted_ with the
+author, for Heaven-sake tell me who he is?
+
+My dear Huxley, yours most sincerely.
+
+
+There can be no doubt that this powerful essay, appearing in the leading
+daily Journal, must have had a strong influence on the reading public.
+Mr. Huxley allows me to quote from a letter an account of the happy
+chance that threw into his hands the opportunity of writing it:--
+
+"The _Origin_ was sent to Mr. Lucas, one of the staff of the _Times_
+writers at that day, in what I suppose was the ordinary course of
+business. Mr. Lucas, though an excellent journalist, and, at a later
+period, editor of _Once a Week_, was as innocent of any knowledge of
+science as a babe, and bewailed himself to an acquaintance on having to
+deal with such a book. Whereupon he was recommended to ask me to get him
+out of his difficulty, and he applied to me accordingly, explaining,
+however, that it would be necessary for him formally to adopt anything I
+might be disposed to write, by prefacing it with two or three paragraphs
+of his own.
+
+"I was too anxious to seize upon the opportunity thus offered of giving
+the book a fair chance with the multitudinous readers of the _Times_ to
+make any difficulty about conditions; and being then very full of the
+subject, I wrote the article faster, I think, than I ever wrote anything
+in my life, and sent it to Mr. Lucas, who duly prefixed his opening
+sentences.
+
+"When the article appeared, there was much speculation as to its
+authorship. The secret leaked out in time, as all secrets will, but not
+by my aid; and then I used to derive a good deal of innocent amusement
+from the vehement assertions of some of my more acute friends, that they
+knew it was mine from the first paragraph!
+
+"As the _Times_ some years since referred to my connection with the
+review, I suppose there will be no breach of confidence in the
+publication of this little history, if you think it worth the space it
+will occupy."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[163] In his next letter to Lyell my father writes: "The omission of
+'living' before 'eminent' naturalists was a dreadful blunder." In the
+first edition, as published, the blunder is corrected by the addition of
+the word "living."
+
+[164] Darwin wrote to Asa Gray in 1860:--"The eye to this day gives me a
+cold shudder, but when I think of the fine known gradations, my reason
+tells me I ought to conquer the cold shudder."
+
+[165] Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, born at Mortier, on the lake of Morat
+in Switzerland, on May 28th, 1807. He emigrated to America in 1846,
+where he spent the rest of his life, and died Dec. 14th, 1873. His
+_Life_, written by his widow, was published in 1885. The following
+extract from a letter to Agassiz (1850) is worth giving, as showing how
+my father regarded him, and it may be added that his cordial feeling
+towards the great American naturalist remained strong to the end of his
+life:--
+
+"I have seldom been more deeply gratified than by receiving your most
+kind present of _Lake Superior_. I had heard of it, and had much wished
+to read it, but I confess that it was the very great honour of having in
+my possession a work with your autograph as a presentation copy, that
+has given me such lively and sincere pleasure. I cordially thank you for
+it. I have begun to read it with uncommon interest, which I see will
+increase as I go on."
+
+[166] Mr. Wallace was in the Malay Archipelago.
+
+[167] Nov. 19, 1859.
+
+[168] The Reviewer speaks of the author's "evident self-satisfaction,"
+and of his disposing of all difficulties "more or less confidently."
+
+[169] A review of the fourth volume of Watson's _Cybele Britannica_,
+_Gard. Chron._, 1859, p. 911.
+
+[170] See the _Origin_, first edition, p. 3, where Sir J. D. Hooker's
+help is conspicuously acknowledged.
+
+[171] This refers to the review in the _Athenaeum_, Nov. 19th, 1859,
+where the reviewer, after touching on the theological aspects of the
+book, leaves the author to "the mercies of the Divinity Hall, the
+College, the Lecture Room, and the Museum."
+
+[172] It appears from Sir Charles Lyell's published letters that he
+intended to admit the doctrine of evolution in a new edition of the
+_Manual_, but this was not published till 1865. He was, however, at work
+on the _Antiquity of Man_ in 1860, and had already determined to discuss
+the Origin at the end of the book.
+
+[173] In a letter written in October, my father had said, "I am
+intensely curious to hear Huxley's opinion of my book. I fear my long
+discussion on classification will disgust him, for it is much opposed to
+what he once said to me." He may have remembered the following incident
+told by Mr. Huxley in his chapter of the _Life and Letters_, ii. p.
+196:--"I remember, in the course of my first interview with Mr. Darwin,
+expressing my belief in the sharpness of the lines of demarcation
+between natural groups and in the absence of transitional forms, with
+all the confidence of youth and imperfect knowledge. I was not aware, at
+that time, that he had then been many years brooding over the species
+question; and the humorous smile which accompanied his gentle answer,
+that such was not altogether his view, long haunted and puzzled me."
+
+[174] Karl Ernst von Baer, b. 1792, d. at Dorpat 1876--one of the most
+distinguished biologists of the century. He practically founded the
+modern science of embryology.
+
+[175] In the first edition of the _Origin_, Chap. IX. is on the
+'Imperfection of the Geological Record;' Chap. X., on the 'Geological
+Succession of Organic Beings;' Chaps. XI. and XII., on 'Geographical
+Distribution;' Chap. XIII., on 'Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings;
+Morphology; Embryology; Rudimentary Organs.'
+
+[176] His brother.
+
+[177] Dr., afterwards Sir Henry, Holland.
+
+[178] Rev. Adam Sedgwick, Woodwardian Professor of Geology in the
+University of Cambridge. Born 1785, died 1873.
+
+[179] First edition, 1250 copies.
+
+[180] The passage was omitted in the second edition.
+
+[181] John Crawford, orientalist, ethnologist, &c., b. 1783, d. 1868.
+The review appeared in the _Examiner_, and, though hostile, is free from
+bigotry, as the following citation will show: "We cannot help saying
+that piety must be fastidious indeed that objects to a theory the
+tendency of which is to show that all organic beings, man included, are
+in a perpetual progress of amelioration and that is expounded in the
+reverential language which we have quoted."
+
+[182] A letter of Dec. 14, gives a good example of the manner in which
+some naturalists received and understood it. "Old J. E. Gray of the
+British Museum attacked me in fine style: 'You have just reproduced
+Lamarck's doctrine, and nothing else, and here Lyell and others have
+been attacking him for twenty years, and because _you_ (with a sneer and
+laugh) say the very same thing, they are all coming round; it is the
+most ridiculous inconsistency, &c. &c.'"
+
+[183] See, however, p. 211.
+
+[184] Mr. Huxley has made a similar remark:--"Long occupation with the
+work has led the present writer to believe that the _Origin of Species_
+is one of the hardest of books to master."--_Obituary Notice, Proc. R.
+Soc._ No. 269, p. xvii.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+THE 'ORIGIN OF SPECIES'--REVIEWS AND CRITICISMS--ADHESIONS AND ATTACKS.
+
+     "You are the greatest revolutionist in natural history of this
+     century, if not of all centuries."--H. C. Watson to C. Darwin, Nov.
+     21, 1859.
+
+1860.
+
+
+The second edition, 3000 copies, of the _Origin_ was published on
+January 7th; on the 10th, he wrote with regard to it, to Lyell:--
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, January 10th [1860].
+
+... It is perfectly true that I owe nearly all the corrections to you,
+and several verbal ones to you and others; I am heartily glad you
+approve of them, as yet only two things have annoyed me; those
+confounded millions[185] of years (not that I think it is probably
+wrong), and my not having (by inadvertence) mentioned Wallace towards
+the close of the book in the summary, not that any one has noticed this
+to me. I have now put in Wallace's name at p. 484 in a conspicuous
+place. I shall be truly glad to read carefully any MS. on man, and give
+my opinion. You used to caution me to be cautious about man. I suspect I
+shall have to return the caution a hundred fold! Yours will, no doubt,
+be a grand discussion; but it will horrify the world at first more than
+my whole volume; although by the sentence (p. 489, new edition[186]) I
+show that I believe man is in the same predicament with other animals.
+It is in fact impossible to doubt it. I have thought (only vaguely) on
+man. With respect to the races, one of my best chances of truth has
+broken down from the impossibility of getting facts. I have one good
+speculative line, but a man must have entire credence in Natural
+Selection before he will even listen to it. Psychologically, I have done
+scarcely anything. Unless, indeed, expression of countenance can be
+included, and on that subject I have collected a good many facts, and
+speculated, but I do not suppose I shall ever publish, but it is an
+uncommonly curious subject.
+
+A few days later he wrote again to the same correspondent:
+
+"What a grand immense benefit you conferred on me by getting Murray to
+publish my book. I never till to-day realised that it was getting widely
+distributed; for in a letter from a lady to-day to E., she says she
+heard a man enquiring for it at the _Railway Station!!!_ at Waterloo
+Bridge; and the bookseller said that he had none till the new edition
+was out. The bookseller said he had not read it, but had heard it was a
+very remarkable book!!!"
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, 14th [January, 1860].
+
+... I heard from Lyell this morning, and he tells me a piece of news.
+You are a good-for-nothing man; here you are slaving yourself to death
+with hardly a minute to spare, and you must write a review on my book! I
+thought it[187] a very good one, and was so much struck with it, that I
+sent it to Lyell. But I assumed, as a matter of course, that it was
+Lindley's. Now that I know it is yours, I have re-read it, and my kind
+and good friend, it has warmed my heart with all the honourable and
+noble things you say of me and it. I was a good deal surprised at
+Lindley hitting on some of the remarks, but I never dreamed of you. I
+admired it chiefly as so well adapted to tell on the readers of the
+_Gardeners' Chronicle_; but now I admire it in another spirit. Farewell,
+with hearty thanks....
+
+
+_Asa Gray to J. D. Hooker._ Cambridge, Mass., January 5th, 1860.
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--Your last letter, which reached me just before
+Christmas, has got mislaid during the upturnings in my study which take
+place at that season, and has not yet been discovered. I should be very
+sorry to lose it, for there were in it some botanical mems. which I had
+not secured....
+
+The principal part of your letter was high laudation of Darwin's book.
+
+Well, the book has reached me, and I finished its careful perusal four
+days ago; and I freely say that your laudation is not out of place.
+
+It is done in a _masterly manner_. It might well have taken twenty years
+to produce it. It is crammed full of most interesting matter--thoroughly
+digested--well expressed--close, cogent, and taken as a system it makes
+out a better case than I had supposed possible....
+
+Agassiz, when I saw him last, had read but a part of it. He says it is
+_poor--very poor_!! (entre nous). The fact [is] he is very much annoyed
+by it, ... and I do not wonder at it. To bring all _ideal_ systems
+within the domain of science, and give good physical or natural
+explanations of all his capital points, is as bad as to have Forbes take
+the glacier materials ... and give scientific explanation of all the
+phenomena.
+
+Tell Darwin all this. I will write to him when I get a chance. As I have
+promised, he and you shall have fair-play here.... I must myself write a
+review[188] of Darwin's book for _Silliman's Journal_ (the more so that
+I suspect Agassiz means to come out upon it) for the next (March)
+number, and I am now setting about it (when I ought to be every moment
+working the Expl[oring] Expedition Compositae, which I know far more
+about). And really it is no easy job as you may well imagine.
+
+I doubt if I shall please you altogether. I know I shall not please
+Agassiz at all. I hear another reprint is in the Press, and the book
+will excite much attention here, and some controversy....
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray._ Down, January 28th [1860].
+
+MY DEAR GRAY,--Hooker has forwarded to me your letter to him; and I
+cannot express how deeply it has gratified me. To receive the approval
+of a man whom one has long sincerely respected, and whose judgment and
+knowledge are most universally admitted, is the highest reward an author
+can possibly wish for; and I thank you heartily for your most kind
+expressions.
+
+I have been absent from home for a few days, and so could not earlier
+answer your letter to me of the 10th of January. You have been extremely
+kind to take so much trouble and interest about the edition. It has been
+a mistake of my publisher not thinking of sending over the sheets. I had
+entirely and utterly forgotten your offer of receiving the sheets as
+printed off. But I must not blame my publisher, for had I remembered
+your most kind offer I feel pretty sure I should not have taken
+advantage of it; for I never dreamed of my book being so successful with
+general readers: I believe I should have laughed at the idea of sending
+the sheets to America.[189]
+
+After much consideration, and on the strong advice of Lyell and others,
+I have resolved to leave the present book as it is (excepting correcting
+errors, or here and there inserting short sentences), and to use all my
+strength, _which is but little_, to bring out the first part (forming a
+separate volume, with index, &c.) of the three volumes which will make
+my bigger work; so that I am very unwilling to take up time in making
+corrections for an American edition. I enclose a list of a few
+corrections in the second reprint, which you will have received by this
+time complete, and I could send four or five corrections or additions of
+equally small importance, or rather of equal brevity. I also intend to
+write a _short_ preface with a brief history of the subject. These I
+will set about, as they must some day be done, and I will send them to
+you in a short time--the few corrections first, and the preface
+afterwards, unless I hear that you have given up all idea of a separate
+edition. You will then be able to judge whether it is worth having the
+new edition with _your review prefixed_. Whatever be the nature of your
+review, I assure you I should feel it a _great_ honour to have my book
+thus preceded....
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down [February 15th, 1860].
+
+... I am perfectly convinced (having read it this morning) that the
+review in the _Annals_[190] is by Wollaston; no one else in the world
+would have used so many parentheses. I have written to him, and told him
+that the "pestilent" fellow thanks him for his kind manner of speaking
+about him. I have also told him that he would be pleased to hear that
+the Bishop of Oxford says it is the most unphilosophical[191] work he
+ever read. The review seems to me clever, and only misinterprets me in a
+few places. Like all hostile men, he passes over the explanation given
+of Classification, Morphology, Embryology, and Rudimentary Organs, &c. I
+read Wallace's paper in MS.,[192] and thought it admirably good; he does
+not know that he has been anticipated about the depth of intervening sea
+determining distribution.... The most curious point in the paper seems
+to me that about the African character of the Celebes productions, but I
+should require further confirmation....
+
+Henslow is staying here; I have had some talk with him; he is in much
+the same state as Bunbury,[193] and will go a very little way with us,
+but brings up no real argument against going further. He also shudders
+at the eye! It is really curious (and perhaps is an argument in our
+favour) how differently different opposers view the subject. Henslow
+used to rest his opposition on the imperfection of the Geological
+Record, but he now thinks nothing of this, and says I have got well out
+of it; I wish I could quite agree with him. Baden Powell says he never
+read anything so conclusive as my statement about the eye!! A stranger
+writes to me about sexual selection, and regrets that I boggle about
+such a trifle as the brush of hair on the male turkey, and so on. As L.
+Jenyns has a really philosophical mind, and as you say you like to see
+everything, I send an old letter of his. In a later letter to Henslow,
+which I have seen, he is more candid than any opposer I have heard of,
+for he says, though he cannot go so far as I do, yet he can give no good
+reason why he should not. It is funny how each man draws his own
+imaginary line at which to halt. It reminds me so vividly [of] what I
+was told[194] about you when I first commenced geology--to believe a
+_little_, but on no account to believe all.
+
+Ever yours affectionately.
+
+
+With regard to the attitude of the more liberal representatives of the
+Church, the following letter from Charles Kingsley is of interest:
+
+
+_C. Kingsley to C. Darwin._ Eversley Rectory, Winchfield,
+November 18th, 1859.
+
+DEAR SIR,--I have to thank you for the unexpected honour of your book.
+That the Naturalist whom, of all naturalists living, I most wish to know
+and to learn from, should have sent a scientist like me his book,
+encourages me at least to observe more carefully, and think more slowly.
+
+I am so poorly (in brain), that I fear I cannot read your book just now
+as I ought. All I have seen of it _awes_ me; both with the heap of facts
+and the prestige of your name, and also with the clear intuition, that
+if you be right, I must give up much that I have believed and written.
+
+In that I care little. Let God be true, and every man a liar! Let us
+know what is, and, as old Socrates has it, [Greek: hepesthai to
+logo]--follow up the villainous shifty fox of an argument, into
+whatsoever unexpected bogs and brakes he may lead us, if we do but run
+into him at last.
+
+From two common superstitious, at least, I shall be free while judging
+of your book:--
+
+(1.) I have long since, from watching the crossing of domesticated
+animals and plants, learnt to disbelieve the dogma of the permanence of
+species.
+
+(2.) I have gradually learnt to see that it is just as noble a
+conception of Deity, to believe that He created primal forms capable of
+self-development into all forms needful _pro tempore_ and _pro loco_, as
+to believe that He required a fresh act of intervention to supply the
+_lacunas_ which He Himself had made. I question whether the former be
+not the loftier thought.
+
+Be it as it may, I shall prize your book, both for itself, and as a
+proof that you are aware of the existence of such a person as
+
+Your faithful servant,
+C. KINGSLEY.
+
+
+My father's old friend, the Rev. J. Brodie Innes, of Milton Brodie, who
+was for many years Vicar of Down, in some reminiscences of my father
+which he was so good as to give me, writes in the same spirit:
+
+"We never attacked each other. Before I knew Mr. Darwin I had adopted,
+and publicly expressed, the principle that the study of natural history,
+geology, and science in general, should be pursued without reference to
+the Bible. That the Book of Nature and Scripture came from the same
+Divine source, ran in parallel lines, and when properly understood would
+never cross....
+
+"In [a] letter, after I had left Down, he [Darwin] writes, 'We often
+differed, but you are one of those rare mortals from whom one can differ
+and yet feel no shade of animosity, and that is a thing [of] which I
+should feel very proud if any one could say [it] of me.'
+
+"On my last visit to Down, Mr. Darwin said, at his dinner-table, 'Innes
+and I have been fast friends for thirty years, and we never thoroughly
+agreed on any subject but once, and then we stared hard at each other,
+and thought one of us must be very ill.'"
+
+The following extract from a letter to Lyell, Feb. 23, 1860, has a
+certain bearing on the points just touched on:
+
+"With respect to Bronn's[195] objection that it cannot be shown how life
+arises, and likewise to a certain extent Asa Gray's remark that natural
+selection is not a _vera causa_, I was much interested by finding
+accidentally in Brewster's _Life of Newton_, that Leibnitz objected to
+the law of gravity because Newton could not show what gravity itself is.
+As it has chanced, I have used in letters this very same argument,
+little knowing that any one had really thus objected to the law of
+gravity. Newton answers by saying that it is philosophy to make out the
+movements of a clock, though you do not know why the weight descends to
+the ground. Leibnitz further objected that the law of gravity was
+opposed to Natural Religion! Is this not curious? I really think I shall
+use the facts for some introductory remarks for my bigger book."
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, March 3rd [1860].
+
+... I think you expect too much in regard to change of opinion on the
+subject of Species. One large class of men, more especially I suspect of
+naturalists, never will care about _any_ general question, of which old
+Gray, of the British Museum, may be taken as a type; and secondly,
+nearly all men past a moderate age, either in actual years or in mind
+are, I am fully convinced, incapable of looking at facts under a new
+point of view. Seriously, I am astonished and rejoiced at the progress
+which the subject has made; look at the enclosed memorandum. ---- says
+my book will be forgotten in ten years, perhaps so; but, with such a
+list, I feel convinced the subject will not.
+
+[Here follows the memorandum referred to:]
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Geologists.       | Zoologists and   |  Physiologists.  |Botanists.
+                  | Palaeontologists.|                  |
+------------------|------------------|------------------|-----------------
+Lyell.            |Huxley.           |Carpenter.        |Hooker.
+Ramsay.[196]      |J. Lubbock.       |Sir. H. Holland   |H. C. Watson.
+Jukes.[197]       |L. Jenyns         |(to large extent).|Asa Gray
+H. D. Rogers.[198]|(to large extent).|                  |(to some extent).
+                  |Searles Wood.[199]|                  |Dr. Boott
+                                     |                  |(to large extent).
+                                     |                  |Thwaites.[200]
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray_. Down, April 3 [1860].
+
+... I remember well the time when the thought of the eye made me cold
+all over, but I have got over this stage of the complaint, and now small
+trifling particulars of structure often make me very uncomfortable. The
+sight of a feather in a peacock's tail, whenever I gaze at it, makes me
+sick!...
+
+You may like to hear about reviews on my book. Sedgwick (as I and Lyell
+feel _certain_ from internal evidence) has reviewed me savagely and
+unfairly in the _Spectator_.[201] The notice includes much abuse, and is
+hardly fair in several respects. He would actually lead any one, who was
+ignorant of geology, to suppose that I had invented the great gaps
+between successive geological formations, instead of its being an almost
+universally admitted dogma. But my dear old friend Sedgwick, with his
+noble heart, is old, and is rabid with indignation.... There has been
+one prodigy of a review, namely, an _opposed_ one (by Pictet,[202] the
+palaeontologist, in the _Bib. Universelle_ of Geneva) which is
+_perfectly_ fair and just, and I agree to every word he says; our only
+difference being that he attaches less weight to arguments in favour,
+and more to arguments opposed, than I do. Of all the opposed reviews, I
+think this the only quite fair one, and I never expected to see one.
+Please observe that I do not class your review by any means as opposed,
+though you think so yourself! It has done me _much_ too good service
+ever to appear in that rank in my eyes. But I fear I shall weary you
+with so much about my book. I should rather think there was a good
+chance of my becoming the most egotistical man in all Europe! What a
+proud pre-eminence! Well, you have helped to make me so, and therefore
+you must forgive me if you can.
+
+My dear Gray, ever yours most gratefully.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, April 10th [1860].
+
+I have just read the _Edinburgh_,[203] which without doubt is by ----.
+It is extremely malignant, clever, and I fear will be very damaging. He
+is atrociously severe on Huxley's lecture, and very bitter against
+Hooker. So we three _enjoyed_ it together. Not that I really enjoyed it,
+for it made me uncomfortable for one night; but I have got quite over it
+to-day. It requires much study to appreciate all the bitter spite of
+many of the remarks against me; indeed I did not discover all myself. It
+scandalously misrepresents many parts. He misquotes some passages,
+altering words within inverted commas....
+
+It is painful to be hated in the intense degree with which ---- hates
+me.
+
+Now for a curious thing about my book, and then I have done. In last
+Saturday's _Gardeners' Chronicle_,[204] a Mr. Patrick Matthew publishes
+a long extract from his work on _Naval Timber and Arboriculture_
+published in 1831, in which he briefly but completely anticipates the
+theory of Natural Selection. I have ordered the book, as some few
+passages are rather obscure, but it is certainly, I think, a complete
+but not developed anticipation! Erasmus always said that surely this
+would be shown to be the case some day. Anyhow, one may be excused in
+not having discovered the fact in a work on Naval Timber.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down [April 13th, 1860].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--Questions of priority so often lead to odious quarrels,
+that I should esteem it a great favour if you would read the
+enclosed.[205] If you think it proper that I should send it (and of
+this there can hardly be any question), and if you think it full and
+ample enough, please alter the date to the day on which you post it, and
+let that be soon. The case in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_ seems a
+_little_ stronger than in Mr. Matthew's book, for the passages are
+therein scattered in three places; but it would be mere hair-splitting
+to notice that. If you object to my letter, please return it; but I do
+not expect that you will, but I thought that you would not object to run
+your eye over it. My dear Hooker, it is a great thing for me to have so
+good, true, and old a friend as you. I owe much for science to my
+friends.
+
+... I have gone over [the _Edinburgh_] review again, and compared
+passages, and I am astonished at the misrepresentations. But I am glad I
+resolved not to answer. Perhaps it is selfish, but to answer and think
+more on the subject is too unpleasant. I am so sorry that Huxley by my
+means has been thus atrociously attacked. I do not suppose you much care
+about the gratuitous attack on you.
+
+Lyell in his letter remarked that you seemed to him as if you were
+overworked. Do, pray, be cautious, and remember how many and many a man
+has done this--who thought it absurd till too late. I have often thought
+the same. You know that you were bad enough before your Indian journey.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell._ Down, April [1860].
+
+... I was particularly glad to hear what you thought about not noticing
+[the _Edinburgh_] review. Hooker and Huxley thought it a sort of duty to
+point out the alteration of quoted citations, and there is truth in this
+remark; but I so hated the thought that I resolved not to do so. I shall
+come up to London on Saturday the 14th, for Sir B. Brodie's party, as I
+have an accumulation of things to do in London, and will (if I do not
+hear to the contrary) call about a quarter before ten on Sunday morning,
+and sit with you at breakfast, but will not sit long, and so take up
+much of your time. I must say one more word about our quasi-theological
+controversy about natural selection, and let me have your opinion when
+we meet in London. Do you consider that the successive variations in the
+size of the crop of the Pouter Pigeon, which man has accumulated to
+please his caprice, have been due to "the creative and sustaining powers
+of Brahma?" In the sense that an omnipotent and omniscient Deity must
+order and know everything, this must be admitted; yet, in honest truth,
+I can hardly admit it. It seems preposterous that a maker of a universe
+should care about the crop of a pigeon solely to please man's silly
+fancies. But if you agree with me in thinking such an interposition of
+the Deity uncalled for, I can see no reason whatever for believing in
+such interpositions in the case of natural beings, in which strange and
+admirable peculiarities have been naturally selected for the creature's
+own benefit. Imagine a Pouter in a state of nature wading into the water
+and then, being buoyed up by its inflated crop, sailing about in search
+of food. What admiration this would have excited--adaptation to the laws
+of hydrostatic pressure, &c. &c. For the life of me, I cannot see any
+difficulty in natural selection producing the most exquisite structure,
+_if such structure can be arrived at by gradation_, and I know from
+experience how hard it is to name any structure towards which at least
+some gradations are not known.
+
+Ever yours.
+
+P.S.--The conclusion at which I have come, as I have told Asa Gray, is
+that such a question, as is touched on in this note, is beyond the human
+intellect, like "predestination and free will," or the "origin of evil."
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down [May 15th, 1860].
+
+... How paltry it is in such men as X., Y. and Co. not reading your
+essay. It is incredibly paltry. They may all attack me to their hearts'
+content. I am got case-hardened. As for the old fogies in
+Cambridge,[206] it really signifies nothing. I look at their attacks as
+a proof that our work is worth the doing. It makes me resolve to buckle
+on my armour. I see plainly that it will be a long uphill fight. But
+think of Lyell's progress with Geology. One thing I see most plainly,
+that without Lyell's, yours, Huxley's and Carpenter's aid, my book would
+have been a mere flash in the pan. But if we all stick to it, we shall
+surely gain the day. And I now see that the battle is worth fighting. I
+deeply hope that you think so.
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray._ Down May 22nd [1860].
+
+MY DEAR GRAY,--Again I have to thank you for one of your very pleasant
+letters of May 7th, enclosing a very pleasant remittance of L22. I am in
+simple truth astonished at all the kind trouble you have taken for me. I
+return Appletons' account. For the chance of your wishing for a formal
+acknowledgment I send one. If you have any further communication to the
+Appletons, pray express my acknowledgment for [their] generosity; for it
+is generosity in my opinion. I am not at all surprised at the sale
+diminishing; my extreme surprise is at the greatness of the sale. No
+doubt the public has been _shamefully_ imposed on! for they bought the
+book thinking that it would be nice easy reading. I expect the sale to
+stop soon in England, yet Lyell wrote to me the other day that calling
+at Murray's he heard that fifty copies had gone in the previous
+forty-eight hours. I am extremely glad that you will notice in
+_Silliman_ the additions in the _Origin_.[207] Judging from letters (and
+I have just seen one from Thwaites to Hooker), and from remarks, the
+most serious omission in my book was not explaining how it is, as I
+believe, that all forms do not necessarily advance, how there can now be
+_simple_ organisms still existing.... I hear there is a _very_ severe
+review on me in the _North British_ by a Rev. Mr. Dunns,[208] a Free
+Kirk minister, and dabbler in Natural History. In the _Saturday Review_
+(one of our cleverest periodicals) of May 5th, p. 573, there is a nice
+article on [the _Edinburgh_] review, defending Huxley, but not Hooker;
+and the latter, I think, [the _Edinburgh_ reviewer] treats most
+ungenerously.[209] But surely you will get sick unto death of me and my
+reviewers.
+
+With respect to the theological view of the question. This is always
+painful to me. I am bewildered. I had no intention to write
+atheistically. But I own that I cannot see as plainly as others do, and
+as I should wish to do, evidence of design and beneficence on all sides
+of us. There seems to me too much misery in the world. I cannot persuade
+myself that a beneficent and omnipotent God would have designedly
+created the Ichneumonidae with the express intention of their feeding
+within the living bodies of caterpillars, or that a cat should play with
+mice. Not believing this, I see no necessity in the belief that the eye
+was expressly designed. On the other hand, I cannot anyhow be contented
+to view this wonderful universe, and especially the nature of man, and
+to conclude that everything is the result of brute force. I am inclined
+to look at everything as resulting from designed laws, with the details,
+whether good or bad, left to the working out of what we may call chance.
+Not that this notion _at all_ satisfies me. I feel most deeply that the
+whole subject is too profound for the human intellect. A dog might as
+well speculate on the mind of Newton. Let each man hope and believe what
+he can. Certainly I agree with you that my views are not at all
+necessarily atheistical. The lightning kills a man, whether a good one
+or bad one, owing to the excessively complex action of natural laws. A
+child (who may turn out an idiot) is born by the action of even more
+complex laws, and I can see no reason why a man, or other animal, may
+not have been aboriginally produced by other laws, and that all these
+laws may have been expressly designed by an omniscient Creator, who
+foresaw every future event and consequence. But the more I think the
+more bewildered I become; as indeed I have probably shown by this
+letter.
+
+Most deeply do I feel your generous kindness and interest.
+
+Yours sincerely and cordially.
+
+
+The meeting of the British Association at Oxford in 1860 is famous for
+two pitched battles over the _Origin of Species_. Both of them
+originated in unimportant papers. On Thursday, June 28th, Dr. Daubeny
+of Oxford made a communication to Section D: "On the final causes of the
+sexuality of plants, with particular reference to Mr. Darwin's work on
+the _Origin of Species_." Mr. Huxley was called on by the President, but
+tried (according to the _Athenaeum_ report) to avoid a discussion, on the
+ground "that a general audience, in which sentiment would unduly
+interfere with intellect, was not the public before which such a
+discussion should be carried on." However, the subject was not allowed
+to drop. Sir R. Owen (I quote from the _Athenaeum_, July 7th, 1860), who
+"wished to approach this subject in the spirit of the philosopher,"
+expressed his "conviction that there were facts by which the public
+could come to some conclusion with regard to the probabilities of the
+truth of Mr. Darwin's theory." He went on to say that the brain of the
+gorilla "presented more differences, as compared with the brain of man,
+than it did when compared with the brains of the very lowest and most
+problematical of the Quadrumana." Mr. Huxley replied, and gave these
+assertions a "direct and unqualified contradiction," pledging himself to
+"justify that unusual procedure elsewhere,"[210] a pledge which he amply
+fulfilled.[211] On Friday there was peace, but on Saturday 30th, the
+battle arose with redoubled fury, at a conjoint meeting of three
+Sections, over a paper by Dr. Draper of New York, on the "Intellectual
+development of Europe considered with reference to the views of Mr.
+Darwin."
+
+The following account is from an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"The excitement was tremendous. The Lecture-room, in which it had been
+arranged that the discussion should be held, proved far too small for
+the audience, and the meeting adjourned to the Library of the Museum,
+which was crammed to suffocation long before the champions entered the
+lists. The numbers were estimated at from 700 to 1000. Had it been
+term-time, or had the general public been admitted, it would have been
+impossible to have accommodated the rush to hear the oratory of the bold
+Bishop.[212] Professor Henslow, the President of Section D, occupied the
+chair, and wisely announced _in limine_ that none who had not valid
+arguments to bring forward on one side or the other, would be allowed to
+address the meeting: a caution that proved necessary, for no fewer than
+four combatants had their utterances burked by him, because of their
+indulgence in vague declamation.
+
+"The Bishop was up to time, and spoke for full half-an-hour with
+inimitable spirit, emptiness and unfairness. It was evident from his
+handling of the subject that he had been 'crammed' up to the throat, and
+that he knew nothing at first hand; in fact, he used no argument not to
+be found in his _Quarterly_ article.[213] He ridiculed Darwin badly, and
+Huxley savagely, but all in such dulcet tones, so persuasive a manner,
+and in such well-turned periods, that I who had been inclined to blame
+the President for allowing a discussion that could serve no scientific
+purpose, now forgave him from the bottom of my heart."
+
+What follows is from notes most kindly supplied by the Hon. and Rev. W.
+H. Fremantle, who was an eye-witness of the scene.
+
+"The Bishop of Oxford attacked Darwin, at first playfully but at last in
+grim earnest. It was known that the Bishop had written an article
+against Darwin in the last _Quarterly Review_: it was also rumoured that
+Professor Owen had been staying at Cuddesden and had primed the Bishop,
+who was to act as mouthpiece to the great Palaeontologist, who did not
+himself dare to enter the lists. The Bishop, however, did not show
+himself master of the facts, and made one serious blunder. A fact which
+had been much dwelt on as confirmatory of Darwin's idea of variation,
+was that a sheep had been born shortly before in a flock in the North of
+England, having an addition of one to the vertebrae of the spine. The
+Bishop was declaring with rhetorical exaggeration that there was hardly
+any actual evidence on Darwin's side. 'What have they to bring forward?'
+he exclaimed. 'Some rumoured statement about a long-legged sheep.' But
+he passed on to banter: 'I should like to ask Professor Huxley, who is
+sitting by me, and is about to tear me to pieces when I have sat down,
+as to his belief in being descended from an ape. Is it on his
+grandfather's or his grandmother's side that the ape ancestry comes in?'
+And then taking a graver tone, he asserted in a solemn peroration that
+Darwin's views were contrary to the revelations of God in the
+Scriptures. Professor Huxley was unwilling to respond: but he was called
+for and spoke with his usual incisiveness and with some scorn. 'I am
+here only in the interests of science,' he said, 'and I have not heard
+anything which can prejudice the case of my august client.' Then after
+showing how little competent the Bishop was to enter upon the
+discussion, he touched on the question of Creation. 'You say that
+development drives out the Creator. But you assert that God made you:
+and yet you know that you yourself were originally a little piece of
+matter no bigger than the end of this gold pencil-case.' Lastly as to
+the descent from a monkey, he said: 'I should feel it no shame to have
+risen from such an origin. But I should feel it a shame to have sprung
+from one who prostituted the gifts of culture and of eloquence to the
+service of prejudice and of falsehood.'
+
+"Many others spoke. Mr. Gresley, an old Oxford don, pointed out that in
+human nature at least orderly development was not the necessary rule;
+Homer was the greatest of poets, but he lived 3000 years ago, and has
+not produced his like.
+
+"Admiral Fitz-Roy was present, and said that he had often expostulated
+with his old comrade of the _Beagle_ for entertaining views which were
+contradictory to the First Chapter of Genesis.
+
+"Sir John Lubbock declared that many of the arguments by which the
+permanence of species was supported came to nothing, and instanced some
+wheat which was said to have come off an Egyptian mummy and was sent to
+him to prove that wheat had not changed since the time of the Pharaohs;
+but which proved to be made of French chocolate.[214] Sir Joseph (then
+Dr.) Hooker spoke shortly, saying that he had found the hypothesis of
+Natural Selection so helpful in explaining the phenomena of his own
+subject of Botany, that he had been constrained to accept it. After a
+few words from Darwin's old friend Professor Henslow who occupied the
+chair, the meeting broke up, leaving the impression that those most
+capable of estimating the arguments of Darwin in detail saw their way to
+accept his conclusions."
+
+Many versions of Mr. Huxley's speech were current: the following report
+of his conclusion is from a letter addressed by the late John Richard
+Green, then an undergraduate, to a fellow-student, now Professor Boyd
+Dawkins:--"I asserted, and I repeat, that a man has no reason to be
+ashamed of having an ape for his grandfather. If there were an ancestor
+whom I should feel shame in recalling, it would be a _man_, a man of
+restless and versatile intellect, who, not content with an equivocal
+success in his own sphere of activity, plunges into scientific questions
+with which he has no real acquaintance, only to obscure them by an
+aimless rhetoric, and distract the attention of his hearers from the
+real point at issue by eloquent digressions, and skilled appeals to
+religious prejudice."[215]
+
+The following letter shows that Mr. Huxley's presence at this
+remarkable scene depended on so slight a chance as that of meeting a
+friend in the street; that this friend should have been Robert Chambers,
+so that the author of the _Vestiges_ should have sounded the war-note
+for the battle of the _Origin_, adds interest to the incident. I have to
+thank Mr. Huxley for allowing the story to be told in words of his not
+written for publication.
+
+
+_T. H. Huxley to Francis Darwin._
+
+June 27, 1891.
+
+... I should say that Fremantle's account is substantially correct; but
+that Green has the passage of my speech more accurately. However, I am
+certain I did not use the word "equivocal."[216]
+
+The odd part of the business is that I should not have been present
+except for Robert Chambers. I had heard of the Bishop's intention to
+utilise the occasion. I knew he had the reputation of being a first-rate
+controversialist, and I was quite aware that if he played his cards
+properly, we should have little chance, with such an audience, of making
+an efficient defence. Moreover, I was very tired, and wanted to join my
+wife at her brother-in-law's country house near Reading, on the
+Saturday. On the Friday I met Chambers in the street, and in reply to
+some remark of his about the meeting, I said that I did not mean to
+attend it; did not see the good of giving up peace and quietness to be
+episcopally pounded. Chambers broke out into vehement remonstrances and
+talked about my deserting them. So I said, "Oh! if you take it that way,
+I'll come and have my share of what is going on."
+
+So I came, and chanced to sit near old Sir Benjamin Brodie. The Bishop
+began his speech, and, to my astonishment, very soon showed that he was
+so ignorant that he did not know how to manage his own case. My spirits
+rose proportionally, and when he turned to me with his insolent
+question, I said to Sir Benjamin, in an undertone, "The Lord hath
+delivered him into mine hands."
+
+That sagacious old gentleman stared at me as if I had lost my senses.
+But, in fact, the Bishop had justified the severest retort I could
+devise, and I made up my mind to let him have it. I was careful,
+however, not to rise to reply, until the meeting called for me--then I
+let myself go.
+
+In justice to the Bishop, I am bound to say he bore no malice, but was
+always courtesy itself when we occasionally met in after years. Hooker
+and I walked away from the meeting together, and I remember saying to
+him that this experience had changed my opinion as to the practical
+value of the art of public speaking, and that, from that time forth, I
+should carefully cultivate it, and try to leave off hating it. I did the
+former, but never quite succeeded in the latter effort.
+
+I did not mean to trouble you with such a long scrawl when I began about
+this piece of ancient history.
+
+Ever yours very faithfully
+T. H. HUXLEY.
+
+
+The eye-witness above quoted (p. 237) continues:--
+
+"There was a crowded conversazione in the evening at the rooms of the
+hospitable and genial Professor of Botany, Dr. Daubeny, where the almost
+sole topic was the battle of the _Origin_, and I was much struck with
+the fair and unprejudiced way in which the black coats and white cravats
+of Oxford discussed the question, and the frankness with which they
+offered their congratulations to the winners in the combat."[217]
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Monday night [July 2nd, 1860].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I have just received your letter. I have been very
+poorly, with almost continuous bad headache for forty-eight hours, and I
+was low enough, and thinking what a useless burthen I was to myself and
+all others, when your letter came, and it has so cheered me; your
+kindness and affection brought tears into my eyes. Talk of fame, honour,
+pleasure, wealth, all are dirt compared with affection; and this is a
+doctrine with which, I know, from your letter, that you will agree with
+from the bottom of your heart.... How I should have liked to have
+wandered about Oxford with you, if I had been well enough; and how still
+more I should have liked to have heard you triumphing over the Bishop. I
+am astonished at your success and audacity. It is something
+unintelligible to me how any one can argue in public like orators do. I
+had no idea you had this power. I have read lately so many hostile
+views, that I was beginning to think that perhaps I was wholly in the
+wrong, and that ---- was right when he said the whole subject would be
+forgotten in ten years; but now that I hear that you and Huxley will
+fight publicly (which I am sure I never could do), I fully believe that
+our cause will, in the long-run, prevail. I am glad I was not in Oxford,
+for I should have been overwhelmed, with my [health] in its present
+state.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ [July 1860.]
+
+... I have just read the _Quarterly_.[218] It is uncommonly clever; it
+picks out with skill all the most conjectural parts, and brings forward
+well all the difficulties. It quizzes me quite splendidly by quoting the
+_Anti-Jacobin_ versus my Grandfather. You are not alluded to, nor,
+strange to say, Huxley; and I can plainly see, here and there, ----'s
+hand. The concluding pages will make Lyell shake in his shoes. By Jove,
+if he sticks to us, he will be a real hero. Good-night. Your
+well-quizzed, but not sorrowful, and affectionate friend,
+
+C. D.
+
+I can see there has been some queer tampering with the review, for a
+page has been cut out and reprinted.
+
+
+The following extract from a letter of Sept. 1st, 1860, is of interest,
+not only as showing that Lyell was still conscientiously working out his
+conversion, but also and especially as illustrating the remarkable fact
+that hardly any of my father's critics gave him any new objections--so
+fruitful had been his ponderings of twenty years:--
+
+"I have been much interested by your letter of the 28th, received this
+morning. It has _delighted_ me, because it demonstrates that you have
+thought a good deal lately on Natural Selection. Few things have
+surprised me more than the entire paucity of objections and difficulties
+new to me in the published reviews. Your remarks are of a different
+stamp and new to me."
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray._ [Hartfield, Sussex] July 22nd [1860].
+
+MY DEAR GRAY,--Owing to absence from home at water-cure and then having
+to move my sick girl to whence I am now writing, I have only lately read
+the discussion in _Proc. American Acad._,[219] and now I cannot resist
+expressing my sincere admiration of your most clear powers of reasoning.
+As Hooker lately said in a note to me, you are more than _any one_ else
+the thorough master of the subject. I declare that you know my book as
+well as I do myself; and bring to the question new lines of illustration
+and argument in a manner which excites my astonishment and almost my
+envy![220] I admire these discussions, I think, almost more than your
+article in _Silliman's Journal_. Every single word seems weighed
+carefully, and tells like a 32-pound shot. It makes me much wish (but I
+know that you have not time) that you could write more in detail, and
+give, for instance, the facts on the variability of the American wild
+fruits. The _Athenaeum_ has the largest circulation, and I have sent my
+copy to the editor with a request that he would republish the first
+discussion; I much fear he will not, as he reviewed the subject in so
+hostile a spirit.... I shall be curious [to see], and will order the
+August number, as soon as I know that it contains your review of
+reviews. My conclusion is that you have made a mistake in being a
+botanist, you ought to have been a lawyer.
+
+
+The following passages from a letter to Huxley (Dec. 2nd, 1860) may
+serve to show what was my father's view of the position of the subject,
+after a year's experience of reviewers, critics and converts:--
+
+"I have got fairly sick of hostile reviews. Nevertheless, they have been
+of use in showing me when to expatiate a little and to introduce a few
+new discussions.
+
+"I entirely agree with you, that the difficulties on my notions are
+terrific, yet having seen what all the Reviews have said against me, I
+have far more confidence in the _general_ truth of the doctrine than I
+formerly had. Another thing gives me confidence, viz. that some who went
+half an inch with me now go further, and some who were bitterly opposed
+are now less bitterly opposed.... I can pretty plainly see that, if my
+view is ever to be generally adopted, it will be by young men growing up
+and replacing the old workers, and then young ones finding that they can
+group facts and search out new lines of investigation better on the
+notion of descent, than on that of creation."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[185] This refers to the passage in the _Origin of Species_ (2nd edit.
+p. 285) in which the lapse of time implied by the denudation of the
+Weald is discussed. The discussion closes with the sentence: "So that it
+is not improbable that a longer period than 300 million years has
+elapsed since the latter part of the Secondary period." This passage is
+omitted in the later editions of the _Origin_, against the advice of
+some of his friends, as appears from the pencil notes in my father's
+copy of the 2nd edition.
+
+[186] In the first edition, the passages occur on p. 488.
+
+[187] _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1860. Sir J. D. Hooker took the line of
+complete impartiality, so as not to commit the editor, Lindley.
+
+[188] On Jan. 23 Gray wrote to Darwin: "It naturally happens that my
+review of your book does not exhibit anything like the full force of the
+impression the book has made upon me. Under the circumstances I suppose
+I do your theory more good here, by bespeaking for it a fair and
+favourable consideration, and by standing non-committed as to its full
+conclusions, than I should if I announced myself a convert; nor could I
+say the latter, with truth....
+
+"What seems to me the weakest point in the book is the attempt to
+account for the formation of organs, the making of eyes, &c., by natural
+selection. Some of this reads quite Lamarckian."
+
+[189] In a letter to Mr. Murray, 1860, my father wrote:--"I am amused by
+Asa Gray's account of the excitement my book has made amongst
+naturalists in the U. States. Agassiz has denounced it in a newspaper,
+but yet in such terms that it is in fact a fine advertisement!" This
+seems to refer to a lecture given before the Mercantile Library
+Association.
+
+[190] _Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist._ third series, vol. v. p. 132. My
+father has obviously taken the expression "pestilent" from the following
+passage (p. 138): "But who is this Nature, we have a right to ask, who
+has such tremendous power, and to whose efficiency such marvellous
+performances are ascribed? What are her image and attributes, when
+dragged from her wordy lurking-place? Is she ought but a pestilent
+abstraction, like dust cast in our eyes to obscure the workings of an
+Intelligent First Cause of all?" The reviewer pays a tribute to my
+father's candour "so manly and outspoken as almost to 'cover a multitude
+of sins.'" The parentheses (to which allusion is made above) are so
+frequent as to give a characteristic appearance to Mr. Wollaston's
+pages.
+
+[191] Another version of the words is given by Lyell, to whom they were
+spoken, viz. "the most illogical book ever written."--_Life and Letters
+of Sir C. Lyell_, vol. ii. p. 358.
+
+[192] "On the Zoological Geography of the Malay Archipelago."--_Linn.
+Soc. Journ._ 1860.
+
+[193] The late Sir Charles Bunbury, well known as a Paleo-botanist.
+
+[194] By Professor Henslow.
+
+[195] The translator of the first German edition of the _Origin_.
+
+[196] Andrew Ramsay, late Director-General of the Geological Survey.
+
+[197] Joseph Beete Jukes, M.A., F.R.S., born 1811, died 1869. He was
+educated at Cambridge, and from 1842 to 1846 he acted as naturalist to
+H.M.S. _Fly_, on an exploring expedition in Australia and New Guinea. He
+was afterwards appointed Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland.
+He was the author of many papers, and of more than one good handbook of
+geology.
+
+[198] Professor of Geology in the University of Glasgow. Born in the
+United States 1809, died 1866.
+
+[199] Searles Valentine Wood, died 1880. Chiefly known for his work on
+the Mollusca of the _Crag_.
+
+[200] Dr. G. H. K. Thwaites, F.R.S., was born in 1811, or about that
+date, and died in Ceylon, September 11, 1882. He began life as a Notary,
+but his passion for Botany and Entomology ultimately led to his taking
+to Science as a profession. He became lecturer on Botany at the Bristol
+School of Medicine, and in 1849 he was appointed Director of the Botanic
+Gardens at Peradeniya, which he made "the most beautiful tropical garden
+in the world." He is best known through his important discovery of
+conjugation in the Diatomaceae (1847). His _Enumeratio Plantarum
+Zeylaniae_ (1858-64) was "the first complete account, on modern lines, of
+any definitely circumscribed tropical area." (From a notice in _Nature_,
+October 26, 1882.)
+
+[201] _Spectator_, March 24, 1860. There were favourable notices of the
+Origin by Huxley in the _Westminster Review_, and Carpenter in the
+_Medico-Chir. Review_, both in the April numbers.
+
+[202] Francois Jules Pictet, in the _Archives des Science de la
+Bibliotheque Universelle_, Mars 1860.
+
+[203] _Edinburgh Review_, April, 1860.
+
+[204] April 7, 1860.
+
+[205] My father wrote (_Gardeners' Chronicle_, April 21, 1860, p. 362):
+"I have been much interested by Mr. Patrick Matthew's communication in
+the number of your paper dated April 7th. I freely acknowledge that Mr.
+Matthew has anticipated by many years the explanation which I have
+offered of the origin of species, under the name of natural selection. I
+think that no one will feel surprised that neither I, nor apparently any
+other naturalist, had heard of Mr. Matthew's views, considering how
+briefly they are given, and that they appeared in the appendix to a work
+on Naval Timber and Arboriculture. I can do no more than offer my
+apologies to Mr. Matthew for my entire ignorance of his publication. If
+another edition of my work is called for, I will insert to the foregoing
+effect." In spite of my father's recognition of his claims, Mr. Matthew
+remained unsatisfied, and complained that an article in the _Saturday
+Analyst and Leader_, Nov. 24, 1860, was "scarcely fair in alluding to
+Mr. Darwin as the parent of the origin of species, seeing that I
+published the whole that Mr. Darwin attempts to prove, more than
+twenty-nine years ago." It was not until later that he learned that
+Matthew had also been forestalled. In October 1865, he wrote Sir J. D.
+Hooker:--"Talking of the _Origin_, a Yankee has called my attention to a
+paper attached to Dr. Wells' famous _Essay on Dew_, which was read in
+1813 to the Royal Soc., but not [then] printed, in which he applies most
+distinctly the principle of Natural Selection to the races of Man. So
+poor old Patrick Matthew is not the first, and he cannot, or ought not,
+any longer to put on his title-pages, 'Discoverer of the principle of
+Natural Selection'!"
+
+[206] This refers to a "savage onslaught" on the _Origin_ by Sedgwick at
+the Cambridge Philosophical Society. Henslow defended his old pupil, and
+maintained that "the subject was a legitimate one for investigation."
+
+[207] "The battle rages furiously in the United States. Gray says he was
+preparing a speech, which would take 1-1/2 hours to deliver, and which he
+'fondly hoped would be a stunner.' He is fighting splendidly, and there
+seem to have been many discussions with Agassiz and others at the
+meetings. Agassiz pities me much at being so deluded."--From a letter to
+Hooker, May 30th, 1860.
+
+[208] The statement as to authorship was made on the authority of Robert
+Chambers.
+
+[209] In a letter to Mr. Huxley my father wrote:--"Have you seen the
+last _Saturday Review_? I am very glad of the defence of you and of
+myself. I wish the reviewer had noticed Hooker. The reviewer, whoever he
+is, is a jolly good fellow, as this review and the last on me showed. He
+writes capitally, and understands well his subject. I wish he had
+slapped [the _Edinburgh_ reviewer] a little bit harder."
+
+[210] _Man's Place in Nature_, by T. H. Huxley, 1863, p. 114.
+
+[211] See the _Nat. Hist. Review_, 1861.
+
+[212] It was well known that Bishop Wilberforce was going to speak.
+
+[213] _Quarterly Review_, July 1860.
+
+[214] Sir John Lubbock also insisted on the embryological evidence for
+evolution.--F. D.
+
+[215] Mr. Fawcett wrote (_Macmillan's Magazine_, 1860):--"The retort was
+so justly deserved and so inimitable in its manner, that no one who was
+present can ever forget the impression that it made."
+
+[216] This agrees with Professor Victor Carus's recollection.
+
+[217] See Professor Newton's interesting _Early Days of Darwinism in
+Macmillan's Magazine_, Feb. 1888, where the battle at Oxford is briefly
+described.
+
+[218] _Quarterly Review_, July 1860. The article in question was by
+Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and was afterwards published in his
+_Essays Contributed to the Quarterly Review_, 1874. In the _Life and
+Letters_, ii. p. 182, Mr. Huxley has given some account of this article.
+I quote a few lines:--"Since Lord Brougham assailed Dr. Young, the world
+has seen no such specimen of the insolence of a shallow pretender to a
+Master in Science as this remarkable production, in which one of the
+most exact of observers, most cautious of reasoners, and most candid of
+expositors, of this or any other age, is held up to scorn as a 'flighty'
+person, who endeavours 'to prop up his utterly rotten fabric of guess
+and speculation,' and whose 'mode of dealing with nature' is reprobated
+as 'utterly dishonourable to Natural Science.'" The passage from the
+_Anti-Jacobin_, referred to in the letter, gives the history of the
+evolution of space from the "primaeval point or _punctum saliens_ of the
+universe," which is conceived to have moved "forward in a right line,
+_ad infinitum_, till it grew tired; after which the right line, which it
+had generated, would begin to put itself in motion in a lateral
+direction, describing an area of infinite extent. This area, as soon as
+it became conscious of its own existence, would begin to ascend or
+descend according as its specific gravity would determine it, forming an
+immense solid space filled with vacuum, and capable of containing the
+present universe."
+
+The following (p. 263) may serve as an example of the passages in which
+the reviewer refers to Sir Charles Lyell:--"That Mr. Darwin should have
+wandered from this broad highway of nature's works into the jungle of
+fanciful assumption is no small evil. We trust that he is mistaken in
+believing that he may count Sir C. Lyell as one of his converts. We
+know, indeed, the strength of the temptations which he can bring to bear
+upon his geological brother.... Yet no man has been more distinct and
+more logical in the denial of the transmutation of species than Sir C.
+Lyell, and that not in the infancy of his scientific life, but in its
+full vigour and maturity." The Bishop goes on to appeal to Lyell, in
+order that with his help "this flimsy speculation may be as completely
+put down as was what in spite of all denials we must venture to call its
+twin though less instructed brother, the _Vestiges of Creation_."
+
+With reference to this article, Mr. Brodie Innes, my father's old friend
+and neighbour, writes:--"Most men would have been annoyed by an article
+written with the Bishop's accustomed vigour, a mixture of argument and
+ridicule. Mr. Darwin was writing on some parish matter, and put a
+postscript--'If you have not seen the last _Quarterly_, do get it; the
+Bishop of Oxford has made such capital fun of me and my grandfather.' By
+a curious coincidence, when I received the letter, I was staying in the
+same house with the Bishop, and showed it to him. He said, 'I am very
+glad he takes it in that way, he is such a capital fellow.'"
+
+[219] April 10th, 1860. Dr. Gray criticised in detail "several of the
+positions taken at the preceding meeting by Mr. [J. A.] Lowell, Prof.
+Bowen and Prof. Agassiz." It was reprinted in the _Athenaeum_, Aug. 4th,
+1860.
+
+[220] On Sept. 26th, 1860, he wrote in the same sense to Gray:--"You
+never touch the subject without making it clearer. I look at it as even
+more extraordinary that you never say a word or use an epithet which
+does not express fully my meaning. Now Lyell, Hooker, and others, who
+perfectly understand my book, yet sometimes use expressions to which I
+demur."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+THE SPREAD OF EVOLUTION.
+
+1861--1871.
+
+
+The beginning of the year 1861 saw my father engaged on the 3rd edition
+(2000 copies) of the _Origin_, which was largely corrected and added to,
+and was published in April, 1861.
+
+On July 1, he started, with his family, for Torquay, where he remained
+until August 27--a holiday which he characteristically enters in his
+diary as "eight weeks and a day." The house he occupied was in Hesketh
+Crescent, a pleasantly placed row of houses close above the sea,
+somewhat removed from what was then the main body of the town, and not
+far from the beautiful cliffed coast-line in the neighbourhood of
+Anstey's Cove.
+
+During the Torquay holiday, and for the remainder of the year, he worked
+at the fertilisation of orchids. This part of the year 1861 is not dealt
+with in the present chapter, because (as explained in the preface) the
+record of his life, seems to become clearer when the whole of his
+botanical work is placed together and treated separately. The present
+chapter will, therefore, include only the progress of his work in the
+direction of a general amplification of the _Origin of Species_--_e.g._,
+the publication of _Animals and Plants_ and the _Descent of Man_. It
+will also give some idea of the growth of belief in evolutionary
+doctrines.
+
+With regard to the third edition, he wrote to Mr. Murray in December,
+1860:--
+
+"I shall be glad to hear when you have decided how many copies you will
+print off--the more the better for me in all ways, as far as compatible
+with safety; for I hope never again to make so many corrections, or
+rather additions, which I have made in hopes of making my many rather
+stupid reviewers at least understand what is meant. I hope and think I
+shall improve the book considerably."
+
+An interesting feature in the new edition was the "Historical Sketch of
+the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species,"[221] which now
+appeared for the first time, and was continued in the later editions of
+the work. It bears a strong impress of the author's personal character
+in the obvious wish to do full justice to all his predecessors,--though
+even in this respect it has not escaped some adverse criticism.
+
+A passage in a letter to Hooker (March 27, 1861) gives the history of
+one of his corrections.
+
+
+"Here is a good joke: H. C. Watson (who, I fancy and hope, is going to
+review the new edition of the _Origin_) says that in the first four
+paragraphs of the introduction, the words 'I,' 'me,' 'my,' occur
+forty-three times! I was dimly conscious of the accursed fact. He says
+it can be explained phrenologically, which I suppose civilly means, that
+I am the most egotistically self-sufficient man alive; perhaps so. I
+wonder whether he will print this pleasing fact; it beats hollow the
+parentheses in Wollaston's writing.
+
+"I am, _my_ dear Hooker, ever yours,
+"C. DARWIN.
+
+"P.S.--Do not spread this pleasing joke; it is rather too biting."
+
+
+He wrote a couple of years later, 1863, to Asa Gray, in a manner which
+illustrates his use of the personal pronoun in the earlier editions of
+the _Origin_:--
+
+"You speak of Lyell as a judge; now what I complain of is that he
+declines to be a judge.... I have sometimes almost wished that Lyell had
+pronounced against me. When I say 'me,' I only mean _change of species
+by descent_. That seems to me the turning-point. Personally, of course,
+I care much about Natural Selection; but that seems to me utterly
+unimportant, compared to the question of Creation _or_ Modification."
+
+He was, at first, alone, and felt himself to be so in maintaining a
+rational workable theory of Evolution. It was therefore perfectly
+natural that he should speak of "my" theory.
+
+Towards the end of the present year (1861) the final arrangements for
+the first French edition of the _Origin_ were completed, and in
+September a copy of the third English edition was despatched to Mdlle.
+Clemence Royer, who undertook the work of translation. The book was now
+spreading on the Continent, a Dutch edition had appeared, and, as we
+have seen, a German translation had been published in 1860. In a letter
+to Mr. Murray (September 10, 1861), he wrote, "My book seems exciting
+much attention in Germany, judging from the number of discussions sent
+me." The silence had been broken, and in a few years the voice of German
+science was to become one of the strongest of the advocates of
+Evolution.
+
+A letter, June 23, 1861, gave a pleasant echo from the Continent of the
+growth of his views:--
+
+
+_Hugh Falconer[222] to C. Darwin._ 31 Sackville St., W., June 23, 1861.
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I have been to Adelsberg cave and brought back with me
+a live _Proteus anguinus_, designed for you from the moment I got it;
+_i.e._ if you have got an aquarium and would care to have it. I only
+returned last night from the Continent, and hearing from your brother
+that you are about to go to Torquay, I lose no time in making you the
+offer. The poor dear animal is still alive--although it has had no
+appreciable means of sustenance for a month--and I am most anxious to
+get rid of the responsibility of starving it longer. In your hands it
+will thrive and have a fair chance of being developed without delay into
+some type of the Columbidae--say a Pouter or a Tumbler.
+
+My dear Darwin, I have been rambling through the north of Italy, and
+Germany lately. Everywhere have I heard your views and your admirable
+essay canvassed--the views of course often dissented from, according to
+the special bias of the speaker--but the work, its honesty of purpose,
+grandeur of conception, felicity of illustration, and courageous
+exposition, always referred to in terms of the highest admiration. And
+among your warmest friends no one rejoiced more heartily in the just
+appreciation of Charles Darwin than did,
+
+Yours very truly.
+
+
+My father replied:--
+
+
+Down [June 24, 1861].
+
+MY DEAR FALCONER,--I have just received your note, and by good luck a
+day earlier than properly, and I lose not a moment in answering you,
+and thanking you heartily for your offer of the valuable specimen; but I
+have no aquarium and shall soon start for Torquay, so that it would be a
+thousand pities that I should have it. Yet I should certainly much like
+to see it, but I fear it is impossible. Would not the Zoological Society
+be the best place? and then the interest which many would take in this
+extraordinary animal would repay you for your trouble.
+
+Kind as you have been in taking this trouble and offering me this
+specimen, to tell the truth I value your note more than the specimen. I
+shall keep your note amongst a very few precious letters. Your kindness
+has quite touched me.
+
+Yours affectionately and gratefully.
+
+
+My father, who had the strongest belief in the value of Asa Gray's help,
+was anxious that his evolutionary writings should be more widely known
+in England. In the autumn of 1860, and the early part of 1861, he had a
+good deal of correspondence with him as to the publication, in the form
+of a pamphlet, of Gray's three articles in the July, August, and October
+numbers of the _Atlantic Monthly_, 1860.
+
+The reader will find these articles republished in Dr. Gray's
+_Darwiniana_, p. 87, under the title "Natural Selection not inconsistent
+with Natural Theology." The pamphlet found many admirers, and my father
+believed that it was of much value in lessening opposition, and making
+converts to Evolution. His high opinion of it is shown not only in his
+letters, but by the fact that he inserted a special notice of it in a
+prominent place in the third edition of the _Origin_. Lyell, among
+others, recognised its value as an antidote to the kind of criticism
+from which the cause of Evolution suffered. Thus my father wrote to Dr.
+Gray: "Just to exemplify the use of your pamphlet, the Bishop of London
+was asking Lyell what he thought of the review in the _Quarterly_, and
+Lyell answered, 'Read Asa Gray in the _Atlantic_.'"
+
+On the same subject he wrote to Gray in the following year:--
+
+"I believe that your pamphlet has done my book _great_ good; and I thank
+you from my heart for myself: and believing that the views are in large
+part true, I must think that you have done natural science a good turn.
+Natural Selection seems to be making a little progress in England and on
+the Continent; a new German edition is called for, and a French one has
+just appeared."
+
+The following may serve as an example of the form assumed between these
+friends of the animosity at that time so strong between England and
+America[223]:--
+
+"Talking of books, I am in the middle of one which pleases me, though it
+is very innocent food, viz. Miss Cooper's _Journal of a Naturalist_. Who
+is she? She seems a very clever woman, and gives a capital account of
+the battle between _our_ and _your_ weeds.[224] Does it not hurt your
+Yankee pride that we thrash you so confoundedly? I am sure Mrs. Gray
+will stick up for your own weeds. Ask her whether they are not more
+honest, downright good sort of weeds. The book gives an extremely pretty
+picture of one of your villages; but I see your autumn, though so much
+more gorgeous than ours, comes on sooner, and that is one comfort."
+
+A question constantly recurring in the letters to Gray is that of
+design. For instance:--
+
+"Your question what would convince me of design is a poser. If I saw an
+angel come down to teach us good, and I was convinced from others seeing
+him that I was not mad, I should believe in design. If I could be
+convinced thoroughly that life and mind was in an unknown way a function
+of other imponderable force, I should be convinced. If man was made of
+brass or iron and no way connected with any other organism which had
+ever lived, I should perhaps be convinced. But this is childish writing.
+
+"I have lately been corresponding with Lyell, who, I think, adopts your
+idea of the stream of variation having been led or designed. I have
+asked him (and he says he will hereafter reflect and answer me) whether
+he believes that the shape of my nose was designed. If he does I have
+nothing more to say. If not, seeing what Fanciers have done by selecting
+individual differences in the nasal bones of pigeons, I must think that
+it is illogical to suppose that the variations, which natural selection
+preserves for the good of any being, have been designed. But I know that
+I am in the same sort of muddle (as I have said before) as all the
+world seems to be in with respect to free will, yet with everything
+supposed to have been foreseen or preordained."
+
+The shape of his nose would perhaps not have been used as an
+illustration, if he had remembered Fitz-Roy's objection to that feature
+(see _Autobiography_, p. 26). He should, too, have remembered the
+difficulty of predicting the value to an organism of an apparently
+unimportant character.
+
+In England Professor Huxley was at work in the evolutionary cause. He
+gave, in 1862, two lectures at Edinburgh on _Man's Place in Nature_. My
+father wrote:--
+
+"I am heartily glad of your success in the North. By Jove, you have
+attacked Bigotry in its stronghold. I thought you would have been
+mobbed. I am so glad that you will publish your Lectures. You seem to
+have kept a due medium between extreme boldness and caution. I am
+heartily glad that all went off so well."
+
+A review,[225] by F. W. Hutton, afterwards Professor of Biology and
+Geology at Canterbury, N. Z., gave a hopeful note of the time not far
+off when a broader view of the argument for Evolution would be accepted.
+My father wrote to the author[226]:--
+
+
+Down, April 20th, 1861.
+
+DEAR SIR,--I hope that you will permit me to thank you for sending me a
+copy of your paper in the _Geologist_, and at the same time to express
+my opinion that you have done the subject a real service by the highly
+original, striking, and condensed manner with which you have put the
+case. I am actually weary of telling people that I do not pretend to
+adduce direct evidence of one species changing into another, but that I
+believe that this view in the main is correct, because so many phenomena
+can be thus grouped together and explained.
+
+But it is generally of no use, I cannot make persons see this. I
+generally throw in their teeth the universally admitted theory of the
+undulations of light--neither the undulations, nor the very existence of
+ether being proved--yet admitted because the view explains so much. You
+are one of the very few who have seen this, and have now put it most
+forcibly and clearly. I am much pleased to see how carefully you have
+read my book, and what is far more important, reflected on so many
+points with an independent spirit. As I am deeply interested in the
+subject (and I hope not exclusively under a personal point of view) I
+could not resist venturing to thank you for the right good service which
+you have done. Pray believe me, dear sir,
+
+Yours faithfully and obliged.
+
+
+It was a still more hopeful sign that work of the first rank in value,
+conceived on evolutionary principles, began to be published.
+
+My father expressed this idea in a letter to the late Mr. Bates.[227]
+
+"Under a general point of view, I am quite convinced (Hooker and Huxley
+took the same view some months ago) that a philosophic view of nature
+can solely be driven into naturalists by treating special subjects as
+you have done."
+
+This refers to Mr. Bates' celebrated paper on mimicry, with which the
+following letter deals:--
+
+
+Down Nov. 20 [1862].
+
+DEAR BATES,--I have just finished, after several reads, your paper.[228]
+In my opinion it is one of the most remarkable and admirable papers I
+ever read in my life. The mimetic cases are truly marvellous, and you
+connect excellently a host of analogous facts. The illustrations are
+beautiful, and seem very well chosen; but it would have saved the reader
+not a little trouble, if the name of each had been engraved below each
+separate figure. No doubt this would have put the engraver into fits, as
+it would have destroyed the beauty of the plate. I am not at all
+surprised at such a paper having consumed much time. I am rejoiced that
+I passed over the whole subject in the _Origin_, for I should have made
+a precious mess of it. You have most clearly stated and solved a
+wonderful problem. No doubt with most people this will be the cream of
+the paper; but I am not sure that all your facts and reasonings on
+variation, and on the segregation of complete and semi-complete species,
+is not really more, or at least as valuable a part. I never conceived
+the process nearly so clearly before; one feels present at the creation
+of new forms. I wish, however, you had enlarged a little more on the
+pairing of similar varieties; a rather more numerous body of facts seems
+here wanted. Then, again, what a host of curious miscellaneous
+observations there are--as on related sexual and individual variability:
+these will some day, if I live, be a treasure to me.
+
+With respect to mimetic resemblance being so common with insects, do you
+not think it may be connected with their small size; they cannot defend
+themselves; they cannot escape by flight, at least, from birds,
+therefore they escape by trickery and deception?
+
+I have one serious criticism to make, and that is about the title of the
+paper; I cannot but think that you ought to have called prominent
+attention in it to the mimetic resemblances. Your paper is too good to
+be largely appreciated by the mob of naturalists without souls; but,
+rely on it, that it will have _lasting_ value, and I cordially
+congratulate you on your first great work. You will find, I should
+think, that Wallace will appreciate it. How gets on your book? Keep your
+spirits up. A book is no light labour. I have been better lately, and
+working hard, but my health is very indifferent. How is your health?
+Believe me, dear Bates,
+
+Yours very sincerely.
+
+
+1863.
+
+Although the battle[229] of Evolution was not yet won, the growth of
+belief was undoubtedly rapid. So that, for instance, Charles Kingsley
+could write to F. D. Maurice[230]:
+
+"The state of the scientific mind is most curious; Darwin is conquering
+everywhere, and rushing in like a flood, by the mere force of truth and
+fact."
+
+The change did not proceed without a certain amount of personal
+bitterness. My father wrote in February, 1863:--
+
+"What an accursed evil it is that there should be all this quarrelling
+within what ought to be the peaceful realms of science."
+
+I do not desire to keep alive the memories of dead quarrels, but some of
+the burning questions of that day are too important from the
+biographical point of view to be altogether omitted. Of this sort is the
+history of Lyell's conversion to Evolution. It led to no flaw in the
+friendship of the two men principally concerned, but it shook and
+irritated a number of smaller people. Lyell was like the Mississippi in
+flood, and as he changed his course, the dwellers on the banks were
+angered and frightened by the general upsetting of landmarks.
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Down, Feb. 24 [1863].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--I am astonished at your note. I have not seen the
+_Athenaeum_,[231] but I have sent for it, and may get it to-morrow; and
+will then say what I think.
+
+I have read Lyell's book. [_The Antiquity of Man._] The whole certainly
+struck me as a compilation, but of the highest class, for when possible
+the facts have been verified on the spot, making it almost an original
+work. The Glacial chapters seem to me best, and in parts magnificent. I
+could hardly judge about Man, as all the gloss and novelty was
+completely worn off. But certainly the aggregation of the evidence
+produced a very striking effect on my mind. The chapter comparing
+language and changes of species, seems most ingenious and interesting.
+He has shown great skill in picking out salient points in the argument
+for change of species; but I am deeply disappointed (I do not mean
+personally) to find that his timidity prevents him giving any
+judgment.... From all my communications with him, I must ever think that
+he has really entirely lost faith in the immutability of species; and
+yet one of his strongest sentences is nearly as follows; "If it should
+_ever_[232] be rendered highly probable that species change by variation
+and natural selection," &c. &c. I had hoped he would have guided the
+public as far as his own belief went.... One thing does please me on
+this subject, that he seems to appreciate your work. No doubt the public
+or a part may be induced to think that, as he gives to us a larger space
+than to Lamarck, he must think that there is something in our views.
+When reading the brain chapter, it struck me forcibly that if he had
+said openly that he believed in change of species, and as a consequence
+that man was derived from some Quadrumanous animal, it would have been
+very proper to have discussed by compilation the differences in the most
+important organ, viz. the brain. As it is, the chapter seems to me to
+come in rather by the head and shoulders. I do not think (but then I am
+as prejudiced as Falconer and Huxley, or more so) that it is too severe;
+it struck me as given with judicial force. It might perhaps be said with
+truth that he had no business to judge on a subject on which he knows
+nothing; but compilers must do this to a certain extent. (You know I
+value and rank high compilers, being one myself!)
+
+The Lyells are coming here on Sunday evening to stay till Wednesday. I
+dread it, but I must say how much disappointed I am that he has not
+spoken out on species, still less on man. And the best of the joke is
+that he thinks he has acted with the courage of a martyr of old. I hope
+I may have taken an exaggerated view of his timidity, and shall
+_particularly_ be glad of your opinion on this head. When I got his book
+I turned over the pages, and saw he had discussed the subject of
+species, and said that I thought he would do more to convert the public
+than all of us, and now (which makes the case worse for me) I must, in
+common honesty, retract. I wish to Heaven he had said not a word on the
+subject.
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell_. Down, March 6 [1863].
+
+... I have been of course deeply interested by your book.[233] I have
+hardly any remarks worth sending, but will scribble a little on what
+most interested me. But I will first get out what I hate saying, viz.
+that I have been greatly disappointed that you have not given judgment
+and spoken fairly out what you think about the derivation of species. I
+should have been contented if you had boldly said that species have not
+been separately created, and had thrown as much doubt as you like on how
+far variation and natural selection suffices. I hope to Heaven I am
+wrong (and from what you say about Whewell it seems so), but I cannot
+see how your chapters can do more good than an extraordinary able
+review. I think the _Parthenon_ is right, that you will leave the public
+in a fog. No doubt they may infer that as you give more space to myself,
+Wallace, and Hooker, than to Lamarck, you think more of us. But I had
+always thought that your judgment would have been an epoch in the
+subject. All that is over with me, and I will only think on the
+admirable skill with which you have selected the striking points, and
+explained them. No praise can be too strong, in my opinion, for the
+inimitable chapter on language in comparison with species....
+
+I know you will forgive me for writing with perfect freedom, for you
+must know how deeply I respect you as my old honoured guide and master.
+I heartily hope and expect that your book will have a gigantic
+circulation, and may do in many ways as much good as it ought to do. I
+am tired, so no more. I have written so briefly that you will have to
+guess my meaning. I fear my remarks are hardly worth sending. Farewell,
+with kindest remembrance to Lady Lyell,
+
+Ever yours.
+
+
+A letter from Lyell to Hooker (Mar. 9, 1863), published in Lyell's
+_Life and Letters_, vol. ii. p. 361, shows what was his feeling at the
+time:--
+
+"He [Darwin] seems much disappointed that I do not go farther with him,
+or do not speak out more. I can only say that I have spoken out to the
+full extent of my present convictions, and even beyond my state of
+_feeling_ as to man's unbroken descent from the brutes, and I find I am
+half converting not a few who were in arms against Darwin, and are even
+now against Huxley." Lyell speaks, too, of having had to abandon "old
+and long cherished ideas, which constituted the charm to me of the
+theoretical part of the science in my earlier days, when I believed with
+Pascal in the theory, as Hallam terms it, of 'the archangel ruined.'"
+
+
+_C. D. to C. Lyell_. Down, 12th [March, 1863].
+
+MY DEAR LYELL,--I thank you for your very interesting and kind, I may
+say, charming letter. I feared you might be huffed for a little time
+with me. I know some men would have been so.... As you say that you have
+gone as far as you believe on the species question, I have not a word to
+say; but I must feel convinced that at times, judging from conversation,
+expressions, letters, &c., you have as completely given up belief in
+immutability of specific forms as I have done. I must still think a
+clear expression from you, _if you could have given it_, would have been
+potent with the public, and all the more so, as you formerly held
+opposite opinions. The more I work, the more satisfied I become with
+variation and natural selection, but that part of the case I look at as
+less important, though more interesting to me personally. As you ask for
+criticisms on this head (and believe me that I should not have made them
+unasked), I may specify (pp. 412, 413) that such words as "Mr. D.
+labours to show," "is believed by the author to throw light," would lead
+a common reader to think that you yourself do _not_ at all agree, but
+merely think it fair to give my opinion. Lastly, you refer repeatedly to
+my view as a modification of Lamarck's doctrine of development and
+progression. If this is your deliberate opinion there is nothing to be
+said, but it does not seem so to me. Plato, Buffon, my grandfather
+before Lamarck, and others, propounded the _obvious_ view that if
+species were not created separately they must have descended from other
+species, and I can see nothing else in common between the _Origin_ and
+Lamarck. I believe this way of putting the case is very injurious to its
+acceptance, as it implies necessary progression, and closely connects
+Wallace's and my views with what I consider, after two deliberate
+readings, as a wretched book, and one from which (I well remember my
+surprise) I gained nothing. But I know you rank it higher, which is
+curious, as it did not in the least shake your belief. But enough, and
+more than enough. Please remember you have brought it all down on
+yourself!!
+
+I am very sorry to hear about Falconer's "reclamation."[234] I hate the
+very word, and have a sincere affection for him.
+
+Did you ever read anything so wretched as the _Athenaeum_ reviews of you,
+and of Huxley[235] especially. Your _object_ to make man old, and
+Huxley's _object_ to degrade him. The wretched writer has not a glimpse
+of what the discovery of scientific truth means. How splendid some pages
+are in Huxley, but I fear the book will not be popular....
+
+
+In the _Athenaeum_, Mar. 28, 1862, p. 417, appeared a notice of Dr.
+Carpenter's book on 'Foraminifera,' which led to more skirmishing in the
+same journal. The article was remarkable for upholding spontaneous
+generation.
+
+My father wrote, Mar. 29, 1863:--
+
+"Many thanks for _Athenaeum_, received this morning, and to be returned
+to-morrow morning. Who would have ever thought of the old stupid
+_Athenaeum_ taking to Oken-like transcendental philosophy written in
+Owenian style!
+
+"It will be some time before we see 'slime, protoplasm, &c.' generating
+a new animal. But I have long regretted that I truckled to public
+opinion, and used the Pentateuchal term of creation,[236] by which I
+really meant 'appeared' by some wholly unknown process. It is mere
+rubbish, thinking at present of the origin of life; one might as well
+think of the origin of matter."
+
+The _Athenaeum_ continued to be a scientific battle-ground. On April 4,
+1863, Falconer wrote a severe article on Lyell. And my father wrote
+(_Athenaeum_, 1863, p. 554), under the cloak of attacking spontaneous
+generation, to defend Evolution. In reply, an article appeared in the
+same Journal (May 2nd, 1863, p. 586), accusing my father of claiming for
+his views the exclusive merit of "connecting by an intelligible thread
+of reasoning" a number of facts in morphology, &c. The writer remarks
+that, "The different generalisations cited by Mr. Darwin as being
+connected by an intelligible thread of reasoning exclusively through his
+attempt to explain specific transmutation are in fact related to it in
+this wise, that they have prepared the minds of naturalists for a better
+reception of such attempts to explain the way of the origin of species
+from species."
+
+
+To this my father replied as follows in the _Athenaeum_ of May 9th,
+1863:--
+
+
+Down, May 5 [1863].
+
+I hope that you will grant me space to own that your reviewer is quite
+correct when he states that any theory of descent will connect, "by an
+intelligible thread of reasoning," the several generalizations before
+specified. I ought to have made this admission expressly; with the
+reservation, however, that, as far as I can judge, no theory so well
+explains or connects these several generalizations (more especially the
+formation of domestic races in comparison with natural species, the
+principles of classification, embryonic resemblance, &c.) as the theory,
+or hypothesis, or guess, if the reviewer so likes to call it, of Natural
+Selection. Nor has any other satisfactory explanation been ever offered
+of the almost perfect adaptation of all organic beings to each other,
+and to their physical conditions of life. Whether the naturalist
+believes in the views given by Lamarck, by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, by the
+author of the _Vestiges_, by Mr. Wallace and myself, or in any other
+such view, signifies extremely little in comparison with the admission
+that species have descended from other species, and have not been
+created immutable; for he who admits this as a great truth has a wide
+field opened to him for further inquiry. I believe, however, from what I
+see of the progress of opinion on the Continent, and in this country,
+that the theory of Natural Selection will ultimately be adopted, with,
+no doubt, many subordinate modifications and improvements.
+
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+
+In the following, he refers to the above letter to the _Athenaeum_:--
+
+
+_C. D. to J. D. Hooker._ Saturday [May 11, 1863].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--You give good advice about not writing in newspapers; I
+have been gnashing my teeth at my own folly; and this not caused by
+----'s sneers, which were so good that I almost enjoyed them. I have
+written once again to own to a certain extent of truth in what he says,
+and then if I am ever such a fool again, have no mercy on me. I have
+read the squib in _Public Opinion_;[237] it is capital; if there is
+more, and you have a copy, do lend it. It shows well that a scientific
+man had better be trampled in dirt than squabble.
+
+
+In the following year (1864) he received the greatest honour which a
+scientific man can receive in this country, the Copley Medal of the
+Royal Society. It is presented at the Anniversary Meeting on St.
+Andrew's Day (Nov. 30), the medallist being usually present to receive
+it, but this the state of my father's health prevented. He wrote to Mr.
+Fox:--
+
+"I was glad to see your hand-writing. The Copley, being open to all
+sciences and all the world, is reckoned a great honour; but excepting
+from several kind letters, such things make little difference to me. It
+shows, however, that Natural Selection is making some progress in this
+country, and that pleases me. The subject, however, is safe in foreign
+lands."
+
+The presentation of the Copley Medal is of interest in connection with
+what has gone before, inasmuch as it led to Sir C. Lyell making, in his
+after-dinner speech, a "confession of faith as to the _Origin_." He
+wrote to my father (_Life of Sir C. Lyell_, vol. ii. p. 384), "I said I
+had been forced to give up my old faith without thoroughly seeing my way
+to a new one. But I think you would have been satisfied with the length
+I went."
+
+Lyell's acceptance of Evolution was made public in the tenth edition of
+the _Principles_, published in 1867 and 1868. It was a sign of
+improvement, "a great triumph," as my father called it, that an
+evolutionary article by Wallace, dealing with Lyell's book, should have
+appeared in the _Quarterly Review_ (April, 1869). Mr. Wallace wrote:--
+
+"The history of science hardly presents so striking an instance of
+youthfulness of mind in advanced life as is shown by this abandonment of
+opinions so long held and so powerfully advocated; and if we bear in
+mind the extreme caution, combined with the ardent love of truth which
+characterise every work which our author has produced, we shall be
+convinced that so great a change was not decided on without long and
+anxious deliberation, and that the views now adopted must indeed be
+supported by arguments of overwhelming force. If for no other reason
+than that Sir Charles Lyell in his tenth edition has adopted it, the
+theory of Mr. Darwin deserves an attentive and respectful consideration
+from every earnest seeker after truth."
+
+The incident of the Copley Medal is interesting as giving an index of
+the state of the scientific mind at the time.
+
+My father wrote: "some of the old members of the Royal are quite shocked
+at my having the Copley." In the _Reader_, December 3, 1864, General
+Sabine's presidential address at the Anniversary Meeting is reported at
+some length. Special weight was laid on my father's work in Geology,
+Zoology, and Botany, but the _Origin of Species_ was praised chiefly as
+containing a "mass of observations," &c. It is curious that as in the
+case of his election to the French Institute, so in this case, he was
+honoured not for the great work of his life, but for his less important
+work in special lines.
+
+I believe I am right in saying that no little dissatisfaction at the
+President's manner of allusion to the _Origin_ was felt by some Fellows
+of the Society.
+
+My father spoke justly when he said that the subject was "safe in
+foreign lands." In telling Lyell of the progress of opinion, he wrote
+(March, 1863):--
+
+"A first-rate German naturalist[238] (I now forget the name!), who has
+lately published a grand folio, has spoken out to the utmost extent on
+the _Origin_. De Candolle, in a very good paper on 'Oaks,' goes, in Asa
+Gray's opinion, as far as he himself does; but De Candolle, in writing
+to me, says _we_, 'we think this and that;' so that I infer he really
+goes to the full extent with me, and tells me of a French good botanical
+palaeontologist[239] (name forgotten), who writes to De Candolle that he
+is sure that my views will ultimately prevail. But I did not intend to
+have written all this. It satisfies me with the final results, but this
+result, I begin to see, will take two or three life-times. The
+entomologists are enough to keep the subject back for half a century."
+
+The official attitude of French science was not very hopeful. The
+Secretaire Perpetuel of the Academie published an _Examen du livre de M.
+Darwin_, on which my father remarks:--
+
+"A great gun, Flourens, has written a little dull book[240] against me,
+which pleases me much, for it is plain that our good work is spreading
+in France."
+
+Mr. Huxley, who reviewed the book,[241] quotes the following passage
+from Flourens:--
+
+"M. Darwin continue: Aucune distinction absolue n'a ete et ne peut etre
+etablie entre les especes et les varietes! Je vous ai deja dit que vous
+vous trompiez; une distinction absolue separe les varietes d'avec les
+especes." Mr. Huxley remarks on this, "Being devoid of the blessings of
+an Academy in England, we are unaccustomed to see our ablest men treated
+in this way even by a Perpetual Secretary." After demonstrating M.
+Flourens' misapprehension of Natural Selection, Mr. Huxley says, "How
+one knows it all by heart, and with what relief one reads at p. 65, 'Je
+laisse M. Darwin.'"
+
+The deterrent effect of the Academie on the spread of Evolution in
+France has been most striking. Even at the present day a member of the
+Institute does not feel quite happy in owning to a belief in Darwinism.
+We may indeed be thankful that we are "devoid of such a blessing."
+
+Among the Germans, he was fast gaining supporters. In 1865 he began a
+correspondence with the distinguished Naturalist, Fritz Mueller, then, as
+now, resident in Brazil. They never met, but the correspondence with
+Mueller, which continued to the close of my father's life, was a source
+of very great pleasure to him. My impression is that of all his unseen
+friends Fritz Mueller was the one for whom he had the strongest regard.
+Fritz Mueller is the brother of another distinguished man, the late
+Hermann Mueller, the author of _Die Befruchtung der Blumen_ (The
+Fertilisation of Flowers), and of much other valuable work.
+
+The occasion of writing to Fritz Mueller was the latter's book, _Fuer
+Darwin_, which was afterwards translated by Mr. Dallas at my father's
+suggestion, under the title _Facts and Arguments for Darwin_.
+
+Shortly afterwards, in 1866, began his connection with Professor Victor
+Carus, of Leipzig, who undertook the translation of the 4th edition of
+the _Origin_. From this time forward Professor Carus continued to
+translate my father's books into German. The conscientious care with
+which this work was done was of material service, and I well remember
+the admiration (mingled with a tinge of vexation at his own
+shortcomings) with which my father used to receive the lists of
+oversights, &c., which Professor Carus discovered in the course of
+translation. The connection was not a mere business one, but was
+cemented by warm feelings of regard on both sides.
+
+About this time, too, he came in contact with Professor Ernst Haeckel,
+whose influence on German science has been so powerful.
+
+The earliest letter which I have seen from my father to Professor
+Haeckel, was written in 1865, and from that time forward they
+corresponded (though not, I think, with any regularity) up to the end of
+my father's life. His friendship with Haeckel was not merely the growth
+of correspondence, as was the case with some others, for instance, Fritz
+Mueller. Haeckel paid more than one visit to Down, and these were
+thoroughly enjoyed by my father. The following letter will serve to show
+the strong feeling of regard which he entertained for his
+correspondent--a feeling which I have often heard him emphatically
+express, and which was warmly returned. The book referred to is
+Haeckel's _Generelle Morphologie_, published in 1866, a copy of which my
+father received from the author in January, 1867.
+
+Dr. E. Krause[242] has given a good account of Professor Haeckel's
+services in the cause of Evolution. After speaking of the lukewarm
+reception which the _Origin_ met with in Germany on its first
+publication, he goes on to describe the first adherents of the new faith
+as more or less popular writers, not especially likely to advance its
+acceptance with the professorial or purely scientific world. And he
+claims for Haeckel that it was his advocacy of Evolution in his
+_Radiolaria_ (1862), and at the "Versammlung" of Naturalists at Stettin
+in 1863, that placed the Darwinian question for the first time publicly
+before the forum of German science, and his enthusiastic propagandism
+that chiefly contributed to its success.
+
+Mr. Huxley, writing in 1869, paid a high tribute to Professor Haeckel as
+the Coryphaeus of the Darwinian movement in Germany. Of his _Generelle
+Morphologie_, "an attempt to work out the practical applications" of the
+doctrine of Evolution to their final results, he says that it has the
+"force and suggestiveness, and ... systematising power of Oken without
+his extravagance." Mr. Huxley also testifies to the value of Haeckel's
+_Schoepfungs-Geschichte_ as an exposition of the _Generelle Morphologie_
+"for an educated public."
+
+Again, in his _Evolution in Biology_,[243] Mr. Huxley wrote: "Whatever
+hesitation may not unfrequently be felt by less daring minds, in
+following Haeckel in many of his speculations, his attempt to
+systematise the doctrine of Evolution and to exhibit its influence as
+the central thought of modern biology, cannot fail to have a
+far-reaching influence on the progress of science."
+
+In the following letter my father alludes to the somewhat fierce manner
+in which Professor Haeckel fought the battle of 'Darwinismus,' and on
+this subject Dr. Krause has some good remarks (p. 162). He asks whether
+much that happened in the heat of the conflict might not well have been
+otherwise, and adds that Haeckel himself is the last man to deny this.
+Nevertheless he thinks that even these things may have worked well for
+the cause of Evolution, inasmuch as Haeckel "concentrated on himself by
+his _Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts_, his _Generelle Morphologie_,
+and _Schoepfungs-Geschichte_, all the hatred and bitterness which
+Evolution excited in certain quarters," so that, "in a surprisingly
+short time it became the fashion in Germany that Haeckel alone should be
+abused, while Darwin was held up as the ideal of forethought and
+moderation."
+
+
+_C. D. to E. Haeckel._ Down, May 21, 1867.
+
+DEAR HAECKEL,--Your letter of the 18th has given me great pleasure, for
+you have received what I said in the most kind and cordial manner. You
+have in part taken what I said much stronger than I had intended. It
+never occurred to me for a moment to doubt that your work, with the
+whole subject so admirably and clearly arranged, as well as fortified by
+so many new facts and arguments, would not advance our common object in
+the highest degree. All that I think is that you will excite anger, and
+that anger so completely blinds every one that your arguments would have
+no chance of influencing those who are already opposed to our views.
+Moreover, I do not at all like that you, towards whom I feel so much
+friendship, should unnecessarily make enemies, and there is pain and
+vexation enough in the world without more being caused. But I repeat
+that I can feel no doubt that your work will greatly advance our
+subject, and I heartily wish it could be translated into English, for my
+own sake and that of others. With respect to what you say about my
+advancing too strongly objections against my own views, some of my
+English friends think that I have erred on this side; but truth
+compelled me to write what I did, and I am inclined to think it was good
+policy. The belief in the descent theory is slowly spreading in
+England,[244] even amongst those who can give no reason for their
+belief. No body of men were at first so much opposed to my views as the
+members of the London Entomological Society, but now I am assured that,
+with the exception of two or three old men, all the members concur with
+me to a certain extent. It has been a great disappointment to me that I
+have never received your long letter written to me from the Canary
+Islands. I am rejoiced to hear that your tour, which seems to have been
+a most interesting one, has done your health much good.
+
+... I am very glad to hear that there is some chance of your visiting
+England this autumn, and all in this house will be delighted to see you
+here.
+
+Believe me, my dear Haeckel, yours very sincerely.
+
+
+I place here an extract from a letter of later date (Nov. 1868), which
+refers to one of Haeckel's later works.[245]
+
+"Your chapters on the affinities and genealogy of the animal kingdom
+strike me as admirable and full of original thought. Your boldness,
+however, sometimes makes me tremble, but as Huxley remarked, some one
+must be bold enough to make a beginning in drawing up tables of descent.
+Although you fully admit the imperfection of the geological record, yet
+Huxley agreed with me in thinking that you are sometimes rather rash in
+venturing to say at what periods the several groups first appeared. I
+have this advantage over you, that I remember how wonderfully different
+any statement on this subject made 20 years ago, would have been to what
+would now be the case, and I expect the next 20 years will make quite as
+great a difference."
+
+
+The following extract from a letter to Professor W. Preyer, a well-known
+physiologist, shows that he estimated at its true value the help he was
+to receive from the scientific workers of Germany:--
+
+
+March 31, 1868.
+
+... I am delighted to hear that you uphold the doctrine of the
+Modification of Species, and defend my views. The support which I
+receive from Germany is my chief ground for hoping that our views will
+ultimately prevail. To the present day I am continually abused or
+treated with contempt by writers of my own country; but the younger
+naturalists are almost all on my side, and sooner or later the public
+must follow those who make the subject their special study. The abuse
+and contempt of ignorant writers hurts me very little....
+
+
+I must now pass on to the publication, in 1868, of his book on _The
+Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication_. It was begun two
+days after the appearance of the second edition of the _Origin_, on Jan.
+9, 1860, and it may, I think, be reckoned that about half of the eight
+years that elapsed between its commencement and completion was spent on
+it. The book did not escape adverse criticism: it was said, for
+instance, that the public had been patiently waiting for Mr. Darwin's
+_pieces justicatives_, and that after eight years of expectation, all
+they got was a mass of detail about pigeons, rabbits and silk-worms. But
+the true critics welcomed it as an expansion with unrivalled wealth of
+illustration of a section of the _Origin_. Variation under the influence
+of man was the only subject (except the question of man's origin) which
+he was able to deal with in detail so as to utilise his full stores of
+knowledge. When we remember how important for his argument is a
+knowledge of the action of artificial selection, we may well rejoice
+that this subject was chosen by him for amplification.
+
+In 1864, he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:
+
+"I have begun looking over my old MS., and it is as fresh as if I had
+never written it; parts are astonishingly dull, but yet worth printing,
+I think; and other parts strike me as very good. I am a complete
+millionaire in odd and curious little facts, and I have been really
+astounded at my own industry whilst reading my chapters on Inheritance
+and Selection. God knows when the book will ever be completed, for I
+find that I am very weak, and on my best days cannot do more than one or
+one and a half hours' work. It is a good deal harder than writing about
+my dear climbing plants."
+
+In Aug. 1867, when Lyell was reading the proofs of the book, my father
+wrote:--
+
+"I thank you cordially for your last two letters. The former one did me
+_real_ good, for I had got so wearied with the subject that I could
+hardly bear to correct the proofs, and you gave me fresh heart. I
+remember thinking that when you came to the Pigeon chapter you would
+pass it over as quite unreadable. I have been particularly pleased that
+you have noticed Pangenesis. I do not know whether you ever had the
+feeling of having thought so much over a subject that you had lost all
+power of judging it. This is my case with Pangenesis (which is 26 or 27
+years old), but I am inclined to think that if it be admitted as a
+probable hypothesis it will be a somewhat important step in Biology."
+
+His theory of Pangenesis, by which he attempted to explain "how the
+characters of the parents are 'photographed' on the child, by means of
+material atoms derived from each cell in both parents, and developed in
+the child," has never met with much acceptance. Nevertheless, some of
+his contemporaries felt with him about it. Thus in February 1868, he
+wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"I heard yesterday from Wallace, who says (excuse horrid vanity), 'I can
+hardly tell you how much I admire the chapter on _Pangenesis_. It is a
+_positive comfort_ to me to have any feasible explanation of a
+difficulty that has always been haunting me, and I shall never be able
+to give it up till a better one supplies its place, and that I think
+hardly possible.' Now his foregoing [italicised] words express my
+sentiments exactly and fully: though perhaps I feel the relief extra
+strongly from having during many years vainly attempted to form some
+hypothesis. When you or Huxley say that a single cell of a plant, or the
+stump of an amputated limb, has the 'potentiality' of reproducing the
+whole--or 'diffuses an influence,' these words give me no positive
+idea;--but, when it is said that the cells of a plant, or stump, include
+atoms derived from every other cell of the whole organism and capable of
+development, I gain a distinct idea."
+
+Immediately after the publication of the book, he wrote:
+
+
+Down, February 10 [1868].
+
+MY DEAR HOOKER,--What is the good of having a friend, if one may not
+boast to him? I heard yesterday that Murray has sold in a week the whole
+edition of 1500 copies of my book, and the sale so pressing that he has
+agreed with Clowes to get another edition in fourteen days! This has
+done me a world of good, for I had got into a sort of dogged hatred of
+my book. And now there has appeared a review in the _Pall Mall_ which
+has pleased me excessively, more perhaps than is reasonable. I am quite
+content, and do not care how much I may be pitched into. If by any
+chance you should hear who wrote the article in the _Pall Mall_, do
+please tell me; it is some one who writes capitally, and who knows the
+subject. I went to luncheon on Sunday, to Lubbock's, partly in hopes of
+seeing you, and, be hanged to you, you were not there.
+
+Your cock-a-hoop friend,
+C. D.
+
+
+Independently of the favourable tone of the able series of notices in
+the _Pall Mall Gazette_ (Feb. 10, 15, 17, 1868), my father may well have
+been gratified by the following passages:--
+
+
+"We must call attention to the rare and noble calmness with which he
+expounds his own views, undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation
+which those views have excited, and persistently refusing to retort on
+his antagonists by ridicule, by indignation, or by contempt. Considering
+the amount of vituperation and insinuation which has come from the other
+side, this forbearance is supremely dignified."
+
+And again in the third notice, Feb. 17:--
+
+"Nowhere has the author a word that could wound the most sensitive
+self-love of an antagonist; nowhere does he, in text or note, expose the
+fallacies and mistakes of brother investigators ... but while abstaining
+from impertinent censure, he is lavish in acknowledging the smallest
+debts he may owe; and his book will make many men happy."
+
+I am indebted to Messrs. Smith and Elder for the information that these
+articles were written by Mr. G. H. Lewes.
+
+The following extract from a letter (Feb. 1870) to his friend Professor
+Newton, the well-known ornithologist, shows how much he valued the
+appreciation of his colleagues.
+
+
+"I suppose it would be universally held extremely wrong for a defendant
+to write to a Judge to express his satisfaction at a judgment in his
+favour; and yet I am going thus to act. I have just read what you have
+said in the 'Record'[246] about my pigeon chapters, and it has gratified
+me beyond measure. I have sometimes felt a little disappointed that the
+labour of so many years seemed to be almost thrown away, for you are the
+first man capable of forming a judgment (excepting partly Quatrefages),
+who seems to have thought anything of this part of my work. The amount
+of labour, correspondence, and care, which the subject cost me, is more
+than you could well suppose. I thought the article in the _Athenaeum_ was
+very unjust; but now I feel amply repaid, and I cordially thank you for
+your sympathy and too warm praise."
+
+
+WORK ON MAN.
+
+In February 1867, when the manuscript of _Animals and Plants_ had been
+sent to Messrs. Clowes to be printed, and before the proofs began to
+come in, he had an interval of spare time, and began a "Chapter on Man,"
+but be soon found it growing under his hands, and determined to publish
+it separately as a "very small volume."
+
+It is remarkable that only four years before this date, namely in 1864,
+he had given up hope of being able to work out this subject. He wrote to
+Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"I have collected a few notes on man, but I do not suppose that I shall
+ever use them. Do you intend to follow out your views, and if so, would
+you like at some future time to have my few references and notes? I am
+sure I hardly know whether they are of any value, and they are at
+present in a state of chaos. There is much more that I should like to
+write, but I have not strength." But this was at a period of ill-health;
+not long before, in 1863, he had written in the same depressed tone
+about his future work generally:--
+
+"I have been so steadily going downhill, I cannot help doubting whether
+I can ever crawl a little uphill again. Unless I can, enough to work a
+little, I hope my life may be very short, for to lie on a sofa all day
+and do nothing but give trouble to the best and kindest of wives and
+good dear children is dreadful."
+
+The "Chapter on Man," which afterwards grew into the _Descent of Man_,
+was interrupted by the necessity of correcting the proofs of _Animals
+and Plants_, and by some botanical work, but was resumed with
+unremitting industry on the first available day in the following year.
+He could not rest, and he recognised with regret the gradual change in
+his mind that rendered continuous work more and more necessary to him as
+he grew older. This is expressed in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker, June
+17, 1868, which repeats to some extent what is given in the
+_Autobiography_:--
+
+"I am glad you were at the _Messiah_, it is the one thing that I should
+like to hear again, but I dare say I should find my soul too dried up to
+appreciate it as in old days; and then I should feel very flat, for it
+is a horrid bore to feel as I constantly do, that I am a withered leaf
+for every subject except Science. It sometimes makes me hate Science,
+though God knows I ought to be thankful for such a perennial interest,
+which makes me forget for some hours every day my accursed stomach."
+
+_The Descent of Man_ (and this is indicated on its title-page) consists
+of two separate books, namely on the pedigree of mankind, and on sexual
+selection in the animal kingdom generally. In studying this latter part
+of the subject he had to take into consideration the whole subject of
+colour. I give the two following characteristic letters, in which the
+reader is as it were present at the birth of a theory.
+
+
+_C. D. to A. R. Wallace._ Down, February 23 [1867].
+
+DEAR WALLACE,--I much regretted that I was unable to call on you, but
+after Monday I was unable even to leave the house. On Monday evening I
+called on Bates, and put a difficulty before him, which he could not
+answer, and, as on some former similar occasion, his first suggestion
+was, "You had better ask Wallace." My difficulty is, why are
+caterpillars sometimes so beautifully and artistically coloured? Seeing
+that many are coloured to escape danger, I can hardly attribute their
+bright colour in other cases to mere physical conditions. Bates says the
+most gaudy caterpillar he ever saw in Amazonia (of a sphinx) was
+conspicuous at the distance of yards, from its black and red colours,
+whilst feeding on large green leaves. If any one objected to male
+butterflies having been made beautiful by sexual selection, and asked
+why should they not have been made beautiful as well as their
+caterpillars, what would you answer? I could not answer, but should
+maintain my ground. Will you think over this, and some time, either by
+letter or when we meet, tell me what you think?...
+
+
+He seems to have received an explanation by return of post, for a day or
+two afterwards he could write to Wallace:--
+
+"Bates was quite right; you are the man to apply to in a difficulty. I
+never heard anything more ingenious than your suggestion, and I hope you
+may be able to prove it true. That is a splendid fact about the white
+moths; it warms one's very blood to see a theory thus almost proved to
+be true."
+
+Mr. Wallace's suggestion was that conspicuous caterpillars or perfect
+insects (_e.g._ white butterflies), which are distasteful to birds,
+benefit by being promptly recognised and therefore easily avoided.[247]
+
+The letter from Darwin to Wallace goes on: "The reason of my being so
+much interested just at present about sexual selection is, that I have
+almost resolved to publish a little essay on the origin of Mankind, and
+I still strongly think (though I failed to convince you, and this, to
+me, is the heaviest blow possible) that sexual selection has been the
+main agent in forming the races of man.
+
+"By the way, there is another subject which I shall introduce in my
+essay, namely, expression of countenance. Now, do you happen to know by
+any odd chance a very good-natured and acute observer in the Malay
+Archipelago, who you think would make a few easy observations for me on
+the expression of the Malays when excited by various emotions?"
+
+
+The reference to the subject of expression in the above letter is
+explained by the fact, that my father's original intention was to give
+his essay on this subject as a chapter in the _Descent of Man_, which in
+its turn grew, as we have seen, out of a proposed chapter in _Animals
+and Plants_.
+
+He got much valuable help from Dr. Guenther, of the Natural History
+Museum, to whom he wrote in May 1870:--
+
+"As I crawl on with the successive classes I am astonished to find how
+similar the rules are about the nuptial or 'wedding dress' of all
+animals. The subject has begun to interest me in an extraordinary
+degree; but I must try not to fall into my common error of being too
+speculative. But a drunkard might as well say he would drink a little
+and not too much! My essay, as far as fishes, batrachians and reptiles
+are concerned, will be in fact yours, only written by me."
+
+The last revise of the _Descent of Man_ was corrected on January 15th,
+1871, so that the book occupied him for about three years. He wrote to
+Sir J. Hooker: "I finished the last proofs of my book a few days ago;
+the work half-killed me, and I have not the most remote idea whether the
+book is worth publishing."
+
+He also wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have finished my book on the _Descent of Man_, &c., and its
+publication is delayed only by the Index: when published, I will send
+you a copy, but I do not know that you will care about it. Parts, as on
+the moral sense, will, I dare say, aggravate you, and if I hear from
+you, I shall probably receive a few stabs from your polished stiletto of
+a pen."
+
+The book was published on February 24, 1871. 2500 copies were printed at
+first, and 6000 more before the end of the year. My father notes that he
+received for this edition L1470.
+
+Nothing can give a better idea (in a small compass) of the growth of
+Evolutionism, and its position at this time, than a quotation from Mr.
+Huxley[248]:--
+
+"The gradual lapse of time has now separated us by more than a decade
+from the date of the publication of the _Origin of Species_; and
+whatever may be thought or said about Mr. Darwin's doctrines, or the
+manner in which he has propounded them, this much is certain, that in a
+dozen years the _Origin of Species_ has worked as complete a revolution
+in Biological Science as the _Principia_ did in Astronomy;" and it had
+done so, "because in the words of Helmholtz, it contains 'an essentially
+new creative thought.' And, as time has slipped by, a happy change has
+come over Mr. Darwin's critics. The mixture of ignorance and insolence
+which at first characterised a large proportion of the attacks with
+which he was assailed, is no longer the sad distinction of
+anti-Darwinian criticism."
+
+A passage in the Introduction to the _Descent of Man_ shows that the
+author recognised clearly this improvement in the position of
+Evolutionism. "When a naturalist like Carl Vogt ventures to say in his
+address, as President of the National Institution of Geneva (1869),
+'personne, en Europe au moins, n'ose plus soutenir la creation
+independante et de toutes pieces, des especes,' it is manifest that at
+least a large number of naturalists must admit that species are the
+modified descendants of other species; and this especially holds good
+with the younger and rising naturalists.... Of the older and honoured
+chiefs in natural science, many, unfortunately, are still opposed to
+Evolution in every form."
+
+In Mr. James Hague's pleasantly written article, "A Reminiscence of Mr.
+Darwin" (_Harper's Magazine_, October 1884), he describes a visit to my
+father "early in 1871," shortly after the publication of the _Descent of
+Man_. Mr. Hague represents my father as "much impressed by the general
+assent with which his views had been received," and as remarking that
+"everybody is talking about it without being shocked."
+
+Later in the year the reception of the book is described in different
+language in the _Edinburgh Review_: "On every side it is raising a storm
+of mingled wrath, wonder and admiration."
+
+Haeckel seems to have been one of the first to write to my father about
+the _Descent of Man_. I quote from Darwin's reply:--
+
+"I must send you a few words to thank you for your interesting, and I
+may truly say, charming letter. I am delighted that you approve of my
+book, as far as you have read it. I felt very great difficulty and doubt
+how often I ought to allude to what you have published; strictly
+speaking every idea, although occurring independently to me, if
+published by you previously ought to have appeared as if taken from your
+works, but this would have made my book very dull reading; and I hoped
+that a full acknowledgment at the beginning would suffice.[249] I cannot
+tell you how glad I am to find that I have expressed my high admiration
+of your labours with sufficient clearness; I am sure that I have not
+expressed it too strongly."
+
+In March he wrote to Professor Ray Lankester:--
+
+"I think you will be glad to hear, as a proof of the increasing
+liberality of England, that my book has sold wonderfully ... and as yet
+no abuse (though some, no doubt, will come, strong enough), and only
+contempt even in the poor old _Athenaeum_."
+
+About the same time he wrote to Mr. Murray:--
+
+"Many thanks for the _Nonconformist_ [March 8, 1871]. I like to see all
+that is written, and it is of some real use. If you hear of reviewers in
+out-of-the-way papers, especially the religious, as _Record_,
+_Guardian_, _Tablet_, kindly inform me. It is wonderful that there has
+been no abuse as yet. On the whole, the reviews have been highly
+favourable."
+
+The following extract from a letter to Mr. Murray (April 13, 1871)
+refers to a review in the _Times_[250]:--
+
+"I have no idea who wrote the _Times'_ review. He has no knowledge of
+science, and seems to me a wind-bag full of metaphysics and classics, so
+that I do not much regard his adverse judgment, though I suppose it will
+injure the sale."
+
+A striking review appeared in the _Saturday Review_ (March 4 and 11,
+1871) in which the position of Evolution is well stated.
+
+"He claims to have brought man himself, his origin and constitution,
+within that unity which he had previously sought to trace through all
+lower animal forms. The growth of opinion in the interval, due in chief
+measure to his own intermediate works, has placed the discussion of this
+problem in a position very much in advance of that held by it fifteen
+years ago. The problem of Evolution is hardly any longer to be treated
+as one of first principles: nor has Mr. Darwin to do battle for a first
+hearing of his central hypothesis, upborne as it is by a phalanx of
+names full of distinction and promise in either hemisphere."
+
+We must now return to the history of the general principle of Evolution.
+At the beginning of 1869[251] he was at work on the fifth edition of
+the _Origin_. The most important alterations were suggested by a
+remarkable paper in the _North British Review_ (June, 1867) written by
+the late Fleeming Jenkin.
+
+It is not a little remarkable that the criticisms, which my father, as I
+believe, felt to be the most valuable ever made on his views should have
+come, not from a professed naturalist but from a Professor of
+Engineering.
+
+The point on which Fleeming Jenkin convinced my father is the extreme
+difficulty of believing that _single individuals_ which differ from
+their fellows in the possession of some useful character can be the
+starting point of a new variety. Thus the origin of a new variety is
+more likely to be found in a species which presents the incipient
+character in a large number of its individuals. This point of view was
+of course perfectly familiar to him, it was this that induced him to
+study "unconscious selection," where a breed is formed by the
+long-continued preservation by Man of all those individuals which are
+best adapted to his needs: not as in the art of the professed breeder,
+where a single individual is picked out to breed from.
+
+It is impossible to give in a short compass an account of Fleeming
+Jenkin's argument. My father's copy of the paper (ripped out of the
+volume as usual, and tied with a bit of string) is annotated in pencil
+in many places. I quote a passage opposite which my father has written
+"good sneers"--but it should be remembered that he used the word "sneer"
+in rather a special sense, not as necessarily implying a feeling of
+bitterness in the critic, but rather in the sense of "banter." Speaking
+of the "true believer," Fleeming Jenkin says, p. 293:--
+
+"He can invent trains of ancestors of whose existence there is no
+evidence; he can marshal hosts of equally imaginary foes; he can call up
+continents, floods, and peculiar atmospheres; he can dry up oceans,
+split islands, and parcel out eternity at will; surely with these
+advantages he must be a dull fellow if he cannot scheme some series of
+animals and circumstances explaining our assumed difficulty quite
+naturally. Feeling the difficulty of dealing with adversaries who
+command so huge a domain of fancy, we will abandon these arguments, and
+trust to those which at least cannot be assailed by mere efforts of
+imagination."
+
+In the fifth edition of the _Origin_, my father altered a passage in the
+Historical Sketch (fourth edition, p. xviii.). He thus practically gave
+up the difficult task of understanding whether or not Sir R. Owen claims
+to have discovered the principle of Natural Selection. Adding, "As far
+as the more enunciation of the principle of Natural Selection is
+concerned, it is quite immaterial whether or not Professor Owen preceded
+me, for both of us ... were long ago preceded by Dr. Wells and Mr.
+Matthew."
+
+The desire that his views might spread in France was always strong with
+my father, and he was therefore justly annoyed to find that in 1869 the
+publisher of the French edition had brought out a third edition without
+consulting the author. He was accordingly glad to enter into an
+arrangement for a French translation of the fifth edition; this was
+undertaken by M. Reinwald, with whom he continued to have pleasant
+relations as the publisher of many of his books in French.
+
+He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker:--
+
+"I must enjoy myself and tell you about Mdlle. C. Royer, who translated
+the _Origin_ into French, and for whose second edition I took infinite
+trouble. She has now just brought out a third edition without informing
+me, so that all the corrections, &c., in the fourth and fifth English
+editions are lost. Besides her enormously long preface to the first
+edition, she has added a second preface abusing me like a pickpocket for
+Pangenesis, which of course has no relation to the _Origin_. So I wrote
+to Paris; and Reinwald agrees to bring out at once a new translation
+from the fifth English edition, in competition with her third
+edition.... This fact shows that 'evolution of species' must at last be
+spreading in France."
+
+It will be well perhaps to place here all that remains to be said about
+the _Origin of Species_. The sixth or final edition was published in
+January 1872 in a smaller and cheaper form than its predecessors. The
+chief addition was a discussion suggested by Mr. Mivart's _Genesis of
+Species_, which appeared in 1871, before the publication of the _Descent
+of Man_. The following quotation from a letter to Wallace (July 9, 1871)
+may serve to show the spirit and method in which Mr. Mivart dealt with
+the subject. "I grieve to see the omission of the words by Mivart,
+detected by Wright.[252] I complained to Mivart that in two cases he
+quotes only the commencement of sentences by me, and thus modifies my
+meaning; but I never supposed he would have omitted words. There are
+other cases of what I consider unfair treatment."
+
+My father continues, with his usual charity and moderation:--
+
+"I conclude with sorrow that though he means to be honourable, he is so
+bigoted that he cannot act fairly."
+
+In July 1871, my father wrote to Mr. Wallace:--
+
+"I feel very doubtful how far I shall succeed in answering Mivart, it is
+so difficult to answer objections to doubtful points, and make the
+discussion readable. I shall make only a selection. The worst of it is,
+that I cannot possibly hunt through all my references for isolated
+points, it would take me three weeks of intolerably hard work. I wish I
+had your power of arguing clearly. At present I feel sick of everything,
+and if I could occupy my time and forget my daily discomforts, or rather
+miseries, I would never publish another word. But I shall cheer up, I
+dare say, soon, having only just got over a bad attack. Farewell; God
+knows why I bother you about myself. I can say nothing more about
+missing-links than what I have said. I should rely much on pre-silurian
+times; but then comes Sir W. Thomson like an odious spectre.[253]
+Farewell.
+
+" ... There is a most cutting review of me in the [July] _Quarterly_; I
+have only read a few pages. The skill and style make me think of Mivart.
+I shall soon be viewed as the most despicable of men. This _Quarterly
+Review_ tempts me to republish Ch. Wright,[254] even if not read by any
+one, just to show some one will say a word against Mivart, and that his
+(_i.e._ Mivart's) remarks ought not to be swallowed without some
+reflection.... God knows whether my strength and spirit will last out to
+write a chapter versus Mivart and others; I do so hate controversy and
+feel I shall do it so badly."
+
+The _Quarterly_ review was the subject of an article by Mr. Huxley in
+the November number of the _Contemporary Review_. Here, also, are
+discussed Mr. Wallace's _Contribution to the Theory of Natural
+Selection_, and the second edition of Mr. Mivart's _Genesis of
+Species_. What follows is taken from Mr. Huxley's article. The
+_Quarterly_ reviewer, though to some extent an evolutionist, believes
+that Man "differs more from an elephant or a gorilla, than do these from
+the dust of the earth on which they tread." The reviewer also declares
+that Darwin has "with needless opposition, set at naught the first
+principles of both philosophy and religion." Mr. Huxley passes from the
+_Quarterly_ reviewer's further statement, that there is no necessary
+opposition between evolution and religion, to the more definite position
+taken by Mr. Mivart, that the orthodox authorities of the Roman Catholic
+Church agree in distinctly asserting derivative creation, so that "their
+teachings harmonize with all that modern science can possibly require."
+Here Mr. Huxley felt the want of that "study of Christian philosophy"
+(at any rate, in its Jesuitic garb), which Mr. Mivart speaks of, and it
+was a want he at once set to work to fill up. He was then staying at St.
+Andrews, whence he wrote to my father:--
+
+"By great good luck there is an excellent library here, with a good copy
+of Suarez,[255] in a dozen big folios. Among these I dived, to the great
+astonishment of the librarian, and looking into them 'as careful robins
+eye the delver's toil' (_vide Idylls_), I carried off the two venerable
+clasped volumes which were most promising." Even those who know Mr.
+Huxley's unrivalled power of tearing the heart out of a book must marvel
+at the skill with which he has made Suarez speak on his side. "So I have
+come out," he wrote, "in the new character of a defender of Catholic
+orthodoxy, and upset Mivart out of the mouth of his own prophet."
+
+The remainder of Mr. Huxley's critique is largely occupied with a
+dissection of the _Quarterly_ reviewer's psychology, and his ethical
+views. He deals, too, with Mr. Wallace's objections to the doctrine of
+Evolution by natural causes when applied to the mental faculties of Man.
+Finally, he devotes a couple of pages to justifying his description of
+the _Quarterly_ reviewer's treatment of Mr. Darwin as alike "unjust and
+unbecoming."[256]
+
+In the sixth edition my father also referred to the "direct action of
+the conditions of life" as a subordinate cause of modification in living
+things: On this subject he wrote to Dr. Moritz Wagner (Oct. 13, 1876):
+"In my opinion the greatest error which I have committed, has been not
+allowing sufficient weight to the direct action of the environment,
+_i.e._ food, climate, &c., independently of natural selection.
+Modifications thus caused, which are neither of advantage nor
+disadvantage to the modified organism, would be especially favoured, as
+I can now see chiefly through your observations, by isolation, in a
+small area, where only a few individuals lived under nearly uniform
+conditions."
+
+It has been supposed that such statements indicate a serious change of
+front on my father's part. As a matter of fact the first edition of the
+_Origin_ contains the words, "I am convinced that natural selection has
+been the main but not the exclusive means of modification." Moreover,
+any alteration that his views may have undergone was due not to a change
+of opinion, but to change in the materials on which a judgment was to be
+formed. Thus he wrote to Wagner in the above quoted letter:--
+
+"When I wrote the _Origin_, and for some years afterwards, I could find
+little good evidence of the direct action of the environment; now there
+is a large body of evidence."
+
+With the possibility of such action of the environment he had of course
+been familiar for many years. Thus he wrote to Mr. Davidson in 1861:--
+
+"My greatest trouble is, not being able to weigh the direct effects of
+the long-continued action of changed conditions of life without any
+selection, with the action of selection on mere accidental (so to speak)
+variability. I oscillate much on this head, but generally return to my
+belief that the direct action of the conditions of life has not been
+great. At least this direct action can have played an extremely small
+part in producing all the numberless and beautiful adaptations in every
+living creature."
+
+And to Sir Joseph Hooker in the following year:--
+
+"I hardly know why I am a little sorry, but my present work is leading
+me to believe rather more in the direct action of physical conditions. I
+presume I regret it, because it lessens the glory of Natural Selection,
+and is so confoundedly doubtful. Perhaps I shall change again when I get
+all my facts under one point of view, and a pretty hard job this will
+be."
+
+Reference has already been made to the growth of his book on the
+_Expression of the Emotions_ out of a projected chapter in the _Descent
+of Man_.
+
+It was published in the autumn of 1872. The edition consisted of 7000,
+and of these 5267 copies were sold at Mr. Murray's sale in November. Two
+thousand were printed at the end of the year, and this proved a
+misfortune, as they did not afterwards sell so rapidly, and thus a mass
+of notes collected by the author was never employed for a second edition
+during his lifetime.[257]
+
+As usual he had no belief in the possibility of the book being generally
+successful. The following passage in a letter to Haeckel serves to show
+that he had felt the writing of this book as a somewhat severe strain:--
+
+"I have finished my little book on Expression, and when it is published
+in November I will of course send you a copy, in case you would like to
+read it for amusement. I have resumed some old botanical work, and
+perhaps I shall never again attempt to discuss theoretical views.
+
+"I am growing old and weak, and no man can tell when his intellectual
+powers begin to fail. Long life and happiness to you for your own sake
+and for that of science."
+
+A good review by Mr. Wallace appeared in the _Quarterly Journal of
+Science_, Jan. 1873. Mr. Wallace truly remarks that the book exhibits
+certain "characteristics of the author's mind in an eminent degree,"
+namely, "the insatiable longing to discover the causes of the varied and
+complex phenomena presented by living things." He adds that in the case
+of the author "the restless curiosity of the child to know the 'what
+for?' the 'why?' and the 'how?' of everything" seems "never to have
+abated its force."
+
+The publication of the Expression book was the occasion of the following
+letter to one of his oldest friends, the late Mrs. Haliburton, who was
+the daughter of a Shropshire neighbour, Mr. Owen of Woodhouse, and
+became the wife of the author of _Sam Slick_.
+
+
+Nov. 1, 1872.
+
+MY DEAR MRS. HALIBURTON,--I dare say you will be surprised to hear from
+me. My object in writing now is to say that I have just published a
+book on the _Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_; and it has
+occurred to me that you might possibly like to read some parts of it;
+and I can hardly think that this would have been the case with any of
+the books which I have already published. So I send by this post my
+present book. Although I have had no communication with you or the other
+members of your family for so long a time, no scenes in my whole life
+pass so frequently or so vividly before my mind as those which relate to
+happy old days spent at Woodhouse. I should very much like to hear a
+little news about yourself and the other members of your family, if you
+will take the trouble to write to me. Formerly I used to glean some news
+about you from my sisters.
+
+I have had many years of bad health and have not been able to visit
+anywhere; and now I feel very old. As long as I pass a perfectly uniform
+life, I am able to do some daily work in Natural History, which is still
+my passion, as it was in old days, when you used to laugh at me for
+collecting beetles with such zeal at Woodhouse. Excepting from my
+continued ill-health, which has excluded me from society, my life has
+been a very happy one; the greatest drawback being that several of my
+children have inherited from me feeble health. I hope with all my heart
+that you retain, at least to a large extent, the famous "Owen
+constitution." With sincere feelings of gratitude and affection for all
+bearing the name of Owen, I venture to sign myself,
+
+Yours affectionately.
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[221] The Historical Sketch had already appeared in the first German
+edition (1860) and the American edition. Bronn states in the German
+edition (footnote, p. 1) that it was his critique in the _N. Jahrbuch
+fuer Mineralogie_ that suggested to my father the idea of such a sketch.
+
+[222] Hugh Falconer, born 1809, died 1865. Chiefly known as a
+palaeontologist, although employed as a botanist during his whole career
+in India, where he was a medical officer in the H.E.I.C. Service.
+
+[223] In his letters to Gray there are also numerous references to the
+American war. I give a single passage. "I never knew the newspapers so
+profoundly interesting. North America does not do England justice; I
+have not seen or heard of a soul who is not with the North. Some few,
+and I am one of them, even wish to God, though at the loss of millions
+of lives, that the North would proclaim a crusade against slavery. In
+the long-run, a million horrid deaths would be amply repaid in the cause
+of humanity. What wonderful times we live in! Massachusetts seems to
+show noble enthusiasm. Great God! how I should like to see the greatest
+curse on earth--slavery--abolished!"
+
+[224] This refers to the remarkable fact that many introduced European
+weeds have spread over large parts of the United States.
+
+[225] _Geologist_, 1861, p. 132.
+
+[226] The letter is published in a lecture by Professor Hutton given
+before the Philosoph. Institute, Canterbury, N.Z., Sept 12th, 1887.
+
+[227] Mr. Bates is perhaps most widely known through his delightful _The
+Naturalist on the Amazons_. It was with regard to this book that my
+father wrote (April 1863) to the author:--"I have finished vol. i. My
+criticisms may be condensed into a single sentence, namely, that it is
+the best work of Natural History Travels ever published in England. Your
+style seems to me admirable. Nothing can be better than the discussion
+on the struggle for existence, and nothing better than the description
+of the Forest scenery. It is a grand book, and whether or not it sells
+quickly, it will last. You have spoken out boldly on Species; and
+boldness on the subject seems to get rarer and rarer. How beautifully
+illustrated it is."
+
+[228] Mr. Bates' paper, 'Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazons
+Valley' (_Linn. Soc. Trans._ xxiii. 1862), in which the now familiar
+subject of mimicry was founded. My father wrote a short review of it in
+the _Natural History Review_, 1863, p. 219, parts of which occur almost
+verbatim in the later editions of the _Origin of Species_. A striking
+passage occurs in the review, showing the difficulties of the case from
+a creationist's point of view:--
+
+"By what means, it may be asked, have so many butterflies of the
+Amazonian region acquired their deceptive dress? Most naturalists will
+answer that they were thus clothed from the hour of their creation--an
+answer which will generally be so far triumphant that it can be met only
+by long-drawn arguments; but it is made at the expense of putting an
+effectual bar to all further inquiry. In this particular case, moreover,
+the creationist will meet with special difficulties; for many of the
+mimicking forms of _Leptalis_ can be shown by a graduated series to be
+merely varieties of one species; other mimickers are undoubtedly
+distinct species, or even distinct genera. So again, some of the
+mimicked forms can be shown to be merely varieties; but the greater
+number must be ranked as distinct species. Hence the creationist will
+have to admit that some of these forms have become imitators, by means
+of the laws of variation, whilst others he must look at as separately
+created under their present guise; he will further have to admit that
+some have been created in imitation of forms not themselves created as
+we now see them, but due to the laws of variation! Professor Agassiz,
+indeed, would think nothing of this difficulty; for he believes that not
+only each species and each variety, but that groups of individuals,
+though identically the same, when inhabiting distinct countries, have
+been all separately created in due proportional numbers to the wants of
+each land. Not many naturalists will be content thus to believe that
+varieties and individuals have been turned out all ready made, almost as
+a manufacturer turns out toys according to the temporary demand of the
+market."
+
+[229] Mr. Huxley was as usual active in guiding and stimulating the
+growing tendency to tolerate or accept the views set forth in the
+_Origin of Species_. He gave a series of lectures to working men at the
+School of Mines in November, 1862. These were printed in 1863 from the
+shorthand notes of Mr. May, as six little blue books, price 4_d._ each,
+under the title, _Our Knowledge of the Causes of Organic Nature_.
+
+[230] Kingsley's _Life_, vol. ii. p. 171.
+
+[231] In the _Antiquity of Man_, first edition, p. 480, Lyell criticised
+somewhat severely Owen's account of the difference between the Human and
+Simian brains. The number of the _Athenaeum_ here referred to (1863, p.
+262) contains a reply by Professor Owen to Lyell's strictures. The
+surprise expressed by my father was at the revival of a controversy
+which every one believed to be closed. Professor Huxley (_Medical
+Times_, Oct. 25th, 1862, quoted in _Man's Place in Nature_, p. 117)
+spoke of the "two years during which this preposterous controversy has
+dragged its weary length." And this no doubt expressed a very general
+feeling.
+
+[232] The italics are not Lyell's.
+
+[233] _The Antiquity of Man._
+
+[234] "Falconer, whom I [Lyell] referred to oftener than to any other
+author, says I have not done justice to the part he took in
+resuscitating the cave question, and says he shall come out with a
+separate paper to prove it. I offered to alter anything in the new
+edition, but this he declined."--C. Lyell to C. Darwin, March 11, 1863;
+Lyell's _Life_, vol ii. p. 364.
+
+[235] _Man's Place in Nature_, 1863.
+
+[236] This refers to a passage in which the reviewer of Dr. Carpenter's
+book speaks of "an operation of force," or "a concurrence of forces
+which have now no place in nature," as being, "a creative force, in
+fact, which Darwin could only express in Pentateuchal terms as the
+primordial form 'into which life was first breathed.'" The conception of
+expressing a creative force as a primordial form is the reviewer's.
+
+[237] _Public Opinion_, April 23, 1863, A lively account of a police
+case, in which the quarrels of scientific men are satirised. Mr. John
+Bull gives evidence that--
+
+"The whole neighbourhood was unsettled by their disputes; Huxley
+quarrelled with Owen, Owen with Darwin, Lyell with Owen, Falconer and
+Prestwich with Lyell, and Gray the menagerie man with everybody. He had
+pleasure, however, in stating that Darwin was the quietest of the set.
+They were always picking bones with each other and fighting over their
+gains. If either of the gravel sifters or stone breakers found anything,
+he was obliged to conceal it immediately, or one of the old bone
+collectors would be sure to appropriate it first and deny the theft
+afterwards, and the consequent wrangling and disputes were as endless as
+they were wearisome.
+
+"Lord Mayor.--Probably the clergyman of the parish might exert some
+influence over them?
+
+"The gentleman smiled, shook his head, and stated that he regretted to
+say that no class of men paid so little attention to the opinions of the
+clergy as that to which these unhappy men belonged."
+
+[238] No doubt Haeckel, whose monograph on the Radiolaria was published
+in 1862.
+
+[239] The Marquis de Saporta.
+
+[240] _Examen du livre de M. Darwin sur l'origine des especes_. Par P.
+Flourens. 8vo. Paris, 1864.
+
+[241] _Lay Sermons_, p. 328.
+
+[242] _Charles Darwin und sein Verhaeltniss zu Deutschland_, 1885.
+
+[243] An article in the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, 9th edit., reprinted
+in _Science and Culture_, 1881, p. 298.
+
+[244] In October, 1867, he wrote to Mr. Wallace:--"Mr. Warrington has
+lately read an excellent and spirited abstract of the _Origin_ before
+the Victoria Institute, and as this is a most orthodox body, he has
+gained the name of the Devil's Advocate. The discussion which followed
+during three consecutive meetings is very rich from the nonsense
+talked."
+
+[245] _Die natuerliche Schoepfungs-Geschichte_, 1868. It was translated
+and published in 1876, under the title, _The History of Creation_.
+
+[246] _Zoological Record._ The volume for 1868, published December,
+1869.
+
+[247] Mr. Jenner Weir's observations published in the _Transactions of
+the Entomological Society_ (1869 and 1870) give strong support to the
+theory in question.
+
+[248] _Contemporary Review_, 1871.
+
+[249] In the introduction to the _Descent of Man_ the author
+wrote:--"This last naturalist [Haeckel] ... has recently ... published
+his _Natuerliche Schoepfungs-Geschichte_, in which he fully discusses the
+genealogy of man. If this work had appeared before my essay had been
+written, I should probably never have completed it. Almost all the
+conclusions at which I have arrived, I find confirmed by this
+naturalist, whose knowledge on many points is much fuller than mine."
+
+[250] April 7 and 8, 1871.
+
+[251] His holiday this year was at Caerdeon, on the north shore of the
+beautiful Barmouth estuary, and pleasantly placed in being close to wild
+hill country behind, as well as to the picturesque wooded "hummocks,"
+between the steeper hills and the river. My father was ill and somewhat
+depressed throughout this visit, and I think felt imprisoned and
+saddened by his inability to reach the hills over which he had once
+wandered for days together.
+
+He wrote from Caerdeon to Sir J. D. Hooker (June 22nd):--
+
+"We have been here for ten days, how I wish it was possible for you to
+pay us a visit here; we have a beautiful house with a terraced garden,
+and a really magnificent view of Cader, right opposite. Old Cader is a
+grand fellow, and shows himself off superbly with every changing light.
+We remain here till the end of July, when the H. Wedgwoods have the
+house. I have been as yet in a very poor way; it seems as soon as the
+stimulus of mental work stops, my whole strength gives way. As yet I
+have hardly crawled half a mile from the house, and then have been
+fearfully fatigued. It is enough to make one wish oneself quiet in a
+comfortable tomb."
+
+[252] The late Chauncey Wright, in an article published in the _North
+American Review_, vol. cxiii. pp. 83, 84. Wright points out that the
+words omitted are "essential to the point on which he [Mr. Mivart] cites
+Mr. Darwin's authority." It should be mentioned that the passage from
+which words are omitted is not given within inverted commas by Mr.
+Mivart.
+
+[253] My father, as an Evolutionist, felt that he required more time
+than Sir W. Thomson's estimate of the age of the world allows.
+
+[254] Chauncey Wright's review was published as a pamphlet in the autumn
+of 1871.
+
+[255] The learned Jesuit on whom Mr. Mivart mainly relies.
+
+[256] The same words may be applied to Mr. Mivart's treatment of my
+father. The following extract from a letter to Mr. Wallace (June 17th,
+1874) refers to Mr. Mivart's statement (_Lessons from Nature_, p. 144)
+that Mr. Darwin at first studiously disguised his views as to the
+"bestiality of man":--
+
+"I have only just heard of and procured your two articles in the
+_Academy_. I thank you most cordially for your generous defence of me
+against Mr. Mivart. In the _Origin_ I did not discuss the derivation of
+any one species; but that I might not be accused of concealing my
+opinion, I went out of my way, and inserted a sentence which seemed to
+me (and still so seems) to disclose plainly my belief. This was quoted
+in my _Descent of Man_. Therefore it is very unjust ... of Mr. Mivart to
+accuse me of base fraudulent concealment."
+
+[257] They were utilised to some extent in the 2nd edition, edited by
+me, and published in 1890.--F. D.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+MISCELLANEA.--REVIVAL OF GEOLOGICAL WORK.--THE VIVISECTION
+QUESTION.--HONOURS.
+
+
+In 1874 a second edition of his _Coral Reefs_ was published, which need
+not specially concern us. It was not until some time afterwards that the
+criticisms of my father's theory appeared, which have attracted a good
+deal of attention.
+
+The following interesting account of the subject is taken from
+Professor's Judd's "Critical Introduction" to Messrs. Ward, Lock and
+Co's. edition of _Coral Reefs_ and _Volcanic Islands, &c._[258]
+
+"The first serious note of dissent to the generally accepted theory was
+heard in 1863, when a distinguished German naturalist, Dr. Karl Semper,
+declared that his study of the Pelew Islands showed that uninterrupted
+subsidence could not have been going on in that region. Dr. Semper's
+objections were very carefully considered by Mr. Darwin, and a reply to
+them appeared in the second and revised edition of his _Coral Reefs_,
+which was published in 1874. With characteristic frankness and freedom
+from prejudices, Darwin admitted that the facts brought forward by Dr.
+Semper proved that in certain specified cases, subsidence could not have
+played the chief part in originating the peculiar forms of the coral
+islands. But while making this admission, he firmly maintained that
+exceptional cases, like those described in the Pelew Islands, were not
+sufficient to invalidate the theory of subsidence as applied to the
+widely spread atolls, encircling reefs, and barrier-reefs of the Pacific
+and Indian Oceans. It is worthy of note that to the end of his life
+Darwin maintained a friendly correspondence with Semper concerning the
+points on which they were at issue.
+
+"After the appearance of Semper's work, Dr. J. J. Rein published an
+account of the Bermudas, in which he opposed the interpretation of the
+structure of the islands given by Nelson and other authors, and
+maintained that the facts observed in them are opposed to the views of
+Darwin. Although so far as I am aware, Darwin had no opportunity of
+studying and considering these particular objections, it may be
+mentioned that two American geologists have since carefully re-examined
+the district--Professor W. N. Rice in 1884 and Professor A. Heilprin in
+1889--and they have independently arrived at the conclusion that Dr.
+Rein's objections cannot be maintained.
+
+"The most serious objection to Darwin's coral-reef theory, however, was
+that which developed itself after the return of H.M.S. _Challenger_ from
+her famous voyage. Mr. John Murray, one of the staff of naturalists on
+board that vessel, propounded a new theory of coral-reefs, and
+maintained that the view that they were formed by subsidence was one
+that was no longer tenable; these objections have been supported by
+Professor Alexander Agassiz in the United States, and by Dr. A. Geikie,
+and Dr. H. B. Guppy in this country.
+
+"Although Mr. Darwin did not live to bring out a third edition of his
+_Coral Reefs_, I know from several conversations with him that he had
+given the most patient and thoughtful consideration to Mr. Murray's
+paper on the subject. He admitted to me that had he known, when he wrote
+his work, of the abundant deposition of the remains of calcareous
+organisms on the sea floor, he might have regarded this cause as
+sufficient in a few cases to raise the summit of submerged volcanoes or
+other mountains to a level at which reef-forming corals can commence to
+flourish. But he did not think that the admission that under certain
+favourable conditions, atolls might be thus formed without subsidence,
+necessitated an abandonment of his theory in the case of the innumerable
+examples of the kind which stud the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
+
+"A letter written by Darwin to Professor Alexander Agassiz in May 1881,
+shows exactly the attitude which careful consideration of the subject
+led him to maintain towards the theory propounded by Mr. Murray:--
+
+"'You will have seen,' he writes, 'Mr. Murray's views on the formation
+of atolls and barrier reefs. Before publishing my book, I thought long
+over the same view, but only as far as ordinary marine organisms are
+concerned, for at that time little was known of the multitude of minute
+oceanic organisms. I rejected this view, as from the few dredgings made
+in the _Beagle_, in the south temperate regions, I concluded that
+shells, the smaller corals, &c., decayed, and were dissolved, when not
+protected by the deposition of sediment, and sediment could not
+accumulate in the open ocean. Certainly, shells, &c., were in several
+cases completely rotten, and crumbled into mud between my fingers; but
+you will know well whether this is in any degree common. I have
+expressly said that a bank at the proper depth would give rise to an
+atoll, which could not be distinguished from one formed during
+subsidence. I can, however, hardly believe in the former presence of as
+many banks (there having been no subsidence) as there are atolls in the
+great oceans, within a reasonable depth, on which minute oceanic
+organisms could have accumulated to the thickness of many hundred feet.
+
+"Darwin's concluding words in the same letter written within a year of
+his death, are a striking proof of the candour and openness of mind
+which he preserved so well to the end, in this as in other
+controversies.
+
+"'If I am wrong, the sooner I am knocked on the head and annihilated so
+much the better. It still seems to me a marvellous thing that there
+should not have been much, and long continued, subsidence in the beds of
+the great oceans. I wish that some doubly rich millionaire would take it
+into his head to have borings made in some of the Pacific and Indian
+atolls, and bring home cores for slicing from a depth of 500 or 600
+feet.'
+
+"It is noteworthy that the objections to Darwin's theory have for the
+most part proceeded from zoologists, while those who have fully
+appreciated the geological aspect of the question have been the
+staunchest supporters of the theory of subsidence. The desirability of
+such boring operations in atolls has been insisted upon by several
+geologists, and it may be hoped that before many years have passed away,
+Darwin's hopes may be realised, either with or without the intervention
+of the 'doubly rich millionaire.'
+
+"Three years after the death of Darwin, the veteran Professor Dana
+re-entered the lists and contributed a powerful defence of the theory of
+subsidence in the form of a reply to an essay written by the ablest
+exponent of the anti-Darwinian views on this subject, Dr. A. Geikie.
+While pointing out that the Darwinian position had been to a great
+extent misunderstood by its opponents, he showed that the rival theory
+presented even greater difficulties than those which it professed to
+remove.
+
+"During the last five years, the whole question of the origin of
+coral-reefs and islands has been re-opened, and a controversy has
+arisen, into which, unfortunately, acrimonious elements have been very
+unnecessarily introduced. Those who desire it, will find clear and
+impartial statements of the varied and often mutually destructive views
+put forward by different authors, in three works which have made their
+appearance within the last year--_The Bermuda Islands_, by Professor
+Angelo Heilprin: _Corals and Coral Islands_, new edition by Professor J.
+D. Dana; and the third edition of Darwin's _Coral-Reefs_, with Notes and
+Appendix by Professor T. G. Bonney.
+
+"Most readers will, I think, rise from the perusal of these works with
+the conviction that, while on certain points of detail it is clear that,
+through the want of knowledge concerning the action of marine organisms
+in the open ocean, Darwin was betrayed into some grave errors, yet the
+main foundations of his argument have not been seriously impaired by the
+new facts observed in the deep-sea researches, or by the severe
+criticisms to which his theory has been subjected during the last ten
+years. On the other hand, I think it will appear that much
+misapprehension has been exhibited by some of Darwin's critics, as to
+what his views and arguments really were; so that the reprint and wide
+circulation of the book in its original form is greatly to be desired,
+and cannot but be attended with advantage to all those who will have the
+fairness to acquaint themselves with Darwin's views at first hand,
+before attempting to reply to them."
+
+The only important geological work of my father's later years is
+embodied in his book on earthworms (1881), which may therefore be
+conveniently considered in this place. This subject was one which had
+interested him many years before this date, and in 1838 a paper on the
+formation of mould was published in the _Proceedings of the Geological
+Society_.
+
+Here he showed that "fragments of burnt marl, cinders, &c., which had
+been thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows were found
+after a few years lying at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, but
+still forming a layer." For the explanation of this fact, which forms
+the central idea of the geological part of the book, he was indebted to
+his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, who suggested that worms, by bringing earth
+to the surface in their castings, must undermine any objects lying on
+the surface and cause an apparent sinking.
+
+In the book of 1881 he extended his observations on this burying action,
+and devised a number of different ways of checking his estimates as to
+the amount of work done. He also added a mass of observations on the
+natural history and intelligence of worms, a part of the work which
+added greatly to its popularity.
+
+In 1877 Sir Thomas Farrer had discovered close to his garden the remains
+of a building of Roman-British times, and thus gave my father the
+opportunity of seeing for himself the effects produced by earthworms on
+the old concrete floors, walls, &c. On his return he wrote to Sir Thomas
+Farrer:--
+
+"I cannot remember a more delightful week than the last. I know very
+well that E. will not believe me, but the worms were by no means the
+sole charm."
+
+In the autumn of 1880, when the _Power of Movement in Plants_ was nearly
+finished, he began once more on the subject. He wrote to Professor Carus
+(September 21):--
+
+"In the intervals of correcting the press, I am writing a very little
+book, and have done nearly half of it. Its title will be (as at present
+designed), _The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of
+Worms_.[259] As far as I can judge, it will be a curious little book."
+
+The manuscript was sent to the printers in April 1881, and when the
+proof-sheets were coming in he wrote to Professor Carus: "The subject
+has been to me a hobby-horse, and I have perhaps treated it in foolish
+detail."
+
+It was published on October 10, and 2000 copies were sold at once. He
+wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker, "I am glad that you approve of the _Worms_.
+When in old days I used to tell you whatever I was doing, if you were at
+all interested, I always felt as most men do when their work is finally
+published."
+
+To Mr. Mellard Reade he wrote (November 8): "It has been a complete
+surprise to me how many persons have cared for the subject." And to Mr.
+Dyer (in November): "My book has been received with almost laughable
+enthusiasm, and 3500 copies have been sold!!!" Again to his friend Mr.
+Anthony Rich, he wrote on February 4, 1882, "I have been plagued with an
+endless stream of letters on the subject; most of them very foolish and
+enthusiastic; but some containing good facts which I have used in
+correcting yesterday the _Sixth Thousand_." The popularity of the book
+may be roughly estimated by the fact that, in the three years following
+its publication, 8500 copies were sold--a sale relatively greater than
+that of the _Origin of Species_.
+
+It is not difficult to account for its success with the non-scientific
+public. Conclusions so wide and so novel, and so easily understood,
+drawn from the study of creatures so familiar, and treated with unabated
+vigour and freshness, may well have attracted many readers. A reviewer
+remarks: "In the eyes of most men ... the earthworm is a mere blind,
+dumbsenseless, and unpleasantly slimy annelid. Mr. Darwin under-takes
+to rehabilitate his character, and the earthworm steps forth at once as
+an intelligent and beneficent personage, a worker of vast geological
+changes, a planer down of mountain sides ... a friend of man ... and an
+ally of the Society for the preservation of ancient monuments." The _St.
+James's Gazette_, of October 17th, 1881, pointed out that the teaching
+of the cumulative importance of the infinitely little is the point of
+contact between this book and the author's previous work.
+
+One more book remains to be noticed, the _Life of Erasmus Darwin_.
+
+In February 1879 an essay by Dr. Ernst Krause, on the scientific work of
+Erasmus Darwin, appeared in the evolutionary journal, _Kosmos_. The
+number of _Kosmos_ in question was a "Gratulationsheft,"[260] or special
+congratulatory issue in honour of my father's birthday, so that Dr.
+Krause's essay, glorifying the older evolutionist, was quite in its
+place. He wrote to Dr. Krause, thanking him cordially for the honour
+paid to Erasmus, and asking his permission to publish an English
+translation of the Essay.
+
+His chief reason for writing a notice of his grandfather's life was "to
+contradict flatly some calumnies by Miss Seward." This appears from a
+letter of March 27, 1879, to his cousin Reginald Darwin, in which he
+asks for any documents and letters which might throw light on the
+character of Erasmus. This led to Mr. Reginald Darwin placing in my
+father's hands a quantity of valuable material, including a curious
+folio common-place book, of which he wrote: "I have been deeply
+interested by the great book, ... reading and looking at it is like
+having communion with the dead ... [it] has taught me a good deal about
+the occupations and tastes of our grandfather."
+
+Dr. Krause's contribution formed the second part of the _Life of Erasmus
+Darwin_, my father supplying a "preliminary notice." This expression on
+the title-page is somewhat misleading; my father's contribution is more
+than half the book, and should have been described as a biography. Work
+of this kind was new to him, and he wrote doubtfully to Mr. Thiselton
+Dyer, June 18th: "God only knows what I shall make of his life, it is
+such a new kind of work to me." The strong interest he felt about his
+forbears helped to give zest to the work, which became a decided
+enjoyment to him. With the general public the book was not markedly
+successful, but many of his friends recognised its merits. Sir J. D.
+Hooker was one of these, and to him my father wrote, "Your praise of the
+Life of Dr. D. has pleased me exceedingly, for I despised my work, and
+thought myself a perfect fool to have undertaken such a job."
+
+To Mr. Galton, too, he wrote, November 14:--
+
+"I am extremely glad that you approve of the little _Life_ of our
+grandfather, for I have been repenting that I ever undertook it, as the
+work was quite beyond my tether."
+
+
+THE VIVISECTION QUESTION.
+
+Something has already been said of my father's strong feeling with
+regard to suffering[261] both in man and beast. It was indeed one of the
+strongest feelings in his nature, and was exemplified in matters small
+and great, in his sympathy with the educational miseries of dancing
+dogs, or his horror at the sufferings of slaves.
+
+The remembrance of screams, or other sounds heard in Brazil, when he was
+powerless to interfere with what he believed to be the torture of a
+slave, haunted him for years, especially at night. In smaller matters,
+where he could interfere, he did so vigorously. He returned one day from
+his walk pale and faint from having seen a horse ill-used, and from the
+agitation of violently remonstrating with the man. On another occasion
+he saw a horse-breaker teaching his son to ride; the little boy was
+frightened and the man was rough; my father stopped, and jumping out of
+the carriage reproved the man in no measured terms.
+
+One other little incident may be mentioned, showing that his humanity to
+animals was well known in his own neighbourhood. A visitor, driving from
+Orpington to Down, told the cabman to go faster. "Why," said the man,
+"if I had whipped the horse _this_ much, driving Mr. Darwin, he would
+have got out of the carriage and abused me well."
+
+With respect to the special point under consideration,--the sufferings
+of animals subjected to experiment,--nothing could show a stronger
+feeling than the following words from a letter to Professor Ray
+Lankester (March 22, 1871):--
+
+"You ask about my opinion on vivisection. I quite agree that it is
+justifiable for real investigations on physiology; but not for mere
+damnable and detestable curiosity. It is a subject which makes me sick
+with horror, so I will not say another word about it, else I shall not
+sleep to-night."
+
+The Anti-Vivisection agitation, to which the following letters refer,
+seems to have become specially active in 1874, as may be seen, _e.g._ by
+the index to _Nature_ for that year, in which the word "Vivisection"
+suddenly comes into prominence. But before that date the subject had
+received the earnest attention of biologists. Thus at the Liverpool
+Meeting of the British Association in 1870, a Committee was appointed,
+whose report defined the circumstances and conditions under which, in
+the opinion of the signatories, experiments on living animals were
+justifiable. In the spring of 1875, Lord Hartismere introduced a Bill
+into the Upper House to regulate the course of physiological research.
+Shortly afterwards a Bill more just towards science in its provisions
+was introduced to the House of Commons by Messrs. Lyon Playfair,
+Walpole, and Ashley. It was, however, withdrawn on the appointment of a
+Royal Commission to inquire into the whole question. The Commissioners
+were Lords Cardwell and Winmarleigh, Mr. W. E. Forster, Sir J. B.
+Karslake, Mr. Huxley, Professor Erichssen, and Mr. R. H. Hutton: they
+commenced their inquiry in July, 1875, and the Report was published
+early in the following year.
+
+In the early summer of 1876, Lord Carnarvon's Bill, entitled, "An Act to
+amend the Law relating to Cruelty to Animals," was introduced. The
+framers of this Bill, yielding to the unreasonable clamour of the
+public, went far beyond the recommendations of the Royal Commission. As
+a correspondent writes in _Nature_ (1876, p. 248), "the evidence on the
+strength of which legislation was recommended went beyond the facts, the
+Report went beyond the evidence, the Recommendations beyond the Report;
+and the Bill can hardly be said to have gone beyond the Recommendations;
+but rather to have contradicted them."
+
+The legislation which my father worked for, was practically what was
+introduced as Dr. Lyon Playfair's Bill.
+
+The following letter appeared in the Times, April 18th, 1881:--
+
+
+_C. D. to Frithiof Holmgren._[262] Down, April 14, 1881.
+
+DEAR SIR,--In answer to your courteous letter of April 7, I have no
+objection to express my opinion with respect to the right of
+experimenting on living animals. I use this latter expression as more
+correct and comprehensive than that of vivisection. You are at liberty
+to make any use of this letter which you may think fit, but if published
+I should wish the whole to appear. I have all my life been a strong
+advocate for humanity to animals, and have done what I could in my
+writings to enforce this duty. Several years ago, when the agitation
+against physiologists commenced in England, it was asserted that
+inhumanity was here practised, and useless suffering caused to animals;
+and I was led to think that it might be advisable to have an Act of
+Parliament on the subject. I then took an active part in trying to get a
+Bill passed, such as would have removed all just cause of complaint, and
+at the same time have left physiologists free to pursue their
+researches--a Bill very different from the Act which has since been
+passed. It is right to add that the investigation of the matter by a
+Royal Commission proved that the accusations made against our English
+physiologists were false. From all that I have heard, however, I fear
+that in some parts of Europe little regard is paid to the sufferings of
+animals, and if this be the case, I should be glad to hear of
+legislation against inhumanity in any such country. On the other hand, I
+know that physiology cannot possibly progress except by means of
+experiments on living animals, and I feel the deepest conviction that he
+who retards the progress of physiology commits a crime against mankind.
+Any one who remembers, as I can, the state of this science half a
+century ago must admit that it has made immense progress, and it is now
+progressing at an ever-increasing rate. What improvements in medical
+practice may be directly attributed to physiological research is a
+question which can be properly discussed only by those physiologists and
+medical practitioners who have studied the history of their subjects;
+but, as far as I can learn, the benefits are already great. However this
+may be, no one, unless he is grossly ignorant of what science has done
+for mankind, can entertain any doubt of the incalculable benefits which
+will hereafter be derived from physiology, not only by man, but by the
+lower animals. Look for instance at Pasteur's results in modifying the
+germs of the most malignant diseases, from which, as it happens, animals
+will in the first place receive more relief than man. Let it be
+remembered how many lives and what a fearful amount of suffering have
+been saved by the knowledge gained of parasitic worms through the
+experiments of Virchow and others on living animals. In the future every
+one will be astonished at the ingratitude shown, at least in England, to
+these benefactors of mankind. As for myself, permit me to assure you
+that I honour, and shall always honour, every one who advances the noble
+science of physiology.
+
+Dear Sir, yours faithfully.
+
+
+In the _Times_ of the following day appeared a letter headed "Mr. Darwin
+and Vivisection," signed by Miss Frances Power Cobbe. To this my father
+replied in the _Times_ of April 22, 1881. On the same day he wrote to
+Mr. Romanes:--
+
+"As I have a fair opportunity, I sent a letter to the _Times_ on
+Vivisection, which is printed to-day. I thought it fair to bear my share
+of the abuse poured in so atrocious a manner on all physiologists."
+
+
+_C. D. to the Editor of the 'Times.'_
+
+SIR,--I do not wish to discuss the views expressed by Miss Cobbe in the
+letter which appeared in the _Times_ of the 19th inst.; but as she
+asserts that I have "misinformed" my correspondent in Sweden in saying
+that "the investigation of the matter by a Royal Commission proved that
+the accusations made against our English physiologists were false," I
+will merely ask leave to refer to some other sentences from the report
+of the Commission.
+
+(1.) The sentence--"It is not to be doubted that inhumanity may be found
+in persons of very high position as physiologists," which Miss Cobbe
+quotes from page 17 of the report, and which, in her opinion, "can
+necessarily concern English physiologists alone and not foreigners," is
+immediately followed by the words "We have seen that it was so in
+Magendie." Magendie was a French physiologist who became notorious some
+half century ago for his cruel experiments on living animals.
+
+(2.) The Commissioners, after speaking of the "general sentiment of
+humanity" prevailing in this country, say (p. 10):--
+
+"This principle is accepted generally by the very highly educated men
+whose lives are devoted either to scientific investigation and education
+or to the mitigation or the removal of the sufferings of their
+fellow-creatures; though differences of degree in regard to its
+practical application will be easily discernible by those who study the
+evidence as it has been laid before us."
+
+Again, according to the Commissioners (p. 10):--
+
+"The secretary of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
+Animals, when asked whether the general tendency of the scientific world
+in this country is at variance with humanity, says he believes it to be
+very different indeed from that of foreign physiologists; and while
+giving it as the opinion of the society that experiments are performed
+which are in their nature beyond any legitimate province of science, and
+that the pain which they inflict is pain which it is not justifiable to
+inflict even for the scientific object in view, he readily acknowledges
+that he does not know a single case of wanton cruelty, and that in
+general the English physiologists have used anaesthetics where they think
+they can do so with safety to the experiment."
+
+I am, Sir, your obedient servant.
+
+April 21.
+
+
+During the later years of my father's life there was a growing tendency
+in the public to do him honour.[263] The honours which he valued most
+highly were those which united the sympathy of friends with a mark of
+recognition of his scientific colleagues. Of this type was the article
+"Charles Darwin," published in _Nature_, June 4, 1874, and written by
+Asa Gray. This admirable estimate of my father's work in science is
+given in the form of a comparison and contrast between Robert Brown and
+Charles Darwin.
+
+To Gray he wrote:--
+
+"I wrote yesterday and cannot remember exactly what I said, and now
+cannot be easy without again telling you how profoundly I have been
+gratified. Every one, I suppose, occasionally thinks that he has worked
+in vain, and when one of these fits overtakes me, I will think of your
+article, and if that does not dispel the evil spirit, I shall know that
+I am at the time a little bit insane, as we all are occasionally.
+
+"What you say about Teleology[264] pleases me especially, and I do not
+think any one else has ever noticed the point. I have always said you
+were the man to hit the nail on the head."
+
+In 1877 he received the honorary degree of LL.D. from the University of
+Cambridge. The degree was conferred on November 17, and with the
+customary Latin speech from the Public Orator, concluding with the
+words: "Tu vero, qui leges naturae tam docte illustraveris, legum doctor
+nobis esto."
+
+The honorary degree led to a movement being set on foot in the
+University to obtain some permanent memorial of my father. In June 1879
+he sat to Mr. W. Richmond for the portrait in the possession of the
+University, now placed in the Library of the Philosophical Society at
+Cambridge.
+
+A similar wish on the part of the Linnean Society--with which my father
+was so closely associated--led to his sitting in August, 1881, to Mr.
+John Collier, for the portrait now in the possession of the Society. The
+portrait represents him standing facing the observer in the loose cloak
+so familiar to those who knew him, with his slouch hat in his hand. Many
+of those who knew his face most intimately, think that Mr. Collier's
+picture is the best of the portraits, and in this judgment the sitter
+himself was inclined to agree. According to my feeling it is not so
+simple or strong a representation of him as that given by Mr. Ouless.
+The last-named portrait was painted at Down in 1875; it is in the
+possession of the family,[265] and is known to many through Rajon's fine
+etching. Of Mr. Ouless's picture my father wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker:
+
+"I look a very venerable, acute, melancholy old dog; whether I really
+look so I do not know."
+
+Besides the Cambridge degree, he received about the same time honours of
+an academic kind from some foreign societies.
+
+On August 5, 1878, he was elected a Corresponding Member of the French
+Institute in the Botanical Section,[266] and wrote to Dr. Asa Gray:--
+
+"I see that we are both elected Corresponding Members of the Institute.
+It is rather a good joke that I should be elected in the Botanical
+Section, as the extent of my knowledge is little more than that a daisy
+is a Compositous plant and a pea a Leguminous one."
+
+He valued very highly two photographic albums containing portraits of a
+large number of scientific men in Germany and Holland, which he received
+as birthday gifts in 1877.
+
+In the year 1878 my father received a singular mark of recognition in
+the form of a letter from a stranger, announcing that the writer
+intended to leave to him the reversion of the greater part of his
+fortune. Mr. Anthony Rich, who desired thus to mark his sense of my
+father's services to science, was the author of a _Dictionary of Roman
+and Greek Antiquities_, said to be the best book of the kind. It has
+been translated into French, German, and Italian, and has, in English,
+gone through several editions. Mr. Rich lived a great part of his life
+in Italy, painting, and collecting books and engravings. He finally
+settled, many years ago, at Worthing (then a small village), where he
+was a friend of Byron's Trelawny. My father visited Mr. Rich at
+Worthing, more than once, and gained a cordial liking and respect for
+him.
+
+Mr. Rich died in April, 1891, having arranged that his bequest[267]
+should not lapse in consequence of the predecease of my father.
+
+In 1879 he received from the Royal Academy of Turin the _Bressa_ Prize
+for the years 1875-78, amounting to the sum of 12,000 francs. He refers
+to this in a letter to Dr. Dohrn (February 15th, 1880):--
+
+"Perhaps you saw in the papers that the Turin Society honoured me to an
+extraordinary degree by awarding me the _Bressa_ Prize. Now it occurred
+to me that if your station wanted some piece of apparatus, of about the
+value of L100, I should very much like to be allowed to pay for it. Will
+you be so kind as to keep this in mind, and if any want should occur to
+you, I would send you a cheque at any time."
+
+I find from my father's accounts that L100 was presented to the Naples
+Station.
+
+Two years before my father's death, and twenty-one years after the
+publication of his greatest work, a lecture was given (April 9, 1880) at
+the Royal Institution by Mr. Huxley[268] which was aptly named "The
+Coming of Age of the Origin of Species." The following characteristic
+letter, inferring to this subject, may fitly close the present chapter.
+
+
+Abinger Hall, Dorking, Sunday, April 11, 1880.
+
+MY DEAR HUXLEY,--I wished much to attend your Lecture, but I have had a
+bad cough, and we have come here to see whether a change would do me
+good, as it has done. What a magnificent success your lecture seems to
+have been, as I judge from the reports in the _Standard_ and _Daily
+News_, and more especially from the accounts given me by three of my
+children. I suppose that you have not written out your lecture, so I
+fear there is no chance of its being printed _in extenso_. You appear to
+have piled, as on so many other occasions, honours high and thick on my
+old head. But I well know how great a part you have played in
+establishing and spreading the belief in the descent-theory, ever since
+that grand review in the _Times_ and the battle royal at Oxford up to
+the present day.
+
+Ever, my dear Huxley,
+Yours sincerely and gratefully,
+CHARLES DARWIN.
+
+P.S.--It was absurdly stupid in me, but I had read the announcement of
+your Lecture, and thought that you meant the maturity of the subject,
+until my wife one day remarked, "it is almost twenty-one years since the
+_Origin_ appeared," and then for the first time the meaning of your
+words flashed on me.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[258] _The Minerva Library of famous Books_, 1890, edited by G. T.
+Bettany.
+
+[259] The full title is _The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the
+Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits_, 1881.
+
+[260] The same number contains a good biographical sketch of my father
+of which the material was to a large extent supplied by him to the
+writer, Professor Preyer of Jena. The article contains an excellent list
+of my father's publications.
+
+[261] He once made an attempt to free a patient in a mad-house, who (as
+he wrongly supposed) was sane. He was in correspondence with the
+gardener at the asylum, and on one occasion he found a letter from the
+patient enclosed with one from the gardener. The letter was rational in
+tone and declared that the writer was sane and wrongfully confined.
+
+My father wrote to the Lunacy Commissioners (without explaining the
+source of his information) and in due time heard that the man had been
+visited by the Commissioners, and that he was certainly insane. Some
+time afterward the patient was discharged, and wrote to thank my father
+for his interference, adding that he had undoubtedly been insane when he
+wrote his former letter.
+
+[262] Professor of Physiology at Upsala.
+
+[263] In 1867 he had received a distinguished honour from Germany,--the
+order "Pour le Merite."
+
+[264] "Let us recognise Darwin's great service to Natural Science in
+bringing back to it Teleology; so that instead of Morphology _versus_
+Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to Teleology." Similar
+remarks had been previously made by Mr. Huxley. See _Critiques and
+Addresses_, p. 305.
+
+[265] A _replica_ by the artist hangs alongside of the portraits of
+Milton and Paley in the hall of Christ's College, Cambridge.
+
+[266] He received twenty-six votes out of a possible thirty-nine, five
+blank papers were sent in, and eight votes were recorded for the other
+candidates. In 1872 an attempt had been made to elect him in the Section
+of Zoology, when, however, he only received fifteen out of forty-eight
+votes, and Loven was chosen for the vacant place. It appears (_Nature_,
+August 1st, 1872) that an eminent member of the Academy wrote to _Les
+Mondes_ to the following effect:--
+
+"What has closed the doors of the Academy to Mr. Darwin is that the
+science of those of his books which have made his chief title to
+fame--the _Origin of Species_, and still more the _Descent of Man_, is
+not science, but a mass of assertions and absolutely gratuitous
+hypotheses, often evidently fallacious. This kind of publication and
+these theories are a bad example, which a body that respects itself
+cannot encourage."
+
+[267] Mr. Rich leaves a single near relative, to whom is bequeathed the
+life-interest in his property.
+
+[268] Published in _Science and Culture_, p. 310.
+
+
+
+
+BOTANICAL WORK.
+
+     "I have been making some little trifling observations which have
+     interested and perplexed me much."
+
+     From a letter of June 1860.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS.
+
+
+The botanical work which my father accomplished by the guidance of the
+light cast on the study of natural history by his own work on evolution
+remains to be noticed. In a letter to Mr. Murray, September 24th, 1861,
+speaking of his book the _Fertilisation of Orchids_, he says: "It will
+perhaps serve to illustrate how Natural History may be worked under the
+belief of the modification of species." This remark gives a suggestion
+as to the value and interest of his botanical work, and it might be
+expressed in far more emphatic language without danger of exaggeration.
+
+In the same letter to Mr. Murray, he says: "I think this little volume
+will do good to the _Origin_, as it will show that I have worked hard at
+details." It is true that his botanical work added a mass of
+corroborative detail to the case for Evolution, but the chief support
+given to his doctrines by these researches was of another kind. They
+supplied an argument against those critics who have so freely dogmatised
+as to the uselessness of particular structures, and as to the consequent
+impossibility of their having been developed by means of natural
+selection. His observations on Orchids enabled him to say: "I can show
+the meaning of some of the apparently meaningless ridges and horns; who
+will now venture to say that this or that structure is useless?" A
+kindred point is expressed in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker (May 14th,
+1862):--
+
+"When many parts of structure, as in the woodpecker, show distinct
+adaptation to external bodies, it is preposterous to attribute them to
+the effects of climate, &c., but when a single point alone, as a hooked
+seed, it is conceivable it may thus have arisen. I have found the study
+of Orchids eminently useful in showing me how nearly all parts of the
+flower are co-adapted for fertilisation by insects, and therefore the
+results of natural selection,--even the most trifling details of
+structure."
+
+One of the greatest services rendered by my father to the Study of
+Natural History is the revival of Teleology. The evolutionist studies
+the purpose or meaning of organs with the zeal of the older Teleologist,
+but with far wider and more coherent purpose. He has the invigorating
+knowledge that he is gaining not isolated conceptions of the economy of
+the present, but a coherent view of both past and present. And even
+where he fails to discover the use of any part, he may, by a knowledge
+of its structure, unravel the history of the past vicissitudes in the
+life of the species. In this way a vigour and unity is given to the
+study of the forms of organised beings, which before it lacked. Mr.
+Huxley has well remarked:[269] "Perhaps the most remarkable service to
+the philosophy of Biology rendered by Mr. Darwin is the reconciliation
+of Teleology and Morphology, and the explanation of the facts of both,
+which his views offer. The teleology which supposes that the eye, such
+as we see it in man, or one of the higher vertebrata, was made with the
+precise structure it exhibits, for the purpose of enabling the animal
+which possesses it to see, has undoubtedly received its death-blow.
+Nevertheless, it is necessary to remember that there is a wider
+teleology which is not touched by the doctrine of Evolution, but is
+actually based upon the fundamental proposition of Evolution."
+
+The point which here especially concerns us is to recognise that this
+"great service to natural science," as Dr. Gray describes it, was
+effected almost as much by Darwin's special botanical work as by the
+_Origin of Species_.
+
+For a statement of the scope and influence of my father's botanical
+work, I may refer to Mr. Thiselton Dyer's article in 'Charles Darwin,'
+one of the _Nature Series_. Mr. Dyer's wide knowledge, his friendship
+with my father, and his power of sympathising with the work of others,
+combine to give this essay a permanent value. The following passage (p.
+43) gives a true picture:--
+
+"Notwithstanding the extent and variety of his botanical work, Mr.
+Darwin always disclaimed any right to be regarded as a professed
+botanist. He turned his attention to plants, doubtless because they were
+convenient objects for studying organic phenomena in their least
+complicated forms; and this point of view, which, if one may use the
+expression without disrespect, had something of the amateur about it,
+was in itself of the greatest importance. For, from not being, till he
+took up any point, familiar with the literature bearing on it, his mind
+was absolutely free from any prepossession. He was never afraid of his
+facts, or of framing any hypothesis, however startling, which seemed to
+explain them.... In any one else such an attitude would have produced
+much work that was crude and rash. But Mr. Darwin--if one may venture on
+language which will strike no one who had conversed with him as
+over-strained--seemed by gentle persuasion to have penetrated that
+reserve of nature which baffles smaller men. In other words, his long
+experience had given him a kind of instinctive insight into the method
+of attack of any biological problem, however unfamiliar to him, while he
+rigidly controlled the fertility of his mind in hypothetical
+explanations by the no less fertility of ingeniously devised
+experiment."
+
+To form any just idea of the greatness of the revolution worked by my
+father's researches in the study of the fertilisation of flowers, it is
+necessary to know from what a condition this branch of knowledge has
+emerged. It should be remembered that it was only during the early years
+of the present century that the idea of sex, as applied to plants,
+became firmly established. Sachs, in his _History of Botany_[270]
+(1875), has given some striking illustrations of the remarkable slowness
+with which its acceptance gained ground. He remarks that when we
+consider the experimental proofs given by Camerarius (1694), and by
+Koelreuter (1761-66), it appears incredible that doubts should afterwards
+have been raised as to the sexuality of plants. Yet he shows that such
+doubts did actually repeatedly crop up. These adverse criticisms rested
+for the most part on careless experiments, but in many cases on _a
+priori_ arguments. Even as late as 1820, a book of this kind, which
+would now rank with circle squaring, or flat-earth philosophy, was
+seriously noticed in a botanical journal. A distinct conception of sex,
+as applied to plants, had, in fact, not long emerged from the mists of
+profitless discussion and feeble experiment, at the time when my father
+began botany by attending Henslow's lectures at Cambridge.
+
+When the belief in the sexuality of plants had become established as an
+incontrovertible piece of knowledge, a weight of misconception remained,
+weighing down any rational view of the subject. Camerarius[271] believed
+(naturally enough in his day) that hermaphrodite[272] flowers are
+necessarily self-fertilised. He had the wit to be astonished at this, a
+degree of intelligence which, as Sachs points out, the majority of his
+successors did not attain to.
+
+The following extracts from a note-book show that this point occurred
+to my father as early as 1837:
+
+"Do not plants which have male and female organs together [_i.e._ in the
+same flower] yet receive influence from other plants? Does not Lyell
+give some argument about varieties being difficult to keep [true] on
+account of pollen from other plants? Because this may be applied to show
+all plants do receive intermixture."
+
+Sprengel,[273] indeed, understood that the hermaphrodite structure of
+flowers by no means necessarily leads to self-fertilisation. But
+although he discovered that in many cases pollen is of necessity carried
+to the stigma of another _flower_, he did not understand that in the
+advantage gained by the intercrossing of distinct _plants_ lies the key
+to the whole question. Hermann Mueller[274] has well remarked that this
+"omission was for several generations fatal to Sprengel's work.... For
+both at the time and subsequently, botanists felt above all the weakness
+of his theory, and they set aside, along with his defective ideas, the
+rich store of his patient and acute observations and his comprehensive
+and accurate interpretations." It remained for my father to convince the
+world that the meaning hidden in the structure of flowers was to be
+found by seeking light in the same direction in which Sprengel, seventy
+years before, had laboured. Robert Brown was the connecting link between
+them, for it was at his recommendation that my father in 1841 read
+Sprengel's now celebrated _Secret of Nature Displayed_.[275]
+
+The book impressed him as being "full of truth," although "with some
+little nonsense." It not only encouraged him in kindred speculation, but
+guided him in his work, for in 1844 he speaks of verifying Sprengel's
+observations. It may be doubted whether Robert Brown ever planted a more
+fruitful seed than in putting such a book into such hands.
+
+A passage in the _Autobiography_ (p. 44) shows how it was that my father
+was attracted to the subject of fertilisation: "During the summer of
+1839, and I believe during the previous summer, I was led to attend to
+the cross-fertilisation of flowers by the aid of insects, from having
+come to the conclusion in my speculations on the origin of species, that
+crossing played an important part in keeping specific forms constant."
+
+The original connection between the study of flowers and the problem of
+evolution is curious, and could hardly have been predicted. Moreover, it
+was not a permanent bond. My father proved by a long series of laborious
+experiments, that when a plant is fertilised and sets seeds under the
+influence of pollen from a distinct individual, the offspring so
+produced are superior in vigour to the offspring of self-fertilisation,
+_i.e._ of the union of the male and female elements of a single plant.
+When this fact was established, it was possible to understand the
+_raison d'etre_ of the machinery which insures cross-fertilisation in so
+many flowers; and to understand how natural selection can act on, and
+mould, the floral structure.
+
+Asa Gray has well remarked with regard to this central idea (_Nature_,
+June 4, 1874):--"The aphorism, 'Nature abhors a vacuum,' is a
+characteristic specimen of the science of the middle ages. The aphorism,
+'Nature abhors close fertilisation,' and the demonstration of the
+principle, belong to our age and to Mr. Darwin. To have originated this,
+and also the principle of Natural Selection ... and to have applied
+these principles to the system of nature, in such a manner as to make,
+within a dozen years, a deeper impression upon natural history than has
+been made since Linnaeus, is ample title for one man's fame."
+
+The flowers of the Papilionaceae[276] attracted his attention early, and
+were the subject of his first paper on fertilisation.[277] The following
+extract from an undated letter to Asa Gray seems to have been written
+before the publication of this paper, probably in 1856 or 1857:--
+
+" ... What you say on Papilionaceous flowers is very true; and I have no
+facts to show that varieties are crossed; but yet (and the same remark
+is applicable in a beautiful way to Fumaria and Dielytra, as I noticed
+many years ago), I must believe that the flowers are constructed partly
+in direct relation to the visits of insects; and how insects can avoid
+bringing pollen from other individuals I cannot understand. It is really
+pretty to watch the action of a humble-bee on the scarlet kidney bean,
+and in this genus (and in _Lathyrus grandiflorus_)[278] the honey is so
+placed that the bee invariably alights on that _one_ side of the flower
+towards which the spiral pistil is protruded (bringing out with it
+pollen), and by the depression of the wing-petal is forced against the
+bee's side all dusted with pollen. In the broom the pistil is rubbed on
+the centre of the back of the bee. I suspect there is something to be
+made out about the Leguminosae, which will bring the case within _our_
+theory; though I have failed to do so. Our theory will explain why in
+the vegetable ... kingdom the act of fertilisation even in
+hermaphrodites usually takes place _sub jove_, though thus exposed to
+_great_ injury from damp and rain."
+
+A letter to Dr. Asa Gray (September 5th, 1857) gives the substance of
+the paper in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_:--
+
+"Lately I was led to examine buds of kidney bean with the pollen shed;
+but I was led to believe that the pollen could _hardly_ get on the
+stigma by wind or otherwise, except by bees visiting [the flower] and
+moving the wing petals: hence I included a small bunch of flowers in two
+bottles in every way treated the same: the flowers in one I daily just
+momentarily moved, as if by a bee; these set three fine pods, the other
+_not one_. Of course this little experiment must be tried again, and
+this year in England it is too late, as the flowers seem now seldom to
+set. If bees are necessary to this flower's self-fertilisation, bees
+must almost cross them, as their dusted right-side of head and right
+legs constantly touch the stigma.
+
+"I have, also, lately been reobserving daily _Lobelia fulgens_--this in
+my garden is never visited by insects, and never sets seeds, without
+pollen be put on the stigma (whereas the small blue Lobelia is visited
+by bees and does set seed); I mention this because there are such
+beautiful contrivances to prevent the stigma ever getting its own
+pollen; which seems only explicable on the doctrine of the advantage of
+crosses."
+
+The paper was supplemented by a second in 1858.[279] The chief object of
+these publications seems to have been to obtain information as to the
+possibility of growing varieties of Leguminous plants near each other,
+and yet keeping them true. It is curious that the Papilionaceae should
+not only have been the first flowers which attracted his attention by
+their obvious adaptation to the visits of insects, but should also have
+constituted one of his sorest puzzles. The common pea and the sweet pea
+gave him much difficulty, because, although they are as obviously fitted
+for insect-visits as the rest of the order, yet their varieties keep
+true. The fact is that neither of these plants being indigenous, they
+are not perfectly adapted for fertilisation by British insects. He could
+not, at this stage of his observations, know that the co-ordination
+between a flower and the particular insect which fertilises it may be
+as delicate as that between a lock and its key, so that this explanation
+was not likely to occur to him.
+
+Besides observing the Leguminosae, he had already begun, as shown in the
+foregoing extracts, to attend to the structure of other flowers in
+relation to insects. At the beginning of 1860 he worked at
+Leschenaultia,[280] which at first puzzled him, but was ultimately made
+out. A passage in a letter chiefly relating to Leschenaultia seems to
+show that it was only in the spring of 1860 that he began widely to
+apply his knowledge to the relation of insects to other flowers. This is
+somewhat surprising, when we remember that he had read Sprengel many
+years before. He wrote (May 14):--
+
+"I should look at this curious contrivance as specially related to
+visits of insects; as I begin to think is almost universally the case."
+
+Even in July 1862 he wrote to Asa Gray:--
+
+"There is no end to the adaptations. Ought not these cases to make one
+very cautious when one doubts about the use of all parts? I fully
+believe that the structure of all irregular flowers is governed in
+relation to insects. Insects are the Lords of the floral (to quote the
+witty _Athenaeum_) world."
+
+This idea has been worked out by H. Mueller, who has written on insects
+in the character of flower-breeders or flower-fanciers, showing how the
+habits and structure of the visitors are reflected in the forms and
+colours of the flowers visited.
+
+He was probably attracted to the study of Orchids by the fact that
+several kinds are common near Down. The letters of 1860 show that these
+plants occupied a good deal of his attention; and in 1861 he gave part
+of the summer and all the autumn to the subject. He evidently considered
+himself idle for wasting time on Orchids which ought to have been given
+to _Variation under Domestication_. Thus he wrote:--
+
+"There is to me incomparably more interest in observing than in writing;
+but I feel quite guilty in trespassing on these subjects, and not
+sticking to varieties of the confounded cocks, hens and ducks. I hear
+that Lyell is savage at me."
+
+It was in the summer of 1860 that he made out one of the most striking
+and familiar facts in the Orchid-book, namely, the manner in which the
+pollen masses are adapted for removal by insects. He wrote to Sir J. D.
+Hooker, July 12:--
+
+"I have been examining _Orchis pyramidalis_, and it almost equals,
+perhaps even beats, your Listera case; the sticky glands are
+congenitally united into a saddle-shaped organ, which has great power of
+movement, and seizes hold of a bristle (or proboscis) in an admirable
+manner, and then another movement takes place in the pollen masses, by
+which they are beautifully adapted to leave pollen on the two lateral
+stigmatic surfaces. I never saw anything so beautiful."
+
+In June of the same year he wrote:--
+
+"You speak of adaptation being rarely visible, though present in plants.
+I have just recently been looking at the common Orchis, and I declare I
+think its adaptations in every part of the flower quite as beautiful and
+plain, or even more beautiful than in the woodpecker."[281]
+
+He wrote also to Dr. Gray, June 8, 1860:--
+
+"Talking of adaptation, I have lately been looking at our common
+orchids, and I dare say the facts are as old and well-known as the
+hills, but I have been so struck with admiration at the contrivances,
+that I have sent a notice to the _Gardeners' Chronicle_."
+
+Besides attending to the fertilisation of the flowers he was already, in
+1860, busy with the homologies of the parts, a subject of which he made
+good use in the Orchid book. He wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker (July):--
+
+"It is a real good joke my discussing homologies of Orchids with you,
+after examining only three or four genera; and this very fact makes me
+feel positive I am right! I do not quite understand some of your terms;
+but sometime I must get you to explain the homologies; for I am
+intensely interested in the subject, just as at a game of chess."
+
+This work was valuable from a systematic point of view. In 1880 he wrote
+to Mr. Bentham:--
+
+"It was very kind in you to write to me about the Orchideae, for it has
+pleased me to an extreme degree that I could have been of the _least_
+use to you about the nature of the parts."
+
+The pleasure which his early observations on Orchids gave him is shown
+in such passages as the following from a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker
+(July 27, 1861):--
+
+"You cannot conceive how the Orchids have delighted me. They came safe,
+but box rather smashed; cylindrical old cocoa-or snuff-canister much
+safer. I enclose postage. As an account of the movement, I shall allude
+to what I suppose is Oncidium, to make _certain_,--is the enclosed
+flower with crumpled petals this genus? Also I most specially want to
+know what the enclosed little globular brown Orchid is. I have only
+seen pollen of a Cattleya on a bee, but surely have you not
+unintentionally sent me what I wanted most (after Catasetum or
+Mormodes), viz., one of the Epidendreae?! I _particularly_ want (and will
+presently tell you why) another spike of this little Orchid, with older
+flowers, some even almost withered."
+
+His delight in observation is again shown in a letter to Dr. Gray
+(1863). Referring to Crueger's letters from Trinidad, he wrote:--"Happy
+man, he has actually seen crowds of bees flying round Catasetum, with
+the pollinia sticking to their backs!"
+
+The following extracts of letters to Sir J. D. Hooker illustrate further
+the interest which his work excited in him:--
+
+"Veitch sent me a grand lot this morning. What wonderful structures!
+
+"I have now seen enough, and you must not send me more, for though I
+enjoy looking at them _much_, and it has been very useful to me, seeing
+so many different forms, it is idleness. For my object each species
+requires studying for days. I wish you had time to take up the group. I
+would give a good deal to know what the rostellum is, of which I have
+traced so many curious modifications. I suppose it cannot be one of the
+stigmas,[282] there seems a great tendency for two lateral stigmas to
+appear. My paper, though touching on only subordinate points will run, I
+fear, to 100 MS. folio pages! The beauty of the adaptation of parts
+seems to me unparalleled. I should think or guess waxy pollen was most
+differentiated. In Cypripedium which seems least modified, and a much
+exterminated group, the grains are single. In _all others_, as far as I
+have seen, they are in packets of four; and these packets cohere into
+many wedge-formed masses in Orchis; into eight, four, and finally two.
+It seems curious that a flower should exist, which could _at most_
+fertilise only two other flowers, seeing how abundant pollen generally
+is; this fact I look at as explaining the perfection of the contrivance
+by which the pollen, so important from its fewness, is carried from
+flower to flower"[283](1861).
+
+"I was thinking of writing to you to-day, when your note with the
+Orchids came. What frightful trouble you have taken about Vanilla; you
+really must not take an atom more; for the Orchids are more play than
+real work. I have been much interested by Epidendrum, and have worked
+all morning at them; for Heaven's sake, do not corrupt me by any more"
+(August 30, 1861).
+
+He originally intended to publish his notes on Orchids as a paper in the
+Linnean Society's _Journal_, but it soon became evident that a separate
+volume would be a more suitable form of publication. In a letter to Sir
+J. D. Hooker, Sept. 24, 1861, he writes:--
+
+"I have been acting, I fear that you will think, like a goose; and
+perhaps in truth I have. When I finished a few days ago my Orchis paper,
+which turns out one hundred and forty folio pages!! and thought of the
+expense of woodcuts, I said to myself, I will offer the Linnean Society
+to withdraw it, and publish it in a pamphlet. It then flashed on me that
+perhaps Murray would publish it, so I gave him a cautious description,
+and offered to share risks and profits. This morning he writes that he
+will publish and take all risks, and share profits and pay for all
+illustrations. It is a risk, and Heaven knows whether it will not be a
+dead failure, but I have not deceived Murray, and [have] told him that
+it would interest those alone who cared much for natural history. I hope
+I do not exaggerate the curiosity of the many special contrivances."
+
+And again on September 28th:--
+
+"What a good soul you are not to sneer at me, but to pat me on the back.
+I have the greatest doubt whether I am not going to do, in publishing my
+paper, a most ridiculous thing. It would annoy me much, but only for
+Murray's sake, if the publication were a dead failure."
+
+There was still much work to be done, and in October he was still
+receiving Orchids from Kew, and wrote to Hooker:--
+
+"It is impossible to thank you enough. I was almost mad at the wealth of
+Orchids." And again--
+
+"Mr. Veitch most generously has sent me two splendid buds of Mormodes,
+which will be capital for dissection, but I fear will never be
+irritable; so for the sake of charity and love of heaven do, I beseech
+you, observe what movement takes place in Cychnoches, and what part must
+be touched. Mr. V. has also sent me one splendid flower of Catasetum,
+the most wonderful Orchid I have seen."
+
+On October 13 he wrote to Sir Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"It seems that I cannot exhaust your good nature. I have had the hardest
+day's work at Catasetum and buds of Mormodes, and believe I understand
+at last the mechanism of movements and the functions. Catasetum is a
+beautiful case of slight modification of structure leading to new
+functions. I never was more interested in any subject in all my life
+than in this of Orchids. I owe very much to you."
+
+Again to the same friend, November 1, 1861:--
+
+"If you really can spare another Catasetum, when nearly ready, I shall
+be most grateful; had I not better send for it? The case is truly
+marvellous; the (so-called) sensation, or stimulus from a light touch is
+certainly transmitted through the antennae for more than one inch
+_instantaneously_.... A cursed insect or something let my last flower
+off last night."
+
+Professor de Candolle has remarked[284] of my father, "Ce n'est pas lui
+qui aurait demande de construire des palais pour y loger des
+laboratoires." This was singularly true of his orchid work, or rather it
+would be nearer the truth to say that he had no laboratory, for it was
+only after the publication of the _Fertilisation of Orchids_, that he
+built himself a greenhouse. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (December 24th,
+1862):--
+
+"And now I am going to tell you a _most_ important piece of news!! I
+have almost resolved to build a small hot-house; my neighbour's really
+first-rate gardener has suggested it, and offered to make me plans, and
+see that it is well done, and he is really a clever follow, who wins
+lots of prizes, and is very observant. He believes that we should
+succeed with a little patience; it will be a grand amusement for me to
+experiment with plants."
+
+Again he wrote (February 15th, 1863):--
+
+"I write now because the new hot-house is ready, and I long to stock it,
+just like a schoolboy. Could you tell me pretty soon what plants you can
+give me; and then I shall know what to order? And do advise me how I had
+better get such plants as you can _spare_. Would it do to send my
+tax-cart early in the morning, on a day that was not frosty, lining the
+cart with mats, and arriving here before night? I have no idea whether
+this degree of exposure (and of course the cart would be cold) could
+injure stove-plants; they would be about five hours (with bait) on the
+journey home."
+
+A week later he wrote:--
+
+"You cannot imagine what pleasure your plants give me (far more than
+your dead Wedgwood-ware can give you); H. and I go and gloat over them,
+but we privately confessed to each other, that if they were not our own,
+perhaps we should not see such transcendant beauty in each leaf."
+
+And in March, when he was extremely unwell, he wrote:--
+
+"A few words about the stove-plants; they do so amuse me. I have crawled
+to see them two or three times. Will you correct and answer, and return
+enclosed. I have hunted in all my books and cannot find these names, and
+I like much to know the family." His difficulty with regard to the names
+of plants is illustrated, with regard to a Lupine on which he was at
+work, in an extract from a letter (July 21, 1866) to Sir J. D. Hooker:
+"I sent to the nursery garden, whence I bought the seed, and could only
+hear that it was 'the common blue Lupine,' the man saying 'he was no
+scholard, and did not know Latin, and that parties who make experiments
+ought to find out the names.'"
+
+The book was published May 15th, 1862. Of its reception he writes to Mr.
+Murray, June 13th and 18th:--
+
+"The Botanists praise my Orchid-book to the skies. Some one sent me
+(perhaps you) the _Parthenon_, with a good review. The _Athenaeum_[285]
+treats me with very kind pity and contempt; but the reviewer knew
+nothing of his subject."
+
+"There is a superb, but I fear exaggerated, review in the _London
+Review_.[286] But I have not been a fool, as I thought I was, to
+publish; for Asa Gray, about the most competent judge in the world,
+thinks almost as highly of the book as does the _London Review_. The
+_Athenaeum_ will hinder the sale greatly."
+
+The Rev. M. J. Berkeley was the author of the notice in the _London
+Review_, as my father learned from Sir J. D. Hooker, who added, "I
+thought it very well done indeed. I have read a good deal of the
+Orchid-book, and echo all he says."
+
+To this my father replied (June 30th, 1862):--
+
+"My dear old friend,--You speak of my warming the cockles of your heart,
+but you will never know how often you have warmed mine. It is not your
+approbation of my scientific work (though I care for that more than for
+any one's): it is something deeper. To this day I remember keenly a
+letter you wrote to me from Oxford, when I was at the Water-cure, and
+how it cheered me when I was utterly weary of life. Well, my Orchid-book
+is a success (but I do not know whether it sells)."
+
+In another letter to the same friend, he wrote:--
+
+"You have pleased me much by what you say in regard to Bentham and
+Oliver approving of my book; for I had got a sort of nervousness, and
+doubted whether I had not made an egregious fool of myself, and
+concocted pleasant little stinging remarks for reviews, such as 'Mr.
+Darwin's head seems to have been turned by a certain degree of success,
+and he thinks that the most trifling observations are worth
+publication.'"
+
+He wrote too, to Asa Gray:--
+
+"Your generous sympathy makes you over-estimate what you have read of my
+Orchid-book. But your letter of May 18th and 26th has given me an almost
+foolish amount of satisfaction. The subject interested me, I knew,
+beyond its real value; but I had lately got to think that I had made
+myself a complete fool by publishing in a semi-popular form. Now I shall
+confidently defy the world.... No doubt my volume contains much error:
+how curiously difficult it is to be accurate, though I try my utmost.
+Your notes have interested me beyond measure. I can now afford to d----
+my critics with ineffable complacency of mind. Cordial thanks for this
+benefit."
+
+Sir Joseph Hooker reviewed the book in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_,
+writing in a successful imitation of the style of Lindley, the Editor.
+My father wrote to Sir Joseph (Nov. 12, 1862):--
+
+"So you did write the review in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_. Once or
+twice I doubted whether it was Lindley; but when I came to a little slap
+at R. Brown, I doubted no longer. You arch-rogue! I do not wonder you
+have deceived others also. Perhaps I am a conceited dog; but if so, you
+have much to answer for; I never received so much praise, and coming
+from you I value it much more than from any other."
+
+With regard to botanical opinion generally, he wrote to Dr. Gray, "I am
+fairly astonished at the success of my book with botanists." Among
+naturalists who were not botanists, Lyell was pre-eminent in his
+appreciation of the book. I have no means of knowing when he read it,
+but in later life, as I learn from Professor Judd, he was enthusiastic
+in praise of the _Fertilisation of Orchids_, which he considered "next
+to the _Origin_, as the most valuable of all Darwin's works." Among the
+general public the author did not at first hear of many disciples, thus
+he wrote to his cousin Fox in September 1862: "Hardly any one not a
+botanist, except yourself, as far as I know, has cared for it."
+
+If we examine the literature relating to the fertilisation of flowers,
+we do not find that this new branch of study showed any great activity
+immediately after the publication of the Orchid-book. There are a few
+papers by Asa Gray, in 1862 and 1863, by Hildebrand in 1864, and by
+Moggridge in 1865, but the great mass of work by Axell, Delpino,
+Hildebrand, and the Muellers, did not begin to appear until about 1867.
+The period during which the new views were being assimilated, and before
+they became thoroughly fruitful, was, however, surprisingly short. The
+later activity in this department may be roughly gauged by the fact that
+the valuable 'Bibliography,' given by Professor D'Arcy Thompson in his
+translation of Mueller's _Befruchtung_ (1883),[287] contains references
+to 814 papers.
+
+In 1877 a second edition of the _Fertilisation of Orchids_ was
+published, the first edition having been for some time out of print. The
+new edition was remodelled and almost rewritten, and a large amount of
+new matter added, much of which the author owed to his friend Fritz
+Mueller.
+
+With regard to this edition he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I do not suppose I shall ever again touch the book. After much doubt I
+have resolved to act in this way with all my books for the future; that
+is to correct them once and never touch them again, so as to use the
+small quantity of work left in me for new matter."
+
+One of the latest references to his Orchid-work occurs in a letter to
+Mr. Bentham, February 16, 1880. It shows the amount of pleasure which
+this subject gave to my father, and (what is characteristic of him) that
+his reminiscence of the work was one of delight in the observations
+which preceded its publication, not to the applause which followed it:--
+
+"They are wonderful creatures, these Orchids, and I sometimes think with
+a glow of pleasure, when I remember making out some little point in
+their method of fertilisation."
+
+
+_The Effect of Cross-and Self-fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom.
+Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same species._
+
+Two other books bearing on the problem of sex in plants require a brief
+notice. _The Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation_, published in
+1876, is one of his most important works, and at the same time one of
+the most unreadable to any but the professed naturalist. Its value lies
+in the proof it offers of the increased vigour given to the offspring by
+the act of cross-fertilisation. It is the complement of the Orchid book
+because it makes us understand the advantage gained by the mechanisms
+for insuring cross-fertilisation described in that work.
+
+The book is also valuable in another respect, because it throws light on
+the difficult problems of the origin of sexuality. The increased vigour
+resulting from cross-fertilisation is allied in the closest manner to
+the advantage gained by change of conditions. So strongly is this the
+case, that in some instances cross-fertilisation gives no advantage to
+the offspring, unless the parents have lived under slightly different
+conditions. So that the really important thing is not that two
+individuals of different _blood_ shall unite, but two individuals which
+have been subjected to different conditions. We are thus led to believe
+that sexuality is a means for infusing vigour into the offspring by the
+coalescence of differentiated elements, an advantage which could not
+accompany asexual reproductions.
+
+It is remarkable that this book, the result of eleven years of
+experimental work, owed its origin to a chance observation. My father
+had raised two beds of _Linaria vulgaris_--one set being the offspring
+of cross and the other of self-fertilisation. The plants were grown for
+the sake of some observations on inheritance, and not with any view to
+cross-breeding, and he was astonished to observe that the offspring of
+self-fertilisation were clearly less vigorous than the others. It seemed
+incredible to him that this result could be due to a single act of
+self-fertilisation, and it was only in the following year, when
+precisely the same result occurred in the case of a similar experiment
+on inheritance in carnations, that his attention was "thoroughly
+aroused," and that he determined to make a series of experiments
+specially directed to the question.
+
+The volume on _Forms of Flowers_ was published in 1877, and was
+dedicated by the author to Professor Asa Gray, "as a small tribute of
+respect and affection." It consists of certain earlier papers re-edited,
+with the addition of a quantity of new matter. The subjects treated in
+the book are:--
+
+
+     (i.) Heterostyled Plants.
+
+     (ii.) Polygamous, Dioecious, and Gynodioecious Plants.
+
+     (iii.) Cleistogamic Flowers.
+
+
+The nature of heterostyled plants may be illustrated in the primrose,
+one of the best known examples of the class. If a number of primroses be
+gathered, it will be found that some plants yield nothing but "pin-eyed"
+flowers, in which the style (or organ for the transmission of the pollen
+to the ovule) is long, while the others yield only "thrum-eyed" flowers
+with short styles. Thus primroses are divided into two sets or castes
+differing structurally from each other. My father showed that they also
+differ sexually, and that in fact the bond between the two castes more
+nearly resembles that between separate sexes than any other known
+relationship. Thus for example a long-styled primrose, though it can be
+fertilised by its own pollen, is not _fully_ fertile unless it is
+impregnated by the pollen of a short-styled flower. Heterostyled plants
+are comparable to hermaphrodite animals, such as snails, which require
+the concourse of two individuals, although each possesses both the
+sexual elements. The difference is that in the case of the primrose it
+is _perfect fertility_, and not simply _fertility_, that depends on the
+mutual action of the two sets of individuals.
+
+The work on heterostyled plants has a special bearing, to which the
+author attached much importance, on the problem of the origin of
+species.[288]
+
+He found that a wonderfully close parallelism exists between
+hybridisation (_i.e._ crosses between distinct species), and certain
+forms of fertilisation among heterostyled plants. So that it is hardly
+an exaggeration to say that the "illegitimately" reared seedlings are
+hybrids, although both their parents belong to identically the same
+species. In a letter to Professor Huxley, given in the second volume of
+the _Life and Letters_ (p. 384), my father writes as if his researches
+on heterostyled plants tended to make him believe that sterility is a
+selected or acquired quality. But in his later publications, _e.g._ in
+the sixth edition of the _Origin_, he adheres to the belief that
+sterility is an incidental[289] rather than a selected quality. The
+result of his work on heterostyled plants is of importance as showing
+that sterility is no test of specific distinctness, and that it depends
+on differentiation of the sexual elements which is independent of any
+racial difference. I imagine that it was his instinctive love of making
+out a difficulty which to a great extent kept him at work so patiently
+on the heterostyled plants. But it was the fact that general conclusions
+of the above character could be drawn from his results which made him
+think his results worthy of publication.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[269] The "Genealogy of Animals" (_The Academy_, 1869), reprinted in
+_Critiques and Addresses_.
+
+[270] An English edition is published by the Clarendon Press, 1890.
+
+[271] Sachs, _Geschichte d. Botanik_, p. 419.
+
+[272] That is to say, flowers possessing both stamens, or male organs,
+and pistils or female organs.
+
+[273] Christian Conrad Sprengel, born 1750, died 1816.
+
+[274] _Fertilisation of Flowers_ (Eng. Trans.) 1883, p. 3.
+
+[275] _Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Baue und in der Befruchtung
+der Blumen._ Berlin, 1793.
+
+[276] The order to which the pea and bean belong.
+
+[277] _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1857, p. 725. It appears that this paper
+was a piece of "over-time" work. He wrote to a friend, "that confounded
+Leguminous paper was done in the afternoon, and the consequence was I
+had to go to Moor Park for a week."
+
+[278] The sweet pea and everlasting pea belong to the genus Lathyrus.
+
+[279] _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 1858, p. 828.
+
+[280] He published a short paper on the manner of fertilisation of this
+flower, in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_ 1871, p. 1166.
+
+[281] The woodpecker was one of his stock examples of adaptation.
+
+[282] It is a modification of the upper stigma.
+
+[283] This rather obscure statement may be paraphrased thus:--
+
+The machinery is so perfect that the plant can afford to minimise the
+amount of pollen produced. Where the machinery for pollen distribution
+is of a cruder sort, for instance where it is carried by the wind,
+enormous quantities are produced, _e.g._ in the fir tree.
+
+[284] "Darwin considere, &c.," _Archives des Sciences Physiques et
+Naturelles_ 3eme periode. Tome vii. 481, 1882.
+
+[285] May 24th, 1862.
+
+[286] June 14th, 1862.
+
+[287] My father's "Prefatory Notice" to this work is dated February 6th,
+1882, and is therefore almost the last of his writings.
+
+[288] See Autobiography, p. 48.
+
+[289] The pollen or fertilising element is in each species adapted to
+produce a certain change in the egg-cell (or female element), just as a
+key is adapted to a lock. If a key opens a lock for which it was never
+intended it is an incidental result. In the same way if the pollen of
+species of A. proves to be capable of fertilising the egg-cell of
+species B. we may call it incidental.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+     _Climbing Plants; Power of Movement in Plants; Insectivorous
+     Plants; Kew Index of Plant Names._
+
+
+My father mentions in his _Autobiography_ (p. 45) that he was led to
+take up the subject of climbing plants by reading Dr. Gray's paper,
+"Note on the Coiling of the Tendrils of Plants."[290] This essay seems
+to have been read in 1862, but I am only able to guess at the date of
+the letter in which he asks for a reference to it, so that the precise
+date of his beginning this work cannot be determined.
+
+In June 1863, he was certainly at work, and wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker
+for information as to previous publications on the subject, being then
+in ignorance of Palm's and H. v. Mohl's works on climbing plants, both
+of which were published in 1827.
+
+
+_C. Darwin to Asa Gray._ Down, August 4 [1863].
+
+My present hobby-horse I owe to you, viz. the tendrils: their
+irritability is beautiful, as beautiful in all its modifications as
+anything in Orchids. About the _spontaneous_ movement (independent of
+touch) of the tendrils and upper internodes, I am rather taken aback by
+your saying, "is it not well known?" I can find nothing in any book
+which I have.... The spontaneous movement of the tendrils is independent
+of the movement of the upper internodes, but both work harmoniously
+together in sweeping a circle for the tendrils to grasp a stick. So with
+all climbing plants (without tendrils) as yet examined, the upper
+internodes go on night and day sweeping a circle in one fixed direction.
+It is surprising to watch the Apocyneae with shoots 18 inches long
+(beyond the supporting stick), steadily searching for something to climb
+up. When the shoot meets a stick, the motion at that point is arrested,
+but in the upper part is continued; so that the climbing of all plants
+yet examined is the simple result of the spontaneous circulatory
+movement of the upper internodes.[291] Pray tell me whether anything has
+been published on this subject? I hate publishing what is old; but I
+shall hardly regret my work if it is old, as it has much amused me....
+
+
+He soon found that his observations were not entirely novel, and wrote
+to Hooker: "I have now read two German books, and all I believe that has
+been written on climbers, and it has stirred me up to find that I have a
+good deal of new matter. It is strange, but I really think no one has
+explained simple twining plants. These books have stirred me up, and
+made me wish for plants specified in them."
+
+He continued his observations on climbing plants during the prolonged
+illness from which he suffered in the autumn of 1863, and in the
+following spring. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker, apparently in March
+1864:--
+
+"The hot-house is such an amusement to me, and my amusement I owe to
+you, as my delight is to look at the many odd leaves and plants from
+Kew.... The only approach to work which I can do is to look at tendrils
+and climbers, this does not distress my weakened brain. Ask Oliver to
+look over the enclosed queries (and do you look) and amuse a broken-down
+brother naturalist by answering any which he can. If you ever lounge
+through your houses, remember me and climbing plants."
+
+A letter to Dr. Gray, April 9, 1865, has a word or two on the subject.--
+
+"I have began correcting proofs of my paper on Climbing Plants. I
+suppose I shall be able to send you a copy in four or five weeks. I
+think it contains a good deal new, and some curious points, but it is so
+fearfully long, that no one will ever read it. If, however, you do not
+_skim_ through it, you will be an unnatural parent, for it is your
+child."
+
+Dr. Gray not only read it but approved of it, to my father's great
+satisfaction, as the following extracts show:--
+
+"I was much pleased to get your letter of July 24th. Now that I can do
+nothing, I maunder over old subjects, and your approbation of my
+climbing paper gives me _very_ great satisfaction. I made my
+observations when I could do nothing else and much enjoyed it, but
+always doubted whether they were worth publishing....
+
+"I received yesterday your article[292] on climbers, and it has pleased
+me in an extraordinary and even silly manner. You pay me a superb
+compliment, and as I have just said to my wife, I think my friends must
+perceive that I like praise, they give me such hearty doses. I always
+admire your skill in reviews or abstracts, and you have done this
+article excellently and given the whole essence of my paper.... I have
+had a letter from a good zoologist in S. Brazil, F. Mueller, who has been
+stirred up to observe climbers, and gives me some curious cases of
+_branch_-climbers, in which branches are converted into tendrils, and
+then continue to grow and throw out leaves and new branches, and then
+lose their tendril character."
+
+The paper on Climbing Plants was republished in 1875, as a separate
+book. The author had been unable to give his customary amount of care to
+the style of the original essay, owing to the fact that it was written
+during a period of continued ill-health, and it was now found to require
+a great deal of alteration. He wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker (March 3,
+1875): "It is lucky for authors in general that they do not require such
+dreadful work in merely licking what they write into shape." And to Mr.
+Murray, in September, he wrote: "The corrections are heavy in _Climbing
+Plants_, and yet I deliberately went over the MS. and old sheets three
+times." The book was published in September 1875, an edition of 1500
+copies was struck off; the edition sold fairly well, and 500 additional
+copies were printed in June of the following year.
+
+
+_The Power of Movement in Plants._ 1880.
+
+The few sentences in the autobiographical chapter give with sufficient
+clearness the connection between the _Power of Movement_ and the book on
+Climbing Plants. The central idea of the book is that the movements of
+plants in relation to light, gravitation, &c., are modifications of a
+spontaneous tendency to revolve or circumnutate, which is widely
+inherent in the growing parts of plants. This conception has not been
+generally adopted, and has not taken a place among the canons of
+orthodox physiology. The book has been treated by Professor Sachs with a
+few words of professorial contempt; and by Professor Wiesner it has been
+honoured by careful and generously expressed criticism.
+
+Mr. Thiselton Dyer[293] has well said: "Whether this masterly
+conception of the unity of what has hitherto seemed a chaos of unrelated
+phenomena will be sustained, time alone will show. But no one can doubt
+the importance of what Mr. Darwin has done, in showing that for the
+future the phenomena of plant movement can and indeed must be studied
+from a single point of view."
+
+The work was begun in the summer of 1877, after the publication of
+_Different Forms of Flowers_, and by the autumn his enthusiasm for the
+subject was thoroughly established, and he wrote to Mr. Dyer: "I am all
+on fire at the work." At this time he was studying the movements of
+cotyledons, in which the sleep of plants is to be observed in its
+simplest form; in the following spring he was trying to discover what
+useful purpose those sleep-movements could serve, and wrote to Sir
+Joseph Hooker (March 25th, 1878):--
+
+"I think we have _proved_ that the sleep of plants is to lessen the
+injury to the leaves from radiation. This has interested me much, and
+has cost us great labour, as it has been a problem since the time of
+Linnaeus. But we have killed or badly injured a multitude of plants.
+N.B.--_Oxalis carnosa_ was most valuable, but last night was killed."
+
+The book was published on November 6, 1880, and 1500 copies were
+disposed of at Mr. Murray's sale. With regard to it he wrote to Sir J.
+D. Hooker (November 23):--
+
+"Your note has pleased me much--for I did not expect that you would have
+had time to read _any_ of it. Read the last chapter, and you will know
+the whole result, but without the evidence. The case, however, of
+radicles bending after exposure for an hour to geotropism, with their
+tips (or brains) cut off is, I think worth your reading (bottom of p.
+525); it astounded me. But I will bother you no more about my book. The
+sensitiveness of seedlings to light is marvellous."
+
+To another friend, Mr. Thiselton Dyer, he wrote (November 28, 1880):
+
+"Very many thanks for your most kind note, but you think too highly of
+our work, not but what this is very pleasant.... Many of the Germans are
+very contemptuous about making out the use of organs; but they may sneer
+the souls out of their bodies, and I for one shall think it the most
+interesting part of Natural History. Indeed you are greatly mistaken if
+you doubt for one moment on the very great value of your constant and
+most kind assistance to us."
+
+The book was widely reviewed, and excited much interest among the
+general public. The following letter refers to a leading article in the
+_Times_, November 20, 1880:--
+
+
+_C. D. to Mrs. Haliburton._[294] Down, November 22, 1880.
+
+MY DEAR SARAH,--You see how audaciously I begin; but I have always loved
+and shall ever love this name. Your letter has done more than please me,
+for its kindness has touched my heart. I often think of old days and of
+the delight of my visits to Woodhouse, and of the deep debt of gratitude
+which I owe to your father. It was very good of you to write. I had
+quite forgotten my old ambition about the Shrewsbury newspaper;[295] but
+I remember the pride which I felt when I saw in a book about beetles the
+impressive words "captured by C. Darwin." Captured sounded so grand
+compared with caught. This seemed to me glory enough for any man! I do
+not know in the least what made the _Times_ glorify me, for it has
+sometimes pitched into me ferociously.
+
+I should very much like to see you again, but you would find a visit
+here very dull, for we feel very old and have no amusement, and lead a
+solitary life. But we intend in a few weeks to spend a few days in
+London, and then if you have anything else to do in London, you would
+perhaps come and lunch with us.
+
+Believe me, my dear Sarah,
+Yours gratefully and affectionately.
+
+
+The following letter was called forth by the publication of a volume
+devoted to the criticism of the _Power of Movement in Plants_ by an
+accomplished botanist, Dr. Julius Wiesner, Professor of Botany in the
+University of Vienna:
+
+
+_C. D. to Julius Wiesner._ Down, October 25th, 1881.
+
+MY DEAR SIR,--I have now finished your book,[296] and have understood
+the whole except a very few passages. In the first place, let me thank
+you cordially for the manner in which you have everywhere treated me.
+You have shown how a man may differ from another in the most decided
+manner, and yet express his difference with the most perfect courtesy.
+Not a few English and German naturalists might learn a useful lesson
+from your example; for the coarse language often used by scientific men
+towards each other does no good, and only degrades science.
+
+I have been profoundly interested by your book, and some of your
+experiments are so beautiful, that I actually felt pleasure while being
+vivisected. It would take up too much space to discuss all the important
+topics in your book. I fear that you have quite upset the interpretation
+which I have given of the effects of cutting off the tips of
+horizontally extended roots, and of those laterally exposed to moisture;
+but I cannot persuade myself that the horizontal position of lateral
+branches and roots is due simply to their lessened power of growth. Nor
+when I think of my experiments with the cotyledons of _Phalaris_, can I
+give up the belief of the transmission of some stimulus due to light
+from the upper to the lower part. At p. 60 you have misunderstood my
+meaning, when you say that I believe that the effects from light are
+transmitted to a part which is not itself heliotropic. I never
+considered whether or not the short part beneath the ground was
+heliotropic; but I believe that with young seedlings the part which
+bends _near_, but _above_ the ground is heliotropic, and I believe so
+from this part bending only moderately when the light is oblique, and
+bending rectangularly when the light is horizontal. Nevertheless the
+bending of this lower part, as I conclude from my experiments with
+opaque caps, is influenced by the action of light on the upper part. My
+opinion, however, on the above and many other points, signifies very
+little, for I have no doubt that your book will convince most botanists
+that I am wrong in all the points on which we differ.
+
+Independently of the question of transmission, my mind is so full of
+facts leading me to believe that light, gravity, &c., act not in a
+direct manner on growth, but as stimuli, that I am quite unable to
+modify my judgment on this head. I could not understand the passage at
+p. 78, until I consulted my son George, who is a mathematician. He
+supposes that your objection is founded on the diffused light from the
+lamp illuminating both sides of the object, and not being reduced, with
+increasing distance in the same ratio as the direct light; but he doubts
+whether this _necessary_ correction will account for the very little
+difference in the heliotropic curvature of the plants in the successive
+pots.
+
+With respect to the sensitiveness of the tips of roots to contact, I
+cannot admit your view until it is proved that I am in error about bits
+of card attached by liquid gum causing movement; whereas no movement
+was caused if the card remained separated from the tip by a layer of the
+liquid gum. The fact also of thicker and thinner bits of card attached
+on opposite sides of the same root by shellac, causing movement in one
+direction, has to be explained. You often speak of the tip having been
+injured; but externally there was no sign of injury: and when the tip
+was plainly injured, the extreme part became curved _towards_ the
+injured side. I can no more believe that the tip was injured by the bits
+of card, at least when attached by gum-water, than that the glands of
+Drosera are injured by a particle of thread or hair placed on it, or
+that the human tongue is so when it feels any such object.
+
+About the most important subject in my book, namely circumnutation, I
+can only say that I feel utterly bewildered at the difference in our
+conclusions; but I could not fully understand some parts which my son
+Francis will be able to translate to me when he returns home. The
+greater part of your book is beautifully clear.
+
+Finally, I wish that I had enough strength and spirit to commence a
+fresh set of experiments, and publish the results, with a full
+recantation of my errors when convinced of them; but I am too old for
+such an undertaking, nor do I suppose that I shall be able to do much,
+or any more, original work. I imagine that I see one possible source of
+error in your beautiful experiment of a plant rotating and exposed to a
+lateral light.
+
+With high respect, and with sincere thanks for the kind manner in which
+you have treated me and my mistakes, I remain,
+
+My dear Sir, yours sincerely.
+
+
+_Insectivorous Plants._
+
+In the summer of 1860 he was staying at the house of his sister-in-law,
+Miss Wedgwood, in Ashdown Forest whence he wrote (July 29, 1860), to Sir
+Joseph Hooker:--
+
+"Latterly I have done nothing here; but at first I amused myself with a
+few observations on the insect-catching power of Drosera:[297] and I
+must consult you some time whether my 'twaddle' is worth communicating
+to the Linnean Society."
+
+In August he wrote to the same friend:--
+
+"I will gratefully send my notes on Drosera when copied by my copier:
+the subject amused me when I had nothing to do."
+
+He has described in the _Autobiography_ (p. 47), the general nature of
+these early experiments. He noticed insects sticking to the leaves, and
+finding that flies, &c., placed on the adhesive glands, were held fast
+and embraced, he suspected that the captured prey was digested and
+absorbed by the leaves. He therefore tried the effect on the leaves of
+various nitrogenous fluids--with results which, as far as they went,
+verified his surmise. In September, 1860, he wrote to Dr. Gray:--
+
+"I have been infinitely amused by working at Drosera: the movements are
+really curious; and the manner in which the leaves detect certain
+nitrogenous compounds is marvellous. You will laugh; but it is, at
+present, my full belief (after endless experiments) that they detect
+(and move in consequence of) the 1/2880 part of a single grain of
+nitrate of ammonia; but the muriate and sulphate of ammonia bother their
+chemical skill, and they cannot make anything of the nitrogen in these
+salts!"
+
+Later in the autumn he was again obliged to leave home for Eastbourne,
+where he continued his work on Drosera.
+
+On his return home he wrote to Lyell (November 1860):--
+
+"I will and must finish my Drosera MS., which will take me a week, for,
+at the present moment, I care more about Drosera than the origin of all
+the species in the world. But I will not publish on Drosera till next
+year, for I am frightened and astounded at my results. I declare it is a
+certain fact, that one organ is so sensitive to touch, that a weight
+seventy-eight-times less than that, viz., 1/1000 of a grain, which will
+move the best chemical balance, suffices to cause a conspicuous
+movement. Is it not curious that a plant should be far more sensitive to
+the touch than any nerve in the human body? Yet I am perfectly sure that
+this is true. When I am on my hobby-horse, I never can resist telling my
+friends how well my hobby goes, so you must forgive the rider."
+
+The work was continued, as a holiday task, at Bournemouth, where he
+stayed during the autumn of 1862.
+
+A long break now ensued in his work on insectivorous plants, and it was
+not till 1872 that the subject seriously occupied him again. A passage
+in a letter to Dr. Asa Gray, written in 1863 or 1864, shows, however,
+that the question was not altogether absent from his mind in the
+interim:--
+
+"Depend on it you are unjust on the merits of my beloved Drosera; it is
+a wonderful plant, or rather a most sagacious animal. I will stick up
+for Drosera to the day of my death. Heaven knows whether I shall ever
+publish my pile of experiments on it."
+
+He notes in his diary that the last proof of the _Expression of the
+Emotions_ was finished on August 22, 1872, and that he began to work on
+Drosera on the following day.
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray_ [Sevenoaks], October 22 [1872].
+
+... I have worked pretty hard for four or five weeks on Drosera, and
+then broke down; so that we took a house near Sevenoaks for three weeks
+(where I now am) to get complete rest. I have very little power of
+working now, and must put off the rest of the work on Drosera till next
+spring, as my plants are dying. It is an endless subject, and I must cut
+it short, and for this reason shall not do much on Dionaea. The point
+which has interested me most is tracing the _nerves_! which follow the
+vascular bundles. By a prick with a sharp lancet at a certain point, I
+can paralyse one-half the leaf, so that a stimulus to the other half
+causes no movement. It is just like dividing the spinal marrow of a
+frog:--no stimulus can be sent from the brain or anterior part of the
+spine to the hind legs: but if these latter are stimulated, they move by
+reflex action. I find my old results about the astonishing sensitiveness
+of the nervous system (!?) of Drosera to various stimulants fully
+confirmed and extended....
+
+
+_C. D. to Asa Gray_, Down, June 3 [1874].
+
+... I am now hard at work getting my book on Drosera & Co. ready for the
+printers, but it will take some time, for I am always finding out new
+points to observe. I think you will be interested by my observations on
+the digestive process in Drosera; the secretion contains an acid of the
+acetic series, and some ferment closely analogous to, but not identical
+with, pepsine; for I have been making a long series of comparative
+trials. No human being will believe what I shall publish about the
+smallness of the doses of phosphate of ammonia which act....
+
+The manuscript of _Insectivorous Plants_ was finished in March 1875. He
+seems to have been more than usually oppressed by the writing of this
+book, thus he wrote to Sir J. D. Hooker in February:--
+
+"You ask about my book, and all that I can say is that I am ready to
+commit suicide; I thought it was decently written, but find so much
+wants rewriting, that it will not be ready to go to printers for two
+months, and will then make a confoundedly big book. Murray will say that
+it is no use publishing in the middle of summer, so I do not know what
+will be the upshot; but I begin to think that every one who publishes a
+book is a fool."
+
+The book was published on July 2nd, 1875, and 2700 copies were sold out
+of the edition of 3000.
+
+
+_The Kew Index of Plant-Names._
+
+Some account of my father's connection with the _Index of Plant-Names_,
+now (1892) being printed by the Clarendon Press, will be found in Mr. B.
+Daydon Jackson's paper in the _Journal of Botany_, 1887, p. 151. Mr.
+Jackson quotes the following statement by Sir J. D. Hooker:--
+
+"Shortly before his death, Mr. Charles Darwin informed Sir Joseph Hooker
+that it was his intention to devote a considerable sum of money annually
+for some years in aid or furtherance of some work or works of practical
+utility to biological science, and to make provisions in his will in the
+event of these not being completed during his lifetime.
+
+"Amongst other objects connected with botanical science, Mr. Darwin
+regarded with especial interest the importance of a complete index to
+the names and authors of the genera and species of plants known to
+botanists, together with their native countries. Steudel's _Nomenclator_
+is the only existing work of this nature, and although now nearly half a
+century old, Mr. Darwin had found it of great aid in his own researches.
+It has been indispensable to every botanical institution, whether as a
+list of all known flowering plants, as an indication of their authors,
+or as a digest of botanical geography."
+
+Since 1840, when the _Nomenclator_ was published, the number of
+described plants may be said to have doubled, so that Steudel is now
+seriously below the requirements of botanical work. To remedy this want,
+the _Nomenclator_ has been from time to time posted up in an interleaved
+copy in the Herbarium at Kew, by the help of "funds supplied by private
+liberality."[298]
+
+My father, like other botanists, had, as Sir Joseph Hooker points out,
+experienced the value of Steudel's work. He obtained plants from all
+sorts of sources, which were often incorrectly named, and he felt the
+necessity of adhering to the accepted nomenclature so that he might
+convey to other workers precise indications as to the plants which he
+had studied. It was also frequently a matter of importance to him to
+know the native country of his experimental plants. Thus it was natural
+that he should recognise the desirability of completing and publishing
+the interleaved volume at Kew. The wish to help in this object was
+heightened by the admiration he felt for the results for which the world
+has to thank the Royal Gardens at Kew, and by his gratitude for the
+invaluable aid which for so many years he received from its Director and
+his staff. He expressly stated that it was his wish "to aid in some way
+the scientific work carried on at the Royal Gardens"[299]--which induced
+him to offer to supply funds for the completion of the Kew
+_Nomenclator_.
+
+The following passage, for which I am indebted to Professor Judd, is of
+interest, as illustrating, the motives that actuated my father in this
+matter. Professor Judd writes:--
+
+"On the occasion of my last visit to him, he told me that his income
+having recently greatly increased, while his wants remained the same, he
+was most anxious to devote what he could spare to the advancement of
+Geology or Biology. He dwelt in the most touching manner on the fact
+that he owed so much happiness and fame to the natural history sciences,
+which had been the solace of what might have been a painful
+existence;--and he begged me, if I knew of any research which could be
+aided by a grant of a few hundreds of pounds, to let him know, as it
+would be a delight to him to feel that he was helping in promoting the
+progress of science. He informed me at the same time that he was making
+the same suggestion to Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Huxley with
+respect to Botany and Zoology respectively. I was much impressed by the
+earnestness, and, indeed, deep emotion, with which he spoke of his
+indebtedness to Science, and his desire to promote its interests."
+
+The plan of the proposed work having been carefully considered, Sir
+Joseph Hooker was able to confide its elaboration in detail to Mr. B.
+Daydon Jackson, Secretary of the Linnean Society, whose extensive
+knowledge of botanical literature qualifies him for the task. My
+father's original idea of producing a modern edition of Steudel's
+_Nomenclator_ has been practically abandoned, the aim now kept in view
+is rather to construct a list of genera and species (with references)
+founded on Bentham and Hooker's _Genera Plantarum_. Under Sir Joseph
+Hooker's supervision, the work, carried out with admirable zeal by Mr.
+Jackson, goes steadily forward. The colossal nature of the undertaking
+may be estimated by the fact that the manuscript of the _Index_ is at
+the present time (1892) believed to weigh more than a ton.
+
+The Kew 'Index,' will be a fitting memorial of my father: and his share
+in its completion illustrates a part of his character--his ready
+sympathy with work outside his own lines of investigation--and his
+respect for minute and patient labour in all branches of science.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[290] _Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences_, 1858.
+
+[291] This view is rejected by some botanists.
+
+[292] In the September number of _Silliman's Journal_, concluded in the
+January number, 1866.
+
+[293] _Charles Darwin_, _Nature_ Series, p. 41.
+
+[294] Mrs. Haliburton was a daughter of my father's early friend, the
+late Mr. Owen, of Woodhouse.
+
+[295] Mrs. Haliburton had reminded him of his saying as a boy that if
+Eddowes' newspaper ever alluded to him as "our deserving
+fellow-townsman," his ambition would be amply gratified.
+
+[296] _Das Bewegungsvermoegen der Pflanzen._ Vienna, 1881.
+
+[297] The common sun-dew.
+
+[298] _Kew Gardens Report_, 1881, p. 62.
+
+[299] See _Nature_, January 5, 1882.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+CONCLUSION.
+
+
+Some idea of the general course of my father's health may have been
+gathered from the letters given in the preceding pages. The subject of
+health appears more prominently than is often necessary in a Biography,
+because it was, unfortunately, so real an element in determining the
+outward form of his life.
+
+My father was at one time in the hands of Dr. Bence Jones, from whose
+treatment he certainly derived benefit. In later years he became a
+patient of Sir Andrew Clark, under whose care he improved greatly in
+general health. It was not only for his generously rendered service that
+my father felt a debt of gratitude towards Sir Andrew Clark. He owed to
+his cheering personal influence an often-repeated encouragement, which
+latterly added something real to his happiness, and he found sincere
+pleasure in Sir Andrew's friendship and kindness towards himself and his
+children. During the last ten years of his life the state of his health
+was a cause of satisfaction and hope to his family. His condition showed
+signs of amendment in several particulars. He suffered less distress and
+discomfort, and was able to work more steadily.
+
+Scattered through his letters are one or two references to pain or
+uneasiness felt in the region of the heart. How far these indicate that
+the heart was affected early in life, I cannot pretend to say; in any
+case it is certain that he had no serious or permanent trouble of this
+nature until shortly before his death. In spite of the general
+improvement in his health, which has been above alluded to, there was a
+certain loss of physical vigour occasionally apparent during the last
+few years of his life. This is illustrated by a sentence in a letter to
+his old friend Sir James Sulivan, written on January 10, 1879: "My
+scientific work tires me more than it used to do, but I have nothing
+else to do, and whether one is worn out a year or two sooner or later
+signifies but little."
+
+A similar feeling is shown in a letter to Sir J. D. Hooker of June 15,
+1881. My father was staying at Patterdale, and wrote: "I am rather
+despondent about myself.... I have not the heart or strength to begin
+any investigation lasting years, which is the only thing I enjoy, and I
+have no little jobs which I can do."
+
+In July, 1881, he wrote to Mr. Wallace: "We have just returned home
+after spending five weeks on Ullswater; the scenery is quite charming,
+but I cannot walk, and everything tires me, even seeing scenery.... What
+I shall do with my few remaining years of life I can hardly tell. I have
+everything to make me happy and contented, but life has become very
+wearisome to me." He was, however, able to do a good deal of work, and
+that of a trying sort,[300] during the autumn of 1881, but towards the
+end of the year, he was clearly in need of rest: and during the winter
+was in a lower condition than was usual with him.
+
+On December 13, he went for a week to his daughter's house in Bryanston
+Street. During his stay in London he went to call on Mr. Romanes, and
+was seized when on the door-step with an attack apparently of the same
+kind as those which afterwards became so frequent. The rest of the
+incident, which I give in Mr. Romanes' words, is interesting too from a
+different point of view, as giving one more illustration of my father's
+scrupulous consideration for others:--
+
+"I happened to be out, but my butler, observing that Mr. Darwin was ill,
+asked him to come in. He said he would prefer going home, and although
+the butler urged him to wait at least until a cab could be fetched, he
+said he would rather not give so much trouble. For the same reason he
+refused to allow the butler to accompany him. Accordingly he watched him
+walking with difficulty towards the direction in which cabs were to be
+met with, and saw that, when he had got about three hundred yards from
+the house, he staggered and caught hold of the park-railings as if to
+prevent himself from falling. The butler therefore hastened to his
+assistance, but after a few seconds saw him turn round with the evident
+purpose of retracing his steps to my house. However, after he had
+returned part of the way he seems to have felt better, for he again
+changed his mind, and proceeded to find a cab."
+
+During the last week of February and in the beginning of March, attacks
+of pain in the region of the heart, with irregularity of the pulse,
+became frequent, coming on indeed nearly every afternoon. A seizure of
+this sort occurred about March 7, when he was walking alone at a short
+distance from the house; he got home with difficulty, and this was the
+last time that he was able to reach his favourite 'Sand-walk.' Shortly
+after this, his illness became obviously more serious and alarming, and
+he was seen by Sir Andrew Clark, whose treatment was continued by Dr.
+Norman Moore, of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and Dr. Allfrey, at that
+time in practice at St. Mary Cray. He suffered from distressing
+sensations of exhaustion and faintness, and seemed to recognise with
+deep depression the fact that his working days were over. He gradually
+recovered from this condition, and became more cheerful and hopeful, as
+is shown in the following letter to Mr. Huxley, who was anxious that my
+father should have closer medical supervision than the existing
+arrangements allowed:--
+
+
+"Down, March 27, 1882.
+
+"MY DEAR HUXLEY,--Your most kind letter has been a real cordial to me. I
+have felt better to-day than for three weeks, and have felt as yet no
+pain. Your plan seems an excellent one, and I will probably act upon it,
+unless I get very much better. Dr. Clark's kindness is unbounded to me,
+but he is too busy to come here. Once again, accept my cordial thanks,
+my dear old friend. I wish to God there were more automata[301] in the
+world like you.
+
+"Ever yours,
+"CH. DARWIN."
+
+
+The allusion to Sir Andrew Clark requires a word of explanation. Sir
+Andrew himself was ever ready to devote himself to my father, who
+however, could not endure the thought of sending for him, knowing how
+severely his great practice taxed his strength.
+
+No especial change occurred during the beginning of April, but on
+Saturday 15th he was seized with giddiness while sitting at dinner in
+the evening, and fainted in an attempt to reach his sofa. On the 17th he
+was again better, and in my temporary absence recorded for me the
+progress of an experiment in which I was engaged. During the night of
+April 18th, about a quarter to twelve, he had a severe attack and passed
+into a faint, from which he was brought back to consciousness with great
+difficulty. He seemed to recognise the approach of death, and said, "I
+am not the least afraid to die." All the next morning he suffered from
+terrible nausea and faintness, and hardly rallied before the end came.
+
+He died at about four o'clock on Wednesday, April 19th, 1882, in the
+74th year of his age.
+
+I close the record of my father's life with a few words of retrospect
+added to the manuscript of his _Autobiography_ in 1879:--
+
+"As for myself, I believe that I have acted rightly in steadily
+following and devoting my life to Science. I feel no remorse from having
+committed any great sin, but have often and often regretted that I have
+not done more direct good to my fellow creatures."
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[300] On the action of carbonate of ammonia on roots and leaves.
+
+[301] The allusion is to Mr. Huxley's address, "On the hypothesis that
+animals are automata, and its history," given at the Belfast Meeting of
+the British Association, 1874, and republished in _Science and Culture_.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I.
+
+THE FUNERAL IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY.
+
+
+On the Friday succeeding my father's death, the following letter, signed
+by twenty Members of Parliament, was addressed to Dr. Bradley, Dean of
+Westminster:--
+
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 21, 1882.
+
+VERY REV. SIR,--We hope you will not think we are taking a liberty if we
+venture to suggest that it would be acceptable to a very large number of
+our fellow-countrymen of all classes and opinions that our illustrious
+countryman, Mr. Darwin, should be buried in Westminster Abbey.
+
+We remain, your obedient servants,
+
+JOHN LUBBOCK,
+NEVIL STOREY MASKELYNE,
+A. J. MUNDELLA,
+G. O. TREVELYAN,
+LYON PLAYFAIR,
+CHARLES W. DILKE,
+DAVID WEDDERBURN,
+ARTHUR RUSSELL,
+HORACE DAVEY,
+BENJAMIN ARMITAGE,
+RICHARD B. MARTIN,
+FRANCIS W. BUXTON,
+E. L. STANLEY,
+HENRY BROADHURST,
+JOHN BARRAN,
+J. F. CHEETHAM,
+H. S. HOLLAND,
+H. CAMPBELL-BANNERMAN,
+CHARLES BRUCE,
+RICHARD FORT.
+
+
+The Dean was abroad at the time, and telegraphed his cordial
+acquiescence.
+
+The family had desired that my father should be buried at Down: with
+regard to their wishes, Sir John Lubbock wrote:--
+
+
+HOUSE OF COMMONS, April 25, 1882.
+
+MY DEAR DARWIN,--I quite sympathise with your feeling, and personally I
+should greatly have preferred that your father should have rested in
+Down amongst us all. It is, I am sure, quite understood that the
+initiative was not taken by you. Still, from a national point of view,
+it is clearly right that he should be buried in the Abbey. I esteem it a
+great privilege to be allowed to accompany my dear master to the grave.
+
+Believe me, yours most sincerely,
+JOHN LUBBOCK.
+W. E. DARWIN, ESQ.
+
+
+The family gave up their first-formed plans, and the funeral took place
+in Westminster Abbey on April 26th. The pall-bearers were:--
+
+
+SIR JOHN LUBBOCK,
+MR. HUXLEY,
+MR. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (American Minister),
+MR. A. R. WALLACE,
+THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE,
+CANON FARRAR,
+SIR JOSEPH HOOKER,
+MR. WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE (President of the Royal Society),
+THE EARL OF DERBY,
+THE DUKE OF ARGYLL.
+
+
+The funeral was attended by the representatives of France, Germany,
+Italy, Spain, Russia, and by those of the Universities and learned
+Societies, as well as by large numbers of personal friends and
+distinguished men.
+
+The grave is in the north aisle of the Nave, close to the angle of the
+choir-screen, and a few feet from the grave of Sir Isaac Newton. The
+stone bears the inscription--
+
+
+CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN.
+Born 12 February, 1809.
+Died 19 April, 1882.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II.
+
+
+PORTRAITS.
+
+-----+------------------+-----------------+--------------------
+Date.|Description.      |Artist.          |In the Possession of
+-----+------------------+-----------------+--------------------
+1838 |Water-colour      |G. Richmond      |The Family.
+1851 |Lithograph        |Ipswich British  |
+     |                  |  Assn. Series.  |
+1853 |Chalk Drawing     |Samuel Lawrence  |The Family.
+1853?|Chalk Drawing[302]|Samuel Lawrence  |Professor Hughes,
+     |                  |                 |  Cambridge.
+1869 |Bust, marble      |T. Woolner, R.A. |The Family.
+1875 |Oil Painting[303] |W. Ouless, R.A.  |The Family.
+     |Etched by         |P. Rajon.        |
+1879 |Oil Painting      |W. B. Richmond   |The University of
+     |                  |                 |  Cambridge.
+1881 |Oil Painting[304] |Hon. John Collier|The Linnean Society.
+     |Etched by         |Leopold Flameng  |
+
+
+CHIEF PORTRAITS AND MEMORIALS NOT TAKEN FROM LIFE.
+
+     |Statue[305]     |Joseph Boehm,    |Museum, South
+     |                |  R.A.           |  Kensington.
+     |Bust            |Chr. Lehr, Junr. |
+     |Plaque          |T. Woolner, R.A.,|Christ's College, in
+     |                |  and Josiah     |  Charles Darwin's
+     |                |  Wedgwood and   |  Room.
+     |                |  Sons.          |
+     |Deep Medallion. |J. Boehm, R.A.   |In Westminster
+     |                |                 |  Abbey.
+-----+----------------+-----------------+--------------------
+
+
+CHIEF ENGRAVINGS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS.
+
+*1854? By Messrs. Maull and Fox, engraved on wood for _Harper's
+Magazine_ (Oct. 1884). Frontispiece, _Life and Letters_, vol. i.
+
+1868 By the late Mrs. Cameron, reproduced in heliogravure by the
+Cambridge Engraving Company for the present work.
+
+*1870? By O. J. Rejlander, engraved on Steel by C. H. Jeens for _Nature_
+(June 4, 1874).
+
+*1874? By Major Darwin, engraved on wood for the _Century Magazine_
+(Jan. 1883). Frontispiece, _Life and Letters_, vol. ii.
+
+1881 By Messrs. Elliot and Fry, engraved on wood by G. Kruells, for vol.
+iii. of the _Life and Letters_.
+
+
+*The dates of these photographs must, from various causes, remain
+uncertain. Owing to a loss of books by fire, Messrs. Maull and Fox can
+give only an approximate date. Mr. Rejlander died some years ago, and
+his business was broken up. My brother, Major Darwin, has no record of
+the date at which his photograph was taken.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[302] Probably a sketch made at one of the sittings for the
+last-mentioned.
+
+[303] A _replica_ by the artist is in the possession of Christ's
+College, Cambridge.
+
+[304] A _replica_ by the artist is in the possession of W. E. Darwin,
+Esq., Southampton.
+
+[305] A cast from this work is now placed in the New Museums at
+Cambridge.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+Abbott, F. E., letters to, on religious opinions, 55.
+
+Aberdeen, British Association Meeting at, 1859.. 202.
+
+Abstract ('Origin of Species'), 192, 193, 195, 196.
+
+Agassiz, Louis, Professor, letter to, sending him the
+    'Origin of Species,' 208;
+  note on, and extract from letter to, 208;
+  opinion of the book, 225;
+  opposition to Darwin's views, 235;
+  Asa Gray on the opinions of, 243.
+
+Agassiz, Alexander, Professor, letter to:--on coral reefs, 282.
+
+Agnosticism, 55.
+
+Ainsworth, William, 12.
+
+Albums of photographs received from Germany and Holland, 293.
+
+Algebra, distaste for the study of, 17.
+
+Allfrey, Dr., treatment by, 327.
+
+American edition of the 'Origin,' 226.
+
+---- Civil War, the, 249.
+
+Ammonia, salts of, behaviour of the leaves of _Drosera_, towards, 320.
+
+Andes, excursion across the, 136;
+  Lyell on the slow rise of the, 153.
+
+Animals, crossing of, 148.
+
+'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' review of the
+    'Origin' in the, 227.
+
+Anti-Jacobin, 242, _note_, 243.
+
+Ants, slave-making, 191.
+
+Apocyneae, twisting of shoots of, 313.
+
+Apparatus, 92-94; purchase of, for the Zoological Station at Naples, 293.
+
+Appletons' American reprints of the 'Origin,' 235.
+
+Ascension, 30.
+
+'Athenaeum,' letter to the, 258;
+  article in the, 257;
+  reply to the article, 258.
+
+---- review of the 'Origin' in the, 211, 212;
+  reviews in the, of Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,' and Huxley's 'Man's
+    place in Nature,' 253, 257;
+  review of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' in the, 268;
+  review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the, 308.
+
+Athenaeum Club, 147.
+
+'Atlantic Monthly,' Asa Gray's articles in the, 248.
+
+Atolls, formation of, 282.
+
+Audubon, 14.
+
+Autobiography, 5-54.
+
+'Automata,' 327.
+
+Aveling, Dr., on C. Darwin's religious views, 65, _note_.
+
+
+Babbage and Carlyle, 36.
+
+Bachelor of Arts, degree taken, 18.
+
+Baer, Karl Ernest von, 213.
+
+Bahia, forest scenery at, 131;
+  letter to R. W. Darwin from, 128.
+
+Barmouth, visit to, 106.
+
+Bates, H. W., paper on mimetic butterflies, 251;
+  Darwin's opinion of, 251 _note_;
+  'Naturalist on the Amazons,' opinion of, 251;
+  letter to:--on his 'Insect-Fauna of the Amazons Valley,' 251.
+
+_Beagle_, correspondence relating to the appointment to the, 115-123.
+
+----, equipment of the, 125;
+  accommodation on board the, 125;
+  officers and crew of the, 126, 127, 130;
+  manner of life on board the, 125.
+
+_Beagle_, voyage of the, 25-30.
+
+----, Zoology of the voyage of the, publication of the, 31.
+
+Beans, stated to have grown on the wrong side of the pod, 52.
+
+Bees, visits of, necessary for the impregnation of the Scarlet Bean, 301.
+
+Bees' cells, Sedgwick on, 217.
+
+---- combs, 195.
+
+Beetles, collecting at, Cambridge, &c., 20, 23, 106, 109, 194.
+
+Bell, Professor Thomas, 141.
+
+'Bell-stone,' Shrewsbury, an erratic boulder, 14.
+
+Beneficence, Evidence of, 236.
+
+Bentham, G., approval of the work on the fertilisation of orchids, 308.
+
+----, letter to, on orchids, 304, 310.
+
+Berkeley, Rev. M. J., review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' by, 308.
+
+'Bermuda Islands,' by Prof. A. Heilprin, 284.
+
+'Bibliotheque Universelle de Geneve,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 231.
+
+Birds' nests, 195.
+
+Blomefield, Rev. L., see JENYNS, REV. L.
+
+"Bob," the retriever, 70.
+
+Body-snatchers, arrest of, in Cambridge, 22.
+
+Books, treatment of, 96.
+
+Boott, Dr. Francis, 230.
+
+Botanical work, scope and influence of C. Darwin's, 297, 298.
+
+Botofogo Bay, letter to W. D. Fox from, 132, _note_.
+
+Boulders, erratic, of South America, paper on the, 32, 149.
+
+Bournemouth, residence at, 320.
+
+Bowen, Prof. F., Asa Gray on the opinions of, 243.
+
+Branch-climbers, 315.
+
+Bressa Prize, award of the, by the Royal Academy of Turin, 293.
+
+British Association, Sir C. Lyell's Presidential address to the,
+    at Aberdeen, 1859.. 202;
+  at Oxford, 236;
+  action of, in connection with the question of vivisection, 288.
+
+Broderip, W. J., 141.
+
+Bronn, H. G., translator of the 'Origin' into German, 229.
+
+Brown, Robert, acquaintance with, 34;
+  recommendation of Sprengel's book, 300.
+
+Buckle, Mr., meeting with, 35.
+
+Bulwer's 'Professor Long,' 38.
+
+Bunbury, Sir C., his opinion of the theory, 227.
+
+Butler, Dr., schoolmaster at Shrewsbury, 8.
+
+----, Rev. T., 106.
+
+
+Caerdeon, holiday at, 273.
+
+Cambridge, gun-practice at, 10;
+  life at, 17-23, 30, 104-113, 142.
+
+Cambridge, degree of LL.D. conferred by University of, 292;
+  subscription portrait at, 292.
+
+---- Philosophical Society, Sedgwick's attack before the, 234.
+
+Camerarius on sexuality in plants, 299.
+
+Canary Islands, projected excursion to, 114.
+
+Cape Verd Islands, 129.
+
+Carlyle, Thomas, acquaintance with, 36.
+
+Carnarvon, Lord, proposed Act to amend the Law relating to cruelty
+    to animals, 288.
+
+Carnations, effects of cross- and self-fertilisation on, 311.
+
+Carpenter, Dr. W. B., letters to:--on the 'Origin of Species,' 210;
+  review in the 'Medico-Chirurgical Review,' 231;
+  notice of the 'Foraminifera,' in the _Athenaeum_, 257.
+
+Carus, Prof. Victor, impressions of the Oxford discussion, 240.
+
+----, his translations of the 'Origin' and other works, 262;
+  letter to:--on earthworms, 285.
+
+Case, Rev. G., schoolmaster at Shrewsbury, 6.
+
+_Catasetum_, pollinia of, adhering to bees' backs, 305;
+  sensitiveness of flowers of, 307.
+
+Caterpillars, colouring of, 269, 270.
+
+Cats and mice, 236.
+
+Cattle, falsely described new breed of, 53.
+
+Celebes, African character of productions of, 227.
+
+Chambers, R., 179, 240.
+
+Chemistry, study of, 11.
+
+Chili, recent elevation of the coast of, 30.
+
+Chimneys, employment of boys in sweeping, 161.
+
+Christ's College, Cambridge, 104;
+  bet as to height of combination-room of, 142.
+
+Church, destination to the, 17, 108.
+
+Cirripedia, work on the, 38, 155-158;
+  confusion of nomenclature of, 159;
+  completion of work on the, 163.
+
+Clark, Sir Andrew, treatment by, 325, 327.
+
+Classics, study of, at Dr. Butler's school, 9.
+
+Climbing plants, 45, 313-315.
+
+'Climbing Plants,' publication of the, 315.
+
+Coal, supposed marine origin of, 158.
+
+Coal-plants, letters to Sir Joseph Hooker on, 158, 159.
+
+Cobbe, Miss, letter headed "Mr. Darwin and vivisection" in
+    the _Times_, 290.
+
+Coldstream, Dr., 12.
+
+Collections made during the voyage of the 'Beagle,' destination
+    of the, 141.
+
+Collier, Hon. John, portrait of C. Darwin, by, 292.
+
+Cooper, Miss, 'Journal of a Naturalist,' 249.
+
+Copley medal, award of, to C. Darwin, 259.
+
+Coral Reefs, work on, 32, 148;
+  publication of, 149.
+
+----, second edition of, 281;
+  Semper's remarks on the, 281;
+  Murray's criticisms, 282;
+  third edition, 284.
+
+---- and Islands, Prof. Geikie and Sir C. Lyell on the theory of, 152.
+
+---- and Volcanoes, book on, 148.
+
+'Corals and Coral Islands,' by Prof. J. D. Dana, 284.
+
+Corrections on proofs, 201, 202, 205.
+
+Correspondence, 74.
+
+---- during life at Cambridge, 1828-31.. 104-113;
+  relating to appointment on the 'Beagle,' 115-123;
+  during the voyage of the _Beagle_, 125-139;
+  during residence in London, 1836-42.. 140-49;
+  on the subject of religion, 55-65;
+  during residence at Down, 1842-1854.. 150-164;
+  during the progress of the work on the 'Origin of Species,' 165-205;
+  after the publication of the work, 206-265;
+  on the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' 265-268;
+  on the work on 'Man,' 268-280;
+  miscellaneous, 281-294;
+  on botanical researches, 297-322.
+
+Cotyledons, movements of, 316.
+
+Crawford, John, review of the 'Origin,' 219.
+
+Creation, objections to use of the term, 257.
+
+Cross- and self-fertilisation in plants, 47.
+
+Cross-fertilisation of hermaphrodite flowers, first ideas of the, 300.
+
+Crossing of animals, 148.
+
+_Cychnoches_, 306.
+
+_Cypripedium_, pollen of, 305.
+
+
+Dallas, W. S., translation of Fritz Mueller's 'Fuer Darwin,' 262.
+
+Dana, Professor J. D., defence of the theory of subsidence, 283;
+  'Corals and Coral Islands,' 284.
+
+Darwin, Charles R., 1;
+  Autobiography of, 5-54;
+  birth, 5;
+  loss of mother, 5;
+  day-school at Shrewsbury, 6;
+  natural history tastes, 6;
+  hoaxing, 7;
+  humanity, 7;
+  egg-collecting, 7;
+  angling, 7;
+  dragoon's funeral, 8;
+  boarding school at Shrewsbury, 8;
+  fondness for dogs, 7;
+  classics, 9;
+  liking for geometry, 9;
+  reading, 10;
+  fondness for shooting, 10;
+  science, 10;
+  at Edinburgh, 11-15;
+  early medical practice at Shrewsbury, 12;
+  tours in North Wales, 15;
+  shooting at Woodhouse and Maer, 15, 16;
+  at Cambridge, 17-23, 30;
+  visit to North Wales, with Sedgwick, 24, 25;
+  on the voyage of the 'Beagle,' 25-30;
+  residence in London, 31-37;
+  marriage, 32;
+  residence at Down, 37;
+  publications, 38-49;
+  manner of writing, 49;
+  mental qualities, 50-54.
+
+Darwin, Reminiscences of, 66-103;
+  personal appearance, 67, 68;
+  mode of walking, 67;
+  dissecting, 67;
+  laughing, 68;
+  gestures, 68;
+  dress, 69;
+  early rising, 69;
+  work, 69;
+  fondness for dogs, 69;
+  walks, 70;
+  love of flowers, 72;
+  riding, 73;
+  diet, 73, 76;
+  correspondence, 74;
+  business habits, 75;
+  smoking, 75;
+  snuff-taking, 75;
+  reading aloud, 77;
+  backgammon, 76;
+  music, 77;
+  bed-time, 77;
+  art-criticism, 78;
+  German reading, 79;
+  general interest in science, 79;
+  idleness a sign of ill-health, 80;
+  aversion to public appearances, 80;
+  visits, 81;
+  holidays, 81;
+  love of scenery, 81;
+  visits to hydropathic establishments, 82;
+  family relations, 82-87;
+  hospitality, 87;
+  conversational powers, 88-90;
+  friends, 90;
+  local influence, 90;
+  mode of work, 91;
+  literary style, 99;
+  ill-health, 102.
+
+----, Dr. Erasmus, life of, by Ernst Krause, 48, 286.
+
+----, Erasmus Alvey, 3;
+  letter from, 215.
+
+----, Miss Susan, letters to:--relating the 'Beagle,'
+    appointment, 118, 120;
+  from Valparaiso, 135.
+
+----, Mrs., letter to, with regard to the publication of the essay
+    of 1844.. 171;
+  letter to, from Moor Park, 184.
+
+----, Reginald, letters to, on Dr. Erasmus Darwin's common-place book
+    and papers, 286.
+
+Darwin, Dr. Robert Waring, 1;
+  his family, 3;
+  letter to, in answer to objections to accept the appointment on the
+    'Beagle,' 117;
+  letter to, from Bahia, 128.
+
+'Darwinismus,' 42.
+
+Daubeny, Professor, 241;
+  'On the final causes of the sexuality of plants,' 237.
+
+Davidson, Mr., letter to, 278.
+
+Dawes, Mr., 23.
+
+De Candolle, Professor A., sending him the 'Origin of Species,' 209.
+
+'Descent of Man,' work on the, 269;
+  publication of the, 46, 271.
+
+----, Reviews of the, in the 'Edinburgh Review,' 272;
+  in the _Nonconformist_, 273;
+  in the _Times_, 273;
+  in the _Saturday Review_, 273;
+  in the 'Quarterly Review,' 276.
+
+Design in Nature, 63, 249;
+  argument from, as to existence of God, 58.
+
+----, evidence of, 236.
+
+_Dielytra_, 301.
+
+'Different Forms of Flowers,' publication of the, 48, 311.
+
+Digestion in _Drosera_, 320, 321.
+
+Dimorphism and trimorphism in plants, papers on, 45.
+
+Divergence, principle of, 40.
+
+Dohrn, Dr. Anton, letter to, offering to present apparatus to the
+    Zoological station at Naples, 293.
+
+Domestication, variation under, 174.
+
+Down, residence at, 37, 150;
+  daily life at, 66;
+  local influence at, 90;
+  sequestered situation of, 151.
+
+Dragoon, funeral of a, 8.
+
+Draper, Dr., paper before the British Association on the "Intellectual
+    development of Europe," 237.
+
+_Drosera_, observations on, 47, 319;
+  action of glands of, 320;
+  action of ammoniacal salts on the leaves of, 320.
+
+Dunns, Rev. J., the supposed author of a review in the 'North British
+    Review,' 235.
+
+Dutch translation of the 'Origin,' 247.
+
+Dyer, W. Thiselton, on Mr. Darwin's botanical work, 298;
+  on the 'Power of Movement in Plants,' 315;
+  note to, on the life of Erasmus Darwin, 286.
+
+----, letter to:--on movement in plants, 316.
+
+
+Earthquakes, paper on, 32.
+
+Earthworms, paper on the formation of mould by the agency of, 32, 49;
+  first observations on work done by, 144;
+  work on, 284;
+  publication of, 285.
+
+Edinburgh, Plinian Society, 13;
+  Royal Medical Society, 14;
+  Wernerian Society, 14;
+  lectures on Geology and Zoology in, 14.
+
+----, studies at, 11-15.
+
+'Edinburgh Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 232, 233, 235;
+  review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 272.
+
+'Effects of Cross- and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom,'
+    publication of the, 47, 48, 310.
+
+Elie de Beaumont's theory, 146.
+
+England, spread of the Descent-theory in, 264.
+
+_English Churchman_, review of the 'Origin' in the, 241.
+
+Engravings, fondness for, 107.
+
+Entomological Society, concurrence of the members of the, 264.
+
+_Epidendrum_, 306.
+
+Equator, ceremony at crossing the, 130.
+
+Erratic blocks, at Glen Roy, 147.
+
+---- boulders of South America, paper on the, 32, 149.
+
+European opinions of Darwin's work, Dr. Falconer on, 247.
+
+Evolution, progress of the theory of, 165, 253, 271, 273.
+
+Experiment, love of, 94.
+
+Expression in man, 224, 270.
+
+---- in the Malays, 270.
+
+---- of the Emotions, work on the, 268.
+
+'Expression of the Emotions in Men
+and Animals,' publication of the, 47, 279.
+
+Eye, structure of the, 208, 215, 227.
+
+
+Falconer, Dr. Hugh, 247.
+
+----, claim of priority against Lyell, 257;
+  letter from, offering a live _Proteus_ and reporting on continental
+    opinion, 247;
+  letter to, 247;
+  sending him the 'Origin of Species,' 209.
+
+Family relations, 82-87.
+
+Farrer, Sir Thomas, letter to, on earthworms, 285.
+
+Fawcett, Henry, on Huxley's reply to the Bishop of Oxford, 239, _note_.
+
+Fernando Noronha, visit to, 131.
+
+'Fertilisation of Orchids,' publication of the, 44, 48, 308.
+
+'---- of Orchids,' publication of second edition of the, 310.
+
+'---- of Orchids,' reviews of the; in the 'Parthenon,' 308;
+  in the _Athenaeum_, 308;
+  in the 'London Review,' 308;
+  in _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 309.
+
+----, cross- and self-, in the vegetable kingdom, 310-312.
+
+----, of flowers, bibliography of the, 310.
+
+Fish swallowing seeds, 180.
+
+Fitz-Roy, Capt., 25;
+  character of, 26;
+  by Rev. G. Peacock, 115;
+  Darwin's impression of, 119, 120;
+  discipline on board the 'Beagle,' 127;
+  letter to, from Shrewsbury, 140.
+
+Fitzwilliam Gallery, Cambridge, 19.
+
+Flourens, 'Examen du livre de M. Darwin,' 261.
+
+Flowers, adaptation of, to visits of insects, 303;
+  different forms of, on plants of the same species, 48, 310;
+  fertilisation of, 297-312;
+  hermaphrodite, first ideas of cross-fertilisation of, 300;
+  irregular, all adapted for visits of insects, 303.
+
+_Flustra_, paper on the larvae of, 13.
+
+Forbes, David, on the geology of Chile, 156.
+
+Fordyce, J., extract from letter to, 55.
+
+'Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the action of Worms,'
+    publication of the, 49, 285;
+  unexpected success of the, 285.
+
+Fossil bones, given to the College of Surgeons, 142.
+
+Fox, Rev. William Darwin, 21;
+  letters to, 110-113, 114, 181;
+  from Botofogo Bay, 132;
+  in 1836-1842: 143, 148, 149;
+  on the house at Down, 150;
+  on their respective families, 160;
+  on family matters, 194;
+  on the progress of the work, 181, 183, 196;
+  on the award of the Copley Medal, 259.
+
+France and Germany, contrast of progress of theory in, 261.
+
+Fremantle, Mr., on the Oxford meeting of the British Association, 238.
+
+French, translation of the 'Origin,' 246;
+  third edition of the, published, 275.
+
+---- translation of the 'Origin' from the fifth English edition,
+    arrangements for the, 275.
+
+_Fumaria_, 301.
+
+Funeral in Westminster Abbey, 329.
+
+
+Galapagos, 29.
+
+Galton, Francis, note to, on the life of Erasmus Darwin, 287.
+
+_Gardeners' Chronicle_, review of the 'Origin' in the, 224;
+  Mr. Patrick Matthew's claim of priority in the, 232;
+  review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the, 309.
+
+Geikie, Prof. Archibald, notes on the work on Coral Reefs, 152, 182;
+  notes on the work on Volcanic Islands, 153;
+  on Darwin's theory of the parallel roads of Glen Roy, 145.
+
+Geoffrey St. Hilaire, 207.
+
+'Geological Observations on South America,' 38;
+  publication of the, 156.
+
+'Geological Observations on Volcanic Islands,' publication of the, 152;
+  Prof. Geikie's notes on the, 153.
+
+Geological Society, secretaryship of the, 31, 144.
+
+Geological work in the Andes, 136.
+
+'Geologist,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 250.
+
+Geology, commencement of the study of, 24, 113;
+  lectures on, in Edinburgh, 14;
+  predilection for, 134, 135;
+  study of, during the _Beagle's_ voyage, 27.
+
+German translation of the 'Origin of Species,' 247.
+
+Germany, Haeckel's influence in the spread of Darwinism, 262.
+
+----, photograph-album received from, 293.
+
+----, reception of Darwinistic views in, 247.
+
+---- and France, contrast of progress of theory in, 261.
+
+Glacial period, influence of the, on distribution, 43.
+
+Glacier action in North Wales, 32.
+
+Glands, sticky, of the pollinia, 304.
+
+Glen Roy, visit to, and paper on, 31;
+  expedition to, 145.
+
+_Glossotherium_, 142.
+
+Glutton Club, 107.
+
+Gorilla, brain of, compared with that of man, 237.
+
+Gower Street, Upper, residence in, 32, 148.
+
+Graham, W., letter to, 63.
+
+Grant, Dr. R. E., 12;
+  an evolutionist, 169.
+
+Gravity, light, &c., acting as stimuli, 318.
+
+Gray, Dr. Asa, comparison of rain drops and variations, 62;
+  letter from, to J. D. Hooker, on the 'Origin of Species,' 224;
+  articles in the 'Atlantic Monthly,' 248;
+  'Darwiniana,' 248;
+  on the aphorism, "Nature abhors close fertilisation," 301;
+  "Note on the coiling of the Tendrils of Plants," 313.
+
+----, letters to: on Design in Nature, 63;
+  with abstract of the theory of the 'Origin of Species,' 188;
+  sending him the 'Origin of Species,' 209;
+  suggesting an American edition, 225;
+  on Sedgwick's and Pictet's reviews, 231;
+  on notices in the 'North British' and 'Edinburgh' Reviews, and
+    on the theological view, 235;
+  on the position of Profs. Agassiz and Bowen, 243;
+  on his article in the 'Atlantic Monthly,' 248;
+  on change of species by descent, 246;
+  on design, 249;
+  on the American war, 249;
+  on the 'Descent of Man,' 271;
+  on the biographical notice in 'Nature,' 291;
+  on their election to the French Institute, 292;
+  on fertilisation of Papilionaceous flowers and _Lobelia_ by
+    insects, 301, 302;
+  on the structure of irregular flowers, 303;
+  on Orchids, 304, 305, 309, 310;
+  on movement of tendrils, 313;
+  on climbing plants, 314;
+  on _Drosera_, 320, 321.
+
+Great Marlborough Street, residence in, 31, 142.
+
+Gretton, Mr., his 'Memory's Harkback,' 8.
+
+Grote, A., meeting with, 36.
+
+Gully, Dr., 160.
+
+Guenther, Dr. A., letter to:--on sexual differences, 270.
+
+
+Haeckel, Professor Ernst, embryological researches of, 43;
+  influence of, in the spread of Darwinism in Germany, 262.
+
+----, letters to:--on the progress of Evolution in England, 263;
+  on his works, 264;
+  on the 'Descent of Man,' 272;
+  on the 'Expression of the Emotions,' 279.
+
+Haeckel's 'Generelle Morphologie,' 'Radiolaria,' 'Schoepfungs-Geschichte,'
+    and 'Ursprung des Menschen-Geschlechts,' 262, 263.
+
+---- 'Natuerliche Schoepfungs-Geschichte,' 263;
+  Huxley's opinion of, 263.
+
+Hague, James, on the reception of the 'Descent of Man,' 272.
+
+Haliburton, Mrs., letter to, on the 'Expression of the Emotions,' 279;
+  letter to, 317.
+
+Hardie, Mr., 12.
+
+Harris, William Snow, 122.
+
+Haughton, Professor S., opinion on the new views of Wallace and
+    Darwin, 41;
+  criticism on the theory of the origin of species, 200.
+
+Health, 68;
+  improved during the last ten years of life, 325.
+
+Heart, pain felt in the region of the, 28, 325, 326.
+
+Heilprin, Professor A., 'The Bermuda Islands,' 284.
+
+Heliotropism of seedlings, 318.
+
+Henslow, Professor, lectures by, at Cambridge, 18;
+  introduction to, 21;
+  intimacy with, 107, 113;
+  his opinion of Lyell's 'Principles,' 33;
+  of the Darwinian theory, 227.
+
+----, letter from, on the offer of the appointment to the 'Beagle,' 116.
+
+----, letter to, from Rev. G. Peacock, 115.
+
+----, letters to:--relating to the appointment to the 'Beagle,' 121, 122;
+  from Rio de Janeiro, 134;
+  from Sydney, 138;
+  from Shrewsbury, 139;
+  as to destination of specimens collected during the voyage of the
+    'Beagle,' 140.
+
+----, letters to:--1836-1842, 144;
+  sending him the 'Origin,' 209.
+
+Herbert, John Maurice, 19;
+  anecdotes from, 105, 106, 108;
+  letters to, 109;
+  on the 'South American Geology,' 154.
+
+Hermaphrodite flowers, first idea of cross-fertilisation of, 300.
+
+Herschel, Sir J., acquaintance with, 34;
+  letter from Sir C. Lyell to, on the theory of coral-reefs, 153;
+  his opinion of the 'Origin,' 220.
+
+Heterostyled plants, 311;
+  some forms of fertilisation of, analogous to hybridisation, 312.
+
+'Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin
+    of Species,' 246.
+
+Hoaxes, 53.
+
+Holidays, 81.
+
+Holland, photograph-album received from, 293.
+
+Holland, Sir H., his opinions of the theory, 215.
+
+Holmgren, Frithiof, letter to, on vivisection, 289.
+
+Hooker, Sir J. D., on the training obtained by the work on
+    Cirripedes, 156;
+  letters from, on the 'Origin of Species,' 188, 211, 220;
+  speech at Oxford, in answer to Bishop Wilberforce, 239;
+  review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' by, 309.
+
+----, letters to, 158;
+  on coal-plants, 158, 159;
+  announcing death of R. W. Darwin, and an intention to try
+    water-cure, 160;
+  on the award of the Royal Society's Medal, 162;
+  on the theory of the origin of species, 173, 177;
+  cirripedial work, 177;
+  on the Philosophical Club, 178;
+  on the germination of soaked seeds, 179, 180;
+  on the preparation of a sketch of the theory of species, 181;
+  on the papers read before the Linnean Society, 187, 190;
+  on the 'Abstract,' 192, 193, 194, 200;
+  on thistle-seeds, 193;
+  on Wallace's letter, 194;
+  on the arrangement with Mr. Murray, 198;
+  on Professor Haughton's remarks, 200;
+  on style and variability, 201;
+  on the completion of proof-sheets, 202;
+  on the review of the 'Origin' in the _Athenaeum_, 211, 212;
+  on his review in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 224;
+  on the progress of opinion, 230;
+  on Mr. Matthew's claim of priority and the 'Edinburgh Review,' 232;
+  on the Cambridge opposition, 234;
+  on the British Association discussion, 241;
+  on the review in the 'Quarterly,' 242;
+  on the corrections in the new edition, 246;
+  on Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,' 253;
+  on letters in the papers, 259;
+  on the completion and publication of the book on 'Variation under
+    Domestication,' 266, 267;
+  on pangenesis, 266;
+  on work, 269;
+  on a visit to Wales, 273;
+  on a new French translation of the 'Origin,' 275;
+  on the life of Erasmus Darwin, 287;
+  on Mr. Ouless' portrait, 292;
+  on the earthworm, 285;
+  on the fertilisation of Orchids, 297, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307;
+  on establishing a hot-house, 307;
+  on his review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' 309;
+  on climbing plants, 314:
+  on the 'Insectivorous Plants,' 319, 321;
+  on the movements of plants, 316;
+  on health and work, 326.
+
+Hooker, Sir J. D., 'Himalayan Journal,' 162.
+
+Horner, Leonard, 14.
+
+Horses, humanity to, 287.
+
+Hot-house, building of, 307.
+
+Humboldt, Baron A. von, meeting with, 34;
+  his opinion of C. Darwin, 155.
+
+Humboldt's 'Personal Narrative,' 23.
+
+Huth, Mr., on 'Consanguineous Marriage,' 53.
+
+Hutton, Prof. F. W., letter to, on his review of the 'Origin,' 250.
+
+Huxley, Prof. T. H., on the value as training, of Darwin's work on the
+    Cirripedes, 157;
+  on the theory of evolution, 155-169;
+  review of the 'Origin' in the 'Westminster Review,' 231;
+  reply to Owen, on the Brain in Man and the Gorilla, 237;
+  speech at Oxford, in answer to the Bishop, 238;
+  lectures on 'Our Knowledge of the causes of Organic
+    Nature,' 253, _note_;
+  opinion of Haeckel's work, 263;
+  on the progress of the doctrine of evolution, 271;
+  article in the 'Contemporary Review,' against Mivart, and the
+    Quarterly reviewer of the 'Descent of Man,' 276;
+  lecture on 'the Coming of Age of the Origin of Species,' 294;
+  on teleology, 298.
+
+----, letters from, on the 'Origin of Species,' 213;
+  on the discussion at Oxford, 240.
+
+----, letters to:--on his adoption of the theory, 214;
+  on the review in the _Times_, 221;
+  on the effect of reviews, 244;
+  on his Edinburgh lectures, 250;
+  on 'the coming of age of the Origin of Species,' 294;
+  last letter to, 327.
+
+Hybridisation, analogy of, with some forms of fertilisation of
+    heterostyled plants, 312.
+
+Hybridism, 183.
+
+Hybrids, sterility of, 183.
+
+Hydropathic establishments, visits to, 82.
+
+
+Ichnuemonidae, and their function, 236.
+
+Ilkley, residence at, in 1859.. 206.
+
+Ill-health, 32, 39, 102, 149, 158, 160, 268.
+
+Immortality of the Soul, 61.
+
+Innes, Rev. J. Brodie, 76, 91.
+
+----, on Darwin's position with regard to theological views, 229;
+  note on the review in the 'Quarterly' and Darwin's appreciation
+    of it, 242, _note_.
+
+'Insectivorous Plants,' work on the, 319-322;
+  publication of, 47, 322.
+
+Insects, 10;
+  agency of, in cross-fertilisation, 300.
+
+Institute of France, election as a corresponding member of the Botanical
+    section of the, 292.
+
+Isolation, effects of, 278.
+
+
+Jackson, B. Daydon, preparation of the Kew-Index placed under the
+    charge of, 323.
+
+Jenkin, Fleeming, review of the 'Origin,' 274.
+
+Jenyns, Rev. Leonard, acquaintance with, 22;
+  his opinion of the theory, 228.
+
+----, letters to:--on the 'Origin of Species,' 209;
+  on checks to increase of species, 175;
+  on his 'Observations in Natural History,' 175;
+  on the immutability of species, 176.
+
+Jones, Dr. Bence, treatment by, 325.
+
+'Journal of Researches,' 38, 143;
+  publication of the second edition of the, 154;
+  differences in the two editions of the, with regard to the theory
+    of species, 170.
+
+Judd, Prof., on Coral Reefs, 281;
+  on Mr. Darwin's intention to devote a certain sum to the advancement
+    of scientific interests, 323.
+
+Jukes, Prof. Joseph B., 230.
+
+
+Kew-Index of plant names, 322;
+  endowment of, by Mr. Darwin, 322.
+
+Kidney-beans, fertilisation of, 301.
+
+Kingsley, Rev. Charles, letter from, on the 'Origin of Species,' 228;
+  on the progress of the theory of Evolution, 253.
+
+Kossuth, character of, 184.
+
+Krause, Ernst, 'Life of Erasmus Darwin,' 48;
+  on Haeckel's services to the cause of Evolution in Germany, 262;
+  on the work of Dr. Erasmus Darwin, 286.
+
+
+Lamarck's philosophy, 166.
+
+---- views, references to, 174, 177, 207, 256.
+
+Lankester, E. Ray, letter to, on the reception of the
+    'Descent of Man,' 272.
+
+Last words, 327.
+
+_Lathyrus grandiflorus_, fertilisation of, by bees, 301.
+
+Laws, designed, 236.
+
+Leibnitz, objections raised by, to Newton's law of Gravitation, 229.
+
+_Leschenaultia_, fertilisation of, 303.
+
+Lewes, G. H., review of the 'Variation of Animals and Plants,' in the
+    _Pall Mall Gazette_, 268.
+
+Life, origin of, 257.
+
+Light, gravity, &c., acting as stimuli, 318.
+
+Lightning, 236.
+
+_Linaria vulgaris_, observations on cross- and self-fertilisation in, 311.
+
+Lindley, John, 162.
+
+Linnean Society, joint paper with A. R. Wallace, read before the, 187;
+  portrait at the, 292.
+
+_Linum flavum_, dimorphism of, 45.
+
+List of naturalists who had adopted the theory in March, 1860.. 230.
+
+Literature, taste in, 50.
+
+Little-Go, passed, 111.
+
+_Lobelia fulgens_, not self-fertilisable, 302.
+
+London, residence in, 31-37;
+  from 1836 to 1842.. 140-149.
+
+'London Review,' review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids' in the, 308.
+
+Lonsdale, W., 141.
+
+Lubbock, Sir John, letter from, to W. E. Darwin, on the funeral in
+    Westminster Abbey, 329;
+  letter to:--on beetle-collecting, 194.
+
+Lyell, Sir Charles, acquaintance with, 31;
+  character of, 33;
+  influence of, on Geology, 33;
+  geological views, 135;
+  on Darwin's theory of coral islands, 153;
+  extract of letter to, on the treatise on volcanic islands, 154;
+  attitude towards the doctrine of Evolution, 167, 260;
+  announcement of the forthcoming 'Origin of Species,' to the British
+    Association at Aberdeen in 1859.. 202;
+  letter from, criticising the 'Origin,' 206;
+  Bishop Wilberforce's remarks upon, 242, _note_;
+  inclination to accept the notion of design, 249;
+  on Darwin's views, 256;
+  on the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' 309.
+
+----, Sir Charles, letters to, 145, 148:--
+  on the second edition of the 'Journal of Researches,' 154;
+  on the receipt of Wallace's paper, 185, 186;
+  on the papers read before the Linnean Society, 191;
+  on the mode of publication of the 'Origin,' 196, 198;
+  with proof-sheets, 203;
+  on the announcement of the work of the British Association, 203;
+  on his adoption of the theory of descent, 212;
+  on objectors to the theory of descent, 218, 219;
+  on the second edition of the 'Origin,' 218, 223;
+  on the review of the 'Origin' in the 'Annals,' 227;
+  on objections, 229;
+  on the review in the 'Edinburgh Review,' and on Matthew's anticipation
+    of the theory of Natural Selection, 232;
+  on design in variation, 234;
+  on the 'Antiquity of Man,' 255, 256;
+  on the progress of opinion, 260;
+  on 'Pangenesis,' 266;
+  on Drosera, 320.
+
+Lyell, Sir Charles, 'Antiquity of Man,' 254, 255.
+
+----, 'Elements of Geology,' 145.
+
+----, 'Principles of Geology.' 168;
+  tenth edition of, 260.
+
+_Lythrum_, trimorphism of, 45.
+
+
+Macaulay, meeting with, 35.
+
+Macgillivray, William, 15.
+
+Mackintosh, Sir James, meeting with, 16.
+
+'Macmillan's Magazine,' review of the 'Origin' in, by
+    H. Fawcett, 239, _note_.
+
+_Macrauchenia_, 142.
+
+Mad-house, attempt to free a patient from a, 287, _note_.
+
+Maer, visits to, 15, 16.
+
+Malay Archipelago, Wallace's 'Zoological Geography' of the, 227.
+
+Malays, expression in the, 270.
+
+Malthus on _Population_, 40, 189.
+
+Malvern, Hydropathic treatment at, 39, 160.
+
+Mammalia, fossil from South America, 142.
+
+Man, descent of, 46;
+  objections to discussing origin of, 183;
+  brain of, and that of the gorilla, 237;
+  influence of sexual selection upon the races of, 270;
+  work on, 268.
+
+Marriage, 32, 148.
+
+Mathematics, difficulties with, 108;
+  distaste for the study of, 17.
+
+Matthew, Patrick, claim of priority in the theory of Natural
+    Selection, 232.
+
+'Medico-Chirurgical Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, by
+    W. B. Carpenter, 231.
+
+Mellersh, Admiral, reminiscences of C. Darwin, 126.
+
+Mendoza, 136.
+
+Mental peculiarities, 49-54.
+
+Microscopes, 92;
+  compound, 158.
+
+Mimicry, H. W. Bates on, 251.
+
+Minerals, collecting, 10.
+
+Miracles, 58.
+
+Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,' 275.
+
+Moor Park, Hydropathic establishment at, 41.
+
+----, water-cure at, 184.
+
+Moore, Dr. Norman, treatment by, 327.
+
+_Mormodes_, 306.
+
+Moths, white, Mr. Weir's observations on, 270.
+
+Motley, meeting with, 36.
+
+Mould, formation of, by the agency of Earthworms, paper on the, 32, 49;
+  publication of book on the, 285.
+
+'Mount,' the Shrewsbury, Charles Darwin's birthplace, 2.
+
+Mueller, Fritz, embryological researches of, 43.
+
+----, 'Fuer Darwin,' 262;
+  'Facts and arguments for Darwin,' 262.
+
+----, Fritz, observations on branch-tendrils, 315.
+
+----, Hermann, 262;
+  on self-fertilisation of plants, 48;
+  on Sprengel's views as to cross-fertilisation, 300.
+
+Murray, John, criticisms on the Darwinian theory of coral formation, 282.
+
+Murray, John, letters to:--relating to the publication of the
+    'Origin of Species,' 199, 201, 204;
+  on the reception of the 'Origin' in the United States, 226 _note_;
+  on the third edition of the 'Origin,' 245;
+  on critiques of the 'Descent of Man,' 273;
+  on the publication of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' 297, 308;
+  on the publication of 'Climbing Plants,' 315.
+
+Music, effects of, 50;
+  fondness for, 77, 107;
+  taste for, at Cambridge, 19.
+
+_Mylodon_, 142.
+
+
+Names of garden plants, difficulty of obtaining, 308.
+
+Naples, Zoological Station, donation of L100 to the, for apparatus, 293.
+
+Nash, Mrs., reminiscences of Mr. Darwin, 87.
+
+Natural History, early taste for, 6.
+
+---- selection, 165, 190.
+
+---- belief in, founded on general considerations, 258;
+  H. C. Watson on, 168;
+  priority in the
+  theory of, claimed by Mr. Patrick Matthew, 232;
+  Sedgwick on, 216.
+
+Naturalists, list of, who had adopted the theory in March, 1860.. 230.
+
+_Naturalist's Voyage_, 170.
+
+'Nature,' review in, 315.
+
+"Nervous system of" _Drosera_, 321.
+
+Newton, Prof. A., letter to, 268.
+
+Newton's 'Law of Gravitation,' objections raised by Leibnitz to, 229.
+
+Nicknames on board the _Beagle_, 126.
+
+Nitrogenous compounds, detection of, by the leaves of _Drosera_, 320.
+
+'Nomenclator,' 322;
+  endowment by Mr. Darwin, 322;
+  plan of the, 323.
+
+Nomenclature, need of reform in, 159.
+
+_Nonconformist_, review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 273.
+
+'North British Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 235, 274.
+
+North Wales, tours through, 15;
+  tour in, 32;
+  visit to, with Sedgwick, 24;
+  visit to, in 1869.. 273.
+
+Nose, objection to shape of, 26.
+
+Novels, liking for, 50, 77.
+
+Nuptial dress of animals, 270.
+
+
+Observation, methods of, 94, 95.
+
+----, power of, 52.
+
+Old Testament, Darwinian theory contained in the, 42.
+
+Oliver, Prof., approval of the work on the 'Fertilisation of
+    Orchids,' 308.
+
+Orchids, fertilisation of, bearing of the, on the theory of Natural
+    Selection, 297;
+  fertilisation of, work on the, 245;
+  homologies of, 304;
+  study of, 303, 304;
+  pleasure of investigating, 310.
+
+_Orchis pyramidalis_, adaptation in, 303.
+
+Orders, thoughts of taking, 108.
+
+Organs, rudimentary, comparison of, with unsounded letters in words, 208.
+
+Origin of Species, first notes on the, 31;
+  investigations upon the, 39-41;
+  progress of the theory of the, 165;
+  differences in the two editions of the 'Journal' with regard to
+    the, 170;
+  extracts from note-books on the, 169;
+  first sketch of work on the, 170;
+  essay of 1844 on the, 171.
+
+'Origin of Species,' publication of the first edition of the, 41, 206;
+  success of the, 42;
+  reviews of the, in the _Athenaeum_, 211, 212;
+  in 'Macmillan's Magazine,' 219;
+  in the _Times_, 221;
+  in the _Gardeners' Chronicle_, 224;
+  in the 'Annals and Magazine of Natural History,' 227;
+  in the _Spectator_, 231;
+  in the 'Bibliotheque Universelle de Geneve,' 231;
+  in the Medico-Chirurgical Review,' 231;
+  in the 'Westminster Review,' 231;
+  in the 'Edinburgh Review,' 232, 233, 235;
+  in the 'North British Review,' 235;
+  in the _Saturday Review_, 236;
+  in the 'Quarterly Review,' 242;
+  in the 'Geologist,' 250.
+
+----, publication of the second edition of the, 223.
+
+----, third edition, commencement of work upon the, 245.
+
+----, publication of the fifth edition of the, 274, 275.
+
+----, sixth edition, publication of the, 275.
+
+----, the 'Coming of Age' of the, 294.
+
+Ouless, W., portrait of Mr. Darwin by, 292.
+
+Owen, Sir R., on the differences between the brains of man and
+    the Gorilla, 237;
+  reply to Lyell, on the difference between the human and simian
+    brains, 253;
+  claim of priority, 275.
+
+Oxford, British Association Meeting, discussion at, 236-239.
+
+
+Paley's writings, study of, 18.
+
+_Pall Mall Gazette_, review of the Variation of Animals and Plants,'
+    in the, 267.
+
+Pangenesis, 266.
+
+Papilionaceae, papers on cross-fertilisation of, 301.
+
+Parallel roads of Glen Roy, paper on the, 145.
+
+Parasitic worms, experiments on, 290.
+
+Parslow, Joseph, 150, _note_.
+
+'Parthenon,' review of the 'Fertilisation of Orchids,' in the, 308.
+
+Pasteur's results upon the germs of diseases, 290.
+
+Patagonia, 29.
+
+Peacock, Rev. George, letter from, to Professor Henslow, 115.
+
+Philosophical Club, 178.
+
+---- Magazine, 25.
+
+Photograph-albums received from Germany and Holland, 293.
+
+Pictet, Professor F. J., review of the 'Origin' in the 'Bibliotheque
+    Universelle,' 231.
+
+Pictures, taste for, acquired at Cambridge, 19.
+
+Pigeons, nasal bones of, 249.
+
+Plants, climbing, 45, 313-315;
+  insectivorous, 47, 319-322;
+  power of movement in, 48, 315-319;
+  garden, difficulty of naming, 308;
+  heterostyled, polygamous, dioecious and gynodioecious, 311.
+
+Pleasurable sensations, influence of, in Natural Selection, 60.
+
+Plinian Society, 13.
+
+Poetry, taste for, 9;
+  failure of taste for, 50.
+
+Pollen, conveyance of, by the wings of butterflies and moths, 302.
+
+----, differences in the two forms of Primrose, 312.
+
+"Polly," the fox-terrier, 70.
+
+_Pontobdella_, egg-cases of, 13.
+
+Portraits, list of, 331.
+
+"Pour le Merite," the order, 291, _note_.
+
+Pouter Pigeons, 234.
+
+Powell, Prof. Baden, his opinion on the structure of the eye, 228.
+
+'Power of Movement in Plants,' 48, 315-319;
+  publication of the, 316.
+
+Preyer, Prof. W., letter to, 265.
+
+Primrose, heterostyled flowers of the, 311;
+  differences of the pollen in the two forms of the, 312.
+
+_Primula_, dimorphism of, paper on the, 45.
+
+_Primulae_, said to have produced seed without access of insects, 53.
+
+_Proteus_, 247.
+
+Publication of the 'Origin of Species,' arrangements connected with
+    the, 196-200.
+
+Publications, account of, 38-49.
+
+_Public Opinion_, squib in, 259.
+
+
+Quarterly Journal of Science, review of the 'Expression of the
+    Emotions,' in the, 279.
+
+'Quarterly Review,' review of the 'Origin' in the, 242;
+  Darwin's appreciation of it, 242, _note_;
+  review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 276.
+
+
+Rabbits, asserted close interbreeding of, 53.
+
+Ramsay, Sir Andrew, 230.
+
+----, Mr., 23.
+
+Reade, T. Mellard, note to, on the earthworms, 285.
+
+Rein, Dr. J. J., account of the Bermudas, 281.
+
+Reinwald, M., French translation of the 'Origin' by, 275.
+
+Religious views, 55-65;
+  general statement of, 57-62.
+
+Reverence, development of the bump of, 17.
+
+Reversion, 201.
+
+Reviewers, 43.
+
+Rich, Anthony, letter to, on the book on 'Earthworms,' 285;
+  bequest from, 293.
+
+Richmond, W., portrait of C. Darwin by, 292.
+
+Rio de Janeiro, letter to J. S. Henslow, from, 134.
+
+Rogers, Prof. H. D., 230.
+
+Romanes, G. J., account of a sudden attack of illness, 326.
+
+----, letter to, on vivisection, 290.
+
+Roots, sensitiveness of tips of, to contact, 318.
+
+Royal Commission on Vivisection, 288.
+
+Royal Medical Society, Edinburgh, 14.
+
+---- Society, award of the Royal Medal to C. Darwin, 162;
+  award of the Copley Medal to C. Darwin, 259.
+
+Royer, Mdlle. Clemence, French translation of the 'Origin' by, 246;
+  publication of third French edition of the 'Origin,' and criticism
+    of pangenesis by, 275.
+
+Rudimentary organs, 207;
+  comparison of, with unsounded letters in words, 208.
+
+
+Sabine, Sir E., 162;
+  reference to Darwin's work in his Presidential Address to the Royal
+    Society, 260.
+
+Sachs on the establishment of the idea of sexuality in plants, 299.
+
+St. Helena, 29.
+
+St. Jago, Cape Verd Islands, 129;
+  geology of, 29.
+
+St. John's College, Cambridge, strict discipline at, 104.
+
+St. Paul's Island, visit to, 130.
+
+Salisbury Craigs, trap-dyke in, 15.
+
+"Sand walk," last visit to the, 327.
+
+San Salvador, letter to R. W. Darwin from, 128.
+
+Saporta, Marquis de, his opinion in 1863.. 261.
+
+_Saturday Review_, article in the, 235;
+  review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 273.
+
+_Scelidotherium_, 142.
+
+Scepticism, effects of, in science, 52.
+
+Science, early attention to, 10;
+  general interest in, 79.
+
+Scott, Sir Walter, 14.
+
+Sea-sickness, 127, 128.
+
+Sedgwick, Professor Adam, introduction to, 113;
+  visit to North Wales with, 24;
+  opinion of C. Darwin, 137;
+  letter from, on the 'Origin of Species,' 216;
+  review of the 'Origin' in the _Spectator_, 231;
+  attack before the 'Cambridge Philosophical Society,' 234.
+
+Seedlings, heliotropism of, 318.
+
+Seeds, experiments on the germination of, after immersion, 179, 180.
+
+Selection, natural, 165, 190;
+   influence of, 40.
+
+----, sexual, in insects, 270;
+  influence of, upon races of man, 270.
+
+Semper, Professor Karl, on coral reefs, 281.
+
+Sex in plants, establishment of the idea of, 299.
+
+Sexual selection, 270;
+  influence of, upon races of man, 270.
+
+Sexuality, origin of, 310.
+
+Shanklin, 193.
+
+Shooting, fondness for, 10, 15.
+
+Shrewsbury, schools at, 6, 8;
+  return to, 140;
+  early medical practice at, 12.
+
+_Sigillaria_, 158.
+
+Silliman's Journal, reviews in, 225, 235, 244, 314.
+
+Slavery, 137.
+
+Slaves, sympathy with, 287.
+
+Sleep-movements of plants, 316.
+
+Smith, Rev. Sydney, meeting with, 35.
+
+Snipe, first, 10.
+
+Snowdon, ascent of, 15.
+
+Son, eldest, birth of, 149;
+  observations on, 149.
+
+South America, publication of the geological observations on, 156.
+
+Species, accumulation of facts relating to, 39-41, 148;
+  checks to the increase of, 175;
+  mutability of, 176;
+  progress of the theory of the, 165;
+  differences with regard to the, in the two editions of the
+    'Journal,' 170;
+  extracts from Note-books on, 169;
+  first sketch of the, 170;
+  Essay of 1884 on the, 171.
+
+_Spectator_, review of the 'Origin' in the, 231.
+
+Spencer, Herbert, an evolutionist, 169.
+
+Sprengel, C. K., on cross-fertilisation of hermaphrodite flowers, 300.
+
+----, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur,' 44.
+
+Stanhope, Lord, 36.
+
+Sterility, in heterostyled plants, 312.
+
+Steudel's 'Nomenclator,' 322.
+
+Stokes, Admiral Lort, 126.
+
+Strickland, H. E., letter to, on nomenclature, 159.
+
+'Struggle for Existence,' 40, 189.
+
+Style, 99; defects of, 201.
+
+Suarez, T. H. Huxley's study of, 277.
+
+Subsidence, theory of, 281.
+
+Suffering, evidence from, as to the existence of God, 57, 59, 60.
+
+Sulivan, Sir B. J., letter to, 325.
+
+----, reminiscences of C. Darwin, 126.
+
+Sundew, 47, _see_ Drosera.
+
+Sydney, letter to J. S. Henslow from, 138.
+
+
+Teleology, revival of, 297.
+
+---- and morphology, reconciliation of, by Darwinism, 291, _note_.
+
+Tendrils of plants, irritability of the, 313.
+
+Teneriffe, 23;
+  desire to visit, 129;
+  projected excursion to, 114.
+
+Theological views, 236.
+
+Theology and Natural History, 229.
+
+Thistle-seeds, conveyance of, by wind, 193.
+
+Thompson, Professor D'Arcy, literature of the fertilisation of
+    flowers, 310.
+
+Thwaites, G. H. K., 230.
+
+Tierra del Fuego, 29.
+
+_Times_, review of the 'Origin' in the, 221, 222;
+  review of the 'Descent of Man' in the, 273;
+  letter to, on vivisection, 290;
+  article on Mr. Darwin in the, 316.
+
+Title-page, proposed, of the 'Origin of Species,' 197.
+
+Torquay, visit to (1861), 245.
+
+_Toxodon_, 142.
+
+Translations of the 'Origin' into French, Dutch and German, 247.
+
+Transmutation of species, investigations on the, 39;
+  first note-book on the, 142.
+
+Trimorphism and dimorphism in plants, papers on, 45.
+
+Tropical forest, first sight of, 134.
+
+Turin, Royal Academy of, award of the Bressa prize by the, 293.
+
+Twining plants, 314.
+
+
+'Unfinished Book,' 180.
+
+Unitarianism, Erasmus Darwin's definition of, 201.
+
+Unorthodoxy, 197.
+
+
+Valparaiso, letter to Miss S. Darwin from, 139.
+
+_Vanilla_, 305.
+
+Variability, 201.
+
+'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' publication
+    of, 46, 265.
+
+'----,' reviews of the, in the _Pall Mall Gazette_, 267;
+  in the _Athenaeum_, 268.
+
+Vegetable Kingdom, cross- and self-fertilisation in the, 47.
+
+'Vestiges of Creation,' 167.
+
+Victoria Institute, analysis of the 'Origin,' read before
+    the, 264, _note_.
+
+Vivisection, 287-291;
+  opinion of, 288;
+  commencement of agitation against, and Royal Commission on, 288;
+  legislation on, 288.
+
+Vogt, Prof. Carl, on the origin of species, 271.
+
+Volcanic islands, Geological observations on, publication of the, 152;
+  Prof. Geikie's notes on the, 152.
+
+Volcanoes and Coral-reefs, book on, 148.
+
+
+Wagner, Moritz, letter to, on the influence of isolation, 278.
+
+Wallace, A. R., first essay on variability of species, 41, 188;
+  article in the 'Quarterly Review,' April, 1869.. 260;
+  opinion of Pangenesis, 266;
+  review of the 'Expression of the Emotions,' 279.
+
+----, letters to,--on a paper by Wallace, 182;
+  on the 'Origin of Species,' 195, 209;
+  on 'Warrington's paper at the Victoria Institute,' 264, _note_;
+  on man, 268;
+  on sexual selection, 269, 270;
+  on Mr. Wright's pamphlet in answer to Mivart, 275;
+  on Mivart's remarks and an article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 276;
+  on his criticism of Mivart's 'Lessons from Nature,' 277;
+  last letter to, 326.
+
+Wallace, A. R., letter from, to Prof. A. Newton, 189.
+
+Warrington, Mr., Analysis of the 'Origin' read by, to the Victoria
+    Institute, 264, _note_.
+
+Water-cure, at Ilkley, 206;
+  at Malvern, 160;
+  Moor Park, 82, 184.
+
+Watkins, Archdeacon, 106.
+
+Watson, H. C., charge of egotism against C. Darwin, 246;
+  on Natural Selection, 168.
+
+Wedgwood, Emma, married to C. Darwin, 148.
+
+----, Josiah, character of, 16.
+
+----, Miss Julia, letter to, 62.
+
+----, Susannah, married to R. W. Darwin, 1.
+
+Weir, J., Jenner, observations on white moths, 270.
+
+Westminster Abbey, funeral in, 329.
+
+'Westminster Review,' review of the 'Origin,' in the, by
+    T. H. Huxley, 231.
+
+Whale, secondary, 218.
+
+Whewell, Dr., acquaintance with, 22.
+
+Whitley, Rev. C., 19.
+
+Wiesner, Prof. Julius, criticisms of the 'Power of Movement in
+    Plants,' 317;
+  letter to, on Movement in Plants, 317.
+
+Wilberforce, Bishop, his opinion of the 'Origin,' 227;
+  speech at Oxford against the Darwinian theory, 237;
+  review of the 'Origin' in the 'Quarterly Review,' 238.
+
+Wollaston, T. V., review of the 'Origin' in the 'Annals,' 227.
+
+'Wonders of the World,' 10.
+
+Wood, Searles V., 230.
+
+Woodhouse, shooting at, 15.
+
+Work, 69;
+  method of, 50, 91-99.
+
+----, growing necessity of, 269.
+
+Worms, formation of vegetable-mould by the action of, 32, 49, 285.
+
+Wright, Chauncey, article against Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,' 275, 276.
+
+Writing, manner of, 50, 97-99.
+
+
+Zacharias, Dr., Otto, letter to, on the theory of evolution, 166.
+
+Zoology, lectures on, in Edinburgh, 14.
+
+'Zoology of the Voyage of the _Beagle_,' arrangements for publishing
+    the, 143;
+  Government grant obtained for the, 144;
+  publication of the, 31, 32.
+
+
+
+PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS LIMITED, LONDON AND BECCLES.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES DARWIN: HIS LIFE IN AN
+AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL CHAPTER, AND IN A SELECTED SERIES OF HIS PUBLISHED
+LETTERS***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 38629.txt or 38629.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/6/2/38629
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/38629.zip b/38629.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e8a5c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/38629.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..042a2ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #38629 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38629)