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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight, by 
+John Willcock
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight
+
+Author: John Willcock
+
+Release Date: January 18, 2012 [EBook #38604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR THOMAS URQUHART OF CROMARTIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Hunter Monroe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     SIR THOMAS URQUHART
+
+                         OF CROMARTIE
+
+              [Illustration: SIR THOMAS URQUHART.]
+
+                        [Illustration]
+
+                          SIR THOMAS
+
+                           URQUHART
+
+                         OF CROMARTIE
+                           KNIGHT.
+
+                              BY
+
+                        JOHN WILLCOCK
+
+                           M.A.B.D.
+
+                           LERWICK.
+
+                             1899
+
+                      EDINBURGH & LONDON
+
+                           OLIPHANT
+
+                      ANDERSON & FERRIER
+
+[Illustration: SIGNATURE OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART, SLIGHTLY ENLARGED.]
+
+                   [_All Rights Reserved_]
+
+       PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, EDINBURGH
+
+
+
+
+                              TO
+
+                           A. B. W.
+
+                WHOSE PRAISE, SO FREELY GIVEN,
+
+                 IS THE AUTHOR'S MOST COVETED
+
+                           REWARD.
+
+
+
+
+                           PREFACE
+
+Few persons who take an interest in general literature are wholly
+unacquainted with the name of Sir Thomas Urquhart, as that of the
+translator of a great French classic. Only the more erudite can tell how
+the name of another literary man, Pierre Antoine Motteux, comes to be
+associated with his in connexion with the translation in question, and
+are aware that the Scottish knight is the author of original
+compositions in such diverse departments as poetry, trigonometry,
+genealogy, and biography, and that he played a prominent part in the
+public life of his time.
+
+It has been my object to bring together in the following volume all the
+materials which are available for giving a vivid picture of the
+personality of Sir Thomas Urquhart, and of the circumstances in which
+his life was passed, as I think it would be a pity if his romantic,
+fantastical figure were to pass into oblivion. The materials for his
+life are fairly abundant, though they have to be sought for in many
+out-of-the-way corners. The slight but fairly accurate sketch prefixed
+to his _Works_ in the Maitland Club edition, and the carefully written
+articles in Dr Irving's _Scottish Writers_, and the _Dictionary of
+National Biography_, contain the only previous attempts which have been
+made to give his history. The limits within which the authors of these
+notices had to work, have, however, prevented their giving more than a
+bare outline of his career. I have attempted, with what success it is
+for my readers to say, to clothe the skeleton with sinews and flesh, and
+to impart to the figure some measure of animation.
+
+As I have had to do my work at a great distance from public libraries, I
+have been obliged to enlist the services of friends, more fortunately
+situated, in the task of looking up multitudinous references and
+allusions, which bore upon the history of the person in whom I was
+interested, or of the time in which he lived. Miss Kemp, James Walter,
+Esq., and Alexander Middlemass, Esq., Edinburgh, have been extremely
+serviceable to me in this way.
+
+A variety of details of historical and biographical interest has been
+furnished me by Dr. Milne, King-Edward; Garden A. Duff, Esq., Hatton
+Castle, Turriff; Capt. Douglas Wimberley, Inverness; J. L. Anderson,
+Esq., Edinburgh; and P. J. Anderson, Esq., of Aberdeen University
+Library.
+
+Professors Crum Brown, Saintsbury, Butcher, and Eggeling of my own _Alma
+Mater_ have been very willing to give the information I have sought from
+them; and through Professor Grierson of Aberdeen I have had the loan of
+many books containing material of value for my purpose. Sheriff
+Mackenzie, Wick, and Sheriff Shennan, Lerwick, have aided me in
+questions of literary taste and of legal information; and from W. F.
+Smith, Esq., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, I have received
+valuable help in writing the chapter on the translation of Rabelais.
+From the latter's scholarly volumes upon the great Frenchman I have
+borrowed some notes, which appear with his initials attached to them. To
+Professor Ferguson of Glasgow I am indebted for the photograph of
+Urquhart's handwriting.
+
+In the work of correcting proofs--a somewhat laborious task in the
+present case--I have had kindly assistance from Dr Milne, above
+mentioned, and also from A. J. Tedder, Esq., London, Rev. T. Mathewson,
+Rev. D. Houston, M.A. and J. M. Goudie, Esq., Lerwick.
+
+If I have omitted the name of any helper, or if by frivolous comment I
+have done wrong to the shade of Sir Thomas, I would adopt the language
+of Mr Collins in _Pride and Prejudice_. "We are all liable to err," he
+says. "I have certainly meant well through the whole affair; ... and if
+my manner has been at all reprehensible, I here beg leave to apologize."
+
+                                JOHN WILLCOCK.
+
+ UNITED PRES. MANSE, LERWICK,
+           SHETLAND.
+
+
+
+
+                           CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+PREFACE                                                       xi
+
+
+                          CHAPTER I
+ The Urquharts and their Predecessors in Cromartie--Sir
+     Thomas Urquhart, senior--Birth of our Author--School
+     and University Days--Pecuniary and other Troubles at
+     Home--The Castle of Cromartie--Our Author's Studious
+     Bent--Foreign Travel--The Englishman Abroad--The Scot
+     Abroad                                                    1
+
+
+                          CHAPTER II
+
+ Recalled Home--The Covenanting Movement--The Trot of
+     Turriff--Our Author escapes to England--Is
+     Knighted--Publishes his _Epigrams_--His Father's
+     Embarrassments increase--Lesley of Findrassie--Death
+     of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior--Our Author struggles
+     in vain to keep his Creditors at bay--Other Wrongs and
+     Losses--On bad Terms with the Church                     30
+
+
+                         CHAPTER III
+
+ Unsuccessful Rising in the North--Sir Thomas makes his
+     Peace with the Church--Return of Charles II. to
+     Scotland--Invasion of England--Battle of
+     Worcester--Sir Thomas a Prisoner in the Tower--Makes
+     Friends--Is liberated on Parole--Great Literary
+     Activity--Revisits Scotland--Dies--Later History of
+     the Urquharts of Cromartie--Characteristics of our
+     Author--Glover's Portraits of him                        69
+
+
+                          CHAPTER IV
+
+ EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL--THE TRISSOTETRAS                111
+
+
+                          CHAPTER V
+
+ ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ, OR THE PEDIGREE
+                                                             128
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VI
+
+ ΕΚΣΚΥΒΑΛΑΥΡΟΝ, OR THE JEWEL,--LOGOPANDECTEISION OR THE
+     UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE                                      148
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VII
+
+ TRANSLATION OF RABELAIS                                     184
+
+
+ APPENDICES                                                  209
+
+
+
+
+                        ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ 1. PORTRAIT OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART               _Frontispiece_
+
+ 2. SIGNATURE OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART                  _Page_ vii
+
+ 3. THE POET SURROUNDED BY THE MUSES         _Facing page_   109
+
+ 4. FAC-SIMILE OF HIS HANDWRITING                   "        116
+
+ 5. SCULPTURED STONE AT KINBEAKIE HOUSE             "        137
+
+
+
+
+                     SIR THOMAS URQUHART
+
+                          CHAPTER I
+
+ The Urquharts and their Predecessors in Cromartie--Sir Thomas Urquhart,
+     senior--Birth of our Author--School and University Days--Pecuniary
+     and other Troubles at Home--The Castle of Cromartie--Our Author's
+     Studious Bent--Foreign Travel--The Englishman Abroad--The Scot
+     Abroad.
+
+The right of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie to be included in the
+list of famous Scots will scarcely be granted by many of his
+fellow-countrymen without some inquiry into the grounds upon which it is
+based. He himself, undoubtedly, would not have been backward in
+asserting his claim to such honourable distinction, though he would have
+entered a protest against the presence of some of those in whose company
+he would find himself. In the ecclesiastical and political controversies
+of the first half of the seventeenth century, he was, as an Episcopalian
+and a Cavalier, connected with the losing side, and, consequently, it
+is not to be expected that posterity should be so impartial as to
+cherish his name along with those of the victors in the conflict. It is
+to his literary, and not to his martial achievements, that he owes his
+fame. His translation of Rabelais is probably the most brilliant feat of
+the kind ever accomplished, and casts all his own original writings into
+the shade. The fantastical character of his own compositions, indeed,
+both in regard to their subject-matter and the diction in which they are
+clothed, forbids their ever having a large circle of readers. An author
+whose phraseology is like a combination of that used by Ancient Pistol
+with that of Sir Thomas Browne may have enthusiastic admirers, but they
+are almost certain to be few in number. Yet his works contain much
+interesting matter, and to them we are indebted for many details of the
+life of their author.
+
+Though it is hard to believe Sir Thomas Urquhart's assertion that the
+connexion of the Urquharts with the north-west of Scotland dates as far
+back as the year B.C. 554, when an ancestor of his named Beltistos
+crossed over from Ireland, and built a castle near Inverness, the family
+was of considerable antiquity, and for many generations was one of the
+most distinguished in that part of the country. Nisbet, the great
+authority on heraldry, says that "they enjoyed not only the honourable
+office of hereditary Sheriff-Principal of the Shire of Cromartie, but
+the far greater part, if not the whole of the said shire did belong to
+them, either in property or superiority, and they possessed a
+considerable estate besides in the Shire of Aberdeen."[1] The admiralty
+of the seas from Caithness to Inverness also belonged to them.
+
+The Urquharts were not, however, the earliest to bear rule in the part
+of Scotland with which their name is connected. Cromartie was originally
+the Crwmbawchty (or Crumbathy) of which Macbeth was reputed thane,
+before he became king. Wyntown in his _Cronykil_ relates Macbeth's dream
+that he was first Thane of Cromartie, then Thane of Moray, and then King
+of Scotland.[2] After the first and second titles had been conferred
+upon him, he took steps to secure the third. Probably the mote-hill of
+Cromartie was the site of his official residence as thane of the
+district when he was at the beginning of his ambitious career.
+
+In the thirteenth century the family of Mouat (then _de Monte Alto_)
+were in possession,[3] but early in the following century the estate had
+accrued to King Robert the Bruce, probably because the Mounts had
+submitted to the English king, Edward I. King Robert granted Cromartie
+to Sir Hugh Ross, eldest son of William, Earl of Ross, in 1315, and by
+him it was afterwards, in the reign of King David Bruce (1329-70), given
+to an Adam of Urquhart ("de Vrquhartt"),[4] with whose descendants it
+remained for many generations. In 1357 he got from the Crown the
+hereditary sheriffdom of Cromartie, and eight years later the same Hugh
+Ross gave him the estate of Fisherie, in King-Edward, Aberdeenshire.
+This Adam is the first of the family to emerge from the darkness of
+antiquity into the light of history, and probably his name, as the
+founder of the Urquhart fortunes, suggested the still more famous
+progenitor to whom our Sir Thomas traced back his pedigree link by link,
+as our readers will afterwards hear.
+
+Our author's father, also a Thomas, and the first of his line who was a
+Protestant in religion, was born in 1585. He succeeded to the property
+in 1603, and in 1617 was knighted by James VI. in Edinburgh. As he was
+left an orphan at an early age, he was brought up under the care of his
+grand-uncle, John Urquhart of Craigfintray, who has been commonly called
+from this circumstance "the Tutor of Cromartie."[5] His
+great-grandnephew, our Sir Thomas, has celebrated his praise in very
+high terms. "He was," he says, "over all Britain renowned for his deep
+reach of natural wit, and great dexterity in acquiring of many lands and
+great possessions, with all men's applause."[6]
+
+From all accounts, it seems that the "Tutor" was faithful in the
+discharge of all the duties belonging to his office,[7] though he did
+not succeed in imparting to his pupil the secret of acquiring landed
+property, either with or without applause.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, received his estates, we are informed,
+"without any burthen of debt, how little soever, or provision of
+brother, sister, or any other of his kindred or allyance wherewith to
+affect it."[8] He married Christian, the fourth daughter of Alexander,
+fourth Lord Elphinstone (1552-1638), and received with her a dowry of
+nine thousand merks Scots (_i.e._ £500 Sterling). The date of our
+author's birth is given by Maitland as 1605, but it is now certain that
+this is an error, and that the true date is 1611.[9] Sir Thomas was the
+eldest of the family, and he tells us that he was born five years after
+the marriage of his parents. He also informs us that his mother's
+father, Lord Elphinstone, held the office of High Treasurer in Scotland
+at the time of the marriage. As that nobleman was High Treasurer only
+from just before 19th April, 1599, till 22nd September, 1601, it would
+not have been unreasonable to fix the date of the marriage as probably
+some time in 1600, if we had no other information on the subject. But it
+so happens that the marriage-contract is in existence,[10] and is dated
+the 9th of July, 1606, and consequently Sir Thomas's birth would fall in
+the year 1611. Our author must therefore have been in error in
+describing his grandfather as being High Treasurer at the time of his
+daughter's marriage. He had, indeed, occupied this office some years
+before. Sir Thomas should have said "had been," instead of "was," but
+his lordly disposition of mind would probably make him contemptuous of
+such trifles.
+
+In 1611, James VI. was drawing near to the end of the first period of
+his reign, during which he had been under the influence of the
+traditions of the days of Elizabeth and Burghley, and had not yet passed
+into his own keeping, and the hands of profligate favourites. Bacon was
+still in the shade of distrust, from which, however, he was soon to
+emerge: he was now, indeed, Solicitor-General, but his ambition was not
+satisfied by this post. The heir-apparent to the throne was Prince
+Henry, who died in the following year. Charles, his brother, was now
+eleven years of age. Shakespeare brought out this year his play of _The
+Winter's Tale_, and Ben Jonson his _Catiline_. Sir Walter Raleigh was a
+prisoner in the Tower, and was busily engaged in writing his _History of
+the World_, which he completed in the following year, though it was not
+published until 1614. The Authorised Version of the English Bible
+appeared this year. Milton was now a child of scarcely three years old,
+and Cromwell a boy of twelve.
+
+The birthplace of our author is unknown; for though the castle of
+Cromartie was the official residence of the sheriffs, Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, senior, is known to have had several other manor-houses, one
+of which was Fisherie,[11] in the parish of King-Edward, Aberdeenshire,
+in which he resided from time to time. It is probable that the future
+translator of Rabelais laid the foundation of the erudition by which in
+after years he was distinguished, in Banff,[12] which then possessed a
+grammar-school, rather than in the more northern town which is
+associated with his name.
+
+Sir Thomas was only eleven years old when, in 1622, he entered the
+University of Aberdeen,[13] but there is no reason to believe that the
+average age of the "men" of his year would be in excess of his own.
+Donne was the same age as Urquhart when he entered Oxford. The famous
+Crichton went up to St Andrews at the age of ten, though up to that time
+he had not given evidence of any extraordinary precocity. A generation
+before, Montaigne had already completed his collegiate course when he
+attained his thirteenth year. It seems strange to us that boys of such
+tender age should have been found able to pass through a university
+curriculum; and we are forced to conclude either that the boys of those
+days were intellectually superior to those with whom we are familiar, or
+that the studies which occupied them were less deep and severe than
+those which are now pursued in seats of learning. The latter is probably
+the true explanation of the matter. University education in Scotland
+had been remodelled, and adapted to the requirements of the time and of
+a Protestant society in the previous generation, and in this work Andrew
+Melville had a very notable part. In 1583 a new constitution had been
+drawn up for the University of Aberdeen, and the arrangements prescribed
+by it may have existed there when our author was a student. The
+Principal, according to this constitution, was Professor of Theology, as
+well as incumbent of the parish of Old Machar, and was responsible for
+the government and discipline of the college.[14] Under him were four
+Regents, one of whom was Sub-Principal, and to them was assigned the
+duty of training students in various departments of learning. Thus
+physiology, geography, astrology, history, and Hebrew were assigned to
+the Sub-Principal. Another Regent explained "the principles of reasoning
+from the best Greek and Latin authors, with practice in writing and
+speaking"; while a third lectured upon Greek, and read the more
+elementary Latin and Greek authors. The fourth Regent taught arithmetic
+and geometry, and, along with them, a portion of Aristotle's _Organon,
+Ethics, and Politics_, and Cicero's _De Officiis_. This attempt to
+assign special departments to the various regents respectively, was a
+marked improvement upon the older system, under which they were each
+responsible for teaching all the subjects included in the curriculum.
+
+The students paid fees, which varied in amount according to their
+social standing. On entering the university they were required to take
+an oath of loyalty to the Reformed religion. None were allowed to carry
+arms, or to converse in any other tongue than Greek or Latin. Perhaps,
+however, this latter rule was merely an attempt to restrain the
+measureless tide of human speech. And in order that nothing might
+interfere with the progress of the students, the _Nova Fundatio_, or new
+constitution of Aberdeen University, abolished all holidays ("omnes
+consuetas olim a studiis vacationes aboleri penitus").[15]
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's name does not appear in the list of graduates in
+1626, so that there are no means of determining from the records of
+King's College how many years he spent there. For the city in which he
+had received his education he ever afterwards had a high regard. Thus he
+says of it: "For honesty, good fashions, and learning, Aberdeen
+surpasseth as far all other cities and towns in Scotland, as London doth
+for greatness, wealth, and magnificence, the smallest hamlet or village
+in England."[16]
+
+He gives unmeasured praise to some of those eminent men who were
+associated with the fame of Aberdeen University in what has been called
+its "Augustan age"--the first four or five decades of the seventeenth
+century. Thus, according to him, William Lesley, D.D.,[17] was "one of
+the most profound and universal scholars then living"--like Socrates in
+having published no works, but, unfortunately, unlike that philosopher
+in not having among his disciples a Plato and an Aristotle to receive
+their master's knowledge and transmit it to future generations.[18] Of
+his successor in the principalship, Dr William Guild, he says: "He
+deserveth by himself to be remembered, both for that he hath committed
+to the press many good books, tending to the edification of the soul,
+and bettering of the minde; and that of all the divines that have lived
+in Scotland these hundred yeers, he hath been the most charitable, and
+who bestowed most of his own to publike uses."[19] At the time when he
+wrote these estimates of the sages at whose feet he had sat as a
+student, some of his old friends were under a cloud, and he had to be
+careful not to compromise them by his praise. And so he says of "Master
+William [?] Seaton," who had been his tutor, "[he was] a very able
+preacher truly, and good scholar, and [one] whom I would extoll yet
+higher, but that being under the consistorian lash, some critick
+Presbyters may do him injury, by pretending his dislike of them, for
+being praised by him who idolizeth not their authority."[20]
+
+At the time of the marriage of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, Lord
+Elphinstone, who was fully acquainted with the prosperous condition of
+his son-in-law's affairs, made him pledge himself to manage his property
+so that it might descend to his heir as he had himself received it.
+Unfortunately this pledge was not fulfilled. Through mismanagement and
+neglect his affairs got into disorder, and the later years of his life
+were troubled by pecuniary difficulties.[21] His son says of him: "Of
+all men living [he was] the justest, equallest, and most honest in his
+dealings, [and] his humour was, rather than to break his word, to lose
+all he had, and stand to his most undeliberate promises, what ever they
+might cost; which too strict adherence to the austerest principles of
+veracity, proved oftentimes dammageable to him in his negotiations with
+many cunning sharks, who knew with what profitable odds they could scrue
+themselves in upon the windings of so good a nature.... By the
+unfaithfulnes, on the one side, of some of his menial servants, in
+filching from him much of his personal estate, and falsehood of several
+chamberlains and bayliffs to whom he had intrusted the managing of his
+rents, in the unconscionable discharge of their receits, by giving up
+one account thrice, and of such accounts many; and, on the other part,
+by the frequency of disadvantagious bargains, which the slieness of the
+subtil merchant did involve him in, his loss came unawares upon him, and
+irresistibly, like an armed man; too great trust to the one, and
+facility in behalf of the other, occasioning so grievous a misfortune,
+which nevertheless did not proceed from want of knowledge or abilitie in
+natural parts, for in the business of other men he would have given a
+very sound advice, and was surpassing dextrous in arbitrements, upon
+any reference submitted to him, but that hee thought it did derogate
+from the nobility of his house and reputation of his person, to look to
+petty things in matter of his own affairs."[22]
+
+One of the ways in which the elder Sir Thomas succeeded in impoverishing
+himself and his family was in becoming bail for people who absconded;
+so, at least, we would infer from an entry in the Court-book of the
+Burgh of Banff under date of 21st April, 1629, in which we find that
+"Sir Thomas Urquhurt of Cromarty, having become caution for the
+appearance of Alexander Forbes, merchant in Balvenye, alleged
+forestaller, and the said Alexander not having appeared, Sir Thomas is
+decerned to pay £40 Scots (£3, 6s. 8d. Sterling)."[23]
+
+In 1637 we find that he was obliged to appeal to his sovereign against
+the urgency of his creditors, and a Letter of Protection was issued in
+his favour. It ran as follows: "Letter of Protection granted by King
+Charles the First, under his great seal, to Sir Thomas Urquhart of
+Cromarty, from all dilligence at the instance of his creditors, for the
+space of one year, thereby giving him a _persona standi in judicio_,
+notwithstanding he may be at the horn, and taking him under his royal
+protection during the time. Dated at St James's, 20th March, 1637."[24]
+A somewhat humorous situation is suggested by this document. The
+creditors might "put him to the horn," _i.e._, according to the usual
+legal form, order him in the king's name to pay his debts on penalty of
+being outlawed as a traitor, while the king himself authorised him to
+take no notice of the proceedings.
+
+In the same year we have intimation of the elder Sir Thomas's pecuniary
+misfortunes being aggravated by domestic strife, for we find him
+instructing a high legal functionary to raise an action against his
+sons, Thomas and Alexander, for their unfilial conduct. The charge was
+that of "putting violent hands on the persone of the said Sir Thomas
+Urquhart of Cromartie, Knycht, their father, taking him captive and
+prissoner, and detening him in sure firmance within ane upper chalmer,
+callit the Inner Dortour, within his place of Cromertie, _tanquam in
+privato carcere_, fra the Mononday to the Fryday in the efter none
+therefter, committit in the moneth of December last, 1636." The case
+came up for trial before the Court of Justiciary on the 19th of July,
+and was postponed for a week, when it was abandoned. The Lords of
+Council had appointed a commission to settle all differences between the
+father and sons and on receiving their report the Court dismissed the
+case.[25] We have no particulars as to the causes of disagreement which
+led to such all unhappy state of affairs, but we are not likely to be
+far wrong in assuming that the sons wished to prevent their father's
+taking some legal step which they considered would be detrimental to his
+and their interests. The affectionate terms in which our author
+describes his father's character ten years after his death, in the words
+above quoted, make us sure that he sincerely regretted any wrong towards
+him of which he may have been guilty at this time.
+
+The old castle of Cromartie has now long disappeared, the stones of
+which it was built having been used for the erection of a modern house
+in 1772, after the estate had passed, by purchase, from the family of
+Urquhart to Mr George Ross. It was a building of considerable antiquity.
+In 1470 a royal grant was made by James III. to William Urquhart of the
+Motehill, or Mount of Cromartie, with permission to erect on this a
+tower or fortalice. Advantage was taken of this permission to fortify
+the family mansion, and it was converted into a castle of considerable
+strength.[26] Sir Thomas says of it: "The stance thereof is stately, and
+the house it selfe of a notable good fabrick and contrivance."[27] An
+interesting description of the building as it was just before its
+demolition is given by Hugh Miller. "Directly behind the site of the old
+town," he says, "the ground rises abruptly from the level to the height
+of nearly a hundred feet, after which it forms a kind of table-land of
+considerable extent, and then sweeps gently to the top of the hill. A
+deep ravine, with a little stream running through it, intersects the
+rising ground at nearly right angles with the front which it presents to
+the houses; and on the eastern angle, towering over the ravine on the
+one side, and the edge of the bank on the other, stood the old castle of
+Cromarty. It was a massy, time-worn building, rising in some places to
+the height of six storeys, battlemented at the top, and roofed with grey
+stone. One immense turret jutted out from the corner, which occupied the
+extreme point of the angle, and looking down from an altitude of at
+least one hundred and sixty feet on the little stream, and the
+struggling row of trees which sprung up at its edge, commanded both
+sides of the declivity and the town below." Of the interior we are told
+by the same writer, on the authority of an old woman who, as a child,
+had lived in the castle, that "two threshers could have plied their
+flails within the huge chimney of the kitchen; and that, in the great
+hall, an immense, dark chamber, lined with oak, a party of a hundred men
+had exercised at the pike."[28]
+
+The elder Sir Thomas had also a winter residence in Banff.[29] In the
+Court-book of the Burgh of Banff we have the following entry: "1630,
+July 21st, Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie gave in ane Act of the
+Session of Banff, geiveing licence to him to erect ane desk and loft in
+the kirk of Banff (seeing he is both a parochiner and resident within
+the said toun) for his accomodatione. The brethren gave their
+approbatione with express provision that neither the edifice nor lichtes
+of the said kirk suld be deteriorat."[30]
+
+Beyond the bare fact of his having been a student in the University of
+Aberdeen, we have no information concerning the manner in which the
+earlier years of our author's life were passed, or the circumstances in
+which he acquired the miscellaneous erudition which his writings
+display. The only remark he makes about the education he received is to
+the effect that his father laid out but a very insignificant portion of
+his income upon this item of family expenses. Yet, however little the
+expenditure may have been, Urquhart evidently profited fully by the
+education which he had received, and attained to something more than a
+gentlemanly acquaintance with some of the abstruser departments of
+learning.
+
+The special bent of his mind in early years, and his love for study
+rather than sport, are shown in the following reminiscence of his youth,
+which he narrates with his characteristic diffuseness. "There
+happening," he says, "a gentleman of very good worth to stay awhile at
+my house, who, one day amongst many other, was pleased, in the deadst
+time of all the winter, with a gun upon his shoulder, to search for a
+shot of some wild-fowl; and after he had waded through many waters,
+taken excessive pains in quest of his game, and by means thereof had
+killed some five or six moor fowls and partridges, which he brought
+along with him to my house, he was by some other gentlemen, who chanced
+to alight at my gate, as he entered in, very much commended for his love
+to sport; and, as the fashion of most of our countrymen is, not to
+praise one without dispraising another, I was highly blamed for not
+giving my self in that kind to the same exercise, having before my eys
+so commendable a pattern to imitate; I answered, though the gentleman
+deserved praise for the evident proof he had given that day of his
+inclination to thrift and laboriousness, that nevertheless I was not to
+blame, seeing whilst he was busied about that sport, I was imployed in a
+diversion of another nature, such as optical secrets, mysteries of
+natural philosophie, reasons for the variety of colours, the finding out
+of the longitude, the squaring of a circle, and wayes to accomplish all
+trigonometrical calculations by sines, without tangents, with the same
+compendiousness of computation,--which, in the estimation of learned
+men, would be accounted worth six hundred thousand partridges, and as
+many moor-fowles."
+
+There can be little doubt that Sir Thomas had the best of the argument.
+But he was not satisfied with this: for nothing less would content him
+than vanquishing his opponent on his own ground, as well as with the
+weapons of logic. With the same lordliness of temper which had led him
+to re-capitulate the dignified subjects which had occupied his studious
+mind--the squaring of the circle being but one of them--he chose the
+breaking-in of a horse as a set-off against his friend's achievements of
+the day before. The success of the scientific student and the
+discomfiture of the mere sportsman are told in the conclusion of the
+story. "In the mean while," he says, "that worthy gentleman, being wet
+and weary after travel, was not able to eat of what he had so much
+toyled for, whilst my braine recreations so sharpened my appetite, that
+I supped to very good purpose. That night past, the next morning I gave
+six pence to a footman of mine, to try his fortune with the gun, during
+the time I should disport my self in the breaking of a young horse; and
+it so fell out, that by [the time] I had given my selfe a good heat by
+riding, the boy returned with a dozen of wild fouls, half moor foule,
+half partridge, whereat being exceeding well pleased, I alighted, gave
+him my horse to care for, and forthwith entred in to see my gentlemen,
+the most especiall whereof was unable to rise out of his bed, by reason
+of the Gout and Sciatick, wherewith he was seized for his former daye's
+toyle."[31]
+
+In the early years of his manhood, before our author felt himself
+qualified to take part in public life, he spent some time in foreign
+travel. The kind of figure cut by a young _English_ gentleman of that
+period upon the Continent we know from the testimony of Portia, for it
+can scarcely be that much change had taken place in the interval of a
+generation, between her time and the end of the first quarter of the
+seventeenth century. He was generally unversed in the languages of the
+countries he visited, and, from his lack of Latin, French, or Italian,
+was apt to fail in understanding the natives, or in making himself
+understood by them. He might be handsome in figure, but conversation
+with him was reduced to the level of a dumb-show. His dress was often
+very odd, and his manners eccentric, as though he had bought his doublet
+in Italy, his round hose in France, his bonnet in Germany, and his
+behaviour--everywhere. A strong contrast to him in the matter of
+language was the young Scotchman of the period, if Sir Thomas Urquhart
+is to be taken as at all an average specimen of his nation, and if his
+account of himself can be relied upon. He says of himself that when he
+travelled through France, Spain, and Italy, he spoke the languages to
+such perfection that he might easily have passed himself off as a native
+of any one of these countries. Some advised him to do so, but his
+patriotic feelings were too strong to allow him to follow such a course:
+"he plainly told them (without making bones thereof), that truly he
+thought he had as much honour by his own country, which did contrevalue
+the riches and fertility of those nations, by the valour, learning, and
+honesty, wherein it did parallel, if not surpass them."[32]
+
+It is somewhat difficult for the mind to grasp the idea of a Scotchman
+in those days, when so many of the things which we now associate with
+the nationality were not in existence--when his Church was Episcopalian
+in constitution, the Shorter Catechism not yet written by Englishmen for
+his use, Burns unborn, and distilled spirits not extensively used as a
+beverage. We could scarcely even know him by his costume. For no
+self-respecting representative of that country would assume the Highland
+garb which so many Englishmen believe to be generally worn north of the
+Tweed, if we are to credit the authoritative statement of Macaulay to
+the effect that "before the Union it was considered by nine Scotchmen
+out of ten as the dress of a thief."[33] The characteristics by which "a
+Scot abroad" in those days was recognised, were, from some accounts,
+not shrewdness in making bargains, economical habits, indomitable
+perseverance, and unsleeping caution, but the pride and
+high-spiritedness which made him keen in detecting and swift in avenging
+slights that might be cast upon the country from which he came. So deep
+was the impression made by these peculiarities upon foreign nations,
+that they became proverbial. "He is a Scot, he has pepper in his
+nose!"[34] said they, somewhat familiarly, yet with a touch of fear,
+when they noticed the flashing eye, and the hand instinctively seeking
+the sword-hilt. "High-spirited as a Scot!"[35] they exclaimed with
+admiration, when among themselves some soul was moved to unwonted
+courage. Such, at least, is the impression produced upon the mind by
+some of those novels in which Scott and his imitators trace the
+wanderings of their fellow-countrymen through European lands in those
+earlier times. That there is some foundation of truth for the lofty
+superstructure is rendered credible by the case of Sir Thomas Urquhart.
+"My heart,"[36] he says, "gave me the courage for adventuring in a
+forrain climat, thrice to enter the lists against men of three severall
+nations, to vindicate my native country[37] from the calumnies wherewith
+they had aspersed it; wherein it pleased God so to conduct my fortune,
+that, after I had disarmed them, they in such sort acknowledged their
+error, and the obligation they did owe me for sparing their lives, which
+justly by the law of arms I might have taken, that, in lieu of three
+enemies that formerly they were, I acquired three constant friends, both
+to my selfe and my compatriots, whereof by severall gallant testimonies
+they gave evident proofe, to the improvement of my country's credit in
+many occasions."[38]
+
+The fair critic, whose estimate of the young Englishman has been
+referred to, gives her opinion also of his Scottish rival; but,
+strangely enough, she observes in him qualities of a kind opposite to
+those displayed by Sir Thomas Urquhart. She was struck by his
+neighbourly charity, "for he borrowed a box of the ear of the
+Englishman, and swore he would pay him back again when he was able."[39]
+Can it be that the words put into her mouth are merely the ribald wit of
+an envious Southron, or are we to understand that the spirit which
+triumphed over so many inferiors was yet wise enough to discern when it
+stood in the presence of a mightier than itself?
+
+How a young man on his travels should occupy his time, had been laid
+down in a little volume which had been published just before Urquhart
+set out to see the world abroad. In this he might read a list of the
+things which should engage his attention, drawn up in sonorous language
+by no less a personage than a late Lord Chancellor of England--a man who
+was ready to give advice to all his fellow-creatures in all conceivable
+circumstances. "The things," says Lord Bacon, "to be seen and observed
+are: the courts of princes, especially when they give audience to
+ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes; and
+so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches and monasteries, with the
+monuments which are therein extant; the walls and fortifications of
+cities and towns, and so the havens and harbours; antiquities and ruins;
+libraries, colleges, disputations and lectures, where any are; shipping
+and navies; house and gardens of state and pleasure near great cities;
+armories, arsenals, magazines, exchanges, burses, warehouses; exercises
+of horsemanship, fencing, training of soldiers, and the like; comedies,
+such whereunto the better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of
+jewels and robes, cabinets and rarities; and, to conclude, whatsoever is
+memorable in the places where they go.... As for triumphs, masks,
+feasts, weddings, funerals, capital executions, and such shows, men
+need not be put in mind of them; yet they are not to be neglected."[40]
+
+To what extent Urquhart followed a plan of this kind it is impossible to
+say; for, though his writings are so discursive that we might expect to
+find in them allusions to anything remarkable he had seen or heard, he
+has very little to say about his foreign experiences. Dr Johnson spoke
+with contempt of an English peer, who had extended his travels as far as
+Egypt, but who had brought back only one small contribution to the
+general stock of human information--the fact that he had seen "a large
+serpent in one of the pyramids of Egypt." Urquhart was not quite so
+poverty-stricken as this; for he seems to have observed examples of
+mental infirmity, illustrations of which he might doubtless have found
+nearer home.
+
+"I saw at Madrid," he says, "a bald-pated fellow who beleeved he was
+Julius Cæsar, and therefore went constantly on the streets with a laurel
+crown on his head; and another at Toledo, who would not adventure to goe
+abroad unlesse it were in a coach, chariot, or sedane, for fear the
+heavens should fall down upon him. I likewise saw one in Saragosa, who,
+imagining himself to be the lawfull King of Aragon, went no where
+without a scepter in his hand; and another in the kingdome of Granada,
+who beleeved he was the valiant Cid that conquered the Mores. At
+Messina, in Sicilie, I also saw a man that conceived himself to be the
+great Alexander of Macedone, and that in a ten years space he should be
+master of all the territories which he subdued; but the best is, that
+the better to resemble him he always held his neck awry, which naturally
+was streight and upright enough; and another at Venice, who imagined he
+was Soveraign of the whole Adriatick Sea, and sole owner of all the
+ships that came from the Levante. Of men that fancied themselves to be
+women, beasts, trees, stones, pitchers, glasse, angels, and of women
+whose strained imaginations have falne upon the like extravagancies,
+even in the midst of fire and the extremest pains fortune could inflict
+upon them, there is such variety of examples, amongst which I have seen
+some at Rome, Naples, Florence, Genua, Paris, and other eminent cities,
+that to multiply any moe [more] words therein, were to load your ears
+with old wives' tales, and the trivial tattle of idly imployed and
+shallow braind humorists."[41]
+
+He also tells, though not in the same connexion, of his having been
+witness of the honour and admiration lavished upon one of his
+fellow-countrymen, Dr Seaton, by the _élite_ of Parisian society. "I
+have seen him," he says, "circled about at the Louvre with a ring of
+French lords and gentlemen, who hearkned to his discourse with so great
+attention, that none of them, so long as he was pleased to speak, would
+offer to interrupt him, to the end that the pearles falling from his
+mouth might be the more orderly congested in the several treasures of
+their judgements."[42]
+
+Part of his time abroad was devoted to the fascinating occupation of
+book-hunting, and he had great pleasure in the spoils he had won. When
+they were set in order on shelves in the library of the castle of
+Cromartie, he looked on them with the joy which only book-collectors
+know. "They were," he says, "like to a compleat nosegay of flowers,
+which, in my travels, I had gathered out of the gardens of above sixteen
+several kingdoms."[43]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _System of Heraldry_, ii, 274.
+
+[2] Wyntown's narrative is as follows (quoted in Sir William Fraser's
+_Earls of Cromartie_):--
+
+    "A nycht he thowcht in hys dreming,
+    Dat syttand he wes besyd þe Kyng
+    At a Sete in hwnting; swà
+    Intil his Leisch had Grewhundys twà.
+    He thowcht, quhile he wes swà syttand,
+    He sawe thre wemen by gangand;
+    And þai wemen þan thowcht he
+    Thre werd Systrys mást lyk to be.
+    De fyrst he hard say gangand by,
+    'Lo yhondyr þe Thayne of Crwmbawchty.'
+    De toyir woman sayd agayne,
+    'Of Morave yhondyre I se þe Thayne.'
+    De thryd þan sayd, 'I se þe Kyng.'
+    All þis he herd in hys dreming."
+
+                Wyntown's _Cronykil_, i. 225.
+
+Wyntown's date is about A.D. 1395. Macbeth was killed at Lumphanan by
+Macduff, 5th December A.D. 1056.
+
+[3] A charter of lands in Cromartie granted by William de Monte Alto,
+between 1252 and 1272, is still in existence. The granter of the
+charter, having been owner of Cromartie, was claimed by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart as one of his Urquhart ancestors, but with no better authority
+than the earlier ancestors who figure in our author's _Pedigree_. See
+_Earls of Cromartie_, by Sir William Fraser.
+
+[4] It would seem from this that Urquhart was originally a place-name,
+probably Gaelic. There were two parishes of Urquhart in the old province
+of Moray--one with a priory near Elgin, and the other with a castle in
+what is now Inverness-shire.
+
+[5] "Tutor" here simply means "legal guardian"--for boys until fourteen
+years of age, and for girls until twelve. After these ages and before
+that of twenty-one such wards are in the charge of "Curators." Owing to
+our author's having the same Christian name as his father, the mistake
+is often made of asserting that John Urquhart was _his_ tutor.
+
+[6] _Works_, p. 172. In a MS. volume of unpublished poems by Sir Thomas,
+which is described on p. 116, there is the following:--"Upon the tutor
+of Cromarty, my great-grandfather's younger brother, and my father's
+tutor:
+
+    "The present tyme, the preterit, nor futur
+    T' ourselves, our fathers, nor posteritie,
+    Do now, have yet, nor will produce a tutor,
+    For's Pupils weil of more dexteritie,
+      For he left free th' estate he had in charge:
+      And by meer industrie did's own enlarge" (iii. 7).
+
+We are sorry to quote a poem of Sir Thomas's at this early stage, before
+the atmosphere has been created which is needed for perceiving and
+appreciating its true value. The judicious reader will, however, return
+to it with interest when that process has been completed.
+
+[7] John Urquhart, "the Tutor of Cromartie," died in 1631, at the age of
+eighty-four, and was buried in the old church of King-Edward,
+Aberdeenshire, where there is a marble monument to his memory.
+
+[8] _Works_, p. 340.
+
+[9] Another erroneous date is in the edition of the _Tracts_ of 1774,
+where 1613 is given as the year of our author's birth.
+
+[10] This is now amongst the Gardenston papers, having been formerly in
+the possession of Mr. Dunbar. All account of its contents is given in
+_Antiquarian Notes_, by C. Fraser Mackintosh, p. 195. An independent
+corroboration of the above date of the marriage is by a document now in
+the Register House in Edinburgh (_Aberdeen Sasines_), in which Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, senior, gives sasine of the barony of Fisherie to Lady
+Christian Elphinstone. The "precept," or clause in the marriage-contract,
+which directs the notary to give sasine of the estate settled on the
+bride, is also dated the 9th of July, 1606, and in it she is described
+as being _in suâ purâ virginitate_. Probably the marriage took place
+either on that day or very soon afterwards. The bridegroom was just of
+age, while Lady Christian was under sixteen, the date of her birth being
+19th December, 1590 (_The Lords Elphinstone_, Fraser, i. 167).
+
+The issue of this marriage were at least the following sons and
+daughters:--(l) THOMAS; (2) Alexander; (3) George; (4) John; (5) [name
+unknown]; (6) Henry; and (7) Jane, _m._ Sir Alexander Abercromby of
+Birkenbog; (8) Helen, _m._ Sir James Gordon of Lesmoir; (9) Annas, _m._
+Alexander Strachan of Glenkindie; (10) Margaret, _m._ John Irving of
+Brucklay; (11) [name unknown], _m._ ---- Campbell of Calder.
+
+[11] Fisherie is about six miles from Banff.
+
+[12] It is quite possible, however, that, in the parish school of
+King-Edward, our author could have got the rudiments of a classical
+education. In 1649 (15th Nov.), Mr James Petrie, who was school-master
+there, applied for the school of Banff and, as a test of his power, "was
+ordeined to teache the sext satyr of Persius to-morrow in the school of
+Banf be nyne hours in presence of the bailyies and others in the toune
+who wer scholars." He passed through the test successfully, and was
+appointed to the office (_Annals of Banff_, ii. 30, New Spalding Club).
+
+[13] The entry of his name as a student on the roll is in the following
+terms: "In Academiam regiam Aberdonensem recepti sunt adolescentes
+quorum nomina sequuntur, præceptore Alexandro Lunano, Anno 1622.
+
+                        .   .   .
+
+                 Thomas Urquhardus de Cromartie.
+
+                        .   .   .
+                                     _Fasti Aberdonenses, 1854._"
+
+[14] _King's College: Officers and Graduates_, by P. J. Anderson, M.A.,
+pp. 347, 348.
+
+[15] An "eminent Yorkshire educationist" introduced the same rules into
+the establishment under his charge. It is probable, however, that in Mr
+Squeers's case the arrangement was the result of independent research
+into methods of education, rather than a hint borrowed from Andrew
+Melville. "No holidays--none of those ill-judged comings home twice a
+year that unsettle children's minds so!" (_Nicholas Nickleby_, chap.
+iv.).
+
+It is only fair to say that there are doubts as to how far the
+arrangements under the _Nova Fundatio_, as above described, were in
+force in Sir Thomas Urquhart's student days. If the older system were
+still in operation, the Alexander Lunan, who is mentioned as his
+preceptor, would virtually have taught our author all the subjects
+contained in the curriculum through which he passed. As there is no
+proof that Alexander Lunan was another Admirable Crichton, the fact of
+his doing so would strengthen what we have said above as to the
+comparative slightness of the erudition imparted in a university
+education in those days. Sir Thomas Urquhart speaks of having "learned
+the elements of his philosophy" in the University of Aberdeen under
+William Seaton (_Works_, p. 263). It has been suggested that it is an
+error for John Seaton, and that it indicates that our author, like many
+other students of King's College, took a session or two at Marischal
+College (see Anderson's _Fasti Acad. Marisc._ ii. 34, 588).
+
+[16] _Works_, p. 395.
+
+[17] Dr Lesley was successively Humanist, Regent, Sub-Principal, and
+Principal of King's College. In 1639 he was deprived of his office by
+the Covenanting party.
+
+[18] _Works_, p. 262.
+
+[19] _Works_, p. 263. The editor of the _Book of Bon Accord_ gives a
+lower estimate of Dr Guild's character: he says that his works are of no
+literary merit, and that he got fame by his wealth and ostentatious
+liberality. He was minister of King-Edward before he went to Aberdeen;
+and his widow, Catharine Rolland, founded a bursary at the university
+for young men belonging to that parish.
+
+[20] _Ibid._ p. 263: see p. 11, note.
+
+[21] Lord Elphinstone died 14th January, 1638. During the four preceding
+years his son-in-law had "made ducks and drakes" of his ancestral
+possessions. His portrait, which is still preserved at Carberry Tower,
+is engraved in Sir William Fraser's work, _The Lords Elphinstone_. It
+gives one the impression of a grave, melancholy man. He had fourteen
+sons and five daughters. It is to be hoped that none of his sons and no
+other of his sons-in-law had the faculty for getting into difficulties
+which Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, displayed.
+
+[22] _Works_, p. 336.
+
+[23] The offence of _forestalling_ consisted in buying merchandise,
+victuals, etc., before they appeared in a fair or market-place for sale,
+or in taking steps to raise the prices of such things, or in dissuading
+anyone coming to market from carrying his goods thither. The amount of
+fine for a first offence was, as above, £40 Scots (or £3, 6s. 8d.
+Sterling); for a second offence, 100 merks (or £5, 11s., 1d. Sterling);
+while for a third offence it was forfeiture of movable goods.
+
+[24] M'Farlane's _Genealogical Collections_, ii. 283. MS. Advocates'
+Library.
+
+[25] Records of the Court of Justiciary.
+
+[26] It was built in the old turreted style, and defended on the south
+by a moat and high wall. When it was taken down, in the surrounding
+ground were found human skeletons, and urns containing human remains,
+both enclosed in graves made of flags (_Old Stat. Account_).
+
+[27] _Works_, p. 312. "The situation appears in every view most
+delightful" (Pococke's _Tour_, 1760).
+
+[28] _Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, pp. 78, 80.
+
+[29] This was a fortalice-tower, with gardens, orchards, dovecots, etc.,
+in the south part of Banff, which afterwards came into the possession of
+the Earl of Airlie. The bounds are thus described: "The common vennel at
+the north, the loch called the Saltlochs at the east, the lands called
+Little Guishauch at the south, and the road to Overak at the west."
+Shortly before its demolition it was the headquarters of the Duke of
+Cumberland's army on its passage to Culloden. Besides this house and the
+castle of Cromartie, the Urquharts occasionally occupied their
+mansion-house of Fisherie. This stood a few yards to the south-west of
+the present farmhouse of Mains of Fisherie. It was taken down some sixty
+years ago. Some old trees still stand near the site of the house and
+garden.
+
+[30] _Annals of Banff_ (New Spalding Club), ii. 28. The old church in
+which Sir Thomas had a "desk" or pew, and a "loft" or small gallery, is
+now in ruins. Only the south transept is standing. In the parish church
+of King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, the handsome silver communion cups bear
+an inscription to the effect that they were a joint present from Dr
+William Guild, the then incumbent of the parish, Sir Thomas Urquhart,
+and his uncle John Urquhart of Craigfintray. That the Sir Thomas
+Urquhart here named is not our author but his father, is evident from
+the date of the incumbency of his fellow-donor, Dr Guild, who was
+minister of King-Edward from 1608 to 1631. The cups bear date of 1619.
+
+[31] _Works_, p. 331.
+
+[32] _Works_, p. 272.
+
+[33] _History of England_, chap. xiii.
+
+[34] "_Scotus est, piper in naso_," Mediæval proverb.
+
+[35] "_Fier comme un Ecossais_," French proverb.
+
+[36] It may be as well to warn our readers at this point that Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's vanity, or what would be called vanity in any other man, was
+unbounded. So calm and unconscious is it, that it often seems to betray
+a disordered mind. Those who seek in his estimates of himself for
+illustrations of the grace of humility will seek in vain. They may,
+however, find other things, which, if not so edifying, are far more
+amusing.
+
+[37] The reader who has sufficient curiosity and leisure may compare
+with the above the account which his contemporary, Lord Herbert of
+Cherbury (1581-1648), gives of his duels in his _Autobiography_. That
+nobleman was a kind of Sir Thomas Urquhart in water-colour, and his
+single combats are surrounded with a proportionately milder glow of
+romance. Indeed, they seem to have been generally undertaken in order to
+compel impudent young men to give back pieces of riband to charming
+young ladies from whom they had snatched them.
+
+[38] _Works_, p. 311.
+
+[39] _Merchant of Venice_, Act I. Scene ii.
+
+[40] _Essays, Civil and Moral_, xviii.
+
+[41] _Works_, p. 364.
+
+[42] _Ibid._ p. 256.
+
+[43] _Works_, p. 402.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER II
+
+ Recalled Home--The Covenanting Movement--The Trot of Turriff--Our
+     Author escapes to England--Is Knighted--Publishes his
+     _Epigrams_--His Father's Embarrassments increase--Lesley of
+     Findrassie--Death of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior--Our Author
+     struggles in vain to keep his Creditors at bay--Other Wrongs and
+     Losses--On bad Terms with the Church.
+
+While Urquhart was engaged in foreign travel, the ecclesiastical and
+political controversies in Scotland came to such a height, that it was
+evident that matters could only be settled by an appeal to the sword,
+and, accordingly, he returned home to assist the party to which his
+family adhered. He, doubtless, like Milton, considered it disgraceful
+that, while his fellow-countrymen were fighting at home for liberty, he
+should be travelling abroad for amusement and intellectual culture. His
+father, who had been the first of the Urquharts to give up Roman
+Catholicism for Protestantism, took the unpopular side in the conflict
+that agitated the Church of Scotland. He was a staunch Episcopalian, and
+refused to accept the National Covenant, when those who had voluntarily
+and enthusiastically entered into it attempted to coerce others into
+following their example, and so turned it into an instrument of tyranny.
+
+The determined efforts of Charles I. and his advisers to make the Church
+of Scotland in all respects like the Church of England, were fiercely
+opposed, and, for a time, the party which was resolved to make them as
+dissimilar as possible prevailed. Episcopacy, liturgy, ancient
+ecclesiastical customs and rites, and all that savoured of Prelacy or
+Popery, were swept away by the rising flood. Yet, without committing
+oneself to the doctrine of passive obedience, it may be doubted whether
+the course of policy followed by the Covenanters was either wise or
+scriptural. For, notwithstanding the vehement protestations of loyalty
+expressed in the National Covenant, armed resistance to the royal
+authority was not obscurely hinted at in it. "We," said the subscribers,
+"promise and swear by the great name of the Lord our God to continue in
+the profession and obedience of the said religion; and that we shall
+defend the same, and resist all those contrary errors and corruptions,
+according to our vocation, and to the utmost of that power which God
+hath put into our hands, all the days of our life." It is quite
+possible, it may be hoped, for one to be in sympathy with a certain
+political party, and yet to regret that the Church should identify
+itself with that party; and it certainly was not in the end a good thing
+for the cause of religion that it should have been so closely allied as
+it was with party politics in the seventeenth century. "My kingdom is
+not of this world," said Christ; "if My kingdom were of this world, then
+would My servants fight." "Put up again thy sword into his place," He
+said to St Peter, "for all they that take the sword, shall perish with
+the sword." It is difficult to see how these clear and emphatic
+utterances can be made to harmonise with the resolution not only to use
+force in the correction of ecclesiastical abuses and religious errors,
+but also to coerce those who were not prepared to follow the same course
+of policy.[44]
+
+The Covenanting party were successful beyond their hopes. The influence
+of the Marquis of Argyle secured the allegiance to the cause of the
+Highlanders in the west of Scotland; while, in Inverness and the region
+north of the Moray Firth, the movement was enthusiastically welcomed.
+Only one district in Scotland held aloof--that of which Aberdeen was the
+centre. The community there had probably but little sympathy with the
+innovations which Laud was bent upon bringing in, but they had still
+less with the Covenant. They were attached to the modified form of
+Episcopacy which had now existed in Scotland since the Reformation
+(with the exception of the years between 1592 and 1610), in which the
+bishops were little more than permanent moderators of Presbyteries, and
+were subject to the General Assembly, and in which the ritual was of a
+very simple character.
+
+As a University and Cathedral city, and the residence of a large number
+of wealthy landed proprietors, Aberdeen occupied a position of great
+importance in Scotland, and was by no means under the command of the
+capital. The heads of the Covenanting party very speedily found it
+necessary to take steps for bringing this corner of the kingdom into
+subjection to themselves. They could scarcely hope to succeed in
+overcoming the powerful forces at the command of the English Government,
+if they were to allow this enemy to remain undisturbed in their rear.
+
+Accordingly, at a very early stage in the proceedings, they attempted to
+gain over to their side the great territorial magnate of the district,
+the Marquis of Huntly, who, from his rank and wealth and hereditary
+loyalty to the throne, was likely to be the leader of the King's party
+in the North. Had they succeeded, they would virtually have had the
+whole country at their back, for the community of Aberdeen, and the few
+neighbouring lairds, who, like Sir Thomas Urquhart, refused to accept
+the Covenant, would not have dared to resist the national policy by
+force of arms. In the negotiations between the Covenanting leaders and
+the Marquis of Huntly, we have an illustration of the very muddy roads
+along which religion is dragged, when it forms an alliance with a
+political party. It is certainly with somewhat of a shock that one who
+is under the impression that all the Covenanters were saints of a very
+spiritually-minded type, learns of the grim option which they offered to
+their possible opponent. Colonel Robert Munro, who had seen service in
+Germany, was appointed to wait upon the Marquis at Strathbogie, and to
+acquaint him with the resolutions to which the Covenanters had come.
+"The sum of his commission to Huntly was," we are told, "that the
+noblemen Covenanters were desirous that he should join with them in the
+common cause; that, if he would do so, and take the Covenant, they would
+give him the first place, and make him leader of their forces; and,
+further, they would make his state and his fortunes greater than ever
+they were; and, moreover, they should pay off and discharge all his
+debts, which they knew to be about one hundred thousand pounds sterling;
+that their forces and associates were a hundred to one [in comparison]
+with the king; and, therefore, it was to no purpose to him to take up
+arms against them, for if he refused this offer and declared against
+them, they should find means to disable him for to help the king; and,
+moreover, they knew how to undo him, and bade him to expect that they
+will ruinate his family and estates." The hands were, perhaps, the hands
+of Christian, the voice was certainly the voice of Mr Worldly Wiseman!
+
+The reply of the Marquis was admirable for the spirit of generosity and
+chivalry which it breathed. "To this proposition," we are told, "Huntly
+gave a short and resolute repartee, that his family had risen and stood
+by the kings of Scotland; and for his part, if the event proved the ruin
+of this king, he was resolved to lay his life, honours, and estate under
+the rubbish of the king's ruins."[45]
+
+Though Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, was a staunch Episcopalian and a
+devoted Royalist, the circumstances in which he was placed forbade his
+aiding the ecclesiastical and political causes which were dear to him
+with more than good wishes. He was surrounded by neighbours of the
+opposite party,[46] and isolated from those with whom he would gladly
+have co-operated. Consequently, it remained for his eldest son, our
+author, who apparently was residing at that time at Balquholly Castle,
+in Aberdeenshire, where the adherents of the Royalist cause were
+numerous, to play a more heroic part.
+
+Between the date of the signing of the Covenant and that of the meeting
+of the General Assembly in Glasgow in 1638, The Tables, for such was the
+name by which the executive government established by the revolutionary
+party was designated, decided to subdue the city of Aberdeen and the
+neighbouring country, and to compel the people there to accept the
+Covenant. Before resorting to force, however, an attempt was made to
+persuade. A committee of three eminent clergymen, Henderson, Dickson,
+and Cant, with the Earl of Montrose as president, was sent north to deal
+with the somewhat unimpressible Aberdonians. The hospitable corporation
+of the northern city invited the visitors to a banquet of wine, but
+their invitation was scornfully declined. The deputation "would drink
+with none till first the Covenant was subscribed." Such incivility was
+new in the history of the city, and a very satisfactory rebuke was given
+to it by the materials for the proposed banquet being distributed among
+the poor. It can be easily imagined that after this unsatisfactory
+beginning the sermons delivered by the clerical deputation fell upon
+unsympathetic ears, and made but few converts. "The commissioners had
+one powerful ally in the town, in the person of Earl Marischal, the son
+of the founder of the College, who had died in 1623; and, when they were
+refused licence to preach in the city churches, they adjourned to his
+residence at the north end of what is now Marischal Street. The mansion
+consisted of several buildings with galleries surrounding a courtyard,
+and from these galleries the three Covenanting ministers held forth from
+eight o'clock in the morning till four in the afternoon, trying to
+convince the people of the truth of the Covenant. The children of
+granite, however, proved absolutely impervious to the 'apostles,' whom
+they scornfully pelted with mud."[47]
+
+A paper-war, which attracted considerable notice, sprang up between the
+commissioners and six of the Aberdeen clergy--popularly designated in
+contemporary literature as "the Aberdeen Doctors."[48] In this warfare
+the representatives of the Covenanting party came off rather badly. "The
+position taken by the Doctors," says John Hill Burton, "is the
+unassailable one of the dry sarcastic negative. Whatever the Covenant
+might be--good or bad--and whatever right its approvers had to bind
+themselves to it, how were they entitled to force it on those who
+desired it not? And when their adversaries became eloquent on its
+conformity to Scripture and the privileges of the Christian Church, the
+Doctors ever went back to the same negative position--even if it were
+so, which we do not admit, yet why force it upon us?"[49]
+
+Early in the following year, 1639, The Tables resolved to suppress the
+northern Malignants, as they were called, before preparing to enter on a
+campaign against their enemy in the south, and thus save themselves
+from the dangers involved in having an enemy in their rear. The Earl of
+Montrose went north at the head of a considerable body of troops, and
+took possession of Aberdeen. The opponents of the Covenant fled from the
+city, and Huntly, the leader of the Royalists, felt unable to offer
+effective resistance. In spite of a safe-conduct granted him by Montrose
+on his coming in to a conference, he was taken prisoner to Edinburgh and
+lodged in the Castle.
+
+This kidnapping of the Royalist chief caused great irritation; and upon
+a rumour of the fleet's coming to the Firth of Forth, and of the Royal
+army's approach to the Scottish border, the northern Royalists, of whom
+our Sir Thomas Urquhart was one, resolved to take arms on the King's
+side. The first mention of our author in history is in connexion with
+this rising; and the annalist Spalding relates two exciting incidents
+that occurred in one week, in both of which he took part.
+
+The first, which happened on Friday, the 10th of May, was an attempt
+made by him and some of the other Royalist lairds or "barons," as they
+are called,[50] to take the castle of Towie-Barclay,[51] in
+Aberdeenshire. It seems that the lairds of Delgatie and Towie-Barclay
+had plundered the house of Balquholly,[52] which was occupied by our
+author, and carried off a large supply of "muskets, guns, and
+carabines." Sir Thomas was not a man to submit quietly to such an
+outrage as this; and, doubtless, to his desire for vengeance was added a
+strong wish to get possession of the firearms, now that there was a good
+cause to be defended and brave men to use the weapons. They had intended
+to surprise the castle, but when they came to it they found the gates
+shut, and the place strongly guarded. Lord Fraser and the eldest son of
+Lord Forbes had already known that an attempt was to be made to recover
+the weapons, and had manned the castle so effectually that the idea of
+storming it was out of the question. A few shots were exchanged, and
+then the attacking party rode away. The only casualty was the death of a
+David Prott, who was a servant of the laird of Gight,[53] one of
+Urquhart's friends. "This," the historian remarks, "was the first time
+that blood was drawn here since the beginning of the Covenant."[54]
+
+Four days after, a more serious encounter took place between the two
+forces. The Covenanters of the north had decided to assemble in force,
+and fixed upon Turriff, in Aberdeenshire, as their headquarters. The
+Royalists drew to a head at Strathbogie, some eleven miles off, and
+resolved to disperse their opponents. The Covenanting party was about
+twelve hundred strong, and the Royalists about eight hundred, but the
+latter had four brass cannon, which very materially strengthened them as
+an attacking force. They were under the leadership of skilful officers,
+among whom Arthur Forbes of Blacktown [in King-Edward] is specially
+mentioned. Sir Thomas himself informs us that, "having obtained, though
+with a great deal of pain, a fifteen hundreth [hundred] subscriptions to
+a bond conceived and drawn up in opposition of the vulgar [popular]
+Covenant, he selected from amongst them so many as he thought fittest
+for holding hand to [taking in hand] the dissolving of their committees
+and unlawful meetings."[55]
+
+About ten o'clock on the night of Monday, the 13th of May, they started
+for Turriff, marching in a "very quiet and sober manner," and by
+daybreak managed to steal upon the village by an unguarded path. The
+sound of trumpets and of drums aroused the unsuspecting Covenanters to
+the fact that they had been fairly surprised. "Some were sleeping,
+others drinking, and smoaking tobacco, others walking up and down." A
+few volleys of musketry, and a few shots discharged from the cannon,
+served to disperse them, and the village was taken possession of by the
+attacking force. It was but a slight skirmish,[56] in which three men
+were killed, two of the Covenanters, and one of the Royalists; but it
+was the first of the battles in the great Civil War, which raged for so
+many years, and deluged with blood so many fruitful plains in each of
+the three kingdoms. On this account "the Trot of Turriff," as it was
+called, should not be forgotten.
+
+After this victory, the Royalists being masters of the village, the
+common soldiers, who were hungry after their night's march, plundered
+the houses of those they thought were Covenanters, and supplied
+themselves with meat and drink. The greatest loss fell upon the
+minister, Mr Mitchell, who, however, received very liberal compensation
+from Parliament in the following year. They next gathered as many of the
+inhabitants of Turriff together as they could find, and made them accept
+and subscribe the King's Covenant.[57] This device for securing
+adherents was, however, ineffectual, for, a few weeks later, those who
+had sworn to the King's Covenant, on a declaration that they had acted
+under compulsion, were solemnly absolved by their minister from all
+obligation to keep it.
+
+The Royalist leaders now began to think of further projects, as the
+number of their followers increased after the victory at Turriff. They
+lost no time in marching upon Aberdeen, and in quartering themselves
+upon its inhabitants, especially upon those who were known to belong to
+the Covenanting party. In a few days, however, they found their position
+untenable. A considerable number of their Highland forces disbanded, and
+marched away to their homes, plundering as they went--"a thing," the
+historian remarks, "verye usuall with them." The others retreated from
+Aberdeen, when the Covenanting army under the Earl Marischal entered the
+city, on the 23rd of May, 1639.
+
+A small number of prominent Royalists,[58] of whom our Sir Thomas was
+one, now resolved to leave Scotland, where the cause to which they were
+devoted was at such a low ebb. A ship, belonging to one Andrew Findlay,
+had been kept in readiness for an emergency like this, and on it they
+embarked hastily, and sailed away to England, to offer their services to
+Charles I. "Urquhart," says Dr Irving, "who professes to have launched
+forth in the view of six hundred of his enemies, was, within two days,
+landed at Berwick, where he found the Marquis of Hamilton, and delivered
+to him a letter from the leaders of the northern Royalists. He had
+likewise undertaken to be the bearer of despatches to the King,
+containing the signatures of the same chieftains; and, having proceeded
+to the royal quarters, he obtained an audience of His Majesty, and
+explained to him their past exertions and future plans for his service.
+He appears to have been satisfied with his own reception, and the
+written answer 'gave great contentment to all the gentlemen of the north
+that stood for the king.'"[59]
+
+In one of our author's tracts, published in 1652, we have a pedigree of
+the family of Urquhart. Under his own name he states that "he was
+knighted by King Charles, in Whitehall Gallery, in the yeer 1641, the 7
+of April." In the same year he first made his appearance as an author in
+the publication of his three books of _Epigrams, Moral and Divine_, of
+which a fuller notice will be found in a later chapter. Let us now for a
+little leave Sir Thomas, happy in his sovereign's favour, his head
+encircled with the ivy-wreath that clothes the brows of learned poets,
+and his eye fixed upon a prominent crag of Mount Parnassus as henceforth
+specially his own, and turn to his father, whose golden dreams have long
+since fled away, and left him but the dreariest and shabbiest prose.
+
+For thirty-six years the elder Sir Thomas had been in possession of the
+ample estates of the house of Urquhart, and during nearly the whole of
+this time the country had been at peace, so that he had no one but
+himself to blame for the impoverished condition in which they were when
+his son received them. The latter described the state of matters in the
+following terms: "All he bequeathed unto me, his eldest Son, in matter
+of worldly means, was twelve or thirteen thousand pounds sterling of
+debt, five brethren all men, and two sisters almost mariageable, to
+provide for, and lesse to defray all this burden with by six hundred
+pounds sterling a year, although [_i.e._ even if] the warres had not
+prejudiced me in a farthing, then [than] what for the maintaining of
+himself alone in a peaceable age he inherited for nothing."[60]
+
+So exasperated was the old man by the importunity of his creditors, that
+at last, we are told, the sound of one of their voices was in his ears
+as "the hissing of a basilisk." The great Civil war itself, which
+brought calamity and grief to so many homes, was almost welcomed by him
+for the relief it brought him from the "hornings" and "apprisings," and
+other legal processes, which threatened him in times of peace. "The
+disorderly troubles of the land," says his son of him, "being then far
+advanced, though otherways he disliked them, were a kind of refreshment
+to him, and intermitting relaxation from a more stinging disquietnesse.
+For that our intestin troubles and distempers, by silencing the laws
+for a while, gave some repose to those that longed for a breathing time,
+and by hudling up the terms of Whitsuntide and Martimass, which in
+Scotland are the destinated times for payment of debts, promiscuously
+with the other seasons of the year, were as an oxymel julip wherewith to
+indormiat them in a bitter sweet security."[61]
+
+The most importunate of all the creditors, or, as Urquhart describes
+them, "the usurious cormorants," who harassed the unhappy proprietor of
+Cromartie, was a certain Robert Lesley of Findrassie. He held a mortgage
+upon the estate, and though he was indebted to its owner for many acts
+of kindness, he had been the first to foreclose upon the property, and
+had persuaded other creditors to join with him in taking this step. The
+annoyance and mortification caused by these proceedings hastened Sir
+Thomas's death. Two days before that event, animated by regret for the
+wrong he had done his heir by the impoverishment of the family property,
+he assembled his younger children, and bound them, "under pain of his
+everlasting curse and execration," to do all in their power to help
+their elder brother. The terms of this extraordinary bond, his son tells
+us, were these: "to assist, concur with, follow, and serve me, to the
+utmost of their power, industry, and means, and to spare neither charge
+nor travel, though it should cost them all they had, to release me from
+the undeserved bondage of the domineering creditor, and extricate my
+lands from the impestrements wherein they were involved; yea, to bestow
+nothing of their owne upon no other use, till that should be done; and
+all this under their own handwriting, secured with the clause of
+registration to make the opprobrie the more notorious in case of
+failing, as the paper itself, which I have _in retentis_, together with
+another signed to the same sense, by my mother, and also my brothers and
+sisters, Dunbugur [Dunlugas][62] only excepted, will more evidently
+testifie."[63] Sir Thomas Urquhart, the elder, died in April [?], 1642,
+after a long and lingering illness.[64]
+
+Our author now returned home to enter on possession of his estates, and
+to attempt to reduce to something like order the chaos in which the
+family affairs were. He resolved to commit the management of his
+property to trustees, who, after paying his mother's jointure, were to
+devote the whole of the rest of the rents to the reduction of debt. He
+himself went to live on the Continent, in the hope that in a few years
+he would be able to return home and enjoy his inheritance unencumbered
+by debt. These proceedings, with the disappointing results that followed
+them, are related in a passage of his _Logopandecteision_, which is
+worth quoting. "Immediately after my father's decease," he says, "for my
+better expedition in the discharge of those burthens, having repaired
+homewards, I did sequestrate the whole rent (my mother's joynture
+excepted) to that use only, and, as I had done many times before, betook
+myself to my hazards abroad, that by vertue of the industry and
+diligence of those whom, by the advise and deliberation of my nearest
+friends, I was induced to intrust with my affairs, the debt might be the
+sooner defrayed, and the ancient house releeved out of the thraldome it
+was so unluckily faln into. But it fell out so far otherwayes, that
+after some few years residence abroad, without any considerable expence
+from home, when I thought, because of my having mortified and set apart
+all the rent to no other end then [than] the cutting off and defalking
+of my father's debt, that accordingly a great part of my father's debt
+had been discharged, I was so far disappointed of my expectation therin,
+that whilst, conform to the confidence reposed in him whom I had
+intrusted with my affairs, I hoped to have been exonered and relieved of
+many creditors, the debt was only past over and transferred from one in
+favours of another, or rather of many in the favours of one, who, though
+he formerly had gained much at my father's hands, was notwithstanding at
+the time of his decease none of his creditors, nor at any time mine; my
+Egyptian bondage by such means remaining still the same, under task
+masters different only in name, and the rents neverthelesse taken up to
+the full, to my no small detriment and prejudice of the house standing
+in my person. The aime of some of those I concredited [committed] my
+weightiest adoes [affairs] unto, being, as is most conspicuously
+apparent, that I should never reap the fruition nor enjoyment of any
+portion, parcell, or pendicle of the estate of my predecessors, unlesse
+by my fortune and endeavours in forrain countries, I should be able to
+acquire as much as might suffice to buy it, as we say, out of the
+ground. And verily," he concludes, "though not in relation to these
+ignoble and unworthy by-ends, it was my purpose and resolution to have
+done so, which assuredly, had not the turbulent divisions of the time
+been such as to have crossed and thwarted the atchievements of more
+faisible projects, I would have accomplished two or three severall ways
+ere now."[65]
+
+One is inclined to wonder what the two or three lucrative undertakings
+were, which this Highland gentleman had in view when he spoke in this
+way of the practicability of making enough money to purchase back his
+estates. "What song the syrens sang," says Sir Thomas Browne, "or what
+name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among women, though puzzling
+questions are not beyond all conjecture." But even as wise a man as Sir
+Thomas Browne might well pause before venturing on a conjecture in
+connection with this matter.
+
+In one of the official records of the time,[66] there is an entry which
+shows that Urquhart was resident in London in 1644. On the 9th May of
+that year he is assessed for a forced loan at £1000; and, on the 16th of
+the same month, there is an order for him to be brought up in custody to
+pay his assessment; while, on the 21st, it is noted that his assessment
+is "respited till he shall speak with the Scottish committee and take
+further orders, be engaging to appear whenever required." He no doubt
+proved to the committee that he had no property in London, but was only
+a sojourner there, and was accordingly virtually discharged. His place
+of residence in London at this time was Clare Street,[67] then newly
+erected upon St Clement's Inn Fields, on the east side of Drury Lane,
+and called after John Holles,[68] second Earl of Clare, whose town-house
+was near by.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart now resolved to take the management of his own
+affairs, and, if possible, so to conduct matters as to secure
+subsistence for himself, as well as satisfaction for his father's
+creditors; and, in the year 1645, he went to live in the ancestral home
+at Cromartie. His rental still amounted to £1000 Sterling a year, which
+represents about £7000 in our time, but a debt of twelve or thirteen
+years' income was a very serious burden upon such an estate.
+
+There can be little doubt that the entanglement in which the financial
+affairs of the house of Urquhart were involved became none the less
+confused and confusing when the gallant knight applied himself to
+unravel it. That was scarcely a task for which he was fitted. Much more
+appropriate would it have been for him to draw the sword, like
+Alexander, and cut the Gordian knot. Perhaps his failure, as in another
+well-known case,[69] is partly to be attributed to his not having had a
+legal adviser, familiar with the intricacies of the law, and able to
+prevent his creditors getting more than their pound of flesh, if not to
+save even that from them. Charles I. once said that he knew as much law
+as a gentleman ought to know. Sir Thomas Urquhart seems to have had a
+somewhat similar acquaintance with the same subject, and this, like that
+of the person mentioned in the footnote on the preceding page, was
+probably acquired "as a defendant on civil process." There can be no
+doubt that he "made an effort" more than once. In vain did he have
+recourse to "pecunial charms, and holy water out of Plutus' cellar."[70]
+The charms were indeed potent, but they were not applied long enough;
+the holy water was composed of the right ingredients, but there was too
+little of it in the cellars at Cromartie. He could not, with all his
+struggles, succeed in curing what the Limousin scholar in Rabelais calls
+"the penury of pecune in the marsupie" [_i.e._ the want of money in the
+purse]--that complaint which is so mortifying to the pride of any
+gentleman, but which is specially exasperating to a Highland gentleman.
+His cares and distresses, or, as he calls them, his "solicitudinary and
+luctiferous discouragements," were enough "to appall the most undaunted
+spirits, and kill a very Paphlagonian partridge, that is said to have
+two hearts."[71]
+
+Probably Sir Thomas Urquhart was harshly dealt with by his father's
+creditors, though, of course, it is possible that in the story as told
+by them they would appear in a more favourable light. They had to do
+with a man who was unpractical and fantastical in the highest degree,
+and morbidly sensitive in all matters that seemed to lower his dignity
+or to cast a slur upon his honour. His brains seethed with plans for the
+improvement of agriculture, trade, and education, but none of these did
+the importunity of his creditors permit him to carry into effect. "Truly
+I may say," he complains, "that above ten thousand severall times I have
+by these flagitators been interrupted for money, which never came to my
+use, directly or indirectly one way or other, at home or abroad, any one
+time whereof I was busied about speculations of greater consequence then
+[than] all that they were worth in the world; from which, had I not been
+violently pluck'd away by their importunity, I would have emitted to
+publick view above five hundred several treatises on inventions never
+hitherto thought upon by any."[72] Before his imagination there floated
+the dream of what he might have been, and his mind alternated between
+passionate remonstrances against his unfortunate circumstances and
+delusive hopes and anticipations.
+
+The editor of the Maitland Club edition of Urquhart's works truly
+remarks that there is a melancholy earnestness, almost approaching
+insanity, in his wild speculations on what he might have done for
+himself and his country but for the weight of worldly incumbrances.
+"Even so," he says, "may it be said of myself, that when I was most
+seriously imbusied about the raising of my own and countrie's reputation
+to the supremest reach of my endeavours, then did my father's creditors,
+like so many millstones hanging at my heels, pull down the vigour of my
+fancie, and violently hold that under, what [which] other wayes would
+have ascended above the sublimest regions of vulgar conception."[73]
+
+So convinced was he that the schemes and inventions with which his
+thoughts were occupied were of immense value, that he declared that he
+ought to have the benefit of that Act of James III. (36th statute of his
+fifth Parliament) which provides that the debtor's movable goods be
+first "valued and discussed before his lands be apprised." He claimed
+this as a right from the State; "and if," he says, "conform to the
+aforesaid Act, this be granted, I doe promise shortly to display before
+the world, ware of greater value then [than] ever from the East Indias
+was brought in ships to Europe."[74] But unfortunately the Philistines
+were too strong for him.
+
+To these pecuniary difficulties were added annoyances and wrongs, which
+the meekest of mankind, among whom Sir Thomas is not to be reckoned,
+would have found it hard to bear.
+
+Mention has already been made of Robert Lesley of Findrassie, the most
+relentless of all the creditors, who, according to Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's account of matters, made life bitter for him, and defeated
+his many schemes for the benefit of the human race. The injurious
+proceedings of this man form a subject which our author can never leave
+for any length of time, and to which it is necessary for his biographer
+to revert occasionally. His unfortunate debtor found a certain grim
+satisfaction, as well as an opportunity for gratifying his taste for
+genealogical research, in tracing Robert's descent from a celebrated
+murderer--that Norman Lesley whose hands were dipped in the blood of
+Cardinal Beaton. It is certain, however, that there was no real
+foundation for this opinion.[75]
+
+Unless Robert Lesley is a much-maligned man, his conduct towards the son
+of his patron was both rapacious and ungrateful. On one occasion at
+least he acted in a very high-handed manner. "With all the horse and
+foot he was able to command," says Sir Thomas, "he came in a hostile
+manner to take possession of a farm of mine called Ardoch; unto which
+... he had no more just title then [than] to the town of Jericho
+mentioned in the Scriptures; and at the offer of such an indignity to
+our house, some of the hot-spirited gentlemen of our name would even
+then have taken him, with his three sons, bound them hand and foot, and
+thrown them within the flood-mark, into a place called the Yares of
+Udol, there to expect the coming of the sea in a full tide, to carry him
+along to be seized in a soil of a greater depth, and abler to restrain
+the insatiableness of his immense desires, then [than] any of my lands
+within the shire of Cromartie." Sir Thomas, according to his own
+account, hindered the perpetration of this violence, and gave his enemy
+and those who accompanied him "a pass and safe-conduct to their own
+houses."[76]
+
+Yet so far was the caitiff creditor from being touched by this proof of
+magnanimity on the part of his debtor, that he applied himself with
+renewed vigour to the concoction of schemes for his total destruction.
+So at least Sir Thomas would have us believe. On one occasion Lesley
+tried to inveigle him to Inverness, with the intention of having him
+arrested at the suit of an accomplice--James Sutherland, "Tutor of
+Duffus"--and kept in durance until he had satisfied all his enemy's
+demands. On another occasion Lesley managed to get a troop of horse
+quartered upon the tenants of Cromartie, till, says our author, "I
+should transact for a sum, of money to be paid to his son-in-law; which
+verily was the greater part of his portion."[77] In addition to this, a
+garrison was stationed for nearly a year in the castle of Cromartie,
+where they conducted themselves in a way calculated to wound and
+humiliate the proud spirit of its proprietor. Among other wrongs and
+losses inflicted upon him was the sequestration of his library, which he
+had collected with such pains. Sir Thomas says that he sought eagerly
+to be allowed to purchase back the precious volumes, but was hindered by
+the spitefulness and indifference of those to whom he made application,
+and was ultimately able to secure only a few of them, which had been
+stolen from the collection and dispersed through the country.[78]
+
+In an amusing passage in the _Logopandecteision_, our author gives us a
+specimen of the peculiarities of speech which distinguished his
+arch-enemy, Lesley of Findrassie. As we read it we seem to hear the very
+tones in which he enunciated or defended his "felonious little plans."
+"Several gentlemen of good account," he says, "and others of his
+familiar acquaintance, having many times very seriously expostulated
+with him why he did so implacably demean himself towards me, and with
+such irreconciliability of rancor, that nothing could seem to please him
+that was consistent with my weal, his answers most readily were these:
+'I have (see ye?) many daughters (see ye?) to provide portions for, (see
+ye?), and that (see ye now?) cannot be done, (see ye?) without money;
+the interest (see ye?) of what I lent, (see ye?), had it been termely
+[regularly] payed, (see ye?), would have afforded me (see ye now?)
+several stocks for new interests; I have (see ye?) apprized[79] lands
+(see ye?) for these summes (see ye?) borrowed from me, (see ye now?),
+and (see ye?) the legal [time] being expired, (see ye now?), is it not
+just (see ye?) and equitable (see ye?) that I have possession (see ye?)
+of these my lands, (see ye?), according to my undoubted right, (see ye
+now?)?' With these over-words of 'see ye' and 'see ye now,' as if they
+had been no less material then [than] the Psalmist's _Selah_, and
+_Higgaion Selah_, did he usually nauseate the ears of his hearers when
+his tongue was in the career of uttering anything concerning me; who
+alwayes thought that he had very good reason to make use of such like
+expressions, 'do you see' and 'do you see now,' because there being but
+little candour in his meaning, whatever he did or spoke was under some
+colour."[80]
+
+It must have been very hard for the proud-hearted chieftain to see his
+farms devastated, his tenants maltreated, his library thrown to the
+winds, a garrison placed in his house, and troops of horse quartered
+upon his lands without any allowance, in addition to all the misery and
+impoverishment which his father's wastefulness and neglect had brought
+down upon his head.
+
+In 1647 an event occurred which seriously affected the interests of our
+author, and placed him in a still more humiliating position. Sir Robert
+Farquhar[81] of Mounie had "apprised" the estate and sheriffship of
+Cromartie, and was now confirmed in the possession of them. He proceeded
+to sell his rights to (Sir) John Urquhart of Craigfintray, the
+great-grandson of the Tutor of Cromartie. Immediately upon this (Sir)
+John purchased a commission from Charles I. to become hereditary Sheriff
+of Cromartie. In this way the ancestral domains and jurisdiction of
+which Sir Thomas Urquhart was so proud virtually passed out of his
+hands. It was not, however, till after the Restoration apparently that
+the new proprietor entered into possession. He evidently allowed his
+claims to lie dormant until the death of his cousin, Sir Thomas, and
+then put them in force. Even if our author had no other troubles to
+contend with, the knowledge that this Damoclean sword was suspended
+above his head would have been enough to destroy his peace.
+
+No doubt Sir Thomas sometimes thought that he was the most unlucky
+chieftain the Urquhart race had yet known,--that such a multitude of
+misfortunes had never come upon one who bore his name since that day
+when, on a sunny plain in Achaia, wild armed men first raised Esormon
+"aloft on the buckler-throne, and with clanging armour and hearts"
+hailed him as "fortunate and well-beloved."[82] Sir Theodore Martin,
+indeed, says that Urquhart's statements with regard to his misfortunes
+should not be construed to the letter, any more than should the
+announcements of his wonderful inventions and designs. They were both,
+he considers, in a great degree pet objects on which he had permitted
+his imagination to rest, till they had been transfigured into a
+magnitude to which the reality probably bore but a faint
+resemblance.[83] There is, however, ample evidence in what we have
+already quoted, to show that certain of the grievances he complained of
+were by no means imaginary. It is beyond dispute that he suffered
+heavily in his property in consequence of his adherence to the Royalist
+cause. In 1663 his brother, Sir Alexander, presented a petition asking
+compensation for the losses suffered in the time of his father and
+brother. The Commissioners appointed to examine into these claims
+reported that, before 1650, the damage inflicted upon the Urquhart
+property amounted to £20,303 Scots, and during 1651-52 to £39,203
+Scots--in all £59,506 Scots, which is almost £5000 Sterling.[84]
+
+The relations of Sir Thomas Urquhart with the ministers of the churches
+of which he was patron were unfortunately of a painful character. The
+grounds of misunderstanding and dispute were numerous. In addition to
+political and ecclesiastical differences of opinion between the
+ministers of the three parishes[85] (of which Sir Thomas was the sole
+heritor) and himself, there were disputes about augmentation of
+stipends,[86] which they thought inadequate but with which he had no
+fault to find, the abolition of his heritable right to the patronage of
+these churches, the legal proceedings taken by the incumbents to compel
+him to agree to arrangements decided upon by the Presbytery with regard
+to stipends and the upkeep of buildings, and there were also personal
+quarrels with the ministers themselves. In the following passage he
+tells his side of the story, and gives us a vivid, though not an
+edifying glimpse of the parochial politics of that far-off time and
+remote corner of Scotland. It is to be noticed that Sir Thomas writes
+of himself in the third person. "I think," says the supposed anonymous
+writer of him, "there be hardly any in Scotland that proportionably hath
+suffered more prejudice by the Kirk then [than] himself; his own
+ministers (to wit, those that preach in the churches whereof himself is
+patron, Master Gilbert Anderson, Master Robert Williamson, and Master
+Charles Pape by name, serving the cures of Cromartie, Kirkmichel, and
+Cullicudden), having done what lay in them for the furtherance of their
+owne covetous ends, to his utter undoing; for the first of those three,
+for no other cause but that the said Sir Thomas would not authorize the
+standing of a certain pew (in that country called a desk), in the church
+of Cromarty, put in without his consent by a professed enemy to his
+House, who had plotted the ruine thereof, and one that had no land in
+the parish, did so rail against him and his family in the pulpit at
+several times, both before his face and in his absence, and with such
+opprobrious termes, more like a scolding tripe-seller's wife then [than]
+good minister, squirting the poyson of detraction and abominable
+falshood (unfit for the chaire of verity) in the cares of his tenandry,
+who were the onely auditors, did most ingrately and despightfully so
+calumniate and revile their master, his own patron and benefactor, that
+the scandalous and reproachful words striving which of them should first
+discharge against him its steel-pointed dart, did oftentimes, like
+clusters of hemlock or wormewood dipt in vinegar, stick in his throat;
+he being almost ready to choak with the aconital bitterness and venom
+thereof, till the razor of extream passion, by cutting them into
+articulate sounds, and very rage it self, in the highest degree, by
+procuring a vomit, had made him spue them out of his mouth into rude,
+indigested lumps, like so many toads and vipers that had burst their
+gall.[87]
+
+"As for the other two, notwithstanding that they had been borne, and
+their fathers before them, vassals to his house, and the predecessor of
+one of them had shelter in that land, by reason of slaughter committed
+by him, when there was no refuge for him anywhere else in Scotland; and
+that the other had never been admitted to any church had it not been for
+the favour of his foresaid patron, who, contrary to the will of his owne
+friends and great reluctancy of the ministry it self, was both the
+nominater and chuser of him to that function; and that before his
+admission he did faithfully protest he should all the days of his life
+remain contented with that competency of portion the late incumbent in
+that charge did enjoy before him; they nevertheless behaved themselves
+so peevishly and unthankfully towards their forenamed patron and master,
+that, by vertue of an unjust decree, both procured and purchased from a
+promiscuous knot of men like themselves,[88] they used all their utmost
+endeavours, in absence of their above recited patron, to whom and unto
+whose house they had been so much beholding, to outlaw him,[89] and
+declare him rebel, by open proclamation at the market-cross of the head
+town of his owne shire, in case he did not condescend [consent] to the
+grant of that augmentation of stipend which they demanded, conforme to
+the tenour of the above-mentioned decree; the injustice whereof will
+appeare when examined by any rational judge.
+
+"Now the best is, when by some moderate gentlemen it was expostulated,
+why against their master, patron, and benefactor, they should have dealt
+with such severity and rigour, contrary to all reason and equity; their
+answer was, They were inforced and necessitated so to do by the synodal
+and presbyterial conventions of the Kirk, under paine of deprivation,
+and expulsion from their benefices: I will not say, κακου κόρακοϛ
+κακὸν ὠόν [an evil egg of an evil crow], but may safely think that a
+well-sanctified mother will not have a so ill-instructed brat, and that
+_injuria humana_ cannot be the lawfull daughter of a _jure divino_
+parent."[90]
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart is not to be taken as infallible in the opinions
+which he formed and expressed concerning the quality of the sermons
+which were delivered from the Presbyterian pulpits of his time. But
+there can be no doubt that he hits upon one great fault by which many of
+them were marred--that of being rather political harangues than
+exhortations to godliness after the Pauline fashion. Indeed, he goes so
+far as to say that, as a rule, the preachers of his time seldom gave
+such exhortations, as they were "enjoyned by their ecclesiastical
+authority [authorities?] to preach to the times,[91] that is, to rail
+against malignants and sectaries, or those whom they suppose to be their
+enemies."[92] Preaching "to the times" Sir Thomas found meant in his
+neighbourhood preaching against _him_; and one may be allowed, it is to
+be hoped, without unduly wounding the feelings of those who admire the
+Covenanters, to think sympathetically of his sufferings. Sydney Smith
+once spoke of a form of capital punishment in which the victim was to be
+"preached to death by wild curates." If the above description of Mr
+Gilbert Anderson's sermons be true, he certainly was eminently qualified
+to officiate as one of the executioners in carrying out such a death
+sentence.[93]
+
+But though Sir Thomas Urquhart was a Royalist in politics, and an
+Episcopalian in religion, he was certainly no bigot in his devotion to
+the King or the Church. In a passage in _The Jewel_, he plainly declares
+his belief "that there is no government, whether ecclesiastical or
+civil, upon earth that is _jure divino_, if that divine right be taken
+in a sense secluding all other forms of government, save it alone, from
+the privilege of that title."[94] Indeed, he treats such an idea as
+merely a pious fraud, by which despotism is established and maintained
+at a very cheap rate over tender consciences by threatening them with
+the vengeance of Heaven in case of disobedience. Such a man was not
+likely to be a blind partisan of any cause. Differences in religious
+beliefs and practices he attributed to differences of temperament among
+individuals, and to climatic and national peculiarities; and in no
+obscure terms he hints that he was of the opinion of Tamerlane, "who
+believed that God was best pleased with diversity of religions, variety
+of worship, dissentaneousness of faith, and multiformity of
+devotion."[95] However powerfully such opinions may appeal to a certain
+class of minds, it is hard to conceive of their being associated with
+deep religious feeling; and accordingly we can scarcely be wrong in
+concluding that one of the reasons why Sir Thomas Urquhart held aloof
+from the Covenanting movement was that he was at the antipodes to the
+majority of his fellow-countrymen in the matter of religious belief. A
+certain measure of aversion, suspicion, and horror is still manifested
+by many towards those whose creed is supposed to be of too limited and
+negative a character; and we can easily believe that in the middle of
+the seventeenth century this attitude was taken up even more openly and
+emphatically. On a later occasion, when, as we shall relate, Sir Thomas
+Urquhart applied to the Commission of the General Assembly to pardon his
+having taken part in the capture of Inverness, his case was referred to
+the minister of that town, Mr John Annand, "that he might confer with
+him [Sir Thomas] concerning some dangerous opinions, which, as is
+informed, he hes sometimes vented."[96] In the view of the Commission of
+Assembly the guilt of cherishing "dangerous opinions" was as great as
+that of rekindling the flames of civil war, if, indeed, it did not
+surpass it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[44] The utter chaos which resulted from the fusion of religion and
+politics may be estimated from the fact that, in the October of 1650,
+there were in the narrow bounds of Scotland four different armies, at
+enmity with each other, and each prepared to maintain with the sword a
+different cause, namely, the Scottish (Presbyterian) army under General
+Lesley, for King and Covenant combined; the English (Independent) army,
+under Cromwell, which was against both; the Highland army, under General
+Middleton, which was for the King without the Covenant; and the
+Westland, or ultra-Covenanting army, which was for the Covenant without
+the King.
+
+[45] Gordon's _Scots Affairs_, i. 49, 50. James Gordon (? 1615-1686) was
+minister of Rothiemay in Banffshire. His _History of Scots Affairs from
+1637 to 1641_ is one of the principal authorities for this period. It
+has no pretensions to style, but is correct and impartial. It was first
+published in 1841 by the Spalding Club.
+
+[46] Early in the year 1638 some account was given to King Charles of
+the chief persons in the north of Scotland whom he might regard as
+faithful to his cause. "In Rosse," it was said, "Sir Thomas Urqhward,
+Sheriff of Cromerty, with his following, but they [are] environed with
+Covenanters, ther neighbours" (_ibid._ i. 61).
+
+[47] _A History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495-1895_, by J. M.
+Bulloch, p. 110.
+
+[48] These courageous worthies were the bishop's son, Dr John Forbes,
+Professor of Divinity in King's College; Dr Robert Baron, Professor of
+Divinity, and minister in Aberdeen; Dr Alexander Scrogie, minister of
+Old Aberdeen; Dr William Leslie, Principal of King's College; and Drs
+James Sibbald and Alexander Ross, both ministers in Aberdeen.
+
+[49] _History of Scotland_, vi. 235.
+
+[50] See note on p. 123.
+
+[51] Towie-Barclay is the name of an estate in the south-east corner of
+Turriff parish, Aberdeenshire, near Auchterless Station, and four and a
+half miles south-east of Turriff. The castle is supposed to have been
+built in 1593. It remained pretty perfect till 1792, was re-roofed in
+1874, and retains a fine baronial hall with vaulted ceiling. From at
+least the beginning of the fourteenth century till 1733, the estate
+belonged to the Barclays, one of whose line was the celebrated Russian
+general, Prince Michael Barclay de Tolly (1759-1818). In 1792 it was
+sold to the governors of Gordon's Hospital, Aberdeen, for £21,000. Towie
+is a corruption of Tolly. See Billing's _Baronial Antiquities_, vol. iv.
+
+[52] Balquholly, now Hatton Castle: a Square, castellated mansion of
+1814, with finely wooded grounds, in Turriff parish, three and a quarter
+miles south-east of Turriff. It comprises a considerable fragment of the
+ancient baronial castle of Balquholly (Gael. _bailecoille_, "town in the
+wood"), the seat of the Mowats from the thirteenth century till 1729,
+when the estate was sold to Alexander Duff, Esq. Sir Thomas Urquhart
+must either have rented the house from the Mowats, or have obtained
+leave to keep arms there. The cellars in which the arms were probably
+kept are exactly as they were in 1638, except that the old loop-holes
+are partly filled up. The name of the mansion was changed to Hatton
+Lodge in 1745, and to Hatton Castle in 1814, when the modern part was
+built--Hatton being the name of the property in Auchterless, which
+previously belonged to the Duff family. The present proprietor is Garden
+Alexander Duff, Esq., who succeeded to the estates in 1866. There is
+behind Hatton Castle a small croft called Cromartie (see Ordnance Map),
+probably from our author's occupancy of Balquholly or connexion with it.
+
+[53] An ancestor of Lord Byron.
+
+[54] Spalding's _Memorials_, i. 185. Until within living memory the
+exact site of Prott's [or Pratt's] grave was pointed out; but it is now
+quite obliterated by being ploughed over repeatedly.
+
+[55] MS. _Epigrams_: The Animadversion.
+
+[56] "Ther fell only two gentlemen upon the Covenanters syde: one Mr
+James Stacker, a servant to the Lord Mucholles; and one Alexander
+Forbesse, servante to Forbesse of Tolqhwone: upon the Gordons syde, one
+common foote souldiour killed, (by the unskilfullnesse of his owne
+comerades fyring ther musketts, as was thoughte), whom the Gordons
+caused burye solemnly, that day, out of ane idle vante, in the buriall
+place of Walter Barcley of Towey, within the church of Turreffe; not
+without great terror to the minister of the place, Mr Thomas Michell,
+who all the whyle, with his sonne, disgwysd in a womans habite, had gott
+upp and was lurkinge above the syling of the churche, whilst the
+souldiours wer discharging volleyes of shotte within the churche, and
+peircing the syling with ther bulletts in severall places" (Gordon's
+_Scots Affairs_, ii. 258). The reader will keep in mind that Gordon was
+the family name of the Marquis of Huntly.
+
+[57] This was originally the King's Confession, and was drawn up in 1580
+by John Craig, minister of Holyrood House, and subscribed by James VI.
+and his household on 28th January, 1580-81. It is printed at length in
+Row's _Historie of the Kirk of Scotland_. It reaffirms the Confession of
+Faith of 1560, but contains also a solemn renunciation in great detail
+of the errors of Popery. It was approved by the General Assembly in
+April, 1581. A "General Band [Bond] for Maintenance of the true
+Religion" was added in 1588. The National Covenant of 1637 was an
+amplification of the previous Confessions, containing in addition an
+abjuration of Episcopal Church-government, as the King's Confession did
+of Popery. In September, 1638, Charles I. issued a proclamation for the
+Scottish people to subscribe this King's Confession and General Band,
+but the Covenanters regarded this as a subtle plot to divide them, and
+destroy the National Covenant, and, therefore, protested against the
+proclamation. The Confession and Band so subscribed, for it was
+subscribed by some, got the name of the "King's Covenant." It did not,
+of course, contain the abjuration of Episcopal Church-government. Those
+who adhered to it were called Malignants; while the name Covenanters was
+applied to those who subscribed the National Covenant.
+
+[58] Among those who made their escape from Aberdeen along with Urquhart
+were Adam Bellenden, the bishop of the diocese; Alexander Innes,
+minister of Rothiemay; Alexander Scrogie, a Regent of King's College;
+together with the bishop's son, nephew, and servant (Spalding's
+_Memorials_).
+
+[59] _Lives of the Scottish Writers_, vol. i.; Urquhart's MS.
+_Epigrams_: The Animadversion.
+
+[60] _Works_, p. 340.
+
+[61] _Works_, p. 346.
+
+[62] Dunlugas is in the parish of Alvah, close by the river Deveron, on
+the east side.
+
+[63] _Works_, p. 341.
+
+[64] "He was alive last Whitsuntide! said the coachman....
+Whitsuntide!--alas! cried Trim.... What is Whitsuntide, Jonathan, or
+Shrovetide, or any tide or time past, to this!" (_Tristram Shandy_, vol.
+v. chap. vii.).
+
+Our author states (_Works_, p. 341) that "his father's death occurred in
+August in the year 1642, some four yeares after the hatching of the
+Covenant." He is, however, very careless in details of fact, and is in
+error concerning this date. Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, is termed
+"_umqll_" (_i.e. "the late"_) in the Burgess Roll of Banff, on 14th
+June, 1642 (_Annals of Banff_, ii. 418). Perhaps the date was April
+instead of August. The Covenant was signed 1st March, 1638.
+
+[65] _Works_, pp. 346, 347.
+
+[66] _Calendar of Proceedings of Committee for Advances of
+Moneys-Taxes_, i. 381.
+
+[67] The neighbourhood is now a cluster of narrow, dirty streets and
+passages, lined chiefly with butchers' and grocers' shops, which
+overflow into the adjacent streets, and are supplemented by fishmongers
+and miscellaneous stalls and barrows--a crowded, noisy, and unsavoury
+place on Saturday nights. In 1640, Charles I. granted his licence to
+Thomas York, his executors, etc., to erect as many buildings as they
+thought proper upon St Clement's Inn Fields, the inheritance of the Earl
+of Clare. He issued another licence in 1642, permitting Gervase Holles,
+Esq., to make several streets of the width of thirty, thirty-four, and
+forty feet. These streets still retain the names and titles of their
+founders--Clare Street, Denzil Street, and Holles Street. Clare Street
+is somewhat rich in interesting associations. There is a letter of
+Steele's to his wife, dated from the Bull Head Tavern in this street,
+24th August, 1710. It seems likely that he was hiding there. Mrs
+Bracegirdle, a celebrated actress of that time, "was in the habit of
+going into that neighbourhood, and giving money to the poor
+basket-women, insomuch that she could not pass without having thankful
+acclamations from people of all degrees." It was to Clare Street and
+Clare Market that Jack Sheppard went, after his escape from Newgate: he
+there bought a butcher's frock and woollen apron, which he was wearing
+when captured at Finchley. Here was Johnson's Hotel, celebrated for
+upwards of seventy years for its _à la mode_ beef. Isaac Bickerstaffe,
+too, lived in this street.
+
+[68] John Holles, created Baron Houghton of Houghton, in the county of
+Nottingham, in 1616, and Earl of Clare in 1624.
+
+[69] "If I had known that young man [Uriah Heep]," said Mr Micawber, "at
+the period when my difficulties came to a crisis, all I can say is, that
+I believe my creditors would have been better managed than they were"
+(_David Copperfield_, chap. xvii.).
+
+[70] _Works_, p. 347.
+
+[71] _Ibid._ p. 346. For the authority on which this interesting
+ornithological statement is made the reader will overhaul his Pliny (_H.
+N._ xi. chap. 3).
+
+[72] _Works_, p. 326.
+
+[73] _Works_, p. 328.
+
+[74] _Ibid._ p. 325.
+
+[75] Norman Lesley, Master of Rothes, eldest son of George, fifth Earl
+of Rothes, died without issue in 1554. This disposes of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's statement. The Lesleys of Findrassie themselves claimed to be
+descended from Robert, the fourth son of Earl George. See _Scotch
+Peerage Law_, by J. Riddell, p. 190.
+
+[76] _Works_, p. 379.
+
+[77] _Ibid._ p. 380.
+
+[78] One of these volumes containing the signature of our author is
+still in existence. It is a copy of Arthur Johnston's Latin poems,
+printed at Aberdeen by Raban, 1632, and is in the possession of the Rev.
+J. B. Craven, Kirkwall. It is a very fragile volume. The signature in
+this volume, and two others, attached to legal documents, are all that
+are known to be extant. We give a fac-simile of one of the latter on p.
+iv.
+
+[79] "_Apprizing_" is a legal process to which Sir Thomas several times
+refers with great horror, and it may be as well to explain to our
+readers what it was, for fortunately it is now a thing of the past. It
+was for long the only method of attaching a debtor's heritable property.
+By the Act, 1469, c. 36, when payment of a debt could not be obtained
+out of the debtor's movables (including rent), "the King's letters might
+be obtained, under which a debtor's land might be sold by the Sheriff to
+the amount of his debts, and the creditor paid out of the proceeds. If
+within six months no purchaser could be found, a portion of the land
+equal to the debt was to be apprised by thirteen men chosen by the
+sheriff, and the portion apprised by them was to be made over to the
+creditor." The debtor could redeem within seven years. This procedure at
+first took place in the head burgh of the shire, where the jury probably
+knew enough to make a fair valuation of the land. But after a time the
+proceedings often took place in Edinburgh, where the jury had no special
+knowledge, and might be packed by the creditor. So that large estates
+were sometimes carried off in payment of trifling debts. The appriser at
+once entered into possession, and was not obliged to account for the
+rents (until 1631, c. 6). It was thus a powerful engine of oppression.
+If A. wished B.'s land, and B. owned land and nothing else, it was
+possible for A., if he could only get B. as his debtor even in a small
+sum, so to work matters that for the debt he might apprise all B's land.
+Being then in right of B.'s rents, he had B. completely in his power,
+and B. had no resources for gathering together the amount of the debt
+which he must pay in order to redeem his lands within the seven years
+allowed. The law was much relaxed by the Act, 1621, c. 6, but the above
+will enable us to understand how an unscrupulous creditor might get an
+easy-going, thriftless man into his clutches, and impoverish him and his
+family.
+
+[80] _Works_, p. 382. The evident meaning of the last sentence is that
+Lesley's ways were so dark that it was highly necessary for him often to
+ask, "See ye?" Yet one cannot help feeling that this relentless creditor
+may not have been solely animated by malignant hatred of his debtor.
+Even in the above speech there seem to be claims which cannot be lightly
+brushed aside. One is again reminded of Mr Micawber, and of the sudden
+and unexpected glimpse of a better nature in his most truculent
+creditor, which was vouchsafed him when he got his discharge in
+bankruptcy. "Even the revengeful bootmaker," we are told, "declared in
+open court that he bore him [Mr M.] no malice, but that when money was
+owing to him he liked to be paid. He said he thought it was human
+nature" (_David Copperfield_, chap. xii.). An eminent American
+philosopher has said that there is a great deal of human nature in man.
+There seems at any rate to have been a great deal in Mr Lesley of
+Findrassie.
+
+[81] In one of his queer _Epigrams_, after comparing the insatiable
+demands of his creditors to those of the grave and of the sea, he closes
+with the following alliterative litany:
+
+          "Free me from Farcher, Fraser, Fendrasie."
+
+[82] "His subjects and familiars surnamed him [Esormon] ουροχἀρτοϛ,
+that is [to] say, 'fortunate and well-beloved'" (_Works_, p. 156).
+
+[83] Rabelais, p. xv.
+
+[84] _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, vol. vii. 479, _a_, _b_.
+
+[85] The parish of Cromartie consists of the north-east portion of the
+peninsula called the Black Isle, terminating eastward in the precipice
+called the Southern Sutor, and stretches for about four miles along the
+shore of the Moray Firth on the east, and about six along that of the
+Firth of Cromartie on the north and west. To the west of the parish of
+Cromartie were situated the joint parishes of Kirkmichael and
+Cullicudden, on the southern shore of the Cromartie Firth. In Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's time these were separate parishes, but they were united in
+1662, and a new church was built at Resolis, in Kirkmichael, near the
+border of Cullicudden. The newly constituted parish bore and still bears
+the name of Resolis.
+
+[86] In his _Logopandecteision_ he speaks of the "stipauctionarie tide"
+which began to overflow the land. He thought "with sufficient bulwarks
+of good argument to have stayed the inundation thereof from two of his
+churches"; but, he says, "I was violently driven like a feather before a
+whirlewind, notwithstanding all my defences, to the sanctuary of an
+inforced patience" (_Works_, p. 352). He does not, however, appear to
+have stayed long in this sanctuary, or else the shelter it afforded was
+but imperfect. His "_stipauctionarie_" (_i.e._ stipend-increasing)
+reminds us of Mr Micawber's calling his salary his "_stipendiary
+emoluments_."
+
+[87] The attention of the reader is specially directed to the marvellous
+felicity and vigour of the above description. Sir Thomas himself has
+never written anything better in its way.
+
+[88] We fear that this is meant as a description of a presbytery.
+
+[89] The reference is to the process of "horning" described on p. 16.
+
+[90] _Works_, p. 280-282.
+
+[91] That Sir Thomas Urquhart is not exaggerating matters in speaking of
+such injunctions being given by ecclesiastical authorities, is proved by
+the following well-known passage in the memoir prefixed to the _Works_
+of Archbishop Leighton:--"It was a Question asked at [of] the Brethren,
+both in the classical and provincial Meetings of Ministers, twice in the
+Year, If they preached the Duties of the Times? And when it was found
+that _Mr Leighton_ did not, he was quarrelled [_sic_] for this Omission,
+but said, _If all the Brethern have preached to the_ TIMES, _may not one
+poor Brother be suffered to preach on_ ETERNITY?"
+
+[92] _Works_, p. 280.
+
+[93] The notice given us by Sir Thomas of Mr Anderson's preaching makes
+us desirous of knowing more about him; but, unfortunately, only a very
+few facts concerning him are known. He was born in 1597; he graduated at
+Aberdeen in 1618; was settled at Cawdor, near Nairn, some time before
+30th October, 1627; was transferred to Cromartie between 5th October,
+1641, and 11th January, 1642; died in November, 1655, and was succeeded
+in the benefice by his son Hugh (Scott's _Fasti_).
+
+[94] _Works_, p. 276.
+
+[95] _Ibid._ p. 261.
+
+[96] See p. 83.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER III
+
+ Unsuccessful Rising in the North--Sir Thomas makes his Peace with the
+     Church--Return of Charles II. to Scotland--Invasion of
+     England--Battle of Worcester--Sir Thomas a Prisoner in the
+     Tower--Makes Friends--Is liberated on Parole--Great Literary
+     Activity--Revisits Scotland--Dies--Later History of the Urquharts
+     of Cromartie--Characteristics of our Author--Glover's Portraits of
+     him.
+
+Shortly after the news of the execution of Charles I. reached Scotland,
+a rising on the part of some of the leading Cavaliers in the north took
+place, with the view of restoring the Royal Family. The most prominent
+person in this attempt was Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscardine, a younger
+brother of George, the second Earl of Seaforth, who for nearly ten years
+past had managed the affairs of the family, and was looked up to, both
+on account of his ability and also on account of the great territorial
+influence he represented. He had seen a good deal of service abroad, and
+was at one time governor of Stralsund.[97] Along with him, and only
+second to him, was our Sir Thomas Urquhart, to whom even civil war was
+scarcely more fraught with anxiety and danger than was the life he had
+been forced to lead for some time past. Together with them were
+associated eight other Royalists of good standing,--among whom Colonel
+Hugh Fraser of Belladrum and John Munro of Lemlair had a certain
+pre-eminence,--and these ten formed a kind of revolutionary committee
+for the control of the movement they had set on foot, and the government
+of the district that might become subject to them.
+
+Montrose had determined, on hearing of the execution of the King, to
+renew the war in Scotland, but Pluscardine and his associates did not
+wait for his arrival. Charles was beheaded on Tuesday, the 30th of
+January, 1649, and, by the 22nd of the next month, the Scottish
+gentlemen in the north had already taken the field, and captured
+Inverness. Four days after, on Monday, 26th February, a meeting of the
+Committee of War was held in that town, the minutes of which are still
+in existence,[98] and contain the name of our author next in order to
+that of Pluscardine himself.
+
+The Committee passed certain enactments, by which they took into their
+own hands the customs and excise of the six northern counties--Inverness,
+Sutherland, Cromartie, Caithness, Nairn, and Elgin. An inventory of all
+the ammunition of the garrison was ordered to be taken. It was also
+decided that Sir Thomas's house at Cromartie should be put in a state of
+defence, and that the work should be carried out by the tenants of Sir
+James Fraser, a bitter Parliamentarian, and opponent of the Stuarts in
+the north, and by those of our knight's old enemy, Lesley of
+Findrassie.[99] It is easy for unregenerate human nature to understand
+the pleasure with which the members of the Committee of War would give
+this last order. By another enactment, the Committee declare that they
+consider it expedient for their safety that the works and forts of
+Inverness be demolished and levelled with the ground, and they ordain
+that each person appointed to this work should complete his proportion
+of it before eight days have passed, "under pain of being quartered upon
+and until the said task be performed."
+
+On the 2nd of March, Mackenzie of Pluscardine, Sir Thomas Urquhart, and
+their associates, were proclaimed as rebels and traitors by the Estates
+of Parliament,[100]--as "wicked and malignant persouns intending so far
+as in thaine lyes, for their own base ends to lay the foundation of a
+new bloodie and unnaturall warre within the bowells of this their native
+country," etc. etc.
+
+On the 1st of March the Commissioners of the General Assembly had
+written to Pluscardine and his associates expressing their wonder and
+grief at such a rising in the interests of "the Popish, Prelaticall and
+Malignant party," and threatening the penalty of excommunication within
+ten days if they would not "desist from and repent of that horrid
+insurrection."[101] The reply to this letter came in due time, and was
+signed by the principal leader in the insurrection, and by some other
+members of the Clan Mackenzie, and is, it must be confessed, a
+distinctly prevaricating and hypocritical document. For one sentence at
+least in it our author was responsible, though he neither signs the
+letter nor is named in it. His pedantic phraseology reveals his hand in
+the construction of the reply to the Commissioners' remonstrances and
+threats.
+
+The letter is addressed "to the Honourable and Right Reverend," and
+begins as follows:--"Wee have lately received yours of the first of
+Merch, 1649, for the which and your wisdomes Christian care of ws, and
+your fatherly admonition to ws, we humbly and heartily rander yow all
+possible thanks." This lamb-like tone is maintained with admirable
+gravity all through the epistle, and is combined with a canting
+phraseology which was meant to be impressive, but which must have
+entertained any members of the Commission of the General Assembly who
+originally possessed and still retained a sense of humour. "And quheras
+[whereas]," so it goes on, "your wisdomes taks it a matter of no lesse
+wonder then [than] greife that we, being vnder the oath of God and tye
+of our Nationall Covenant, would make insurrection and take armes
+against the Lords people, certainly, if it were so, we acknowledge your
+wisdomes had reason to wonder and to be grieved. And it is no lesse
+winder and griefe to ws, being wnder the said oath and tye of Covenant,
+furthering the same with all our power and meanes, and at all occasions
+desireing nothing els then [than] the enjoying of the liberty of the
+subject, and proprietie of our goods, intended and promised in and by
+our Covenant." No one who has read any of Sir Thomas Urquhart's original
+works can doubt that the next sentence was either composed or revised by
+him. The two phrases which we have taken the liberty of putting into
+italics could scarcely have occurred to any other member of the
+Committee of War. "Yet we find, that evill willers and envyous
+vnderminers, _in a singular and prœtextuous way_ aiming at our ruine,
+doe spend _the quintessence of their witts_ to find out means whereby,
+under specious pretences of the publick [good?] to extermine ws with
+povertie, and by inventing fresh occasions to make ws odious, and bring
+ws vpon fresh stages [_sic_] vnder the base name of Malignancy." It is
+unnecessary to quote the whole of the letter, but a couple of sentences,
+which describe what the insurgents had done at Inverness, deserve
+notice. "But the whole countrey of all degrees, being sensible of the
+oppression and insolency of the vnnecessary and vnprofitable garison of
+Innernes to Church or State, did heartily and vnanimously contribute to
+the demolishing thereof, which being done, all disbanded peaceablie, and
+the people retired peaceablie to their owne homes, without offence to
+any nighbour of any degree or condition.... And now, when the said
+garison is dismantled, we shall be found not only disposed to live
+peaceablie, bot also ready to obey all publick ordours for the good of
+the Kingdome." The writers ask that "the taxes and impositions," which
+pressed with special severity on the class to which they belonged,
+should be remitted, and liberty given them to lead that religious,
+peaceful life, to which both by nature and by deliberate choice, they
+seem to say, they were strongly inclined. The sting of the letter is in
+its closing words. If these "evill willers" succeed in persuading the
+Commissioners of Assembly to go on with the sentence of excommunication,
+as fully deserved, they (the writers) formally appeal against such a
+decision from the Commission to the next General Assembly.[102]
+
+The ecclesiastical court to which the above letter was sent _may_ have
+contained a goodly sprinkling of fanatics, but it is certain that in it
+there were but few, if any, imbeciles; so that the communication from
+the Committee of War did not succeed in imposing upon those to whom its
+contents were read. They did not condescend to answer it, but at once
+issued a pamphlet, entitled _A Declaration and Warning to all Members of
+this Kirk_, "to recover, if possible, the disturbers of the peace of
+God's people out of the snare of Sathan, and to prevent others from
+falling therein." The document displays very genuine indignation and
+dismay at the possibility of the negotiations which were being carried
+on for restoring Charles II. as a "covenanted king" to the throne of his
+ancestors, being defeated, and of his coming back as an arbitrary ruler
+and oppressor of the Church. Those who have any doubt about the
+deterioration of both religion and politics when they are fused
+together, should read this and other State Papers of the period, and
+their eyes would be opened. The calm assumption by the writers that
+political opponents are the enemies of God, the claim to knowledge of
+the Divine purposes and counsels, the free use of the most sacred words
+of Scripture, the dark fanaticism which inspires so many of the
+utterances, and the intense passion which makes so many of them sound
+like mere raving--all combine to make these documents very painful
+reading. A circular letter of warning and exhortation was sent to
+Presbyteries, attempts were made to persuade individuals to disconnect
+themselves from the insurrectionary movement, and a message of
+encouragement was sent to Lieutenant-General David Lesley to strengthen
+his hands in the work of putting it down by fire and sword.[103]
+
+The insurgents, after demolishing the fortifications of Inverness,
+retired before the troops sent to suppress them, and took refuge among
+the mountains of Ross-shire. Lesley advanced to Fortrose and garrisoned
+the castle there, and then proceeded to endeavour to make terms with the
+leaders of the insurrection. The only one who would listen to no
+accommodation was Mackenzie of Pluscardine. Immediately on Lesley's
+return south, he descended from the mountains, and attacked and took the
+castle of Chanonry. Our Sir Thomas Urquhart was now safely out of the
+conflict, but our readers may wish to know what became of the
+insurrectionary movement which he had such a large share in setting on
+foot, and from which he found it prudent to retire at an early stage.
+
+Mackenzie's force was brought up to eight or nine hundred men by the
+accession of his nephew, Lord Reay, with three hundred followers. Soon
+afterwards he was joined by General Middleton and Lord Ogilvie, and
+advanced into Badenoch, with the view of raising the people in that and
+the neighbouring districts. In what is called the Wardlaw MS. a very
+vivid picture is given of the behaviour of the Highlanders from the Reay
+country, when they poured into Inverness on the morning of Sunday, the
+2nd of May, 1649. "They crossed the bridge of Ness," says the Royalist
+minister of Kirkhill, "on the Lord's Day in time of divine service, and
+alarmed the people of Inverness, impeding God's worship in the town. For
+instead of bells to ring in to service I saw and heard no other than
+the noise of pipes, drums, pots, pans, kettles, and spits in the streets
+to provide them victuals in every house. And in their quarters the rude
+rascality would eat no meat at their tables until the landlord laid down
+a shilling Scots upon each trencher,[104] calling this '_airgiod
+cagainn_' (chewing-money), which every soldier got, so insolent were
+they."
+
+The campaign was a very brief one. The Royalists, joined by the Marquis
+of Huntly, attacked and took the castle of Ruthven, but, soon after,
+being hardly pressed by Lesley, they turned southwards and took up their
+quarters in Balvenie Castle. General Middleton and Mackenzie were
+despatched to treat with Lesley, but before they reached their
+destination, the troops from Fortrose, after a rapid march, surprised
+the Royalist forces at Balvenie. A fierce engagement took place, in
+which both sides suffered severely.[105] Eighty of the insurgents fell
+in defence of the castle. The Highlanders were dismissed to their homes
+on swearing never again to take up arms against the Parliament; while
+their leaders were sent as prisoners to Edinburgh, where most of them
+were set free soon after, on payment of fines, and on giving security
+that they would keep the peace. By sharp and vigorous action the
+remaining sparks of insurrection in the north were stamped out, and
+fresh bodies of troops were stationed in the principal strongholds of
+that part of the country. Thus ended a rising which would probably have
+had a very different result, if it had been postponed until the arrival
+of Montrose.
+
+The same writer[106] who gave an account of the riotous and insolent
+demeanour of the Highland soldiers in Inverness, furnishes us with a
+companion-picture--that of them on their way back to their homes after
+their defeat at Balvenie. It is as follows:--"Next twenty horse, and
+three companies of foot, were ordered to convey the captives back over
+the Spey, and through Moray to Inverness, where I saw them pass through;
+and those men who, in their former march, would hardly eat their meat
+without money, are now begging food, and, like dogs, lap the water which
+was brought them in tubs and other vessels in the open streets. Thence
+they were conducted over the bridge of Ness, and dismissed everyone
+armless and harmless to his own house. This is a matter of fact which I
+saw and heard."
+
+The profound feelings of anxiety which this abortive attempt at
+insurrection had excited in the minds of the ecclesiastical rulers of
+Scotland are very clearly indicated by the exuberance of joy with which
+the tidings of the victory at Balvenie were received by the Commission
+of Assembly.[107] They instantly decided to appoint a solemn Day of
+Thanksgiving, on the 25th of May, for "the Lord's mercifull defeat of
+the enemies of the peace of this land."[108] They tacked on a postscript
+to the above-mentioned _Declaration and Warning_, containing a
+statement of the causes of the Thanksgiving, and ordered both to be read
+from all the pulpits in Scotland. Letters of congratulation were
+despatched to the victorious officers, and to others who had been
+faithful in the recent crisis, and full particulars of what had taken
+place were sent to the Commissioners of Scotland at the Hague, who were
+engaged in the negotiations with "the young man, Charles Stuart." In the
+last-mentioned document there is a flicker of grim humour, as the
+writers send intelligence of the destruction of the hopes which news of
+the rebellion might have excited in the minds of Charles and his
+friends. The last sentence in the letter can scarcely have been written
+or read without a smile. "We have appointed," they say, "the twenty-fift
+day of Maij for a solemn thanksgiving for this and other late mercies,
+wherewith we thought good to acquaint yow, that yow manage this to the
+best advantage of the work in your hands, according as yow shall thinke
+fitt."[109] It was once said of a good man that he would have been
+better if he had had a little more of the devil in him; and one is
+inclined to think more highly of these good men for the touch of malice,
+which relieves the sombre character of their communication.[110]
+
+The threatened bolt of excommunication was not launched, but our author
+found it necessary to apply to the Commission of General Assembly in
+order to make his peace with the ecclesiastical power. Accordingly, on
+the 22nd of June, 1650, he appeared in Edinburgh before this body, and
+presented his "supplicatioun" for pardon for the guilt of taking part in
+the Northern insurrection, and of assaulting and razing the walls of
+Inverness.
+
+The Commission met, doubtless, in that "little roome of [off] the East
+Church" of St Giles, which Baillie describes as having been "verie
+handsomelie dressed for our Assemblies in all time coming,"[111] and
+from which, three years later, the English officers, under Cromwell's
+order, ejected the members of the General Assembly. The Commission on
+that day, when our author appeared before them, consisted of twenty-four
+members--the most distinguished divines and politicians in Scotland of
+the Covenanting party. The moderator, or chairman, was Robert
+Douglas,[112] "a great State preacher," who had been chaplain to the
+Scots troops in the service of Gustavus Adolphus, and had won the esteem
+of that monarch, and who in little more than six months' time would
+officiate at the coronation of Charles II., for whom Sir Thomas Urquhart
+had prematurely drawn the sword. Beside him was Samuel Rutherford, the
+Principal of St Andrews, whose fervid piety has found no lack of
+admirers in every generation since his time. Robert Baillie, the writer
+of the _Letters_ which contain so many vivid pictures of events in that
+stirring period; David Dickson, Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, whose
+name we have heard as one of the deputation to persuade the people of
+Aberdeen to take the Covenant; and James Guthrie, who died as a martyr,
+the year after the Restoration, were present there that day. The
+contrast between these grave, dignified, saintly Covenanting leaders,
+and the brilliant Cavalier, Sir Thomas Urquhart, is one which, by its
+picturesqueness, strongly impresses the imagination.
+
+The Commission, after hearing the petitioner's statements, did not,
+apparently; treat the matter as of very serious moment. The dangerous
+crisis was over, and they could afford to be merciful. They seem to have
+condoned the political offence, but referred Sir Thomas to Mr John
+Annand, minister of Inverness, one of their number, "that he might
+confer with him concerning some dangerous opinions which, as was
+informed, he had sometimes vented." If these could be explained away,
+and no further complicity in disloyal schemes were brought home to him,
+Mr Annand was empowered, acting at all times under the advice of the
+Presbytery of Inverness, to receive his public "satisfaction" in the
+church of that city. How the matter ended we do not know. But there is
+very little doubt that Sir Thomas's nebulous heterodoxy proved no bar to
+his being freed from ecclesiastical censure, and that, in due course,
+according to the custom of that time, he stood, as a penitent, before
+the congregation of the Parish Church, in that city the walls of which
+he had assisted to assault and overthrow.
+
+A fortnight after Sir Thomas Urquhart's appearance before the Commission
+of the General Assembly, Charles II. landed in Scotland, and was
+accepted, though at first not without deep misgivings, as "covenanted
+King." The party to which our author belonged was for a time excluded
+from all share in public life; and even the army, which was to defend
+the sovereign against the English sectaries, was carefully sifted, to
+remove those whose presence might bring a curse upon it. So that, though
+the land resounded with war and the rumour of war, Sir Thomas remained
+in an enforced quietude in his castle at Cromartie. The effect of the
+battle of Dunbar (3rd September) was to depress the faction which had
+excluded the Royalist partisans from the army, and kept the King himself
+in something very like bondage. Charles II., indeed, is said to have
+given thanks to God for the victory of Cromwell over the Covenanting
+forces at this battle, and the only difficulty in the way of believing
+this statement lies in the fact that he so seldom gave thanks for
+anything.
+
+The Royalist party now began to rally about their sovereign. Charles II.
+was crowned at Scone on the 1st January, 1651, and in due time an army,
+which included many of the so-called Malignants, was ready for trying
+conclusions once again with the terrible English General. And now for
+the third time our author took up arms on behalf of the Stuarts. After
+some months of endless marchings and counter-marchings, in which
+Cromwell evidently endeavoured to provoke his enemies into a repetition
+of the blunder by which they had lost the battle of Dunbar, the Scottish
+forces found an opportunity of marching into England.
+
+The latter, under David Lesley, had taken up a strong position on the
+height of the Tor Wood, between Stirling and Falkirk, from which they
+refused to be drawn out to battle; and Cromwell resolved to take up his
+post on the other side of the Royalist army. Accordingly, he crossed the
+Forth at Queensferry, and, after defeating an attempt to intercept him
+at Inverkeithing, reached and occupied Perth. The way to England was now
+open, and the Scottish army swiftly and silently entered upon it,
+resolved to stake everything upon a great battle.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart left his castle of Cromartie, and took part in this
+expedition, though apparently he held no position of command in the
+army, and was very much out of sympathy with many of those who journeyed
+with him. Indeed, his unfortunate prejudices against the Presbyterian
+and Covenanting party come out in the statement he makes, that many of
+those who started out to smite "the Midianites and Philistines," when it
+came to the push, managed to make their way home, "being loth to hazard
+their precious persons, lest they should seem to trust to the arm of
+flesh."[113] The mass of those, however, who formed the Scottish army
+were of very different mettle, and the battle in which they staked and
+lost everything was one of the fiercest in the whole of the great Civil
+War.
+
+The course of their journey southward was through Biggar and Carlisle,
+and then through Lancashire. To their disappointment, they received no
+great accession of Royalists, nor of any others who were inclined to
+join them in the attempt to overthrow the Commonwealth. "They marched,"
+says the historian, "under rigorous discipline, weary and uncheered,
+south through Lancashire; had to dispute ... the Bridge of Warrington
+with Lambert and Harrison, who attended them with horse-troops on the
+left; Cromwell with the main army steadily advancing behind. They
+carried the Bridge at Warrington; they summoned various Towns, but none
+yielded; proclaimed their King, with all force of lungs and heraldry,
+but none cried, God bless him. Summoning Shrewsbury, with the usual
+negative response, they quitted the London road; bent southward towards
+Worcester, a City of slight Garrison and loyal Mayor; there to entrench
+themselves, and repose a little."[114] Yet but slight opportunity for
+this was given them. The course taken by Cromwell was through York,
+Nottingham, Coventry, and Stratford-on-Avon, and when he arrived at
+Worcester with his army from Scotland, and with the county militias, who
+had risen at his summons, his forces numbered over thirty thousand men
+as against the enemy's sixteen thousand.
+
+Meantime Sir Thomas Urquhart had taken up his quarters in Worcester, in
+the house of a Mr Spilsbury, "a very honest sort of man, who had an
+exceeding good woman to his wife." His luggage, which was stored in an
+attic, consisted, besides "scarlet cloaks, buff suits, and arms of all
+sorts," of seven large "portmantles," three of which were filled with
+unpublished works in manuscript, and other valuable documents--the
+amount of which he gives us in quires and quinternions, but which need
+not be repeated here. "Peace hath her victories no less renowned than
+war," sang Milton in his sonnet to the Lord General Cromwell; and
+perhaps Sir Thomas Urquhart hoped, after achieving victory in war, to
+win a second set of laurels by means of the contents of the three
+"portmantles."
+
+On the evening of the 3rd September, the anniversary of the battle of
+Dunbar, and afterwards to be the date of Cromwell's own death, the
+battle of Worcester was fought, and the Royalist cause utterly
+shattered. "The fighting of the Scots," says Carlyle, "was fierce and
+desperate. 'My Lord General did exceedingly hazard himself, riding up
+and down in the midst of the fire; riding, himself in person, to the
+Enemy's foot to offer them quarter, whereto they returned no answer but
+shot.' The small Scotch Army, begirdled with overpowering force, and cut
+off from help or reasonable hope, storms forth in fiery pulses, horse
+and foot; charges now on this side of the River, now on that;--can on no
+side prevail. Cromwell recoils a little, but only to rally and return
+irresistible. The small Scotch Army is, on every side, driven in again.
+Its fiery pulsings are but the struggles of death: agonies as of a lion
+coiled in the folds of a boa. 'As stiff a contest,' says Cromwell, 'for
+four or five hours as ever I have seen.'"[115]
+
+The conquered lost six thousand men, and all their baggage and
+artillery; and Charles only with difficulty, and after many romantic
+adventures, succeeded in escaping to the Continent when the fight was
+over. Ten thousand prisoners, including eleven of the Scottish nobility,
+were taken. The sufferings of many of these brave men were severe in the
+extreme. Some perished from want of food and from gaol diseases, and
+large numbers of the survivors were shipped for the plantations, and
+sold as slaves.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, and, apparently, more than one of his brothers,
+were among the prisoners, but appeared to have fared better than many of
+their companions in arms. The greatest of the misfortunes that fell upon
+him was, in his estimation, the sad fate that overtook his precious
+manuscripts. The whole story, related in his own inimitable style, may
+be read in Chapter VI. It is enough to say here that a party of
+marauders broke into his quarters in search of valuables, that they
+forced open the "portmantles" and turned their contents out upon the
+floor, and afterwards carried off the papers to use them for wrapping up
+articles of plunder, and for lighting their pipes. Fortunately some
+bundles of these papers were afterwards picked up in the streets and
+brought back to him, and in due time found their way to the printer's.
+
+After the battle of Worcester, Sir Thomas Urquhart and some of the other
+Scottish gentlemen who had been taken prisoners there were confined in
+the Tower of London. He seems to have speedily gained the favour of his
+captors, and to have been treated with remarkable leniency. Indeed, he
+speaks in terms of affectionate respect of various officers of the
+Parliamentary army from whom he had received kindness, and acknowledges
+courtesies extended towards him by the Lord General himself. Thus he
+places on record his indebtedness to a "most generous gentleman, Captain
+Gladmon," for speaking in his favour to the Protector. And of another,
+whom he calls the Marshal-General, in whose charge he had been placed,
+he has set down the praise in the following elaborate sentence:--"The
+kindly usage of the Marshal-General, Captain Alsop, whilst I was in his
+custody, I am bound in duty so to acknowledge, that I may without
+dissimulation avouch, for courtesies conferred on such as were within
+the verge of his authority, and fidelity to those by whom he was
+intrusted with their tuition [oversight of them] in that restraint, that
+never any could by his faithfulness to the one and loving carriage to
+the other bespeak himself more a gentleman, nor in the discharge of that
+military place acquit himself with a more universally-deserved applause
+and commendation."[116]
+
+The severity of his imprisonment was soon abated; and he was removed
+from the Tower to Windsor Castle,[117] and not long after, by the orders
+of Cromwell, was paroled _de die in diem_.[118] The comparative liberty
+he now enjoyed enabled him to repair the loss of his manuscripts after
+the battle of Worcester, and he set himself to make the best of the
+fragments he had recovered, and to prepare them for publication, as well
+as to compose new material. A paragraph in the Epilogue of one of his
+works, in which he describes his warm appreciation of the measure of
+freedom he now enjoyed, is worth quoting. "That I, whilst a prisoner,"
+he says, "was able to digest and write this Treatise, is an effect
+meerly proceeding from the courtesie of my Lord General Cromwel, by
+whose recommendation to the Councel of State my parole being taken for
+my true imprisonment, I was by their favour enlarged to the extent of
+the lines of London's communication; for had I continued as before,
+coopt up within walls, or yet been attended still by a guard, as for a
+while I was, should the house of my confinement have never been so
+pleasant, or my keepers a very paragon of discretion, and that the
+conversation of the best wits in the world, with affluence of all manner
+of books, should have been allowed me for the diversion of my minde, yet
+such all antipathie I have to any kinde of restraint wherein myself is
+not entrusted, that notwithstanding these advantages, which to some
+spirits would make a jayl seem more delicious then [than] freedom
+without them, it could not in that eclipse of liberty lie in my power to
+frame myself to the couching of one sillable, or contriving of a fancie
+worthy the labour of putting pen to paper, no more then [than] a
+nightingale can warble it in a cage, or linet in a dungeon."[119]
+
+Another friend whom Sir Thomas Urquhart found in the time of need was
+the celebrated Roger Williams, the apostle of civil and religious
+liberty, and the founder of the settlement of Providence, Rhode Island,
+and missionary to the Indians. In the Epilogue to the _Logopandecteision_
+he thus acknowledges his obligations to him: "[I cannot] forget my
+thankfulness to that reverend preacher Mr Roger Williams of Providence,
+in New England, for the manifold favours wherein I stood obliged to him
+above a whole month before either of us had so much as seen other, and
+that by his frequent and earnest solicitation in my behalf of the most
+especial members both of the Parliament and Councel of State; in doing
+whereof he appeared so truely generous, that when it was told him how I,
+having got notice of his so undeserved respect towards me, was desirous
+to embrace some sudden opportunity whereby to testifie the affection I
+did owe him, he purposely delayed the occasion of meeting with me till
+he had, as he said, performed some acceptable office worthy of my
+acquaintance; in all which, both before and after we had conversed with
+one another, and by those many worthy books set forth by him, to the
+advancement of piety and good order, with some whereof he was pleased to
+present me, he did prove himself a man of such discretion and
+inimitably-sanctified parts, that an Archangel from heaven could not
+have shown more goodness with less ostentation."[120]
+
+The years 1652 and 1653 form a period of astonishing literary activity
+on the part of our author, for no fewer than five separate works were
+then published by him, two of which were of very considerable bulk. The
+motive that had led him to bring out his two former works--the
+_Epigrams_ and _The Trissotetras_--had been a desire to benefit mankind
+and to advance the glory of his native land. But now he had to consider
+his own interests, and to exert himself to promote them. Accordingly,
+his present aim was to convince his captors of his extraordinary merits
+and gifts, and of the incomparable glory of that family which he had the
+honour of representing.
+
+In 1652 he issued his ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ; _or, a Peculiar Promptuary
+of Time_, of which a detailed description is given in Chapter V. The
+object of this treatise is to show the Protector and the English
+Parliament that the family of the Urquharts could be traced back, link
+by link, to the red earth out of which Adam was made, and to suggest how
+lamentable it would be, if the ruling power extinguished a race which
+had successfully resisted the scythe of Time, and was capable of
+rendering great services to the State.
+
+This small treatise was closely followed by a more important production,
+upon which Sir Thomas's fame as an author largely rests--his
+ΕΚΣΚΥΒΑΛΑΥΡΟΝ; _or, The Discovery of a most Exquisite Jewel_. The
+title of this work is intended to be an abbreviation of a Greek
+phrase--"_Gold from a dunghill_"--and contains an allusion to the fact
+that the first half of it was, in its manuscript form, one of the
+bundles of paper which the soldiers treated with such disrespect after
+the battle of Worcester, and which, indeed, was found next day in a
+kennel of one of the streets of that city. This book, a fuller account
+of which we give later on, consists of an introduction to a work on a
+Universal Language, to which is added a rhapsodical panegyric on the
+Scottish nation, and an account of his fellow-countrymen who had been
+famous as scholars or soldiers during the previous fifty years.
+
+In the course of the early part of 1652 Urquhart had in some way excited
+the suspicions of the Government, and in the month of May his papers
+were seized by the authorities. Nothing treasonable, however, was found
+among them, and probably the harmless character of his pursuits, which
+was thus brought to light, made a favourable impression upon the Council
+of State. For, a few weeks later, he was allowed, in answer to a
+petition which he presented to the Council, and which was referred to
+Cromwell, to return to Scotland to arrange his private affairs, and to
+be absent for five months.[121] The only condition imposed upon him was
+that during this time he should do nothing to the prejudice of the
+Commonwealth.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's creditors had been told that he had been killed
+at the battle of Worcester, and, as he says in his own characteristic
+way, "for gladness of the tidings [they] had madified [moistened] their
+nolls to some purpose with the liquor of the grape,"[122] and had
+possessed themselves of all his property. When they were assured by
+letters from himself that he was still alive, they claimed payment for
+debts which had been long discharged, under the impression that the
+receipts had perished along with other papers after the battle. They
+even plotted, we are assured, to arrest our author in London, after he
+had been liberated upon parole. By the thoughtful discretion of a
+Captain Goodwin, of Colonel Pride's regiment, the receipts in question
+had been saved out of the spoil of Worcester, and Sir Thomas Urquhart
+was able to display them to the unjust creditors. "And when," he says,
+"they saw that those their acquittances ... were produced before them,
+they then, looking as if their noses had been ableeding, could not any
+longer for shame retard my cancelling of the aforesaid bonds."[123]
+
+In the midst of so many complaints of the iniquity of creditors, it is
+gratifying to find Sir Thomas acknowledging that there was one of that
+class who treated him with forbearance and even with kindness. His
+thankfulness at discovering this green oasis in the arid desert in which
+so much of his life had been passed, is expressed in his own
+characteristic way. "But may," he says, "William Robertson of Kindeasse,
+or rather _Kindnesse_ (for so they call this worthy man), for his going
+contrary to that stream of wickedness which carryeth head-long his
+fellow-creditors to the black sea of un-christian-like dealing, enjoy a
+long life in this world, attended with health, wealth, a hopeful
+posterity, and all the happiness conducible to eternal salvation; and
+may his children after him, as heires both of his vertues and means,
+derive [transmit] his lands and riches to their sons, to continue
+successively in that line from generation to generation, so long as
+there is a hill in Scotland, or that the sea doth ebbe and flow. This
+hearty wish of mine, as chief of my kinred [kindred], I bequeath to all
+that do and are to carry the name of Urquhart, and adjure them, by the
+respect they owe to the stock whence they are descended, for my father's
+love and mine to this man, to do all manner of good offices to each one
+that bears the name of Robertson."[124]
+
+His old enemy, Lesley of Findrassie, endeavoured in vain to persuade the
+officers of the English garrison, then stationed in Urquhart's house at
+Cromartie, to arrest him as a prisoner of war, and keep him in
+confinement "till he [Lesley] were contented in all his demands."[125]
+An attempt was also made to apprehend him at Elgin; but he escaped all
+these machinations, and, after travelling in safety through many of the
+principal towns of Scotland, returned to London within the specified
+time, and gave himself up to the Council of State.
+
+In the course of the year 1653 Sir Thomas Urquhart published the last of
+his original works--his _Logopandecteision_, and the translation of the
+first two books of Rabelais, in connection with which his name is best
+known. The object of the former of these was to suggest a wonderful
+scheme for a universal language, with the idea of being restored by the
+Government to the full possession of his liberty, and of being
+reinstated in the position of power and wealth, which he maintained was
+his by hereditary right, in order to carry out the scheme. His hopes and
+anticipations of success in this appeal to the English Government were
+not daunted by the fact that to do what he required would need several
+legislative changes, a reversal of proceedings in Scottish courts of
+law, and a substantial grant from the Treasury. This, after all, he
+considered, was a very small price to pay for the benefits he would
+thereby confer upon the world. That the appeal was not successful needs
+scarcely be told. Probably in no country in the world, and at no period
+in history, could any be found more likely to turn a deaf ear to such
+requests, than such men as Cromwell, Fleetwood, and Overton. Men like
+these were too practical, and of too hard a nature, to be impressed by
+any such visionary schemes as those which their prisoner delighted in
+constructing.
+
+A veil of obscurity hangs over the closing years of our author's life.
+His last appearance before the public was in the issuing of the books
+above mentioned. The only further record of him is in the continuation
+of the Pedigree of the Urquharts, which is contained in the Edinburgh
+edition of his Tracts. In this we read that "he was confined for several
+years in the Tower of London; from whence he made his escape, and went
+beyond seas, where he died suddenly in a fit of excessive laughter, on
+being informed by his servant that the King was restored."[126] If this
+account of matters be true, it would seem that Sir Thomas had forfeited
+some of those privileges which he had won so soon after he had become a
+State prisoner. It is quite possible that this was in consequence of
+having joined in some Royalist plot against the Commonwealth and for the
+restoration of Charles II.
+
+In the preface to the second book of Rabelais, Sir Thomas promises very
+speedily to translate the three remaining books of that author, so that
+the whole "Pentateuch of Rabelais," as he calls it, might be in the
+hands of English readers. But this design was never completed. The
+translation of the third book was found among his papers, and was
+published in 1693 by Pierre Antoine Motteux, but it is probable that the
+editor himself had some share in the work as issued to the public.
+
+Sir Theodore Martin considers that there is a strong presumption against
+the truth of the above account of Sir Thomas's death, in his entire
+silence during the long period which elapsed between the publication of
+his last work and 1660, the date of the Restoration of Charles II.
+"Men," he says, "so deeply smitten with the _cacoëthes scribendi_ as
+Urquhart was, do not thus readily cast the pen aside; nor was the lack
+of a publisher likely to have stood in the way of his literary career.
+His writings, if for no other cause but the number of his friends, must
+always have been a safe speculation for a printer, at a time when
+printing was cheap and readers numerous. But the imperfect state of his
+translation of Rabelais is perhaps the best evidence of the inaccuracy
+of the current belief.... Motteux says that Urquhart's version 'was too
+kindly received not to encourage him to English the three remaining
+books, or at least the third, the fourth and fifth being in a manner
+distinct, as being Pantagruel's voyage. Accordingly he translated the
+third book, and would have finished the whole, had not death prevented
+him.' This bears hard against the supposition of that event having
+occurred upwards of six years after the two first books had been given
+to the world. It is probable that he died much sooner, a victim in all
+likelihood to that fiery restlessness of spirit,
+
+    'Which o'er-informs its tenement of clay,
+    And frets the pigmy body to decay.'"[127]
+
+This conjecture is, however, improbable. A petition from our author's
+brother, Sir Alexander Urquhart, is still in existence, in which he asks
+for a new commission of hereditary Sheriffship of Cromartie to be made
+out for him, on the ground of his being the eldest surviving son of the
+Sir Thomas Urquhart who died in 1642.[128] Though this document is
+undated, it is assigned by the editor of the volume of State Papers in
+which it is to be found, to August of 1660. If this date be
+trustworthy, we may be almost sure that the traditional statement as to
+the year of our author's death is correct.
+
+The cause of his giving up his literary labours, and of omitting to
+carry through the work of translation on which he had entered, is, of
+course, unknown to us. His health, physical or mental, may have become
+seriously impaired, or his spirits may have been too much depressed by
+the misfortunes that crowded upon him, to allow him to engage in
+literary work. Indeed, the alleged cause of death from violent agitation
+of feeling caused by hearing of the Restoration of Charles II., argues
+in itself a previous condition of great physical weakness.
+
+There seems at first, a certain grotesqueness in such a fatal exuberance
+of joy in connexion with such an event as Charles II. regaining the
+crown which his father had lost, and of which in another generation all
+of his blood were to be deprived. But we have to keep in mind that Sir
+Thomas was not alone in his folly, if folly it were; for a great wave of
+exultation swept over the three kingdoms at that time. Our author had,
+like many of his fellow-Royalists, staked and lost everything he
+possessed in the defence of the House of Stuart, and one can have little
+difficulty in understanding how the announcement of the triumph of the
+cause, which was so dear to him, should have agitated him
+profoundly.[129]
+
+Sir Alexander Urquhart failed to recover possession of either the barony
+or the Sheriffship of Cromartie, and a year after the supposed date of
+his petition, he is said to have ratified his cousin's rights,[130] and
+in 1663 he formally "disponed" the estate (_i.e._ his title to it) to
+Sir John.[131] The new possessors were, however, as unfortunate as
+their immediate predecessors, for in no very long time they were
+overwhelmed by distresses like those which had burdened and embittered
+the lives of our author and his father. In 1682 the celebrated Sir
+George Mackenzie, whose name, like that of Queen Mary of England, is
+usually associated with an unenviable epithet, as that of a cruel
+persecutor,[132] "apprized" the estate from Sir John's[133] son,
+Jonathan.[134]
+
+No one who knows what this means[135] will be surprised to hear that it
+soon afterwards passed into his possession. On his elevation to the
+peerage (1685) as Viscount Tarbat, first Earl of Cromartie, he put his
+third-born son, Sir Kenneth, into possession of the estate, with the
+view of establishing a branch of his family to be known as the
+Mackenzies of Cromartie. This plan was doomed to be defeated, for Sir
+Kenneth's son George had no family, and sold the estate to Captain
+William Urquhart of Meldrum in 1741.[136] The lands were again sold to
+Patrick, Lord Elibank,[137] in 1763, and by him to George Ross of
+Pitkerrie, nine years afterwards. Mr Ross had amassed a large fortune in
+England as an army agent,[138] and part of this he expended in the
+purchase of the estate, and in the extensive improvements which he
+effected in it. One wishes he had not thought it desirable to pull down
+the picturesque old castle, which had stood on the mote-hill of
+Cromartie for three hundred years, and which had sheltered so many
+generations of the Urquhart family. Let us now, however, return to our
+author.
+
+In telling the story of Sir Thomas Urquhart's life, some of his most
+striking peculiarities have been displayed and illustrated, so that no
+one who has read the foregoing pages is altogether dependent upon what
+may now be said for forming an estimate of his character. His vanity is
+perhaps the most striking trait in it; but only a very hard-hearted
+moralist would call it a vice in his case, for it is as artless as it is
+boundless, and is combined with so much kindness of heart and generosity
+of feeling, that we are more entertained by it than indignant at it. No
+one who looks into his works can doubt the intensity of his patriotism.
+Indeed, his passionate longing after personal fame is in all cases
+combined with the wish to confer additional glory upon the land of his
+birth. His devotion to the Royalist cause[139] is of the purest and most
+heroic type, and the general tone of his character, as revealed to us in
+his books, is elevated and noble. At the same time there is an element
+of the grotesque in it, so that in his disinterested and chivalrous
+disposition he reminds us of Don Quixote,[140] while in his frequent
+allusions to struggles with pecuniary difficulties, as well as in his
+use of magniloquent language, he distinctly recalls Wilkins Micawber. A
+lively fancy, a strain of genuine erudition beneath his pedantry, and
+some sparks of insanity, are other elements in his fantastical
+character. Only a mind like his own could trace the maze of its windings
+and turnings, and fathom the depths of its eccentricity. In his thoughts
+"truth is constantly becoming interfused with fiction, possibility with
+certainty, and the hyperbolical extravagance of his style only keeps
+even pace with the prolific shootings of his imagination."[141]
+
+It is perhaps expected that one should, in a measure, apologize for the
+eccentricities of Urquhart's character and literary style, by explaining
+that he was a humourist. But, unfortunately, humour is a quality in
+which Urquhart was lacking, unless we understand by the word mere
+fantastical quaintness of thought and speech. In one passage of his
+works he speaks with contempt of "shallow-brained humourists,"[142] and
+we should wrong his ghost by putting him among those whom he abhorred.
+Not a single trace of that subtle, graceful play of fancy and of feeling
+which enters into our conception of humour is to be found in his
+works.[143] His readers may smile as they turn over his pages, but he
+is always in deadly earnest. The quality of wit he occasionally
+manifests in the form of keen sarcasm, when he gives full vent to his
+feelings of scorn and contempt; as when, for example, he describes those
+who went out to fight, "but did not hazard their precious persons, lest
+they should seem to trust to the arm of flesh."[144]
+
+He can never give a simple statement of matters of fact. Thus in his
+account of the Admirable Crichton, instead of saying that the rector of
+the university addressed a few complimentary sentences to Crichton, and
+that the latter replied in the same vein, he says: "In complements after
+this manner, _ultro citroque habitis_, tossed to and again, retorted,
+contrerisposted, backreverted, and now and then graced with a quip or a
+clinch for the better relish of the ear, being unwilling in this kind of
+straining curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a full half-hour and
+more."[145] Everything must be dressed up "with divers quaint and
+pertinent similes" before it is fit to be introduced to the reader's
+notice. To quote again from the most accomplished literary critic who
+has written upon him: "History, philosophy, science, literature are
+ransacked for illustrations of the commonest subject. His fancy is ever
+on the alert, and you are constantly surprised by some incongruous
+image, begotten in its wanton dalliance with knowledge the most
+heterogeneous. He has always an eye to effect. His own learning must be
+brought into play, rhetorical tropes must flourish through his periods,
+'suggesting to our minds two several things at once,' and, of course, as
+diverse as possible, that 'the spirits of such as are studious in
+learning may be filled with a most wonderful delight.'"[146] His style
+reacts upon and controls his thoughts, and often carries him, as
+Ariosto's Hippogriff carried Astolfo, up into the skies, whither those
+are unable to follow him who are mounted on humbler animals, or have no
+other means than those with which they were born for plodding along the
+dusty roads of earth.
+
+If we can trust the two engraved portraits of Sir Thomas Urquhart which
+have come down to us, he was a man of handsome presence, and accustomed
+to deck himself in all the splendour of costume to which so many of his
+brother-cavaliers were addicted. George Glover, the famous engraver,
+drew both the portraits of him which are extant. One of these appears as
+a frontispiece to the _Epigrams_ and to the _Trissotetras_. It is a
+small whole-length, and represents Sir Thomas in rich dress,[147]
+holding out his hand to receive from some allegorical personage a
+laurel wreath "for Armes and Artes."[148] On a table beside him are his
+hat and embroidered cloak. In the vacant spaces on each side of the
+upper part of the figure are his name and titles: "S^r Thomas Urchard,
+Knight, of Bray and Udol, etc., Baron of Ficherie and Clohorby, etc.,
+Laird Baron of Cromartie and Heritable Sheriff thereof, etc." The
+portrait is described as taken from the life, and engraved in 1641;[149]
+and beneath it is a couplet by W. S., as follows:
+
+    "Of him whose shape this Picture hath design'd,
+    Vertue and learning represent the Mind."
+
+Who W. S. was we do not know. The date forbids our identifying him with
+the Bard of Avon. He was probably one of those mysterious personages,
+who were always at hand to write epistles of commendation to works by
+Sir Thomas, and to testify on their "book-oath" to his gifts and graces.
+
+The second engraved portrait is of great rarity, and only one impression
+of it is known to be in existence. It was probably meant to be a
+frontispiece to the unpublished volume of Epigrams described on p. 116,
+the title of which was to have been _Apollo and the Muses_, but which
+never found its way into print. In this engraving Sir Thomas is depicted
+as seated with great complacency upon Mount Parnassus, in the midst of
+the Muses, seven of whom are pressing upon his attention wreaths of
+laurel of which he is worthy, "for Judgment, Learning, witt, Invention,
+sweetness, stile." At his feet is the sacred fountain of Castalia or
+Hippocrene, into the waters of which the other two Muses are sportively
+dipping "sprinklers" or asperges. One of them seems inclined to give Sir
+Thomas a sprinkling, but refrains, either because it was unnecessary or
+for fear of spoiling his nice clothes. In the background, the winged
+horse Pegasus is flying sufficiently low down to allow a woman to pluck
+a couple of feathers from his wings.[150] These are no doubt intended
+to provide pens for Sir Thomas's next literary undertaking. In the
+further distance are several feathered creatures, which are probably
+meant for poetical swans, but which bear a painful likeness to prosaic
+geese. At the foot of the picture in one corner we have Apollo, playing
+on his lyre; and on the ground in front are a half-starved dragon and a
+snake, writhing in impotent rage, as they witness the triumph of Sir
+Thomas. We can hardly be mistaken in concluding that these last are
+symbolical representations of envious and carping critics.
+
+[Illustration: The Poet surrounded by the Muses.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[97] _Antiquarian Notes_, by C. Fraser-Mackintosh, p. 156.
+
+[98] _Antiquarian Notes_, pp. 155-158; _History of the Clan Mackenzie_,
+by Alex. Mackenzie.
+
+[99] The enactment in question runs as follows:--"It being thought
+expedient by the said Committee that the house of Cromartie be put in a
+posture of defence, and that for the doing thereof it is requisite some
+faill [turf] be cast and led, the said Committee ordains all Sir James
+Fraser's tenants within the parochins [parishes] of Cromartie and
+Cullicudden, together with those of the Laird of Findrassie, within the
+parochin of Rosemarkie, to afford from six hours in the morning to six
+hours at night, one horse out of every oxengait [= about 13 Scotch
+acres] daily for the space of four days to lead the same faill to the
+house of Cromartie." Of this enemy, Sir James Fraser, our author
+remarked at a later time with regrettable bitterness, that he knew only
+one good thing about him, and that was that he was dead.
+
+[100] _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, vi. 392.
+
+[101] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, p. 220.
+
+[102] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, pp. 249, 250.
+
+[103] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, pp. 252-262.
+
+[104] Strangely enough, in Hope's _Anastasius_, a Tatar messenger
+travelling through Asia Minor to Constantinople is described as acting
+in the same insolent manner. "He would not," says Anastasius, "even
+after the daintiest meal in the world, forego the douceur he expected
+for what he used to call the wear and tear of his teeth" (ii. 320).
+
+[105] An account of the battle is given in a letter addressed by the
+victorious generals, Ker, Halket, and Strachan, to the Moderator of the
+Commission of Assembly, dated 9th May, 1649. In it they say: "We were in
+Innernes vpon Sunday at night, when we received intelligence that the
+enemie were come from Torespay to Balvine, presently to discusse ws
+(_sic_). We could not hear from the Livetennent-Generall [Lesley], and
+the enemy was making himselfe strong in many severall quarters in [the]
+countrie. We conceived it better to suppresse nor [than] to be
+suppressed. We in our weak maner beged the Lords direction, that His
+blissing might wait His owne and our labours, and, with great freedome
+concluded to march with all expedition to Torispay, intelligence having
+come certaine that they were lyeing in Balveine at a wood, where we
+engaged with them; and there the Lord delivered them vnto our hands. We
+were not abone six score fighting horsemen and tuelfe muskiteires. We
+had some more, but they were wearied. We have at this tyme about 800
+prisoners, betuixt 3 or 4 scoir killed, and tuo or thrie hundred fled.
+My Lord Rae and all the officers are, according to the capitulatioun,
+prisoners; the rest are to be conveyed to their countrey, after we
+receive order from the publick; and therefore we shall expect such
+further directions from you as you shall thinke fit, for securing and
+obliging, by oath, such as shall returne to their countrey" (_General
+Assembly Commission Records_, 1618-49, p. 263). There is a genuine
+Cromwellian ring about the phrases "beged the Lord's direction," and
+"the Lord delivered them vnto our hands," which we cannot help admiring;
+and there is a beauty of its own in the phrase "with great freedome" in
+the connection in which it stands.
+
+[106] Wardlaw MS.
+
+[107] The Commission of the General Assembly is each year nominated by
+that body, and is responsible to it, and is empowered to dispose of all
+items of business remitted to it, and to act in the interests of the
+Church during the months between the meeting of the Assembly which
+nominated them, and that to which they report their proceedings. They
+are authorised to meet on certain specific days, and oftener, when and
+where they think fit. The next General Assembly may reverse their
+sentences, if they have exceeded their powers, or have acted in any way
+which is considered prejudicial to the interests of the Church.
+
+[108] _General Assembly Records_, 1648-49, p. 264.
+
+[109] _General Assembly Records_, 1648-49, p. 270. The instructions
+given to the Commissioners suggest the process known to us in modern
+times as "rubbing it in" (the phrase is a technical one).
+
+[110] In March of the following year, 1650, occurred the descent of
+Montrose on the north of Scotland, which ended so disastrously for him.
+After spending a few weeks in the Orkneys, where he collected a few
+recruits, he landed in Caithness, and proceeded into Sutherland, where
+he suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Strachan and Halket, the
+generals who had successfully suppressed the insurrection in the north
+in the previous year. Montrose was taken prisoner, and was executed in
+Edinburgh, on Tuesday, 21st May, 1650.
+
+[111] Baillie's _Letters_ (Edinburgh, 1841), ii. 84.
+
+[112] Robert Douglas (1594-1674) had been chaplain to a brigade of
+Scottish auxiliaries, sent with the connivance of Charles I. to the aid
+of Gustavus Adolphus, in the Thirty Years' War. He was minister of the
+second charge of the High Church, Edinburgh, and then of the Tolbooth
+Church, and was five times Moderator of the General Assembly (1642,
+1645, 1647, 1649, and 1651). Wodrow says, "He was a great man for both
+great wit, and grace, and more than ordinary boldness and authority and
+awful majesty appearing in his very carriage and countenance." Burnet
+affirms that he had "much wisdom and thoughtfulness, but was very silent
+and of vast pride" (_Dictionary of Nat. Biog._ xv. 347).
+
+[113] _Works_, p. 279.
+
+[114] Carlyle's _Oliver Cromwell_, iii. 148.
+
+[115] Carlyle's _Oliver Cromwell_, iii. 154.
+
+[116] _Works_, p. 408.
+
+[117] _Cal. State Papers, Dom._
+
+[118] _Ibid._
+
+[119] _Works_, p. 408.
+
+[120] _Works_, p. 419. Roger Williams (c. 1600-c. 1684) was himself a
+remarkable man. He was a native of Wales, was educated at Oxford, and
+entered into holy orders; but his aversion to the government and
+discipline of the Church of England led him to seek for greater freedom
+in America. He was a strenuous asserter of religious toleration at a
+time when it was little understood and less practised anywhere. His
+liberty of thinking and speaking led to his being banished from
+Massachusetts; and, thereupon, he purchased a tract of land from the
+Indians, and founded a settlement, which he named Providence. At the
+time when he generously interceded in favour of Sir Thomas Urquhart, he
+was residing in London as the agent of the new settlement, of which he
+was afterwards chosen president. He was on intimate terms with Cromwell,
+Milton, and other leading Puritans, and consequently would be in a
+position to render great service to his friend Urquhart.
+
+[121] The leave granted was for five months from the 14th of July, 1652.
+Before the expiration of this time, Sir Thomas asked for liberty to stay
+for six weeks longer in Scotland, and this was granted (_Acts of
+Parliament_, vol. vi. pt. 2, p. 748_b_).
+
+[122] _Works_, p. 377.
+
+[123] _Ibid._ p. 378.
+
+[124] _Works_, p. 384.
+
+[125] _Ibid._ p. 380.
+
+[126] P. 37.
+
+[127] _Rabelais_, p. xiv.
+
+[128] _Cal. State Papers, Domestic_, 1660-61, p. 237.
+
+[129] In the preface to a new translation of Rabelais by W. F. Smith,
+Esq., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, some doubt is cast upon
+the above narrative of Sir Thomas's death. Mr Smith remarks, "This looks
+something like an imitation of Rabelais in his account of the death of
+Philemon." The reference is to the following passages in Rabelais, who
+alludes to the story no fewer than three times. In Book i. 10, we read:
+"Just so the heart with excessive joy is inwardly dilated, and suffereth
+a manifest resolution of the vital spirits, which may go so farre on,
+that it may thereby be deprived of its nourishment, and by consequence
+of life itself, by this Pericharie or extremity of gladnesse, as Galen
+saith ... and as it hath come to passe in former times ... to Philemon
+and others, who died with joy." In chap. xx. some more particulars are
+given of the case: "As Philemon, who, for seeing an asse eate those
+figs, which were provided for his own dinner, died with force of
+laughing." But in Book iv. 17, we are told the whole story: "[Neither
+ought you to wonder at] the death of Philomenes, whose servant, having
+got him some new figs for the first course of his dinner, whilst he went
+to fetch wine, a straggling ... ass got into the house, and, seeing the
+figs on the table, without further invitation, soberly fell to.
+Philomenes coming into the room, and nicely observing with what gravity
+the ass eat its dinner, said to his man, who was come back, 'Since thou
+hast set figs here for this reverend guest of ours to eat, methinks it
+is but reason thou also give him some of this wine to drink.' He had no
+sooner said this, but he was so excessively pleased, and fell into so
+exorbitant a fit of laughter, that the use of his spleen took that of
+his breath utterly away, and he immediately died." The story is taken
+from Lucian (μακροβιυι, c. 25) or from Valerius Maximus (ix. 12), in
+which in the Paris folio edition (1517) the name is given as Philomenes.
+There is undoubtedly a resemblance between the account of Philemon's
+death and that of our author, but we think it can only be accidental.
+The editor of the Edinburgh edition of the Tracts is, as I have said,
+our only authority for the story of Urquhart's death; but there is no
+adequate reason for doubting it. He seems to have been well versed in
+the history of the Urquhart family, which he brings up to date, and must
+have derived his information from some members of it. It would be
+strange if in little more than a century after our author's death, an
+utterly mythical account of it should have sprung up and found a place
+among the details of family history. According to Lowndes's
+_Bibliographer's Manual_, the editor of the volume was David Herd, the
+well-known antiquary. If this statement be correct, we have all the more
+reason to rely upon the supplementary information the volume contains,
+as Herd's acquaintance with Scottish history and biography was very
+extensive and accurate. In one of the _Notes Ambrosianæ_ (_Blackwood's
+Magazine_, September, 1832), a highly extravagant version is given of
+Urquhart's death. It is intended to be humorous, but is merely flat and
+silly. Only those can smile at it who have been trained up to believe
+that the _Notes_ contain exquisite humour, and who have, therefore, been
+accustomed to welcome passages from it as mirth-inspiring. The statement
+made in this mention of Urquhart, that his death was caused by excessive
+alcoholic celebration of the happy event of the Restoration, is utterly
+baseless and offensive; and it is a pity that in Allibone's _Dictionary_
+and in the _Dictionary of National Biography_ this article in
+_Blackwood's Magazine_ should be referred to as one of the sources of
+information concerning Urquhart. The author of it had not access to any
+other account of Sir Thomas's death than that given in the
+above-mentioned edition of the Tracts.
+
+[130] _Acts of Parliament_, vii. 70.
+
+[131] _Inverness Sasines._ The date when Sir Alexander Urquhart received
+knighthood seems to be approximately fixed by the fact that in a grant
+under the Privy Seal of 5th March, 1661, he is called Alexander, and in
+a notice of him of the 29th of the same month and year he appears as Sir
+Alexander (_Acts of Parliament_, vii. 93). From the fact that in this
+year the succession to the estates and hereditary Sheriffship of
+Cromartie were entered upon by his cousin Sir John Urquhart of
+Craigfintray, it was taken for granted by the editor of the Tracts
+(Edinburgh, 1774) that Sir Alexander had died. This error is repeated by
+Hugh Miller, and by most of those who have made any reference to him. He
+was still alive in 1667, for during that year he sold his salmon
+fishings in Over-rak and the King's Water to John Gordon (see also _Acts
+of Parliament_, vii. 537). He is spoken of as _quondam_ in a charter of
+certain lands which had belonged to him, 19th June, 1668. His cousin,
+Sir John Urquhart, received knighthood about the same time; at least he
+appears in Parliament as Sir John, 1st January, 1661 (_Acts of
+Parliament_, vii. 4).
+
+[132] "There was the Bluidy Advocate Mackenyie, who, for his worldly wit
+and wisdom, had been to the rest as a god" ("Wandering Willie's Tale"
+_Redgauntlet_, chap. xi.).
+
+[133] There is said to have been some tragedy in connection with the
+death of this Sir John Urquhart. According to Wodrow, as quoted by Hugh
+Miller, after having posed as an ultra-Presbyterian, he became the
+friend and counsellor of the Earl of Middleton, Charles II.'s
+Commissioner for Scotland, under whom Presbyterianism was overturned and
+Episcopacy set up in its place (1661). Tradition says that "about eleven
+years after the passing of the Act, he fell into a deep melancholy, and
+destroyed himself with his own sword in one of the apartments of the old
+castle. The sword, it is said, was flung into a neighbouring draw-well
+by one of the domestics, and the stain left by his blood on the walls
+and floor of the apartment was distinctly visible at the time the
+building was pulled down" (_Scenes and Legends of the North of
+Scotland_, p. 111). Tradition is wrong, however, in saying eleven years
+after 1661; for on August 7th, 1677, Sir John, along with others,
+received a commission "for putting the laws against conventicles and
+other disorders into execution" (_Wodrow_, ii. p. 366).
+
+[134] On the death of Jonathan's son, Colonel James Urquhart, in 1741,
+the shadowy honour of the headship of the family passed to the Urquharts
+of Meldrum, who were descended from the Tutor of Cromartie by a third
+marriage with Elizabeth Seton, only daughter of Alexander Seton of
+Meldrum, and ultimately heiress of that estate. The last male
+representative of this line was Major Beauchamp Colclough Urquhart, who
+closed a promising career by a heroic death at the battle of Atbara, in
+the Sudan, on 8th April, 1898. His sister, Isabel Annie, is wife of
+Garden Alexander Duff, Esq., Hatton Castle, Turriff.
+
+[135] See p. 58.
+
+[136] Pococke, in his _Tour through Scotland_ (1761), says of the castle
+of Cromartie: "It has fallen into the hands of one Mr Urquhart, who had
+commanded a Spanish Gally, and died a Convert to Popery; which slip his
+son, now eighteen years old, has in some degree recovered, by conforming
+to the Church of England" (p. 176; _Scottish History Society_).
+
+[137] In the old Statistical Account of Cromartie, and in the preface to
+the Maitland Club edition of Urquhart's Works, the estate is said to
+have passed into the hands of Sir William Pulteney.
+
+[138] Mr Ross is mentioned in the _Letters_ of Junius (see those of 29th
+November and 12th December, 1769). He was succeeded by his nephew, from
+whom the present proprietor of Cromartie, Major Walter Charteris Ross,
+is descended.
+
+[139] Our Sir Thomas's memory should be cherished by defenders of the
+name and fame of Mary Queen of Scots, for he goes so far as to say that
+"ignorance, together with hypocrisie, usury, oppression, and iniquity,
+took root in these parts [Scotland], when uprightness, plain-dealing,
+and charity, with Astrœa, took their flight with Queen Mary of Scotland
+into England." Probably few of her admirers would be so daring as to
+assert this, though many of them doubtless would be glad to hear the
+assertion made.
+
+[140] We take the liberty of extracting those few sentences from the
+letter of a friend, who has taken great interest in the execution of
+this work;--"Sir Thomas would have been an original character in almost
+any surroundings--a kind of literary Quixote, with what may be called a
+'parenthetical' genius, branching off at every comma into the fresh
+images furnished by a teeming imagination. He was more than a translator
+of Rabelais--he seems to have been a kind of Rabelais himself."
+
+[141] Sir Theodore Martin, _Rabelais_, p. xix.
+
+[142] See p. 28.
+
+[143] A different opinion is expressed in the preface to W. Harrison
+Ainsworth's capital novel of _Crichton_. "Sir Thomas," he says, "is a
+joyous spirit--a right Pantagruelist; and if he occasionally
+
+         'Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba,'
+
+he has an exuberance of wit and playfulness of fancy that amply redeem
+his tendency to fanfaronade." Our readers have abundance of material
+before them for coming to a decision upon this question.
+
+[144] See p. 85.
+
+[145] _Works_, p. 226.
+
+[146] Sir Theodore Martin, _Rabelais_, p. xx.
+
+[147] In Granger's _Biographical Dictionary_ (1779), this portrait is
+described erroneously, as Sir Thomas Urquhart is said in it to be
+dressed in armour. Probably the description was given from memory. In
+the second volume of Bohn's edition of _Rabelais_, the frontispiece is a
+half-length portrait of the translator, evidently reproduced from the
+above. The effect, however, is highly disagreeable, and the likeness
+must have produced an unfavourable opinion of our author in the minds of
+most of those who have looked upon it.
+
+[148] In this engraving, which is our frontispiece, the Greek
+inscription runs thus: τοις σε πεμψασιυ και προστατασιυ ειχαριστω, and
+means, "_I thank those who sent you and gave the order_." These words
+are, of course, addressed to the messenger who has been commissioned by
+the Muses to convey the wreath to Sir Thomas. Above the wreath itself is
+an obscure phrase--Mουσαρυ[μ] στόλοϛ--which is evidently a mixture of
+Latin and Greek, musarum στολοϛ (=ἀπόστολοϛ?), "_messenger of the
+muses_." It may, however, be that στολος is to be taken as "_equipment_"
+or "_decoration_," as referring to the wreath. The courage with which
+Greek and Latin forms are mixed up, and an old word despatched on its
+way with a new meaning, of which this brief phrase gives evidence, is
+highly characteristic of Cromartian Greek. For further illustration of
+the peculiarities of this local variety or Hellenic speech, see p. 149.
+
+[149] Sir Thomas, therefore, claims by anticipation the titles of Baron
+and Sheriff, which were afterwards to be his.
+
+[150] This use of the quills is referred to in the following passage in
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Epigrams_ (MS.):--
+
+                   "The Invocation to Clio.
+                           Book 2.
+
+    Wench wholly martial, to whose inspiration
+    The Colophonian Pöet ow'd his skill:
+    Let my verse merit no Lesse estimation,
+    Then [than] if the point of a Pegasid quill,
+        Dip'd in the sacred fontain Caballine,
+        Character'd the Impression of each Line."
+
+The "Colophonian Poet" is--"not to put too fine a point upon it"--Homer,
+who, according to some, was born at Colophos, in Asia Minor. The phrase
+"Pegasid quill" in this passage strengthens our opinion that this second
+portrait of Sir Thomas, which we give here, was intended to be a
+frontispiece to a second volume of poems. The similarity of diction
+between this "Invocation" and the speeches of Ancient Pistol is very
+great.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER IV
+
+             EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL, AND THE
+                         TRISSOTETRAS
+
+In 1641, Sir Thomas Urquhart published his first work--a volume of
+poems, entitled "EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL,"[151] and dedicated to the
+Marquis of Hamilton. The poems are divided into three books, two of
+which contain forty-five epigrams, while the third contains forty-four.
+Most of them are in iambic pentameters, and are for the greater part
+sextets in form; but though the versification is occasionally smooth,
+these compositions do little credit to the Muse who inspired them. They
+are, without an exception, pointless; and an epigram without a point is
+about as useless and exasperating as a needle without one.[152] It is
+somewhat remarkable that in his prose compositions the imagination of
+Sir Thomas seems quite unfettered, while in his poems it is under some
+such restraining influence as a strait-waistcoat is said to exercise
+upon a certain class of patients.
+
+A wild legend, the origin of which is unknown, but which is utterly
+baseless, asserts that Urquhart "was laureated poet at Paris before he
+was three and twenty years of age."[153] We could hardly conceive of any
+responsible authorities being so far "left to themselves" as to do a
+deed like this. The story may be either the misapplication to Urquhart
+of some vague tradition of one of the feats of his hero, the Admirable
+Crichton, or of what he himself has actually recorded of the poet,
+Arthur Johnston.[154]
+
+A modern critic, who has given Urquhart a full measure of praise, finds
+himself unable to say a word in favour of his poems. "This slender
+volume," he remarks, "gives not the slightest promise of talent. Its
+stanzas are indistinguished and indistinguishable. There is no reason
+why anyone should have written them, but, on the other hand, there is no
+reason why anyone should not. They express the usual commonplaces: the
+inevitableness of death, and the worth of endeavour. A mildly Horatian
+sentiment is dressed up in the tattered rags of Shakespearianism, and
+the surprise is that the author, whose prose is restrained by no
+consideration of sound or sense, should have deemed it worth while to
+print so tame a collection of exercises."[155]
+
+A favourable specimen of the _Epigrams_ is the following from the first
+book:--
+
+     "HOW DIFFICULT A THING IT IS TO TREAD IN THE PATHES
+                          OF VERTUE.
+
+    "The way to vertue's hard, uneasie, bends
+    Aloft, being full of steep and rugged alleys;
+    For never one to a higher place ascends,
+    That always keeps the plaine, and pleasant valleyes:
+        And reason in each human breast ordaines
+        That precious things be purchased with paines."
+
+Or take this from the opposite page:--
+
+           "WHEN A TRUE FRIEND MAY BE BEST KNOWNE.
+
+    "As the glow-worme shines brightest in the darke
+    And frankincense smells sweetest in the fire;
+    So crosse adventures make us best remarke
+    A sincere friend from a dissembled lyer;
+        For some, being friends to our prosperity,
+        And not to us, when it failes, they decay."
+
+The fault of obscurity, of which the poet Browning has been accused,
+could not be laid to the charge of Sir Thomas Urquhart. Nor can it be
+said of him that he neglects truths that are obvious, and occupies
+himself in discovering and bringing forward those that are recondite.
+The sentiments to which he gives utterance seem those which
+spontaneously occur to the average mind; on reading the subject of the
+poem, as given in the title, and then the poem itself, we think
+
+               "A said whot a owt to 'a said,"
+
+and we come away without any feverish mental agitation or accelerated
+movement of pulse.[156]
+
+The sentiments which, from his own account, had, on more occasions than
+one, filled his mind, are expressed in the piece entitled "THE GENEROUS
+SPEECH OF A NOBLE CAVALLIER AFTER HE HAD DISARMED HIS ADVERSARY AT THE
+SINGLE COMBAT." They are as follows:--
+
+    "Though with my raper, for the guerdon
+    Your fault deserveth, I may pierce ye,
+    Your penitence in craving pardon,
+    Transpassions my revenge in mercy;
+        And wills me both to end this present strife,
+        And give you leave in peace t' enjoy your life."
+
+Another Epigram, which one critic regards as Urquhart's _chef d'œuvre_
+in this kind of composition, is the following:--
+
+    "Take _man_ from _woman_, all that she can show
+    Of her own proper, is nought else but _wo_."[157]
+
+In a letter of commendation prefixed to his next work, _The
+Trissotetras_, Sir Thomas Urquhart says of himself: "This Mathematicall
+tractate doth no lesse bespeak him a good Poet and Orator, then [than]
+by his elaboured poems he hath showne himselfe already a good
+Philosopher and Mathematician." This self-criticism is all that could be
+desired. A work on mathematics that proves an author's possession of
+poetical and rhetorical gifts, and a volume of poetry which leads one to
+think that the singer is an accomplished mathematician, are gifts with
+which the world is but seldom favoured, and as it is likely that their
+merits will not instantly be observed, the zeal of the author in calling
+our attention to them is by no means unnecessary. But when he goes on to
+say, still speaking of himself in the third person, "The Muses never yet
+inspired sublimer conceptions in a more refined stile then [than] is to
+be found in the accurate strain of his most ingenious Epigrams," we feel
+that he is less felicitous. His first shot has hit the blank, but the
+second is wide of the target altogether.
+
+In his dedication of the volume to "the Marquis of Hamilton, Earle of
+Arren and Cambridge, etc.," he describes its contents as "but flashes of
+wit." A modern reader will probably, however, be inclined to think that
+this modest opinion of them is far too flattering. At times there is a
+faint suggestion of a possible gleam of brightness, but this is
+instantly followed by Egyptian darkness, and one is reminded of a
+revolving light that has somehow gone wrong.
+
+The volume closes with the somewhat liturgical formula, "Here end the
+first three Bookes of Sir Thomas Vrchard's Epigrams," and with a
+doxology, the latter being almost the only trace of matter in it to
+justify the use of "Divine" in the title. The author was evidently
+prepared to go on with more "bookes" of the kind, if he got any
+encouragement from publishers or public, but, probably, both thought it
+about time for him to stop. The fact that, in five years after this
+volume of poems had appeared, a second edition should apparently have
+been brought out, would seem at first to indicate that there must have
+been some little run upon the _Epigrams_. But the truth of the matter
+is, that one "William Leake" had evidently got the "remainder," and
+issued them in 1646 with a new title-page.
+
+In the Introductory Notice to Sir Theodore Martin's edition of Rabelais,
+some information is given concerning a folio volume of unpublished
+Epigrams by Urquhart, which is still in existence.[158] It consists of
+ten books, called after Apollo and the Muses, each containing 110
+Epigrams, except the last, which has 113. The MS. is dedicated to the
+Marquis of Hamilton; but, in addition to this, each book has a separate
+dedication to some one of the author's political associates or friends.
+The persons thus honoured are the Marquis of Huntly, the Earl of
+Arundel, the Earl of Northumberland, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of
+Dorset, the Earl of Holland, the Earl of Newcastle, the Earl of
+Stafford, Lord Craven, and Lord Gaurin (Gowran). According to the custom
+of that time, the reader finds his progress barred by several prefaces,
+respectively named, in this instance, as the "Isagoge," or
+"Introduction," the "Premonition," and the "Prolog," and cannot get away
+without a "Corollarie," an "Animadversion," several extra leaves of
+verses, "A Table for the more easie finding out of such Epigrams as
+treat of one subject," an "Index," and a "List of proper names." For one
+of these latter he has reason to be grateful to Sir Thomas, for the
+"Index" is a glossary of "the harshest and most difficult words
+contained in the preceding Epigrams."
+
+[Illustration: Fac-simile of Sir Thomas Urquhart's handwriting
+considerably reduced.]
+
+The general character of the unpublished Epigrams does not seem to be
+higher than that of those which have seen the light of day, and
+consequently there is little likelihood of any anxiety being expressed
+by the general public for a sight of them. Some of them also are of a
+sportive turn, and are more in accordance with the standard of taste and
+manners which prevailed in the middle of the seventeenth century than
+with that, of our own day. From the "Animadversion" it seems that
+Urquhart "contryved, blocked, and digested these eleven hundred epigrams
+in a thirteen weeks tyme." This surely breaks the record in the matter
+of speed in producing epigrams. Had the results been better, one would
+have had more pleasure in supporting Sir Thomas against all-comers.
+
+The second literary venture made by Sir Thomas Urquhart was the
+publication of a scientific work, entitled "THE TRISSOTETRAS"[159]--a
+treatise which professed to simplify trigonometry. Yet, notwithstanding
+the statement on the title-page that the new method of working problems
+in that department of mathematical science would be found invaluable by
+soldiers, sailors, architects, astronomers, and others, the volume seems
+to have dropped at once into the depths of oblivion, without even having
+produced a ripple upon the surface of the waters. No one is known to
+have read it or to have been able to read it. Lord Bacon, indeed, says
+that things solid and weighty are drowned in the river of time, while
+things that are light and blown-up are carried down by its current.[160]
+A very comfortable theory would this be for those of us who write books
+that are found unreadable and drop at once out of notice, if only some
+trustworthy person could be found who would certify to the truth of Lord
+Bacon's assertion.
+
+The editor of the Maitland Club edition of Sir Thomas Urquhart's Works
+has some qualms of conscience about reprinting this treatise. With a
+touch of humour, which only true Philistines will fully appreciate, he
+says that some apology may appear necessary, _even to an Antiquarian
+Club_,[161] for reprinting a work apparently so unintelligible and
+useless; and accordingly he shelters himself behind the opinion of Mr
+Wallace, the Professor of Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh at
+that time (1834). "I have," says Mr Wallace, who had been asked to
+examine the work, "looked at Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Trissotetras_, but I
+hardly know what to think of it. The book is not absolute nonsense, but
+is written in a most unintelligible way,[162] and so as never book was
+written before nor since. On this account it is truly a literary
+curiosity. There appears to have been a perverted ingenuity exercised in
+writing it, and I imagine that, with some patience, the author's plan
+might be understood, but I doubt if any man would take the trouble; for,
+after he had overcome the difficulty, there is nothing to reward his
+labour. I presume the object of the author was to fix the rules of
+Trigonometry in the memory, but no writer since his time has adopted his
+invention. Indeed, I do not observe the least mention of his book in the
+history of mathematical science. Yet, for his time, he seems not to have
+been a bad mathematician. Urquhart speaks in terms of great praise of
+Napier, yet not greater than he deserved. I infer from this that he was
+well acquainted with the subject as then known. The book in question is
+certainly a _curious_, if not a valuable relic of Scottish genius in
+the olden time, and it is a good specimen of the pedantry and fantastic
+taste of the Author. If, therefore, by reprinting his works, it be
+intended to give a true portraiture of him, _The Trissotetras_ should on
+that account, and I see no better reason, again pass through the
+press."[163]
+
+The volume is dedicated "To the right honourable and most noble lady, my
+dear and loving mother, the Lady Dowager of Cromartie." The "Epistle
+Dedicatory" is couched in the high-flown language which others would
+have had difficulty in concocting, but which seems to flow with ease
+from the lips of Sir Thomas. "Thus, Madam," he says, "unto you doe I
+totally belong; but so as that those exteriour parts of mine, which by
+birth are from your Ladiship derived, cannot be more fortunate in this
+their subjection, notwithstanding the egregious advantages of bloud and
+consanguinity thereby to them accruing, then [than] my selfe am happy,
+as from my heart I doe acknowledge it, in the just right your Ladiship
+hath to the eternall possession of the never-dying powers of my soule."
+The following passage from the same "Epistle" reminds one of the
+adulatory terms in which Sir Walter Raleigh and Spenser addressed Queen
+Elizabeth: "By vertue of your beloved society, your neighbouring
+Countesses, and other great dames of your kindred and acquaintance,
+become more illustrious in your imitation [_i.e._ in imitation of you];
+amidst whom, as Cynthia amongst the obscurer planets, your Ladiship
+shines, and darteth the angelick rayes of your matchlesse example on
+the spirits of those who by their good Genius have been brought into
+your favourable presence to be enlightened by them." The concluding
+passage in his Dedication is still more remarkable: "I will here," he
+says, "in all submission, most humbly take my leave of your Ladiship,
+and beseech Almighty God that it may please his Divine Majesty so to
+blesse your Ladiship with continuance of dayes, that the sonnes or those
+whom I have not as yet begot, may attaine to the happinesse of
+presenting unto your Ladiship a braine-babe of more sufficiencie and
+consequence."[164]
+
+The ordinary reader who looks into the volume cannot fail to be appalled
+by the new and mysterious terms with which its pages are crowded. Words
+like "proturgetick," "quadrobiquadræquation," "sindiforall,"
+"eathetobasall," "loxogonosphericall," and "zetetick," are freely used,
+and many others equally hard and thorny. Even the author himself finds
+it necessary to append to the work a glossary, containing an explanation
+of a number of the words of which he had made use. "Being certainly
+perswaded," he says, "that a great many good spirits [_i.e._ worthy
+souls] ply Trigonometry that are not versed in the learned tongues, I
+thought fit for their encouragement to subjoyne here the explication of
+the most important of those Greek and Latin termes, which for the more
+efficacy of expression I have made use of in this Treatise."[165]
+
+In some cases, however, the "explication," instead of dispelling the
+darkness, only renders it more visible, as when, _e.g._, we are told
+that "_cathetobasall_ is said of the concordances of loxogonosphericall
+moods, in the datas of the perpendicular and the base, for finding out
+of the maine quæsitum." "_Inversionall_," we are told, "is said of the
+concordances of those moods which agree in the manner of their
+inversion; that is, in placing the second and fourth termes of the
+analogy, together with their indowments, in the roomes of the first and
+third, and contrariwise." Probably only those who are able to follow the
+statement that "_oppoverticall_ is said of those moods which have a
+catheteuretick concordance in their datas of the same cathetopposites
+and verticall angles," will be qualified to give an intelligent assent
+to the statement that "_sindiforall_ is said of those moods the fourth
+terme of whose analogie is onely illatitious to the maine
+quæsitum."[166]
+
+Besides the Epistle of Dedication to the author's mother, there are two
+Epistles and some Latin verses addressed to the reader. The former of
+these last-mentioned Epistles is signed by Sir Thomas, and consists of a
+glowing tribute of respect to Napier, the inventor of logarithms. "To
+write of Trigonometry," he says, "and not make mention of the
+illustrious Lord Neper[167] of Marchiston, the inventer of Logarithms,
+were to be unmindfull of him that is our daily benefactor; these
+artificiall numbers by him first excogitated and perfected, being of
+such incomparable use,[168] that by them we may operate more in one day,
+and with lesse danger of errour, then [than] can be done without them in
+the space of a whole week; a secret which would have beene so precious
+to antiquity that Pythagoras, all the seven wise men of Greece,
+Archimedes, Socrates, Plato, Euclid, and Aristotle, had, if coævals,
+joyntly adored him, and unanimously concurred to the deifying of the
+revealer of so great a mystery." He concludes with the splendid sentence
+that Napier's "immortall fame, in spite of time, will out-last all ages,
+and look eternity in the face."[169]
+
+The second Epistle to the reader is of a very startling kind. It
+professes to be by some one whose initials are J. A., and it is written
+in commendation of the book and its author, but there can be no doubt
+that it is the production of Sir Thomas himself. He could no more
+disguise his style of writing than Sir Piercie Shafton could lay aside
+his Euphuistic English. After reading the laudatory sentences bestowed
+upon the inventor of logarithms, it is very amusing to find J. A.
+remarking of Sir Thomas Urquhart, that "the praise he hath beene pleased
+to confer on the learned and honourable Neper, doth, without any
+diminution, in every jot as duly belong unto himselfe."[170] As all our
+author's eulogies are constructed on a vast scale, it is not surprising
+to read that the new method of measuring triangles, as compared with the
+old, is like the sea-journey between the Pillars of Hercules ("commonly
+called the Straits of Gibraltar"), as compared with the land-journey
+from the one to the other. In the one case, we have a short voyage of
+not more than six hours' sail; in the other case, a walk of some seven
+thousand long miles. The two concluding paragraphs of the Epistle are
+so extraordinary and so characteristic of our author, that we must be
+allowed to quote them at length.
+
+"The secret unfolded in the following book," says J. A., "is so
+precious, that [the author's] countrey and kindred would not have been
+more honoured by him had he purchased [procured] millions of gold, and
+severall rich territories of a great and vast extent, then [than] for
+this subtile and divine invention, which will out-last the continuance
+of any inheritance, and remaine fresh in the understandings of men of
+profound literature, when houses and possessions will change their
+owners, the wealthy become poor, and the children of the needy enjoy the
+treasures of those whose heires are impoverished. Therefore, seeing for
+the many-fold uses thereof in divers arts and sciences, in speculation
+and practice, peace and war, sport and earnest, with the admirable
+furtherances we reape by it in the knowledge of sea and land, and heaven
+and earth, it cannot be otherwise then [than] permanent, together with
+the Author's fame, so long as any of those endure; I will, God willing,
+in the ruines of all these, and when time it selfe is expired, in
+testimony of my thankfulnesse in particular for so great a benefit, if
+after the resurrection there be any complementall [complimentary]
+affability, expresse myselfe then as I doe now, The Author's most
+affectionate, and most humbly devoted servant, J.A."[171]
+
+Why our author should have resorted to this device for recommending
+himself and his book, we cannot tell. Perhaps he felt that some strong
+affirmations were needed in the case. Probably he agreed with the old
+saying that, if you wish work to be thoroughly done, you had better do
+it yourself. The moral aspect of the matter we leave in the hands of our
+readers for discussion.
+
+In five Latin elegiac couplets of a very neat and polished kind,
+Alexander Ross[172] recommends _The Trissotetras_ to the reader, and
+assures the author that Scotia, whom by his writings he was exalting to
+the stars, looked down upon him with a benignant smile. Ross himself is
+now only known to most of us from the mention made of him in _Hudibras_,
+in the well-known passage--
+
+    "There was an ancient sage philosopher
+    Who had read Alexander Ross over."
+
+It is to be feared that Alexander Ross had not performed the same feat
+with regard to Sir Thomas Urquhart's treatise; for his verses[173] would
+have been equally appropriate if the subject of them had been a
+flying-machine or a water-tricycle invented by his friend.
+
+At the end of the glossary in which the hardest words in _The
+Trissotetras_ are explained, the author addresses a word in season to
+the persons into whose hands his book may fall. He expects that "learned
+and judicious mathematicians" will welcome it, and he promises them more
+of the same kind. His dignified attitude towards carping critics is very
+impressive. "But as for such," he says, "who, either understanding it
+not, or vain-gloriously being accustomed to criticise on the works of
+others, will presume to carp therein at what they cannot amend, I pray
+God to illuminate their judgments and rectifie their wits, that they may
+know more and censure lesse; for so by forbearing detraction, the venom
+whereof must needs reflect upon themselves, they will come to approve
+better of the endeavours of those that wish them no harme."[174]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[151] "EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL. _By Sir Thomas Urchard, Knight._
+London: Printed by Barnard Alsop and Thomas Fawcet, in the Yeare 1641."
+
+[152] It is only fair, however, to Urquhart to remember that his idea of
+an Epigram was probably different from ours. In modern times point or
+"bite" is regarded as essential to such kind of compositions. The
+original idea of them was that they should contain a single distinct
+thought, and be brief enough to serve as inscriptions.
+
+[153] Granger's _Biographical History_, iii, 160.
+
+[154] _Works_, p. 263.
+
+[155] Charles Whibley, _New Review_, July 1897.
+
+[156] A school-girl once wrote in a copy of _Moral Tales_, which she
+used for her Italian lessons, that they were "moral to the last degree."
+The same may be said of Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Moral Epigrams_.
+
+[157] This reminds one of Alice's subtraction sum. "Take a bone from a
+dog. What remains?... The dog's temper would remain" (_Through the
+Looking-Glass_, chap. ix.). A somewhat different and more sombre turn of
+thought than the above was suggested to Southey's Dr Dove by the
+resemblance between the words. "_Woman_," he says, "evidently meaning
+either _man's woe_--or abbreviated from _woe to man_, because by woman
+was woe brought into the world" (_The Doctor_, chap. ccviii.).
+
+[158] The title is as follows:--"_Ten Books of Epigrams: the Curiositie
+whereof, for Conception, stile, instruction, and Other mixtures of show
+and substance, being no lesse fruitfull then [than] pleasing to the
+diligent Peruser, are entitled_ APOLLO _and the_ MUSES. _Written by the
+Right Worshipfull_ SIR THOMAS URCHARD, _Knight_." The volume is now in
+the possession of Professor Ferguson, of Glasgow University. From it our
+specimen of his handwriting is taken.
+
+[159] The title-page, according to the custom of the time, gives a
+somewhat elaborate account of the contents of the volume. It runs as
+follows:--"THE TRISSOTETRAS; Or, _A most Exquisite Table_ for Resolving
+all manner of Triangles, whether plain or sphericall, Rectangular or
+Obliquangular, with greater facility, then [than] ever hitherto hath
+been practised: Most necessary for all such as would attaine to the
+exact knowledge of Fortification, Dyaling, Navigation, Surveying,
+Architecture, the Art of Shadowing, taking of Heights and Distances, the
+use of both the Globes, Perspective, the skill of making Maps, the
+Theory of the Planets, the calculating of their motions, and all other
+Astronomicall Computations whatsoever. Now lately invented, and
+perfected, explained, commented on, and, with all possible brevity and
+perspicuity, in the hiddest and most researched mysteries, from the very
+first grounds of the Science it selfe, proved, and convincingly
+demonstrated. By Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight. Published for
+the benefit of those that are mathematically affected. _London_, Printed
+by James Young. 1645."
+
+[160] _Advancement of Learning._
+
+[161] The italics are ours.
+
+[162] Sir Theodore Martin remarks that this conclusion nearly resembles
+that of Socrates, upon being asked his opinion of the book of Heraclitus
+the Obscure. "Those things," he said, "which I understood were
+excellent; I imagine so were those I understood not; but they require a
+diver of Delos" (_Rabelais_, p. xviii.).
+
+[163] _Works_, p. xvi.
+
+[164] _Works_, pp. 55-57.
+
+[165] _Ibid._ p. 131.
+
+[166] The author of the above sentences is one of the very few persons
+in history or fiction known to us who would have been qualified to join
+in the conversation of the pleasant company in Illyria, when they began
+"to speak of Pigrogromitus, and of the Vapians passing the equinoctial
+of Queubus" (_Twelfth Night_, Act II. Sc. iii.)--the allusion to which
+has caused so many German commentators on Shakespeare to spend sleepless
+nights in their libraries.
+
+[167] John Napier, of Merchiston (1550-1617), who published his
+invention in 1614. Our author calls him Lord Napier, but we are to
+understand the title as simply equivalent to "_laird_." He calls himself
+on one of his title-pages _Baro Merchistonii_, but that phrase is merely
+the designation of the superior of a barony, or lord of a manor. In the
+old Scottish Parliament men of this rank sat as "_lesser barons_."
+
+[168] The subject of logarithms is perhaps one of those things which the
+ordinary render might safely be presumed to know something about. In
+these days of higher education for women, it would be an act of
+impertinence to provide information on this point for that class of our
+readers. The following explanations are, therefore, intended for those
+members of the inferior sex whose education on the mathematical side has
+been neglected. The idea of logarithms arose in the mind of Napier from
+the wish to simplify the processes of multiplication and division, by
+making addition and subtraction take their place. To effect this,
+connect together a series of numbers increasing by arithmetical
+progression with a series increasing by multiplication or by
+mathematical progression.
+
+ Thus: 0.  1.    5.  32.    10.  1024.
+       1.  2.    6.  64.    11.  2048.
+       2.  4.    7. 128.    12.  4096.
+       3.  8.    8. 256.    13.  8192.
+       4. 16.    9. 512.    14. 16384.
+
+To multiply, say, 64 by 256, that is to find the products of the 6th and
+8th powers of 2, we must take the (6+8)th or 14th power, which from the
+table is 16384. To divide 8192 by 256, or the 13th power of 2 by the
+8th, we must take the (13-8)th or 5th power, which from the table is 32.
+By means of this principle calculations can by made by persons whose
+business it is to do so, and stored up apart for use. The vast saving to
+mental labour by this simple and beautiful adjustment of numbers may be
+estimated by a glance at any collection of tables of logarithms. In a
+science like astronomy, progress would be terribly impeded if
+calculations had to be conducted by the ordinary methods.
+
+[169] _Works_, p. 59.
+
+[170] _Ibid._ p. 61.
+
+[171] _Works_, p. 63.
+
+[172] Alexander Ross (1590-1654) was a believer in centaurs and
+griffins, in nations of giants and pygmies, and also, of course, in
+witches. In short, a pretty accurate statement of his intellectual creed
+might be constructed by turning into the articles of a confession of
+faith the list of "Vulgar Errors" controverted by Sir Thomas Browne. It
+is interesting to know that he was probably the last person in Scotland
+who heard the voice of the water-kelpie. "One day," he says, "travelling
+before day with some company near the river Don in Aberdeen, we heard a
+great noise and voices calling to us. I was going to answer, but was
+forbid by my company, who told me they were spirits, who never are heard
+there but before the death of somebody; which fell out too true, for the
+next day a gallant gentleman was drowned, with his horse offering to
+swim over" (Quoted in _Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen_, by J. Bruce).
+
+[173] They begin--
+
+    "Si cupis ætherios tutò peragrare meatus,
+    Et sulcare audes si vada salsa maris," etc.
+
+A friend, who knows
+
+         "Himself to sing and build the lofty rhyme,"
+
+has given me the following metrical translation of Ross's verses:--
+
+    "Wouldst thou in safety trace ethereal ways,
+    Or plough with daring keel the briny deep;
+    Shouldst thou earth's wide expanses long to span,
+    Come hither, make this learned book thine own.
+    By it, without Dædalian wings, canst fly,
+    And without Neptune, through the depths canst swim;
+    By it thou canst subdue the Lybian heat,
+    And bear the cruel cold of Scythian skies.
+    On, Thomas! Scotia, whom unto the stars
+    Thy writings raise, will yet rejoice in thee."
+
+[174] _Works_, p. 146. _N.B._--The attention of professional critics is
+respectfully directed to the above passage.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER V
+
+               ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ, OR THE PEDIGREE
+
+One of the most characteristic of Sir Thomas Urquhart's works is his
+ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ: or, A Peculiar PROMPTUARY of TIME.[175] This contains a
+complete pedigree of the Urquhart family from the creation of the world
+down to the year A.D. 1652. Prefixed to it is a letter to the reader by
+"a well-wisher," whose initials are G. P., into whose hands the pedigree
+had fallen by mere chance, and who had thought himself bound in duty to
+the public to see it safely through the press. According to the
+statements of this disinterested philanthropist, the work in question
+was but one of a large number of papers of very great importance,
+forming part of the author's baggage, which he had to abandon after the
+battle of Worcester. It is the habit, we know, of impecunious and
+importunate wayfarers to carry about with them documents of interest to
+which they solicit attention; but why a man in Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+position should have gone on a campaign, encumbered by various
+unpublished works in manuscript, it is difficult to say. Perhaps the
+simplest explanation is that he was different from other people.
+
+The soldiers of Cromwell, we were told, made but light of this portion
+of the enemy's baggage, after "the fatal blowe given to the Royal party
+at Worcester"; indeed, but for "a surpassing honest and civil officer of
+Colonel Pride's regiment," the pedigree of the Urquharts would have been
+used by "a file of musquettiers to afford smoak to their pipes of
+tobacco."[176]
+
+The fame of Sir Thomas as an author and as a soldier moved G. P., as he
+tells us, to commit this treatise to the press. With considerable
+ingenuity he remarks that, though the author is now in prison as a
+Royalist, he understands that his position is by no means "so desperate
+as that he thereby will be much endangered." If any doubt up to this
+point existed as to who G. P. might be, it is set at rest by the terms
+in which he pleads for favourable conditions being granted to the
+prisoner. "It is humbly desired," he says, "and, as I believe, from the
+hearts of all that are acquainted with him, that the greatest State in
+the world stain not their glory by being the Atropos to cut the thred of
+that which Saturne's sithe hath not been able to mow in the progress of
+all former ages, especially in the person of him whose inward abilities
+are like to produce effects conducible to the State of as long
+continuance for the future."[177] Only Sir Thomas Urquhart himself had
+the secret of what we may call the "spacious" manner of self-eulogy,
+which by its very grandeur seems lifted up above all such petty feelings
+as pride or vanity.
+
+The concluding passage in the address to the reader is also worth
+quoting, as it illustrates the magnanimous spirit in which the captive
+deprecates severity towards himself on the ground of the injury which
+would thereby redound to the State. "Considering," it says, "how
+formerly he hath been a Mæcenas to the scholar, a patron to the
+souldier, a favourer of the marchant, a protector of the artificer, and
+upholder of the yeoman, it were a thousand pities that by the austerity
+of a State, which dependeth in both its _esse_ and _bene esse_ upon the
+flourishing of these worthy professions, effects so advantagious
+thereto, should, by not conferring deserved courtesies on him, be
+extinguished in the very brood."[178]
+
+In the _True Pedigree and Lineal Descent of the Most Ancient and
+Honourable Family of the Urquharts in the House of Cromartie_, we have a
+brief but surprisingly complete history of the family from the time of
+Adam[179] down to A.D. 1652. The line runs through the Sethite and not
+the Cainite branch of the human race, and, among the sons of Noah, it
+passes through Japhet. The story is told of a marginal note being found
+in the history of some ancient Highland family, to the effect that
+"about this time the Flood took place." Something like this is to be
+found in the document before us, for, under the date B.C. 2893, Sir
+Thomas adds to a mention of his ancestor Noah, a remark to the effect
+that "the Universal Deluge occurred in the six hundreth yeer compleat of
+his age."
+
+The good fortune of his ancestors in their inheritances, marriages, and
+friendships is very remarkable. To one of them, Japhet, fell the
+inheritance of "all the regions of Europe"; Japhet's grandson Penuel was
+"a most intimate friend of Nimrod, the mighty hunter and builder of
+Babel"; while his great-grandson Tycheros was chosen by "Orpah, the
+daughter of Sabatius Saga, Prince of the Armenians, to be her husband,
+because of his gallantry and good success in the wars."[180]
+
+The name Urquhart came into use at the comparatively late period of B.C.
+2139, when the family had been in existence for over eighteen hundred
+years. It was first borne by Esormon. "He," we are told, "was soveraign
+Prince of Achaia. For his fortune in the wars, and affability in
+conversation, his subjects and familiars surnamed him ουροχαρτος, that
+is [to] say, fortunate well-beloved. After which time, his posterity
+ever since hath acknowledged him the father of all that carry the name
+of Urquhart.[181] He had for his arms, three banners, three ships, and
+three ladies, in a field _d'or_, with a picture of a young lady above
+the waste, holding in her right hand a brandished sword, and a branch of
+myrtle in the left, for crest; and for supporters, two Javanites, after
+the souldier-habit of Achaia, with this motto in the scroll of his
+coat-armour, ταυτα τα τρια αξιοθεατα; that is, These three are worthy to
+behold. Upon his wife Narfesia, who was soveraign of the Amazons, he
+begot Cratynter."[182]
+
+The habits of the Urquharts to form alliances and friendships with
+persons afterwards famous in sacred and secular history is very marked.
+Thus, one of them, Phrenedon Urquhart, "was in the house of the
+Patriarch Abraham at the time of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrha."
+At a later period, another, named Hypsegoras Urquhart, married a
+daughter of Herculus Lybius; while a descendant of theirs, Pamprosodos
+Urquhart, married Termuth, "who was that daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis
+which found Moses among the bulrushes, and brought him up as if he had
+been her own childe."
+
+Another ancestor, Molin Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1534), married Panthea, "the
+daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha, of whom Ovid maketh mention in the
+first of his Metamorphoses." The genealogist goes on to say that "in
+that part of Africk which, after his name, is till this hour called
+Molinea, by cunning and valour together he killed in one morning three
+lions;[183] the heads whereof, when in a basket, presented to his lady
+Panthea, so terrified her, that (being quick with childe) for putting
+her right hand to her left side, with this sudden exclamation, O
+Hercules, what is this? the impression of three lions' heads was found
+upon the left side of the childe as soon as he was born." In consequence
+of this incident, the three banners, three ships, and three ladies in
+the Urquhart arms were exchanged for three lions' heads.
+
+A century later, we find that Propetes Urquhart married Hypermnestra,
+"the choicest of Danaus' fifty daughters." This must have been some time
+after the little affair happened for which forty-nine of her sisters
+were condemned to draw water in sieves; for, as every schoolboy knows,
+the fifty daughters of Danaus were married to their cousins, the fifty
+sons of Ægyptus, and all of them, but one, at the bidding of their
+father, murdered their husbands on the evening of the marriage-day.
+Hypermnestra, however, had pity upon her cousin and husband, Lynceus,
+and spared him.[184] He must have died shortly after, probably from
+natural causes, as it is recorded in the work before us that she married
+Propetes Urquhart, and became the mother of Euplocamos Urquhart.
+
+The thought of what the family to which Hypermnestra belonged were
+capable when their blood was up, must, one would think, have cast a
+slight shadow of apprehension upon the married life of Propetes
+Urquhart. A more cheerful tone must have pervaded that of his descendant
+Cainotomos Urquhart, for he, we are told, "took to wife Thymelica, the
+daughter of Bacchus, in recompense of his having accompanied him in the
+conquest of the Indies." Further interesting particulars, which are not
+elsewhere recorded, are related of this ancestor of Sir Thomas. On his
+return from the expedition in which he assisted Bacchus to conquer
+India, he "passed through the territories of Israel, where, being
+acquainted with Debora the Judge and Prophetess, he received from her a
+very rich jewel, which afterwards by one of his succession was presented
+to Pentasilea, that Queen of the Amazons that assisted the Trojans
+against Agamemnon."
+
+Their son Rodrigo Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1295) was, we are told, invited
+over by his kindred the Clanmolinespick,[185] the principal clan in
+Ireland, and "bore rule there with much applause and good success"--the
+one solitary instance of the kind, we suppose, which is to be found in
+the history of that "most distressful country." "From him," it is said,
+"is descended the Clanrurie,[186] of which name there were twenty-six
+rulers and kings of Ireland before the days of Ferguse the first, King
+of Scots in Scotland."
+
+A slight degree of uncertainty hangs about the identity of the wife of
+Mellessen Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1049). Her name was Nicolia, and before
+her marriage she "travelled from the remote Eastern countries to have
+experience of the wisdom of Solomon, and by many[187] is supposed to
+have been the Queen of Sheba." Her husband, however, must have
+considered that, though she loved wisdom, she had not acquired much of
+it, or, at any rate, of the kind which is needed for bringing up a young
+family; for the historian goes on to say that "Mellessen Urquhart
+nevertheless sent some of his children to Ireland and Britain, to be
+brought up with the best of his own father and mother's kindred."
+
+Amongst other celebrated persons who had the honour of being enrolled
+amongst the ancestors of Sir Thomas Urquhart are Pothina, a niece of
+Lycurgus; Æquanima, the sister of Marcus Coriolanus; Diosa, the daughter
+of Alcibiades; and Tortolina, the daughter of King Arthur. It is
+observable that for a good many generations immediately preceding the
+author's time, the ladies who figure in the genealogy are of
+comparatively lowly birth--seldom, indeed, do they reach the rank of
+an earl's daughter. Either the supply of princesses was by this time
+somewhat exhausted, or the demands of the Urquharts were less
+exorbitant. The high-spirited character of the most remarkable scion of
+the family who drew up the genealogy forbids us to think that, with the
+lapse of time, they had suffered any diminution of courage. It rather
+seems as though the world had entered upon a less heroic stage. Perhaps,
+like Sir Thomas Browne in a later age, they had concluded that "it was
+too late to be ambitious, for the great mutations of the world were
+acted."
+
+[Illustration: SCULPTURED STONE AT KINBEAKIE HOUSE]
+
+In the time of Vocompos (A.D. 775) a further change took place in the
+arms of the Urquharts, which gave them their final form. "Vocompos," we
+learn, "was the first in the world that had the bears' heads to his
+arms, being induced to exchange, by the instigation of King Solvatius,
+his arms of three lions' heads, for the three bears' heads, razed,
+because of the great exploit, in presence of the King, done by him and
+his two brothers, in killing, one morning, three wild bears, in the
+Caledonian forrest: the supporters were also changed into two
+greyhounds: the crest and impress remaining still the same as it was
+since the days of Astioremon."[188]
+
+An alleged ancestor of our author, William de Monte Alto (Mouat),[189]
+took part in the patriotic resistance of Scotland against English
+oppression which is associated with the names of Bruce and Wallace, and
+the faint local traditions of that time partly corroborate Urquhart's
+statements. "This William," he says, "caried himself so lovingly towards
+King Robert, that when almost all Scotland was possest by King Edward's
+faction, and his lands at Cromartie altogether overrun by them, and his
+house garrisoned and victualed with three yeers provision of all
+necessaries for one hundred men, he by a stratagem gained the castle,
+and with the matter of fourty men, keept it out against the forces of
+Edward for the space of seven yeers and a half, during which time all
+his lands there were totally wasted, and his woods burnt; so that,
+having nothing then he could properly call his own but the mote-hill
+onely of Cromartie, which he fiercely maintained against the enemies, he
+was agnamed _Gulielmus de Monte Alto_. At last William Wallace came to
+his relief, but, as I conceive, it was the brother's son of the renowned
+William, who in a little den [or hollow] within two miles of Cromartie,
+till this hour called Wallace Den, killed six hundred of King Edward's
+unfortunate forces. Afterwards, raising the siege from about the
+mote-hill of Cromartie by the assistance of his namesake the other
+William, the shire of Cromarty was totally purged of the enemy."[190]
+
+Tradition, according to Hugh Miller, is silent respecting the siege, but
+relates many details of the battle. The Scottish forces lay in ambuscade
+in the ravine or hollow which is still, or was until recently, called by
+Wallace's name, and attacked a large body of English troops on their way
+to join some of their countrymen, who were encamped on the peninsula of
+Easter Ross. The English were surprised and panic-struck, and left six
+hundred dead on the field of battle. The survivors were unacquainted
+with the country, and were under the impression that there was
+continuous land between them and their countrymen on the opposite shore.
+"They were only undeceived," we are told, "when, on climbing the
+southern Sutor, where it rises behind the town, they saw an arm of the
+sea more than a mile in width, and skirted by abrupt and dizzy
+precipices, opening before them. The spot is still pointed out where
+they made their final stand; and a few shapeless hillocks, that may
+still be seen among the trees, are said to have been raised above the
+bodies of those who fell; while the fugitives, for they were soon beaten
+from this position, were either driven over the neighbouring
+precipices, or perished amidst the waves of the Firth."[191]
+
+Sir Thomas does not let us off easily. After subjecting our credulity to
+a severe strain by one kind of statement, he unexpectedly increases the
+tension by another. Thus he says that an ancestor in the fifteenth
+century, Thomas Urquhart, had by his wife Helen Abernethie, daughter of
+Lord Salton, five-and-twenty sons, who grew up to manhood, and eleven
+daughters, all of whom found husbands. It would only have been kind of
+him to have reduced these numbers a little. But on one point he has
+spared us: we are not asked to believe that there were others who died
+in infancy.
+
+In a postscript Sir Thomas Urquhart explains that he has just given his
+readers a sketch of the history of his family, but hopes to furnish them
+with a complete narrative as soon as he obtains his release from his
+parole, and is at liberty to attend to this and to other matters of
+greater importance. The thought of the delightful book in store for
+mankind is so attractive to him that he cannot help dilating upon it.
+"In the great chronicle of the House of Urquhart," he continues, "the
+aforesaid Sir Thomas purposeth, by God's assistance, to make mention of
+the illustrious families from thence descended, which as yet are in
+esteem in the countries of Germany, Bohemia, Italy, France, Spain,
+England, Scotland, Ireland, and several other nations of a warmer
+climate, adjacent to that famous territory of Greece, the lovely mother
+of this most ancient and honourable stem."[192] He also intends not to
+omit the name of any family with which at any time the aforesaid house
+has contracted alliance.
+
+The concluding paragraph is very amusing; for in it our author promises
+to give proof of the statements he has made, by quoting from the works
+of respectable chroniclers of past ages, though the degree of certainty
+which the reader may thereby expect to reach falls short of that given
+by Holy writ or the works of Euclid. "And finally," he says, "for
+confirmation of the truth in deriving of his extraction from the Ionian
+race of the Prince of Achaia, and in the deduction of all the
+considerable particulars of the whole story, [the author] is resolved to
+produce testimonies of Arabick, Greek, Latin, and other writers of such
+authentick approbation, that we may boldly from thence infer
+consequences of no less infallible verity then [than] any that is not
+grounded on faith by means of a Divine illumination, as is the story of
+the Bible, or on reason, by vertue of the unavoidable inference of a
+necessary concluding demonstration, as that of the Elements of Euclid;
+which being the greatest evidence that in any narration of that kinde is
+to be expected, the judicious reader is bid farewel, from whom the
+Author for the time most humbly takes his leave."[193]
+
+It is needless to say that the scheme of filling out the sketch of the
+history of the Urquhart family was never carried out, if ever it had
+been seriously entertained by Sir Thomas; and we are left in ignorance
+of the names of the Arabic, Greek, Latin, and other authors on whose
+testimony our belief in the authenticity of the narrative was to have
+been firmly based. In the absence of this our judgment is left in
+suspense, unless, indeed, we conclude that, as the genealogy begins and
+ends with the names of actual persons,[194] the intermediate part is not
+likely to have been a mere fabrication. If the links are sound in the
+places where we can test them, it requires no very great exercise of
+credulity to believe that they are the same throughout.
+
+Matthew Arnold on one occasion laid down the principle, that a book
+should either "edify the uninstructed," or "inform the instructed." Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's "ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ" certainly justifies its existence
+according to this standard of judging literature; for if it does not
+serve to edify the uninstructed, it _does_ inform the instructed, since
+the information it contains is not to be found in any other
+quarter.[195]
+
+One's faith in the credibility of his narrative is, however, a little
+shaken by finding that in the second book of his favourite author,
+Rabelais, the genealogy of the giant Pantagruel is carried up to a
+period far beyond the Flood. It may be a mere coincidence, but it is one
+of those coincidences that make us very thoughtful.[196]
+
+At the time when Sir Thomas Urquhart wrote, Scotland was supposed to
+have had a dynasty of kings and a connected political history dating
+far back before the birth of Christ. The impudent fictions of Hector
+Boece, whose history of Scotland was published in 1526, had been
+accepted by the public, and were regarded as genuine facts even by such
+literary personages as Erasmus and Paulus Jovius. Perhaps Sir Thomas
+thought that a credulity which had endured the considerable strain which
+Boece had put upon it might be trusted to bear a still greater weight.
+Indeed, he interwove the story of his family with that which was current
+as the genuine history of his native land.
+
+According to the mythical history of Scotland, Gathelus, a Grecian
+prince, having quarrelled with his father Miol, took refuge in Egypt,
+and married Scota, a daughter of the Pharaoh who perished in the Red
+Sea. The young people came west and founded Portugal (_i.e._ Port of
+Gathelus), and then journeyed north to Scotland, bringing with them, as
+part of their baggage, the coronation-stone yet to be seen in
+Westminster Abbey. Their descendant Fergus, "the father of a hundred
+kings," was the founder of the Scottish monarchy. These shadowy persons
+appear again, "with the moonlight streaming through them," and play
+their parts in the genealogy of the Urquharts.
+
+Some have thought that Sir Thomas believed devoutly in the genealogy
+himself, and was the dupe of his own imagination. One would be sorry to
+form so low an opinion of his mental endowments. If the book in question
+were not an elaborate joke, it can only have been intended to impose
+upon the English people by convincing them of the extraordinary dignity
+and grandeur of their captive. If this were indeed the case, he must
+have had an humbler opinion of the intellectual faculties possessed by
+the average Englishman than even the majority of his fellow-countrymen
+entertain.
+
+A very amusing reference to this book of Sir Thomas Urquhart's is to be
+found in the Decisions of the Court of Session, under date of 23rd to
+25th January, 1706.[197] In that year an action was brought by the Earl
+of Sutherland against the Earls of Crawford, Errol, and Marischal, to
+determine the question of precedency in the rolls of Parliament. The
+pursuer asserted that he was lineally descended from an Earl of
+Sutherland living in 1275, while his opponents' ancestors were not Earls
+till about 1399. The pursuer laid stress upon the fact that, in 1630, a
+formal inquiry into this matter had been held at Inverness, and that the
+decision had been in his favour. The persons who conducted the inquiry
+were, he said, of undoubted credit, and well versed in the particulars
+investigated, and "might have had good information from old men and
+writs, which in the course of time and through accidents had long
+disappeared." The advocate for the defenders replied that the
+"Chancellor of the Inquest" had been Sir Thomas Urquhart, who might have
+traced the pursuer's descent from Noah, as he had deduced his own
+genealogy from Adam, and that the decision arrived at was of no more
+value than "his fanciful derivation of his own pedigree. For the members
+of the Inquest seemed to have sworn rashly upon matters of greater
+antiquity than they could certainly know." "It is true," was the
+pursuer's reply, "the defender in his gaiety objects against Sir Thomas
+Urquhart as an ill genealogist; and it is owned that his derivation from
+Adam and Noah was fantastic enough, and indeed but _lusus ingenii_; but,
+after all, the defender's criticism will not hinder him to pass for a
+most knowing gentleman." The case was decided in favour of the Earl of
+Sutherland, so far as some of his contentions were concerned. But it is
+somewhat curious that his advocate overlooked the fact that the Sir
+Thomas Urquhart of 1630, who had been the "Chancellor of the Inquest,"
+was not the author of the book containing the genealogy of the
+Urquharts, but that it was written by his son. It is quite possible,
+however, that it was a matter of notoriety that the elder Sir Thomas had
+been a believer in the long pedigree which his more famous son had,
+years after, elaborated and published.[198]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[175] The full title of the work is as follows:--ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ: or, A
+Peculiar PROMPTUARY of TIME; Wherein (not one instant being omitted
+since the beginning of motion) is displayed A most exact DIRECTORY for
+all particular _Chronologies_ in what Family soever: And that by
+deducing the true Pedigree and Lineal descent of the most ancient and
+honourable name of the VRQVHARTS, in the house of CROMARTIE, since the
+Creation of the world, until this present yeer of God, 1652. London,
+Printed for Richard Baddeley, and are to be sold at his shop, within the
+Middle-Temple-Gate, 1652.
+
+[176] _Works_, p. 151.
+
+[177] _Works_, p. 152.
+
+[178] _Ibid._ p. 152.
+
+[179] Poor Sir Thomas thought that he was going back to the beginning
+when he traced his descent up to Adam, or, to be more exact, to the red
+earth of which the "protoplast" was made. The late Charles Darwin
+carried back the pedigree of man a prodigious length, though he lowered
+its quality. There can be little doubt that our author would have
+disdained to accept what used to be called "the lower animals" as, in
+any sense, ancestors of mankind, or, at any rate, of the dignified
+family of Urquhart.
+
+[180] _Works_, p. 156.
+
+[181] In one respect, at any rate, we have legitimate ground of triumph
+over our ancestors--we spell better than they did. Charles Lamb once
+lent a volume of the old dramatists to a friend, and asked him his
+opinion of it. The reply was that it contained a considerable amount of
+bad spelling! The name Urquhart, as thus written, occurs here in Sir
+Thomas's "Pedigree," and is, doubtless, the correct form of the name. In
+the Latinised shape of Urquhardus it occurs on the register of the
+University of Aberdeen, at which our author studied. Yet Urchard seems
+to have been
+
+      "The name our valiant Knight
+    To all his challenges did write."
+
+The unbridled licence in the matter of spelling prevalent at that period
+is still further illustrated by the historian Gordon, who wrote the
+_History of Scots Affairs_, and who gives us the name in the form of
+Wrqhward! This, one would think, was as far as it was possible to get in
+the way of bad spelling, without altogether taking leave of the sounds
+to be expressed by alphabetical signs. After it the spelling Wrwhart, as
+we find it in an Act of Parliament of 1663, seems rather poor.
+
+[182] _Works_, p. 156.
+
+[183] _Works_, p. 159.
+
+[184] Horace gives us the speech in which she told Lynceus of his
+danger, and urged him to make his escape--
+
+    "'Wake!' to her youthful spouse she cried,
+      'Wake! or you yet may sleep too well:
+    Fly--from the father of your bride,
+              Her sisters fell:
+    They, as she-lions bullocks rend,
+      Tear each her victim: I, less hard,
+    Than these, will slay you not, poor friend,
+              Nor hold in ward:
+
+    Me let my sire in fetters lay
+      For mercy to my husband shown:
+    Me let him ship from hence away,
+              To climes unknown.
+    Go; speed your flight o'er land and wave,
+      While Night and Venus shield you; go
+    Be blest: and on my tomb engrave
+              This tale of woe.'"
+
+    _Odes_, iii. 11 (Conington's Translation).
+
+Her sad forebodings concerning her own fate, it is satisfactory to know,
+were not fully realised. Perhaps she was shipped away to Cromartie, or
+Ireland, or Portugal, or Africa, or wherever it was that the head of the
+Urquhart family was then reigning. Instead of Lynceus having the
+melancholy satisfaction of putting an inscription on her tombstone, it
+is probable that she performed that office for him.
+
+[185] Clanmolinespick is, we believe, more correctly
+_clann-maol-an-easbuig_ (the last pronounced _cspick_), and means "the
+clan" or "family of the servant of the bishop." They are probably the
+Irish ancestors of the Macmillans of Knapdale in Argyleshire. The word
+"_maol_," "a tonsured servant," occurs in Malise (_maol-Josa_), "a
+servant of Jesus," a family name of the old Earls of Strathearn; and
+_easbuig_ in Gillespie or Gillespic, "a servant" or "gillie of the
+bishop."
+
+[186] Clanrurie is "the clan" or "family of Roderick." These are the
+Macrories and Fullartons, their eponym having been Rory or Roderick, one
+of the two sons of Reginald, whose father in almost prehistoric times
+was Somerled, Lord of the Isles. They settled in Bute and Arran, and
+about Ardnamurchan and the islands there.
+
+[187] This phrase--"by many"--is very delightful.
+
+[188] _Works_, p. 168. A curious stone lintel now at Kinbeakie gives a
+representation of the Urquhart coat of arms, such as it was in Sir
+Thomas's own time. It was no doubt executed at his orders and under his
+direction, for inscribed on it are the names of some of those worthies
+who appear in the above genealogical history. The representation which
+we give of this stone is from a photograph specially taken for the
+illustration of this work. As the porch in the wall of which the slab is
+set is very narrow, it was impossible, even with the use of a wide-angle
+lens, to get a more satisfactory photograph than that which is here
+reproduced. Our readers will therefore kindly excuse the distortion of
+shape which is only too apparent, and accept as a measure of
+compensation the vividness with which the details of the engraved stone
+are brought out. "This singular relic," says Hugh Miller, "which has,
+perhaps, more of character impressed upon it than any other piece of
+sandstone in the kingdom, is about five feet in length by three in
+breadth, and bears date A.M. 5612, A.C. 1651. On the lower and upper
+edges it is bordered by a plain moulding, and at the ends by belts of
+rich foliage, terminating in a chalice or vase. In the upper corner two
+knights in complete armour on horseback, and with their lances couched,
+front each other, as if in the tilt-yard. Two Sirens playing on harps
+occupy the lower. In the centre are the arms--the charge on the shield
+three bears' heads, the supporters two greyhounds leashed and collared,
+the crest a naked woman holding a dagger and palm, the helmet that of a
+knight, with the beaver partially raised, and so profusely mantled that
+the drapery occupies more space than the shield and supporters, and the
+motto MEANE WEIL, SPEAK WEIL, AND DO WEIL. Sir Thomas's initials, S. T.
+V. C., are placed separately, one letter at the outer side of each
+supporter, one in the centre of the crest, and one beneath the label;
+while the names of the more celebrated heroes of his genealogy, and the
+eras in which they flourished, occupy in the following inscription the
+space between the figures:--ANNO ASTIOREMONIS, 2226; ANNO VOCOMPOTIS,
+3892; ANNO MOLINI, 3199; ANNO RODRICI, 2958; ANNO CHARI, 2219; ANNO
+LUTORCI, 2000; ANNO ESORMONIS, 3804. It is melancholy enough that this
+singular exhibition of family pride should have been made in the same
+year in which the family received its deathblow--the year of Worcester
+battle" (_Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, chap. vii.). The
+arms of the Urquhart family in their later form, as associated with
+those of the Meldrum and Seton families, are given in the 1774 edition
+of the ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ, and are as follows:--"_Arms_, Or, three
+Bears-heads, erazed, gules, langued azure. _Crest_, a demy Otter issuing
+from the wreath sable, crowned with an antique Crown, or, holding
+betwixt his paws a crescent gules. _Motto_ above, _Per mare et Terras_,
+and below, _Mean, speak, and do well_. _Supporters_, two grayhounds,
+proper collared gules, and leashed." There can be no doubt that the
+Urquhart arms should be the three _bears'_ heads, though they are often
+described as three _boars'_ heads. The records of 1742 and 1760 in the
+Lyon Register make this quite certain. Probably the close resemblance
+between the two words is the principal cause of the confusion with
+regard to the matter which exists. In the sculptured coat of arms, of
+which we give a representation, the heads certainly have a superficial
+resemblance at least to those of boars. A correspondent who takes an
+interest in this question remarks, however, that "though the heads have
+tusks worthy of any boar, they (_i.e._ the heads) are set at right
+angles to the necks in a way in which no boar could be represented." On
+the other hand, the snouts of the animals have that distinctly
+_retroussé_ shape which we associate with pigs, both wild and
+domesticated. The question is, therefore, not so simple as at first
+sight it appears, and can scarcely be adequately dealt with in a mere
+footnote. Accordingly we leave our readers to discuss and settle the
+difficulty.
+
+[189] See p. 4, _supra_.
+
+[190] _Works_, p. 170.
+
+[191] _Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, Hugh Miller, p. 48.
+This battle is supposed to be mentioned by Blind Harry, who has
+celebrated the achievements of Wallace in the following uncouth lines:--
+
+    "Wallace raid throw the northland into playne.
+    At Crummade feill Inglismen thai slew.
+    The worthi Scottis till hym thus couth persew.
+    Raturnd agayne and come till Abirdeyn,
+    With his blith ost apon the Lammess ewyn"
+
+                              (vii. 1084-88).
+
+[192] _Works_, p. 174.
+
+[193] _Works_, p. 175.
+
+[194] The editor of the 1774 edition of the Tracts of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart says that he had compared the genealogy with the records kept
+by the Lord Lyon of Scotland, which go back as far as the reign of
+Alexander II. (A.D. 1214-1249), and had found it strictly correct from
+that period. In Appendix I., which contains the lists of names of Sir
+Thomas's ancestors, we have taken the liberty of indicating the names on
+which reliance can be placed, by printing them in italics (see p. 211).
+
+[195] Sir Thomas is said to have remarked about "_the Pedigree_," that
+by the first generation of readers it would be received with scoffs,
+that the second generation would have their doubts about it, but that
+the third generation would be heavily inclined to believe it. Time has
+moved somewhat more slowly, however, than he anticipated, and probably
+but few of us have as yet got past the second stage.
+
+[196] In the article on Crichton in the _Biographia Britannica_, Dr
+Kippis subjects our author to grave censure (see p. 158). With respect
+to Urquhart's present work he says: "Of his total disregard to truth
+there is incontestible evidence in another work of his, entitled _The
+True Pedigree_, etc. In this work it is almost incredible what a number
+of falsities he has invented, both with respect to names and facts.
+Perhaps a more flagrant instance of imposture and fiction was never
+exhibited; and the absurdity of the whole pedigree is beyond the power
+of words to express. It can only be felt by those who have perused the
+Tract itself." It is to be feared that Dr Kippis was mentally akin to
+the Irish bishop who remarked of _Gulliver's Travels_ when it appeared,
+that "all was not gospel that was in that book."
+
+Some one has said that the names of Urquhart's ancestors, at any rate on
+the male side, are very likely those of the giants and heathen in the
+_Amadis of Gaul_; and certainly Famongomadan, Cartadaque, Madanfabul,
+Arcalaus, and Basagante remind one of chiefs and heroes of the Cromartie
+line. In the female line the resemblance is much closer; for Asymbleta,
+Eromena, and Gonima distinctly recall the Darioleta, Brisena, and
+Madasima of the romance.
+
+[197] Fountainhall, _Decisions_, ii. 265 and 315; Morrison, _Dictionary
+of Decisions_, xxvii. 11304.
+
+[198] In some ways the elder Sir Thomas reminds us of the pedantic and
+undignified monarch, James VI., from whom he received knighthood. Both
+were the first Protestants of their respective houses, both were
+attached to prelacy rather than to Presbyterianism, and both were
+wasteful and slovenly in money matters. If the above conjecture be well
+founded, they had a further point of resemblance to each other, in their
+interest in fabulous genealogies. And it may be said of them both that
+they prepared a series of misfortunes for their chivalrous,
+high-spirited sons.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VI
+
+ ΕΚΣΚΥΒΑΛΑΥΡΟΝ: or, THE JEWEL, and LOGOPANDECTEISION: or, THE UNIVERSAL
+     LANGUAGE.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's previous excursions into literature had been of a
+somewhat tentative kind, and calculated to whet the desire of a
+judicious reader for him to enter upon more serious undertakings. He had
+appeared in the world of letters in several different aspects,--as a man
+of science, and as the representative and poet, as historian of a family
+which, for long descent and glorious achievements, could not be
+rivalled, if his statements concerning it were to be credited,--but no
+one could forecast, from what he had already published, the nature of
+his next literary exploit.
+
+The volume which followed the Pedigree of the Urquharts has the strange
+name above printed,[199] but most of those who have occasion to mention
+it more than once find it more convenient to call it "The Jewel."[200]
+Its contents are of such a character that one who had read it carefully
+would find it difficult to state off-hand or in a single sentence what
+they were. A Scottish Divinity professor of somewhat erratic habits
+began, on one occasion, a lecture in which he was to deal with several
+miscellaneous items, with the words, "Gentlemen, my subject to-day will
+be hotch-potch." This is an exact description of _The Jewel_, and those
+to whom nature has given the mental apparatus needed for appreciating
+Sir Thomas Urquhart will rejoice and not repine at the fact that the
+feeding laid before them is of a confused character. Accordingly no
+logical sequence will be allowed to mar the symmetry of this chapter in
+which _The Jewel_ is described.
+
+The main contents of the work are lists of the ancestors, male and
+female, of the Urquhart family from the beginning down to the year 1652,
+taken from the Pedigree; a narrative of the sad fate that overtook the
+author's manuscripts after the battle of Worcester; some pages of one of
+them which contained a scheme for a Universal Language; a denunciation
+of the "unjust usurpation of the Presbyterian Clergy, and the judaical
+practices of some merchants" by which discredit had been cast upon the
+Scottish name; an account of Scotsmen famous for martial exploits or for
+learning during the previous half-century; a statement of personal
+wrongs inflicted upon the author by ministers of his own parishes;
+arguments in favour of the union of Scotland and England; and apologies
+for the simple and unadorned strain in which the work is written. All
+through the volume Sir Thomas is spoken of in the third person, and the
+signature of "Christianus Presbyteromastix" is attached to the preface,
+or "the Epistle Liminary," as it is called, but there is scarcely any
+attempt made to keep up the pretence of anonymity. The object of the
+writer is to try to obtain for the prisoner of war restoration to
+complete liberty and the enjoyment of his property, and he seeks to
+correct the evil impression, which the conduct of certain persons in
+Scotland had produced upon the English people, by narrating the martial
+and literary achievements of more worthy representatives of his nation.
+
+The rapidity with which the work had been produced is described by the
+writer in the following terms. "Laying aside all other businesses," he
+says, "and cooping my self up daily for some hours together, betwixt the
+case and the printing press, I usually afforded the setter copy at the
+rate of above a whole printed sheet in the day; which, although by
+reason of the smallness of a Pica letter, and close couching thereof, it
+did amount to three full sheets of my writing; the aforesaid setter,
+nevertheless (so nimble a workman he was), would in the space of
+twenty-four hours make dispatch of the whole, and be ready for another
+sheet. He and I striving thus who should compose fastest, he with his
+hand, and I with my brain; and his uncasing of the letters, and placing
+them in the composing instrument, standing for my conception; and his
+plenishing of the gally, and imposing of the form, encountering with the
+supposed equi-value of my writing, we would almost every foot or so jump
+together in this joynt expedition, and so neerly overtake other in our
+intended course, that I was oftentimes, (to keep him doing), glad to
+tear off parcels of ten or twelve lines apeece, and give him them, till
+more were ready;[201] unto which he would so suddenly put an order,
+that almost still, before the ink of the written letters was dry, their
+representatives were, (out of their respective boxes), ranked in the
+composing-stick; by means of which great haste, I writing but upon the
+loose sheets of cording-quires, which, as I minced and tore them,
+looking like pieces of waste paper, troublesome to get rallyed, after
+such dispersive scattredness, I had not the leisure to read what I had
+written, till it came to a proof, and sometimes to a full revise. So
+that by vertue of this unanimous contest, and joint emulation betwixt
+the theoretick and practical part, which of us should overhye other in
+celerity, we in the space of fourteen working daies compleated this
+whole book, (such as it is), from the first notion of the brain to the
+last motion of the press; and that without any other help on my side,
+either of quick or dead, (for books I had none, nor possibly would I
+have made use of any, although I could have commanded them), then [than]
+what, (by the favour of God), my own judgment and fancy did suggest unto
+me."[202]
+
+The account which our author gives of the plunder of his manuscripts
+after the battle of Worcester, and of the strange series of accidents by
+which some of the documents which make up _The Jewel_ were preserved, is
+so odd and amusing that it would be a pity to deprive our readers of it,
+though it is related by Sir Thomas at great length. "No sooner," he
+says, "had the total rout of the regal party at Worcester given way to
+the taking of that city, and surrendring up of all the prisoners to the
+custody of the marshal-general and his deputies, but the liberty,
+customary at such occasions to be connived at in favours of a victorious
+army, imboldened some of the new-levied forces of the adjacent counties
+to confirm their conquest by the spoil of the captives. For the better
+atchievement of which designe, not reckoning those great many others
+that in all the other corners of the town were ferreting every room for
+plunder, a string or two of exquisite snaps and clean shavers
+[snappers-up and plunderers?] (if ever there were any), rushing into
+Master Spilsbury's house, (who is a very honest man, and hath an
+exceeding good woman to his wife), broke into an upper chamber, where
+finding, (besides scarlet cloaks, buff suits, arms of all sorts, and
+other such rich chaffer, at such an exigent escheatable to the
+prevalent soldier[203]), seven large portmantles ful of precious
+commodity; in three whereof, after a most exact search for gold, silver,
+apparel, linen, or any whatever adornments of the body, or pocket
+implements, as was seized upon in the other four, not hitting on any
+things but manuscripts in folio, to the quantity of six score and eight
+quires and a half, divided into six hundred fourty and two quinternions
+and upwards, the quinternion consisting of five sheets, and the quire of
+five and twenty; besides some writings of suits in law, and bonds, in
+both worth above three thousand pounds English, they in a trice carried
+all whatever els was in the room away save those papers, which they then
+threw down on the floor as unfit for their use; yet immediately
+thereafter, when upon carts the aforesaid baggage was put to be
+transported to the country, and that by the example of many hundreds of
+both horse and foot, whom they had loaded with spoil, they were
+assaulted with the temptation of a new booty, they apprehending how
+useful the paper might be unto them, went back for it, and bore it
+straight away; which done, to every one of those their camarads whom
+they met with in the streets, they gave as much thereof, for packeting
+up of raisins, figs, dates, almonds, caraway, and other such like dry
+confections and other ware, as was requisite; who, doing the same
+themselves, did together with others kindle pipes of tobacco with a
+great part thereof, and threw out all the remainder upon the
+streets....
+
+"Of those dispersedly-rejected bundles of paper, some were gathered up
+by grocers, druggists, chandlers, pie-makers, or such as stood in need
+of any cartapaciatory utensil, and put in present service, to the utter
+undoing of all the writing thereof, both in its matter and order. One
+quinternion, nevertheless, two days after the fight on the Friday
+morning, together with two other loose sheets more, by vertue of a
+drizelling rain, which had made it stick fast to the ground, where there
+was a heap of seven and twenty dead men lying upon one another, was by
+the command of one Master Braughton taken up by a servant of his; who,
+after he had (in the best manner he could) cleansed it from the mire and
+mud of the kennel, did forthwith present it to the perusal of his
+master; in whose hands it no sooner came, but instantly perceiving by
+the periodical couching of the discourse, marginal figures, and breaks
+here and there, according to the variety of the subject, that the whole
+purpose was destinated for the press, and by the author put into a garb
+befitting either the stationer or printer's acceptance; yet because it
+seemed imperfect, and to have relation to subsequent tractates, he made
+all the enquiry he could for trial whether there were any more such
+quinternions or no; by means whereof he got full information that above
+three thousand sheets of the like paper, written after that fashion, and
+with the same hand, were utterly lost and imbezzeled, after the manner
+aforesaid; and was so fully assured of the misfortune, that to gather up
+spilt water, comprehend the windes within his fist, and recover those
+papers again, he thought would be a work of one and the same labour and
+facility."[204]
+
+The anonymous personage who gives the above account says that he heard
+of Mr Braughton's discovery of these remarkable documents, and also of
+"the great moan made for the loss of Sir Thomas Urquhart's manuscripts,"
+and, putting the two facts together, resolved to ask Sir Thomas if the
+papers found at Worcester belonged to him. He examined them, and
+identified them as part of the preface to a grammar and lexicon of a
+Universal Language, of which he was the inventor. The loss of a work of
+such a size and of such great importance did not greatly depress him. He
+stated that if he got but encouragement and time, freedom and the
+enjoyment of his ancestral estates, he doubted not but that he could
+supply the missing sheets--the originals of which had come to such base
+uses and disastrous fate at Worcester. The papers, therefore, found by
+Mr Braughton are published in order that the readers may see the
+reasonableness of giving Sir Thomas what he asked, in view of the
+astounding benefits which he would in return confer upon them. This is
+put with great clearness and brevity in a couplet prefixed to the above
+narrative:
+
+    "He should obtain all his desires,
+    Who offers more than he requires."
+
+The fragment of the treatise concerning the Universal Language, which
+was picked up out of the gutter of Worcester streets, wiped clean, and
+presented to the public in _The Jewel_, was republished with additions
+in Sir Thomas Urquhart's next work, so that we may here pass it over
+without further notice and allude to some of the other matters treated
+of.
+
+In order to vindicate the honour of his country, Sir Thomas Urquhart
+tells at considerable length of the fame won by various compatriots of
+his in war in every part of Europe, during the earlier half of the
+seventeenth century, and he draws the attention of his readers to the
+fact that, at no battle in the period named, were all the Scots that
+fought overthrown and totally routed. The explanation of this statement
+is that there were always Scots on both sides, so that, if some were
+defeated and taken prisoners, others of that nation were victorious and
+givers of quarter. This part of the work is of great historical value,
+and, as Burton remarks, is not liable to the reproach of Urquhart's
+usual wandering profuseness of language--its leading defect, on the
+other hand, being its too great resemblance at times to a muster-roll.
+
+The choicest and most remarkable passage in Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+original works is, undoubtedly, the description he gives in _The Jewel_
+of his fellow-countryman "the Admirable Crichton," who belonged to the
+latter part of the sixteenth century. In an appendix[205] our readers
+may find a long extract from it, in which that hero's feats are related.
+But for fear of making the appendices out of all proportion to the size
+of this volume, the whole sketch might have been given. To most people
+the name of "the Admirable Crichton" is now a mere proverbial phrase to
+describe a universal genius, and whether the person who bore it is a
+historical or a mythical character, is a matter of some uncertainty. If
+any who are possessed of only this amount of information on the subject
+seek for more by reading our author's description of Crichton, the
+probability is that they will decide that he is quite mythical. The
+extraordinary flightiness, turgidity, and bombast which mark the
+narrative, in spite of its many conspicuous merits, make it seem a mere
+piece of burlesque, rather than a genuine history;[206] and yet there is
+ample evidence of an unimpeachable kind of the truthfulness of the main
+statements which it contains. Sir Thomas Urquhart's narrative was for a
+long time one of the principal sources of information concerning the
+brilliant young Scotchman, and the result was that a general disbelief
+in the whole history became prevalent.[207] As Burton says, "It was
+from the hands of Sir Thomas Urquhart that the world accepted of an idol
+which, after a period of worship, it cast down, but so hastily, as it
+was discovered, that it had again to be set up, but rather in surly
+justice than the old devout admiration."[208] Tytler, in his _Life of
+the Admirable Crichton_, gives full proof from contemporary writers that
+the accomplishments and feats ascribed to that personage are authentic.
+
+James Crichton was born in 1560, of a noble family, at Eliock, in
+Perthshire. At the age of ten he became a student at St. Andrews, then
+the most famous university in Scotland. Before he was fifteen years of
+age he graduated as Master of Arts, and stood third in order of merit
+among the students of his year. After leaving the university he spent
+three years in the pursuit of learning, devoting himself to one after
+another of the various branches of the science and philosophy of his
+time, until he had gone through nearly the whole of them; and, by force
+of natural ability, aided, no doubt, by intense application, he acquired
+the use of ten different languages.
+
+Some time probably in the year 1578 he began his foreign travels, with
+the desire not only to enlarge his experience of the world, but also to
+display the extent of his learning in those public disputations which
+were still in fashion at the continental universities. In form and
+countenance he is said to have been a perfect model of manly beauty;
+whilst in all the accomplishments of his time he was as well versed as
+in the branches of learning. He was a skilful swordsman, a bold rider, a
+graceful dancer, a sweet singer, and a cultivated musician. Soon after
+his arrival in Paris he set up, in accordance with a custom of the time,
+in various parts of the city, challenges to literary and philosophic
+disputation, and announced that he would present himself on a certain
+day at the College of Navarre, to answer any questions that might be put
+to him "in any science, liberal art, discipline, or faculty, whether
+practical or theoretic," and this in any one of twelve specified
+languages--Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French,
+Italian, English, Dutch, Flemish, or Selavonian. Our readers may find in
+the appendix a full narrative in Sir Thomas Urquhart's inimitable style
+of this extraordinary episode. Though Crichton seemed to make no
+preparation for the learned encounter, to which he had challenged the
+most scholarly men in France, he acquitted himself in such a manner as
+to astonish all beholders, and to receive the congratulations of the
+president and professors of the University of Paris. From this display
+of his intellectual powers and acquirements, as well as from the
+brilliant figure he cut at the balls and tournaments, which were such
+favourite employments of the Court of France at that time, he acquired
+the title by which he is now universally known--that of "the Admirable
+Crichton."[209]
+
+It is worth while to compare the passage in Rabelais which describes the
+similar feats of the giant Pantagruel with the account Sir Thomas
+Urquhart gives of Crichton's intellectual tournaments.[210] To us there
+seems something very ridiculous in the practice of posting up placards
+on the walls, challenging all-comers to disputation, but in the
+sixteenth century it would not necessarily appear in this light.
+Rabelais, indeed, laughed at it; but then he laughed at many things
+which the people of his time did not think absurd. John Hill Burton is
+of the opinion that Sir Thomas Urquhart, in describing the way in which
+Crichton conducted himself on the field which had witnessed Pantagruel's
+feats, had the ridicule of Rabelais in view, and that, in spite of his
+laudations, we cannot help having the impression that his tongue is all
+the time in his cheek. We think that this is unfair to Sir Thomas. There
+is no reason why those who looked on in admiration at a real tournament
+should not also enjoy seeing a burlesque one. So that it is quite
+possible that our author smiled while he translated the French satire,
+and that he glowed with honest pride and admiration as he recounted his
+fellow-countryman's exploits before the University of Paris.
+
+After serving for a couple of years in the French army, Crichton
+journeyed into Italy, and in the month of August, 1580, arrived in
+Venice. He made the acquaintance of the famous printer, Aldus Manutius,
+who introduced him to the principal men of learning and note in that
+city. Here he maintained the reputation he had acquired in Paris, and
+lives of him were written and published. From Venice he proceeded to
+Padua, and from thence to the Court of Mantua, where the adventure
+occurred with which Sir Thomas Urquhart begins the narrative of his
+celebrated fellow-countryman's exploits, namely, the defeat and death of
+the travelling bravo, whose challenge he had accepted. Sir Thomas is the
+only authority for this incident in Crichton's history. As there is no
+reason to believe that he invented it, we are at liberty to suppose that
+he found it in some one of the lives of Crichton which he met with in
+his Italian travels, but which has not come down to us, or that he heard
+of it from some of those who witnessed it. For, as Urquhart was born
+only twenty-three years after Crichton's death, he must, in the course
+of his continental travels, have met some who were his contemporaries.[211]
+
+In consequence of this achievement, and also of the brilliant reputation
+acquired by Crichton, he was appointed by the Duke of Mantua, companion
+and tutor to his son, Vincenzio de Gonzaga, a young man of some literary
+culture, but of furious temper and dissolute morals. Very soon after,
+Crichton met his death in a tragical manner. He was walking home one
+evening in the streets of Mantua, from a visit to his mistress, and was
+playing a guitar, when suddenly he was attacked by a riotous party of
+men in masks, whom, however, he speedily put to flight. He seized the
+leader of the party, overpowered him, and tore off his mask, and found
+to his horror that it was his own pupil, the son of the Duke of Mantua.
+He instantly dropped upon one knee, and, in a spirit of romantic
+devotion, took his sword by the blade, and presented its hilt to the
+prince. Vincenzio, heated with wine, irritated at his discomfiture, and
+also, it is said by some, inspired by jealousy, took the sword and
+plunged it into Crichton's heart. The brilliant young Scotsman was but
+twenty-two years of age when he thus met his fate.
+
+The narrative which Sir Thomas Urquhart gives of the death of his hero
+is marked by the same richness of description as is to be found in the
+account of his exploits as a scholar, a swordsman, and an actor. In
+language of astonishing luxuriance and frequent happiness of phrase, he
+enlarges upon the incidents of the last evening of Crichton's life, and
+depicts the tender intercourse of the lovers before the sudden and
+bloodly close of their courtship. With a minuteness which, as Tytler
+remarks, reminds one of the multitude of particulars by the enumeration
+of which Mrs Quickly sought to bring to Falstaff's remembrance his
+promise to marry her,[212] Sir Thomas Urquhart depicts the lovers in the
+"alcoranal paradise" in which they were embowered on that evening.
+"Nothing," he says, "tending to the pleasure of all the senses was
+wanting; the weather being a little chil and coldish, they on a blue
+velvet couch sate by one another towards a char-coale fire burning in a
+silver brasero, whilst in the next room adjacent thereto a pretty little
+round table of cedar wood was a covering for the supping of them two
+together; the cates prepared for them, and a week before that time
+bespoke, were of the choisest dainties and most delicious junkets that
+all the territories of Italy were able to afford, and that deservedly,
+for all the Romane Empire could not produce a completer paire to taste
+them."[213]
+
+A tragical note rings through the description of the lamentation of the
+hapless girl over her murdered lover. "She, rending her garments and
+tearing her haire, like one of the Graces possest with a Fury, spoke
+thus: 'O villains! what have you done? you vipers of men, that have thus
+basely slaine the valiant Crichtoun, the sword of his own sexe and the
+buckler of ours, the glory of this age, and restorer of the lost honour
+of the Court of Mantua: O Crichtoun, Crichtoun!'"[214]
+
+The sequel of the story is in the same vein of florid eloquence. "The
+whole court," says Sir Thomas, "wore mourning for him full three
+quarters of a yeer together. His funeral was very stately, and on his
+hearse were stuck more epitaphs, elegies, threnodies, and epicediums,
+then [than], if digested into one book, would have outbulk't all Homer's
+works; some of them being couched in such exquisite and fine Latin, that
+you would have thought great Virgil, and Baptista Mantuanus, for the
+love of their mother-city, had quit the Elysian fields to grace his
+obsequies; and other of them, besides what was done in other languages,
+composed in so neat Italian, and so purely fancied, as if Ariosto,
+Dante, Petrark, and Bembo had been purposely resuscitated, to stretch
+even to the utmost their poetick vein to the honour of this brave man;
+whose picture till this hour is to be seen in the bed-chambers or
+galleries of the most of the great men of that nation, representing him
+on horseback, with a lance in one hand and a book in the other; and most
+of the young ladies likewise, _that were anything handsome_,[215] in a
+memorial of his worth, had his effigies in a little oval tablet of gold
+hanging 'twixt their breasts, and held, for many yeers together, that
+metamazion, or intermammilary ornament, an as necessary outward pendicle
+for the better setting forth of their accoutrements, as either fan,
+watch, or stomacher. My lord Duke, upon the young lady that was
+Crichtoun's mistres and future wife, although she had good rents and
+revenues of her own by inheritance, was pleased to conferr a pension of
+five hundred ducats a yeer. The Prince also bestowed as much on her
+during all the days of his life, which was but short, for he did not
+long enjoy himself after the cross fate of so miserable an accident. The
+sweet lady, like a turtle bewailing the loss of her mate, spent all the
+rest of her time in a continual solitariness."[216]
+
+After giving a long list of his fellow-countrymen who had won fame in
+foreign lands by their valour, learning, or skill, in order to put to
+silence those who maligned his nation, Sir Thomas Urquhart takes up a
+less pleasing topic--that of contemporary politics. In the plainest and
+most forcible manner he repudiates the whole policy of the dominant
+party in Scotland, and declares that a true Royalist or Malignant like
+himself had much more in common with an Independent, than either of them
+had with a Presbyterian; and he enlarges upon the turbulent disloyalty
+with which so many of the last-named party had, in his opinion,
+conducted themselves towards their sovereigns since Queen Mary's time,
+evidently in forgetfulness for the moment that his newly-found friends,
+the Independents, had executed Charles I. and abolished monarchy.
+
+His account of the mode in which the Presbyterian or "Consistorian"
+party were in the habit of treating their kings is very amusing. "Of a
+king," he says, "they onely make use for their own ends, and so they
+will of any other supreme magistracie that is not of their own erection.
+Their kings are but as the kings of Lacedemon, whom the Ephors presumed
+to fine for any small offence; or as the puppy [puppet] kings, which,
+after children have trimmed with bits of taffata, and ends of silver
+lace, and set them upon wainscoat cupboards besides marmalade and
+sugar-cakes, are often times disposed of, even by those that did pretend
+so much respect unto them, for a two-peny custard, a pound of figs, or
+mess of cream. Verily, I think they make use of kings in their
+Consistorian State, as we do of card kings in playing at the hundred;
+any one whereof, if there be appearance of a better game without him,
+and that the exchange of him for another incoming card is like to
+conduce more for drawing of the stake, is by good gamesters without any
+ceremony discarded: or as the French on the Epiphany-day use their _Roy
+de la Febre_, or king of the bean; whom, after they have honoured with
+drinking of his health, and shouting _Le Roy boit, le Roy boit_, they
+make pay for all the reckoning; not leaving him sometimes one peny,
+rather then [than] that the exorbitancie of their debosh should not be
+satisfied to the full. They may be likewise said to use their king as
+the players at nine-pins do the middle kyle, which they call the king;
+at whose fall alone they aim, the sooner to obtain the gaining of their
+prize; or as about Christmas we do the King of Misrule, whom we invest
+with that title to no other end but to countenance the bacchanalian
+riots and preposterous disorders of the family where he is installed.
+The truth of all this appears by their demeanour to Charles the Second,
+whom they crowned their king at Sterlin, and who, though he be for
+comeliness of person, valour, affability, mercy, piety, closeness of
+counsel, veracity, foresight, knowledge, and other vertues both moral
+and intellectual, in nothing inferior to any of his hundred and ten
+predecessors, had nevertheless no more rule in effect over the
+Presbyterian Senate of Scotland, then [than] any of the six foresaid
+mock-kings had above those by whom they were dignified with the
+splendour of royal pomp."[217]
+
+The passage in _The Jewel_ which tells of the faults of the clergy, as
+illustrated by the conduct of the ministers of the parishes of which Sir
+Thomas was patron, has already been given in these pages, and therefore
+need not be repeated here; but room must be found for the paragraph in
+which he denounces those who by their covetousness had cast a slur upon
+the Scottish name. The art of writing such English perished with him,
+its inventor; and one cannot be too thankful for such a passage as the
+following. "Another thing there is," he says, "that fixeth a grievous
+scandal upon that nation in matter of philargyrie, or love of money, and
+it is this: There hath been in London, and repairing to it, for these
+many years together, a knot of Scotish bankers, collybists, or
+coine-coursers, of traffickers in merchandise to and againe, and of men
+of other professions, who by hook and crook, _fas et nefas_, slight and
+might, (all being as fish their net could catch), having feathered their
+nests to some purpose, look so idolatrously upon their Dagon of wealth,
+and so closely, (like the earth's dull center), hug all unto themselves,
+that for no respect of vertue, honour, kinred, patriotism, or whatever
+else, (be it never so recommendable), will they depart from so much as
+one single peny, whose emission doth not, without any hazard of loss, in
+a very short time superlucrate beyond all conscience an additionall
+increase to the heap of that stock which they so much adore; which
+churlish and tenacious humor hath made many that were not acquainted
+with any else of that country, to imagine all their compatriots infected
+with the same leprosie of a wretched peevishness, whereof those
+_quomodocunquizing_ clusterfists and rapacious varlets have given of
+late such cannibal-like proofs, by their inhumanity and obdurate
+carriage towards some, (whose shoe-strings they are not worthy to unty),
+that were it not that a more able pen then [than] mine will assuredly
+not faile to jerk them on all sides, in case, by their better demeanour
+for the future, they endeavour not to wipe off the blot wherewith their
+native country, by their sordid avarice and miserable baseness, hath
+been so foully stained, I would at this very instant blaze them out in
+their names and surnames, notwithstanding the vizard of Presbyterian
+zeal wherewith they maske themselves, that like so many wolves, foxes,
+or Athenian Timons, they might in all times coming be debarred the
+benefit of any honest conversation."[218]
+
+After suggesting a number of ways in which the tone of society in
+Scotland might be raised and sweetened--one of which is the
+establishment of "a free schoole and standing library in every
+parish"[219]--Sir Thomas proceeds to argue in a very sensible and
+convincing manner for complete union between Scotland and England. The
+subject is introduced by lengthy quotations from speeches by Bacon,
+delivered by him in Parliament as far back as the year 1608, in which
+the advantages of such an arrangement are set forth.
+
+The style of our author is seen at its worst in the peroration to _The
+Jewel_, in which he apologizes for the comparative simplicity, if not
+baldness, by which, in the opinion of some, it might be thought to be
+characterised. "I could truly," he says, "have enlarged this discourse
+with a choicer variety of phrase, and made it overflow the field of the
+reader's understanding, with an inundation of greater eloquence; and
+that one way, tropologetically, by metonymical, ironical, metaphorical,
+and synecdochical instruments of elocution, in all their several kinds,
+artificially affected, according to the nature of the subject, with
+emphatical expressions in things of great concernment, with
+catachrestical in matters of meaner moment; attended on each side
+respectively with an epiplectick and exegetick modification; with
+hyperbolical, either epitatically or hypocoristically, as the purpose
+required to be elated or extenuated, with qualifying metaphors, and
+accompanied by apostrophes; and lastly, with allegories of all sorts,
+whether apologal, affabulatory, parabolary, ænigmatick, or paræmial. And
+on the other part, schematologetically adorning the proposed theam with
+the most especial and chief flowers of the garden of rhetorick, and
+omitting no figure either of diction or sentence, that might contribute
+to the ear's enchantment, or perswasion of the hearer. I could have
+introduced, in case of obscurity, synonymal, exargastick, and
+palilogetick elucidations; for sweetness of phrase, antimetathetick
+commutations of epithets; for the vehement excitation of a matter,
+exclamation in the front, and epiphonemas in the reer. I could have
+used, for the promptlier stirring up of passion, apostrophal and
+prosopopœiel diversions; and, for the appeasing and settling of them,
+some epanorthotick revocations, and aposiopetick restraines. I could
+have inserted dialogismes, displaying their interrogatory part with
+communicatively pysmatick and sustentative flourishes; or proleptically,
+with the refutative schemes of anticipation and subjection, and that
+part which concerns the responsory, with the figures of permission and
+concession. Speeches extending a matter beyond what it is, auxetically,
+digressively, transitiously, by ratiocination, ætiology, circumlocution,
+and other wayes, I could have made use of; as likewise with words
+diminishing the worth of a thing, tapinotically, periphrastically, by
+rejection, translation, and other meanes, I could have served
+myself."[220]
+
+He goes on for a long time in this strain, and is at pains to explain
+that, if the work had been written in this more elaborate manner, it
+would not necessarily have been found tedious even by young ladies. "I
+could have presented it to the imagination," he says, "in so spruce a
+garb, that spirits blest with leisure, and free from the urgency of
+serious employments, would happily have bestowed as liberally some few
+houres thereon as on the perusal of a new-coined romance, or strange
+history of love adventures. For although the figures and tropes above
+rehearsed seem in their _actu signato_, (as they signifie meer notional
+circumstances, affections, adjuncts, and dependencies on words), to be a
+little pedantical, and to the smooth touch of a delicate ear somewhat
+harsh and scabrous, yet in their exerced act, (as they suppone for
+things reduplicatively as things in the first apprehension of the minde,
+by them signified), I could, even in far abstruser purposes, have so
+fitly adjusted them with apt and proper termes, and with such
+perspicuity couched them, as would have been suitable to the capacities
+of courtiers and young ladies,[221] whose tender hearing, for the most
+part, being more taken with the insinuating harmony of a well-concerted
+period, in its isocoletick and parisonal members, then [than] with the
+never-so-pithy a fancy of a learned subject, destitute of the
+illustriousness of so pathetick ornaments, will sooner convey perswasion
+to the interior faculties from the ravishing assault of a
+well-disciplined diction, in a parade of curiously-mustered words in
+their several ranks and files then [than] by the vigour and fierceness
+of never so many powerful squadrons of a promiscuously-digested
+elocution into bare logical arguments; for the sweetness of their
+disposition is more easily gained by undermining passion then [than]
+storming reason, and by the musick and symmetry of a descourse in its
+external appurtenances, then [than] by all the puissance imaginary of
+the ditty or purpose disclosed by it."[222]
+
+The last of Sir Thomas Urquhart's original works was his
+"LOGOPANDECTEISION, or an INTRODUCTION TO THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE," a
+portion of which, as already mentioned, had been embedded in the
+conglomerate mass of _The Jewel_. The idea of a universal language was
+not originated by Urquhart, for it is said that something of the kind
+had been planned a generation earlier by the celebrated William Bedell
+(1570-1642), the Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, who is better known for
+promoting the translation of the Bible into the Irish tongue. We are
+told by Burnet, who wrote his life, that he had in his diocese a
+clergyman named Johnston, a man of ability, but, unfortunately, of
+"mercurial wit." In order to give him adequate employment, and to keep
+him, we suppose, out of mischief, Bedell planned out a scheme for a
+universal character, which should be understood by all nations as
+readily as the Arabic numerals or the figures in geometry, and started
+Johnston upon the task of completing it. He made, we are told,
+considerable progress with the scheme, but his labours were interrupted,
+and the results of them destroyed, by the frightful rebellion of 1641.
+
+The _Logopandecteision_[223] is divided into six books, which bear names
+of the remarkable kind which seem to come so readily to Urquhart's
+tongue, and are so hard to be compassed by the tongues of others. The
+"Epistle Dedicatorie" is an elaborate piece of writing, and is animated
+by considerable bitterness of spirit. It is addressed to Nobody--the
+person who has assisted him in his labours, pitied him in his sorrows,
+and relieved him in his penury. It is only the first book--entitled
+"Neaudethaumata, or Wonders of the New Speech"--which makes a pretence
+of dealing with the professed subject of the volume, and of laying the
+great scheme before the reader. Much to the gratification of the
+judicious student of the work, Urquhart rambles off in the remaining
+books into autobiographical details, from which we have already gleaned
+heavily in the earlier chapters of this volume, and the only connexion
+between them and the Universal Language is that they show the
+difficulties which prevented the author from carrying out his plan. The
+sources from which these difficulties arose are vaguely indicated in the
+titles of the books: thus, the second is called "Chrestasebeia, or
+Impious Dealing of Creditors"; the third, "Cleronomaporia, or the
+Intricacy of a Distressed Successor or Apparent Heir"; the fourth,
+"Chryseomystes, or the Covetous Preacher"; and the fifth,
+"Neleodicastes, or the Pitiless Judge." While the sixth book is entitled
+"Philoponauxesis, or Furtherance of Industry," and tells of the
+marvellous benefits which would accrue to all branches of trade,
+manufacture, and industry in Scotland, if the writer's demands were
+granted, and he were at liberty to carry out the multitudinous schemes
+with which his mind was filled. The volume concludes with requests or
+"proquiritations" from thirty-two distinct petitioners, who modestly
+conceal themselves from public notice under the shelter of the initial
+letters of their names, that the State would, for the various weighty
+reasons which they allege, grant the desire of Sir Thomas to be set
+free, and to be established in possession of the estates and honours
+which his family had enjoyed from time immemorial. This section of the
+work suggests failure in ingenuity on the part of the author, for few
+persons above the condition of idiocy could surely be found capable of
+believing that the reasons and initials alike were anything else than
+the concoction of Sir Thomas himself.
+
+Very slight indeed can be the notice which we are able to give of the
+proposed Universal Language, the description of which, as set forth in
+the early part of the _Logopandecteision_, is more like an incoherent
+dream than anything else. There is no evidence that Sir Thomas Urquhart
+ever really made a grammar or vocabulary of the new language. Indeed, he
+writes about it in such a manner as to lead one to think that he had
+made no way in the real working out of the scheme, but merely dreamed of
+what he was going to do. In the new tongue which was to supersede all
+others there were to be twelve parts of speech, all words would have at
+least ten synonyms, nouns and pronouns would have eleven cases and four
+numbers--singular, dual, plural, and redual--and verbs would have four
+voices, seven moods, and eleven tenses. "In this tongue," says the
+author, "there are eleven genders,[224] wherein," he truthfully adds,
+"it exceedeth all other languages." "Every word in this language," we
+are told, "signifieth as well backward as forward, and however you
+invert the letters, still shall you fall upon significant words, whereby
+a wonderful facility is obtained in making of anagrams.... Of all
+languages, this is the most compendious in complement, and consequently
+fittest for courtiers and ladies.... As its interjections are more
+numerous, so are they more emphatical in their respective expression of
+passions, then [than] that part of speech is in any other language
+whatsoever."[225] And finally Sir Thomas vouches for its conciseness in
+a hyperbole which it would be difficult to excel. "This language," he
+says, "affordeth so concise words for numbering, that the number for
+setting down, whereof would require in vulgar arithmetic more figures in
+a row then [than] there might be grains of sand containable from the
+center of the earth to the highest heavens, is in it expressed by two
+letters."[226] A considerable revenue might be secured if the rule found
+at the end of some of Grimm's _Household Tales_ were applied to this
+statement, and strictly enforced: "Whosoever does not believe this must
+pay a thaler." In a very innocent manner our author excuses himself for
+the extravagant praise he has poured out upon his own invention. "Why it
+is," he exclaims, "I should extoll the worth thereof, without the
+jeopardy of vaine glory, the reason is clear and evident, being
+necessitated ... to merchandise it for the redintegrating of an ancient
+family, it needeth not be thought strange, that in some measure I
+descend to the fashion of the shop-keepers, who, to scrue up the buyer
+to the higher price, will tell them no better can be had for mony, 'tis
+the choicest ware in England, and if any can match it, he shall have it
+for nought.... [And so] I went on in my laudatives, to procure the
+greater longing, that an ardent desire might stir up an emacity [a
+propensity to buy], to the furtherance of my proposed end." One is
+obliged sadly to assent to his further statement about such
+conduct--"whereof ... there wanteth not store of presidents
+[precedents]."[227]
+
+Hugh Miller, animated by the patriotic zeal which prompts one North
+Briton to stand by another, and with the desire to make out the best
+case possible for one who was not only a fellow-countryman, but also a
+fellow-townsman, speaks in high terms of Urquhart's inventive powers as
+displayed in the _Logopandecteision_. "The new chemical vocabulary," he
+says, "with all its philosophical ingenuity, is constructed on
+principles exactly similar to those which he divulged more than a
+hundred years prior to its invention, in the preface to his Universal
+Language."[228] This is a statement which it is rather difficult to
+understand. The only indication of the nature of the new tongue which we
+can glean from Sir Thomas's description of it, is that every letter of
+every word in it would have a meaning, so that when anyone who knew the
+principles of the language heard a word for the first time, he would
+understand it.[229] Now, of course, it is true that anyone who knows the
+principle of the nomenclature of salts, to which, we suppose, Hugh
+Miller refers, can tell a good deal about a salt from the name of it,
+say, nitrate of potassium, KNO_{3}, but it would be impossible to invent
+a systematic nomenclature of which this would not be true.
+
+The same author is also very much impressed by the fact that the new
+language was to contain the dual, and regards this, on Lord Monboddo's
+authority, as a proof of philosophical acumen on the part of the
+inventor. He does not take any notice of the "redual," which the
+language was also to contain, and which might have been taken as an
+indication of double-distilled wisdom. Lord Monboddo (1714-1799) says of
+the Greek language that if there "were nothing else to convince him of
+its being a work of philosophers and grammarians, its dual number would
+of itself be sufficient; for as certainly as the principles of body are
+the point, the line, and the surface, the principles of number are the
+monad and the duad, though philosophers only are aware of the fact." The
+idea that this venerated instrument for the expression or concealment of
+thought was the concoction of a committee of primitive sages, and that
+they deliberately invented the dual, and added it as another spike to
+the _chevaux-de-frise_ through which our young people, of both sexes,
+have to struggle[230] on their way to the Temple of Learning, is truly
+revolting. One would not like to think that the ancient Greeks were
+quite so malicious as to do a thing like that. It is more probably the
+case that, like other Aryans, they received the dual as part of the
+inheritance of the past, handed down to them, and retained it; while in
+some of the cognate languages[231] it was gradually rubbed off, very
+much in the same way as Lord Monboddo's men lost their tails, when they
+gave up their arboreal habits, and betook themselves to sedentary
+occupations.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[199] Its title-page is as follows:--ΕΚΣΚΥΒΑΛΑΥΡΟΝ: Or, The Discovery of
+A MOST EXQUISITE JEWEL, more precious then [than] DIAMONDS inchased in
+Gold, the like whereof was never seen in any age; found in the kennel of
+_Worcester_-streets, the day after the Fight, and six before the
+Autumnal Equinox, _anno_ 1651. Serving in this place, To Frontal a
+VINDICATION of the honour of SCOTLAND, from that Infamy, whereinto the
+Rigid _Presbyterian party_ of that Nation, out of their Covetousness and
+ambition, most dissembledly hath involved it. _Distichon ad Librum
+sequitur, quo tres ter adæquant Musarum numerum, casus et articuli._
+
+    _voc._      _nom._   1 _abl._   2 _abl._    _dat._
+      O  thou'rt  a  Book  in  truth  with  love  to  many,
+
+         3 _abl._  4 _abl. acc._                 _gen._
+      Done  by  and  for  the free'st spoke Scot  of  any.
+
+_Efficiens et finis sunt sibi invicem causæ._ LONDON, Printed by Ja:
+Cottrel; and are to be sold by _Rich. Buddeley_, at the
+Middle-Temple-Gate. 1652.
+
+[200] ΕΚΣΚΥΒΑΛΑΥΡΟΝ is supposed to be the Greek for "_Gold out of the
+dirt_." Dr Irving, the author of a very carefully-written memoir of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, in his _Lives of Scottish Writers_, vol. ii., is a
+little puzzled by this extraordinary name. The latter part of it was, he
+thought, perhaps connected with αυριον--"to-morrow"--in allusion to the
+fact that this "exquisite Jewel" was taken out of the kennel _the
+morrow_ after the battle of Worcester. But the word is evidently
+αυρον--the Lat. _aurum_, "gold." In the "Postilla" to the Pedigree of
+the Urquharts, our author says that "the shire of Cromartie ... hath the
+names of its towns, villages, hamlets, dwellings, promontories,
+hillocks, temples, dens, groves, fountains, rivers, pools, lakes, stone
+heaps, akers, and so forth, of pure and perfect Greek." We need not be
+surprised that Sir Thomas's Greek has more affinity with the vernacular
+form of the language current in the Cromartie of his time than with the
+Attic of the age of Pericles,
+
+         "_For Greke of Athenes was to him unknowé._"
+
+Probably in this northern dialect of the Greek tongue αὑρον was used
+instead of the more classical χρυσὁς. Another indication of the
+difference between the Cromartian and Attic forms of speech is given by
+Sir Thomas in the same treatise in the name Αλεξἁνδηρ, which Thucydides
+would have written Αλἑξανδρος.
+
+[201] Sir Egerton Brydges, Bart., an author who combines a great many of
+the peculiarities of the two Sir Thomas Urquharts, the father and the
+son, and who has recorded his experiences in an _Autobiography_, lays
+stress in like manner upon this quality of speed in composition. Thus he
+says of his little novel, _Mary de Clifford_ (published in 1792), "it
+was written with a fervent rapidity, which no one seems to
+believe;--begun in October, 1791, and the sheets sent to the press by
+the post, as fast as they were scribbled." The passage in which he
+refers to the vexations to which he had been subjected is worth quoting,
+on account of its similarity to our Sir Thomas's story. "I have
+suffered," he says, "a hundred times more disappointments, and crosses,
+and insults, and wrongs, and deprivations, than Chatterton, yet my
+spirit, though bent and sunk, was never broken. I am calm and defiant,
+though not hopeful, in proportion as the storm presses me;--and what
+trials have I not undergone? I do not mean to relate all these trials;
+it would involve the conduct of obscure individuals, many of whom are
+still living" (_Autobiography_, pp. 8, 9).
+
+[202] _Works_, p. 181.
+
+[203] _I.e._ at such an extremity liable to be forfeited to the
+victorious soldier.
+
+[204] _Works_, pp. 189, 190.
+
+[205] Appendix II. p. 215.
+
+[206] "This part is written in a euphuistic, rhapsodical vein, and
+affords an indication of the saturation of Urquhart's mind with the
+style of Rabelais. It might almost be pieced together from the meeting
+of Pantagruel with the Limousin scholar, the discomfiture of Thaumast by
+Panurge, and the meeting of Pantegruel and his party with Queen
+Entelechia" (W. F. Smith's Introduction to _Rabelais_).
+
+[207] Dr Kippis, the editor of the _Biographia Britannica, or Lives of
+the Most Eminent Persons who have Flourished in Great Britain and
+Ireland_ (1789), had a bad time in writing the notice of Crichton that
+appears in it. He says that he entered upon the task with diffidence,
+and even with anxiety. On the one hand, he was desirous not to detract
+from Crichton's real merit, and, on the other, he wished to form a just
+estimate of the truth of the facts which are recorded concerning him.
+Part of his perturbation of mind was due to the indignation which he
+felt towards our author, whose narrative of Crichton's adventures he
+regarded as utterly untrustworthy. At an early stage in the article he
+remarks: "And here it must be observed that no credit can be granted to
+any facts which depend upon the sole authority of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart.... I must declare my full persuasion that Sir Thomas Urquhart
+is an author whose testimony to facts is totally unworthy of regard; and
+it is surprising that a perusal of his works does not strike every mind
+with this conviction. His productions are so inexpressibly absurd and
+extravagant, that the only rational judgment which can be pronounced
+concerning him is, that he was little, if at all, better than a madman.
+To the character of his having been a madman must be added that of his
+being a liar. Severe as this term may be thought, I apprehend that a
+diligent examination of the treatise which contains the memorials
+concerning Crichton would show that it is strictly true." The censure
+uttered by Dr Kippis _is_ very severe, but some excuse for him is easily
+found. He was anxious to make his dictionary of biography a mine of
+facts on which the public could rely with absolute confidence; and he
+saw before him the danger of quoting as an authority a writer like
+Urquhart, who so palpably elongated facts and embroidered them with
+fancies. His opinion with regard to the _Pedigree_ of the Urquharts is
+given on p. 144.
+
+[208] _The Scot Abroad_, p. 256. In the _Adventurer_, No. 81, Dr Johnson
+has reproduced Sir Thomas Urquhart's narrative of the career of
+Crichton, but has toned down its glowing colours.
+
+[209] The reader will remember that this simply meant the "Wonderful
+Crichton"--this use of the word "admire" being now archaic.
+
+[210] The passage in Rabelais is as follows:--"Pantagruel ... would one
+day make trial of his knowledge. Thereupon in all the Carrefours, that
+is, throughout all the foure quarters, streets and corners of the city,
+he set up Conclusions to the number of nine thousand seven hundred sixty
+and foure,[A] in all manner of learning, touching in them the hardest
+doubts that are in any science. And first of all, in the
+Fodder-street[B] he held disputes against all the Regents or Fellowes of
+Colledges, Artists or Masters of Arts, and Oratours, and did so
+gallantly, that he overthrew them, and set them all upon their tailes.
+He went afterwards to the Sorboune, where he maintained argument against
+all the Theologians or Divines, for the space of six weeks, from foure a
+clock in the morning until six in the evening, except an interval of two
+houres to refresh themselves, and take their repast. And at this were
+present the greatest part of the Lords of the Court, the Masters of
+Requests, Presidents, Counsellors, those of the Accompts, Secretaries,
+Advocates, and others: as also the Sheriffes of the said town, with the
+Physicians and Professors of the Canon-Law. Amongst which it is to be
+remarked, that the greatest part were stubborn jades, and in their
+opinions obstinate; but he took such course with them, that, for all
+their ergo's and fallacies, he put their backs to the wall, gravelled
+them in the deepest questions, and made it visibly appear to the world,
+that, compared to him, they were but monkies, and a knot of mufled
+calves. Whereupon everybody began to keep a bustling noise, and talk of
+his so marvellous knowledge, through all degrees of persons in both
+sexes, even to the very laundresses, brokers, rostmeat-sellers,
+penknife-makers, and others, who, when he past along in the street,
+would say, This is he! in which he took delight, as Demosthenes the
+prince of Greek oratours did when an old crouching wife, pointing at him
+with her fingers, said, That is the man"[C] (ii. chap. 10).
+
+[A] Pico della Mirandola in the winter of 1486-87 offered to maintain at
+Rome 900 theses _de omni scitili_ (W. F. S.).
+
+[B] _Rue de la Feurre_ (near the Place Maubert) was the street in Paris
+where the poorer students used to lodge. It got its name because straw
+served them for beds and furniture. Dante says in _Par._ x. 137:
+
+    "Essa è la luce eterua di Sigieri,
+    Che, leggendo nel vico degli strami,
+    Sillogizzo invidiosi veri."
+
+                             (_Ibid._)
+
+[C] Cf. "At pulchrum est, digito monstrari, et dicier: Hic est" (_Pers._
+i. 28). (_Ibid._)
+
+[211] He says in reference to the whole history of Crichton: "The verity
+of this story I have here related, concerning this incomparable
+Crichton, may be certified by above two thousand men yet living, who
+have known him" (_Works_, p. 244). There can scarcely have been so many,
+unless centenarians were much commoner then than now.
+
+[212] "Thou didst swear to me upon a parcel-gilt goblet, sitting in my
+Dolphin-chamber, at the round table, by a sea-coal fire, upon Wednesday
+in Wheeson week, when the prince broke thy head for liking his father to
+a singing-man of Windsor; thou didst swear to me then, as I was washing
+thy wound, to marry me and make me my lady thy wife. Canst thou deny it?
+Did not good-wife Keech, the butcher's wife, come in then and call me
+gossip Quickly? coming in to borrow a mess of vinegar; telling us she
+had a good dish of prawns; whereby thou didst desire to eat some;
+whereby I told thee they were ill for a green wound! And didst thou not,
+when she was gone down stairs, desire me to be no more so familiarity
+with such poor people; saying that ere long they should call me madam?
+And didst thou not kiss me, and bid me fetch thee thirty shillings? I
+put thee now to thy book-oath: deny it, if thou canst" (_2 Henry IV._
+II. i.).
+
+[213] _Works_, p. 234.
+
+[214] _Ibid._ p. 243.
+
+[215] The italics are ours.
+
+[216] _Works_, p. 224. At one of Charles Lamb's Wednesday evenings in
+Mitre Court Building, Hazlitt tells us, "the name of the Admirable
+Crichton was suddenly started as a splendid example of _waste_ talents,
+so different from the generality of his countrymen." A North Briton
+present declared himself descended from that prodigy of learning and
+accomplishment, and said he had family plate in his possession as
+vouchers for the fact, with the initials engraved upon them of A.
+C.--"Admirable Crichton!" A phrenological report upon this gentleman by
+Charles Lamb would have enlarged "the public stock of harmless
+pleasure."
+
+[217] _Works_, p. 277. The charity which "believeth all things and
+hopeth all things," or the credulity which persuades itself of the truth
+of the things which it wishes to believe, is manifest in Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's estimate of the character of Charles II. Less charitable or
+more impartial critics are probably inclined to the opinion that the
+existence in that sovereign of a number of the above-mentioned virtues
+was as mythical as that of a good many of his "hundred and ten
+predecessors." So far as "comeliness" is concerned, Charles II. at a
+later period had a much humbler view of the matter than Sir Thomas here
+expresses. For he complained that when they wished to represent a
+villain on the stage they made up a figure somewhat like himself. See
+Cibber's _Apology_, p. 111.
+
+[218] _Works_, p. 212.
+
+[219] His unhappy prejudices against the Presbyterian clergy are
+irrepressible, for immediately after suggesting "a standing library in
+custody of the minister of the parish," he adds, "with this proviso,
+that none of the books should be embezeled by him or any of his
+successors" (_Works_, p. 282).
+
+[220] We have reason to be thankful to Sir Thomas for his kindness in
+refraining from the style of composition which he here indicates, for we
+can scarcely credit his assurance that the results would have been less
+terrifying than the description of the processes by which they would
+have been reached. There is no need for an apology, for he has really
+done pretty well as it is. Mr Ruskin had once a vision of ten thousand
+school-inspectors assembled on Cader Idris. What horror would seize such
+a company, if they were treated as a class in elementary English, and
+the above passage were read out as an exercise in dictation! Nay, it is
+to be feared that even the more august assembly in Dover House, the
+Lords of Education themselves, would be panic-stricken at such a task.
+Only Macaulay's "schoolboy" would probably be found to enter upon it
+with unblenched countenance, and to accomplish it successfully.
+
+[221] This reminds us of Bottom the weaver. "I will roar that I will do
+any man's heart good to hear me.... [Yet not to frighten the ladies.] I
+will aggravate my voice so that I will roar you as gently as any sucking
+dove: I will roar you an 'twere any nightingale" (_Midsummer-Night's
+Dream_, I. ii.).
+
+[222] _Works_, pp. 292, 293.
+
+[223] _Logopandecteision_, or an INTRODUCTION to the UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE.
+Digested into these Six several Books, Neaudethaumata, Chrestasebeia,
+Cleronomaporia, Chryseomystes, Neleodicastes, and Philoponauxesis. By
+Sir Thomas Urquhart of _Cromartie_, Knight. Now lately contrived and
+published, both for his own utilie, and that of all pregnant and
+ingenious Spirits. _Credere quaerenti nonne haic justissima res est? Qui
+non plura cupit, quam ratio ipsa jubet._ _Englished thus_, To grant him
+his demands, were it not just? Who craves no more, then [than] reason
+says he must. _London._ Printed, and are to be sold by _Giles Calvert_
+at the _Black Spread Eagle_ at the west-end of _Pauls_; and by _Richard
+Tomlins_ at the Sun and Bible near Pye-corner. 1653.
+
+[224] Eleven genders seem nine more than are necessary, and the use of
+such a large number suggests to one that in Sir Thomas's Universal
+Language the distinctions in question were to receive an undue amount of
+attention. At the same time, fault has been found with our English
+language for being somewhat defective in accentuating these
+distinctions; and an attempt to correct this shortcoming, to a certain
+extent, has been made by Southey in _The Doctor_. He proposed to
+anglicise the orthography of the female garment, "which is indeed the
+sister to the shirt," and then to utilise the hint offered in its new
+form: thus _Hemise_ and _Shemise_. In letter-writing every person knows
+that male and female letters have a distinct character; they should
+therefore, he thought, be generally distinguished thus, _Hepistle_ and
+_Shepistle_. And as there is the same marked difference in the writing
+of the two sexes, he proposed _Penmanship_ and _Penwomanship_. Erroneous
+opinions in religion being promulgated in this country by women as well
+as men, the teachers of such false doctrine may be divided into
+_Heresiarchs_ and _Sheresiarchs_, so that we should speak of the
+_Heresy_ of the Quakers and the _Sheresy_ of Joanna Southcote's people.
+The troublesome affection of the diaphragm, which every one has
+experienced, is, upon the same principle, to be called, according to the
+sex of the patient, _Hecups_, or _Shecups_, which, upon the principle of
+making our language truly British, is better than the more classical
+form of _Hiccups_ and _Hæcups_. In its objective use the word becomes
+Hiscups or Hercups; and in like manner Histerics should be altered into
+Herterics, the complaint never being masculine. It is perhaps a little
+surprising that this suggestion should have lain before the British
+public for half a century, and have been left unutilised.
+
+[225] _Works_, pp. 316-318.
+
+[226] _Works_, pp. 316-318.
+
+[227] _Ibid._ p. 332.
+
+[228] _Scenes and Legends_, chap. vii.
+
+[229] A somewhat similar project was described in the Marquis of
+Worcester's _Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions_
+(1663), in which the steam-engine is anticipated. The passage is as
+follows:--"32. How to compose an universal character, methodical, and
+easie to be written, yet intelligible in any language; so that if an
+Englishman write it in English, a Frenchman, Italian, Spaniard, Irish,
+Welsh, being scholars, yea, Grecian or Hebritian, shall as perfectly
+understand it in their owne Tongue, as if they were perfect English,
+distinguishing the Verbs from the Nouns, the Numbers, Tenses, Cases as
+properly expressed in their own Language as it was written in English."
+
+A writer in _Blackwood's Magazine_ in 1820 affirms that he has good
+reasons for believing that the above volume was really by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, and was dishonestly put forth as the work of the Marquis of
+Worcester. He does not give us any of his reasons. The style of the
+little volume bears no resemblance to that of our author, and this fact
+is of itself almost conclusive proof that Sir Thomas Urquhart had
+nothing to do with it. The Scottish knight could scarcely open his lips
+without revealing his identity. It is rather difficult to believe, too,
+that a manuscript lost by Sir Thomas in the streets of Worcester should
+have been picked up by the Marquis of Worcester. The coincidence would
+be a very extraordinary one.
+
+[230] Hear Heine's angry allusions to his early scholastic experiences,
+in which he suggests another and less honourable origin of the Greek
+tongue: "Vom Griechischen will ich gar nicht sprechen--ich ärgere mich
+sonst zu viel. Die Mönche im Mittelalter hatten so ganz Unrecht nicht,
+wenn sie behaupteten, dass das Griechische eine Erfindung des Teufels
+sei" (_Das Buch Le Grand_, vii.).
+
+[231] Sanskrit, Old Persian, Lithuanian, and old Slavonic have the dual
+both in declension and conjugation, and in the first of these it is used
+much more frequently than in Greek. Faint traces of it in declension are
+to be found in Teutonic speech, though in conjugation it is only in the
+Gothic that the dual is used. In old Gaelic the dual is a regular
+feature of declension, but not of conjugation.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VII
+
+                   TRANSLATION OF RABELAIS
+
+The foundation on which Sir Thomas Urquhart's literary fame securely
+rests is his translation into English of the first three books of the
+works of Rabelais. Of these the first and second appeared in two
+separate volumes in the year 1653--exactly a century after the death of
+the great French satirist--and the third was published by Pierre Antoine
+Motteux in 1693, long after Sir Thomas's own death.[232]
+
+The difficulty, singularity, and obscurity of the writings of Rabelais
+had probably been hindrances in the way of their being presented to the
+English public in their own tongue; for, though the register of the
+Stationers' Company preserves a record of two attempts at translation,
+these seem to have been but fragmentary, and to have dropped still-born
+from the press. The works themselves are not known to be extant, and
+nothing more than the bare name of them survives.
+
+The difficulties which lie in the way of the ordinary reader who wishes
+to become acquainted with the works of Rabelais are very
+considerable.[233] The fantastical style of the satirist, his countless
+allusions to contemporary persons and events, his out-of-the-way
+learning, the care with which he conceals at such length the seriousness
+of his purpose, and the incredible grossness of manners which so often
+disfigures his pages, are obstacles which can with difficulty be
+surmounted. The last-mentioned characteristic is, indeed, a grave and
+ingrained fault, which must for ever be a slur upon the writer's fame.
+Yet we may say of him what Don Pedro says of Benedick, "The man doth
+fear God howsoever it seems not in him by some large jests he will
+make"; or what Mrs Blower in _St Ronan's Well_ says of her deceased
+husband, "He was a merry man, but he had the root of the matter in him
+for a' his light way of speaking." Coleridge--"the brother," according
+to Mr Birrell, "whose praise is throughout all the churches"--speaks of
+Rabelais in very high terms indeed; "Beyond a doubt," he says, "he was
+among the deepest, as well as boldest thinkers of his age. His
+buffoonery was not merely Brutus' rough stick, which contained a rod of
+gold: it was necessary as an amulet against the monks and legates.[234]
+Never was there a more plausible, and seldom, I am persuaded, a less
+appropriate line than the thousand times quoted
+
+            'Rabelais laughing in his easy chair'
+
+of Mr Pope. The caricature of his filth and zanyism show how fully he
+both knew and felt the danger in which he stood. I could write a
+treatise in praise of the moral elevation of Rabelais' work, which would
+make the church stare and the conventicle groan,[235] and yet would be
+truth, and nothing but the truth. I class Rabelais with the great
+creative minds of the world, Shakespeare, Dante, Cervantes, etc."
+
+François Rabelais was born in Touraine, according to the date usually
+given, and which there is no reason to question, in the same year as
+Luther and Raphael, A.D. 1483, and died in Paris in 1553. His father had
+a small estate, and was an apothecary (or, as some say, a tavern-keeper)
+in the town of Chinon, at the foot of the castle where, three centuries
+before, our Henry II. had died, and whither, a little more than fifty
+years before François was born, Joan of Arc had come with promises of
+supernatural aid to Charles VII. He was the youngest of five sons, and,
+as was often the case in those days, was provided for by being made a
+monk, while the other members of the family divided amongst them the
+paternal estate. In one passage in his works he speaks of mothers who
+"cannot bear their children nor brook them in their houses nine, nay
+often not seven years, but by putting a shirt over their robe, and by
+cutting a few hairs on the top of their head ... they transform them
+into birds," _i.e._, get rid of them as soon as possible, and thrust
+them into monasteries. This seems to have been his own sad fate.
+
+In course of time, after the schoolboy period of his life was past, he
+entered the order of Franciscan monks at the convent of
+Fontenay-le-Comte in Poitou, and took holy orders; and it was here,
+during the next fifteen years (1509-1524), that he devoted himself to
+the acquisition of everything in the shape of literature or learning,
+and laid the foundation of the astonishing erudition which his works
+display. His long residence in the monastery had inspired Rabelais with
+a deep hatred of monasticism and monks, and, after being allowed to
+exchange the Franciscan for the Benedictine order, he laid down the
+regular habit and took that of a secular priest, and left the convent
+without the sanction of his superior--a breach of ecclesiastical
+discipline which exposed him to severe censure. After wandering hither
+and thither in the pursuit of medical knowledge, he entered the
+University of Montpellier, graduated as a physician, and practised there
+with credit and success. After being Hospital Physician at Lyons, he
+spent some time in Rome, as a medical attendant upon Jean du Bellay,
+Bishop of Paris. While here he succeeded in making his peace with the
+Church, and by a papal Bull (17th January 1536) was allowed to return to
+the Benedictine order and to practise physic according to canonical
+rules, _i.e._, to charge no fees and to use neither fire nor knife. This
+release from ecclesiastical disabilities allowed him to be appointed to
+a place in the abbey of St Maur-des-Fosses, near Paris. After another
+period of exile and wandering he was nominated curé of Meudon, an office
+which he resigned after two years. Three months afterwards he died in
+Paris (9th April, 1553), and was buried in the cemetery of the parish of
+St Paul's.
+
+The publication of the satirical writings of Rabelais was spread over a
+long series of years, from 1532 or 1533, when the first installment, in
+his _Gargantua_, was brought out, down to 1564, eleven years after his
+death, when the fifth and concluding book of his _Pantagruel_ was issued
+in its entirety. The main object of his satire was what used to be
+called "the intolerance, superstition, and disgusting follies and vices
+of the Romish Church," but, incidentally, pretenders to knowledge of
+every kind come under his lash. For when imposture, folly, and humbug
+grow too rank and noisome, there arise, it can scarcely be by accident,
+men like Lucian, Rabelais, and Voltaire, whose calling it is to cut them
+down. That theirs is an ill-requited office is sufficiently plain from
+the odium which, in spite of their beneficent labours, is often
+associated with their names. "[Hast thou] only a torch for burning, no
+hammer for building?" says the somewhat wearisome Herr Teufelsdröckh to
+the last named of these satirists, "take our thanks, then, and--thyself
+away."[236] Yet the torch for burning is as necessary as the hammer for
+building, if the site for the Temple of Truth is to be prepared. It may
+well be that burning down and rooting up are needed before building can
+be begun, and some of those who have endeavoured to benefit mankind
+have felt themselves called to the one sort of work rather than to the
+other.
+
+The form which Rabelais chooses for the frame-work of his satire is the
+burlesque adventures of the giant Gargantua, of whom many legends were
+current in Touraine, and of his son Pantagruel, sometimes spoken of as
+also a giant, and at others as a wise and virtuous prince of ordinary
+proportions. Along with the strange, tangled, and chaotic story of their
+exploits the writer from time to time enunciates admirable ideas, which
+must have seemed revolutionary to his contemporaries, and some of which
+even we have not yet realised.
+
+The translation of Rabelais by Sir Thomas Urquhart is his great literary
+achievement. "It is impossible," says Tytler, "to look into it without
+admiring the air of ease, freshness, and originality which the
+translator has so happily communicated to his performance. All those
+singular qualifications which unfitted Urquhart to succeed in serious
+composition--his extravagance, his drollery (?), his unbridled
+imagination, his burlesque and endless epithets--are in the task of
+translating Rabelais transplanted into their true field of action, and
+revel through his pages with a licence and buoyancy which is quite
+unbridled, yet quite allowable. Indeed, Urquhart and Rabelais appear, in
+many points, to have been congenial spirits, and the translator seems to
+have been born for his author."[237]
+
+As might have been expected, the translation is not marked by painful
+exactness of rendering. On the contrary, evidences of carelessness and
+inaccuracy are by no means uncommon, but yet the work is, as some one
+calls it, "one of the most perfect transfusions of an author from one
+language to another,[238] that ever man accomplished." The great merits
+of the translation consist in its preserving the very air and style of
+the original, and in the astonishing richness of vocabulary which it
+manifests. Where Rabelais invents a word, Sir Thomas invents one, or
+two, or three; and if the former has a list of twenty or thirty
+epithets, the latter has no hesitation in supplying his readers with
+forty or sixty, which seem quite as good as the original stock which he
+thus enlarges. Sometimes, too, as Mr W. F. Smith, a very distinguished
+student of Rabelais, remarks, "in translating a single word of the
+French he often empties all the synonyms given by Cotgrave into his
+version."
+
+Mr Tytler, in the above-quoted criticism on Urquhart's translation,
+speaks of the peculiarities of his style as "revelling through his pages
+with a licence and buoyancy which is quite unbridled, yet quite
+allowable." One is obliged to demur to the last adjective. A translator,
+like a compositor, should be under some obligation to adhere to the text
+before him; and, as a matter of fact, the success of Urquhart's version
+is occasionally interfered with by this same "unbridled revelling." The
+style of Rabelais is graphic and vigorous, and at times exceedingly
+graceful, and occupies a high place in French literature. Any tampering
+with it, therefore, in the way of alteration or addition, was not likely
+to be an improvement.
+
+But, even after all deductions are made, the praise bestowed upon
+Urquhart's work has been fully deserved. "The buoyancy and unembarrassed
+sweep of its general character," says Sir Theodore Martin, "which gives
+his Rabelais more the look of an original than of a translation, its
+rich and well-compacted diction, the many happy turns of phrase that are
+quite his own, have fairly earned for it the high estimation in which it
+has long been held. His task was one of extreme difficulty, and there
+have perhaps been few men besides himself that could have brought to it
+the world of omnigenous knowledge which it required. It was apparently
+Urquhart's ambition to realise in his own person the ideal of human
+accomplishment, to be at once
+
+    'Complete in feature and in mind,
+    With all good grace to grace a gentleman.'
+
+He had left no source of information unexplored, few aspects of life
+unobserved, and, in the translation of Rabelais, he found full exercise
+for his multiform attainments. Ably as the work has been completed by
+Motteux, one cannot but regret that the worthy Knight of Cromarty had
+not spared him the task."[239]
+
+The merits of the translation can scarcely be exhibited in selections
+torn from their context, and perhaps only partly intelligible; but
+perhaps the following may be welcome to the reader. Let us take these
+extracts from the graceful and charming sketch of the Abbey of Thelema,
+which was to be different from all other monastic communities, and was
+to be the home of a society of young people living together in all
+innocence and joy, free from sordid cares, and devoted to the studies,
+exercises, and accomplishments which are appropriate to refined and
+noble spirits.
+
+"'First, then,' said Gargantua, 'you must not build a wall about your
+convent, for all other abbies are strongly walled and mured about....
+Moreover, seeing there are certain convents in the world, whereof the
+custome is, if any woman come in, I mean chaste and honest women, they
+immediately sweep the ground which they have trod upon;[240] therefore
+was it ordained, that if any man or woman, entered into religious
+orders, should by chance come within this new abbey, all the roomes
+should be thoroughly washed and cleansed through which they had passed.
+And because in all other monasteries and nunneries all is compassed,
+limited, and regulated by houres, it was decreed that in this new
+structure there should be neither clock nor dial, but that, according to
+the opportunities and incident occasions, all their hours should be
+disposed of; for,' said Gargantua, 'the greatest losse of time, that I
+know, is to count the hours. What good comes of it? Nor can there be any
+greater dotage in the world then [than] for one to guide and direct his
+courses by the sound of a bell, and not by his owne judgement and
+discretion.'
+
+"Item, Because at that time they put no women into nunneries, but such
+as were either purblind, blinkards, lame, crooked, ill-favoured,
+misshapen, fooles, senselesse, spoyled, or corrupt; nor encloystered any
+men, but those that were either sickly, ill-bred lowts, simple sots, or
+peevish trouble-houses; ... therefore was it ordained, that into this
+religious order should be admitted no women that were not faire, well
+featur'd, and of a sweet disposition; nor men that were not comely,
+personable, and well conditioned.
+
+"Item, Because in the convents of women men come not but under-hand,
+privily, and by stealth, it was therefore enacted, that in this house
+there shall be no women in case there be not men, nor men in case there
+be not women.
+
+"Item, Because both men and women, that are received into religious
+orders after the expiring of their noviciat or probation-year, were
+constrained and forced perpetually to stay there all the days of their
+life, it was therefore ordered, that all whatever, men or women,
+admitted within this abbey, should have full leave to depart with peace
+and contentment, whensoever it should seem good to them so to do.
+
+"Item, for that the religious men and women did ordinarily make three
+vows, to wit, those of chastity, poverty, and obedience, it was
+therefore constituted and appointed, that in this convent they might be
+honourably married, that they might be rich, and live at liberty.
+
+"In regard of the legitimat time of the persons to be initiated, and
+years under and above which they were not capable of reception, the
+women were to be admitted from ten till fifteen, and the men from
+twelve till eighteen."[241]
+
+After an elaborate description of the magnificence of the abbey and of
+its endowments, and of the apparel worn by the members of the new order,
+we are told of "_how the Thelemites were governed, and of their manner
+of living_." "All their life," we read, "was spent not in lawes,
+statutes, or rules, but according to their own free will and pleasure.
+They rose out of their beds, when they thought good; they did eat,
+drink, labour, sleep, when they had a minde to it, and were disposed for
+it. None did awake them, none did offer to constrain them to eat, drink,
+nor to do any other thing; for so had Gargantua established it. In all
+their rule, and strictest tie of their order, there was but this one
+clause to be observed,
+
+                      DO WHAT THOU WILT;
+
+Because men that are free, well-borne, well-bred, and conversant in
+honest companies, have naturally an instinct and spurre that prompteth
+them unto vertuous actions, and withdraws them from vice, which is
+called honour. Those same men when by base subjection and constraint
+they are brought under and kept down, turn aside from that noble
+disposition, by which they formerly were inclined to vertue, to shake
+off and break that bond of servitude, wherein they are so tyrannously
+inslaved; for it is agreeable with the nature of man to long after
+things forbidden, and to desire what is denied us.[242]
+
+"By this liberty they entered into a very laudable emulation, to do all
+of them what they saw did please one. If any of the gallants or ladies
+should say, Let us drink, they would all drink. If any one of them said,
+Let us play, they all played. If one said, Let us go a-walking into the
+fields, they went all. If it were to go a-hawking or a-hunting, the
+ladies mounted upon dainty, well-paced nags, seated in a stately palfrey
+saddle,[243] carried on their lovely fists, miniardly begloved every one
+of them, either a sparhawk, or a laneret, or a marlin, and the young
+gallants carried the other kinds of hawkes. So nobly were they taught,
+that there was neither he nor she amongst them but could read, write,
+sing, play upon several musical instruments, speak five or sixe several
+languages, and compose in them all very quaintly, both in verse and
+prose. Never were seen so valiant knights, so noble and worthy, so
+dextrous and skilful both on foot and a horseback, more brisk and
+lively, more nimble and quick, or better handling all manner of weapons
+then [than] were there. Never were seene ladies so proper[244] and
+handsome, so miniard and dainty, lesse froward, or more ready with their
+hand, and with their needle, in every honest and free action belonging
+to that sexe, then [than] were there. For this reason, when the time
+came, that any man of the said abbey, either at the request of his
+parents, or for some other cause, had a minde to go out of it, he
+carried along with him one of the ladies, namely, her whom he had before
+that chosen for his mistris,[245] and [they] were married together. And
+if they had formerly in Theleme lived in good devotion and amity, they
+did continue therein and increase it to a greater height in their state
+of matrimony: and did entertaine that mutual love till the very last day
+of their life, in no lesse vigour and fervency, then [than] at the very
+day of their wedding."[246]
+
+Such is the dream which floated before the mind of Rabelais, but,
+unhappily, it is still an airy fancy, and has never received a local
+habitation and a name. Mrs Grundy, the vegetarians, the teetotallers,
+the anti-tobacco people, and the enemies of "rational costume" have up
+to the present forbidden the erection of any such building.
+
+One of the most prominent figures in the story of Pantagruel is his
+favourite, Panurge, who is a rogue, a drunkard, a coward, and a
+malicious scoundrel, but who yet, like Falstaff, in spite of all his
+moral deficiencies, manages to appear as an amusing personage. Into his
+lips is put, with a fine disregard of congruity, an eloquent speech,
+which begins in praise of debt, and ends by setting forth the
+interdependence of all things in the universe. Panurge is represented as
+having threescore and three ways of making money, and two hundred and
+fourteen of spending it, so that he is always poor, and his sovereign
+Pantagruel remonstrates with him on account of his prodigal habits.
+
+He replies as follows: "Be still indebted to somebody or other, that
+there may be somebody always to pray for you; [to pray] that the giver
+of all good things may grant unto you a blessed, long, and prosperous
+life; fearing, if fortune should deal crossly with you, that it might be
+his chance to come short of being paid by you, he will always speak good
+of you in every company, ever and anon purchase new creditors unto you;
+to the end, that through their means you may make a shift by borrowing
+from Peter to pay Paul,[247] and with other folk's earth fill up his
+ditch. When of old in the region of the Gauls, by the institution of the
+Druids,[248] the servants, slaves, and bondmen were burnt quick at the
+funerals and obsequies of their lords and masters, had not they fear
+enough, think you, that their lords and masters should die? For, per
+force, they were to die with them for company. Did not they uncessantly
+send up their supplications to their great God Mercury,[249] as likewise
+unto Dis, the Father of Wealth,[250] to lengthen out their days, and
+preserve them long in health? Were not they very careful to entertain
+them well, punctually to look unto them, and to attend them faithfully
+and circumspectly? For by those means were they to live together at
+least until the hour of death. Believe me your creditors with a more
+fervent devotion will beseech [Providence] to prolong your life, they
+being of nothing more afraid than that you should die.... I, in this
+only respect and consideration of being a debtor, esteem myself
+worshipful, reverend, and formidable. For, against the opinion of most
+philosophers, that of nothing ariseth nothing, yet, without having
+bottomed on so much as that which is called the First Matter [Primary
+Matter], did I out of nothing become such [a] maker and creator, that I
+have created--what?--a gay number of fair and jolly creditors. Nay,
+creditors, I will maintain it, even to the very fire itself
+exclusively,[251] are fair and goodly creatures. Who lendeth nothing is
+an ugly and wicked creature.... You can hardly imagine how glad I am,
+when every morning I perceive myself environed and surrounded with
+brigades of creditors,--humble, fawning, and full of their reverences.
+And whilst I remark that, as I look more favourably upon, and give a
+chearfuller countenance to one than to the other, the fellow thereupon
+buildeth a conceit that he shall be the first dispatched, and the
+foremost in the date of payment; and he valueth my smiles at the rate of
+ready money.... I have all my lifetime held debt to be as an union or
+conjunction of the heavens with the earth, and the whole cement whereby
+the race of mankind is kept together;[252] yea, of such vertue and
+efficacy, that, I say, the whole progeny of Adam would very suddenly
+perish without it."
+
+He then goes on to describe a world in which there are no debtors and no
+debts. There will be no regular course among the planets, but all will
+be in disorder. Jupiter, reckoning himself to be nothing indebted to
+Saturn, will go near to thrust him out of his place; Saturn and Mars
+will combine to promote the confusion; Mercury, being debtor to no one,
+will no longer serve any; Venus, because she shall have lent nothing,
+will no longer be venerated. "The moon," he says, "will remain bloody
+and obscure. For to what end should the sun impart unto her any of his
+light?[253] He owed her nothing. Nor yet will the sun shine upon the
+earth, nor the stars send down any good influence,[254] because the
+terrestrial globe hath desisted from sending up their wonted nourishment
+by vapours and exhalations, wherewith Heraclitus said, the Stoicks
+proved, Cicero maintained, they were cherished and alimented.... No rain
+will descend upon the earth, nor light shine thereon; no wind will blow
+there, nor will there be in it any summer or harvest.... Such a world
+without lending will be no better than a dog-kennel, a place of
+contention and wrangling.... Men will not then salute one another; it
+will be but lost labour to expect aid or succour from any, or to cry
+fire, water, murther, for none will put to their helping hand. Why? He
+lent no money, there is nothing due to him. Nobody is concerned in his
+burning, in his shipwrack, in his ruine, or in his death; and that
+because he hitherto hath lent nothing, and would never thereafter have
+lent anything. In short, Faith, Hope, and Charity would be quite
+banish'd from such a world--for men are born to relieve and assist one
+another."
+
+"But, on the contrary," he went on to say, "be pleased to represent
+unto your fancy another world, wherein every one lendeth, and everyone
+oweth, all are debtors, and all creditors. O how great will that harmony
+be, which shall thereby result from the regular motions of the heavens!
+Methinks I hear it every whit as well as ever Plato did.[255] What
+sympathy will there be amongst the elements! O how delectable then unto
+nature will be our own works and productions! Whilst Ceres appeareth
+loaden with corn, Bacchus with wines, Flora with flowers, Pomona with
+fruits, and Juno fair in a clear air, wholsom and pleasant. I lose
+myself in this high contemplation. Then will among the race of mankind,
+peace, love, benevolence, fidelity, tranquillity, rests, banquets,
+feastings, joy, gladness, gold, silver, single money [small change],
+chains, rings, with other ware, and chaffer of that nature, be found to
+trot from hand to hand. No suits at law, no wars, no strife, debate, nor
+wrangling; none will be there an usurer, none will be there a
+pinch-penny, a scrape-good wretch, or churlish hard-hearted refuser.
+Will not this be the golden age in the reign of Saturn?--the true idea
+of the Olympick regions, wherein all [other] vertues cease, charity
+alone ruleth, governeth, domineereth, and triumpheth? All will be fair
+and goodly people there, all just and vertuous. O happy world! O people
+of that world most happy! Yea, thrice and four times blessed is that
+people! I think in very deed that I am amongst them."[256]
+
+In one curious passage Sir Thomas Urquhart amplifies the text of the
+author whom he translates, and supplies his readers with an astonishing
+list of onomatopœic words, many of which will probably be new to those
+who have not come across this passage before. Rabelais has nine of these
+words, but the translator[257] enlarges the list to seventy-one.
+Pantagruel is arguing against fasting and solitude as aids to a
+contemplative life, and quotes the authority of his father Gargantua.
+
+"He [Gargantua] gave us also," he said, "the example of the philosopher,
+who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a
+solitary privacy, far from the rusling clutterments of the tumultuous
+and confused world, the better to improve his theory, to contrive,
+comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost endeavours
+to free himself from all untoward noises, surrounded and environ'd about
+so with the barking of currs [bawling of mastiffs, bleating of sheep,
+prating of parrets, tatling of jack-daws, grunting of swine, girning of
+boars, yelping of foxes, mewing of cats, cheeping of mice, squeaking of
+weasils, croaking of frogs, crowing of cocks, kekling of hens, calling
+of partridges, chanting of swans, chattering of jays, peeping of
+chickens, singing of larks, creaking of geese, chirping of swallows,
+clucking of moorfowls, cucking of cuckos, bumling of bees, rammage of
+hawks, chirming of linots, croaking of ravens, screeching of owls,
+whicking of pigs, gushing of hogs, curring of pigeons, grumbling of
+cushet-doves, howling of panthers, curkling of quails, chirping of
+sparrows, crackling of crows, nuzzing of camels, wheening of whelps,
+buzzing of dromedaries, mumbling of rabets, cricking of ferrets, humming
+of wasps, mioling of tygers, bruzzing of bears, sussing of kitnings,
+clamring of scarfes, whimpring of fullmarts, boing of buffaloes,
+warbling of nightingales, quavering of meavises, drintling of turkies,
+coniating of storks, frantling of peacocks, clattering of mag-pyes,
+murmuring of stock-doves, crouting of cormorants, cigling of locusts,
+charming of beagles, guarring of puppies, snarling of messens, rantling
+of rats, guerieting of apes, snuttering of monkies, pioling of
+pelicanes, quecking of ducks], yelling of wolves, roaring of lions,
+neighing of horses, crying of elephants, hissing of serpents, and
+wailing of turtles, that he was much more troubled than if he had been
+in the middle of the crowd at the fair of Fontenay or Niort."[258] In
+spite of the amplification of the original text of Rabelais, two of the
+sounds are omitted--"the braying of asses," and the noise made by
+grass-hoppers (_sonnent les eigales_), which we might have called
+"chirping," if the swallows and sparrows had not taken possession of
+that term.
+
+As already stated, the first two books were all that were published in
+the lifetime of Sir Thomas Urquhart. They appeared as separate volumes
+in 1653. The unsold stock of each was reissued in 1664, in one volume,
+an additional title-page, an extra preface, and a life of Rabelais being
+prefixed to them. The volume became very scarce, and in 1693-94 Pierre
+Antoine Motteux, a Frenchman, who was master of exceedingly racy and
+idiomatic English, published an edition containing the third book. This
+was extremely inaccurate, so far as typography was concerned, and gave
+the public the version of Sir Thomas Urquhart with certain unspecified
+changes made by the editor in order to impart to it additional
+"smartness." In 1708 Motteux published a complete translation of
+Rabelais, the version of the fourth and fifth books being supplied by
+himself,[259] as supplementary to Urquhart's work. After the death of
+Motteux, a somewhat pretentious editor named Ozell[260] brought out the
+combined versions, with notes principally taken from the French of
+Duchat, and this has been reprinted time after time since its first
+appearance in 1737.
+
+At least seventeen editions of Urquhart's work, either by itself or with
+Motteux's supplementary matter, have been issued since his day, and
+there is no sign of its fame waxing dim through the lapse of time; and
+therefore the immortality after which he longed has in a measure been
+won by him. And so, once more before we take our leave of him, we look
+again into the twilight of the past, and see his striking figure--the
+soldier, the scholar, and the author--crowned with the wreath which his
+own hands have placed upon his brows, but which succeeding generations
+declare him worthy to bear.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[232] The title-page of the first book does not contain Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's name, but on it is his motto ("Mean, speak, and do well"). It
+runs as follows:--"The first Book of the Works of MR. FRANCIS RABELAIS,
+Doctor in Physick: Containing Five Books of the Lives, Heroick Deeds,
+and Sayings of GARGANTUA and his Sonne PANTAGRUEL. Together with the
+Pantagrueline Prognostication, the Oracle of the divine Bacbuc, and
+response of the bottle. Hereunto are annexed the Navigations unto the
+sounding Isle and the Isle of the Apedefts: as likewise the
+Philosophical cream with a Limosin Epistle. All done by Mr. Francis
+Rabelais, in the French Tongue, and now faithfully translated into
+English. ευνοει εὑλογε καἱ εὑπραττε. London, Printed for Richard
+Baddeley, within the Middle Templegate. 1653." On the title-page of the
+second book are the translator's initials, S, T. V. C. (Sir Thomas
+Urquhart of Cromartie). While on that of the third book we have his name
+in full: "Now faithfully translated into English by the unimitable pen
+of Sir Thomas Urwhart, Kt. and Bar. The Translator of the Two First
+Books. Never before Printed. London: Printed for Richard Baldwin, near
+the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, 1693." Copies of the first and second
+books of the above date are in the British Museum, but erroneously
+catalogued--not under Urquhart, but only under C., S. T. V. A second
+edition of them both seems from the Bodleian Catalogue to have been
+published in 1664. Both are very rare, it is said, owing to the
+destruction caused by the fire of London in 1666.
+
+[233] For those who are not special students, adequate information
+concerning Rabelais and extracts from his works are to be got in Sir
+Walter Besant's luminous and charming volume in the series of Foreign
+Classics for English Readers (Blackwood), and in Morley's _Universal
+Library_ (Routledge). In one of his poems Browning describes the steps
+taken by a reader to banish the memory of a dreary pedant, whose book he
+had been perusing. He says:
+
+    "Then I went indoors, brought out a loaf,
+      Half a cheese, and a bottle of Chablis;
+    Lay on the grass, and forgot the loaf
+      Over a jolly chapter of Rabelais."
+
+Some have turned over Rabelais and searched for the jolly chapter in
+vain, and have, perhaps, attributed their failure to the want of a
+bottle of Chablis.
+
+[234] This is somewhat doubtful. The Sorbonne and the Parliaments might
+have been moved by ultra-orthodox opponents to prosecute Rabelais on
+this account. The true explanation seems to be that the form of his book
+was popular, and the popular French literature of the Middle
+Ages--fableaux, farces, and burlesque romances--can hardly be exceeded
+in the matter of coarseness (_Ency. Brit._, "Rabelais").
+
+[235] This is surely an early allusion to the superior sensitiveness on
+some points of the "_Nonconformist Conscience_." The fact alluded to
+should inspire joy rather than call forth sneers, for when a conscience
+becomes sensitive on some points there are reasonable hopes of its
+becoming sensitive on others.
+
+[236] _Sartor Resartus_, chap. ix.
+
+[237] _Life of Crichton_, p. 182.
+
+[238] In addition to any aid Urquhart may have received from friends who
+were intimately acquainted with the French language, he was deeply
+indebted to Cotgrave's French Dictionary, published in 1611, and
+dedicated to "Sir William Cecil, Knight, Lord Burghley, and sonne and
+heir apparant unto the Earle of Exeter," _i.e._, the grandson of Queen
+Elizabeth's Lord Burghley.
+
+[239] _Rabelais_, p. xxi.
+
+[240] _I.e._ the Carthusians: like their impudence!
+
+[241] Book i. chap. 52.
+
+[242] "_Nitimur in vetitum, semper cupimus negata_" (Ovid, Amor. iii. 4,
+17).
+
+[243] _Avec leur palefroy guorrier_--rather, "with their prancing
+palfrey." Guorrier from Gr. γαυρος--haughty.
+
+[244] Cf. Heb. xi. 23, "a proper child."
+
+[245] _Celle laquelle l'auroit prins pour son devot_--rather, "her, who
+had chosen him as her devoted servant."
+
+[246] Book i. chap. 57.
+
+[247] Fr. _faire versure_ = Lat. _facere versuram_ (Cic. Att. v. 1, §
+2), to borrow money to pay another debt (F. W. S.).
+
+[248] Caes. B. G. vi. 19.
+
+[249] "_Deum maxime Mercurium colunt_" (B. G. vi. 17) (Ibid.).
+
+[250] "_Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos dicunt_" (B. G. vi. 18).
+Dis is called _père des escuz_, as identical with Plutus, the god of
+hidden wealth (_Ibid._).
+
+[251] _Exclusively_, _i.e._, "I will affirm it, but not go to the stake
+for it" (F. W. S.).
+
+[252] A fine passage in one of South's _Sermons_ was evidently suggested
+by the above chapter in Rabelais. "The World is maintained by
+Intercourse; and the whole Course of Nature is a great Exchange, in
+which one good Turn is and ought to be the stated Price of another. If
+you consider the Universe as one Body, you shall find Society and
+Conversation to supply the Office of the Blood and Spirits; and it is
+Gratitude that makes them circulate. Look over the whole Creation, and
+you shall see that the Band or Cement that holds together all the Parts
+of this great and glorious Fabric is Gratitude, or something like it:
+you may observe it in all the Elements, for does not the Air feed the
+Flame? and does not the Flame at the same time warm and enlighten the
+Air? Is not the Sea always sending forth, as well as taking in? And does
+not the Earth quit scores with all the Elements, in the noble Fruits and
+Productions that issue from it? And in all the Light and Influence that
+the Heavens bestow upon this lower World, though the lower World cannot
+equal their Benefaction, yet with a Kind of grateful Return, it reflects
+those Rays that it cannot recompense: so that there is some Return
+however, though there can be no Requital.... In short, Gratitude is the
+great Spring that sets all the Wheels of Nature agoing; and the whole
+Universe is supported by giving and returning, by Commerce and
+Commutation. And now, thou ungrateful Brute, thou Blemish to Mankind,
+and Reproach to thy Creation; what shall we say of thee, or to what
+shall we compare thee? For thou art an Exception from all the visible
+World; neither the Heavens above nor the Earth beneath afford anything
+like thee: and therefore, if thou wouldest find thy Parallel, go to
+Hell, which is both the Region and the Emblem of Ingratitude; for
+besides thyself, there is nothing but Hell that is always receiving and
+never restoring" (I. SERM. xi. "_Of the odious Sin of Ingratitude_").
+
+[253] "Nec fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna" (Virg. _Georg._ i. 396)
+(F. W. S.).
+
+[254] _Influence_, much used as an astrological term. Cf. Milton:
+
+                  "Taught the fix'd
+    their _influence_ malignant when to shower."
+
+                                         _Par. Lost_, x. 662.
+
+ "Bending one way their precious _influence_."
+
+                            _Hymn on the Nativity_, 71.
+                                             (_Ibid._).
+
+[255] _Plato_ never pretends that the "music of the spheres" can be
+heard. He adopts the theory to some extent from the Pythagoreans.
+Aristotle (_de Coelo_, ii. 9), that the noise caused by the movements of
+the heavenly bodies is so prodigious and continuous, that, being
+accustomed to it from our birth, we do not notice it. The only notice in
+Plato that can be construed into a statement about audible music of the
+spheres is in _Rep._ x., where he speaks of a siren standing upon each
+of the circles of the planetary system uttering one note in one tone;
+and from all the eight notes there results a single harmony (F. W. S.).
+
+[256] Book iii. chaps. 3, 4.
+
+[257] It is quite possible that Motteux, who published the third book of
+Rabelais after Urquhart's death, is responsible for some of the
+interpolations.
+
+[258] Book iii. chap 13. _Fontenay le Comte_ in Lower Poitou and _Niort_
+were noted for their busy yearly fairs. There can be doubt that the
+above passage was suggested to Rabelais by what St Jerome records of the
+experience of St Hilarion in the desert. "Sic attentuatus," he says,
+"[jejunio et vigiliis], et in tantum exeto corpore, ut ossibus vix
+haereret, quadam nocte cœpit infantum audire vagitus, balatus pecorum,
+mugitus boum, planctum quasi mulierum, leonum rugitus, murmur exercitus,
+et prorsus variarum portenta vocum," etc. (_Vita Sancti Hilarionis_). In
+Burton's _Anatomy of Melancholy_ (iii. 4. 1. 2) there is the following
+reference to the same passage: "Monks, Anachorites, and the like, after
+much emptiness become melancholy, vertiginous, they think they hear
+strange noises, confer with Hob-goblins, Devils.... _Hilarion_, as
+_Hierome_ reports in his life, and _Athanasius of Antonius_, was so bare
+with fasting, _that the skin did scarce stick to the bones_; for want of
+vapours (_sic_) he could not sleep, and for want of sleep became
+idle-headed, _heard every night infants cry, Oxen low, Wolves howl,
+Lions roar (as he thought), clattering of chains, strange voices, and
+the like illusions of Devils_." It is probable also that Rabelais had
+read the following passage in the _Life of Geta_, by Ælius Spartianus
+(c. A.D. 317): "Familiare illi fuit has quæstiones grammaticis
+proponere, ut dicerent, singula animalia quomodo vocem emitterent,
+velut, Agni balant, porcelli grumniunt, palumbes minurriunt, ursi
+saeviunt, leones rugiunt, leopardi rictant, elephanti barriunt, ranæ
+coaxant, equi hinniunt, asini rudunt, tauri mugiunt, easque de veteribus
+approbare." Nor is it likely that Rabelais was unacquainted with the
+verses in Teofilo Folengo's (1491-1544) _Merlini Cocaii Macaronicon_,
+which run thus:
+
+    "Nam Leo rugitum mittit, Lupus ac ululatum,
+    Bos boat, et uitrescit equus, Gallusque cucullat,
+    Sgnavolat et Gattus, baiat Canis, Ursus adirat,
+    Rancagat Oca, rudit Mullus, sed raggiat Asellus;
+    Denique quodque animal propria cum voce gridabat."
+
+                                      _Macaronea_, xx.
+
+[259] In the introduction to this volume Motteux says that Sir Thomas
+Urquhart was "a learned physician." It is difficult to understand what
+could have given rise to such a statement. Sir Thomas had many projects
+for the benefit of the human race, but there is no evidence of his ever
+having cherished that of combating disease. One cannot help thinking of
+the magniloquent terms in which he would have extolled his remedies, if
+the fates had led him to the concoction of patent medicines. It is
+doubtful, however, whether he would have had what is technically known
+as "a good bed-side manner." It is quite possible that Motteux simply
+meant that Sir Thomas was well acquainted with medical science, and not
+that he was a physician by profession. Yet his words have often been
+understood as asserting the latter. Thus we find the erroneous statement
+in Granger's _Biographical Dictionary_, the Amsterdam (1741) edition of
+Rabelais, and Sir John Hawkins' _Life of Johnson_, p. 294.
+
+[260] Both Ozell and Motteux figure in Pope's _Dunciad_, in i. 296, and
+ii. 412, respectively.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+I. PRIMITIVE FATHERS AND MOTHERS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART.
+
+II. THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I
+
+ THE NAMES OF THE CHIEFS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART, AND OF THEIR PRIMITIVE
+     FATHERS; as by Authentick Records and Tradition they were from time
+     to time through the various Generations of that Family successively
+     conveyed, till the present yeer 1652 (p. 143).
+
+     The ancestors of Sir Thomas, for whose existence there is evidence
+     apart from his assertions, are indicated by their names being
+     printed in italics. If the editor of the _Tracts_ (1774) were to
+     believed, the italics would have to begin with George, No. 138 in
+     the list. The fact that the names in this list are more numerous
+     than those in the list which follows, is to be explained by
+     brothers succeeding each other occasionally, when there was no son
+     to inherit the dignity of chieftainship.
+
+ 1. _Adam._
+ 2. _Seth._
+ 3. _Enos._
+ 4. _Cainan._
+ 5. _Mahalaleel._
+ 6. _Jared._
+ 7. _Enoch._
+ 8. _Methusalah._
+ 9. _Lamech._
+ 10. _Noah._
+ 11. _Japhet._
+ 12. _Javan._
+ 13. Penuel.
+ 14. Tycheros.
+ 15. Pasiteles.
+ 16. Esormon.
+ 17. Cratynter.
+ 18. Thrasymedes.
+ 19. Evippos.
+ 20. Cleotinus.
+ 21. Litoboros.
+ 22. Apodemos.
+ 23. Bathybulos.
+ 24. Phrenedon.
+ 25. Zameles.
+ 26. Choronomos.
+ 27. Leptologon.
+ 28. Aglætos.
+ 29. Megalonus.
+ 30. Evemeros.
+ 31. Callophron.
+ 32. Arthmios.
+ 33. Hypsegoras.
+ 34. Autarces.
+ 35. Evages.
+ 36. Atarbes.
+ 37. Pamprosodos.
+ 38. Gethon.
+ 39. Holocleros.
+ 40. Molin.
+ 41. Epitomon.
+ 42. Hypotyphos.
+ 43. Melobolon.
+ 44. Propetes.
+ 45. Euplocamos.
+ 46. Philophon.
+ 47. Syngenes.
+ 48. Polyphrades.
+ 49. Cainotomos.
+ 50. Rodrigo.
+ 51. Dicarches.
+ 52. Exagastos.
+ 53. Denapon.
+ 54. Artistes.
+ 55. Thymoleon.
+ 56. Eustochos.
+ 57. Bianor.
+ 58. Thryllumenos.
+ 59. Mellessen.
+ 60. Alypos.
+ 61. Anochlos.
+ 62. Homognios.
+ 63. Epsephicos.
+ 64. Eutropos.
+ 65. Coryphæus.
+ 66. Etoimos.
+ 67. Spudæos.
+ 68. Eumestor.
+ 69. Griphon.
+ 70. Emmenes.
+ 71. Pathomachon.
+ 72. Anepsios.
+ 73. Auloprepes.
+ 74. Corosylos.
+ 75. Detalon.
+ 76. Beltistos.
+ 77. Horicos.
+ 78. Orthophron.
+ 79. Apsicoros.
+ 80. Philaplus.
+ 81. Megaletor.
+ 82. Nomostor.
+ 83. Astioremon.
+ 84. Phronematias.
+ 85. Lutork.
+ 86. Machemos.
+ 87. Stichopæo.
+ 88. Epelomenos.
+ 89. Tycheros (2).
+ 90. Apechon.
+ 91. Enacmes.
+ 92. Javan (2).
+ 93. Lematias.
+ 94. Prosenes.
+ 95. Sosomenos.
+ 96. Philalethes.
+ 97. Thaleros.
+ 98. Polyænos.
+ 99. Cratesimachos.
+ 100. Eunæmon.
+ 101. Diasemos.
+ 102. Saphenus.
+ 103. Bramoso.
+ 104. Celanas.
+ 105. Vistoso.
+ 106. Polido.
+ 107. Lustroso.
+ 108. Chrestander.
+ 109. Spectabundo.
+ 110. Philodulos.
+ 111. Pallidino.
+ 112. Comicello.
+ 113. Regisato.
+ 114. Arguto.
+ 115. Nicarchos.
+ 116. Marsidalio.
+ 117. Hedumenos.
+ 118. Agenor.
+ 119. Diaprepon.
+ 120. Stragayo.
+ 121. Zeron.
+ 122. Polyteles.
+ 123. Vocompos.
+ 124. Carolo.
+ 125. Endymion.
+ 126. Sebastian.
+ 127. Lawrence.
+ 128. Olipher.
+ 129. Quintin.
+ 130. Goodwin.
+ 131. Frederick.
+ 132. Sir Jasper.
+ 133. Sir Adam.
+ 134. Edward.
+ 135. Richard.
+ 136. Sir Philip.
+ 137. Robert.
+ 138. George.
+ 139. James.
+ 140. David.
+ 141. Francis.
+ 142. William.
+ 143. _Adam._
+ 144. _John._
+ 145. _Sir William._
+ 146. _William._
+ 147. _Alexander._
+ 148. _Thomas._
+ 149. _Alexander._
+ 150. _Walter._
+ 151. _Henry._
+ 152. _Sir Thomas._
+ 153. Sir Thomas.
+
+ THE NAMES OF THE MOTHERS OF THE CHIEFS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART, AS ALSO
+     OF THE MOTHERS OF THEIR PRIMITIVE FATHERS. The authority for the
+     truth thereof being derived from the same Authentick Records and
+     Tradition on which is grounded the above-written Genealogie of
+     their male collaterals.
+
+ 1. _Eva._
+ 2. Shifka.
+ 3. Mahla.
+ 4. Bilha.
+ 5. Timnah.
+ 6. Aholima.
+ 7. Zilpa.
+ 8. Noema.
+ 9. Ada.
+ 10. Titea.
+ 11. Debora.
+ 12. Neginothi.
+ 13. Hottir.
+ 14. Orpah.
+ 15. Axa.
+ 16. Narfesia.
+ 17. Goshenni.
+ 18. Briageta.
+ 19. Andronia.
+ 20. Pusena.
+ 21. Emphaneola.
+ 22. Bonaria.
+ 23. Peninah.
+ 24. Asymbleta.
+ 25. Carissa.
+ 26. Calaglais.
+ 27. Theoglena.
+ 28. Pammerisla.
+ 29. Floridula.
+ 30. Chrysocomis.
+ 31. Arrenopas.
+ 32. Tharsalia.
+ 33. Maia.
+ 34. Roma.
+ 35. Termuth.
+ 36. Vegeta.
+ 37. Callimeris.
+ 38. Panthea.
+ 39. Gonima.
+ 40. Ganymena.
+ 41. Thespesia.
+ 42. Hypermnestra.
+ 43. Horatia.
+ 44. Philumena.
+ 45. Neopis.
+ 46. Thymelica.
+ 47. Ephamilla.
+ 48. Porrima.
+ 49. Lampedo.
+ 50. Teleclyta.
+ 51. Clarabella.
+ 52. Eromena.
+ 53. Zocallis.
+ 54. Lepida.
+ 55. Nicolia.
+ 56. Proteusa.
+ 57. Gozosa.
+ 58. Venusta.
+ 59. Prosectica.
+ 60. Delotera.
+ 61. Tracara.
+ 62. Pothina.
+ 63. Cordata.
+ 64. Aretias.
+ 65. Musurga.
+ 66. Romalia.
+ 67. Orthoiusa.
+ 68. Recatada.
+ 69. Chariestera.
+ 70. Rexenora.
+ 71. Philerga.
+ 72. Thomyris.
+ 73. Varonilla.
+ 74. Stranella.
+ 75. Æquanima.
+ 76. Barosa.
+ 77. Epimona.
+ 78. Diosa.
+ 79. Bonita.
+ 80. Aretusa.
+ 81. Bendita.
+ 82. Regalletta.
+ 83. Isumena.
+ 84. Antaxia.
+ 85. Bergola.
+ 86. Viracia.
+ 87. Dynastis.
+ 88. Dalga.
+ 89. Eutocusa.
+ 90. Corriba.
+ 91. Præcelsa.
+ 92. Plausidica.
+ 93. Donosa.
+ 94. Solicælia.
+ 95. Bontadosa.
+ 96. Calliparia.
+ 97. Crelenca.
+ 98. Pancala.
+ 99. Dominella.
+ 100. Mundala.
+ 101. Pamphais.
+ 102. Philtrusa.
+ 103. Meliglena.
+ 104. Philetium.
+ 105. Tersa.
+ 106. Dulcicora.
+ 107. Gethosyna.
+ 108. Collabella.
+ 109. Eucnema.
+ 110. Tortolina.
+ 111. Ripulita.
+ 112. Urbana.
+ 113. Lampusa.
+ 114. Vistosa.
+ 115. Hermosina.
+ 116. Bramata.
+ 117. Zaglopis.
+ 118. Androlema.
+ 119. Trastevole.
+ 120. Suaviloqua.
+ 121. Francoline.
+ 122. Matilda.
+ 123. Allegra.
+ 124. Winnifred.
+ 125. Dorothy.
+ 126. Lawretta.
+ 127. Genivieve.
+ 128. Marjory.
+ 129. Jane.
+ 130. Anne.
+ 131. Magdalen.
+ 132. Girsel.
+ 133. Mary.
+ 134. Sophia.
+ 135. Elconore.
+ 136. Rosalind.
+ 137. Lillias.
+ 138. _Brigid._
+ 139. _Agnes._
+ 140. _Susanna._
+ 141. _Catherine._
+ 142. _Helen._
+ 143. _Beatrice._
+ 144. _Elizabeth._
+ 145. _Elizabeth._
+ 146. _Christian._
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II
+
+THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON (p. 157).
+
+"To speak a little now of his compatriot Crichtoun, I hope will not
+offend the ingenuous reader; who may know, by what is already displayed,
+that it cannot be heterogeneal from the proposed purpose, to make report
+of that magnanimous act atchieved by him at the Duke of Mantua's court,
+to the honour not only of his own, but to the eternal renown also of the
+whole Isle of Britain; the manner whereof was thus:
+
+"A certain Italian gentleman, of a mighty, able, strong, nimble, and
+vigorous body, by nature fierce, cruell, warlike, and audacious, and in
+the gladiatory art so superlatively expert and dextrous, that all the
+most skilful teachers of Escrime, and fencing-masters of Italy, (which
+in matter of choice professors in that faculty, needed never as yet to
+yeild to any nation in the world), were by him beaten to their good
+behaviour, and by blows given in, which they could not avoid, enforced
+to acknowledge him their over comer; bethinking himself, how, after so
+great a conquest of reputation, he might by such means be very suddenly
+enriched, he projected a course of exchanging the blunt to sharp, and
+the foiles into tucks. And in this resolution providing a purse full of
+gold, worth neer upon four hundred pounds English money, traveled
+alongst the most especial and considerable parts of Spaine, France, the
+Low-Countryes, Germany, Pole, Hungary, Greece, Italy, and other places,
+where ever there was greatest probability of encountring with the
+eagerest and most atrocious duellists. And immediately after his arrival
+to any city or town that gave apparent likelihood of some one or other
+champion that would enter the lists and cope with him, he boldly
+challenged them with sound of trumpet, in the chief market-place, to
+adventure an equal sum of money against that of his, to be disputed at
+the sword's point who should have both. There failed not several brave
+men, almost of all nations, who, accepting of his cartels, were not
+afraid to hazard both their person and coine against him; but, (till he
+midled with this Crichtoun), so maine was the ascendant he had above all
+his antagonists, and so unlucky the fate of such as offered to scuffle
+with him, that all his opposing combatants, (of what state or dominion
+soever they were), who had not lost both their life and gold, were glad,
+for the preservation of their person, (though sometimes with a great
+expence of blood), to leave both their reputation and mony behind them.
+At last, returning homewards to his own country, loaded with honor and
+wealth, or rather the spoils of the reputation of those forraginers,
+whom the Italians call Tramontani, he, by the way, after his accustomed
+manner of abording other places, repaired to the city of Mautua, where
+the Duke, (according to the courtesie usually bestowed on him by other
+princes), vouchsafed him a protection and savegard for his person; he
+(as formerly he was wont to do, by beat of drum, sound of trumpet, and
+several printed papers, disclosing his designe, battered on all the
+chief gates, posts, and pillars of the town), gave all men to
+understand, that his purpose was to challenge, at the single rapier, any
+whosoever of that city or country, that durst be so bold as to fight
+with him, provided he would deposite a bag of five hundred Spanish
+pistols over against another of the same value, which he himself should
+lay down, upon this condition, that the enjoyment of both should be the
+conqueror's due. His challenge was not long unanswered, for it happened,
+at the same time, that three of the most notable cutters in the world,
+(and so highly cryed up for valour, that all the bravos of the land were
+content to give way to their domineering, how insolent soever they
+should prove, because of their former constantly obtained victories in
+the field), were all three together at the court of Mantua, who, hearing
+of such a harvest of five hundred pistols to be reaped, (as they
+expected), very soon, and with ease, had almost contested amongst
+themselves for the priority of the first encounterer, but that one of my
+Lord Duke's courtiers moved them to cast lots for who should be first,
+second, and third, in case none of the former two should prove
+victorious. Without more adoe, he whose chance it was to answer the
+cartel with the first defiance, presented himself within the barriers,
+or place appointed for the fight, where, his adversary attending him, as
+soon as the trumpet sounded a charge, they jointly fel to work; and,
+(because I am not now to amplifie the particulars of a combat), although
+the dispute was very hot for a while, yet, whose fortune it was to be
+first of the three in the field, had the disaster to be first of the
+three that was foyled; for, at last, with a thrust in the throat, he was
+killed dead upon the ground. This, nevertheless, not a whit dismayed the
+other two, for, the nixt day, he that was second in the roll gave his
+appearance after the same manner as the first had done, but with no
+better success; for he likewise was laid flat dead upon the place, by
+means of a thrust he received in the heart. The last of the three,
+finding that he was as sure of being engaged in the fight as if he had
+been the first in order, pluckt up his heart, knit his spirits
+together, and, all the day after the death of the second, most
+couragiously entering the lists, demeaned himself for a while with great
+activity and skill; but at last, his luck being the same with those that
+preceded him, by a thrust in the belly, he within four and twenty hours
+after gave up the ghost. These (you may imagine), were lamentable
+spectacles to the Duke and citie of Mantua, who, casting down their
+faces for shame, knew not what course to take for reparation of their
+honour. The conquering duellist, proud of a victory so highly tending to
+both his honour and profit, for the space of a whole fortnight, or two
+weeks together, marched daily along the streets of Mantua, (without any
+opposition or controulment), like another Romulus or Marcellus in
+triumph; which, the never too much to be admired Crichtoun perceiving,
+to wipe off the imputation of cowardise lying upon the court of Mantua,
+to which he had but even then arrived, (although formerly he had been a
+domestick thereof), he could neither eat nor drink till he had first
+sent a challenge to the conqueror, appelling him to repair with his best
+sword in his hand, by nine of the clock in the morning of the next day,
+in presence of the whole court, and in the same place where he had
+killed the other three, to fight with him upon this quarrel, that in the
+court of Mantua there were as valiant men as he; and, for his better
+encouragement to the desired undertaking, he assured him that, to the
+aforesaid five hundred pistols, he would adjoyn a thousand more, wishing
+him to do the like, that the victor, upon the point of his sword, might
+carry away the richer bootay. The challenge, with all its conditions, is
+no sooner accepted of, the time and place mutually condescended upon,
+kept accordingly, and the fifteen hundred pistols _hinc inde_ deposited,
+but of the two rapiers of equal weight, length, and goodness, each
+taking one, in presence of the Duke, Dutchess, with all the noblemen,
+ladies, magnificos, and all the choicest of men, women, and maids of
+that citie, as soon as the signal for the duel was given, by the shot of
+a great piece of ordnance of threescore and four pound ball, the
+combatants, with a lion-like animosity, made their approach to one
+another, and, being within distance, the valiant Crichtoun, to make his
+adversary spend his fury the sooner, betook himself to the defensive
+part; wherein, for a long time, he shewed such excellent dexterity in
+warding the other's blows, slighting his falsifyings, in breaking
+measure, and often, by the agility of his body, avoiding his thrust,
+that he seemed but to play, while the other was in earnest. The
+sweetness of Crichtoun's countenance, in the hotest of the assault, like
+a glance of lightning on the hearts of the spectators, brought all the
+Italian ladies on a sudden to be enamoured of him; whilst the sternness
+of the other's aspect, he looking like an enraged bear, would have
+struck terrour into wolves, and affrighted an English mastiff. Though
+they were both in their linens, (to wit, shirts and drawers, without any
+other apparel), and in all outward conveniences equally adjusted, the
+Italian, with redoubling his stroaks, foamed at the mouth with a
+cholerick heart, and fetched a pantling breath; the Scot, in sustaining
+his charge, kept himself in a pleasant temper, without passion, and made
+void his designes; he alters his wards from tierce to quart; he primes
+and seconds it, now high, now lowe, and casts his body, (like another
+Prothee), into all the shapes he can, to spie an open on his adversary,
+and lay hold of an advantage, but all in vain; for the invincible
+Crichtoun, whom no cunning was able to surprise, contrepostures his
+respective wards, and, with an incredible nimbleness of both hand and
+foot, evades the intent and frustrates the invasion. Now is it, that the
+never before conquered Italian, finding himself a little faint, enters
+into a consideration that he may be over-matched; whereupon a sad
+apprehension of danger seizing upon all his spirits, he would gladly
+have his life bestowed on him as a gift, but that, having never been
+accustomed to yield, he knows not how to beg it. Matchless Crichtoun,
+seeing it now high time to put a gallant catastrophe to that so long
+dubious combat, animated with a divinely inspired servencie to fulfil
+the expectation of the ladies, and crown the Duke's illustrious hopes,
+changeth his garb, falls to act another part, and, from defender, turn
+assailant; never did art so grace nature, nor nature second the precepts
+of art with so much liveliness, and such observancie of time, as when,
+after he had struck fire out of the steel of his enemie's sword, and
+gained the feeble thereof with the fort of his own, by angles of the
+strongest position, he did, by geometrical flourishes of straight and
+oblique lines, so practically execute the speculative part, that, as if
+there had been Remoras and secret charms in the variety of his motion,
+the fierceness of his foe was in a trice transqualified into the
+numbness of a pageant. Then was it that, to vindicate the reputation of
+the Duke's family, and expiate the blood of the three vanquished
+gentlemen, he alonged a stoccade _de pied ferme_; then recoyling, he
+advanced another thrust, and lodged it home; after which, retiring
+again, his right foot did beat the cadence of the blow that pierced the
+belly of this Italian, whose heart and throat being hit with the two
+former stroaks, these three franch bouts given in upon the back of the
+other; besides that, if lines were imagined drawn from the hand that
+livered them, to the places which were marked by them, they would
+represent a perfect isosceles triangle, with a perpendicular from the
+top angle cutting the basis in the middle; they likewise give us to
+understand, that by them he was to be made a sacrifice of atonement for
+the slaughter of the three aforesaid gentlemen, who were wounded in the
+very same parts of their bodies by other such three venees as these,
+each whereof being mortal; and his vital spirits exhaling as his blood
+gushed out, all he spoke was this, That seeing he could not live, his
+comfort in dying was, that he could not dye by the hand of a braver man;
+after the uttering of which words, he expiring, with the shril clarcens
+of trumpets, bouncing thunder of artillery, bethwacked beating of drums,
+universal clapping of hands, and loud acclamations of joy for so
+glorious a victory, the aire above them was so rarified by the extremity
+of the noise and vehement sound, dispelling the thickest and most
+condensed parts thereof, that (as Plutarch speakes of the Grecians, when
+they raised their shouts of allegress up to the very heavens at the
+hearing of the gracious proclamations of Paulus Æmilius in favour of
+their liberty), the very sparrows and other flying fowls were said to
+fall to the ground for want of aire enough to uphold them in their
+flight.
+
+"When this sudden rapture was over, and all husht into its former
+tranquility, the noble gallantry and generosity, beyond expression, of
+the inimitable Crichtoun, did transport them all againe into a new
+exstasie of ravishment, when they saw him like an angel in the shape of
+a man, or as another Mars, with the conquered enemie's sword in one
+hand, and the fifteen hundred pistols he had gained in the other,
+present the sword to the Duke as his due, and the gold to his high
+treasurer, to be disponed equally to the three widows of the three
+unfortunate gentlemen lately slaine, reserving only to himself the
+inward satisfaction he conceived, for having so opportunely discharged
+his duty to the House of Mantua.
+
+"The reader perhaps will think this wonderful; and so would I too, were
+it not that I know, (as Sir Philip Sydney sayes), that a wonder is no
+wonder in a wonderful subject, and consequently not in him, who for his
+learning, judgement, valour, eloquence, beauty, and good-fellowship was
+the perfectest result of the joynt labour of the perfect number of those
+six deities, Pallas, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, Venus, and Bacchus, that
+hath been seen since the dayes of Alcibiades; for he was reported to
+have been inriched with a memory so prodigious, that any sermon, speech,
+harangue, or other manner of discourse of an hour's continuance, he was
+able to recite without hesitation, after the same manner of gesture and
+pronuntiation in all points, wherewith it was delivered at first; and of
+so stupendious a judgment and conception, that almost naturally he
+understood quiddities of philosophy; and as for the abstrusest and most
+researched mysteries of other disciplines, arts, and faculties, the
+intentional species of them were as readily obvious to the interiour
+view and perspicacity of his mind, as those of the common visible
+colours to the external sight of him that will open his eyes to look
+upon them; of which accomplishment and Encyclopedia of knowledge, he
+gave on a time so marvelous a testimony at Paris, that the words of
+_Admirabilis Scotus_, the Wonderful Scot, in all the several tongues and
+idiomes of Europ, were, (for a great while together), by the most of the
+echos resounded to the peircing of the very clouds. To so great a hight
+and vast extent of praise did the never too much to be extolled
+reputation of the seraphick wit of that eximious man attaine, for his
+commanding to be affixed programs on all the gates of the schooles,
+halls, and colledges of that famous university, as also on all the chief
+pillars and posts standing before the houses of the most renowned men
+for literature, resident within the precinct of the walls and suburbs of
+that most populous and magnificent city, inviting them all, (or any
+whoever else versed in any kinde of scholastick faculty), to repaire at
+nine of the clock in the morning of such a day, moneth, and yeer, as by
+computation came to be just six weeks after the date of the affixes, to
+the common schoole of the colledge of Navarre,[261] where, (at the
+prefixed time), he should, (God willing), be ready to answer to what
+should be propounded to him concerning any science, liberal art,
+discipline, or faculty, practical or theoretick, not excluding the
+theological nor jurisprudential habits, though grounded but upon the
+testimonies of God and man, and that in any of these twelve
+languages,[262] Hebrew, Syriack, Arabick, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French,
+Italian, English, Dutch, Flemish, and Sclavonian, in either verse or
+prose, at the discretion of the disputant; which high enterprise and
+hardy undertaking, by way of challenge to the learndst men in the world,
+damped the wits of many able scholars to consider whether it was the
+attempt of a fanatick spirit, or lofty designe of a well-poised
+judgment; yet after a few days enquiry concerning him, when information
+was got of his incomparable endowments, all the choicest and most
+profound philosophers, mathematicians, naturalists, mediciners,
+alchymists, apothecaries, surgeons, doctors of both civil and canon law,
+and divines both for controversies and positive doctrine, together with
+the primest grammarians, rhetoricians, logicians, and others, professors
+of other arts and disciplines at Paris, plyed their studys in their
+private cels for the space of a moneth, exceeding hard, and with huge
+paines and labor set all their braines awork how to contrive the
+knurriest arguments, and most difficult questions could be devised,
+thereby to puzzle him in the resolving of them, meander him in his
+answers, put him out of his medium, and drive him to a _non plus_; nor
+did they forget to premonish the ablest there of forraign nations not to
+be unprepared to dispute with him in their own material dialects, and
+that sometimes metrically, sometimes otherwayes, _pro libitu_.[263] All
+this while the Admirable Scot, (for so from thenceforth he was called),
+minding more his hawking, hunting, tilting, vaulting, riding of
+well-managed horses, tossing of the pike, handling of the musket,
+flourishing of colours, dancing, fencing, swimming, jumping, throwing of
+the bar, playing at tennis, baloon, or long catch; and sometimes at the
+house games of dice, cards, playing at the chess, billiards, trou-madam,
+and other such like chamber sports, singing, playing on the lute and
+other musical instruments, masking, balling, reveling; and, which did
+most of all divert, or rather distract him from his speculations and
+serious employments, being more addicted to, and plying closer the
+courting of handsome ladyes, and a jovial cup in the company of
+bacchanalian blades, then [than] the forecasting how to avoid, shun, and
+escape the snares, grins [gins?], and nets of the hard, obscure, and
+hidden arguments, ridles, and demands, to be made, framed, and woven by
+the professors, doctors, and others of that thrice-renowned university.
+There arose upon him an aspersion of too great proness to such like
+debordings and youthful emancipations, which occasioned one less
+acquainted with himself then [than] his reputation, to subjoyn, (some
+two weeks before the great day appointed), to that program of his, which
+was fixed on the Sorbone gate, these words: 'If you would meet with this
+monster of perfection, to make search for him ... in the taverne ... is
+the reedyest way to finde him.' By reason of which expression, (though
+truly as I think, both scandalous and false), the eminent sparks of the
+university, (imagining that those papers of provocation had been set up
+to no other end, but to scoff and delude them, in making them waste
+their spirits upon quirks and quiddities, more then [than] was fitting),
+did resent a little of their former toyle, and slack their studyes,
+becoming almost regardless thereof, till the several peals of bells
+ringing an hour or two before the time assigned, gave warning that the
+party was not to flee the barriers, nor decline the hardship of
+academical assaults; but, on the contrary, so confident in his former
+resolution, that he would not shrink to sustaine the shock of all their
+disceptations. This sudden alarm so awaked them out of their last
+fortnight's lethargy, that, calling to minde, the best way they might,
+the fruits of the foregoing moneth's labour, they hyed to the forenamed
+schoole with all diligence; where, after all of them had, according to
+their several degrees and qualities, seated themselves, and that by
+reason of the noise occasioned through the great confluence of people,
+which so strange a novelty brought thither out of curiosity, an
+universal silence was commanded, the Orator of the University, in most
+fluent Latine, addressing his speech to Crichtoun, extolled him for his
+literature, and other good parts, and for that confident opinion he had
+of his own sufficiency, in thinking himself able to justle in matters of
+learning with the whole university of Paris, Crichtoun answering him in
+no less eloquent terms of Latine, after he had most heartily thanked him
+for his elegies, so undeservedly bestowed, and darted some high
+encomiums upon the university and the professors therein; he very
+ingeniously [ingenuously] protested that he did not emit his programs
+out of any ambition to be esteemed able to enter in competition with the
+university, but meerly to be honoured with the favour of a publick
+conference with the learned men thereof. In complements after this
+manner, _ultro citroque habitis_, tossed to and again, retorted,
+contrerisposted, backreverted, and now and then graced with a quip or a
+clinch for the better relish of the ear, being unwilling in this kind of
+straining curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a full half hour and
+more; for he being the centre to which the innumerable diameters of the
+discourses of that circulary convention did tend, although none was to
+answer but he, any of them all, according to the order of their
+prescribed series, were permitted to reply, or commence new motions on
+any subject, in what language soever, and howsoever expressed; to all
+which, he being bound to tender himself a respondent, in matter and form
+suitable to the impugners propounding, he did first so transcendently
+acquit himself of that circumstantial kinde of oratory, that, by
+well-couched periods, and neatly running syllables, in all the twelve
+languages, both in verse and prose, he expressed to the life his
+courtship [courtliness] and civility; and afterwards, when the Rector of
+the university, (unwilling to have any more time bestowed on superficial
+rhetorick, or to have that wasted on the fondness of quaint phrases,
+which might be better employed in a reciprocacy of discussing
+scientifically the nature of substantial things), gave direction to the
+professors to fall on, each according to the dignity or precedency of
+his faculty, and that conform to the order given. Some metaphysical
+notions were set abroach, then mathematical, and of those arithmetical,
+geometrical, astronomical, musical, optical, cosmographical,
+trigonometrical, statical, and so forth through all the other branches
+of the prime and mother sciences thereof; the next bout was through all
+natural philosophy, according to Aristotle's method, from the
+acroamaticks, going along the speculation of the nature of the heavens,
+and that of the generation and corruption of sublinary things, even to
+the consideration of the soul and its faculties; in sequel hereof, they
+had a hint at chymical extractions, and spoke of the principles of
+corporeal and mixed bodies, according to the precepts of that art. After
+this, they disputed of medicine, in all its thereapeutick,
+pharmacopeutick, and chirurgical parts; and not leaving natural magick
+untouched, they had exquisite disceptations concerning the secrets
+thereof. From thence they proceeded to moral philosophy, where, debating
+of the true enumeration of all vertues and vices, they had most learned
+ratiocinations about the chief good of the life of man; and seeing the
+[that] œcumenicks and politicks are parts of that philosophy, they
+argued learnedly of all the several sorts of governments, with their
+defects and advantages; whereupon perpending, that, without an
+established law, all the duties of ruling and subjection, to the utter
+ruin of humane society, would be as often violated as the irregularity
+of passion, seconded with power, should give way thereto. The Sorbonist,
+canonical, and civilian doctors most judiciously argued with him about
+the most prudential maximes, sentences, ordinances, acts, and statutes
+for ordering all manner of persones in their consciences, bodyes,
+fortunes, and reputation; nor was there an end put to those literate
+exercitations till the grammarians, rhetoricians, poets, and logicians
+had assailed him with all the subtleties and nicest quodlibets their
+respective habits could afford. Now when, to the admiration of all that
+were there, the incomparable Crichtoun had, in all these faculties above
+written, and in any of the twelve languages wherein he was spoke to,
+whether in verse or prose, held tack to all the disputants, who were
+accounted the ablest scholars upon earth in each their own profession;
+and publickly evidenced such an universality of knowledge, and accurate
+promptness in resolving of doubts, distinguishing of obscurities,
+expressing the members of a distinction in adequate terms of art,
+explaining those compendious tearms with words of a more easie
+apprehension to the prostrating of the sublimest mysteries to any vulgar
+capacity, and with all excogitable variety of learning, (to his own
+everlasting fame), entertained, after that kinde, the nimble witted
+Parisians from nine o'clock in the morning till six at night; the Rector
+now finding it high time to give some relaxation to these worthy
+spirits, which, during such a long space, had been so intensively bent
+upon the abstrusest speculations, rose up, and saluting the divine
+Crichtoun, after he had made an elegant panegyrick, or encomiastick
+speech of half an houre's continuance, tending to nothing else but the
+extolling of him for the rare and most singular gifts wherewith God and
+nature had endowed him, he descended from his chaire, and, attended by
+three or four of the most especial professors, presented him with a
+diamond ring and a purse ful of gold, wishing him to accept thereof, if
+not, as a recompense proportional to his merit, yet as a badge of love,
+and testimony of the universitie's favour towards him. At the tender of
+which ceremony, there was so great a plaudite in the schoole, such a
+humming and clapping of hands, that all the concavities of the colledges
+there about did resound with the echo of the noise thereof.
+
+"Notwithstanding the great honor thus purchased by him for his
+literatory accomplishments, and that many excellent spirits, to obteine
+the like, would be content to postpose all other employments to the
+enjoyment of their studyes, he, nevertheless, the very next day, (to
+refresh his braines, as he said, for the toile of the former day's
+work), went to the Louvre in a buff-suit, more like a favourite of Mars
+then [than] one of the Muses' minions; where, in presence of some
+princes of the court, and great ladies, that came to behold his
+gallantry, he carryed away the ring fifteen times on end, and broke as
+many lances on the Saracen.
+
+"When for a quarter of a yeer together he after this manner had
+disported himself, (what martially, what scholastically), with the best
+qualified men in any faculty so ever, that so large a city, (which is
+called the world's abridgement), was able to afford, and now and then
+solaced these his more serious recreations, (for all was but sport to
+him), with the alluring imbellishments of the tendrer sexe, whose
+_inamorato_ that he might be, was their ambition; he on a sudden took
+resolution to leave the Court of France, and return to Italy, where he
+had been bred for many yeers together; which designe he prosecuting
+within the space of a moneth, (without troubling himself with long
+journeys), he arrived at the Court of Mantua, where immediately after
+his abord, (as hath been told already), he fought the memorable combat
+whose description is above related. Here it was that the learned and
+valiant Crichtoun was pleased to cast anchor, and fix his abode; nor
+could he almost otherwise do, without disobliging the Duke, and the
+Prince his eldest son; by either whereof he was so dearly beloved, that
+none of them would permit him by any means to leave their Court, whereof
+he was the only _privado_, the object of all men's love, and subject of
+their discourse; the example of the great ones, and wonder of the meaner
+people; the paramour of the female sexe, and paragon of his own. In the
+glory of which high estimation, having resided at that Court above two
+whole yeers, the reputation of gentlemen there was hardly otherwayes
+valued but by the measure of his acquaintance; nor were the young
+unmaryed ladies, of all the most eminent places thereabouts, any thing
+respected of one another, that had not either a lock of his hair, or
+copy of verses of his composing. Nevertheless it happening on a
+Shrove-tuesday at night, (at which time it is in Italy very customary
+for men of great sobriety, modesty, and civil behaviour all the rest of
+the yeer, to give themselves over on that day of carnavale, as they call
+it, to all manner of riot, drunkenness, and incontinency, which that
+they may do with the least imputation they can to their credit, they go
+maskt and mum'd with vizards on their faces, and in the disguise of a
+Zanni or Pantaloon, to ventilate their fopperies, and sometimes
+intolerable enormities, without suspicion of being known), that this
+ever renowned Crichtoun, (who, in the afternoon of that day, at the
+desire of my Lord Duke, the whole court striving which should exceed
+each other in foolery, and devising of the best sports to excite
+laughter, neither my Lord, the Dutchess, nor Prince, being exempted from
+acting their parts, as well as they could), upon a theater set up for
+the purpose, begun to prank it, _à la Venetiana_, with such a flourish
+of mimick and ethopoetick gestures, that all the courtiers of both
+sexes, even those that a little before were fondest of their own
+conceits, at the sight of his so inimitable a garb, from ravishing
+actors that they were before, turned them ravished spectators. O with
+how great liveliness did he represent the conditions of all manner of
+men! how naturally did he set before the eyes of the beholders the
+rogueries of all professions, from the overweening monarch to the
+peevish swaine, through all the intermediate degrees of the superficial
+courtier or proud warrior, dissembled churchman, doting old man,
+cozening lawyer, lying traveler, covetous merchant, rude seaman,
+pedantick scholar, the amourous shepheard, envious artisan, vainglorious
+master, and tricky servant; he did with such variety display the several
+humours of all these sorts of people, and with a so bewitching energy,
+that he seemed to be the original, they the counterfeit; and they the
+resemblance whereof he was the prototype. He had all the jeers, squibs,
+flouts, buls, quips, taunts, whims, jests, clinches, gybes, mokes,
+jerks, with all the several kinds of equivocations, and other
+sophistical captions, that could properly be adapted to the person by
+whose representation he intended to inveagle the company into a fit of
+mirth; and would keep in that miscelany discourse of his, (which was all
+for the splene, and nothing for the gall), such a climacterical and
+mercurially digested method, that when the fancy of the hearers was
+tickled with any rare conceit, and that the jovial blood was moved, he
+held it going with another new device upon the back of the first, and
+another, yet another, and another againe, succeeding one another for the
+promoval of what is a-stirring into a higher agitation; till in the
+closure of the luxuriant period, the decumanal wave of the oddest whimsy
+of all, enforced the charmed spirits of the auditory, (for affording
+room to its apprehension), suddenly to burst forth into a laughter,
+which commonly lasted just so long as he had leisure to withdraw behind
+the skreen, shift off, with the help of a page, the suite he had on,
+apparel himself with another, and return to the stage to act afresh; for
+by that time their transported, disparpled, and sublimated fancies, by
+the wonderfully operating engines of his solacious inventions, had from
+the hight to which the inward scrues, wheeles, and pullies of his wit
+had elevated them, descended by degrees into their wonted stations, he
+was ready for the personating of another carriage; whereof to the number
+of fourteen several kinds, (during the five hours space that at the
+Duke's desire, the solicitation of the court, and his own recreation, he
+was pleased to histrionize it), he shewed himself so natural a
+representative, that any would have thought he had been so many several
+actors, differing in all things else, save only the stature of the body;
+with this advantage above the most of other actors, whose tongue, with
+its oral implements, is the onely instrument of their minds'
+disclosing, that, besides his mouth with its appurtenances, he lodged
+almost a several oratour in every member of his body; his head, his
+eyes, his shoulder, armes, hands, fingers, thighs, legs, feet, and
+breast, being able to decipher any passion whose character he purposed
+to give.
+
+"First, he did present himself with a crown on his head, a scepter in
+his hand, being clothed in a purple robe furred with ermyne; after that,
+with a miter on his head, a crosier in his hand, and accoutred with a
+paire of lawn-sleeves; and thereafter, with a helmet on his head, the
+visiere up, a commanding stick in his hand, and arayed in a buff-suit,
+with a scarf about his middle. Then, in a rich apparel, after the newest
+fashion, did he shew himself, (like another Sejanus), with a periwig
+daubed with Cypres powder; in sequel of that, he came out with a
+three-corner'd cap on his head, some parchments in his hand, and
+writings hanging at his girdle like Chancery bills; and next to that,
+with a furred gown about him, an ingot of gold in his hand, and a bag
+full of money by his side; after all this, he appeares againe clad in a
+country-jacket, with a prong in his hand, and a Monmouth-like-cap on his
+head; then very shortly after, with a palmer's coat upon him, a bourdon
+in his hand,[264] and some few cockle-shels stuck to his hat, he look'd
+as if he had come in pilgrimage from St Michael; immediately after that,
+he domineers it in a bare unlined gown, with a pair of whips in the one
+hand, and Corderius in the other; and in suite thereof, he
+honderspondered[265] it with a pair of pannier-like breeches, a
+mountera-cap on his head, and a knife in a wooden sheath dagger-ways by
+his side; about the latter end, he comes forth again with a square in
+one hand, a rule in the other, and a leather apron before him; then very
+quickly after, with a scrip by his side, a sheep-hook in his hand, and a
+basket full of flowers to make nosegayes for his mistris; now drawing to
+a closure, he rants it first _in cuerpo_, and vapouring it with gingling
+spurs, and his armes a kenbol like a Don Diego he strouts it, and by the
+loftiness of his gate, plaies the Capitan Spavento; then in the very
+twinkling of an eye, you would have seen him againe issue forth with a
+cloak upon his arm, in a livery garment, thereby representing the
+serving-man; and lastly, at one time amongst those other, he came out
+with a long gray beard, and bucked ruff, crouching on a staff tip't,
+with the head of a barber's cithern,[266] and his gloves hanging by a
+button at his girdle.
+
+"Those fifteen several personages did he represent with such excellency
+of garb, and exquisiteness of language, that condignely to perpend the
+subtlety of the invention, the method of the disposition, the neatness
+of the elocution, the gracefulness of the action, and wonderful variety
+in the so dextrous performance of all, you would have taken it for a
+comedy of five acts, consisting of three scenes, each composed by the
+best poet in the world, and acted by fifteen of the best players that
+ever lived, as was most evidently made apparent to all the spectators in
+the fifth and last hour of his action, (which, according to our western
+account, was about six a clock at night, and by the calculation of that
+country, half an hour past three and twenty, at that time of the yeer),
+for, purposing to leave off with the setting of the sun, with an
+endeavour nevertheless to make his conclusion the master-piece of the
+work, he, to that effect, summoning all his spirits together, which
+never failed to be ready at the call of so worthy a commander, did by
+their assistance, so conglomerate, shuffle, mix, and interlace the
+gestures, inclinations, actions, and very tones of the speech of those
+fifteen several sorts of men, whose carriages he did personate into an
+inestimable _ollapodrida_ of immaterial morsels of divers kinds,
+suitable to the very ambrosian relish of the Heliconian nymphs, that, in
+the peripetia of this drammatical exercitation, by the inchanted
+transportation of the eyes and eares of its spectabundal auditorie, one
+would have sworne that they all had looked with multiplying glasses, and
+that, (like that angel in the Scripture whose voice was said to be like
+the voice of a multitude), they heard in him alone the promiscuous
+speech of fifteen several actors; by the various ravishments of the
+excellencies whereof, in the frolickness of a jocund straine beyond
+expectation, the logofascinated spirits of the beholding hearers and
+auricularie spectators, were so on a sudden seazed upon in their risible
+faculties of the soul, and all their vital motions so universally
+affected in this extremitie of agitation, that, to avoid the inevitable
+charmes of his intoxicating ejaculations, and the accumulative
+influences of so powerfull a transportation, one of my lady Dutchess'
+chief maids of honour, by the vehemencie of the shock of those
+incomprehensible raptures, burst forth into a laughter to the rupture of
+a veine in her body; and another young lady, by the irresistible
+violence of the pleasure unawares infused, where the tender
+receptibilitie of her too tickled fancie was least able to hold out, so
+unprovidedly was surprised, that, with no less impetuositie of
+ridibundal passion then [than], (as hath been told), occasioned a
+fracture in the other young ladie's modestie, she, not being able
+longer to support the well beloved burthen of so excessive delight, and
+intransing joys of such mercurial exhilations through the ineffable
+extasie of an overmastered apprehension, fell back in a swown, without
+the appearance of any other life into her then [than] what, by the most
+refined wits of theological speculators, is conceived to be exerced by
+the purest parts of the separated entelechises of blessed saints in
+their sublimest conversations with the celestial hierarchies; this
+accident procured the incoming of an apothecary with restoratives, as
+the other did that of a surgeon with consolidative medicaments.[267] The
+Admirable Crichtoun now perceiving that it was drawing somewhat late,
+and that our occidental rays of Phœbus were upon their turning oriental
+to the other hemisphere of the terrestrial globe; being withall jealous
+that the uninterrupted operation of the exuberant diversitie of his
+jovialissime entertainment, by a continuate winding up of the humours
+there present to a higher, yet higher, and still higher pitch, above the
+supremest Lydian note of the harmonie of voluptuousness, should, in such
+a case, through the too intensive stretching of the already super-elated
+strings of their imagination, with a transcendencie over-reaching Ela,
+and beyond the well concerted gain of rational equanimitie, involve the
+remainder of that illustrious companie into the sweet labyrinth and
+mellifluent anfractuosities of a lacinious delectation, productive of
+the same inconveniences which befel the two afore-named ladies; whose
+delicacie of constitution, though sooner overcome, did not argue, but
+that the same extranean causes from him proceeding of their pathetick
+alteration, might by a longer insisting in an efficacious agencie, and
+unremitted working of all the consecutively imprinted degrees that the
+capacity of the patient is able to containe, prevaile at last, and have
+the same predominancie over the dispositions of the strongest
+complexioned males of that splendid society, did, in his own ordinary
+wearing apparel, with the countenance of a Prince, and garb befitting
+the person of a so well bred gentleman and cavalier, κατ εξοχην full of
+majestie, and repleat with all excogitable civilitie, (to the amazement
+of all that beheld his heroick gesture), present himself to epilogate
+this his almost extemporanean comedie, though of five hours continuance
+without intermission; and that with a peroration so neatly uttered, so
+distinctly pronounced, and in such elegancie of selected tearmes,
+expressed by a diction so periodically contexed with isocoly of members,
+that the matter thereof tending in all humility to beseech the
+highnesses of the Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, together with the remanent
+lords, ladies, knights, gentlemen, and others of both sexes of that
+honourable convention, to vouchsafe him the favour to excuse his that
+afternoon's escaped extravagancies, and to lay the blame of the
+indigested irregularity of his wits' excursions, and the abortive issues
+of his disordered brain, upon the customarily dispensed with priviledges
+in those Cisalpinal regions, to authorize such like impertinencies at
+Carnavalian festivals; and that, although, according to the meet
+commonly received opinion in that country, after the nature of Load-him,
+(a game at cards), where he that wins loseth, he who, at that season of
+the year, playeth the fool most egregiously, is reputed the wisest man;
+he, nevertheless, not being ambitious of the fame of enjoying good
+qualities, by vertue of the antiphrasis of the fruition of bad ones, did
+meerly undergo that emancipatorie task of a so profuse liberty, and to
+no other end embraced the practising of such roaming and exorbitant
+diversions but to give an evident, or rather infallible, demonstration
+of his eternally bound duty to the House of Mantua, and all inviolable
+testimony of his never to be altered designe, in prosecuting all the
+occasions possible to be laid hold on that can in any manner of way
+prove conducible to the advancement of, and contributing to, the
+readiest means for improving those advantages that may best promove the
+faculties of making all his choice endeavours, and utmost abilities at
+all times, effectual to the long-wished-for furtherance of his most
+cordial and endeared service to the serenissime highnesses of My Lord
+Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, and of consecrating with all addicted
+obsequiousness, and submissive devotion, his everlasting obedience to
+the illustrious shrine of their joynt commands. Then incontinently
+addressing himself to the Lords, ladies and others of that rotonda,
+(which, for his daigning to be its inmate, though but for that day,
+might be accounted in nothing inferior to the great Colisee of Rome, or
+Amphitheater of Neems), with a stately carriage, and port suitable to so
+prime a gallant, he did cast a look on all the corners thereof, so
+bewitchingly amiable and magically efficacious as if in his eys had bin
+a muster of ten thousand cupids eagerly striving who should most deeply
+pierce the hearts of the spectators with their golden darts. And truly
+so it fell out, (that there not being so much as one arrow shot in
+vain), all of them did love him, though not after the same manner, nor
+for the same end; for, as the manna of the Arabian desarts is said to
+have had in the mouths of the Egyptian Israelites, the very same tast of
+the meat they loved best, so the Princes that were there did mainly
+cherish him for his magnanimity and knowledge; his courtliness and sweet
+behaviour being that for which chiefly the noblemen did most respect
+him; for his pregnancie of wit, and chivalric in vindicating the honour
+of ladies, he was honoured by the knights, and the esquires and other
+gentlemen courted him for his affability and good fellowship; the rich
+did favour him for his judgment and ingeniosity; and for his liberality
+and munificence he was blessed by the poor; the old men affected him for
+his constancie and wisdome, and the young for his mirth and gallantry;
+the scholars were enamoured of him for his learning and eloquence, and
+the souldiers for his integrity and valour; the merchants, for his
+upright dealing and honesty, praised and extolled him, and the
+artificers for his goodness and benignity; the chastest lady of that
+place would have hugged and imbraced him for his discretion and
+ingenuity; whilst for his beauty and comeliness of person he was, at
+least in the fervency of their desires, the paramour of the less
+continent; he was dearly beloved of the fair women, because he was
+handsome, and of the fairest more dearly, because he was handsomer: in a
+word, the affections of the beholders, (like so many several diameters
+drawn from the circumference of their various intents), did all
+concenter in the point of his perfection. After a so considerable
+insinuation, and gaining of so much ground upon the hearts of the
+auditory, (though in a shorter space then [than] the time of a flash of
+lightning), he went on, (as before), in the same thred of the conclusive
+part of his discourse, with a resolution not to cut it, till the
+overabounding passions of the company, their exorbitant motions and
+discomposed gestures, through excess of joy and mirth, should be all of
+them quieted, calmed, and pacified, and every man, woman, and maid
+there, (according to their humour), resented in the same integrity they
+were at first; which when by the articulatest elocution of the most
+significant words, expressive of the choisest things that fancie could
+suggest, and, conforme to the matter's variety, elevating or depressing,
+flat or sharply accinating it, with that proportion of tone that was
+most consonant with the purpose, he had attained unto, and by his verbal
+harmony and melodious utterance, setled all their distempered pleasures,
+and brought their disorderly raised spirits into their former capsuls,
+he with a tongue tip't with silver, after the various diapasons of all
+his other expressions, and making of a leg for the spruceness of its
+courtsie, of greater decorement to him then [than] cloth of gold and
+purple, farewel'd the companie with a complement of one period so
+exquisitely delivered, and so well attended by the gracefulness of his
+hand and foot, with the quaint miniardise of the rest of his body, in
+the performance of such ceremonies as are usual at a court-like
+departing, that from the theater he had gone into a lobie, from thence
+along three spacious chambers, whence descending a back staire, he past
+through a low gallerie which led him to that outer gate, where a coach
+with six horses did attend him, before that magnificent convention of
+both sexes, (to whom that room, wherein they all were, seemed in his
+absence to be as a body without a soul), had the full leisure to
+recollect their spirits, (which, by the neatness of his so curious a
+close, were _quoquoversedly_ scattered with admiration), to advise on
+the best expediency how to dispose of themselves for the future of that
+[delightful] night."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[261] The College of Navarre was founded by Jeanne of Navarre, consort
+of Philippe the Fair, in 1305. Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth
+centuries it was the foremost foundation of the University of Paris (F.
+W. S.).
+
+[262] John Hill Burton points out the somewhat curious fact that, among
+the hero's linguistic accomplishments, Gaelic, which must have been
+talked at his own door, does not appear.
+
+[263] In the matter of length this is surely a record sentence.
+
+[264] "_A bourdon in his hand_"--"A musical instrument resembling a
+bassoon, in use with pilgrims who visit the body of St James at
+Compostella" (Sir John Hawkins).
+
+[265] "_Honderspondered_"--_i.e._ floundered. Fr. _hondrespondres_
+(_Rab._ iii. 42)--"hundred-pounders," heavy, burly fellows.
+
+[266] "_Barber's cithern_"--"The instrument now ignorantly called a
+guitar. It was formerly part of the furniture of a barber's shop, and
+was the amusement of waiting customers" (Sir John Hawkins).
+
+[267] This incident reminds one of the effect produced upon the lawyers
+in court when "Pantagruel gave judgment upon the difference of the two
+lords." Our readers will remember that it is the author of the above
+description who is the translator of the narrative which tells of that
+wonderfully satisfactory decision. "As for the counsellors, and other
+doctors in the law that were there present, they were all so ravished
+with admiration at the more than humane wisdom of Pantagruel, which they
+did most clearly perceive to be in him, by his so accurate decision of
+this so difficult and thornie cause, that their spirits, with the
+extremity of the rapture, being elevated above the pitch of actuating
+the organs of the body, they fell into a trance and sudden extasie,
+wherein they stayed for the space of three long houres; and had been so
+as yet, in that condition, had not some good people fetched store of
+vinegar and rose water to bring them again into their former sense and
+understanding, for the which God be praised everywhere. And so be it."
+(_Rabelais_, ii. 13.)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+ Aberdeen, 43.
+   Attitude towards covenant, 32, 36.
+
+ "Aberdeen Doctors," 37.
+
+ _Aberdeen Sasines_, 7 (note).
+
+ Aberdeen University, 19.
+   New constitution, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Abercrombie, Sir Alexander, 7 (note).
+
+ Abernethie, Helen, wife of Thomas Urquhart, 141.
+
+ Abraham, Patriarch, 133.
+
+ _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, 61 (note 3), 71 (note 2), 93
+   (note), 101 (notes).
+
+ Adam, 130, 146.
+
+ _Advancement of Learning_, 118 (note).
+
+ Ægyptus' sons, 134.
+
+ Æquanima, sister of Marcus Coriolanus, 136.
+
+ Agamemnon, 135.
+
+ Ainsworth, W. Harrison, _Crichton_, 105 (note 2).
+
+ "_Airgiod cagainn_" (chewing-money), 77.
+
+ Airlie, Earl of, 19 (note).
+
+ Alcibiades, 136.
+
+ Alexander of Macedon, 27, 51.
+
+ Allibone, _Dictionary_, and Urquhart, 101.
+
+ Alsop, Captain, treatment of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 89.
+
+ _Amadis of Gaul_, 144 (note 2).
+
+ _Anastasius_, quoted, 77 (note 1).
+
+ Anderson, Gilbert, minister of Cromartie, 63, 66 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Hugh, 66 (note 3).
+
+ ---- P. J., 10, 11 (notes).
+
+ _Annals of Banff_, quoted, 8 (note 2), 19 (note), 47 (note 3).
+
+ Annand, John, minister of Inverness, and Sir Thomas Urquhart, 68, 82.
+
+ _Antiquarian Notes_, 7 (note), 69 70 (note).
+
+ _Apprizing_, 58 (note).
+
+ Arcalaus, 144 (note).
+
+ Archimedes, 124.
+
+ Arduamurchan, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Ardoch farm, 55.
+
+ Argyll, Marquis of, and Covenanters, 32.
+
+ Ariosto, 166.
+   Hippogriff and Astolfo, 107.
+
+ Aristotle, 124, 202 (note).
+   _Organon, Ethics, and Politics_, 10.
+
+ Arnold, Matthew, standard for judging literature, 143.
+
+ Arran, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Arren, Earle of, 115.
+
+ Arundel, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Astioremon, 137.
+
+ Asymbleta, 144 (note).
+
+ Atbara, battle of, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Atropos, 129.
+
+ Bacchus, 202;
+   conquers India, 135.
+
+ Bacon, Lord, Solicitor-General, 8.
+   On fate of solid and weighty things, 118.
+   Rules for young travellers in _Essays, Civil and Moral_, 26.
+
+ Baddeley, Richard, 128 (note), 149 (note).
+
+ Badenoch, 76.
+
+ Baillie, Robert, _Letters_, 81 (note 1), 82.
+
+ Baldwin, Richard, 185 (note).
+
+ Balquholly Castle, 35, 39, 102 (note 3): now Hatton Castle.
+   Account of, 39 (note 1).
+
+ Balvenie, battle at, 77 (and note 2), 79.
+
+ Banff, 8, 18.
+   Entry in Court-book of Burgh, 15, 19.
+
+ Barclay, Waiter, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Barclays, 38 (note 2).
+
+ Baron, Dr Robert, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Basagante, 144 (note).
+
+ Beaten, Cardinal, 55.
+
+ Bedell, William, idea of universal language, 175.
+
+ Belladrum, 70.
+
+ Bellay, Jean du, Bishop of Paris, 188.
+
+ Bellenden, Adam, 43 (note).
+
+ Beltistos, 2.
+
+ Bembo, 166.
+
+ Berwick, 44.
+
+ Besant, Sir Walter, 185 (note 2).
+
+ Bickerstaffe, Isaac, 51 (note).
+
+ Biggar, 85.
+
+ Billing, _Baronial Antiquities_, 39 (note).
+
+ _Biographia Britannica_, quoted, 144 (note 2), 158 (note 2).
+
+ Birkenbog, 7 (note).
+
+ Birrell, A., 186.
+
+ Black Island, 62 (note 1).
+
+ _Blackwood's Magazine_, quoted, 181 (note 2).
+   (_See_ also names of subjects.)
+
+ Boece, Hector, fictions, 145.
+
+ _Book of Bon Accord_, 13 (note 1).
+
+ Bracegirdle, Mrs, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Braughton discovers Sir Thomas Urquhart's MSS., 155, 156.
+
+ Brisena, 144 (note).
+
+ Browne, Sir Thomas:
+   Phraseology, 2.
+   Quoted, 49, 137.
+   _Vulgar Errors_, 126.
+
+ Browning, Robert, 113.
+
+ Bruce, James, 126 (note 1).
+
+ ---- King David, 4.
+
+ ---- King Robert, grants Cromartie to Sir Hugh Ross, 4.
+
+ Bruklay, 7 (note).
+
+ Brydges, Sir Egerton, _Autobiography_;
+   _Mary de Clifford_, 152 (note 1).
+
+ Bullock, J. M., _History of University of Aberdeen_, quoted, 36.
+
+ Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 191 (note).
+
+ Burnet, quoted, 82 (note), 175.
+
+ Burns, Robert, 23.
+
+ Burton, John Hill:
+   On "Aberdeen Doctors" in _History of Scotland_, 37.
+   On description of Crichton's feats, 162, 223 (note 2).
+   On Sir Thomas Urquhart's writings, 157, 159.
+   _Scot Abroad_, quoted, 159.
+
+ Burton, Robert, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, 205 (note).
+
+ Cæsar, _De Bello Gallico_, 198 (note).
+
+ Caithness, 3, 70, 80 (note 2).
+
+ Calder, Campbell of, 7 (note).
+
+ _Calendar of Proceedings in Committee for Advances of Moneys-Taxes_,
+   50 (note).
+
+ Calvert, Giles, 176 (note).
+
+ Cambridge, Earl of, 115.
+
+ Cant at Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ Carberry Tower, 13 (note 3).
+
+ Carlisle, 85.
+
+ Carlyle, Thomas:
+   _Oliver Cromwell_, quoted, 86, 87.
+   _Sartor Resartus_, quoted, 189.
+
+ Cartadaque, 144 (note).
+
+ Castalia, 109.
+
+ Cawdor, 66 (note 3).
+
+ Chanonry Castle taken, 76.
+
+ Charles I.:
+   Endeavours to force Episcopacy on Scotland, 31.
+   Execution of, 69, 70, 168.
+   Letter of Protection to Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, 15.
+   Licence to T. York, 50 (note 2).
+   On knowledge of law, 52.
+
+ Charles II., 97, 99.
+   Crowned, 84, 169.
+   Lands in Scotland, 83.
+
+ Charles VII., 187.
+
+ Chatterton, 152 (note).
+
+ Chinon, 187.
+
+ "Christianus Presbyteromastix," 150.
+
+ Cibber, _Apology_, 170 (note).
+
+ Cicero, 201; _De Officiis_, 10.
+
+ Cid, The, 27.
+
+ Clan Mackenzie, 72.
+
+ Clanmolinespick, 135 (and note).
+
+ Clanrurie, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Clare, Earl of, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Clare Street, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Clio, 109 (note).
+
+ Coleridge, on Rabelais' writings, 186.
+
+ College of Navarre, 160, 223 (note).
+
+ "Colophonian Poet," 109 (note).
+
+ Colophos, 109 (note).
+
+ Commission of General Assembly, 72, 79 (and note 1), 81.
+
+ Constantinople, 77 (note 1).
+
+ Cotgrave, _French Dictionary_, 191.
+
+ Cottrel, James, 149 (note).
+
+ Court of Session, Decisions of, 146.
+
+ Covenant signed, 47 (note 3).
+
+ Covenanting Movement, 31.
+
+ Coventry, 86.
+
+ Craig, John, 42 (note).
+
+ Craigfintray, 5, 19 (note), 60, 101 (note 2).
+
+ Cratynter, 132.
+
+ Craven, Earl of, 116.
+
+ ---- Rev. J. B., 57 (note).
+
+ Crawford, Earl of, 146.
+
+ Crichton, James (the Admirable), 157, 158 (note 2).
+   Age on entering St Andrews, 9.
+   Sketch of, 159;
+   Appendix ii, 215.
+
+ Cromartie (Crwmbawchty or Crumbathy), 3, 70.
+
+ ---- Castle, account of, 17 (and note 1), 18.
+   Library, 29.
+   Put in state of defence, 70, 71 (note 1).
+   Siege of, 139.
+
+ ---- estate, proprietors of, 103.
+
+ ---- Lady Dowager of, 120.
+
+ ---- parish, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Cromwell, Oliver, 8, 32 (note), 84, 86, 96.
+
+ Cullicudden, 62 (note 1), 63, 71 (note 1).
+
+ Culloden, 19 (note).
+
+ Cumberland's, Duke of, headquarters, 19.
+
+ Curators, 5 (note).
+
+ Danaus' daughters, 133.
+
+ Dante, 166.
+   Quoted, 161 (note).
+
+ Darioleta, 144 (note).
+
+ Darwin, Charles, 131 (note).
+
+ _David Copperfield_, quoted, 51 (note 2), 59 (note), 62 (note).
+
+ Debora, Judge and Prophetess, 135.
+
+ Delgatie, Laird of, plunders Balquholly, 39.
+
+ Delos, 119 (note).
+
+ Demosthenes, 162 (note).
+
+ Dickson, David, Professor of Divinity, Glasgow, 82.
+   At Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ _Dictionary of National Biography_, quoted, 82 (note), 101 (note).
+
+ Diosa, daughter of Alcibiades, 136.
+
+ Dis, Father of Wealth, 198.
+
+ Don river, 126 (note 1).
+
+ Don Quixote, 104 (and note 2).
+
+ Donne, Age on going to Oxford, 9.
+
+ Dorset, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Douglas, Robert, Moderator of Commission of General Assembly, 81 (and
+   note 2).
+
+ Dove, Dr, 114 (note).
+
+ Duchat, Notes on Rabelais, 206.
+
+ Duff, Garden Alexander, 39, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Isabel Annie, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Dunbar, Battle of, 83, 87.
+
+ Dunlugas in Alvah, 47 (note 1).
+
+ Edward, King, 138.
+
+ Egypt, English peer in, 27.
+
+ Elgin, 4 (note), 70, 95.
+
+ Elibank, Patrick, Lord, buys Cromartie estate, 103.
+
+ Eliock, Perthshire, 159.
+
+ Elphinstone, Alexander, Lord, 6, 13 (and note 3).
+
+ ---- Lady Christian, 6, 7 (note).
+
+ Englishman abroad, 22.
+
+ Entelechia, Queen, 158 (note).
+
+ Episcopacy in Scotland, 32, 102 (note 2).
+
+ Erasmus, 143.
+
+ Eromena, 144 (note).
+
+ Errol, Earl of, 146.
+
+ Esormon, Prince of Achaia, 131.
+
+ Euclid, 124, 142.
+
+ Falkirk, 84.
+
+ Famongomadan, 144 (note).
+
+ Farquhar, Sir Robert of Mounie, and Cromartie creditors, 60.
+
+ Fergus, King of Scots, 136, 145.
+
+ Findlay, Andrew, 43.
+
+ Findrassie. (_See_ Lesley, Robert.)
+
+ Firth of Cromartie, 62 (note 1).
+
+ ---- of Forth, 38.
+
+ Fisherie, Barony of, 4, 8 (and note 1), 19 (note).
+
+ Fleetwood, 96.
+
+ Florence, 28.
+
+ Folengo, T., _Macaronea_, 205 (note).
+
+ Fontenay-le-Comte, 188, 204 (note).
+
+ Forbes, Alexander, 15, 41 (note 2).
+
+ ---- Arthur, of Blacktown, 40.
+
+ ---- Dr John, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Forestalling, 15 (note 2).
+
+ Fortrose Castle garrisoned, 76.
+
+ Fountainhall, _Decisions_, 146 (note).
+
+ Fraser, (Colonel) Hugh, of Belladrum, and Rising in North, 70.
+
+ ---- (Sir) James, 71 (note 1).
+
+ ---- Lord, garrisons Towie-Barclay Castle, 39.
+
+ ---- Sir William:
+   _Earls of Cromartie_, quoted, 3 (note 2).
+   _The Lords Elphinstone_, quoted, 7 (note), 13 (note 3).
+
+ G. P., 128.
+
+ Gardenstoun Papers, 7 (note).
+
+ Gargantua, 190, 193.
+
+ Gathelus, 145.
+
+ Gaurin (Gowran), Earl of, 116.
+
+ _General Assembly Commission Records_, 72 (note), 74 (note), 75 (note),
+   78 (note), 79 (note 2), 80 (note).
+
+ Genoa, 28.
+
+ Gight, Laird of, 40.
+
+ Gladmon, Captain, 88.
+
+ Glasgow, General Assembly in, 35.
+
+ Glenkindie, 7 (note).
+
+ Glover, George, portraits of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 107.
+
+ Gonima, 144 (note).
+
+ Gonzaga, Vincenzio de, 164.
+
+ Goodwin, Captain, 94.
+
+ Gordon, James, _History of Scots Affairs_, 35 (notes), 41 (note 2),
+   132 (note).
+
+ ---- (Sir) James, of Lesmoir, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- John, 101 (note 3).
+
+ Granada, 27.
+
+ Granger, _Biographical Dictionary_, 107 (note 2), 112 (note 1), 206
+   (note 1).
+
+ Grimm, _Household Tales_, 180.
+
+ Guild, Dr William, 13 (note 1), 19 (note).
+   Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 12.
+
+ _Gulliver's Travels_, 144 (note 2).
+
+ Gustavus Adolphus, 81 (note 2).
+
+ Guthrie, James, 82.
+
+ Halket, General, 77 (note 2), 81 (note).
+
+ Hatton Castle. (_See_ Balquholly.)
+
+ Hamilton, Marquis of, 111, 115.
+   At Berwick, 44.
+
+ Harrison, 85.
+
+ Hawkins, Sir John, 232, 233 (notes).
+   _Life of Johnson_, 206 (note).
+
+ Hazlitt, quoted, 167 (note).
+
+ Heine, _Das Buch Le Grand_, 182 (note).
+
+ Henderson at Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ Henry II., 187.
+
+ Henry, Prince, 8.
+
+ Heraclitus the Obscure, 119(note), 201.
+
+ Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, _Autobiography_, 25 (note 1).
+
+ Hercules Lybius, 133.
+
+ Herd, David, 101 (note).
+
+ Highland soldiers in Inverness, 76, 79.
+
+ Hippocrene, 109.
+
+ History of Clan Mackenzie, 70 (note).
+
+ _History of Scotland._ (_See_ under Burton, J. H.)
+
+ _History of Scots Affairs._ (_See_ Gordon, James.)
+
+ Holland, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Holles, Gervase, 50 (note 2).
+
+ ---- John, Earl of Clare, 51 (and note 1).
+
+ Homer, Birthplace of, 109.
+   Works, 166.
+
+ Hope, _Anastasius_, quoted, 77(note).
+
+ Horace, _Odes_, quoted, 134 (note 1).
+
+ Houghton, in Nottingham, 51 (note 1).
+
+ _Hudibras_, Alexander Ross mentioned in, 126.
+
+ Huntly, Second Marquis of, 116.
+   Covenanters and, 33.
+   Family name (Gordon), 41 (note 2).
+   Taken prisoner, 38.
+
+ ---- Third Marquis of, takes Ruthven Castle, 77.
+
+ Hypermnestra, 133, 134.
+
+ Innes, Alexander, 43 (note).
+
+ Inverkeithing, 84.
+
+ Inverness, 2, 32.
+   Capture of, 68, 70, 81.
+   Fortifications destroyed, 76.
+   Highland soldiers at, 76, 78.
+   _Sasines_, 101 (note 3).
+
+ Irving, Dr:
+   Account of Sir Thomas Urquhart leaving Scotland, 43.
+   _Lives of Scottish Writers_, 44 (note), 149 (note).
+
+ ---- John, of Bruklay, 7 (note).
+
+ J. A., 124.
+
+ James III.:
+   Act of, 54.
+   Grant of Motehill of Cromartie to William Urquhart, 17.
+
+ James VI., 7, 147 (note).
+
+ Japhet, 131.
+
+ Jericho, 55.
+
+ Joan of Arc, 187.
+
+ Johnson, Dr, on--
+   Crichton in _Adventurer_, 159 (note 1).
+   Traveller in Egypt, 27.
+
+ Johnston and Mr Bedell, 175.
+
+ ---- Arthur, 112.
+   Latin Poems, 57 (note).
+
+ Jonson, Ben, _Catiline_, 8.
+
+ Jovius, Panlus, 145.
+
+ Julius Cæsar, 27.
+
+ Ker, General, 77 (note 2).
+
+ Kinbeakie, Stone lintel at, 137 (note).
+
+ King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, 4, 8 (note 2), 19 (note).
+
+ _King's College: Officers and Graduates_, 10 (note).
+
+ King's Covenant, Account of, 42 (note 1).
+
+ Kippis, Dr, 158 (note 2).
+   On Urquhart's pedigree, 144 (note 2).
+
+ Kirkhill, 76.
+
+ Kirkmichael, 62 (note 1), 63.
+
+ Lamb, Charles, 132 (note), 167 (note).
+
+ Lambert, 85.
+
+ Laud, Archbishop, 32.
+
+ Leake, William, 116.
+
+ Leighton, Archbishop, 66 (note 1).
+
+ Lemlair, 70.
+
+ Lesley, Lieut.-General David, 32 (note).
+   March to England, 84.
+   Message of encouragement to, 75.
+   Takes Castle of Chanonry, 76.
+
+ ---- Norman, 55 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- Robert, of Findrassie, 59 (note), 71 (note 1).
+   Conduct towards Sir Thomas Urquhart, 55, 95.
+   Mortgage on Cromartie estate, 46.
+
+ ---- Dr William, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 12 (and note 2), 37
+   (note 2).
+
+ _Letters of Junius_, 103 (note 3).
+
+ _Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen_, quoted, 126 (note 1).
+
+ _Lives of Scottish Writers._ (_See_ under Irving, Dr.)
+
+ Logarithms, 123 (and note).
+
+ Lowndes, _Bibliographer's Manual_, 101 (note).
+
+ Lucian, 100 (note), 189.
+
+ Lumphanan, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Lunan, Alexander, 11 (note).
+
+ Luther, Martin, 187.
+
+ Lynceus, 134.
+
+ Macaulay, 174 (note).
+   _History of England_, quoted, 23.
+
+ Macbeth's titles, 3.
+
+ Macduff, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Mackenzie. Alexander, 70 (note).
+
+ ---- (Sir) George, 102.
+
+ ---- George, sells estate to Capt. W. Urquhart, 103.
+
+ ---- (Sir) Kenneth, 103.
+
+ ---- Thomas, of Pluscardine.
+   Enters Inverness, 76.
+   Proclaimed rebel and traitor, 71.
+   Rising in North and, 69, 70, 76.
+
+ Mackintosh, C. Fraser, (_See Antiquarian Notes._)
+
+ Macmillans of Knapdale, 135 (n.).
+
+ Madanfabul, 144 (note).
+
+ Madasima, 114 (note).
+
+ Madrid, 27.
+
+ M'Farlane, Genealogical Collections, 16 (note 1).
+
+ Maitland, on date of Sir Thomas Urquhart's birth, 6.
+
+ Mantua, 163.
+
+ Mantua, Duke of, 164, 215 _seqq._
+
+ Mantuanus, Baptista, 166.
+
+ Marischal College, 11 (note).
+
+ Marischal, Earl, 36, 146.
+   Enters Aberdeen, 43.
+
+ Martin, Sir Theodore, on--
+   _Trissotetras_, 119 (note).
+   Unpublished Epigrams of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 116.
+   Urquhart's account of his misfortunes, 61.
+     Death, 97.
+     Translation of Rabelais, 192.
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots, 104 (note 1).
+
+ Maubert, Place, 161 (note).
+
+ Meldrum arms, 139 (note).
+
+ Melville, Andrew, assists to remodel University education, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Mercury, 198.
+
+ Messina, 27.
+
+ Micawber, Wilkins. (_See David Copperfield._)
+
+ Middleton, General, 32 (note).
+   Joins Mackenzie's force, 76.
+
+ ---- Earl of, 102 (note 2).
+
+ Miller, Hugh, 102 (note 2).
+   Description of Cromartie Castle, 18.
+   On siege of Cromartie Castle, 140.
+   On stone lintel at Kinbeakie, 138.
+   On Urquhart's inventive powers, 180.
+   Reference to Sir Alexander Urquhart, 101 (note 3).
+   (_See_ also _Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland_.)
+
+ Milton, John, 8, 30, 91.
+   _Hymn on Nativity_, quoted, 201 (note 2).
+   _Paradise Lost_, quoted, 201 (n. 2).
+   Sonnet to Cromwell, quoted, 86.
+
+ Miol, 145.
+
+ Mitchell, Thomas, minister of Turriff, 41 (note 2), 42.
+
+ Molinea, 133.
+
+ Monboddo, Lord, on dual number, 182.
+
+ Montaigne, age on completing collegiate course, 9.
+
+ Montrose, Earl of, 36, 38, 78, 80 (note 2).
+
+ _Moral Tales_, 113 (note).
+
+ Moray, 3, 4 (note).
+
+ Moray Firth, 32, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Morley, _Universal Library_, 185 (note 2).
+
+ Morrison, _Dictionary of Decisions_, 146 (note).
+
+ Motteux, Pierre A., 97, 184, 203 (note 2).
+   Completes Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 192, 206 (and note 1).
+   On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 98.
+
+ Monat (de Monte Alto) family in Cromartie, 4 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- William, takes part of King Robert Bruce, 138.
+
+ Mounie, 60.
+
+ Mucholles, Lord, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Munro, John, of Lemlair, and rising in North, 70.
+
+ ---- Colonel Robert, Mission to Marquis of Huntly, 34.
+
+ Nairn, 70.
+
+ Napier, John, of Merchiston, 119, 122 (and note 2), 124.
+
+ Naples, 28.
+
+ Narfesia, Sovereign of the Amazons, 132.
+
+ National Covenant, quoted, 31.
+
+ Newcastle, Earl of, 116.
+
+ _Nicholas Nickleby_, quoted, 11 (note).
+
+ Nicolia, 136.
+
+ Nimrod, 131.
+
+ Niort, 204 (note).
+
+ Nisbet, on Urquhart's property, 2.
+   _System of Heraldry_, 3 (note 1).
+
+ Noah, 131, 146.
+
+ _Noctes Ambrosianæ_ (Blackwood), version of Urquhart's death, 101 (note).
+
+ "Nonconformist Conscience," 187.
+
+ Northumberland, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Nottingham, 86.
+
+ Ogilvie, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, 76.
+
+ Old Machar, 10.
+
+ Orkneys, 80 (note 2).
+
+ Orpah, 131.
+
+ Overton, 96.
+
+ Ovid, 195 (note).
+   _Metamorphosis_, 133.
+
+ Ozell, edition of Rabelais, 206.
+
+ Padua, 163.
+
+ Pantagruel, 158 (note), 161, 190.
+   (_See_ also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
+
+ Panthea, daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 133.
+
+ Panurge, 158 (note), 197. (_See_ also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation
+   of Rabelais.)
+
+ Pape, Charles, Minister of Cullicudden, 63.
+
+ Paris, 28.
+
+ Parnassus, Mount, 44, 109.
+
+ Pegasus, 109.
+
+ Pembroke, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Pentasilea, Queen of the Amazons, 135.
+
+ Penuel, 131.
+
+ Pericles, 149 (note).
+
+ Persius, 8 (note 2); quoted, 162.
+
+ Perth, 84.
+
+ Petrarch, 166.
+
+ Petric, James, 8 (note 2).
+
+ Pharaoh Amenophis, 133.
+
+ Philemon (Philomenes), death of, 100 (note).
+
+ Pillars of Hercules, 124.
+
+ Pistol, Ancient, 2, 109 (note).
+
+ Pitkerrie, 103.
+
+ Plato, 124, 202 (and note).
+
+ Pliny, 52 (note 2).
+
+ Pluscardine. (_See_ Mackenzie, Thomas.)
+
+ Plutus, 52, 198 (note).
+
+ Pococke's _Tour_, 17 (note 2), 103 (note 1).
+
+ Pope, Alexander--
+   _Dunciad_, 206 (note 2).
+   On Rabelais, 186.
+
+ Portia, 22, 25.
+
+ Portugal founded, 145.
+
+ Pothina, niece of Lycurgus, 136.
+
+ Prott, David, killed at Towie-Barclay, 40.
+
+ Providence, Rhode Island, 90.
+
+ Pulteney, Sir William, 103 (note 2).
+
+ Pythagoras, 124, 202.
+
+ Queen Elizabeth, 120.
+
+ ---- Mary, of England, 102.
+
+ ---- Mary, of Scotland, 104 (note 1), 168.
+
+ Queensferry, 84.
+
+ Raban, printer, Aberdeen, 57 (n.).
+
+ _Rabelais_, 107 (note 2), 119 (note), 185 (and note 2), 192 (note),
+   235 (note).
+
+ Rabelais, François, sketch of, 187.
+   _Gargantua_ and _Pantagruel_, 189.
+   (_See_ Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
+
+ Raleigh, Sir Walter, 120.
+   _History of the World_, 8.
+
+ Raphael, 187.
+
+ Reay, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, 76, 78 (note).
+
+ _Records of Court of Justiciary_, 16 (note 2).
+
+ _Redgauntlet_, quoted, 102 (note 1).
+
+ Resolis, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Riddell, J., _Scotch Peerage Law_, 55 (note).
+
+ Rising of Cavaliers in North, 69.
+
+ Robertson, William, of Kindeasse, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 94.
+
+ Rolland, Catharine, 13 (note 1).
+
+ Rome, 28.
+
+ Ross, Alexander (1), minister in Aberdeen, 37 (note 2).
+
+ ---- Alexander (2), 126 (note 1).
+   Recommends _Trissotetras_, 126.
+   Verses, 126, 127 (note).
+
+ ---- George, of Pitkerrie, buys Cromartie estate, 17, 103.
+
+ ---- (Sir) Hugh, owns Cromartie, 4.
+
+ ---- (Major) Walter Charteris, of Cromartie, 103 (note 3).
+
+ ---- William, Earl of, 4.
+
+ Rothes, Earls of, 55 (note).
+
+ Rothiemay, Banffshire, 35 (note 1), 43 (note).
+
+ Row, _Historie of Kirk of Scotland_, 42 (note).
+
+ Royalists escape to England, 43 (note 1).
+
+ Ruskin, John, 173 (note).
+
+ Rutherford, Samuel, Principal of St Andrews, 82.
+
+ Ruthven Castle taken by Marquis of Huntly, 77.
+
+ St Andrews, 82.
+
+ St Hilarion, 204 (note).
+
+ St Jerome, _Vita Sancti Hilarionis_, 204 (note).
+
+ _St Ronan's Well_, quoted, 186.
+
+ Salton, Lord, 141.
+
+ Saragossa, 27.
+
+ _Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland_, quoted, 18, 102 (note 2),
+   139 (note), 141 (note).
+
+ Scota, daughter of Pharaoh, 145.
+
+ Scotch army marches into England, 84.
+
+ _Scotch Peerage Law._ (_See_ Riddell, J.)
+
+ Scotchman abroad, 24.
+
+ Scotland:
+   Episcopacy in, 32, 102 (note 2).
+   Four armies in, 32, (note 1).
+   Mythical history of, 145.
+   University education in, 9. (_See_ also Aberdeen University.)
+
+ Scrogie, Dr Alexander, 37 (note 2), 43 (note).
+
+ Seaforth, George, Earl of, 69.
+
+ Seaton, Dr, in Paris, 28.
+
+ ---- John, 11 (note).
+
+ ---- William, 11 (note).
+   Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 13.
+
+ Seton, Alexander, of Meldrum, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- arms, 139 (note).
+
+ ---- Elizabeth, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Shafton, Sir Piercie, 124.
+
+ Shakespeare, William:
+   _Henry IV._, 165 (note).
+   _Merchant of Venice_, 25.
+   _Midsummer Night's Dream_, 174 (note).
+   _Twelfth Night_, 122 (note).
+   _Winter's Tale_, 8.
+
+ Shephard, Jack, 51 (note).
+
+ Shrewsbury, 86.
+
+ Sibbald, Dr James, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Smith, Sidney, "preaching to death by wild curates," 66.
+
+ ---- W. F., Translation of Rabelais, 158 (note 1), 99 (note 1), 191.
+
+ Socrates, 119 (note), 124.
+
+ Sodom and Gomorrha, 133.
+
+ Solvatius, King, 137.
+
+ Somerled, Lord of the Isles, 136 (note 1).
+
+ South, _Sermons_, 199 (note).
+
+ Southcote, Joanna, 179 (note).
+
+ Southey, _Dr Dove_, 114 (note), 178 (note).
+
+ Spalding, mentions Sir Thomas Urquhart, 38.
+   _Memorials_, quoted, 40, 43 (note).
+
+ Spartianus, Ælius, _Life of Geta_, 205 (note).
+
+ Spenser, 120.
+
+ Spilsbury, Sir Thomas Urquhart stays with, 86, 153.
+
+ Stacker, James, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Steele, Richard, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Stirling, 84.
+
+ Strachan, General, 77 (note 2), 81 (note).
+
+ Strafford, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Stralsund, 69.
+
+ Stratford-on-Avon, 86.
+
+ Strathbogie, 34.
+
+ Strathearn, Earls of, family name, 135 (note).
+
+ Sutherland, Earl of, action against Earls of Crawford, Errol, and
+   Marischal, 146.
+
+ ---- James, "Tutor of Duffus," 56.
+
+ Tamerlane, 67.
+
+ Tarbat, Viscount, First Earl of Cromartie, 103.
+
+ Termuth, daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis, 133.
+
+ Thaumast, 158 (note).
+
+ _The Lords Elphinstone_, quoted, 7 (note), 13 (note 3).
+
+ The Tables and Aberdeen, 35, 37.
+
+ Thelema, Abbey of, 193 _seqq._
+
+ Thelemites, 195 _seqq._
+
+ _Through the Looking-Glass_, quoted, 114 (note).
+
+ Thucydides, 149 (note).
+
+ Thymelica, daughter of Bacchus, 135.
+
+ Toledo, 27.
+
+ Torespay, 77 (note).
+
+ Tor Wood, 84.
+
+ Tomlius, Richard, 176 (note).
+
+ Towie-Barclay Castle, 38 (note 2).
+
+ ---- laird of, plunders Balquholly, 39.
+
+ _Tristram Shandy_, quoted, 47 (note 3).
+
+ Trot of Turriff, 41 (and note 2).
+
+ Turriff, 38.
+   Inhabitants subscribe King's Covenant, 42.
+
+ "Tutor," Meaning of, 5 (note 1).
+
+ Tycheros, 131.
+
+ Tytler, Patrick F.:
+   _Life of the Admirable Crichton_, 159, 165, 190.
+   On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 190.
+
+ University of Aberdeen, New Constitution, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Urquhart, Adam of, owns Cromartie, 4.
+
+ ---- Sir Alexander, 16.
+   Petition for compensation for losses, 61.
+   Petition for Sheriffship of Cromartie, 98, 100.
+
+ ---- Annas, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- arms, 132, 133, 137 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- (Major) Beauchamp Colclough, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Cainotomos, 135.
+
+ ---- Euplocamos, 134.
+
+ ---- family, descent of, 130 _seqq._
+
+ ---- George, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Helen, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Henry, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Hypsegoras, 133.
+
+ ---- Colonel James, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Urquhart, Jane, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- John, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Sir John, of Craigfintray, 101 (note 2).
+   Hereditary Sheriff of Cromartie, 60.
+   Death, 102 (note 2).
+
+ ---- John, of Craigfintray, "the Tutor of Cromartie," 5 (and note 1),
+   6 (and note 1), 19 (note), 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Jonathan, 102.
+
+ ---- Margaret, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Mellessen, 136.
+
+ ---- Molin, 133.
+
+ ---- Names of Chiefs and Primitive Fathers, Appendix i. 211.
+   Names of Mothers of Chiefs, Appendix i. 213.
+
+ ---- (de Vrquhartt), origin of name, 4 (note 2), 132 (note 1).
+
+ ---- Pamprosodos, 133.
+
+ ---- Phrenedon, 133.
+
+ ---- Propetes, 133.
+
+ ---- Rodrigo, 135.
+
+ ---- SIR THOMAS (Urchard, Urquhardus, Wrqhward, Wrwhart), 132 (note).
+   Account of Aberdeen and eminent men, 12.
+   Account of Admirable Crichton, 157.
+   Account of impoverished estates, 45.
+   Ancestry, 2.
+   At Worcester, 86, 129.
+   Birth, 6.
+   Birthplace unknown, 8.
+   Book-hunting, 29.
+   Characteristics, 53, 104 (and notes 1, 2), 105, 130, 144 (note 2).
+   Conduct of creditors, 94.
+   Death, 97, 99 (note 1).
+   Description of his father's character, 14.
+   Enters University of Aberdeen, 9 (and note 1).
+   Escapes to England, 43.
+   Foreign Travel, 22, 25, 27.
+   Knighted, 44.
+   Lesley and, 55.
+   Liberated on parole, 89.
+   Literary achievements, 2, 148.
+   Lives at Cromartie--financial difficulties, 51.
+   Loses ancestral domains and jurisdiction, 60.
+   MS. of unpublished Poems quoted, 5 (note 2); described, 116.
+   MSS. lost after Worcester, 88, 129, 154.
+   On G. Anderson's preaching, 63, 66.
+   Papers seized, 93.
+   Portraits, 107.
+   Praise of "the Tutor of Cromartie," 5 (and note 2).
+   Prepares MSS. for publication, 89.
+   Prisoner in the Tower, 88.
+   Proclaimed rebel and traitor, 71.
+   Relations with Ministers of Church, 61.
+   Religious belief, 67.
+   Reminiscence of his youth, 20.
+   Rental, 51.
+   Reply to Commissioners' remonstrances, 72.
+   Resides in London, 50 (and note 2).
+   Returns home, 30.
+   Rising in North and, 69.
+   Schemes and inventions, 53.
+   Speed in composition, 117, 151.
+   Succeeds to estates, 47.
+   "Supplication" for pardon, 81.
+   Takes up arms for Stuarts, 38, 69, 84.
+   Vanity, 24 (note 3).
+   Works:--
+     ΕΚΣΚΥΒΑΛΑΥΡΟΝ: or, Discovery of a most exquisite Jewel, 92.
+       Account of, 148 _seqq._ (and note 1).
+       Description of Admirable Crichton, 157 _seqq._
+     In contemporary politics, 168.
+     On fame of Scots in battle, 157.
+     Quoted, 67, 153, 165, 168, 170, 172, 174.
+   _Epigrams_: Divine and Moral, 44.
+     Account of, 111 _seqq._
+     Dedication, 111, 115.
+     Quoted, 60 (note), 113, 114.
+     MS., quoted, 109 (note).
+   _Logopandecteision_; or, An Introduction to the Universal Language:
+     Account of, 175 _seqq._
+     Published, 96.
+     Quoted, 48, 57, 62 (note 2), 90.
+   ΠΑΝΤΟΧΡΟΝΟΧΑΝΟΝ: Peculiar Promptuary of Time, 92.
+     Account of, 128 seqq.
+   Translation of Rabelais, 2, 96, 97, 161, 205.
+     Account of, 184, 190 _seqq._
+     Exploits of Pantagruel, 161 (note 2).
+     Genealogy of Pantagruel, 144.
+     Interpolations, 203.
+     Panurge, Sketch of, 197.
+     Sketch of Abbey of Thelema, 193.
+     Various editions, 206.
+   _Trissotetras_, 92, 114.
+     Account of, 117 (and note 1).
+   Unpublished Epigrams, Dedications of, 116.
+
+ ---- Thomas, marries Helen Abernethie, their family, 141.
+
+ ---- Sir Thomas, senior--
+   Action against his sons, 16.
+   Becomes caution for Alexander Forbes, 15.
+   Believes in long pedigree, 147.
+   Death, 47 (and note 3).
+   "Desk" or Pew in Banff Church, 19 (and note 1).
+   Episcopalian, 30, 33, 35.
+   Marriage-contract, 7 (and note 1).
+   Pecuniary difficulties, 13, 15, 45.
+   Residence in Banff, 18 (and note 2).
+   Sketch of, 5, 6.
+
+ ---- (Captain) William, of Meldrum, buys Cromartie estate, 103.
+
+ ---- William, receives grant of Motehill of Cromartie, 17.
+
+ Urquharts of Meldrum, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Valerius Maximus, 100 (note).
+
+ Venice, 28, 163.
+
+ Virgil, 166, 201 (note 1).
+
+ Vocompos, arms of, 137.
+
+ Voltaire, 189.
+
+ Wallace, Professor of Mathematics, Edinburgh, on _Trissotetras_, 119.
+
+ ---- William, and William Mouat, 139.
+
+ Wardlaw MS., 76, 78 (note).
+
+ Warrington Bridge, 85.
+
+ Westminster Abbey, 145.
+
+ Whibley, Charles, _New Review_, quoted, 112.
+
+ Williams, Roger, Missionary to Indians, 90, 91 (note 1).
+
+ Williamson, Robert, Minister of Kirkmichael, 63.
+
+ Windsor Castle, Sir Thomas Urquhart removed to, 89.
+
+ Wodrow, quoted, 81 (note 2), 102 (note 2).
+
+ Worcester, 86.
+   Battle of, 87.
+
+ ---- Marquis of, _Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions_,
+   181 (note 2).
+
+ Worldly Wiseman, 34.
+
+ Wyntown's _Cronykil_, quoted, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Yares of Udoll, 56.
+
+ York, 86.
+
+ ---- Thomas, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Young, James, 118 (note).
+
+
+
+
+                     BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
+
+    Second Thousand. In Fcap. 8vo, 174 pp. Cloth, 2s. 6d.
+
+          _A Shetland Minister of the 18th Century._
+
+      Being Passages in the Life of the Rev. John Mill.
+
+
+                    NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+"We have read this little book with real pleasure, and we wish it
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+
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+
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+
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+
+"A most readable little book."--_Athenæum._
+
+"It is delightful to receive such a pretty book.... It depicts a
+striking and interesting character and phase of life."--_British
+Weekly._
+
+"A readable and interesting life-story."--_Literary World._
+
+"The whole volume is very amusing reading."--_St. Martin's-le-Grand._
+
+"This is in every way a charming book. Its get-up is tastefully quaint,
+and the subject matter fresh and interesting."--_Scottish Notes and
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+
+"The picture of a man of remarkable vigour and individuality of
+character."--_Scotsman._
+
+"A really readable little book, which should find a considerably wider
+public than that of the Shetland Islands."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+"Mill was a man of mark in his day, and his life-story is simply and
+worthily told in this little volume."--_Aberdeen Free Press._
+
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+
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+
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+
+"A curious and interesting picture of old Shetland life."--_Elgin
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+
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+amusement."--_United Presbyterian Magazine._
+
+"The whole work is excellent, and, we cannot doubt, will be welcomed in
+a wider area than the northern islands in which Mr. Mill spent his
+life."--_Banffshire Journal._
+
+"A very interesting biography, which has already and deservedly
+attracted a good deal of attention."--_Northern Ensign._
+
+"We commend the perusal of the volume to all those in any way interested
+in Scotland and her past."--_Liverpool Daily Post._
+
+"We can recommend the book as interesting to many more than Shetland
+readers."--_Life and Work._
+
+"One can see what a romance Stevenson could have constructed out
+of Mill's diary, which seems incredibly old-fashioned and
+primitive."--_Sketch._
+
+"A most interesting and readable volume, containing many quaint and
+curious pictures of Shetland life and manners during last
+century."--_Orkney Herald._
+
+"Mr. Willcock has done well to provide this record of a man so
+memorable."--_United Presbyterian Record._
+
+"There is a great deal that is interesting in this book.... Mr. Willcock
+has done his work well, and we feel indebted to him for making us
+acquainted with a character which ought not to be forgotten."--_Free
+Church Monthly._
+
+"Mr. Mill stands out as quite a remarkable man. Though the volume will
+have a special interest to the people of the Shetland Isles, it will be
+read with much interest on the mainland."--_Perthshire Advertiser._
+
+"A succinct and readable account of Mill's life.... Nothing essential
+has been omitted, and nothing unnecessary has been retained.... The
+volume furnishes interesting reading from beginning to end."--_Shetland
+News._
+
+"The book is eminently readable, and will well repay perusal.... A vein
+of quiet humour, mingled with delicate satire, crops up every here and
+there in its pages."--_Shetland Times._
+
+_To be had from_
+
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+                    "FAMOUS SCOTS" SERIES.
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+                  gilt top, uncut, 2s. 6d._
+
+=Thomas Carlyle.= By HECTOR C. MACPHERSON.
+
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+
+=Allan Ramsay.= By OLIPHANT SMEATON.
+
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+
+=Hugh Miller.= By W. KEITH LEASK.
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+"A very valuable and opportune addition to a useful series."--_Bookman._
+
+=The Balladists.= By JOHN GEDDIE.
+
+"One of the most delightful and eloquent appreciations of the ballad
+literature of Scotland that has ever seen the light."--_New Age._
+
+=Richard Cameron.= By Professor HERKLESS.
+
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+
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+
+"It is indeed long since we have read such a charmingly-written
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+his countrymen have been proud of since the time of Sir Walter.... There
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+
+=Thomas Chalmers.= By Professor W. GARDEN BLAIKIE.
+
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+Oliphant."--_Spectator._
+
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+
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+appeared in the field of British Biography."--_Morning Leader._
+
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+
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+biography."--_Academy._
+
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+
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+Fletcher of Saltoun that has yet appeared."--_Leeds Mercury._
+
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+
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+
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+
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+eminently liberal and sound."--_Scots Pictorial._
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+
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+
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+
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+knowledge."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+=Robert Fergusson.= By A. B. GROSART, D.D., LL.D.
+
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+contribution to Scottish literary history."--_British Weekly._
+
+=James Thomson.= By WILLIAM BAYNE.
+
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+Britannia' is sustained by his countryman with spirit and in our
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+
+
+
+
+                OLIPHANT ANDERSON & FERRIER'S
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+HERBERT SPENCER _to the Author_.
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+
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+found than Mr. Morison."--_Spectator._
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+=James Frederick Ferrier.= By E. S. HALDANE.
+
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+near to us, an attractive and interesting figure."--_Scotsman._
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+=King Robert the Bruce.= By Professor MURISON.
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+every man who can appreciate a record of great days worthily told, will
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+picture of this greatest of the Scots."--_Aberdeen Journal._
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+Motherwell, and Thom.
+
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+
+Transcriber's Notes: Hyphenation has been standardized, for instance,
+"footnote" rather than "foot-note". Spelling has not been standardized,
+for instance "Lieutenant-General" and "Lieutenant-Generall", or
+"falsehood" and "falshood". The period following a royal's roman number
+belongs, for instance, "King Charles. is".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie,
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diff --git a/38604-0.zip b/38604-0.zip
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight, by 
+John Willcock
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight
+
+Author: John Willcock
+
+Release Date: January 18, 2012 [EBook #38604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR THOMAS URQUHART OF CROMARTIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Hunter Monroe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     SIR THOMAS URQUHART
+
+                         OF CROMARTIE
+
+              [Illustration: SIR THOMAS URQUHART.]
+
+                        [Illustration]
+
+                          SIR THOMAS
+
+                           URQUHART
+
+                         OF CROMARTIE
+                           KNIGHT.
+
+                              BY
+
+                        JOHN WILLCOCK
+
+                           M.A.B.D.
+
+                           LERWICK.
+
+                             1899
+
+                      EDINBURGH & LONDON
+
+                           OLIPHANT
+
+                      ANDERSON & FERRIER
+
+[Illustration: SIGNATURE OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART, SLIGHTLY ENLARGED.]
+
+                   [_All Rights Reserved_]
+
+       PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, EDINBURGH
+
+
+
+
+                              TO
+
+                           A. B. W.
+
+                WHOSE PRAISE, SO FREELY GIVEN,
+
+                 IS THE AUTHOR'S MOST COVETED
+
+                           REWARD.
+
+
+
+
+                           PREFACE
+
+Few persons who take an interest in general literature are wholly
+unacquainted with the name of Sir Thomas Urquhart, as that of the
+translator of a great French classic. Only the more erudite can tell how
+the name of another literary man, Pierre Antoine Motteux, comes to be
+associated with his in connexion with the translation in question, and
+are aware that the Scottish knight is the author of original
+compositions in such diverse departments as poetry, trigonometry,
+genealogy, and biography, and that he played a prominent part in the
+public life of his time.
+
+It has been my object to bring together in the following volume all the
+materials which are available for giving a vivid picture of the
+personality of Sir Thomas Urquhart, and of the circumstances in which
+his life was passed, as I think it would be a pity if his romantic,
+fantastical figure were to pass into oblivion. The materials for his
+life are fairly abundant, though they have to be sought for in many
+out-of-the-way corners. The slight but fairly accurate sketch prefixed
+to his _Works_ in the Maitland Club edition, and the carefully written
+articles in Dr Irving's _Scottish Writers_, and the _Dictionary of
+National Biography_, contain the only previous attempts which have been
+made to give his history. The limits within which the authors of these
+notices had to work, have, however, prevented their giving more than a
+bare outline of his career. I have attempted, with what success it is
+for my readers to say, to clothe the skeleton with sinews and flesh, and
+to impart to the figure some measure of animation.
+
+As I have had to do my work at a great distance from public libraries, I
+have been obliged to enlist the services of friends, more fortunately
+situated, in the task of looking up multitudinous references and
+allusions, which bore upon the history of the person in whom I was
+interested, or of the time in which he lived. Miss Kemp, James Walter,
+Esq., and Alexander Middlemass, Esq., Edinburgh, have been extremely
+serviceable to me in this way.
+
+A variety of details of historical and biographical interest has been
+furnished me by Dr. Milne, King-Edward; Garden A. Duff, Esq., Hatton
+Castle, Turriff; Capt. Douglas Wimberley, Inverness; J. L. Anderson,
+Esq., Edinburgh; and P. J. Anderson, Esq., of Aberdeen University
+Library.
+
+Professors Crum Brown, Saintsbury, Butcher, and Eggeling of my own _Alma
+Mater_ have been very willing to give the information I have sought from
+them; and through Professor Grierson of Aberdeen I have had the loan of
+many books containing material of value for my purpose. Sheriff
+Mackenzie, Wick, and Sheriff Shennan, Lerwick, have aided me in
+questions of literary taste and of legal information; and from W. F.
+Smith, Esq., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, I have received
+valuable help in writing the chapter on the translation of Rabelais.
+From the latter's scholarly volumes upon the great Frenchman I have
+borrowed some notes, which appear with his initials attached to them. To
+Professor Ferguson of Glasgow I am indebted for the photograph of
+Urquhart's handwriting.
+
+In the work of correcting proofs--a somewhat laborious task in the
+present case--I have had kindly assistance from Dr Milne, above
+mentioned, and also from A. J. Tedder, Esq., London, Rev. T. Mathewson,
+Rev. D. Houston, M.A. and J. M. Goudie, Esq., Lerwick.
+
+If I have omitted the name of any helper, or if by frivolous comment I
+have done wrong to the shade of Sir Thomas, I would adopt the language
+of Mr Collins in _Pride and Prejudice_. "We are all liable to err," he
+says. "I have certainly meant well through the whole affair; ... and if
+my manner has been at all reprehensible, I here beg leave to apologize."
+
+                                JOHN WILLCOCK.
+
+ UNITED PRES. MANSE, LERWICK,
+           SHETLAND.
+
+
+
+
+                           CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+PREFACE                                                       xi
+
+
+                          CHAPTER I
+ The Urquharts and their Predecessors in Cromartie--Sir
+     Thomas Urquhart, senior--Birth of our Author--School
+     and University Days--Pecuniary and other Troubles at
+     Home--The Castle of Cromartie--Our Author's Studious
+     Bent--Foreign Travel--The Englishman Abroad--The Scot
+     Abroad                                                    1
+
+
+                          CHAPTER II
+
+ Recalled Home--The Covenanting Movement--The Trot of
+     Turriff--Our Author escapes to England--Is
+     Knighted--Publishes his _Epigrams_--His Father's
+     Embarrassments increase--Lesley of Findrassie--Death
+     of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior--Our Author struggles
+     in vain to keep his Creditors at bay--Other Wrongs and
+     Losses--On bad Terms with the Church                     30
+
+
+                         CHAPTER III
+
+ Unsuccessful Rising in the North--Sir Thomas makes his
+     Peace with the Church--Return of Charles II. to
+     Scotland--Invasion of England--Battle of
+     Worcester--Sir Thomas a Prisoner in the Tower--Makes
+     Friends--Is liberated on Parole--Great Literary
+     Activity--Revisits Scotland--Dies--Later History of
+     the Urquharts of Cromartie--Characteristics of our
+     Author--Glover's Portraits of him                        69
+
+
+                          CHAPTER IV
+
+ EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL--THE TRISSOTETRAS                111
+
+
+                          CHAPTER V
+
+ PANTOCHRONOCHANON, OR THE PEDIGREE
+                                                             128
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VI
+
+ EKSKYBALAURON, OR THE JEWEL,--LOGOPANDECTEISION OR THE
+     UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE                                      148
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VII
+
+ TRANSLATION OF RABELAIS                                     184
+
+
+ APPENDICES                                                  209
+
+
+
+
+                        ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ 1. PORTRAIT OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART               _Frontispiece_
+
+ 2. SIGNATURE OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART                  _Page_ vii
+
+ 3. THE POET SURROUNDED BY THE MUSES         _Facing page_   109
+
+ 4. FAC-SIMILE OF HIS HANDWRITING                   "        116
+
+ 5. SCULPTURED STONE AT KINBEAKIE HOUSE             "        137
+
+
+
+
+                     SIR THOMAS URQUHART
+
+                          CHAPTER I
+
+ The Urquharts and their Predecessors in Cromartie--Sir Thomas Urquhart,
+     senior--Birth of our Author--School and University Days--Pecuniary
+     and other Troubles at Home--The Castle of Cromartie--Our Author's
+     Studious Bent--Foreign Travel--The Englishman Abroad--The Scot
+     Abroad.
+
+The right of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie to be included in the
+list of famous Scots will scarcely be granted by many of his
+fellow-countrymen without some inquiry into the grounds upon which it is
+based. He himself, undoubtedly, would not have been backward in
+asserting his claim to such honourable distinction, though he would have
+entered a protest against the presence of some of those in whose company
+he would find himself. In the ecclesiastical and political controversies
+of the first half of the seventeenth century, he was, as an Episcopalian
+and a Cavalier, connected with the losing side, and, consequently, it
+is not to be expected that posterity should be so impartial as to
+cherish his name along with those of the victors in the conflict. It is
+to his literary, and not to his martial achievements, that he owes his
+fame. His translation of Rabelais is probably the most brilliant feat of
+the kind ever accomplished, and casts all his own original writings into
+the shade. The fantastical character of his own compositions, indeed,
+both in regard to their subject-matter and the diction in which they are
+clothed, forbids their ever having a large circle of readers. An author
+whose phraseology is like a combination of that used by Ancient Pistol
+with that of Sir Thomas Browne may have enthusiastic admirers, but they
+are almost certain to be few in number. Yet his works contain much
+interesting matter, and to them we are indebted for many details of the
+life of their author.
+
+Though it is hard to believe Sir Thomas Urquhart's assertion that the
+connexion of the Urquharts with the north-west of Scotland dates as far
+back as the year B.C. 554, when an ancestor of his named Beltistos
+crossed over from Ireland, and built a castle near Inverness, the family
+was of considerable antiquity, and for many generations was one of the
+most distinguished in that part of the country. Nisbet, the great
+authority on heraldry, says that "they enjoyed not only the honourable
+office of hereditary Sheriff-Principal of the Shire of Cromartie, but
+the far greater part, if not the whole of the said shire did belong to
+them, either in property or superiority, and they possessed a
+considerable estate besides in the Shire of Aberdeen."[1] The admiralty
+of the seas from Caithness to Inverness also belonged to them.
+
+The Urquharts were not, however, the earliest to bear rule in the part
+of Scotland with which their name is connected. Cromartie was originally
+the Crwmbawchty (or Crumbathy) of which Macbeth was reputed thane,
+before he became king. Wyntown in his _Cronykil_ relates Macbeth's dream
+that he was first Thane of Cromartie, then Thane of Moray, and then King
+of Scotland.[2] After the first and second titles had been conferred
+upon him, he took steps to secure the third. Probably the mote-hill of
+Cromartie was the site of his official residence as thane of the
+district when he was at the beginning of his ambitious career.
+
+In the thirteenth century the family of Mouat (then _de Monte Alto_)
+were in possession,[3] but early in the following century the estate had
+accrued to King Robert the Bruce, probably because the Mounts had
+submitted to the English king, Edward I. King Robert granted Cromartie
+to Sir Hugh Ross, eldest son of William, Earl of Ross, in 1315, and by
+him it was afterwards, in the reign of King David Bruce (1329-70), given
+to an Adam of Urquhart ("de Vrquhartt"),[4] with whose descendants it
+remained for many generations. In 1357 he got from the Crown the
+hereditary sheriffdom of Cromartie, and eight years later the same Hugh
+Ross gave him the estate of Fisherie, in King-Edward, Aberdeenshire.
+This Adam is the first of the family to emerge from the darkness of
+antiquity into the light of history, and probably his name, as the
+founder of the Urquhart fortunes, suggested the still more famous
+progenitor to whom our Sir Thomas traced back his pedigree link by link,
+as our readers will afterwards hear.
+
+Our author's father, also a Thomas, and the first of his line who was a
+Protestant in religion, was born in 1585. He succeeded to the property
+in 1603, and in 1617 was knighted by James VI. in Edinburgh. As he was
+left an orphan at an early age, he was brought up under the care of his
+grand-uncle, John Urquhart of Craigfintray, who has been commonly called
+from this circumstance "the Tutor of Cromartie."[5] His
+great-grandnephew, our Sir Thomas, has celebrated his praise in very
+high terms. "He was," he says, "over all Britain renowned for his deep
+reach of natural wit, and great dexterity in acquiring of many lands and
+great possessions, with all men's applause."[6]
+
+From all accounts, it seems that the "Tutor" was faithful in the
+discharge of all the duties belonging to his office,[7] though he did
+not succeed in imparting to his pupil the secret of acquiring landed
+property, either with or without applause.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, received his estates, we are informed,
+"without any burthen of debt, how little soever, or provision of
+brother, sister, or any other of his kindred or allyance wherewith to
+affect it."[8] He married Christian, the fourth daughter of Alexander,
+fourth Lord Elphinstone (1552-1638), and received with her a dowry of
+nine thousand merks Scots (_i.e._ �500 Sterling). The date of our
+author's birth is given by Maitland as 1605, but it is now certain that
+this is an error, and that the true date is 1611.[9] Sir Thomas was the
+eldest of the family, and he tells us that he was born five years after
+the marriage of his parents. He also informs us that his mother's
+father, Lord Elphinstone, held the office of High Treasurer in Scotland
+at the time of the marriage. As that nobleman was High Treasurer only
+from just before 19th April, 1599, till 22nd September, 1601, it would
+not have been unreasonable to fix the date of the marriage as probably
+some time in 1600, if we had no other information on the subject. But it
+so happens that the marriage-contract is in existence,[10] and is dated
+the 9th of July, 1606, and consequently Sir Thomas's birth would fall in
+the year 1611. Our author must therefore have been in error in
+describing his grandfather as being High Treasurer at the time of his
+daughter's marriage. He had, indeed, occupied this office some years
+before. Sir Thomas should have said "had been," instead of "was," but
+his lordly disposition of mind would probably make him contemptuous of
+such trifles.
+
+In 1611, James VI. was drawing near to the end of the first period of
+his reign, during which he had been under the influence of the
+traditions of the days of Elizabeth and Burghley, and had not yet passed
+into his own keeping, and the hands of profligate favourites. Bacon was
+still in the shade of distrust, from which, however, he was soon to
+emerge: he was now, indeed, Solicitor-General, but his ambition was not
+satisfied by this post. The heir-apparent to the throne was Prince
+Henry, who died in the following year. Charles, his brother, was now
+eleven years of age. Shakespeare brought out this year his play of _The
+Winter's Tale_, and Ben Jonson his _Catiline_. Sir Walter Raleigh was a
+prisoner in the Tower, and was busily engaged in writing his _History of
+the World_, which he completed in the following year, though it was not
+published until 1614. The Authorised Version of the English Bible
+appeared this year. Milton was now a child of scarcely three years old,
+and Cromwell a boy of twelve.
+
+The birthplace of our author is unknown; for though the castle of
+Cromartie was the official residence of the sheriffs, Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, senior, is known to have had several other manor-houses, one
+of which was Fisherie,[11] in the parish of King-Edward, Aberdeenshire,
+in which he resided from time to time. It is probable that the future
+translator of Rabelais laid the foundation of the erudition by which in
+after years he was distinguished, in Banff,[12] which then possessed a
+grammar-school, rather than in the more northern town which is
+associated with his name.
+
+Sir Thomas was only eleven years old when, in 1622, he entered the
+University of Aberdeen,[13] but there is no reason to believe that the
+average age of the "men" of his year would be in excess of his own.
+Donne was the same age as Urquhart when he entered Oxford. The famous
+Crichton went up to St Andrews at the age of ten, though up to that time
+he had not given evidence of any extraordinary precocity. A generation
+before, Montaigne had already completed his collegiate course when he
+attained his thirteenth year. It seems strange to us that boys of such
+tender age should have been found able to pass through a university
+curriculum; and we are forced to conclude either that the boys of those
+days were intellectually superior to those with whom we are familiar, or
+that the studies which occupied them were less deep and severe than
+those which are now pursued in seats of learning. The latter is probably
+the true explanation of the matter. University education in Scotland
+had been remodelled, and adapted to the requirements of the time and of
+a Protestant society in the previous generation, and in this work Andrew
+Melville had a very notable part. In 1583 a new constitution had been
+drawn up for the University of Aberdeen, and the arrangements prescribed
+by it may have existed there when our author was a student. The
+Principal, according to this constitution, was Professor of Theology, as
+well as incumbent of the parish of Old Machar, and was responsible for
+the government and discipline of the college.[14] Under him were four
+Regents, one of whom was Sub-Principal, and to them was assigned the
+duty of training students in various departments of learning. Thus
+physiology, geography, astrology, history, and Hebrew were assigned to
+the Sub-Principal. Another Regent explained "the principles of reasoning
+from the best Greek and Latin authors, with practice in writing and
+speaking"; while a third lectured upon Greek, and read the more
+elementary Latin and Greek authors. The fourth Regent taught arithmetic
+and geometry, and, along with them, a portion of Aristotle's _Organon,
+Ethics, and Politics_, and Cicero's _De Officiis_. This attempt to
+assign special departments to the various regents respectively, was a
+marked improvement upon the older system, under which they were each
+responsible for teaching all the subjects included in the curriculum.
+
+The students paid fees, which varied in amount according to their
+social standing. On entering the university they were required to take
+an oath of loyalty to the Reformed religion. None were allowed to carry
+arms, or to converse in any other tongue than Greek or Latin. Perhaps,
+however, this latter rule was merely an attempt to restrain the
+measureless tide of human speech. And in order that nothing might
+interfere with the progress of the students, the _Nova Fundatio_, or new
+constitution of Aberdeen University, abolished all holidays ("omnes
+consuetas olim a studiis vacationes aboleri penitus").[15]
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's name does not appear in the list of graduates in
+1626, so that there are no means of determining from the records of
+King's College how many years he spent there. For the city in which he
+had received his education he ever afterwards had a high regard. Thus he
+says of it: "For honesty, good fashions, and learning, Aberdeen
+surpasseth as far all other cities and towns in Scotland, as London doth
+for greatness, wealth, and magnificence, the smallest hamlet or village
+in England."[16]
+
+He gives unmeasured praise to some of those eminent men who were
+associated with the fame of Aberdeen University in what has been called
+its "Augustan age"--the first four or five decades of the seventeenth
+century. Thus, according to him, William Lesley, D.D.,[17] was "one of
+the most profound and universal scholars then living"--like Socrates in
+having published no works, but, unfortunately, unlike that philosopher
+in not having among his disciples a Plato and an Aristotle to receive
+their master's knowledge and transmit it to future generations.[18] Of
+his successor in the principalship, Dr William Guild, he says: "He
+deserveth by himself to be remembered, both for that he hath committed
+to the press many good books, tending to the edification of the soul,
+and bettering of the minde; and that of all the divines that have lived
+in Scotland these hundred yeers, he hath been the most charitable, and
+who bestowed most of his own to publike uses."[19] At the time when he
+wrote these estimates of the sages at whose feet he had sat as a
+student, some of his old friends were under a cloud, and he had to be
+careful not to compromise them by his praise. And so he says of "Master
+William [?] Seaton," who had been his tutor, "[he was] a very able
+preacher truly, and good scholar, and [one] whom I would extoll yet
+higher, but that being under the consistorian lash, some critick
+Presbyters may do him injury, by pretending his dislike of them, for
+being praised by him who idolizeth not their authority."[20]
+
+At the time of the marriage of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, Lord
+Elphinstone, who was fully acquainted with the prosperous condition of
+his son-in-law's affairs, made him pledge himself to manage his property
+so that it might descend to his heir as he had himself received it.
+Unfortunately this pledge was not fulfilled. Through mismanagement and
+neglect his affairs got into disorder, and the later years of his life
+were troubled by pecuniary difficulties.[21] His son says of him: "Of
+all men living [he was] the justest, equallest, and most honest in his
+dealings, [and] his humour was, rather than to break his word, to lose
+all he had, and stand to his most undeliberate promises, what ever they
+might cost; which too strict adherence to the austerest principles of
+veracity, proved oftentimes dammageable to him in his negotiations with
+many cunning sharks, who knew with what profitable odds they could scrue
+themselves in upon the windings of so good a nature.... By the
+unfaithfulnes, on the one side, of some of his menial servants, in
+filching from him much of his personal estate, and falsehood of several
+chamberlains and bayliffs to whom he had intrusted the managing of his
+rents, in the unconscionable discharge of their receits, by giving up
+one account thrice, and of such accounts many; and, on the other part,
+by the frequency of disadvantagious bargains, which the slieness of the
+subtil merchant did involve him in, his loss came unawares upon him, and
+irresistibly, like an armed man; too great trust to the one, and
+facility in behalf of the other, occasioning so grievous a misfortune,
+which nevertheless did not proceed from want of knowledge or abilitie in
+natural parts, for in the business of other men he would have given a
+very sound advice, and was surpassing dextrous in arbitrements, upon
+any reference submitted to him, but that hee thought it did derogate
+from the nobility of his house and reputation of his person, to look to
+petty things in matter of his own affairs."[22]
+
+One of the ways in which the elder Sir Thomas succeeded in impoverishing
+himself and his family was in becoming bail for people who absconded;
+so, at least, we would infer from an entry in the Court-book of the
+Burgh of Banff under date of 21st April, 1629, in which we find that
+"Sir Thomas Urquhurt of Cromarty, having become caution for the
+appearance of Alexander Forbes, merchant in Balvenye, alleged
+forestaller, and the said Alexander not having appeared, Sir Thomas is
+decerned to pay �40 Scots (�3, 6s. 8d. Sterling)."[23]
+
+In 1637 we find that he was obliged to appeal to his sovereign against
+the urgency of his creditors, and a Letter of Protection was issued in
+his favour. It ran as follows: "Letter of Protection granted by King
+Charles the First, under his great seal, to Sir Thomas Urquhart of
+Cromarty, from all dilligence at the instance of his creditors, for the
+space of one year, thereby giving him a _persona standi in judicio_,
+notwithstanding he may be at the horn, and taking him under his royal
+protection during the time. Dated at St James's, 20th March, 1637."[24]
+A somewhat humorous situation is suggested by this document. The
+creditors might "put him to the horn," _i.e._, according to the usual
+legal form, order him in the king's name to pay his debts on penalty of
+being outlawed as a traitor, while the king himself authorised him to
+take no notice of the proceedings.
+
+In the same year we have intimation of the elder Sir Thomas's pecuniary
+misfortunes being aggravated by domestic strife, for we find him
+instructing a high legal functionary to raise an action against his
+sons, Thomas and Alexander, for their unfilial conduct. The charge was
+that of "putting violent hands on the persone of the said Sir Thomas
+Urquhart of Cromartie, Knycht, their father, taking him captive and
+prissoner, and detening him in sure firmance within ane upper chalmer,
+callit the Inner Dortour, within his place of Cromertie, _tanquam in
+privato carcere_, fra the Mononday to the Fryday in the efter none
+therefter, committit in the moneth of December last, 1636." The case
+came up for trial before the Court of Justiciary on the 19th of July,
+and was postponed for a week, when it was abandoned. The Lords of
+Council had appointed a commission to settle all differences between the
+father and sons and on receiving their report the Court dismissed the
+case.[25] We have no particulars as to the causes of disagreement which
+led to such all unhappy state of affairs, but we are not likely to be
+far wrong in assuming that the sons wished to prevent their father's
+taking some legal step which they considered would be detrimental to his
+and their interests. The affectionate terms in which our author
+describes his father's character ten years after his death, in the words
+above quoted, make us sure that he sincerely regretted any wrong towards
+him of which he may have been guilty at this time.
+
+The old castle of Cromartie has now long disappeared, the stones of
+which it was built having been used for the erection of a modern house
+in 1772, after the estate had passed, by purchase, from the family of
+Urquhart to Mr George Ross. It was a building of considerable antiquity.
+In 1470 a royal grant was made by James III. to William Urquhart of the
+Motehill, or Mount of Cromartie, with permission to erect on this a
+tower or fortalice. Advantage was taken of this permission to fortify
+the family mansion, and it was converted into a castle of considerable
+strength.[26] Sir Thomas says of it: "The stance thereof is stately, and
+the house it selfe of a notable good fabrick and contrivance."[27] An
+interesting description of the building as it was just before its
+demolition is given by Hugh Miller. "Directly behind the site of the old
+town," he says, "the ground rises abruptly from the level to the height
+of nearly a hundred feet, after which it forms a kind of table-land of
+considerable extent, and then sweeps gently to the top of the hill. A
+deep ravine, with a little stream running through it, intersects the
+rising ground at nearly right angles with the front which it presents to
+the houses; and on the eastern angle, towering over the ravine on the
+one side, and the edge of the bank on the other, stood the old castle of
+Cromarty. It was a massy, time-worn building, rising in some places to
+the height of six storeys, battlemented at the top, and roofed with grey
+stone. One immense turret jutted out from the corner, which occupied the
+extreme point of the angle, and looking down from an altitude of at
+least one hundred and sixty feet on the little stream, and the
+struggling row of trees which sprung up at its edge, commanded both
+sides of the declivity and the town below." Of the interior we are told
+by the same writer, on the authority of an old woman who, as a child,
+had lived in the castle, that "two threshers could have plied their
+flails within the huge chimney of the kitchen; and that, in the great
+hall, an immense, dark chamber, lined with oak, a party of a hundred men
+had exercised at the pike."[28]
+
+The elder Sir Thomas had also a winter residence in Banff.[29] In the
+Court-book of the Burgh of Banff we have the following entry: "1630,
+July 21st, Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie gave in ane Act of the
+Session of Banff, geiveing licence to him to erect ane desk and loft in
+the kirk of Banff (seeing he is both a parochiner and resident within
+the said toun) for his accomodatione. The brethren gave their
+approbatione with express provision that neither the edifice nor lichtes
+of the said kirk suld be deteriorat."[30]
+
+Beyond the bare fact of his having been a student in the University of
+Aberdeen, we have no information concerning the manner in which the
+earlier years of our author's life were passed, or the circumstances in
+which he acquired the miscellaneous erudition which his writings
+display. The only remark he makes about the education he received is to
+the effect that his father laid out but a very insignificant portion of
+his income upon this item of family expenses. Yet, however little the
+expenditure may have been, Urquhart evidently profited fully by the
+education which he had received, and attained to something more than a
+gentlemanly acquaintance with some of the abstruser departments of
+learning.
+
+The special bent of his mind in early years, and his love for study
+rather than sport, are shown in the following reminiscence of his youth,
+which he narrates with his characteristic diffuseness. "There
+happening," he says, "a gentleman of very good worth to stay awhile at
+my house, who, one day amongst many other, was pleased, in the deadst
+time of all the winter, with a gun upon his shoulder, to search for a
+shot of some wild-fowl; and after he had waded through many waters,
+taken excessive pains in quest of his game, and by means thereof had
+killed some five or six moor fowls and partridges, which he brought
+along with him to my house, he was by some other gentlemen, who chanced
+to alight at my gate, as he entered in, very much commended for his love
+to sport; and, as the fashion of most of our countrymen is, not to
+praise one without dispraising another, I was highly blamed for not
+giving my self in that kind to the same exercise, having before my eys
+so commendable a pattern to imitate; I answered, though the gentleman
+deserved praise for the evident proof he had given that day of his
+inclination to thrift and laboriousness, that nevertheless I was not to
+blame, seeing whilst he was busied about that sport, I was imployed in a
+diversion of another nature, such as optical secrets, mysteries of
+natural philosophie, reasons for the variety of colours, the finding out
+of the longitude, the squaring of a circle, and wayes to accomplish all
+trigonometrical calculations by sines, without tangents, with the same
+compendiousness of computation,--which, in the estimation of learned
+men, would be accounted worth six hundred thousand partridges, and as
+many moor-fowles."
+
+There can be little doubt that Sir Thomas had the best of the argument.
+But he was not satisfied with this: for nothing less would content him
+than vanquishing his opponent on his own ground, as well as with the
+weapons of logic. With the same lordliness of temper which had led him
+to re-capitulate the dignified subjects which had occupied his studious
+mind--the squaring of the circle being but one of them--he chose the
+breaking-in of a horse as a set-off against his friend's achievements of
+the day before. The success of the scientific student and the
+discomfiture of the mere sportsman are told in the conclusion of the
+story. "In the mean while," he says, "that worthy gentleman, being wet
+and weary after travel, was not able to eat of what he had so much
+toyled for, whilst my braine recreations so sharpened my appetite, that
+I supped to very good purpose. That night past, the next morning I gave
+six pence to a footman of mine, to try his fortune with the gun, during
+the time I should disport my self in the breaking of a young horse; and
+it so fell out, that by [the time] I had given my selfe a good heat by
+riding, the boy returned with a dozen of wild fouls, half moor foule,
+half partridge, whereat being exceeding well pleased, I alighted, gave
+him my horse to care for, and forthwith entred in to see my gentlemen,
+the most especiall whereof was unable to rise out of his bed, by reason
+of the Gout and Sciatick, wherewith he was seized for his former daye's
+toyle."[31]
+
+In the early years of his manhood, before our author felt himself
+qualified to take part in public life, he spent some time in foreign
+travel. The kind of figure cut by a young _English_ gentleman of that
+period upon the Continent we know from the testimony of Portia, for it
+can scarcely be that much change had taken place in the interval of a
+generation, between her time and the end of the first quarter of the
+seventeenth century. He was generally unversed in the languages of the
+countries he visited, and, from his lack of Latin, French, or Italian,
+was apt to fail in understanding the natives, or in making himself
+understood by them. He might be handsome in figure, but conversation
+with him was reduced to the level of a dumb-show. His dress was often
+very odd, and his manners eccentric, as though he had bought his doublet
+in Italy, his round hose in France, his bonnet in Germany, and his
+behaviour--everywhere. A strong contrast to him in the matter of
+language was the young Scotchman of the period, if Sir Thomas Urquhart
+is to be taken as at all an average specimen of his nation, and if his
+account of himself can be relied upon. He says of himself that when he
+travelled through France, Spain, and Italy, he spoke the languages to
+such perfection that he might easily have passed himself off as a native
+of any one of these countries. Some advised him to do so, but his
+patriotic feelings were too strong to allow him to follow such a course:
+"he plainly told them (without making bones thereof), that truly he
+thought he had as much honour by his own country, which did contrevalue
+the riches and fertility of those nations, by the valour, learning, and
+honesty, wherein it did parallel, if not surpass them."[32]
+
+It is somewhat difficult for the mind to grasp the idea of a Scotchman
+in those days, when so many of the things which we now associate with
+the nationality were not in existence--when his Church was Episcopalian
+in constitution, the Shorter Catechism not yet written by Englishmen for
+his use, Burns unborn, and distilled spirits not extensively used as a
+beverage. We could scarcely even know him by his costume. For no
+self-respecting representative of that country would assume the Highland
+garb which so many Englishmen believe to be generally worn north of the
+Tweed, if we are to credit the authoritative statement of Macaulay to
+the effect that "before the Union it was considered by nine Scotchmen
+out of ten as the dress of a thief."[33] The characteristics by which "a
+Scot abroad" in those days was recognised, were, from some accounts,
+not shrewdness in making bargains, economical habits, indomitable
+perseverance, and unsleeping caution, but the pride and
+high-spiritedness which made him keen in detecting and swift in avenging
+slights that might be cast upon the country from which he came. So deep
+was the impression made by these peculiarities upon foreign nations,
+that they became proverbial. "He is a Scot, he has pepper in his
+nose!"[34] said they, somewhat familiarly, yet with a touch of fear,
+when they noticed the flashing eye, and the hand instinctively seeking
+the sword-hilt. "High-spirited as a Scot!"[35] they exclaimed with
+admiration, when among themselves some soul was moved to unwonted
+courage. Such, at least, is the impression produced upon the mind by
+some of those novels in which Scott and his imitators trace the
+wanderings of their fellow-countrymen through European lands in those
+earlier times. That there is some foundation of truth for the lofty
+superstructure is rendered credible by the case of Sir Thomas Urquhart.
+"My heart,"[36] he says, "gave me the courage for adventuring in a
+forrain climat, thrice to enter the lists against men of three severall
+nations, to vindicate my native country[37] from the calumnies wherewith
+they had aspersed it; wherein it pleased God so to conduct my fortune,
+that, after I had disarmed them, they in such sort acknowledged their
+error, and the obligation they did owe me for sparing their lives, which
+justly by the law of arms I might have taken, that, in lieu of three
+enemies that formerly they were, I acquired three constant friends, both
+to my selfe and my compatriots, whereof by severall gallant testimonies
+they gave evident proofe, to the improvement of my country's credit in
+many occasions."[38]
+
+The fair critic, whose estimate of the young Englishman has been
+referred to, gives her opinion also of his Scottish rival; but,
+strangely enough, she observes in him qualities of a kind opposite to
+those displayed by Sir Thomas Urquhart. She was struck by his
+neighbourly charity, "for he borrowed a box of the ear of the
+Englishman, and swore he would pay him back again when he was able."[39]
+Can it be that the words put into her mouth are merely the ribald wit of
+an envious Southron, or are we to understand that the spirit which
+triumphed over so many inferiors was yet wise enough to discern when it
+stood in the presence of a mightier than itself?
+
+How a young man on his travels should occupy his time, had been laid
+down in a little volume which had been published just before Urquhart
+set out to see the world abroad. In this he might read a list of the
+things which should engage his attention, drawn up in sonorous language
+by no less a personage than a late Lord Chancellor of England--a man who
+was ready to give advice to all his fellow-creatures in all conceivable
+circumstances. "The things," says Lord Bacon, "to be seen and observed
+are: the courts of princes, especially when they give audience to
+ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes; and
+so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches and monasteries, with the
+monuments which are therein extant; the walls and fortifications of
+cities and towns, and so the havens and harbours; antiquities and ruins;
+libraries, colleges, disputations and lectures, where any are; shipping
+and navies; house and gardens of state and pleasure near great cities;
+armories, arsenals, magazines, exchanges, burses, warehouses; exercises
+of horsemanship, fencing, training of soldiers, and the like; comedies,
+such whereunto the better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of
+jewels and robes, cabinets and rarities; and, to conclude, whatsoever is
+memorable in the places where they go.... As for triumphs, masks,
+feasts, weddings, funerals, capital executions, and such shows, men
+need not be put in mind of them; yet they are not to be neglected."[40]
+
+To what extent Urquhart followed a plan of this kind it is impossible to
+say; for, though his writings are so discursive that we might expect to
+find in them allusions to anything remarkable he had seen or heard, he
+has very little to say about his foreign experiences. Dr Johnson spoke
+with contempt of an English peer, who had extended his travels as far as
+Egypt, but who had brought back only one small contribution to the
+general stock of human information--the fact that he had seen "a large
+serpent in one of the pyramids of Egypt." Urquhart was not quite so
+poverty-stricken as this; for he seems to have observed examples of
+mental infirmity, illustrations of which he might doubtless have found
+nearer home.
+
+"I saw at Madrid," he says, "a bald-pated fellow who beleeved he was
+Julius C�sar, and therefore went constantly on the streets with a laurel
+crown on his head; and another at Toledo, who would not adventure to goe
+abroad unlesse it were in a coach, chariot, or sedane, for fear the
+heavens should fall down upon him. I likewise saw one in Saragosa, who,
+imagining himself to be the lawfull King of Aragon, went no where
+without a scepter in his hand; and another in the kingdome of Granada,
+who beleeved he was the valiant Cid that conquered the Mores. At
+Messina, in Sicilie, I also saw a man that conceived himself to be the
+great Alexander of Macedone, and that in a ten years space he should be
+master of all the territories which he subdued; but the best is, that
+the better to resemble him he always held his neck awry, which naturally
+was streight and upright enough; and another at Venice, who imagined he
+was Soveraign of the whole Adriatick Sea, and sole owner of all the
+ships that came from the Levante. Of men that fancied themselves to be
+women, beasts, trees, stones, pitchers, glasse, angels, and of women
+whose strained imaginations have falne upon the like extravagancies,
+even in the midst of fire and the extremest pains fortune could inflict
+upon them, there is such variety of examples, amongst which I have seen
+some at Rome, Naples, Florence, Genua, Paris, and other eminent cities,
+that to multiply any moe [more] words therein, were to load your ears
+with old wives' tales, and the trivial tattle of idly imployed and
+shallow braind humorists."[41]
+
+He also tells, though not in the same connexion, of his having been
+witness of the honour and admiration lavished upon one of his
+fellow-countrymen, Dr Seaton, by the _�lite_ of Parisian society. "I
+have seen him," he says, "circled about at the Louvre with a ring of
+French lords and gentlemen, who hearkned to his discourse with so great
+attention, that none of them, so long as he was pleased to speak, would
+offer to interrupt him, to the end that the pearles falling from his
+mouth might be the more orderly congested in the several treasures of
+their judgements."[42]
+
+Part of his time abroad was devoted to the fascinating occupation of
+book-hunting, and he had great pleasure in the spoils he had won. When
+they were set in order on shelves in the library of the castle of
+Cromartie, he looked on them with the joy which only book-collectors
+know. "They were," he says, "like to a compleat nosegay of flowers,
+which, in my travels, I had gathered out of the gardens of above sixteen
+several kingdoms."[43]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _System of Heraldry_, ii, 274.
+
+[2] Wyntown's narrative is as follows (quoted in Sir William Fraser's
+_Earls of Cromartie_):--
+
+    "A nycht he thowcht in hys dreming,
+    Dat syttand he wes besyd �e Kyng
+    At a Sete in hwnting; sw�
+    Intil his Leisch had Grewhundys tw�.
+    He thowcht, quhile he wes sw� syttand,
+    He sawe thre wemen by gangand;
+    And �ai wemen �an thowcht he
+    Thre werd Systrys m�st lyk to be.
+    De fyrst he hard say gangand by,
+    'Lo yhondyr �e Thayne of Crwmbawchty.'
+    De toyir woman sayd agayne,
+    'Of Morave yhondyre I se �e Thayne.'
+    De thryd �an sayd, 'I se �e Kyng.'
+    All �is he herd in hys dreming."
+
+                Wyntown's _Cronykil_, i. 225.
+
+Wyntown's date is about A.D. 1395. Macbeth was killed at Lumphanan by
+Macduff, 5th December A.D. 1056.
+
+[3] A charter of lands in Cromartie granted by William de Monte Alto,
+between 1252 and 1272, is still in existence. The granter of the
+charter, having been owner of Cromartie, was claimed by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart as one of his Urquhart ancestors, but with no better authority
+than the earlier ancestors who figure in our author's _Pedigree_. See
+_Earls of Cromartie_, by Sir William Fraser.
+
+[4] It would seem from this that Urquhart was originally a place-name,
+probably Gaelic. There were two parishes of Urquhart in the old province
+of Moray--one with a priory near Elgin, and the other with a castle in
+what is now Inverness-shire.
+
+[5] "Tutor" here simply means "legal guardian"--for boys until fourteen
+years of age, and for girls until twelve. After these ages and before
+that of twenty-one such wards are in the charge of "Curators." Owing to
+our author's having the same Christian name as his father, the mistake
+is often made of asserting that John Urquhart was _his_ tutor.
+
+[6] _Works_, p. 172. In a MS. volume of unpublished poems by Sir Thomas,
+which is described on p. 116, there is the following:--"Upon the tutor
+of Cromarty, my great-grandfather's younger brother, and my father's
+tutor:
+
+    "The present tyme, the preterit, nor futur
+    T' ourselves, our fathers, nor posteritie,
+    Do now, have yet, nor will produce a tutor,
+    For's Pupils weil of more dexteritie,
+      For he left free th' estate he had in charge:
+      And by meer industrie did's own enlarge" (iii. 7).
+
+We are sorry to quote a poem of Sir Thomas's at this early stage, before
+the atmosphere has been created which is needed for perceiving and
+appreciating its true value. The judicious reader will, however, return
+to it with interest when that process has been completed.
+
+[7] John Urquhart, "the Tutor of Cromartie," died in 1631, at the age of
+eighty-four, and was buried in the old church of King-Edward,
+Aberdeenshire, where there is a marble monument to his memory.
+
+[8] _Works_, p. 340.
+
+[9] Another erroneous date is in the edition of the _Tracts_ of 1774,
+where 1613 is given as the year of our author's birth.
+
+[10] This is now amongst the Gardenston papers, having been formerly in
+the possession of Mr. Dunbar. All account of its contents is given in
+_Antiquarian Notes_, by C. Fraser Mackintosh, p. 195. An independent
+corroboration of the above date of the marriage is by a document now in
+the Register House in Edinburgh (_Aberdeen Sasines_), in which Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, senior, gives sasine of the barony of Fisherie to Lady
+Christian Elphinstone. The "precept," or clause in the marriage-contract,
+which directs the notary to give sasine of the estate settled on the
+bride, is also dated the 9th of July, 1606, and in it she is described
+as being _in su� pur� virginitate_. Probably the marriage took place
+either on that day or very soon afterwards. The bridegroom was just of
+age, while Lady Christian was under sixteen, the date of her birth being
+19th December, 1590 (_The Lords Elphinstone_, Fraser, i. 167).
+
+The issue of this marriage were at least the following sons and
+daughters:--(l) THOMAS; (2) Alexander; (3) George; (4) John; (5) [name
+unknown]; (6) Henry; and (7) Jane, _m._ Sir Alexander Abercromby of
+Birkenbog; (8) Helen, _m._ Sir James Gordon of Lesmoir; (9) Annas, _m._
+Alexander Strachan of Glenkindie; (10) Margaret, _m._ John Irving of
+Brucklay; (11) [name unknown], _m._ ---- Campbell of Calder.
+
+[11] Fisherie is about six miles from Banff.
+
+[12] It is quite possible, however, that, in the parish school of
+King-Edward, our author could have got the rudiments of a classical
+education. In 1649 (15th Nov.), Mr James Petrie, who was school-master
+there, applied for the school of Banff and, as a test of his power, "was
+ordeined to teache the sext satyr of Persius to-morrow in the school of
+Banf be nyne hours in presence of the bailyies and others in the toune
+who wer scholars." He passed through the test successfully, and was
+appointed to the office (_Annals of Banff_, ii. 30, New Spalding Club).
+
+[13] The entry of his name as a student on the roll is in the following
+terms: "In Academiam regiam Aberdonensem recepti sunt adolescentes
+quorum nomina sequuntur, pr�ceptore Alexandro Lunano, Anno 1622.
+
+                        .   .   .
+
+                 Thomas Urquhardus de Cromartie.
+
+                        .   .   .
+                                     _Fasti Aberdonenses, 1854._"
+
+[14] _King's College: Officers and Graduates_, by P. J. Anderson, M.A.,
+pp. 347, 348.
+
+[15] An "eminent Yorkshire educationist" introduced the same rules into
+the establishment under his charge. It is probable, however, that in Mr
+Squeers's case the arrangement was the result of independent research
+into methods of education, rather than a hint borrowed from Andrew
+Melville. "No holidays--none of those ill-judged comings home twice a
+year that unsettle children's minds so!" (_Nicholas Nickleby_, chap.
+iv.).
+
+It is only fair to say that there are doubts as to how far the
+arrangements under the _Nova Fundatio_, as above described, were in
+force in Sir Thomas Urquhart's student days. If the older system were
+still in operation, the Alexander Lunan, who is mentioned as his
+preceptor, would virtually have taught our author all the subjects
+contained in the curriculum through which he passed. As there is no
+proof that Alexander Lunan was another Admirable Crichton, the fact of
+his doing so would strengthen what we have said above as to the
+comparative slightness of the erudition imparted in a university
+education in those days. Sir Thomas Urquhart speaks of having "learned
+the elements of his philosophy" in the University of Aberdeen under
+William Seaton (_Works_, p. 263). It has been suggested that it is an
+error for John Seaton, and that it indicates that our author, like many
+other students of King's College, took a session or two at Marischal
+College (see Anderson's _Fasti Acad. Marisc._ ii. 34, 588).
+
+[16] _Works_, p. 395.
+
+[17] Dr Lesley was successively Humanist, Regent, Sub-Principal, and
+Principal of King's College. In 1639 he was deprived of his office by
+the Covenanting party.
+
+[18] _Works_, p. 262.
+
+[19] _Works_, p. 263. The editor of the _Book of Bon Accord_ gives a
+lower estimate of Dr Guild's character: he says that his works are of no
+literary merit, and that he got fame by his wealth and ostentatious
+liberality. He was minister of King-Edward before he went to Aberdeen;
+and his widow, Catharine Rolland, founded a bursary at the university
+for young men belonging to that parish.
+
+[20] _Ibid._ p. 263: see p. 11, note.
+
+[21] Lord Elphinstone died 14th January, 1638. During the four preceding
+years his son-in-law had "made ducks and drakes" of his ancestral
+possessions. His portrait, which is still preserved at Carberry Tower,
+is engraved in Sir William Fraser's work, _The Lords Elphinstone_. It
+gives one the impression of a grave, melancholy man. He had fourteen
+sons and five daughters. It is to be hoped that none of his sons and no
+other of his sons-in-law had the faculty for getting into difficulties
+which Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, displayed.
+
+[22] _Works_, p. 336.
+
+[23] The offence of _forestalling_ consisted in buying merchandise,
+victuals, etc., before they appeared in a fair or market-place for sale,
+or in taking steps to raise the prices of such things, or in dissuading
+anyone coming to market from carrying his goods thither. The amount of
+fine for a first offence was, as above, �40 Scots (or �3, 6s. 8d.
+Sterling); for a second offence, 100 merks (or �5, 11s., 1d. Sterling);
+while for a third offence it was forfeiture of movable goods.
+
+[24] M'Farlane's _Genealogical Collections_, ii. 283. MS. Advocates'
+Library.
+
+[25] Records of the Court of Justiciary.
+
+[26] It was built in the old turreted style, and defended on the south
+by a moat and high wall. When it was taken down, in the surrounding
+ground were found human skeletons, and urns containing human remains,
+both enclosed in graves made of flags (_Old Stat. Account_).
+
+[27] _Works_, p. 312. "The situation appears in every view most
+delightful" (Pococke's _Tour_, 1760).
+
+[28] _Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, pp. 78, 80.
+
+[29] This was a fortalice-tower, with gardens, orchards, dovecots, etc.,
+in the south part of Banff, which afterwards came into the possession of
+the Earl of Airlie. The bounds are thus described: "The common vennel at
+the north, the loch called the Saltlochs at the east, the lands called
+Little Guishauch at the south, and the road to Overak at the west."
+Shortly before its demolition it was the headquarters of the Duke of
+Cumberland's army on its passage to Culloden. Besides this house and the
+castle of Cromartie, the Urquharts occasionally occupied their
+mansion-house of Fisherie. This stood a few yards to the south-west of
+the present farmhouse of Mains of Fisherie. It was taken down some sixty
+years ago. Some old trees still stand near the site of the house and
+garden.
+
+[30] _Annals of Banff_ (New Spalding Club), ii. 28. The old church in
+which Sir Thomas had a "desk" or pew, and a "loft" or small gallery, is
+now in ruins. Only the south transept is standing. In the parish church
+of King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, the handsome silver communion cups bear
+an inscription to the effect that they were a joint present from Dr
+William Guild, the then incumbent of the parish, Sir Thomas Urquhart,
+and his uncle John Urquhart of Craigfintray. That the Sir Thomas
+Urquhart here named is not our author but his father, is evident from
+the date of the incumbency of his fellow-donor, Dr Guild, who was
+minister of King-Edward from 1608 to 1631. The cups bear date of 1619.
+
+[31] _Works_, p. 331.
+
+[32] _Works_, p. 272.
+
+[33] _History of England_, chap. xiii.
+
+[34] "_Scotus est, piper in naso_," Medi�val proverb.
+
+[35] "_Fier comme un Ecossais_," French proverb.
+
+[36] It may be as well to warn our readers at this point that Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's vanity, or what would be called vanity in any other man, was
+unbounded. So calm and unconscious is it, that it often seems to betray
+a disordered mind. Those who seek in his estimates of himself for
+illustrations of the grace of humility will seek in vain. They may,
+however, find other things, which, if not so edifying, are far more
+amusing.
+
+[37] The reader who has sufficient curiosity and leisure may compare
+with the above the account which his contemporary, Lord Herbert of
+Cherbury (1581-1648), gives of his duels in his _Autobiography_. That
+nobleman was a kind of Sir Thomas Urquhart in water-colour, and his
+single combats are surrounded with a proportionately milder glow of
+romance. Indeed, they seem to have been generally undertaken in order to
+compel impudent young men to give back pieces of riband to charming
+young ladies from whom they had snatched them.
+
+[38] _Works_, p. 311.
+
+[39] _Merchant of Venice_, Act I. Scene ii.
+
+[40] _Essays, Civil and Moral_, xviii.
+
+[41] _Works_, p. 364.
+
+[42] _Ibid._ p. 256.
+
+[43] _Works_, p. 402.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER II
+
+ Recalled Home--The Covenanting Movement--The Trot of Turriff--Our
+     Author escapes to England--Is Knighted--Publishes his
+     _Epigrams_--His Father's Embarrassments increase--Lesley of
+     Findrassie--Death of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior--Our Author
+     struggles in vain to keep his Creditors at bay--Other Wrongs and
+     Losses--On bad Terms with the Church.
+
+While Urquhart was engaged in foreign travel, the ecclesiastical and
+political controversies in Scotland came to such a height, that it was
+evident that matters could only be settled by an appeal to the sword,
+and, accordingly, he returned home to assist the party to which his
+family adhered. He, doubtless, like Milton, considered it disgraceful
+that, while his fellow-countrymen were fighting at home for liberty, he
+should be travelling abroad for amusement and intellectual culture. His
+father, who had been the first of the Urquharts to give up Roman
+Catholicism for Protestantism, took the unpopular side in the conflict
+that agitated the Church of Scotland. He was a staunch Episcopalian, and
+refused to accept the National Covenant, when those who had voluntarily
+and enthusiastically entered into it attempted to coerce others into
+following their example, and so turned it into an instrument of tyranny.
+
+The determined efforts of Charles I. and his advisers to make the Church
+of Scotland in all respects like the Church of England, were fiercely
+opposed, and, for a time, the party which was resolved to make them as
+dissimilar as possible prevailed. Episcopacy, liturgy, ancient
+ecclesiastical customs and rites, and all that savoured of Prelacy or
+Popery, were swept away by the rising flood. Yet, without committing
+oneself to the doctrine of passive obedience, it may be doubted whether
+the course of policy followed by the Covenanters was either wise or
+scriptural. For, notwithstanding the vehement protestations of loyalty
+expressed in the National Covenant, armed resistance to the royal
+authority was not obscurely hinted at in it. "We," said the subscribers,
+"promise and swear by the great name of the Lord our God to continue in
+the profession and obedience of the said religion; and that we shall
+defend the same, and resist all those contrary errors and corruptions,
+according to our vocation, and to the utmost of that power which God
+hath put into our hands, all the days of our life." It is quite
+possible, it may be hoped, for one to be in sympathy with a certain
+political party, and yet to regret that the Church should identify
+itself with that party; and it certainly was not in the end a good thing
+for the cause of religion that it should have been so closely allied as
+it was with party politics in the seventeenth century. "My kingdom is
+not of this world," said Christ; "if My kingdom were of this world, then
+would My servants fight." "Put up again thy sword into his place," He
+said to St Peter, "for all they that take the sword, shall perish with
+the sword." It is difficult to see how these clear and emphatic
+utterances can be made to harmonise with the resolution not only to use
+force in the correction of ecclesiastical abuses and religious errors,
+but also to coerce those who were not prepared to follow the same course
+of policy.[44]
+
+The Covenanting party were successful beyond their hopes. The influence
+of the Marquis of Argyle secured the allegiance to the cause of the
+Highlanders in the west of Scotland; while, in Inverness and the region
+north of the Moray Firth, the movement was enthusiastically welcomed.
+Only one district in Scotland held aloof--that of which Aberdeen was the
+centre. The community there had probably but little sympathy with the
+innovations which Laud was bent upon bringing in, but they had still
+less with the Covenant. They were attached to the modified form of
+Episcopacy which had now existed in Scotland since the Reformation
+(with the exception of the years between 1592 and 1610), in which the
+bishops were little more than permanent moderators of Presbyteries, and
+were subject to the General Assembly, and in which the ritual was of a
+very simple character.
+
+As a University and Cathedral city, and the residence of a large number
+of wealthy landed proprietors, Aberdeen occupied a position of great
+importance in Scotland, and was by no means under the command of the
+capital. The heads of the Covenanting party very speedily found it
+necessary to take steps for bringing this corner of the kingdom into
+subjection to themselves. They could scarcely hope to succeed in
+overcoming the powerful forces at the command of the English Government,
+if they were to allow this enemy to remain undisturbed in their rear.
+
+Accordingly, at a very early stage in the proceedings, they attempted to
+gain over to their side the great territorial magnate of the district,
+the Marquis of Huntly, who, from his rank and wealth and hereditary
+loyalty to the throne, was likely to be the leader of the King's party
+in the North. Had they succeeded, they would virtually have had the
+whole country at their back, for the community of Aberdeen, and the few
+neighbouring lairds, who, like Sir Thomas Urquhart, refused to accept
+the Covenant, would not have dared to resist the national policy by
+force of arms. In the negotiations between the Covenanting leaders and
+the Marquis of Huntly, we have an illustration of the very muddy roads
+along which religion is dragged, when it forms an alliance with a
+political party. It is certainly with somewhat of a shock that one who
+is under the impression that all the Covenanters were saints of a very
+spiritually-minded type, learns of the grim option which they offered to
+their possible opponent. Colonel Robert Munro, who had seen service in
+Germany, was appointed to wait upon the Marquis at Strathbogie, and to
+acquaint him with the resolutions to which the Covenanters had come.
+"The sum of his commission to Huntly was," we are told, "that the
+noblemen Covenanters were desirous that he should join with them in the
+common cause; that, if he would do so, and take the Covenant, they would
+give him the first place, and make him leader of their forces; and,
+further, they would make his state and his fortunes greater than ever
+they were; and, moreover, they should pay off and discharge all his
+debts, which they knew to be about one hundred thousand pounds sterling;
+that their forces and associates were a hundred to one [in comparison]
+with the king; and, therefore, it was to no purpose to him to take up
+arms against them, for if he refused this offer and declared against
+them, they should find means to disable him for to help the king; and,
+moreover, they knew how to undo him, and bade him to expect that they
+will ruinate his family and estates." The hands were, perhaps, the hands
+of Christian, the voice was certainly the voice of Mr Worldly Wiseman!
+
+The reply of the Marquis was admirable for the spirit of generosity and
+chivalry which it breathed. "To this proposition," we are told, "Huntly
+gave a short and resolute repartee, that his family had risen and stood
+by the kings of Scotland; and for his part, if the event proved the ruin
+of this king, he was resolved to lay his life, honours, and estate under
+the rubbish of the king's ruins."[45]
+
+Though Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, was a staunch Episcopalian and a
+devoted Royalist, the circumstances in which he was placed forbade his
+aiding the ecclesiastical and political causes which were dear to him
+with more than good wishes. He was surrounded by neighbours of the
+opposite party,[46] and isolated from those with whom he would gladly
+have co-operated. Consequently, it remained for his eldest son, our
+author, who apparently was residing at that time at Balquholly Castle,
+in Aberdeenshire, where the adherents of the Royalist cause were
+numerous, to play a more heroic part.
+
+Between the date of the signing of the Covenant and that of the meeting
+of the General Assembly in Glasgow in 1638, The Tables, for such was the
+name by which the executive government established by the revolutionary
+party was designated, decided to subdue the city of Aberdeen and the
+neighbouring country, and to compel the people there to accept the
+Covenant. Before resorting to force, however, an attempt was made to
+persuade. A committee of three eminent clergymen, Henderson, Dickson,
+and Cant, with the Earl of Montrose as president, was sent north to deal
+with the somewhat unimpressible Aberdonians. The hospitable corporation
+of the northern city invited the visitors to a banquet of wine, but
+their invitation was scornfully declined. The deputation "would drink
+with none till first the Covenant was subscribed." Such incivility was
+new in the history of the city, and a very satisfactory rebuke was given
+to it by the materials for the proposed banquet being distributed among
+the poor. It can be easily imagined that after this unsatisfactory
+beginning the sermons delivered by the clerical deputation fell upon
+unsympathetic ears, and made but few converts. "The commissioners had
+one powerful ally in the town, in the person of Earl Marischal, the son
+of the founder of the College, who had died in 1623; and, when they were
+refused licence to preach in the city churches, they adjourned to his
+residence at the north end of what is now Marischal Street. The mansion
+consisted of several buildings with galleries surrounding a courtyard,
+and from these galleries the three Covenanting ministers held forth from
+eight o'clock in the morning till four in the afternoon, trying to
+convince the people of the truth of the Covenant. The children of
+granite, however, proved absolutely impervious to the 'apostles,' whom
+they scornfully pelted with mud."[47]
+
+A paper-war, which attracted considerable notice, sprang up between the
+commissioners and six of the Aberdeen clergy--popularly designated in
+contemporary literature as "the Aberdeen Doctors."[48] In this warfare
+the representatives of the Covenanting party came off rather badly. "The
+position taken by the Doctors," says John Hill Burton, "is the
+unassailable one of the dry sarcastic negative. Whatever the Covenant
+might be--good or bad--and whatever right its approvers had to bind
+themselves to it, how were they entitled to force it on those who
+desired it not? And when their adversaries became eloquent on its
+conformity to Scripture and the privileges of the Christian Church, the
+Doctors ever went back to the same negative position--even if it were
+so, which we do not admit, yet why force it upon us?"[49]
+
+Early in the following year, 1639, The Tables resolved to suppress the
+northern Malignants, as they were called, before preparing to enter on a
+campaign against their enemy in the south, and thus save themselves
+from the dangers involved in having an enemy in their rear. The Earl of
+Montrose went north at the head of a considerable body of troops, and
+took possession of Aberdeen. The opponents of the Covenant fled from the
+city, and Huntly, the leader of the Royalists, felt unable to offer
+effective resistance. In spite of a safe-conduct granted him by Montrose
+on his coming in to a conference, he was taken prisoner to Edinburgh and
+lodged in the Castle.
+
+This kidnapping of the Royalist chief caused great irritation; and upon
+a rumour of the fleet's coming to the Firth of Forth, and of the Royal
+army's approach to the Scottish border, the northern Royalists, of whom
+our Sir Thomas Urquhart was one, resolved to take arms on the King's
+side. The first mention of our author in history is in connexion with
+this rising; and the annalist Spalding relates two exciting incidents
+that occurred in one week, in both of which he took part.
+
+The first, which happened on Friday, the 10th of May, was an attempt
+made by him and some of the other Royalist lairds or "barons," as they
+are called,[50] to take the castle of Towie-Barclay,[51] in
+Aberdeenshire. It seems that the lairds of Delgatie and Towie-Barclay
+had plundered the house of Balquholly,[52] which was occupied by our
+author, and carried off a large supply of "muskets, guns, and
+carabines." Sir Thomas was not a man to submit quietly to such an
+outrage as this; and, doubtless, to his desire for vengeance was added a
+strong wish to get possession of the firearms, now that there was a good
+cause to be defended and brave men to use the weapons. They had intended
+to surprise the castle, but when they came to it they found the gates
+shut, and the place strongly guarded. Lord Fraser and the eldest son of
+Lord Forbes had already known that an attempt was to be made to recover
+the weapons, and had manned the castle so effectually that the idea of
+storming it was out of the question. A few shots were exchanged, and
+then the attacking party rode away. The only casualty was the death of a
+David Prott, who was a servant of the laird of Gight,[53] one of
+Urquhart's friends. "This," the historian remarks, "was the first time
+that blood was drawn here since the beginning of the Covenant."[54]
+
+Four days after, a more serious encounter took place between the two
+forces. The Covenanters of the north had decided to assemble in force,
+and fixed upon Turriff, in Aberdeenshire, as their headquarters. The
+Royalists drew to a head at Strathbogie, some eleven miles off, and
+resolved to disperse their opponents. The Covenanting party was about
+twelve hundred strong, and the Royalists about eight hundred, but the
+latter had four brass cannon, which very materially strengthened them as
+an attacking force. They were under the leadership of skilful officers,
+among whom Arthur Forbes of Blacktown [in King-Edward] is specially
+mentioned. Sir Thomas himself informs us that, "having obtained, though
+with a great deal of pain, a fifteen hundreth [hundred] subscriptions to
+a bond conceived and drawn up in opposition of the vulgar [popular]
+Covenant, he selected from amongst them so many as he thought fittest
+for holding hand to [taking in hand] the dissolving of their committees
+and unlawful meetings."[55]
+
+About ten o'clock on the night of Monday, the 13th of May, they started
+for Turriff, marching in a "very quiet and sober manner," and by
+daybreak managed to steal upon the village by an unguarded path. The
+sound of trumpets and of drums aroused the unsuspecting Covenanters to
+the fact that they had been fairly surprised. "Some were sleeping,
+others drinking, and smoaking tobacco, others walking up and down." A
+few volleys of musketry, and a few shots discharged from the cannon,
+served to disperse them, and the village was taken possession of by the
+attacking force. It was but a slight skirmish,[56] in which three men
+were killed, two of the Covenanters, and one of the Royalists; but it
+was the first of the battles in the great Civil War, which raged for so
+many years, and deluged with blood so many fruitful plains in each of
+the three kingdoms. On this account "the Trot of Turriff," as it was
+called, should not be forgotten.
+
+After this victory, the Royalists being masters of the village, the
+common soldiers, who were hungry after their night's march, plundered
+the houses of those they thought were Covenanters, and supplied
+themselves with meat and drink. The greatest loss fell upon the
+minister, Mr Mitchell, who, however, received very liberal compensation
+from Parliament in the following year. They next gathered as many of the
+inhabitants of Turriff together as they could find, and made them accept
+and subscribe the King's Covenant.[57] This device for securing
+adherents was, however, ineffectual, for, a few weeks later, those who
+had sworn to the King's Covenant, on a declaration that they had acted
+under compulsion, were solemnly absolved by their minister from all
+obligation to keep it.
+
+The Royalist leaders now began to think of further projects, as the
+number of their followers increased after the victory at Turriff. They
+lost no time in marching upon Aberdeen, and in quartering themselves
+upon its inhabitants, especially upon those who were known to belong to
+the Covenanting party. In a few days, however, they found their position
+untenable. A considerable number of their Highland forces disbanded, and
+marched away to their homes, plundering as they went--"a thing," the
+historian remarks, "verye usuall with them." The others retreated from
+Aberdeen, when the Covenanting army under the Earl Marischal entered the
+city, on the 23rd of May, 1639.
+
+A small number of prominent Royalists,[58] of whom our Sir Thomas was
+one, now resolved to leave Scotland, where the cause to which they were
+devoted was at such a low ebb. A ship, belonging to one Andrew Findlay,
+had been kept in readiness for an emergency like this, and on it they
+embarked hastily, and sailed away to England, to offer their services to
+Charles I. "Urquhart," says Dr Irving, "who professes to have launched
+forth in the view of six hundred of his enemies, was, within two days,
+landed at Berwick, where he found the Marquis of Hamilton, and delivered
+to him a letter from the leaders of the northern Royalists. He had
+likewise undertaken to be the bearer of despatches to the King,
+containing the signatures of the same chieftains; and, having proceeded
+to the royal quarters, he obtained an audience of His Majesty, and
+explained to him their past exertions and future plans for his service.
+He appears to have been satisfied with his own reception, and the
+written answer 'gave great contentment to all the gentlemen of the north
+that stood for the king.'"[59]
+
+In one of our author's tracts, published in 1652, we have a pedigree of
+the family of Urquhart. Under his own name he states that "he was
+knighted by King Charles, in Whitehall Gallery, in the yeer 1641, the 7
+of April." In the same year he first made his appearance as an author in
+the publication of his three books of _Epigrams, Moral and Divine_, of
+which a fuller notice will be found in a later chapter. Let us now for a
+little leave Sir Thomas, happy in his sovereign's favour, his head
+encircled with the ivy-wreath that clothes the brows of learned poets,
+and his eye fixed upon a prominent crag of Mount Parnassus as henceforth
+specially his own, and turn to his father, whose golden dreams have long
+since fled away, and left him but the dreariest and shabbiest prose.
+
+For thirty-six years the elder Sir Thomas had been in possession of the
+ample estates of the house of Urquhart, and during nearly the whole of
+this time the country had been at peace, so that he had no one but
+himself to blame for the impoverished condition in which they were when
+his son received them. The latter described the state of matters in the
+following terms: "All he bequeathed unto me, his eldest Son, in matter
+of worldly means, was twelve or thirteen thousand pounds sterling of
+debt, five brethren all men, and two sisters almost mariageable, to
+provide for, and lesse to defray all this burden with by six hundred
+pounds sterling a year, although [_i.e._ even if] the warres had not
+prejudiced me in a farthing, then [than] what for the maintaining of
+himself alone in a peaceable age he inherited for nothing."[60]
+
+So exasperated was the old man by the importunity of his creditors, that
+at last, we are told, the sound of one of their voices was in his ears
+as "the hissing of a basilisk." The great Civil war itself, which
+brought calamity and grief to so many homes, was almost welcomed by him
+for the relief it brought him from the "hornings" and "apprisings," and
+other legal processes, which threatened him in times of peace. "The
+disorderly troubles of the land," says his son of him, "being then far
+advanced, though otherways he disliked them, were a kind of refreshment
+to him, and intermitting relaxation from a more stinging disquietnesse.
+For that our intestin troubles and distempers, by silencing the laws
+for a while, gave some repose to those that longed for a breathing time,
+and by hudling up the terms of Whitsuntide and Martimass, which in
+Scotland are the destinated times for payment of debts, promiscuously
+with the other seasons of the year, were as an oxymel julip wherewith to
+indormiat them in a bitter sweet security."[61]
+
+The most importunate of all the creditors, or, as Urquhart describes
+them, "the usurious cormorants," who harassed the unhappy proprietor of
+Cromartie, was a certain Robert Lesley of Findrassie. He held a mortgage
+upon the estate, and though he was indebted to its owner for many acts
+of kindness, he had been the first to foreclose upon the property, and
+had persuaded other creditors to join with him in taking this step. The
+annoyance and mortification caused by these proceedings hastened Sir
+Thomas's death. Two days before that event, animated by regret for the
+wrong he had done his heir by the impoverishment of the family property,
+he assembled his younger children, and bound them, "under pain of his
+everlasting curse and execration," to do all in their power to help
+their elder brother. The terms of this extraordinary bond, his son tells
+us, were these: "to assist, concur with, follow, and serve me, to the
+utmost of their power, industry, and means, and to spare neither charge
+nor travel, though it should cost them all they had, to release me from
+the undeserved bondage of the domineering creditor, and extricate my
+lands from the impestrements wherein they were involved; yea, to bestow
+nothing of their owne upon no other use, till that should be done; and
+all this under their own handwriting, secured with the clause of
+registration to make the opprobrie the more notorious in case of
+failing, as the paper itself, which I have _in retentis_, together with
+another signed to the same sense, by my mother, and also my brothers and
+sisters, Dunbugur [Dunlugas][62] only excepted, will more evidently
+testifie."[63] Sir Thomas Urquhart, the elder, died in April [?], 1642,
+after a long and lingering illness.[64]
+
+Our author now returned home to enter on possession of his estates, and
+to attempt to reduce to something like order the chaos in which the
+family affairs were. He resolved to commit the management of his
+property to trustees, who, after paying his mother's jointure, were to
+devote the whole of the rest of the rents to the reduction of debt. He
+himself went to live on the Continent, in the hope that in a few years
+he would be able to return home and enjoy his inheritance unencumbered
+by debt. These proceedings, with the disappointing results that followed
+them, are related in a passage of his _Logopandecteision_, which is
+worth quoting. "Immediately after my father's decease," he says, "for my
+better expedition in the discharge of those burthens, having repaired
+homewards, I did sequestrate the whole rent (my mother's joynture
+excepted) to that use only, and, as I had done many times before, betook
+myself to my hazards abroad, that by vertue of the industry and
+diligence of those whom, by the advise and deliberation of my nearest
+friends, I was induced to intrust with my affairs, the debt might be the
+sooner defrayed, and the ancient house releeved out of the thraldome it
+was so unluckily faln into. But it fell out so far otherwayes, that
+after some few years residence abroad, without any considerable expence
+from home, when I thought, because of my having mortified and set apart
+all the rent to no other end then [than] the cutting off and defalking
+of my father's debt, that accordingly a great part of my father's debt
+had been discharged, I was so far disappointed of my expectation therin,
+that whilst, conform to the confidence reposed in him whom I had
+intrusted with my affairs, I hoped to have been exonered and relieved of
+many creditors, the debt was only past over and transferred from one in
+favours of another, or rather of many in the favours of one, who, though
+he formerly had gained much at my father's hands, was notwithstanding at
+the time of his decease none of his creditors, nor at any time mine; my
+Egyptian bondage by such means remaining still the same, under task
+masters different only in name, and the rents neverthelesse taken up to
+the full, to my no small detriment and prejudice of the house standing
+in my person. The aime of some of those I concredited [committed] my
+weightiest adoes [affairs] unto, being, as is most conspicuously
+apparent, that I should never reap the fruition nor enjoyment of any
+portion, parcell, or pendicle of the estate of my predecessors, unlesse
+by my fortune and endeavours in forrain countries, I should be able to
+acquire as much as might suffice to buy it, as we say, out of the
+ground. And verily," he concludes, "though not in relation to these
+ignoble and unworthy by-ends, it was my purpose and resolution to have
+done so, which assuredly, had not the turbulent divisions of the time
+been such as to have crossed and thwarted the atchievements of more
+faisible projects, I would have accomplished two or three severall ways
+ere now."[65]
+
+One is inclined to wonder what the two or three lucrative undertakings
+were, which this Highland gentleman had in view when he spoke in this
+way of the practicability of making enough money to purchase back his
+estates. "What song the syrens sang," says Sir Thomas Browne, "or what
+name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among women, though puzzling
+questions are not beyond all conjecture." But even as wise a man as Sir
+Thomas Browne might well pause before venturing on a conjecture in
+connection with this matter.
+
+In one of the official records of the time,[66] there is an entry which
+shows that Urquhart was resident in London in 1644. On the 9th May of
+that year he is assessed for a forced loan at �1000; and, on the 16th of
+the same month, there is an order for him to be brought up in custody to
+pay his assessment; while, on the 21st, it is noted that his assessment
+is "respited till he shall speak with the Scottish committee and take
+further orders, be engaging to appear whenever required." He no doubt
+proved to the committee that he had no property in London, but was only
+a sojourner there, and was accordingly virtually discharged. His place
+of residence in London at this time was Clare Street,[67] then newly
+erected upon St Clement's Inn Fields, on the east side of Drury Lane,
+and called after John Holles,[68] second Earl of Clare, whose town-house
+was near by.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart now resolved to take the management of his own
+affairs, and, if possible, so to conduct matters as to secure
+subsistence for himself, as well as satisfaction for his father's
+creditors; and, in the year 1645, he went to live in the ancestral home
+at Cromartie. His rental still amounted to �1000 Sterling a year, which
+represents about �7000 in our time, but a debt of twelve or thirteen
+years' income was a very serious burden upon such an estate.
+
+There can be little doubt that the entanglement in which the financial
+affairs of the house of Urquhart were involved became none the less
+confused and confusing when the gallant knight applied himself to
+unravel it. That was scarcely a task for which he was fitted. Much more
+appropriate would it have been for him to draw the sword, like
+Alexander, and cut the Gordian knot. Perhaps his failure, as in another
+well-known case,[69] is partly to be attributed to his not having had a
+legal adviser, familiar with the intricacies of the law, and able to
+prevent his creditors getting more than their pound of flesh, if not to
+save even that from them. Charles I. once said that he knew as much law
+as a gentleman ought to know. Sir Thomas Urquhart seems to have had a
+somewhat similar acquaintance with the same subject, and this, like that
+of the person mentioned in the footnote on the preceding page, was
+probably acquired "as a defendant on civil process." There can be no
+doubt that he "made an effort" more than once. In vain did he have
+recourse to "pecunial charms, and holy water out of Plutus' cellar."[70]
+The charms were indeed potent, but they were not applied long enough;
+the holy water was composed of the right ingredients, but there was too
+little of it in the cellars at Cromartie. He could not, with all his
+struggles, succeed in curing what the Limousin scholar in Rabelais calls
+"the penury of pecune in the marsupie" [_i.e._ the want of money in the
+purse]--that complaint which is so mortifying to the pride of any
+gentleman, but which is specially exasperating to a Highland gentleman.
+His cares and distresses, or, as he calls them, his "solicitudinary and
+luctiferous discouragements," were enough "to appall the most undaunted
+spirits, and kill a very Paphlagonian partridge, that is said to have
+two hearts."[71]
+
+Probably Sir Thomas Urquhart was harshly dealt with by his father's
+creditors, though, of course, it is possible that in the story as told
+by them they would appear in a more favourable light. They had to do
+with a man who was unpractical and fantastical in the highest degree,
+and morbidly sensitive in all matters that seemed to lower his dignity
+or to cast a slur upon his honour. His brains seethed with plans for the
+improvement of agriculture, trade, and education, but none of these did
+the importunity of his creditors permit him to carry into effect. "Truly
+I may say," he complains, "that above ten thousand severall times I have
+by these flagitators been interrupted for money, which never came to my
+use, directly or indirectly one way or other, at home or abroad, any one
+time whereof I was busied about speculations of greater consequence then
+[than] all that they were worth in the world; from which, had I not been
+violently pluck'd away by their importunity, I would have emitted to
+publick view above five hundred several treatises on inventions never
+hitherto thought upon by any."[72] Before his imagination there floated
+the dream of what he might have been, and his mind alternated between
+passionate remonstrances against his unfortunate circumstances and
+delusive hopes and anticipations.
+
+The editor of the Maitland Club edition of Urquhart's works truly
+remarks that there is a melancholy earnestness, almost approaching
+insanity, in his wild speculations on what he might have done for
+himself and his country but for the weight of worldly incumbrances.
+"Even so," he says, "may it be said of myself, that when I was most
+seriously imbusied about the raising of my own and countrie's reputation
+to the supremest reach of my endeavours, then did my father's creditors,
+like so many millstones hanging at my heels, pull down the vigour of my
+fancie, and violently hold that under, what [which] other wayes would
+have ascended above the sublimest regions of vulgar conception."[73]
+
+So convinced was he that the schemes and inventions with which his
+thoughts were occupied were of immense value, that he declared that he
+ought to have the benefit of that Act of James III. (36th statute of his
+fifth Parliament) which provides that the debtor's movable goods be
+first "valued and discussed before his lands be apprised." He claimed
+this as a right from the State; "and if," he says, "conform to the
+aforesaid Act, this be granted, I doe promise shortly to display before
+the world, ware of greater value then [than] ever from the East Indias
+was brought in ships to Europe."[74] But unfortunately the Philistines
+were too strong for him.
+
+To these pecuniary difficulties were added annoyances and wrongs, which
+the meekest of mankind, among whom Sir Thomas is not to be reckoned,
+would have found it hard to bear.
+
+Mention has already been made of Robert Lesley of Findrassie, the most
+relentless of all the creditors, who, according to Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's account of matters, made life bitter for him, and defeated
+his many schemes for the benefit of the human race. The injurious
+proceedings of this man form a subject which our author can never leave
+for any length of time, and to which it is necessary for his biographer
+to revert occasionally. His unfortunate debtor found a certain grim
+satisfaction, as well as an opportunity for gratifying his taste for
+genealogical research, in tracing Robert's descent from a celebrated
+murderer--that Norman Lesley whose hands were dipped in the blood of
+Cardinal Beaton. It is certain, however, that there was no real
+foundation for this opinion.[75]
+
+Unless Robert Lesley is a much-maligned man, his conduct towards the son
+of his patron was both rapacious and ungrateful. On one occasion at
+least he acted in a very high-handed manner. "With all the horse and
+foot he was able to command," says Sir Thomas, "he came in a hostile
+manner to take possession of a farm of mine called Ardoch; unto which
+... he had no more just title then [than] to the town of Jericho
+mentioned in the Scriptures; and at the offer of such an indignity to
+our house, some of the hot-spirited gentlemen of our name would even
+then have taken him, with his three sons, bound them hand and foot, and
+thrown them within the flood-mark, into a place called the Yares of
+Udol, there to expect the coming of the sea in a full tide, to carry him
+along to be seized in a soil of a greater depth, and abler to restrain
+the insatiableness of his immense desires, then [than] any of my lands
+within the shire of Cromartie." Sir Thomas, according to his own
+account, hindered the perpetration of this violence, and gave his enemy
+and those who accompanied him "a pass and safe-conduct to their own
+houses."[76]
+
+Yet so far was the caitiff creditor from being touched by this proof of
+magnanimity on the part of his debtor, that he applied himself with
+renewed vigour to the concoction of schemes for his total destruction.
+So at least Sir Thomas would have us believe. On one occasion Lesley
+tried to inveigle him to Inverness, with the intention of having him
+arrested at the suit of an accomplice--James Sutherland, "Tutor of
+Duffus"--and kept in durance until he had satisfied all his enemy's
+demands. On another occasion Lesley managed to get a troop of horse
+quartered upon the tenants of Cromartie, till, says our author, "I
+should transact for a sum, of money to be paid to his son-in-law; which
+verily was the greater part of his portion."[77] In addition to this, a
+garrison was stationed for nearly a year in the castle of Cromartie,
+where they conducted themselves in a way calculated to wound and
+humiliate the proud spirit of its proprietor. Among other wrongs and
+losses inflicted upon him was the sequestration of his library, which he
+had collected with such pains. Sir Thomas says that he sought eagerly
+to be allowed to purchase back the precious volumes, but was hindered by
+the spitefulness and indifference of those to whom he made application,
+and was ultimately able to secure only a few of them, which had been
+stolen from the collection and dispersed through the country.[78]
+
+In an amusing passage in the _Logopandecteision_, our author gives us a
+specimen of the peculiarities of speech which distinguished his
+arch-enemy, Lesley of Findrassie. As we read it we seem to hear the very
+tones in which he enunciated or defended his "felonious little plans."
+"Several gentlemen of good account," he says, "and others of his
+familiar acquaintance, having many times very seriously expostulated
+with him why he did so implacably demean himself towards me, and with
+such irreconciliability of rancor, that nothing could seem to please him
+that was consistent with my weal, his answers most readily were these:
+'I have (see ye?) many daughters (see ye?) to provide portions for, (see
+ye?), and that (see ye now?) cannot be done, (see ye?) without money;
+the interest (see ye?) of what I lent, (see ye?), had it been termely
+[regularly] payed, (see ye?), would have afforded me (see ye now?)
+several stocks for new interests; I have (see ye?) apprized[79] lands
+(see ye?) for these summes (see ye?) borrowed from me, (see ye now?),
+and (see ye?) the legal [time] being expired, (see ye now?), is it not
+just (see ye?) and equitable (see ye?) that I have possession (see ye?)
+of these my lands, (see ye?), according to my undoubted right, (see ye
+now?)?' With these over-words of 'see ye' and 'see ye now,' as if they
+had been no less material then [than] the Psalmist's _Selah_, and
+_Higgaion Selah_, did he usually nauseate the ears of his hearers when
+his tongue was in the career of uttering anything concerning me; who
+alwayes thought that he had very good reason to make use of such like
+expressions, 'do you see' and 'do you see now,' because there being but
+little candour in his meaning, whatever he did or spoke was under some
+colour."[80]
+
+It must have been very hard for the proud-hearted chieftain to see his
+farms devastated, his tenants maltreated, his library thrown to the
+winds, a garrison placed in his house, and troops of horse quartered
+upon his lands without any allowance, in addition to all the misery and
+impoverishment which his father's wastefulness and neglect had brought
+down upon his head.
+
+In 1647 an event occurred which seriously affected the interests of our
+author, and placed him in a still more humiliating position. Sir Robert
+Farquhar[81] of Mounie had "apprised" the estate and sheriffship of
+Cromartie, and was now confirmed in the possession of them. He proceeded
+to sell his rights to (Sir) John Urquhart of Craigfintray, the
+great-grandson of the Tutor of Cromartie. Immediately upon this (Sir)
+John purchased a commission from Charles I. to become hereditary Sheriff
+of Cromartie. In this way the ancestral domains and jurisdiction of
+which Sir Thomas Urquhart was so proud virtually passed out of his
+hands. It was not, however, till after the Restoration apparently that
+the new proprietor entered into possession. He evidently allowed his
+claims to lie dormant until the death of his cousin, Sir Thomas, and
+then put them in force. Even if our author had no other troubles to
+contend with, the knowledge that this Damoclean sword was suspended
+above his head would have been enough to destroy his peace.
+
+No doubt Sir Thomas sometimes thought that he was the most unlucky
+chieftain the Urquhart race had yet known,--that such a multitude of
+misfortunes had never come upon one who bore his name since that day
+when, on a sunny plain in Achaia, wild armed men first raised Esormon
+"aloft on the buckler-throne, and with clanging armour and hearts"
+hailed him as "fortunate and well-beloved."[82] Sir Theodore Martin,
+indeed, says that Urquhart's statements with regard to his misfortunes
+should not be construed to the letter, any more than should the
+announcements of his wonderful inventions and designs. They were both,
+he considers, in a great degree pet objects on which he had permitted
+his imagination to rest, till they had been transfigured into a
+magnitude to which the reality probably bore but a faint
+resemblance.[83] There is, however, ample evidence in what we have
+already quoted, to show that certain of the grievances he complained of
+were by no means imaginary. It is beyond dispute that he suffered
+heavily in his property in consequence of his adherence to the Royalist
+cause. In 1663 his brother, Sir Alexander, presented a petition asking
+compensation for the losses suffered in the time of his father and
+brother. The Commissioners appointed to examine into these claims
+reported that, before 1650, the damage inflicted upon the Urquhart
+property amounted to �20,303 Scots, and during 1651-52 to �39,203
+Scots--in all �59,506 Scots, which is almost �5000 Sterling.[84]
+
+The relations of Sir Thomas Urquhart with the ministers of the churches
+of which he was patron were unfortunately of a painful character. The
+grounds of misunderstanding and dispute were numerous. In addition to
+political and ecclesiastical differences of opinion between the
+ministers of the three parishes[85] (of which Sir Thomas was the sole
+heritor) and himself, there were disputes about augmentation of
+stipends,[86] which they thought inadequate but with which he had no
+fault to find, the abolition of his heritable right to the patronage of
+these churches, the legal proceedings taken by the incumbents to compel
+him to agree to arrangements decided upon by the Presbytery with regard
+to stipends and the upkeep of buildings, and there were also personal
+quarrels with the ministers themselves. In the following passage he
+tells his side of the story, and gives us a vivid, though not an
+edifying glimpse of the parochial politics of that far-off time and
+remote corner of Scotland. It is to be noticed that Sir Thomas writes
+of himself in the third person. "I think," says the supposed anonymous
+writer of him, "there be hardly any in Scotland that proportionably hath
+suffered more prejudice by the Kirk then [than] himself; his own
+ministers (to wit, those that preach in the churches whereof himself is
+patron, Master Gilbert Anderson, Master Robert Williamson, and Master
+Charles Pape by name, serving the cures of Cromartie, Kirkmichel, and
+Cullicudden), having done what lay in them for the furtherance of their
+owne covetous ends, to his utter undoing; for the first of those three,
+for no other cause but that the said Sir Thomas would not authorize the
+standing of a certain pew (in that country called a desk), in the church
+of Cromarty, put in without his consent by a professed enemy to his
+House, who had plotted the ruine thereof, and one that had no land in
+the parish, did so rail against him and his family in the pulpit at
+several times, both before his face and in his absence, and with such
+opprobrious termes, more like a scolding tripe-seller's wife then [than]
+good minister, squirting the poyson of detraction and abominable
+falshood (unfit for the chaire of verity) in the cares of his tenandry,
+who were the onely auditors, did most ingrately and despightfully so
+calumniate and revile their master, his own patron and benefactor, that
+the scandalous and reproachful words striving which of them should first
+discharge against him its steel-pointed dart, did oftentimes, like
+clusters of hemlock or wormewood dipt in vinegar, stick in his throat;
+he being almost ready to choak with the aconital bitterness and venom
+thereof, till the razor of extream passion, by cutting them into
+articulate sounds, and very rage it self, in the highest degree, by
+procuring a vomit, had made him spue them out of his mouth into rude,
+indigested lumps, like so many toads and vipers that had burst their
+gall.[87]
+
+"As for the other two, notwithstanding that they had been borne, and
+their fathers before them, vassals to his house, and the predecessor of
+one of them had shelter in that land, by reason of slaughter committed
+by him, when there was no refuge for him anywhere else in Scotland; and
+that the other had never been admitted to any church had it not been for
+the favour of his foresaid patron, who, contrary to the will of his owne
+friends and great reluctancy of the ministry it self, was both the
+nominater and chuser of him to that function; and that before his
+admission he did faithfully protest he should all the days of his life
+remain contented with that competency of portion the late incumbent in
+that charge did enjoy before him; they nevertheless behaved themselves
+so peevishly and unthankfully towards their forenamed patron and master,
+that, by vertue of an unjust decree, both procured and purchased from a
+promiscuous knot of men like themselves,[88] they used all their utmost
+endeavours, in absence of their above recited patron, to whom and unto
+whose house they had been so much beholding, to outlaw him,[89] and
+declare him rebel, by open proclamation at the market-cross of the head
+town of his owne shire, in case he did not condescend [consent] to the
+grant of that augmentation of stipend which they demanded, conforme to
+the tenour of the above-mentioned decree; the injustice whereof will
+appeare when examined by any rational judge.
+
+"Now the best is, when by some moderate gentlemen it was expostulated,
+why against their master, patron, and benefactor, they should have dealt
+with such severity and rigour, contrary to all reason and equity; their
+answer was, They were inforced and necessitated so to do by the synodal
+and presbyterial conventions of the Kirk, under paine of deprivation,
+and expulsion from their benefices: I will not say, kakou korakost
+kakon oon [an evil egg of an evil crow], but may safely think that a
+well-sanctified mother will not have a so ill-instructed brat, and that
+_injuria humana_ cannot be the lawfull daughter of a _jure divino_
+parent."[90]
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart is not to be taken as infallible in the opinions
+which he formed and expressed concerning the quality of the sermons
+which were delivered from the Presbyterian pulpits of his time. But
+there can be no doubt that he hits upon one great fault by which many of
+them were marred--that of being rather political harangues than
+exhortations to godliness after the Pauline fashion. Indeed, he goes so
+far as to say that, as a rule, the preachers of his time seldom gave
+such exhortations, as they were "enjoyned by their ecclesiastical
+authority [authorities?] to preach to the times,[91] that is, to rail
+against malignants and sectaries, or those whom they suppose to be their
+enemies."[92] Preaching "to the times" Sir Thomas found meant in his
+neighbourhood preaching against _him_; and one may be allowed, it is to
+be hoped, without unduly wounding the feelings of those who admire the
+Covenanters, to think sympathetically of his sufferings. Sydney Smith
+once spoke of a form of capital punishment in which the victim was to be
+"preached to death by wild curates." If the above description of Mr
+Gilbert Anderson's sermons be true, he certainly was eminently qualified
+to officiate as one of the executioners in carrying out such a death
+sentence.[93]
+
+But though Sir Thomas Urquhart was a Royalist in politics, and an
+Episcopalian in religion, he was certainly no bigot in his devotion to
+the King or the Church. In a passage in _The Jewel_, he plainly declares
+his belief "that there is no government, whether ecclesiastical or
+civil, upon earth that is _jure divino_, if that divine right be taken
+in a sense secluding all other forms of government, save it alone, from
+the privilege of that title."[94] Indeed, he treats such an idea as
+merely a pious fraud, by which despotism is established and maintained
+at a very cheap rate over tender consciences by threatening them with
+the vengeance of Heaven in case of disobedience. Such a man was not
+likely to be a blind partisan of any cause. Differences in religious
+beliefs and practices he attributed to differences of temperament among
+individuals, and to climatic and national peculiarities; and in no
+obscure terms he hints that he was of the opinion of Tamerlane, "who
+believed that God was best pleased with diversity of religions, variety
+of worship, dissentaneousness of faith, and multiformity of
+devotion."[95] However powerfully such opinions may appeal to a certain
+class of minds, it is hard to conceive of their being associated with
+deep religious feeling; and accordingly we can scarcely be wrong in
+concluding that one of the reasons why Sir Thomas Urquhart held aloof
+from the Covenanting movement was that he was at the antipodes to the
+majority of his fellow-countrymen in the matter of religious belief. A
+certain measure of aversion, suspicion, and horror is still manifested
+by many towards those whose creed is supposed to be of too limited and
+negative a character; and we can easily believe that in the middle of
+the seventeenth century this attitude was taken up even more openly and
+emphatically. On a later occasion, when, as we shall relate, Sir Thomas
+Urquhart applied to the Commission of the General Assembly to pardon his
+having taken part in the capture of Inverness, his case was referred to
+the minister of that town, Mr John Annand, "that he might confer with
+him [Sir Thomas] concerning some dangerous opinions, which, as is
+informed, he hes sometimes vented."[96] In the view of the Commission of
+Assembly the guilt of cherishing "dangerous opinions" was as great as
+that of rekindling the flames of civil war, if, indeed, it did not
+surpass it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[44] The utter chaos which resulted from the fusion of religion and
+politics may be estimated from the fact that, in the October of 1650,
+there were in the narrow bounds of Scotland four different armies, at
+enmity with each other, and each prepared to maintain with the sword a
+different cause, namely, the Scottish (Presbyterian) army under General
+Lesley, for King and Covenant combined; the English (Independent) army,
+under Cromwell, which was against both; the Highland army, under General
+Middleton, which was for the King without the Covenant; and the
+Westland, or ultra-Covenanting army, which was for the Covenant without
+the King.
+
+[45] Gordon's _Scots Affairs_, i. 49, 50. James Gordon (? 1615-1686) was
+minister of Rothiemay in Banffshire. His _History of Scots Affairs from
+1637 to 1641_ is one of the principal authorities for this period. It
+has no pretensions to style, but is correct and impartial. It was first
+published in 1841 by the Spalding Club.
+
+[46] Early in the year 1638 some account was given to King Charles of
+the chief persons in the north of Scotland whom he might regard as
+faithful to his cause. "In Rosse," it was said, "Sir Thomas Urqhward,
+Sheriff of Cromerty, with his following, but they [are] environed with
+Covenanters, ther neighbours" (_ibid._ i. 61).
+
+[47] _A History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495-1895_, by J. M.
+Bulloch, p. 110.
+
+[48] These courageous worthies were the bishop's son, Dr John Forbes,
+Professor of Divinity in King's College; Dr Robert Baron, Professor of
+Divinity, and minister in Aberdeen; Dr Alexander Scrogie, minister of
+Old Aberdeen; Dr William Leslie, Principal of King's College; and Drs
+James Sibbald and Alexander Ross, both ministers in Aberdeen.
+
+[49] _History of Scotland_, vi. 235.
+
+[50] See note on p. 123.
+
+[51] Towie-Barclay is the name of an estate in the south-east corner of
+Turriff parish, Aberdeenshire, near Auchterless Station, and four and a
+half miles south-east of Turriff. The castle is supposed to have been
+built in 1593. It remained pretty perfect till 1792, was re-roofed in
+1874, and retains a fine baronial hall with vaulted ceiling. From at
+least the beginning of the fourteenth century till 1733, the estate
+belonged to the Barclays, one of whose line was the celebrated Russian
+general, Prince Michael Barclay de Tolly (1759-1818). In 1792 it was
+sold to the governors of Gordon's Hospital, Aberdeen, for �21,000. Towie
+is a corruption of Tolly. See Billing's _Baronial Antiquities_, vol. iv.
+
+[52] Balquholly, now Hatton Castle: a Square, castellated mansion of
+1814, with finely wooded grounds, in Turriff parish, three and a quarter
+miles south-east of Turriff. It comprises a considerable fragment of the
+ancient baronial castle of Balquholly (Gael. _bailecoille_, "town in the
+wood"), the seat of the Mowats from the thirteenth century till 1729,
+when the estate was sold to Alexander Duff, Esq. Sir Thomas Urquhart
+must either have rented the house from the Mowats, or have obtained
+leave to keep arms there. The cellars in which the arms were probably
+kept are exactly as they were in 1638, except that the old loop-holes
+are partly filled up. The name of the mansion was changed to Hatton
+Lodge in 1745, and to Hatton Castle in 1814, when the modern part was
+built--Hatton being the name of the property in Auchterless, which
+previously belonged to the Duff family. The present proprietor is Garden
+Alexander Duff, Esq., who succeeded to the estates in 1866. There is
+behind Hatton Castle a small croft called Cromartie (see Ordnance Map),
+probably from our author's occupancy of Balquholly or connexion with it.
+
+[53] An ancestor of Lord Byron.
+
+[54] Spalding's _Memorials_, i. 185. Until within living memory the
+exact site of Prott's [or Pratt's] grave was pointed out; but it is now
+quite obliterated by being ploughed over repeatedly.
+
+[55] MS. _Epigrams_: The Animadversion.
+
+[56] "Ther fell only two gentlemen upon the Covenanters syde: one Mr
+James Stacker, a servant to the Lord Mucholles; and one Alexander
+Forbesse, servante to Forbesse of Tolqhwone: upon the Gordons syde, one
+common foote souldiour killed, (by the unskilfullnesse of his owne
+comerades fyring ther musketts, as was thoughte), whom the Gordons
+caused burye solemnly, that day, out of ane idle vante, in the buriall
+place of Walter Barcley of Towey, within the church of Turreffe; not
+without great terror to the minister of the place, Mr Thomas Michell,
+who all the whyle, with his sonne, disgwysd in a womans habite, had gott
+upp and was lurkinge above the syling of the churche, whilst the
+souldiours wer discharging volleyes of shotte within the churche, and
+peircing the syling with ther bulletts in severall places" (Gordon's
+_Scots Affairs_, ii. 258). The reader will keep in mind that Gordon was
+the family name of the Marquis of Huntly.
+
+[57] This was originally the King's Confession, and was drawn up in 1580
+by John Craig, minister of Holyrood House, and subscribed by James VI.
+and his household on 28th January, 1580-81. It is printed at length in
+Row's _Historie of the Kirk of Scotland_. It reaffirms the Confession of
+Faith of 1560, but contains also a solemn renunciation in great detail
+of the errors of Popery. It was approved by the General Assembly in
+April, 1581. A "General Band [Bond] for Maintenance of the true
+Religion" was added in 1588. The National Covenant of 1637 was an
+amplification of the previous Confessions, containing in addition an
+abjuration of Episcopal Church-government, as the King's Confession did
+of Popery. In September, 1638, Charles I. issued a proclamation for the
+Scottish people to subscribe this King's Confession and General Band,
+but the Covenanters regarded this as a subtle plot to divide them, and
+destroy the National Covenant, and, therefore, protested against the
+proclamation. The Confession and Band so subscribed, for it was
+subscribed by some, got the name of the "King's Covenant." It did not,
+of course, contain the abjuration of Episcopal Church-government. Those
+who adhered to it were called Malignants; while the name Covenanters was
+applied to those who subscribed the National Covenant.
+
+[58] Among those who made their escape from Aberdeen along with Urquhart
+were Adam Bellenden, the bishop of the diocese; Alexander Innes,
+minister of Rothiemay; Alexander Scrogie, a Regent of King's College;
+together with the bishop's son, nephew, and servant (Spalding's
+_Memorials_).
+
+[59] _Lives of the Scottish Writers_, vol. i.; Urquhart's MS.
+_Epigrams_: The Animadversion.
+
+[60] _Works_, p. 340.
+
+[61] _Works_, p. 346.
+
+[62] Dunlugas is in the parish of Alvah, close by the river Deveron, on
+the east side.
+
+[63] _Works_, p. 341.
+
+[64] "He was alive last Whitsuntide! said the coachman....
+Whitsuntide!--alas! cried Trim.... What is Whitsuntide, Jonathan, or
+Shrovetide, or any tide or time past, to this!" (_Tristram Shandy_, vol.
+v. chap. vii.).
+
+Our author states (_Works_, p. 341) that "his father's death occurred in
+August in the year 1642, some four yeares after the hatching of the
+Covenant." He is, however, very careless in details of fact, and is in
+error concerning this date. Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, is termed
+"_umqll_" (_i.e. "the late"_) in the Burgess Roll of Banff, on 14th
+June, 1642 (_Annals of Banff_, ii. 418). Perhaps the date was April
+instead of August. The Covenant was signed 1st March, 1638.
+
+[65] _Works_, pp. 346, 347.
+
+[66] _Calendar of Proceedings of Committee for Advances of
+Moneys-Taxes_, i. 381.
+
+[67] The neighbourhood is now a cluster of narrow, dirty streets and
+passages, lined chiefly with butchers' and grocers' shops, which
+overflow into the adjacent streets, and are supplemented by fishmongers
+and miscellaneous stalls and barrows--a crowded, noisy, and unsavoury
+place on Saturday nights. In 1640, Charles I. granted his licence to
+Thomas York, his executors, etc., to erect as many buildings as they
+thought proper upon St Clement's Inn Fields, the inheritance of the Earl
+of Clare. He issued another licence in 1642, permitting Gervase Holles,
+Esq., to make several streets of the width of thirty, thirty-four, and
+forty feet. These streets still retain the names and titles of their
+founders--Clare Street, Denzil Street, and Holles Street. Clare Street
+is somewhat rich in interesting associations. There is a letter of
+Steele's to his wife, dated from the Bull Head Tavern in this street,
+24th August, 1710. It seems likely that he was hiding there. Mrs
+Bracegirdle, a celebrated actress of that time, "was in the habit of
+going into that neighbourhood, and giving money to the poor
+basket-women, insomuch that she could not pass without having thankful
+acclamations from people of all degrees." It was to Clare Street and
+Clare Market that Jack Sheppard went, after his escape from Newgate: he
+there bought a butcher's frock and woollen apron, which he was wearing
+when captured at Finchley. Here was Johnson's Hotel, celebrated for
+upwards of seventy years for its _� la mode_ beef. Isaac Bickerstaffe,
+too, lived in this street.
+
+[68] John Holles, created Baron Houghton of Houghton, in the county of
+Nottingham, in 1616, and Earl of Clare in 1624.
+
+[69] "If I had known that young man [Uriah Heep]," said Mr Micawber, "at
+the period when my difficulties came to a crisis, all I can say is, that
+I believe my creditors would have been better managed than they were"
+(_David Copperfield_, chap. xvii.).
+
+[70] _Works_, p. 347.
+
+[71] _Ibid._ p. 346. For the authority on which this interesting
+ornithological statement is made the reader will overhaul his Pliny (_H.
+N._ xi. chap. 3).
+
+[72] _Works_, p. 326.
+
+[73] _Works_, p. 328.
+
+[74] _Ibid._ p. 325.
+
+[75] Norman Lesley, Master of Rothes, eldest son of George, fifth Earl
+of Rothes, died without issue in 1554. This disposes of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's statement. The Lesleys of Findrassie themselves claimed to be
+descended from Robert, the fourth son of Earl George. See _Scotch
+Peerage Law_, by J. Riddell, p. 190.
+
+[76] _Works_, p. 379.
+
+[77] _Ibid._ p. 380.
+
+[78] One of these volumes containing the signature of our author is
+still in existence. It is a copy of Arthur Johnston's Latin poems,
+printed at Aberdeen by Raban, 1632, and is in the possession of the Rev.
+J. B. Craven, Kirkwall. It is a very fragile volume. The signature in
+this volume, and two others, attached to legal documents, are all that
+are known to be extant. We give a fac-simile of one of the latter on p.
+iv.
+
+[79] "_Apprizing_" is a legal process to which Sir Thomas several times
+refers with great horror, and it may be as well to explain to our
+readers what it was, for fortunately it is now a thing of the past. It
+was for long the only method of attaching a debtor's heritable property.
+By the Act, 1469, c. 36, when payment of a debt could not be obtained
+out of the debtor's movables (including rent), "the King's letters might
+be obtained, under which a debtor's land might be sold by the Sheriff to
+the amount of his debts, and the creditor paid out of the proceeds. If
+within six months no purchaser could be found, a portion of the land
+equal to the debt was to be apprised by thirteen men chosen by the
+sheriff, and the portion apprised by them was to be made over to the
+creditor." The debtor could redeem within seven years. This procedure at
+first took place in the head burgh of the shire, where the jury probably
+knew enough to make a fair valuation of the land. But after a time the
+proceedings often took place in Edinburgh, where the jury had no special
+knowledge, and might be packed by the creditor. So that large estates
+were sometimes carried off in payment of trifling debts. The appriser at
+once entered into possession, and was not obliged to account for the
+rents (until 1631, c. 6). It was thus a powerful engine of oppression.
+If A. wished B.'s land, and B. owned land and nothing else, it was
+possible for A., if he could only get B. as his debtor even in a small
+sum, so to work matters that for the debt he might apprise all B's land.
+Being then in right of B.'s rents, he had B. completely in his power,
+and B. had no resources for gathering together the amount of the debt
+which he must pay in order to redeem his lands within the seven years
+allowed. The law was much relaxed by the Act, 1621, c. 6, but the above
+will enable us to understand how an unscrupulous creditor might get an
+easy-going, thriftless man into his clutches, and impoverish him and his
+family.
+
+[80] _Works_, p. 382. The evident meaning of the last sentence is that
+Lesley's ways were so dark that it was highly necessary for him often to
+ask, "See ye?" Yet one cannot help feeling that this relentless creditor
+may not have been solely animated by malignant hatred of his debtor.
+Even in the above speech there seem to be claims which cannot be lightly
+brushed aside. One is again reminded of Mr Micawber, and of the sudden
+and unexpected glimpse of a better nature in his most truculent
+creditor, which was vouchsafed him when he got his discharge in
+bankruptcy. "Even the revengeful bootmaker," we are told, "declared in
+open court that he bore him [Mr M.] no malice, but that when money was
+owing to him he liked to be paid. He said he thought it was human
+nature" (_David Copperfield_, chap. xii.). An eminent American
+philosopher has said that there is a great deal of human nature in man.
+There seems at any rate to have been a great deal in Mr Lesley of
+Findrassie.
+
+[81] In one of his queer _Epigrams_, after comparing the insatiable
+demands of his creditors to those of the grave and of the sea, he closes
+with the following alliterative litany:
+
+          "Free me from Farcher, Fraser, Fendrasie."
+
+[82] "His subjects and familiars surnamed him [Esormon] ourochartost,
+that is [to] say, 'fortunate and well-beloved'" (_Works_, p. 156).
+
+[83] Rabelais, p. xv.
+
+[84] _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, vol. vii. 479, _a_, _b_.
+
+[85] The parish of Cromartie consists of the north-east portion of the
+peninsula called the Black Isle, terminating eastward in the precipice
+called the Southern Sutor, and stretches for about four miles along the
+shore of the Moray Firth on the east, and about six along that of the
+Firth of Cromartie on the north and west. To the west of the parish of
+Cromartie were situated the joint parishes of Kirkmichael and
+Cullicudden, on the southern shore of the Cromartie Firth. In Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's time these were separate parishes, but they were united in
+1662, and a new church was built at Resolis, in Kirkmichael, near the
+border of Cullicudden. The newly constituted parish bore and still bears
+the name of Resolis.
+
+[86] In his _Logopandecteision_ he speaks of the "stipauctionarie tide"
+which began to overflow the land. He thought "with sufficient bulwarks
+of good argument to have stayed the inundation thereof from two of his
+churches"; but, he says, "I was violently driven like a feather before a
+whirlewind, notwithstanding all my defences, to the sanctuary of an
+inforced patience" (_Works_, p. 352). He does not, however, appear to
+have stayed long in this sanctuary, or else the shelter it afforded was
+but imperfect. His "_stipauctionarie_" (_i.e._ stipend-increasing)
+reminds us of Mr Micawber's calling his salary his "_stipendiary
+emoluments_."
+
+[87] The attention of the reader is specially directed to the marvellous
+felicity and vigour of the above description. Sir Thomas himself has
+never written anything better in its way.
+
+[88] We fear that this is meant as a description of a presbytery.
+
+[89] The reference is to the process of "horning" described on p. 16.
+
+[90] _Works_, p. 280-282.
+
+[91] That Sir Thomas Urquhart is not exaggerating matters in speaking of
+such injunctions being given by ecclesiastical authorities, is proved by
+the following well-known passage in the memoir prefixed to the _Works_
+of Archbishop Leighton:--"It was a Question asked at [of] the Brethren,
+both in the classical and provincial Meetings of Ministers, twice in the
+Year, If they preached the Duties of the Times? And when it was found
+that _Mr Leighton_ did not, he was quarrelled [_sic_] for this Omission,
+but said, _If all the Brethern have preached to the_ TIMES, _may not one
+poor Brother be suffered to preach on_ ETERNITY?"
+
+[92] _Works_, p. 280.
+
+[93] The notice given us by Sir Thomas of Mr Anderson's preaching makes
+us desirous of knowing more about him; but, unfortunately, only a very
+few facts concerning him are known. He was born in 1597; he graduated at
+Aberdeen in 1618; was settled at Cawdor, near Nairn, some time before
+30th October, 1627; was transferred to Cromartie between 5th October,
+1641, and 11th January, 1642; died in November, 1655, and was succeeded
+in the benefice by his son Hugh (Scott's _Fasti_).
+
+[94] _Works_, p. 276.
+
+[95] _Ibid._ p. 261.
+
+[96] See p. 83.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER III
+
+ Unsuccessful Rising in the North--Sir Thomas makes his Peace with the
+     Church--Return of Charles II. to Scotland--Invasion of
+     England--Battle of Worcester--Sir Thomas a Prisoner in the
+     Tower--Makes Friends--Is liberated on Parole--Great Literary
+     Activity--Revisits Scotland--Dies--Later History of the Urquharts
+     of Cromartie--Characteristics of our Author--Glover's Portraits of
+     him.
+
+Shortly after the news of the execution of Charles I. reached Scotland,
+a rising on the part of some of the leading Cavaliers in the north took
+place, with the view of restoring the Royal Family. The most prominent
+person in this attempt was Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscardine, a younger
+brother of George, the second Earl of Seaforth, who for nearly ten years
+past had managed the affairs of the family, and was looked up to, both
+on account of his ability and also on account of the great territorial
+influence he represented. He had seen a good deal of service abroad, and
+was at one time governor of Stralsund.[97] Along with him, and only
+second to him, was our Sir Thomas Urquhart, to whom even civil war was
+scarcely more fraught with anxiety and danger than was the life he had
+been forced to lead for some time past. Together with them were
+associated eight other Royalists of good standing,--among whom Colonel
+Hugh Fraser of Belladrum and John Munro of Lemlair had a certain
+pre-eminence,--and these ten formed a kind of revolutionary committee
+for the control of the movement they had set on foot, and the government
+of the district that might become subject to them.
+
+Montrose had determined, on hearing of the execution of the King, to
+renew the war in Scotland, but Pluscardine and his associates did not
+wait for his arrival. Charles was beheaded on Tuesday, the 30th of
+January, 1649, and, by the 22nd of the next month, the Scottish
+gentlemen in the north had already taken the field, and captured
+Inverness. Four days after, on Monday, 26th February, a meeting of the
+Committee of War was held in that town, the minutes of which are still
+in existence,[98] and contain the name of our author next in order to
+that of Pluscardine himself.
+
+The Committee passed certain enactments, by which they took into their
+own hands the customs and excise of the six northern counties--Inverness,
+Sutherland, Cromartie, Caithness, Nairn, and Elgin. An inventory of all
+the ammunition of the garrison was ordered to be taken. It was also
+decided that Sir Thomas's house at Cromartie should be put in a state of
+defence, and that the work should be carried out by the tenants of Sir
+James Fraser, a bitter Parliamentarian, and opponent of the Stuarts in
+the north, and by those of our knight's old enemy, Lesley of
+Findrassie.[99] It is easy for unregenerate human nature to understand
+the pleasure with which the members of the Committee of War would give
+this last order. By another enactment, the Committee declare that they
+consider it expedient for their safety that the works and forts of
+Inverness be demolished and levelled with the ground, and they ordain
+that each person appointed to this work should complete his proportion
+of it before eight days have passed, "under pain of being quartered upon
+and until the said task be performed."
+
+On the 2nd of March, Mackenzie of Pluscardine, Sir Thomas Urquhart, and
+their associates, were proclaimed as rebels and traitors by the Estates
+of Parliament,[100]--as "wicked and malignant persouns intending so far
+as in thaine lyes, for their own base ends to lay the foundation of a
+new bloodie and unnaturall warre within the bowells of this their native
+country," etc. etc.
+
+On the 1st of March the Commissioners of the General Assembly had
+written to Pluscardine and his associates expressing their wonder and
+grief at such a rising in the interests of "the Popish, Prelaticall and
+Malignant party," and threatening the penalty of excommunication within
+ten days if they would not "desist from and repent of that horrid
+insurrection."[101] The reply to this letter came in due time, and was
+signed by the principal leader in the insurrection, and by some other
+members of the Clan Mackenzie, and is, it must be confessed, a
+distinctly prevaricating and hypocritical document. For one sentence at
+least in it our author was responsible, though he neither signs the
+letter nor is named in it. His pedantic phraseology reveals his hand in
+the construction of the reply to the Commissioners' remonstrances and
+threats.
+
+The letter is addressed "to the Honourable and Right Reverend," and
+begins as follows:--"Wee have lately received yours of the first of
+Merch, 1649, for the which and your wisdomes Christian care of ws, and
+your fatherly admonition to ws, we humbly and heartily rander yow all
+possible thanks." This lamb-like tone is maintained with admirable
+gravity all through the epistle, and is combined with a canting
+phraseology which was meant to be impressive, but which must have
+entertained any members of the Commission of the General Assembly who
+originally possessed and still retained a sense of humour. "And quheras
+[whereas]," so it goes on, "your wisdomes taks it a matter of no lesse
+wonder then [than] greife that we, being vnder the oath of God and tye
+of our Nationall Covenant, would make insurrection and take armes
+against the Lords people, certainly, if it were so, we acknowledge your
+wisdomes had reason to wonder and to be grieved. And it is no lesse
+winder and griefe to ws, being wnder the said oath and tye of Covenant,
+furthering the same with all our power and meanes, and at all occasions
+desireing nothing els then [than] the enjoying of the liberty of the
+subject, and proprietie of our goods, intended and promised in and by
+our Covenant." No one who has read any of Sir Thomas Urquhart's original
+works can doubt that the next sentence was either composed or revised by
+him. The two phrases which we have taken the liberty of putting into
+italics could scarcely have occurred to any other member of the
+Committee of War. "Yet we find, that evill willers and envyous
+vnderminers, _in a singular and proetextuous way_ aiming at our ruine,
+doe spend _the quintessence of their witts_ to find out means whereby,
+under specious pretences of the publick [good?] to extermine ws with
+povertie, and by inventing fresh occasions to make ws odious, and bring
+ws vpon fresh stages [_sic_] vnder the base name of Malignancy." It is
+unnecessary to quote the whole of the letter, but a couple of sentences,
+which describe what the insurgents had done at Inverness, deserve
+notice. "But the whole countrey of all degrees, being sensible of the
+oppression and insolency of the vnnecessary and vnprofitable garison of
+Innernes to Church or State, did heartily and vnanimously contribute to
+the demolishing thereof, which being done, all disbanded peaceablie, and
+the people retired peaceablie to their owne homes, without offence to
+any nighbour of any degree or condition.... And now, when the said
+garison is dismantled, we shall be found not only disposed to live
+peaceablie, bot also ready to obey all publick ordours for the good of
+the Kingdome." The writers ask that "the taxes and impositions," which
+pressed with special severity on the class to which they belonged,
+should be remitted, and liberty given them to lead that religious,
+peaceful life, to which both by nature and by deliberate choice, they
+seem to say, they were strongly inclined. The sting of the letter is in
+its closing words. If these "evill willers" succeed in persuading the
+Commissioners of Assembly to go on with the sentence of excommunication,
+as fully deserved, they (the writers) formally appeal against such a
+decision from the Commission to the next General Assembly.[102]
+
+The ecclesiastical court to which the above letter was sent _may_ have
+contained a goodly sprinkling of fanatics, but it is certain that in it
+there were but few, if any, imbeciles; so that the communication from
+the Committee of War did not succeed in imposing upon those to whom its
+contents were read. They did not condescend to answer it, but at once
+issued a pamphlet, entitled _A Declaration and Warning to all Members of
+this Kirk_, "to recover, if possible, the disturbers of the peace of
+God's people out of the snare of Sathan, and to prevent others from
+falling therein." The document displays very genuine indignation and
+dismay at the possibility of the negotiations which were being carried
+on for restoring Charles II. as a "covenanted king" to the throne of his
+ancestors, being defeated, and of his coming back as an arbitrary ruler
+and oppressor of the Church. Those who have any doubt about the
+deterioration of both religion and politics when they are fused
+together, should read this and other State Papers of the period, and
+their eyes would be opened. The calm assumption by the writers that
+political opponents are the enemies of God, the claim to knowledge of
+the Divine purposes and counsels, the free use of the most sacred words
+of Scripture, the dark fanaticism which inspires so many of the
+utterances, and the intense passion which makes so many of them sound
+like mere raving--all combine to make these documents very painful
+reading. A circular letter of warning and exhortation was sent to
+Presbyteries, attempts were made to persuade individuals to disconnect
+themselves from the insurrectionary movement, and a message of
+encouragement was sent to Lieutenant-General David Lesley to strengthen
+his hands in the work of putting it down by fire and sword.[103]
+
+The insurgents, after demolishing the fortifications of Inverness,
+retired before the troops sent to suppress them, and took refuge among
+the mountains of Ross-shire. Lesley advanced to Fortrose and garrisoned
+the castle there, and then proceeded to endeavour to make terms with the
+leaders of the insurrection. The only one who would listen to no
+accommodation was Mackenzie of Pluscardine. Immediately on Lesley's
+return south, he descended from the mountains, and attacked and took the
+castle of Chanonry. Our Sir Thomas Urquhart was now safely out of the
+conflict, but our readers may wish to know what became of the
+insurrectionary movement which he had such a large share in setting on
+foot, and from which he found it prudent to retire at an early stage.
+
+Mackenzie's force was brought up to eight or nine hundred men by the
+accession of his nephew, Lord Reay, with three hundred followers. Soon
+afterwards he was joined by General Middleton and Lord Ogilvie, and
+advanced into Badenoch, with the view of raising the people in that and
+the neighbouring districts. In what is called the Wardlaw MS. a very
+vivid picture is given of the behaviour of the Highlanders from the Reay
+country, when they poured into Inverness on the morning of Sunday, the
+2nd of May, 1649. "They crossed the bridge of Ness," says the Royalist
+minister of Kirkhill, "on the Lord's Day in time of divine service, and
+alarmed the people of Inverness, impeding God's worship in the town. For
+instead of bells to ring in to service I saw and heard no other than
+the noise of pipes, drums, pots, pans, kettles, and spits in the streets
+to provide them victuals in every house. And in their quarters the rude
+rascality would eat no meat at their tables until the landlord laid down
+a shilling Scots upon each trencher,[104] calling this '_airgiod
+cagainn_' (chewing-money), which every soldier got, so insolent were
+they."
+
+The campaign was a very brief one. The Royalists, joined by the Marquis
+of Huntly, attacked and took the castle of Ruthven, but, soon after,
+being hardly pressed by Lesley, they turned southwards and took up their
+quarters in Balvenie Castle. General Middleton and Mackenzie were
+despatched to treat with Lesley, but before they reached their
+destination, the troops from Fortrose, after a rapid march, surprised
+the Royalist forces at Balvenie. A fierce engagement took place, in
+which both sides suffered severely.[105] Eighty of the insurgents fell
+in defence of the castle. The Highlanders were dismissed to their homes
+on swearing never again to take up arms against the Parliament; while
+their leaders were sent as prisoners to Edinburgh, where most of them
+were set free soon after, on payment of fines, and on giving security
+that they would keep the peace. By sharp and vigorous action the
+remaining sparks of insurrection in the north were stamped out, and
+fresh bodies of troops were stationed in the principal strongholds of
+that part of the country. Thus ended a rising which would probably have
+had a very different result, if it had been postponed until the arrival
+of Montrose.
+
+The same writer[106] who gave an account of the riotous and insolent
+demeanour of the Highland soldiers in Inverness, furnishes us with a
+companion-picture--that of them on their way back to their homes after
+their defeat at Balvenie. It is as follows:--"Next twenty horse, and
+three companies of foot, were ordered to convey the captives back over
+the Spey, and through Moray to Inverness, where I saw them pass through;
+and those men who, in their former march, would hardly eat their meat
+without money, are now begging food, and, like dogs, lap the water which
+was brought them in tubs and other vessels in the open streets. Thence
+they were conducted over the bridge of Ness, and dismissed everyone
+armless and harmless to his own house. This is a matter of fact which I
+saw and heard."
+
+The profound feelings of anxiety which this abortive attempt at
+insurrection had excited in the minds of the ecclesiastical rulers of
+Scotland are very clearly indicated by the exuberance of joy with which
+the tidings of the victory at Balvenie were received by the Commission
+of Assembly.[107] They instantly decided to appoint a solemn Day of
+Thanksgiving, on the 25th of May, for "the Lord's mercifull defeat of
+the enemies of the peace of this land."[108] They tacked on a postscript
+to the above-mentioned _Declaration and Warning_, containing a
+statement of the causes of the Thanksgiving, and ordered both to be read
+from all the pulpits in Scotland. Letters of congratulation were
+despatched to the victorious officers, and to others who had been
+faithful in the recent crisis, and full particulars of what had taken
+place were sent to the Commissioners of Scotland at the Hague, who were
+engaged in the negotiations with "the young man, Charles Stuart." In the
+last-mentioned document there is a flicker of grim humour, as the
+writers send intelligence of the destruction of the hopes which news of
+the rebellion might have excited in the minds of Charles and his
+friends. The last sentence in the letter can scarcely have been written
+or read without a smile. "We have appointed," they say, "the twenty-fift
+day of Maij for a solemn thanksgiving for this and other late mercies,
+wherewith we thought good to acquaint yow, that yow manage this to the
+best advantage of the work in your hands, according as yow shall thinke
+fitt."[109] It was once said of a good man that he would have been
+better if he had had a little more of the devil in him; and one is
+inclined to think more highly of these good men for the touch of malice,
+which relieves the sombre character of their communication.[110]
+
+The threatened bolt of excommunication was not launched, but our author
+found it necessary to apply to the Commission of General Assembly in
+order to make his peace with the ecclesiastical power. Accordingly, on
+the 22nd of June, 1650, he appeared in Edinburgh before this body, and
+presented his "supplicatioun" for pardon for the guilt of taking part in
+the Northern insurrection, and of assaulting and razing the walls of
+Inverness.
+
+The Commission met, doubtless, in that "little roome of [off] the East
+Church" of St Giles, which Baillie describes as having been "verie
+handsomelie dressed for our Assemblies in all time coming,"[111] and
+from which, three years later, the English officers, under Cromwell's
+order, ejected the members of the General Assembly. The Commission on
+that day, when our author appeared before them, consisted of twenty-four
+members--the most distinguished divines and politicians in Scotland of
+the Covenanting party. The moderator, or chairman, was Robert
+Douglas,[112] "a great State preacher," who had been chaplain to the
+Scots troops in the service of Gustavus Adolphus, and had won the esteem
+of that monarch, and who in little more than six months' time would
+officiate at the coronation of Charles II., for whom Sir Thomas Urquhart
+had prematurely drawn the sword. Beside him was Samuel Rutherford, the
+Principal of St Andrews, whose fervid piety has found no lack of
+admirers in every generation since his time. Robert Baillie, the writer
+of the _Letters_ which contain so many vivid pictures of events in that
+stirring period; David Dickson, Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, whose
+name we have heard as one of the deputation to persuade the people of
+Aberdeen to take the Covenant; and James Guthrie, who died as a martyr,
+the year after the Restoration, were present there that day. The
+contrast between these grave, dignified, saintly Covenanting leaders,
+and the brilliant Cavalier, Sir Thomas Urquhart, is one which, by its
+picturesqueness, strongly impresses the imagination.
+
+The Commission, after hearing the petitioner's statements, did not,
+apparently; treat the matter as of very serious moment. The dangerous
+crisis was over, and they could afford to be merciful. They seem to have
+condoned the political offence, but referred Sir Thomas to Mr John
+Annand, minister of Inverness, one of their number, "that he might
+confer with him concerning some dangerous opinions which, as was
+informed, he had sometimes vented." If these could be explained away,
+and no further complicity in disloyal schemes were brought home to him,
+Mr Annand was empowered, acting at all times under the advice of the
+Presbytery of Inverness, to receive his public "satisfaction" in the
+church of that city. How the matter ended we do not know. But there is
+very little doubt that Sir Thomas's nebulous heterodoxy proved no bar to
+his being freed from ecclesiastical censure, and that, in due course,
+according to the custom of that time, he stood, as a penitent, before
+the congregation of the Parish Church, in that city the walls of which
+he had assisted to assault and overthrow.
+
+A fortnight after Sir Thomas Urquhart's appearance before the Commission
+of the General Assembly, Charles II. landed in Scotland, and was
+accepted, though at first not without deep misgivings, as "covenanted
+King." The party to which our author belonged was for a time excluded
+from all share in public life; and even the army, which was to defend
+the sovereign against the English sectaries, was carefully sifted, to
+remove those whose presence might bring a curse upon it. So that, though
+the land resounded with war and the rumour of war, Sir Thomas remained
+in an enforced quietude in his castle at Cromartie. The effect of the
+battle of Dunbar (3rd September) was to depress the faction which had
+excluded the Royalist partisans from the army, and kept the King himself
+in something very like bondage. Charles II., indeed, is said to have
+given thanks to God for the victory of Cromwell over the Covenanting
+forces at this battle, and the only difficulty in the way of believing
+this statement lies in the fact that he so seldom gave thanks for
+anything.
+
+The Royalist party now began to rally about their sovereign. Charles II.
+was crowned at Scone on the 1st January, 1651, and in due time an army,
+which included many of the so-called Malignants, was ready for trying
+conclusions once again with the terrible English General. And now for
+the third time our author took up arms on behalf of the Stuarts. After
+some months of endless marchings and counter-marchings, in which
+Cromwell evidently endeavoured to provoke his enemies into a repetition
+of the blunder by which they had lost the battle of Dunbar, the Scottish
+forces found an opportunity of marching into England.
+
+The latter, under David Lesley, had taken up a strong position on the
+height of the Tor Wood, between Stirling and Falkirk, from which they
+refused to be drawn out to battle; and Cromwell resolved to take up his
+post on the other side of the Royalist army. Accordingly, he crossed the
+Forth at Queensferry, and, after defeating an attempt to intercept him
+at Inverkeithing, reached and occupied Perth. The way to England was now
+open, and the Scottish army swiftly and silently entered upon it,
+resolved to stake everything upon a great battle.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart left his castle of Cromartie, and took part in this
+expedition, though apparently he held no position of command in the
+army, and was very much out of sympathy with many of those who journeyed
+with him. Indeed, his unfortunate prejudices against the Presbyterian
+and Covenanting party come out in the statement he makes, that many of
+those who started out to smite "the Midianites and Philistines," when it
+came to the push, managed to make their way home, "being loth to hazard
+their precious persons, lest they should seem to trust to the arm of
+flesh."[113] The mass of those, however, who formed the Scottish army
+were of very different mettle, and the battle in which they staked and
+lost everything was one of the fiercest in the whole of the great Civil
+War.
+
+The course of their journey southward was through Biggar and Carlisle,
+and then through Lancashire. To their disappointment, they received no
+great accession of Royalists, nor of any others who were inclined to
+join them in the attempt to overthrow the Commonwealth. "They marched,"
+says the historian, "under rigorous discipline, weary and uncheered,
+south through Lancashire; had to dispute ... the Bridge of Warrington
+with Lambert and Harrison, who attended them with horse-troops on the
+left; Cromwell with the main army steadily advancing behind. They
+carried the Bridge at Warrington; they summoned various Towns, but none
+yielded; proclaimed their King, with all force of lungs and heraldry,
+but none cried, God bless him. Summoning Shrewsbury, with the usual
+negative response, they quitted the London road; bent southward towards
+Worcester, a City of slight Garrison and loyal Mayor; there to entrench
+themselves, and repose a little."[114] Yet but slight opportunity for
+this was given them. The course taken by Cromwell was through York,
+Nottingham, Coventry, and Stratford-on-Avon, and when he arrived at
+Worcester with his army from Scotland, and with the county militias, who
+had risen at his summons, his forces numbered over thirty thousand men
+as against the enemy's sixteen thousand.
+
+Meantime Sir Thomas Urquhart had taken up his quarters in Worcester, in
+the house of a Mr Spilsbury, "a very honest sort of man, who had an
+exceeding good woman to his wife." His luggage, which was stored in an
+attic, consisted, besides "scarlet cloaks, buff suits, and arms of all
+sorts," of seven large "portmantles," three of which were filled with
+unpublished works in manuscript, and other valuable documents--the
+amount of which he gives us in quires and quinternions, but which need
+not be repeated here. "Peace hath her victories no less renowned than
+war," sang Milton in his sonnet to the Lord General Cromwell; and
+perhaps Sir Thomas Urquhart hoped, after achieving victory in war, to
+win a second set of laurels by means of the contents of the three
+"portmantles."
+
+On the evening of the 3rd September, the anniversary of the battle of
+Dunbar, and afterwards to be the date of Cromwell's own death, the
+battle of Worcester was fought, and the Royalist cause utterly
+shattered. "The fighting of the Scots," says Carlyle, "was fierce and
+desperate. 'My Lord General did exceedingly hazard himself, riding up
+and down in the midst of the fire; riding, himself in person, to the
+Enemy's foot to offer them quarter, whereto they returned no answer but
+shot.' The small Scotch Army, begirdled with overpowering force, and cut
+off from help or reasonable hope, storms forth in fiery pulses, horse
+and foot; charges now on this side of the River, now on that;--can on no
+side prevail. Cromwell recoils a little, but only to rally and return
+irresistible. The small Scotch Army is, on every side, driven in again.
+Its fiery pulsings are but the struggles of death: agonies as of a lion
+coiled in the folds of a boa. 'As stiff a contest,' says Cromwell, 'for
+four or five hours as ever I have seen.'"[115]
+
+The conquered lost six thousand men, and all their baggage and
+artillery; and Charles only with difficulty, and after many romantic
+adventures, succeeded in escaping to the Continent when the fight was
+over. Ten thousand prisoners, including eleven of the Scottish nobility,
+were taken. The sufferings of many of these brave men were severe in the
+extreme. Some perished from want of food and from gaol diseases, and
+large numbers of the survivors were shipped for the plantations, and
+sold as slaves.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, and, apparently, more than one of his brothers,
+were among the prisoners, but appeared to have fared better than many of
+their companions in arms. The greatest of the misfortunes that fell upon
+him was, in his estimation, the sad fate that overtook his precious
+manuscripts. The whole story, related in his own inimitable style, may
+be read in Chapter VI. It is enough to say here that a party of
+marauders broke into his quarters in search of valuables, that they
+forced open the "portmantles" and turned their contents out upon the
+floor, and afterwards carried off the papers to use them for wrapping up
+articles of plunder, and for lighting their pipes. Fortunately some
+bundles of these papers were afterwards picked up in the streets and
+brought back to him, and in due time found their way to the printer's.
+
+After the battle of Worcester, Sir Thomas Urquhart and some of the other
+Scottish gentlemen who had been taken prisoners there were confined in
+the Tower of London. He seems to have speedily gained the favour of his
+captors, and to have been treated with remarkable leniency. Indeed, he
+speaks in terms of affectionate respect of various officers of the
+Parliamentary army from whom he had received kindness, and acknowledges
+courtesies extended towards him by the Lord General himself. Thus he
+places on record his indebtedness to a "most generous gentleman, Captain
+Gladmon," for speaking in his favour to the Protector. And of another,
+whom he calls the Marshal-General, in whose charge he had been placed,
+he has set down the praise in the following elaborate sentence:--"The
+kindly usage of the Marshal-General, Captain Alsop, whilst I was in his
+custody, I am bound in duty so to acknowledge, that I may without
+dissimulation avouch, for courtesies conferred on such as were within
+the verge of his authority, and fidelity to those by whom he was
+intrusted with their tuition [oversight of them] in that restraint, that
+never any could by his faithfulness to the one and loving carriage to
+the other bespeak himself more a gentleman, nor in the discharge of that
+military place acquit himself with a more universally-deserved applause
+and commendation."[116]
+
+The severity of his imprisonment was soon abated; and he was removed
+from the Tower to Windsor Castle,[117] and not long after, by the orders
+of Cromwell, was paroled _de die in diem_.[118] The comparative liberty
+he now enjoyed enabled him to repair the loss of his manuscripts after
+the battle of Worcester, and he set himself to make the best of the
+fragments he had recovered, and to prepare them for publication, as well
+as to compose new material. A paragraph in the Epilogue of one of his
+works, in which he describes his warm appreciation of the measure of
+freedom he now enjoyed, is worth quoting. "That I, whilst a prisoner,"
+he says, "was able to digest and write this Treatise, is an effect
+meerly proceeding from the courtesie of my Lord General Cromwel, by
+whose recommendation to the Councel of State my parole being taken for
+my true imprisonment, I was by their favour enlarged to the extent of
+the lines of London's communication; for had I continued as before,
+coopt up within walls, or yet been attended still by a guard, as for a
+while I was, should the house of my confinement have never been so
+pleasant, or my keepers a very paragon of discretion, and that the
+conversation of the best wits in the world, with affluence of all manner
+of books, should have been allowed me for the diversion of my minde, yet
+such all antipathie I have to any kinde of restraint wherein myself is
+not entrusted, that notwithstanding these advantages, which to some
+spirits would make a jayl seem more delicious then [than] freedom
+without them, it could not in that eclipse of liberty lie in my power to
+frame myself to the couching of one sillable, or contriving of a fancie
+worthy the labour of putting pen to paper, no more then [than] a
+nightingale can warble it in a cage, or linet in a dungeon."[119]
+
+Another friend whom Sir Thomas Urquhart found in the time of need was
+the celebrated Roger Williams, the apostle of civil and religious
+liberty, and the founder of the settlement of Providence, Rhode Island,
+and missionary to the Indians. In the Epilogue to the _Logopandecteision_
+he thus acknowledges his obligations to him: "[I cannot] forget my
+thankfulness to that reverend preacher Mr Roger Williams of Providence,
+in New England, for the manifold favours wherein I stood obliged to him
+above a whole month before either of us had so much as seen other, and
+that by his frequent and earnest solicitation in my behalf of the most
+especial members both of the Parliament and Councel of State; in doing
+whereof he appeared so truely generous, that when it was told him how I,
+having got notice of his so undeserved respect towards me, was desirous
+to embrace some sudden opportunity whereby to testifie the affection I
+did owe him, he purposely delayed the occasion of meeting with me till
+he had, as he said, performed some acceptable office worthy of my
+acquaintance; in all which, both before and after we had conversed with
+one another, and by those many worthy books set forth by him, to the
+advancement of piety and good order, with some whereof he was pleased to
+present me, he did prove himself a man of such discretion and
+inimitably-sanctified parts, that an Archangel from heaven could not
+have shown more goodness with less ostentation."[120]
+
+The years 1652 and 1653 form a period of astonishing literary activity
+on the part of our author, for no fewer than five separate works were
+then published by him, two of which were of very considerable bulk. The
+motive that had led him to bring out his two former works--the
+_Epigrams_ and _The Trissotetras_--had been a desire to benefit mankind
+and to advance the glory of his native land. But now he had to consider
+his own interests, and to exert himself to promote them. Accordingly,
+his present aim was to convince his captors of his extraordinary merits
+and gifts, and of the incomparable glory of that family which he had the
+honour of representing.
+
+In 1652 he issued his PANTOCHRONOCHANON; _or, a Peculiar Promptuary
+of Time_, of which a detailed description is given in Chapter V. The
+object of this treatise is to show the Protector and the English
+Parliament that the family of the Urquharts could be traced back, link
+by link, to the red earth out of which Adam was made, and to suggest how
+lamentable it would be, if the ruling power extinguished a race which
+had successfully resisted the scythe of Time, and was capable of
+rendering great services to the State.
+
+This small treatise was closely followed by a more important production,
+upon which Sir Thomas's fame as an author largely rests--his
+EKSKYBALAURON; _or, The Discovery of a most Exquisite Jewel_. The
+title of this work is intended to be an abbreviation of a Greek
+phrase--"_Gold from a dunghill_"--and contains an allusion to the fact
+that the first half of it was, in its manuscript form, one of the
+bundles of paper which the soldiers treated with such disrespect after
+the battle of Worcester, and which, indeed, was found next day in a
+kennel of one of the streets of that city. This book, a fuller account
+of which we give later on, consists of an introduction to a work on a
+Universal Language, to which is added a rhapsodical panegyric on the
+Scottish nation, and an account of his fellow-countrymen who had been
+famous as scholars or soldiers during the previous fifty years.
+
+In the course of the early part of 1652 Urquhart had in some way excited
+the suspicions of the Government, and in the month of May his papers
+were seized by the authorities. Nothing treasonable, however, was found
+among them, and probably the harmless character of his pursuits, which
+was thus brought to light, made a favourable impression upon the Council
+of State. For, a few weeks later, he was allowed, in answer to a
+petition which he presented to the Council, and which was referred to
+Cromwell, to return to Scotland to arrange his private affairs, and to
+be absent for five months.[121] The only condition imposed upon him was
+that during this time he should do nothing to the prejudice of the
+Commonwealth.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's creditors had been told that he had been killed
+at the battle of Worcester, and, as he says in his own characteristic
+way, "for gladness of the tidings [they] had madified [moistened] their
+nolls to some purpose with the liquor of the grape,"[122] and had
+possessed themselves of all his property. When they were assured by
+letters from himself that he was still alive, they claimed payment for
+debts which had been long discharged, under the impression that the
+receipts had perished along with other papers after the battle. They
+even plotted, we are assured, to arrest our author in London, after he
+had been liberated upon parole. By the thoughtful discretion of a
+Captain Goodwin, of Colonel Pride's regiment, the receipts in question
+had been saved out of the spoil of Worcester, and Sir Thomas Urquhart
+was able to display them to the unjust creditors. "And when," he says,
+"they saw that those their acquittances ... were produced before them,
+they then, looking as if their noses had been ableeding, could not any
+longer for shame retard my cancelling of the aforesaid bonds."[123]
+
+In the midst of so many complaints of the iniquity of creditors, it is
+gratifying to find Sir Thomas acknowledging that there was one of that
+class who treated him with forbearance and even with kindness. His
+thankfulness at discovering this green oasis in the arid desert in which
+so much of his life had been passed, is expressed in his own
+characteristic way. "But may," he says, "William Robertson of Kindeasse,
+or rather _Kindnesse_ (for so they call this worthy man), for his going
+contrary to that stream of wickedness which carryeth head-long his
+fellow-creditors to the black sea of un-christian-like dealing, enjoy a
+long life in this world, attended with health, wealth, a hopeful
+posterity, and all the happiness conducible to eternal salvation; and
+may his children after him, as heires both of his vertues and means,
+derive [transmit] his lands and riches to their sons, to continue
+successively in that line from generation to generation, so long as
+there is a hill in Scotland, or that the sea doth ebbe and flow. This
+hearty wish of mine, as chief of my kinred [kindred], I bequeath to all
+that do and are to carry the name of Urquhart, and adjure them, by the
+respect they owe to the stock whence they are descended, for my father's
+love and mine to this man, to do all manner of good offices to each one
+that bears the name of Robertson."[124]
+
+His old enemy, Lesley of Findrassie, endeavoured in vain to persuade the
+officers of the English garrison, then stationed in Urquhart's house at
+Cromartie, to arrest him as a prisoner of war, and keep him in
+confinement "till he [Lesley] were contented in all his demands."[125]
+An attempt was also made to apprehend him at Elgin; but he escaped all
+these machinations, and, after travelling in safety through many of the
+principal towns of Scotland, returned to London within the specified
+time, and gave himself up to the Council of State.
+
+In the course of the year 1653 Sir Thomas Urquhart published the last of
+his original works--his _Logopandecteision_, and the translation of the
+first two books of Rabelais, in connection with which his name is best
+known. The object of the former of these was to suggest a wonderful
+scheme for a universal language, with the idea of being restored by the
+Government to the full possession of his liberty, and of being
+reinstated in the position of power and wealth, which he maintained was
+his by hereditary right, in order to carry out the scheme. His hopes and
+anticipations of success in this appeal to the English Government were
+not daunted by the fact that to do what he required would need several
+legislative changes, a reversal of proceedings in Scottish courts of
+law, and a substantial grant from the Treasury. This, after all, he
+considered, was a very small price to pay for the benefits he would
+thereby confer upon the world. That the appeal was not successful needs
+scarcely be told. Probably in no country in the world, and at no period
+in history, could any be found more likely to turn a deaf ear to such
+requests, than such men as Cromwell, Fleetwood, and Overton. Men like
+these were too practical, and of too hard a nature, to be impressed by
+any such visionary schemes as those which their prisoner delighted in
+constructing.
+
+A veil of obscurity hangs over the closing years of our author's life.
+His last appearance before the public was in the issuing of the books
+above mentioned. The only further record of him is in the continuation
+of the Pedigree of the Urquharts, which is contained in the Edinburgh
+edition of his Tracts. In this we read that "he was confined for several
+years in the Tower of London; from whence he made his escape, and went
+beyond seas, where he died suddenly in a fit of excessive laughter, on
+being informed by his servant that the King was restored."[126] If this
+account of matters be true, it would seem that Sir Thomas had forfeited
+some of those privileges which he had won so soon after he had become a
+State prisoner. It is quite possible that this was in consequence of
+having joined in some Royalist plot against the Commonwealth and for the
+restoration of Charles II.
+
+In the preface to the second book of Rabelais, Sir Thomas promises very
+speedily to translate the three remaining books of that author, so that
+the whole "Pentateuch of Rabelais," as he calls it, might be in the
+hands of English readers. But this design was never completed. The
+translation of the third book was found among his papers, and was
+published in 1693 by Pierre Antoine Motteux, but it is probable that the
+editor himself had some share in the work as issued to the public.
+
+Sir Theodore Martin considers that there is a strong presumption against
+the truth of the above account of Sir Thomas's death, in his entire
+silence during the long period which elapsed between the publication of
+his last work and 1660, the date of the Restoration of Charles II.
+"Men," he says, "so deeply smitten with the _caco�thes scribendi_ as
+Urquhart was, do not thus readily cast the pen aside; nor was the lack
+of a publisher likely to have stood in the way of his literary career.
+His writings, if for no other cause but the number of his friends, must
+always have been a safe speculation for a printer, at a time when
+printing was cheap and readers numerous. But the imperfect state of his
+translation of Rabelais is perhaps the best evidence of the inaccuracy
+of the current belief.... Motteux says that Urquhart's version 'was too
+kindly received not to encourage him to English the three remaining
+books, or at least the third, the fourth and fifth being in a manner
+distinct, as being Pantagruel's voyage. Accordingly he translated the
+third book, and would have finished the whole, had not death prevented
+him.' This bears hard against the supposition of that event having
+occurred upwards of six years after the two first books had been given
+to the world. It is probable that he died much sooner, a victim in all
+likelihood to that fiery restlessness of spirit,
+
+    'Which o'er-informs its tenement of clay,
+    And frets the pigmy body to decay.'"[127]
+
+This conjecture is, however, improbable. A petition from our author's
+brother, Sir Alexander Urquhart, is still in existence, in which he asks
+for a new commission of hereditary Sheriffship of Cromartie to be made
+out for him, on the ground of his being the eldest surviving son of the
+Sir Thomas Urquhart who died in 1642.[128] Though this document is
+undated, it is assigned by the editor of the volume of State Papers in
+which it is to be found, to August of 1660. If this date be
+trustworthy, we may be almost sure that the traditional statement as to
+the year of our author's death is correct.
+
+The cause of his giving up his literary labours, and of omitting to
+carry through the work of translation on which he had entered, is, of
+course, unknown to us. His health, physical or mental, may have become
+seriously impaired, or his spirits may have been too much depressed by
+the misfortunes that crowded upon him, to allow him to engage in
+literary work. Indeed, the alleged cause of death from violent agitation
+of feeling caused by hearing of the Restoration of Charles II., argues
+in itself a previous condition of great physical weakness.
+
+There seems at first, a certain grotesqueness in such a fatal exuberance
+of joy in connexion with such an event as Charles II. regaining the
+crown which his father had lost, and of which in another generation all
+of his blood were to be deprived. But we have to keep in mind that Sir
+Thomas was not alone in his folly, if folly it were; for a great wave of
+exultation swept over the three kingdoms at that time. Our author had,
+like many of his fellow-Royalists, staked and lost everything he
+possessed in the defence of the House of Stuart, and one can have little
+difficulty in understanding how the announcement of the triumph of the
+cause, which was so dear to him, should have agitated him
+profoundly.[129]
+
+Sir Alexander Urquhart failed to recover possession of either the barony
+or the Sheriffship of Cromartie, and a year after the supposed date of
+his petition, he is said to have ratified his cousin's rights,[130] and
+in 1663 he formally "disponed" the estate (_i.e._ his title to it) to
+Sir John.[131] The new possessors were, however, as unfortunate as
+their immediate predecessors, for in no very long time they were
+overwhelmed by distresses like those which had burdened and embittered
+the lives of our author and his father. In 1682 the celebrated Sir
+George Mackenzie, whose name, like that of Queen Mary of England, is
+usually associated with an unenviable epithet, as that of a cruel
+persecutor,[132] "apprized" the estate from Sir John's[133] son,
+Jonathan.[134]
+
+No one who knows what this means[135] will be surprised to hear that it
+soon afterwards passed into his possession. On his elevation to the
+peerage (1685) as Viscount Tarbat, first Earl of Cromartie, he put his
+third-born son, Sir Kenneth, into possession of the estate, with the
+view of establishing a branch of his family to be known as the
+Mackenzies of Cromartie. This plan was doomed to be defeated, for Sir
+Kenneth's son George had no family, and sold the estate to Captain
+William Urquhart of Meldrum in 1741.[136] The lands were again sold to
+Patrick, Lord Elibank,[137] in 1763, and by him to George Ross of
+Pitkerrie, nine years afterwards. Mr Ross had amassed a large fortune in
+England as an army agent,[138] and part of this he expended in the
+purchase of the estate, and in the extensive improvements which he
+effected in it. One wishes he had not thought it desirable to pull down
+the picturesque old castle, which had stood on the mote-hill of
+Cromartie for three hundred years, and which had sheltered so many
+generations of the Urquhart family. Let us now, however, return to our
+author.
+
+In telling the story of Sir Thomas Urquhart's life, some of his most
+striking peculiarities have been displayed and illustrated, so that no
+one who has read the foregoing pages is altogether dependent upon what
+may now be said for forming an estimate of his character. His vanity is
+perhaps the most striking trait in it; but only a very hard-hearted
+moralist would call it a vice in his case, for it is as artless as it is
+boundless, and is combined with so much kindness of heart and generosity
+of feeling, that we are more entertained by it than indignant at it. No
+one who looks into his works can doubt the intensity of his patriotism.
+Indeed, his passionate longing after personal fame is in all cases
+combined with the wish to confer additional glory upon the land of his
+birth. His devotion to the Royalist cause[139] is of the purest and most
+heroic type, and the general tone of his character, as revealed to us in
+his books, is elevated and noble. At the same time there is an element
+of the grotesque in it, so that in his disinterested and chivalrous
+disposition he reminds us of Don Quixote,[140] while in his frequent
+allusions to struggles with pecuniary difficulties, as well as in his
+use of magniloquent language, he distinctly recalls Wilkins Micawber. A
+lively fancy, a strain of genuine erudition beneath his pedantry, and
+some sparks of insanity, are other elements in his fantastical
+character. Only a mind like his own could trace the maze of its windings
+and turnings, and fathom the depths of its eccentricity. In his thoughts
+"truth is constantly becoming interfused with fiction, possibility with
+certainty, and the hyperbolical extravagance of his style only keeps
+even pace with the prolific shootings of his imagination."[141]
+
+It is perhaps expected that one should, in a measure, apologize for the
+eccentricities of Urquhart's character and literary style, by explaining
+that he was a humourist. But, unfortunately, humour is a quality in
+which Urquhart was lacking, unless we understand by the word mere
+fantastical quaintness of thought and speech. In one passage of his
+works he speaks with contempt of "shallow-brained humourists,"[142] and
+we should wrong his ghost by putting him among those whom he abhorred.
+Not a single trace of that subtle, graceful play of fancy and of feeling
+which enters into our conception of humour is to be found in his
+works.[143] His readers may smile as they turn over his pages, but he
+is always in deadly earnest. The quality of wit he occasionally
+manifests in the form of keen sarcasm, when he gives full vent to his
+feelings of scorn and contempt; as when, for example, he describes those
+who went out to fight, "but did not hazard their precious persons, lest
+they should seem to trust to the arm of flesh."[144]
+
+He can never give a simple statement of matters of fact. Thus in his
+account of the Admirable Crichton, instead of saying that the rector of
+the university addressed a few complimentary sentences to Crichton, and
+that the latter replied in the same vein, he says: "In complements after
+this manner, _ultro citroque habitis_, tossed to and again, retorted,
+contrerisposted, backreverted, and now and then graced with a quip or a
+clinch for the better relish of the ear, being unwilling in this kind of
+straining curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a full half-hour and
+more."[145] Everything must be dressed up "with divers quaint and
+pertinent similes" before it is fit to be introduced to the reader's
+notice. To quote again from the most accomplished literary critic who
+has written upon him: "History, philosophy, science, literature are
+ransacked for illustrations of the commonest subject. His fancy is ever
+on the alert, and you are constantly surprised by some incongruous
+image, begotten in its wanton dalliance with knowledge the most
+heterogeneous. He has always an eye to effect. His own learning must be
+brought into play, rhetorical tropes must flourish through his periods,
+'suggesting to our minds two several things at once,' and, of course, as
+diverse as possible, that 'the spirits of such as are studious in
+learning may be filled with a most wonderful delight.'"[146] His style
+reacts upon and controls his thoughts, and often carries him, as
+Ariosto's Hippogriff carried Astolfo, up into the skies, whither those
+are unable to follow him who are mounted on humbler animals, or have no
+other means than those with which they were born for plodding along the
+dusty roads of earth.
+
+If we can trust the two engraved portraits of Sir Thomas Urquhart which
+have come down to us, he was a man of handsome presence, and accustomed
+to deck himself in all the splendour of costume to which so many of his
+brother-cavaliers were addicted. George Glover, the famous engraver,
+drew both the portraits of him which are extant. One of these appears as
+a frontispiece to the _Epigrams_ and to the _Trissotetras_. It is a
+small whole-length, and represents Sir Thomas in rich dress,[147]
+holding out his hand to receive from some allegorical personage a
+laurel wreath "for Armes and Artes."[148] On a table beside him are his
+hat and embroidered cloak. In the vacant spaces on each side of the
+upper part of the figure are his name and titles: "S^r Thomas Urchard,
+Knight, of Bray and Udol, etc., Baron of Ficherie and Clohorby, etc.,
+Laird Baron of Cromartie and Heritable Sheriff thereof, etc." The
+portrait is described as taken from the life, and engraved in 1641;[149]
+and beneath it is a couplet by W. S., as follows:
+
+    "Of him whose shape this Picture hath design'd,
+    Vertue and learning represent the Mind."
+
+Who W. S. was we do not know. The date forbids our identifying him with
+the Bard of Avon. He was probably one of those mysterious personages,
+who were always at hand to write epistles of commendation to works by
+Sir Thomas, and to testify on their "book-oath" to his gifts and graces.
+
+The second engraved portrait is of great rarity, and only one impression
+of it is known to be in existence. It was probably meant to be a
+frontispiece to the unpublished volume of Epigrams described on p. 116,
+the title of which was to have been _Apollo and the Muses_, but which
+never found its way into print. In this engraving Sir Thomas is depicted
+as seated with great complacency upon Mount Parnassus, in the midst of
+the Muses, seven of whom are pressing upon his attention wreaths of
+laurel of which he is worthy, "for Judgment, Learning, witt, Invention,
+sweetness, stile." At his feet is the sacred fountain of Castalia or
+Hippocrene, into the waters of which the other two Muses are sportively
+dipping "sprinklers" or asperges. One of them seems inclined to give Sir
+Thomas a sprinkling, but refrains, either because it was unnecessary or
+for fear of spoiling his nice clothes. In the background, the winged
+horse Pegasus is flying sufficiently low down to allow a woman to pluck
+a couple of feathers from his wings.[150] These are no doubt intended
+to provide pens for Sir Thomas's next literary undertaking. In the
+further distance are several feathered creatures, which are probably
+meant for poetical swans, but which bear a painful likeness to prosaic
+geese. At the foot of the picture in one corner we have Apollo, playing
+on his lyre; and on the ground in front are a half-starved dragon and a
+snake, writhing in impotent rage, as they witness the triumph of Sir
+Thomas. We can hardly be mistaken in concluding that these last are
+symbolical representations of envious and carping critics.
+
+[Illustration: The Poet surrounded by the Muses.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[97] _Antiquarian Notes_, by C. Fraser-Mackintosh, p. 156.
+
+[98] _Antiquarian Notes_, pp. 155-158; _History of the Clan Mackenzie_,
+by Alex. Mackenzie.
+
+[99] The enactment in question runs as follows:--"It being thought
+expedient by the said Committee that the house of Cromartie be put in a
+posture of defence, and that for the doing thereof it is requisite some
+faill [turf] be cast and led, the said Committee ordains all Sir James
+Fraser's tenants within the parochins [parishes] of Cromartie and
+Cullicudden, together with those of the Laird of Findrassie, within the
+parochin of Rosemarkie, to afford from six hours in the morning to six
+hours at night, one horse out of every oxengait [= about 13 Scotch
+acres] daily for the space of four days to lead the same faill to the
+house of Cromartie." Of this enemy, Sir James Fraser, our author
+remarked at a later time with regrettable bitterness, that he knew only
+one good thing about him, and that was that he was dead.
+
+[100] _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, vi. 392.
+
+[101] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, p. 220.
+
+[102] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, pp. 249, 250.
+
+[103] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, pp. 252-262.
+
+[104] Strangely enough, in Hope's _Anastasius_, a Tatar messenger
+travelling through Asia Minor to Constantinople is described as acting
+in the same insolent manner. "He would not," says Anastasius, "even
+after the daintiest meal in the world, forego the douceur he expected
+for what he used to call the wear and tear of his teeth" (ii. 320).
+
+[105] An account of the battle is given in a letter addressed by the
+victorious generals, Ker, Halket, and Strachan, to the Moderator of the
+Commission of Assembly, dated 9th May, 1649. In it they say: "We were in
+Innernes vpon Sunday at night, when we received intelligence that the
+enemie were come from Torespay to Balvine, presently to discusse ws
+(_sic_). We could not hear from the Livetennent-Generall [Lesley], and
+the enemy was making himselfe strong in many severall quarters in [the]
+countrie. We conceived it better to suppresse nor [than] to be
+suppressed. We in our weak maner beged the Lords direction, that His
+blissing might wait His owne and our labours, and, with great freedome
+concluded to march with all expedition to Torispay, intelligence having
+come certaine that they were lyeing in Balveine at a wood, where we
+engaged with them; and there the Lord delivered them vnto our hands. We
+were not abone six score fighting horsemen and tuelfe muskiteires. We
+had some more, but they were wearied. We have at this tyme about 800
+prisoners, betuixt 3 or 4 scoir killed, and tuo or thrie hundred fled.
+My Lord Rae and all the officers are, according to the capitulatioun,
+prisoners; the rest are to be conveyed to their countrey, after we
+receive order from the publick; and therefore we shall expect such
+further directions from you as you shall thinke fit, for securing and
+obliging, by oath, such as shall returne to their countrey" (_General
+Assembly Commission Records_, 1618-49, p. 263). There is a genuine
+Cromwellian ring about the phrases "beged the Lord's direction," and
+"the Lord delivered them vnto our hands," which we cannot help admiring;
+and there is a beauty of its own in the phrase "with great freedome" in
+the connection in which it stands.
+
+[106] Wardlaw MS.
+
+[107] The Commission of the General Assembly is each year nominated by
+that body, and is responsible to it, and is empowered to dispose of all
+items of business remitted to it, and to act in the interests of the
+Church during the months between the meeting of the Assembly which
+nominated them, and that to which they report their proceedings. They
+are authorised to meet on certain specific days, and oftener, when and
+where they think fit. The next General Assembly may reverse their
+sentences, if they have exceeded their powers, or have acted in any way
+which is considered prejudicial to the interests of the Church.
+
+[108] _General Assembly Records_, 1648-49, p. 264.
+
+[109] _General Assembly Records_, 1648-49, p. 270. The instructions
+given to the Commissioners suggest the process known to us in modern
+times as "rubbing it in" (the phrase is a technical one).
+
+[110] In March of the following year, 1650, occurred the descent of
+Montrose on the north of Scotland, which ended so disastrously for him.
+After spending a few weeks in the Orkneys, where he collected a few
+recruits, he landed in Caithness, and proceeded into Sutherland, where
+he suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Strachan and Halket, the
+generals who had successfully suppressed the insurrection in the north
+in the previous year. Montrose was taken prisoner, and was executed in
+Edinburgh, on Tuesday, 21st May, 1650.
+
+[111] Baillie's _Letters_ (Edinburgh, 1841), ii. 84.
+
+[112] Robert Douglas (1594-1674) had been chaplain to a brigade of
+Scottish auxiliaries, sent with the connivance of Charles I. to the aid
+of Gustavus Adolphus, in the Thirty Years' War. He was minister of the
+second charge of the High Church, Edinburgh, and then of the Tolbooth
+Church, and was five times Moderator of the General Assembly (1642,
+1645, 1647, 1649, and 1651). Wodrow says, "He was a great man for both
+great wit, and grace, and more than ordinary boldness and authority and
+awful majesty appearing in his very carriage and countenance." Burnet
+affirms that he had "much wisdom and thoughtfulness, but was very silent
+and of vast pride" (_Dictionary of Nat. Biog._ xv. 347).
+
+[113] _Works_, p. 279.
+
+[114] Carlyle's _Oliver Cromwell_, iii. 148.
+
+[115] Carlyle's _Oliver Cromwell_, iii. 154.
+
+[116] _Works_, p. 408.
+
+[117] _Cal. State Papers, Dom._
+
+[118] _Ibid._
+
+[119] _Works_, p. 408.
+
+[120] _Works_, p. 419. Roger Williams (c. 1600-c. 1684) was himself a
+remarkable man. He was a native of Wales, was educated at Oxford, and
+entered into holy orders; but his aversion to the government and
+discipline of the Church of England led him to seek for greater freedom
+in America. He was a strenuous asserter of religious toleration at a
+time when it was little understood and less practised anywhere. His
+liberty of thinking and speaking led to his being banished from
+Massachusetts; and, thereupon, he purchased a tract of land from the
+Indians, and founded a settlement, which he named Providence. At the
+time when he generously interceded in favour of Sir Thomas Urquhart, he
+was residing in London as the agent of the new settlement, of which he
+was afterwards chosen president. He was on intimate terms with Cromwell,
+Milton, and other leading Puritans, and consequently would be in a
+position to render great service to his friend Urquhart.
+
+[121] The leave granted was for five months from the 14th of July, 1652.
+Before the expiration of this time, Sir Thomas asked for liberty to stay
+for six weeks longer in Scotland, and this was granted (_Acts of
+Parliament_, vol. vi. pt. 2, p. 748_b_).
+
+[122] _Works_, p. 377.
+
+[123] _Ibid._ p. 378.
+
+[124] _Works_, p. 384.
+
+[125] _Ibid._ p. 380.
+
+[126] P. 37.
+
+[127] _Rabelais_, p. xiv.
+
+[128] _Cal. State Papers, Domestic_, 1660-61, p. 237.
+
+[129] In the preface to a new translation of Rabelais by W. F. Smith,
+Esq., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, some doubt is cast upon
+the above narrative of Sir Thomas's death. Mr Smith remarks, "This looks
+something like an imitation of Rabelais in his account of the death of
+Philemon." The reference is to the following passages in Rabelais, who
+alludes to the story no fewer than three times. In Book i. 10, we read:
+"Just so the heart with excessive joy is inwardly dilated, and suffereth
+a manifest resolution of the vital spirits, which may go so farre on,
+that it may thereby be deprived of its nourishment, and by consequence
+of life itself, by this Pericharie or extremity of gladnesse, as Galen
+saith ... and as it hath come to passe in former times ... to Philemon
+and others, who died with joy." In chap. xx. some more particulars are
+given of the case: "As Philemon, who, for seeing an asse eate those
+figs, which were provided for his own dinner, died with force of
+laughing." But in Book iv. 17, we are told the whole story: "[Neither
+ought you to wonder at] the death of Philomenes, whose servant, having
+got him some new figs for the first course of his dinner, whilst he went
+to fetch wine, a straggling ... ass got into the house, and, seeing the
+figs on the table, without further invitation, soberly fell to.
+Philomenes coming into the room, and nicely observing with what gravity
+the ass eat its dinner, said to his man, who was come back, 'Since thou
+hast set figs here for this reverend guest of ours to eat, methinks it
+is but reason thou also give him some of this wine to drink.' He had no
+sooner said this, but he was so excessively pleased, and fell into so
+exorbitant a fit of laughter, that the use of his spleen took that of
+his breath utterly away, and he immediately died." The story is taken
+from Lucian (makrobiui, c. 25) or from Valerius Maximus (ix. 12), in
+which in the Paris folio edition (1517) the name is given as Philomenes.
+There is undoubtedly a resemblance between the account of Philemon's
+death and that of our author, but we think it can only be accidental.
+The editor of the Edinburgh edition of the Tracts is, as I have said,
+our only authority for the story of Urquhart's death; but there is no
+adequate reason for doubting it. He seems to have been well versed in
+the history of the Urquhart family, which he brings up to date, and must
+have derived his information from some members of it. It would be
+strange if in little more than a century after our author's death, an
+utterly mythical account of it should have sprung up and found a place
+among the details of family history. According to Lowndes's
+_Bibliographer's Manual_, the editor of the volume was David Herd, the
+well-known antiquary. If this statement be correct, we have all the more
+reason to rely upon the supplementary information the volume contains,
+as Herd's acquaintance with Scottish history and biography was very
+extensive and accurate. In one of the _Notes Ambrosian�_ (_Blackwood's
+Magazine_, September, 1832), a highly extravagant version is given of
+Urquhart's death. It is intended to be humorous, but is merely flat and
+silly. Only those can smile at it who have been trained up to believe
+that the _Notes_ contain exquisite humour, and who have, therefore, been
+accustomed to welcome passages from it as mirth-inspiring. The statement
+made in this mention of Urquhart, that his death was caused by excessive
+alcoholic celebration of the happy event of the Restoration, is utterly
+baseless and offensive; and it is a pity that in Allibone's _Dictionary_
+and in the _Dictionary of National Biography_ this article in
+_Blackwood's Magazine_ should be referred to as one of the sources of
+information concerning Urquhart. The author of it had not access to any
+other account of Sir Thomas's death than that given in the
+above-mentioned edition of the Tracts.
+
+[130] _Acts of Parliament_, vii. 70.
+
+[131] _Inverness Sasines._ The date when Sir Alexander Urquhart received
+knighthood seems to be approximately fixed by the fact that in a grant
+under the Privy Seal of 5th March, 1661, he is called Alexander, and in
+a notice of him of the 29th of the same month and year he appears as Sir
+Alexander (_Acts of Parliament_, vii. 93). From the fact that in this
+year the succession to the estates and hereditary Sheriffship of
+Cromartie were entered upon by his cousin Sir John Urquhart of
+Craigfintray, it was taken for granted by the editor of the Tracts
+(Edinburgh, 1774) that Sir Alexander had died. This error is repeated by
+Hugh Miller, and by most of those who have made any reference to him. He
+was still alive in 1667, for during that year he sold his salmon
+fishings in Over-rak and the King's Water to John Gordon (see also _Acts
+of Parliament_, vii. 537). He is spoken of as _quondam_ in a charter of
+certain lands which had belonged to him, 19th June, 1668. His cousin,
+Sir John Urquhart, received knighthood about the same time; at least he
+appears in Parliament as Sir John, 1st January, 1661 (_Acts of
+Parliament_, vii. 4).
+
+[132] "There was the Bluidy Advocate Mackenyie, who, for his worldly wit
+and wisdom, had been to the rest as a god" ("Wandering Willie's Tale"
+_Redgauntlet_, chap. xi.).
+
+[133] There is said to have been some tragedy in connection with the
+death of this Sir John Urquhart. According to Wodrow, as quoted by Hugh
+Miller, after having posed as an ultra-Presbyterian, he became the
+friend and counsellor of the Earl of Middleton, Charles II.'s
+Commissioner for Scotland, under whom Presbyterianism was overturned and
+Episcopacy set up in its place (1661). Tradition says that "about eleven
+years after the passing of the Act, he fell into a deep melancholy, and
+destroyed himself with his own sword in one of the apartments of the old
+castle. The sword, it is said, was flung into a neighbouring draw-well
+by one of the domestics, and the stain left by his blood on the walls
+and floor of the apartment was distinctly visible at the time the
+building was pulled down" (_Scenes and Legends of the North of
+Scotland_, p. 111). Tradition is wrong, however, in saying eleven years
+after 1661; for on August 7th, 1677, Sir John, along with others,
+received a commission "for putting the laws against conventicles and
+other disorders into execution" (_Wodrow_, ii. p. 366).
+
+[134] On the death of Jonathan's son, Colonel James Urquhart, in 1741,
+the shadowy honour of the headship of the family passed to the Urquharts
+of Meldrum, who were descended from the Tutor of Cromartie by a third
+marriage with Elizabeth Seton, only daughter of Alexander Seton of
+Meldrum, and ultimately heiress of that estate. The last male
+representative of this line was Major Beauchamp Colclough Urquhart, who
+closed a promising career by a heroic death at the battle of Atbara, in
+the Sudan, on 8th April, 1898. His sister, Isabel Annie, is wife of
+Garden Alexander Duff, Esq., Hatton Castle, Turriff.
+
+[135] See p. 58.
+
+[136] Pococke, in his _Tour through Scotland_ (1761), says of the castle
+of Cromartie: "It has fallen into the hands of one Mr Urquhart, who had
+commanded a Spanish Gally, and died a Convert to Popery; which slip his
+son, now eighteen years old, has in some degree recovered, by conforming
+to the Church of England" (p. 176; _Scottish History Society_).
+
+[137] In the old Statistical Account of Cromartie, and in the preface to
+the Maitland Club edition of Urquhart's Works, the estate is said to
+have passed into the hands of Sir William Pulteney.
+
+[138] Mr Ross is mentioned in the _Letters_ of Junius (see those of 29th
+November and 12th December, 1769). He was succeeded by his nephew, from
+whom the present proprietor of Cromartie, Major Walter Charteris Ross,
+is descended.
+
+[139] Our Sir Thomas's memory should be cherished by defenders of the
+name and fame of Mary Queen of Scots, for he goes so far as to say that
+"ignorance, together with hypocrisie, usury, oppression, and iniquity,
+took root in these parts [Scotland], when uprightness, plain-dealing,
+and charity, with Astroea, took their flight with Queen Mary of Scotland
+into England." Probably few of her admirers would be so daring as to
+assert this, though many of them doubtless would be glad to hear the
+assertion made.
+
+[140] We take the liberty of extracting those few sentences from the
+letter of a friend, who has taken great interest in the execution of
+this work;--"Sir Thomas would have been an original character in almost
+any surroundings--a kind of literary Quixote, with what may be called a
+'parenthetical' genius, branching off at every comma into the fresh
+images furnished by a teeming imagination. He was more than a translator
+of Rabelais--he seems to have been a kind of Rabelais himself."
+
+[141] Sir Theodore Martin, _Rabelais_, p. xix.
+
+[142] See p. 28.
+
+[143] A different opinion is expressed in the preface to W. Harrison
+Ainsworth's capital novel of _Crichton_. "Sir Thomas," he says, "is a
+joyous spirit--a right Pantagruelist; and if he occasionally
+
+         'Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba,'
+
+he has an exuberance of wit and playfulness of fancy that amply redeem
+his tendency to fanfaronade." Our readers have abundance of material
+before them for coming to a decision upon this question.
+
+[144] See p. 85.
+
+[145] _Works_, p. 226.
+
+[146] Sir Theodore Martin, _Rabelais_, p. xx.
+
+[147] In Granger's _Biographical Dictionary_ (1779), this portrait is
+described erroneously, as Sir Thomas Urquhart is said in it to be
+dressed in armour. Probably the description was given from memory. In
+the second volume of Bohn's edition of _Rabelais_, the frontispiece is a
+half-length portrait of the translator, evidently reproduced from the
+above. The effect, however, is highly disagreeable, and the likeness
+must have produced an unfavourable opinion of our author in the minds of
+most of those who have looked upon it.
+
+[148] In this engraving, which is our frontispiece, the Greek
+inscription runs thus: toist se pempsasiu kai prostatasiu eicharisto, and
+means, "_I thank those who sent you and gave the order_." These words
+are, of course, addressed to the messenger who has been commissioned by
+the Muses to convey the wreath to Sir Thomas. Above the wreath itself is
+an obscure phrase--Mousary[m] stolost--which is evidently a mixture of
+Latin and Greek, musarum stolost (=apostolost?), "_messenger of the
+muses_." It may, however, be that stolost is to be taken as "_equipment_"
+or "_decoration_," as referring to the wreath. The courage with which
+Greek and LaMousary[m] stolosttin forms are mixed up, and an old word
+despatched on its way with a new meaning, of which this brief phrase
+gives evidence, is highly characteristic of Cromartian Greek. For
+further illustration of the peculiarities of this local variety or
+Hellenic speech, see p. 149.
+
+[149] Sir Thomas, therefore, claims by anticipation the titles of Baron
+and Sheriff, which were afterwards to be his.
+
+[150] This use of the quills is referred to in the following passage in
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Epigrams_ (MS.):--
+
+                   "The Invocation to Clio.
+                           Book 2.
+
+    Wench wholly martial, to whose inspiration
+    The Colophonian P�et ow'd his skill:
+    Let my verse merit no Lesse estimation,
+    Then [than] if the point of a Pegasid quill,
+        Dip'd in the sacred fontain Caballine,
+        Character'd the Impression of each Line."
+
+The "Colophonian Poet" is--"not to put too fine a point upon it"--Homer,
+who, according to some, was born at Colophos, in Asia Minor. The phrase
+"Pegasid quill" in this passage strengthens our opinion that this second
+portrait of Sir Thomas, which we give here, was intended to be a
+frontispiece to a second volume of poems. The similarity of diction
+between this "Invocation" and the speeches of Ancient Pistol is very
+great.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER IV
+
+             EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL, AND THE
+                         TRISSOTETRAS
+
+In 1641, Sir Thomas Urquhart published his first work--a volume of
+poems, entitled "EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL,"[151] and dedicated to the
+Marquis of Hamilton. The poems are divided into three books, two of
+which contain forty-five epigrams, while the third contains forty-four.
+Most of them are in iambic pentameters, and are for the greater part
+sextets in form; but though the versification is occasionally smooth,
+these compositions do little credit to the Muse who inspired them. They
+are, without an exception, pointless; and an epigram without a point is
+about as useless and exasperating as a needle without one.[152] It is
+somewhat remarkable that in his prose compositions the imagination of
+Sir Thomas seems quite unfettered, while in his poems it is under some
+such restraining influence as a strait-waistcoat is said to exercise
+upon a certain class of patients.
+
+A wild legend, the origin of which is unknown, but which is utterly
+baseless, asserts that Urquhart "was laureated poet at Paris before he
+was three and twenty years of age."[153] We could hardly conceive of any
+responsible authorities being so far "left to themselves" as to do a
+deed like this. The story may be either the misapplication to Urquhart
+of some vague tradition of one of the feats of his hero, the Admirable
+Crichton, or of what he himself has actually recorded of the poet,
+Arthur Johnston.[154]
+
+A modern critic, who has given Urquhart a full measure of praise, finds
+himself unable to say a word in favour of his poems. "This slender
+volume," he remarks, "gives not the slightest promise of talent. Its
+stanzas are indistinguished and indistinguishable. There is no reason
+why anyone should have written them, but, on the other hand, there is no
+reason why anyone should not. They express the usual commonplaces: the
+inevitableness of death, and the worth of endeavour. A mildly Horatian
+sentiment is dressed up in the tattered rags of Shakespearianism, and
+the surprise is that the author, whose prose is restrained by no
+consideration of sound or sense, should have deemed it worth while to
+print so tame a collection of exercises."[155]
+
+A favourable specimen of the _Epigrams_ is the following from the first
+book:--
+
+     "HOW DIFFICULT A THING IT IS TO TREAD IN THE PATHES
+                          OF VERTUE.
+
+    "The way to vertue's hard, uneasie, bends
+    Aloft, being full of steep and rugged alleys;
+    For never one to a higher place ascends,
+    That always keeps the plaine, and pleasant valleyes:
+        And reason in each human breast ordaines
+        That precious things be purchased with paines."
+
+Or take this from the opposite page:--
+
+           "WHEN A TRUE FRIEND MAY BE BEST KNOWNE.
+
+    "As the glow-worme shines brightest in the darke
+    And frankincense smells sweetest in the fire;
+    So crosse adventures make us best remarke
+    A sincere friend from a dissembled lyer;
+        For some, being friends to our prosperity,
+        And not to us, when it failes, they decay."
+
+The fault of obscurity, of which the poet Browning has been accused,
+could not be laid to the charge of Sir Thomas Urquhart. Nor can it be
+said of him that he neglects truths that are obvious, and occupies
+himself in discovering and bringing forward those that are recondite.
+The sentiments to which he gives utterance seem those which
+spontaneously occur to the average mind; on reading the subject of the
+poem, as given in the title, and then the poem itself, we think
+
+               "A said whot a owt to 'a said,"
+
+and we come away without any feverish mental agitation or accelerated
+movement of pulse.[156]
+
+The sentiments which, from his own account, had, on more occasions than
+one, filled his mind, are expressed in the piece entitled "THE GENEROUS
+SPEECH OF A NOBLE CAVALLIER AFTER HE HAD DISARMED HIS ADVERSARY AT THE
+SINGLE COMBAT." They are as follows:--
+
+    "Though with my raper, for the guerdon
+    Your fault deserveth, I may pierce ye,
+    Your penitence in craving pardon,
+    Transpassions my revenge in mercy;
+        And wills me both to end this present strife,
+        And give you leave in peace t' enjoy your life."
+
+Another Epigram, which one critic regards as Urquhart's _chef d'oeuvre_
+in this kind of composition, is the following:--
+
+    "Take _man_ from _woman_, all that she can show
+    Of her own proper, is nought else but _wo_."[157]
+
+In a letter of commendation prefixed to his next work, _The
+Trissotetras_, Sir Thomas Urquhart says of himself: "This Mathematicall
+tractate doth no lesse bespeak him a good Poet and Orator, then [than]
+by his elaboured poems he hath showne himselfe already a good
+Philosopher and Mathematician." This self-criticism is all that could be
+desired. A work on mathematics that proves an author's possession of
+poetical and rhetorical gifts, and a volume of poetry which leads one to
+think that the singer is an accomplished mathematician, are gifts with
+which the world is but seldom favoured, and as it is likely that their
+merits will not instantly be observed, the zeal of the author in calling
+our attention to them is by no means unnecessary. But when he goes on to
+say, still speaking of himself in the third person, "The Muses never yet
+inspired sublimer conceptions in a more refined stile then [than] is to
+be found in the accurate strain of his most ingenious Epigrams," we feel
+that he is less felicitous. His first shot has hit the blank, but the
+second is wide of the target altogether.
+
+In his dedication of the volume to "the Marquis of Hamilton, Earle of
+Arren and Cambridge, etc.," he describes its contents as "but flashes of
+wit." A modern reader will probably, however, be inclined to think that
+this modest opinion of them is far too flattering. At times there is a
+faint suggestion of a possible gleam of brightness, but this is
+instantly followed by Egyptian darkness, and one is reminded of a
+revolving light that has somehow gone wrong.
+
+The volume closes with the somewhat liturgical formula, "Here end the
+first three Bookes of Sir Thomas Vrchard's Epigrams," and with a
+doxology, the latter being almost the only trace of matter in it to
+justify the use of "Divine" in the title. The author was evidently
+prepared to go on with more "bookes" of the kind, if he got any
+encouragement from publishers or public, but, probably, both thought it
+about time for him to stop. The fact that, in five years after this
+volume of poems had appeared, a second edition should apparently have
+been brought out, would seem at first to indicate that there must have
+been some little run upon the _Epigrams_. But the truth of the matter
+is, that one "William Leake" had evidently got the "remainder," and
+issued them in 1646 with a new title-page.
+
+In the Introductory Notice to Sir Theodore Martin's edition of Rabelais,
+some information is given concerning a folio volume of unpublished
+Epigrams by Urquhart, which is still in existence.[158] It consists of
+ten books, called after Apollo and the Muses, each containing 110
+Epigrams, except the last, which has 113. The MS. is dedicated to the
+Marquis of Hamilton; but, in addition to this, each book has a separate
+dedication to some one of the author's political associates or friends.
+The persons thus honoured are the Marquis of Huntly, the Earl of
+Arundel, the Earl of Northumberland, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of
+Dorset, the Earl of Holland, the Earl of Newcastle, the Earl of
+Stafford, Lord Craven, and Lord Gaurin (Gowran). According to the custom
+of that time, the reader finds his progress barred by several prefaces,
+respectively named, in this instance, as the "Isagoge," or
+"Introduction," the "Premonition," and the "Prolog," and cannot get away
+without a "Corollarie," an "Animadversion," several extra leaves of
+verses, "A Table for the more easie finding out of such Epigrams as
+treat of one subject," an "Index," and a "List of proper names." For one
+of these latter he has reason to be grateful to Sir Thomas, for the
+"Index" is a glossary of "the harshest and most difficult words
+contained in the preceding Epigrams."
+
+[Illustration: Fac-simile of Sir Thomas Urquhart's handwriting
+considerably reduced.]
+
+The general character of the unpublished Epigrams does not seem to be
+higher than that of those which have seen the light of day, and
+consequently there is little likelihood of any anxiety being expressed
+by the general public for a sight of them. Some of them also are of a
+sportive turn, and are more in accordance with the standard of taste and
+manners which prevailed in the middle of the seventeenth century than
+with that, of our own day. From the "Animadversion" it seems that
+Urquhart "contryved, blocked, and digested these eleven hundred epigrams
+in a thirteen weeks tyme." This surely breaks the record in the matter
+of speed in producing epigrams. Had the results been better, one would
+have had more pleasure in supporting Sir Thomas against all-comers.
+
+The second literary venture made by Sir Thomas Urquhart was the
+publication of a scientific work, entitled "THE TRISSOTETRAS"[159]--a
+treatise which professed to simplify trigonometry. Yet, notwithstanding
+the statement on the title-page that the new method of working problems
+in that department of mathematical science would be found invaluable by
+soldiers, sailors, architects, astronomers, and others, the volume seems
+to have dropped at once into the depths of oblivion, without even having
+produced a ripple upon the surface of the waters. No one is known to
+have read it or to have been able to read it. Lord Bacon, indeed, says
+that things solid and weighty are drowned in the river of time, while
+things that are light and blown-up are carried down by its current.[160]
+A very comfortable theory would this be for those of us who write books
+that are found unreadable and drop at once out of notice, if only some
+trustworthy person could be found who would certify to the truth of Lord
+Bacon's assertion.
+
+The editor of the Maitland Club edition of Sir Thomas Urquhart's Works
+has some qualms of conscience about reprinting this treatise. With a
+touch of humour, which only true Philistines will fully appreciate, he
+says that some apology may appear necessary, _even to an Antiquarian
+Club_,[161] for reprinting a work apparently so unintelligible and
+useless; and accordingly he shelters himself behind the opinion of Mr
+Wallace, the Professor of Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh at
+that time (1834). "I have," says Mr Wallace, who had been asked to
+examine the work, "looked at Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Trissotetras_, but I
+hardly know what to think of it. The book is not absolute nonsense, but
+is written in a most unintelligible way,[162] and so as never book was
+written before nor since. On this account it is truly a literary
+curiosity. There appears to have been a perverted ingenuity exercised in
+writing it, and I imagine that, with some patience, the author's plan
+might be understood, but I doubt if any man would take the trouble; for,
+after he had overcome the difficulty, there is nothing to reward his
+labour. I presume the object of the author was to fix the rules of
+Trigonometry in the memory, but no writer since his time has adopted his
+invention. Indeed, I do not observe the least mention of his book in the
+history of mathematical science. Yet, for his time, he seems not to have
+been a bad mathematician. Urquhart speaks in terms of great praise of
+Napier, yet not greater than he deserved. I infer from this that he was
+well acquainted with the subject as then known. The book in question is
+certainly a _curious_, if not a valuable relic of Scottish genius in
+the olden time, and it is a good specimen of the pedantry and fantastic
+taste of the Author. If, therefore, by reprinting his works, it be
+intended to give a true portraiture of him, _The Trissotetras_ should on
+that account, and I see no better reason, again pass through the
+press."[163]
+
+The volume is dedicated "To the right honourable and most noble lady, my
+dear and loving mother, the Lady Dowager of Cromartie." The "Epistle
+Dedicatory" is couched in the high-flown language which others would
+have had difficulty in concocting, but which seems to flow with ease
+from the lips of Sir Thomas. "Thus, Madam," he says, "unto you doe I
+totally belong; but so as that those exteriour parts of mine, which by
+birth are from your Ladiship derived, cannot be more fortunate in this
+their subjection, notwithstanding the egregious advantages of bloud and
+consanguinity thereby to them accruing, then [than] my selfe am happy,
+as from my heart I doe acknowledge it, in the just right your Ladiship
+hath to the eternall possession of the never-dying powers of my soule."
+The following passage from the same "Epistle" reminds one of the
+adulatory terms in which Sir Walter Raleigh and Spenser addressed Queen
+Elizabeth: "By vertue of your beloved society, your neighbouring
+Countesses, and other great dames of your kindred and acquaintance,
+become more illustrious in your imitation [_i.e._ in imitation of you];
+amidst whom, as Cynthia amongst the obscurer planets, your Ladiship
+shines, and darteth the angelick rayes of your matchlesse example on
+the spirits of those who by their good Genius have been brought into
+your favourable presence to be enlightened by them." The concluding
+passage in his Dedication is still more remarkable: "I will here," he
+says, "in all submission, most humbly take my leave of your Ladiship,
+and beseech Almighty God that it may please his Divine Majesty so to
+blesse your Ladiship with continuance of dayes, that the sonnes or those
+whom I have not as yet begot, may attaine to the happinesse of
+presenting unto your Ladiship a braine-babe of more sufficiencie and
+consequence."[164]
+
+The ordinary reader who looks into the volume cannot fail to be appalled
+by the new and mysterious terms with which its pages are crowded. Words
+like "proturgetick," "quadrobiquadr�quation," "sindiforall,"
+"eathetobasall," "loxogonosphericall," and "zetetick," are freely used,
+and many others equally hard and thorny. Even the author himself finds
+it necessary to append to the work a glossary, containing an explanation
+of a number of the words of which he had made use. "Being certainly
+perswaded," he says, "that a great many good spirits [_i.e._ worthy
+souls] ply Trigonometry that are not versed in the learned tongues, I
+thought fit for their encouragement to subjoyne here the explication of
+the most important of those Greek and Latin termes, which for the more
+efficacy of expression I have made use of in this Treatise."[165]
+
+In some cases, however, the "explication," instead of dispelling the
+darkness, only renders it more visible, as when, _e.g._, we are told
+that "_cathetobasall_ is said of the concordances of loxogonosphericall
+moods, in the datas of the perpendicular and the base, for finding out
+of the maine qu�situm." "_Inversionall_," we are told, "is said of the
+concordances of those moods which agree in the manner of their
+inversion; that is, in placing the second and fourth termes of the
+analogy, together with their indowments, in the roomes of the first and
+third, and contrariwise." Probably only those who are able to follow the
+statement that "_oppoverticall_ is said of those moods which have a
+catheteuretick concordance in their datas of the same cathetopposites
+and verticall angles," will be qualified to give an intelligent assent
+to the statement that "_sindiforall_ is said of those moods the fourth
+terme of whose analogie is onely illatitious to the maine
+qu�situm."[166]
+
+Besides the Epistle of Dedication to the author's mother, there are two
+Epistles and some Latin verses addressed to the reader. The former of
+these last-mentioned Epistles is signed by Sir Thomas, and consists of a
+glowing tribute of respect to Napier, the inventor of logarithms. "To
+write of Trigonometry," he says, "and not make mention of the
+illustrious Lord Neper[167] of Marchiston, the inventer of Logarithms,
+were to be unmindfull of him that is our daily benefactor; these
+artificiall numbers by him first excogitated and perfected, being of
+such incomparable use,[168] that by them we may operate more in one day,
+and with lesse danger of errour, then [than] can be done without them in
+the space of a whole week; a secret which would have beene so precious
+to antiquity that Pythagoras, all the seven wise men of Greece,
+Archimedes, Socrates, Plato, Euclid, and Aristotle, had, if co�vals,
+joyntly adored him, and unanimously concurred to the deifying of the
+revealer of so great a mystery." He concludes with the splendid sentence
+that Napier's "immortall fame, in spite of time, will out-last all ages,
+and look eternity in the face."[169]
+
+The second Epistle to the reader is of a very startling kind. It
+professes to be by some one whose initials are J. A., and it is written
+in commendation of the book and its author, but there can be no doubt
+that it is the production of Sir Thomas himself. He could no more
+disguise his style of writing than Sir Piercie Shafton could lay aside
+his Euphuistic English. After reading the laudatory sentences bestowed
+upon the inventor of logarithms, it is very amusing to find J. A.
+remarking of Sir Thomas Urquhart, that "the praise he hath beene pleased
+to confer on the learned and honourable Neper, doth, without any
+diminution, in every jot as duly belong unto himselfe."[170] As all our
+author's eulogies are constructed on a vast scale, it is not surprising
+to read that the new method of measuring triangles, as compared with the
+old, is like the sea-journey between the Pillars of Hercules ("commonly
+called the Straits of Gibraltar"), as compared with the land-journey
+from the one to the other. In the one case, we have a short voyage of
+not more than six hours' sail; in the other case, a walk of some seven
+thousand long miles. The two concluding paragraphs of the Epistle are
+so extraordinary and so characteristic of our author, that we must be
+allowed to quote them at length.
+
+"The secret unfolded in the following book," says J. A., "is so
+precious, that [the author's] countrey and kindred would not have been
+more honoured by him had he purchased [procured] millions of gold, and
+severall rich territories of a great and vast extent, then [than] for
+this subtile and divine invention, which will out-last the continuance
+of any inheritance, and remaine fresh in the understandings of men of
+profound literature, when houses and possessions will change their
+owners, the wealthy become poor, and the children of the needy enjoy the
+treasures of those whose heires are impoverished. Therefore, seeing for
+the many-fold uses thereof in divers arts and sciences, in speculation
+and practice, peace and war, sport and earnest, with the admirable
+furtherances we reape by it in the knowledge of sea and land, and heaven
+and earth, it cannot be otherwise then [than] permanent, together with
+the Author's fame, so long as any of those endure; I will, God willing,
+in the ruines of all these, and when time it selfe is expired, in
+testimony of my thankfulnesse in particular for so great a benefit, if
+after the resurrection there be any complementall [complimentary]
+affability, expresse myselfe then as I doe now, The Author's most
+affectionate, and most humbly devoted servant, J.A."[171]
+
+Why our author should have resorted to this device for recommending
+himself and his book, we cannot tell. Perhaps he felt that some strong
+affirmations were needed in the case. Probably he agreed with the old
+saying that, if you wish work to be thoroughly done, you had better do
+it yourself. The moral aspect of the matter we leave in the hands of our
+readers for discussion.
+
+In five Latin elegiac couplets of a very neat and polished kind,
+Alexander Ross[172] recommends _The Trissotetras_ to the reader, and
+assures the author that Scotia, whom by his writings he was exalting to
+the stars, looked down upon him with a benignant smile. Ross himself is
+now only known to most of us from the mention made of him in _Hudibras_,
+in the well-known passage--
+
+    "There was an ancient sage philosopher
+    Who had read Alexander Ross over."
+
+It is to be feared that Alexander Ross had not performed the same feat
+with regard to Sir Thomas Urquhart's treatise; for his verses[173] would
+have been equally appropriate if the subject of them had been a
+flying-machine or a water-tricycle invented by his friend.
+
+At the end of the glossary in which the hardest words in _The
+Trissotetras_ are explained, the author addresses a word in season to
+the persons into whose hands his book may fall. He expects that "learned
+and judicious mathematicians" will welcome it, and he promises them more
+of the same kind. His dignified attitude towards carping critics is very
+impressive. "But as for such," he says, "who, either understanding it
+not, or vain-gloriously being accustomed to criticise on the works of
+others, will presume to carp therein at what they cannot amend, I pray
+God to illuminate their judgments and rectifie their wits, that they may
+know more and censure lesse; for so by forbearing detraction, the venom
+whereof must needs reflect upon themselves, they will come to approve
+better of the endeavours of those that wish them no harme."[174]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[151] "EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL. _By Sir Thomas Urchard, Knight._
+London: Printed by Barnard Alsop and Thomas Fawcet, in the Yeare 1641."
+
+[152] It is only fair, however, to Urquhart to remember that his idea of
+an Epigram was probably different from ours. In modern times point or
+"bite" is regarded as essential to such kind of compositions. The
+original idea of them was that they should contain a single distinct
+thought, and be brief enough to serve as inscriptions.
+
+[153] Granger's _Biographical History_, iii, 160.
+
+[154] _Works_, p. 263.
+
+[155] Charles Whibley, _New Review_, July 1897.
+
+[156] A school-girl once wrote in a copy of _Moral Tales_, which she
+used for her Italian lessons, that they were "moral to the last degree."
+The same may be said of Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Moral Epigrams_.
+
+[157] This reminds one of Alice's subtraction sum. "Take a bone from a
+dog. What remains?... The dog's temper would remain" (_Through the
+Looking-Glass_, chap. ix.). A somewhat different and more sombre turn of
+thought than the above was suggested to Southey's Dr Dove by the
+resemblance between the words. "_Woman_," he says, "evidently meaning
+either _man's woe_--or abbreviated from _woe to man_, because by woman
+was woe brought into the world" (_The Doctor_, chap. ccviii.).
+
+[158] The title is as follows:--"_Ten Books of Epigrams: the Curiositie
+whereof, for Conception, stile, instruction, and Other mixtures of show
+and substance, being no lesse fruitfull then [than] pleasing to the
+diligent Peruser, are entitled_ APOLLO _and the_ MUSES. _Written by the
+Right Worshipfull_ SIR THOMAS URCHARD, _Knight_." The volume is now in
+the possession of Professor Ferguson, of Glasgow University. From it our
+specimen of his handwriting is taken.
+
+[159] The title-page, according to the custom of the time, gives a
+somewhat elaborate account of the contents of the volume. It runs as
+follows:--"THE TRISSOTETRAS; Or, _A most Exquisite Table_ for Resolving
+all manner of Triangles, whether plain or sphericall, Rectangular or
+Obliquangular, with greater facility, then [than] ever hitherto hath
+been practised: Most necessary for all such as would attaine to the
+exact knowledge of Fortification, Dyaling, Navigation, Surveying,
+Architecture, the Art of Shadowing, taking of Heights and Distances, the
+use of both the Globes, Perspective, the skill of making Maps, the
+Theory of the Planets, the calculating of their motions, and all other
+Astronomicall Computations whatsoever. Now lately invented, and
+perfected, explained, commented on, and, with all possible brevity and
+perspicuity, in the hiddest and most researched mysteries, from the very
+first grounds of the Science it selfe, proved, and convincingly
+demonstrated. By Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight. Published for
+the benefit of those that are mathematically affected. _London_, Printed
+by James Young. 1645."
+
+[160] _Advancement of Learning._
+
+[161] The italics are ours.
+
+[162] Sir Theodore Martin remarks that this conclusion nearly resembles
+that of Socrates, upon being asked his opinion of the book of Heraclitus
+the Obscure. "Those things," he said, "which I understood were
+excellent; I imagine so were those I understood not; but they require a
+diver of Delos" (_Rabelais_, p. xviii.).
+
+[163] _Works_, p. xvi.
+
+[164] _Works_, pp. 55-57.
+
+[165] _Ibid._ p. 131.
+
+[166] The author of the above sentences is one of the very few persons
+in history or fiction known to us who would have been qualified to join
+in the conversation of the pleasant company in Illyria, when they began
+"to speak of Pigrogromitus, and of the Vapians passing the equinoctial
+of Queubus" (_Twelfth Night_, Act II. Sc. iii.)--the allusion to which
+has caused so many German commentators on Shakespeare to spend sleepless
+nights in their libraries.
+
+[167] John Napier, of Merchiston (1550-1617), who published his
+invention in 1614. Our author calls him Lord Napier, but we are to
+understand the title as simply equivalent to "_laird_." He calls himself
+on one of his title-pages _Baro Merchistonii_, but that phrase is merely
+the designation of the superior of a barony, or lord of a manor. In the
+old Scottish Parliament men of this rank sat as "_lesser barons_."
+
+[168] The subject of logarithms is perhaps one of those things which the
+ordinary render might safely be presumed to know something about. In
+these days of higher education for women, it would be an act of
+impertinence to provide information on this point for that class of our
+readers. The following explanations are, therefore, intended for those
+members of the inferior sex whose education on the mathematical side has
+been neglected. The idea of logarithms arose in the mind of Napier from
+the wish to simplify the processes of multiplication and division, by
+making addition and subtraction take their place. To effect this,
+connect together a series of numbers increasing by arithmetical
+progression with a series increasing by multiplication or by
+mathematical progression.
+
+ Thus: 0.  1.    5.  32.    10.  1024.
+       1.  2.    6.  64.    11.  2048.
+       2.  4.    7. 128.    12.  4096.
+       3.  8.    8. 256.    13.  8192.
+       4. 16.    9. 512.    14. 16384.
+
+To multiply, say, 64 by 256, that is to find the products of the 6th and
+8th powers of 2, we must take the (6+8)th or 14th power, which from the
+table is 16384. To divide 8192 by 256, or the 13th power of 2 by the
+8th, we must take the (13-8)th or 5th power, which from the table is 32.
+By means of this principle calculations can by made by persons whose
+business it is to do so, and stored up apart for use. The vast saving to
+mental labour by this simple and beautiful adjustment of numbers may be
+estimated by a glance at any collection of tables of logarithms. In a
+science like astronomy, progress would be terribly impeded if
+calculations had to be conducted by the ordinary methods.
+
+[169] _Works_, p. 59.
+
+[170] _Ibid._ p. 61.
+
+[171] _Works_, p. 63.
+
+[172] Alexander Ross (1590-1654) was a believer in centaurs and
+griffins, in nations of giants and pygmies, and also, of course, in
+witches. In short, a pretty accurate statement of his intellectual creed
+might be constructed by turning into the articles of a confession of
+faith the list of "Vulgar Errors" controverted by Sir Thomas Browne. It
+is interesting to know that he was probably the last person in Scotland
+who heard the voice of the water-kelpie. "One day," he says, "travelling
+before day with some company near the river Don in Aberdeen, we heard a
+great noise and voices calling to us. I was going to answer, but was
+forbid by my company, who told me they were spirits, who never are heard
+there but before the death of somebody; which fell out too true, for the
+next day a gallant gentleman was drowned, with his horse offering to
+swim over" (Quoted in _Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen_, by J. Bruce).
+
+[173] They begin--
+
+    "Si cupis �therios tut� peragrare meatus,
+    Et sulcare audes si vada salsa maris," etc.
+
+A friend, who knows
+
+         "Himself to sing and build the lofty rhyme,"
+
+has given me the following metrical translation of Ross's verses:--
+
+    "Wouldst thou in safety trace ethereal ways,
+    Or plough with daring keel the briny deep;
+    Shouldst thou earth's wide expanses long to span,
+    Come hither, make this learned book thine own.
+    By it, without D�dalian wings, canst fly,
+    And without Neptune, through the depths canst swim;
+    By it thou canst subdue the Lybian heat,
+    And bear the cruel cold of Scythian skies.
+    On, Thomas! Scotia, whom unto the stars
+    Thy writings raise, will yet rejoice in thee."
+
+[174] _Works_, p. 146. _N.B._--The attention of professional critics is
+respectfully directed to the above passage.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER V
+
+               PANTOCHRONOCHANON, OR THE PEDIGREE
+
+One of the most characteristic of Sir Thomas Urquhart's works is his
+PANTOCHRONOCHANON: or, A Peculiar PROMPTUARY of TIME.[175] This contains a
+complete pedigree of the Urquhart family from the creation of the world
+down to the year A.D. 1652. Prefixed to it is a letter to the reader by
+"a well-wisher," whose initials are G. P., into whose hands the pedigree
+had fallen by mere chance, and who had thought himself bound in duty to
+the public to see it safely through the press. According to the
+statements of this disinterested philanthropist, the work in question
+was but one of a large number of papers of very great importance,
+forming part of the author's baggage, which he had to abandon after the
+battle of Worcester. It is the habit, we know, of impecunious and
+importunate wayfarers to carry about with them documents of interest to
+which they solicit attention; but why a man in Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+position should have gone on a campaign, encumbered by various
+unpublished works in manuscript, it is difficult to say. Perhaps the
+simplest explanation is that he was different from other people.
+
+The soldiers of Cromwell, we were told, made but light of this portion
+of the enemy's baggage, after "the fatal blowe given to the Royal party
+at Worcester"; indeed, but for "a surpassing honest and civil officer of
+Colonel Pride's regiment," the pedigree of the Urquharts would have been
+used by "a file of musquettiers to afford smoak to their pipes of
+tobacco."[176]
+
+The fame of Sir Thomas as an author and as a soldier moved G. P., as he
+tells us, to commit this treatise to the press. With considerable
+ingenuity he remarks that, though the author is now in prison as a
+Royalist, he understands that his position is by no means "so desperate
+as that he thereby will be much endangered." If any doubt up to this
+point existed as to who G. P. might be, it is set at rest by the terms
+in which he pleads for favourable conditions being granted to the
+prisoner. "It is humbly desired," he says, "and, as I believe, from the
+hearts of all that are acquainted with him, that the greatest State in
+the world stain not their glory by being the Atropos to cut the thred of
+that which Saturne's sithe hath not been able to mow in the progress of
+all former ages, especially in the person of him whose inward abilities
+are like to produce effects conducible to the State of as long
+continuance for the future."[177] Only Sir Thomas Urquhart himself had
+the secret of what we may call the "spacious" manner of self-eulogy,
+which by its very grandeur seems lifted up above all such petty feelings
+as pride or vanity.
+
+The concluding passage in the address to the reader is also worth
+quoting, as it illustrates the magnanimous spirit in which the captive
+deprecates severity towards himself on the ground of the injury which
+would thereby redound to the State. "Considering," it says, "how
+formerly he hath been a M�cenas to the scholar, a patron to the
+souldier, a favourer of the marchant, a protector of the artificer, and
+upholder of the yeoman, it were a thousand pities that by the austerity
+of a State, which dependeth in both its _esse_ and _bene esse_ upon the
+flourishing of these worthy professions, effects so advantagious
+thereto, should, by not conferring deserved courtesies on him, be
+extinguished in the very brood."[178]
+
+In the _True Pedigree and Lineal Descent of the Most Ancient and
+Honourable Family of the Urquharts in the House of Cromartie_, we have a
+brief but surprisingly complete history of the family from the time of
+Adam[179] down to A.D. 1652. The line runs through the Sethite and not
+the Cainite branch of the human race, and, among the sons of Noah, it
+passes through Japhet. The story is told of a marginal note being found
+in the history of some ancient Highland family, to the effect that
+"about this time the Flood took place." Something like this is to be
+found in the document before us, for, under the date B.C. 2893, Sir
+Thomas adds to a mention of his ancestor Noah, a remark to the effect
+that "the Universal Deluge occurred in the six hundreth yeer compleat of
+his age."
+
+The good fortune of his ancestors in their inheritances, marriages, and
+friendships is very remarkable. To one of them, Japhet, fell the
+inheritance of "all the regions of Europe"; Japhet's grandson Penuel was
+"a most intimate friend of Nimrod, the mighty hunter and builder of
+Babel"; while his great-grandson Tycheros was chosen by "Orpah, the
+daughter of Sabatius Saga, Prince of the Armenians, to be her husband,
+because of his gallantry and good success in the wars."[180]
+
+The name Urquhart came into use at the comparatively late period of B.C.
+2139, when the family had been in existence for over eighteen hundred
+years. It was first borne by Esormon. "He," we are told, "was soveraign
+Prince of Achaia. For his fortune in the wars, and affability in
+conversation, his subjects and familiars surnamed him ourochartost, that
+is [to] say, fortunate well-beloved. After which time, his posterity
+ever since hath acknowledged him the father of all that carry the name
+of Urquhart.[181] He had for his arms, three banners, three ships, and
+three ladies, in a field _d'or_, with a picture of a young lady above
+the waste, holding in her right hand a brandished sword, and a branch of
+myrtle in the left, for crest; and for supporters, two Javanites, after
+the souldier-habit of Achaia, with this motto in the scroll of his
+coat-armour, tauta ta tria axiotheata; that is, These three are worthy to
+behold. Upon his wife Narfesia, who was soveraign of the Amazons, he
+begot Cratynter."[182]
+
+The habits of the Urquharts to form alliances and friendships with
+persons afterwards famous in sacred and secular history is very marked.
+Thus, one of them, Phrenedon Urquhart, "was in the house of the
+Patriarch Abraham at the time of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrha."
+At a later period, another, named Hypsegoras Urquhart, married a
+daughter of Herculus Lybius; while a descendant of theirs, Pamprosodos
+Urquhart, married Termuth, "who was that daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis
+which found Moses among the bulrushes, and brought him up as if he had
+been her own childe."
+
+Another ancestor, Molin Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1534), married Panthea, "the
+daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha, of whom Ovid maketh mention in the
+first of his Metamorphoses." The genealogist goes on to say that "in
+that part of Africk which, after his name, is till this hour called
+Molinea, by cunning and valour together he killed in one morning three
+lions;[183] the heads whereof, when in a basket, presented to his lady
+Panthea, so terrified her, that (being quick with childe) for putting
+her right hand to her left side, with this sudden exclamation, O
+Hercules, what is this? the impression of three lions' heads was found
+upon the left side of the childe as soon as he was born." In consequence
+of this incident, the three banners, three ships, and three ladies in
+the Urquhart arms were exchanged for three lions' heads.
+
+A century later, we find that Propetes Urquhart married Hypermnestra,
+"the choicest of Danaus' fifty daughters." This must have been some time
+after the little affair happened for which forty-nine of her sisters
+were condemned to draw water in sieves; for, as every schoolboy knows,
+the fifty daughters of Danaus were married to their cousins, the fifty
+sons of �gyptus, and all of them, but one, at the bidding of their
+father, murdered their husbands on the evening of the marriage-day.
+Hypermnestra, however, had pity upon her cousin and husband, Lynceus,
+and spared him.[184] He must have died shortly after, probably from
+natural causes, as it is recorded in the work before us that she married
+Propetes Urquhart, and became the mother of Euplocamos Urquhart.
+
+The thought of what the family to which Hypermnestra belonged were
+capable when their blood was up, must, one would think, have cast a
+slight shadow of apprehension upon the married life of Propetes
+Urquhart. A more cheerful tone must have pervaded that of his descendant
+Cainotomos Urquhart, for he, we are told, "took to wife Thymelica, the
+daughter of Bacchus, in recompense of his having accompanied him in the
+conquest of the Indies." Further interesting particulars, which are not
+elsewhere recorded, are related of this ancestor of Sir Thomas. On his
+return from the expedition in which he assisted Bacchus to conquer
+India, he "passed through the territories of Israel, where, being
+acquainted with Debora the Judge and Prophetess, he received from her a
+very rich jewel, which afterwards by one of his succession was presented
+to Pentasilea, that Queen of the Amazons that assisted the Trojans
+against Agamemnon."
+
+Their son Rodrigo Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1295) was, we are told, invited
+over by his kindred the Clanmolinespick,[185] the principal clan in
+Ireland, and "bore rule there with much applause and good success"--the
+one solitary instance of the kind, we suppose, which is to be found in
+the history of that "most distressful country." "From him," it is said,
+"is descended the Clanrurie,[186] of which name there were twenty-six
+rulers and kings of Ireland before the days of Ferguse the first, King
+of Scots in Scotland."
+
+A slight degree of uncertainty hangs about the identity of the wife of
+Mellessen Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1049). Her name was Nicolia, and before
+her marriage she "travelled from the remote Eastern countries to have
+experience of the wisdom of Solomon, and by many[187] is supposed to
+have been the Queen of Sheba." Her husband, however, must have
+considered that, though she loved wisdom, she had not acquired much of
+it, or, at any rate, of the kind which is needed for bringing up a young
+family; for the historian goes on to say that "Mellessen Urquhart
+nevertheless sent some of his children to Ireland and Britain, to be
+brought up with the best of his own father and mother's kindred."
+
+Amongst other celebrated persons who had the honour of being enrolled
+amongst the ancestors of Sir Thomas Urquhart are Pothina, a niece of
+Lycurgus; �quanima, the sister of Marcus Coriolanus; Diosa, the daughter
+of Alcibiades; and Tortolina, the daughter of King Arthur. It is
+observable that for a good many generations immediately preceding the
+author's time, the ladies who figure in the genealogy are of
+comparatively lowly birth--seldom, indeed, do they reach the rank of
+an earl's daughter. Either the supply of princesses was by this time
+somewhat exhausted, or the demands of the Urquharts were less
+exorbitant. The high-spirited character of the most remarkable scion of
+the family who drew up the genealogy forbids us to think that, with the
+lapse of time, they had suffered any diminution of courage. It rather
+seems as though the world had entered upon a less heroic stage. Perhaps,
+like Sir Thomas Browne in a later age, they had concluded that "it was
+too late to be ambitious, for the great mutations of the world were
+acted."
+
+[Illustration: SCULPTURED STONE AT KINBEAKIE HOUSE]
+
+In the time of Vocompos (A.D. 775) a further change took place in the
+arms of the Urquharts, which gave them their final form. "Vocompos," we
+learn, "was the first in the world that had the bears' heads to his
+arms, being induced to exchange, by the instigation of King Solvatius,
+his arms of three lions' heads, for the three bears' heads, razed,
+because of the great exploit, in presence of the King, done by him and
+his two brothers, in killing, one morning, three wild bears, in the
+Caledonian forrest: the supporters were also changed into two
+greyhounds: the crest and impress remaining still the same as it was
+since the days of Astioremon."[188]
+
+An alleged ancestor of our author, William de Monte Alto (Mouat),[189]
+took part in the patriotic resistance of Scotland against English
+oppression which is associated with the names of Bruce and Wallace, and
+the faint local traditions of that time partly corroborate Urquhart's
+statements. "This William," he says, "caried himself so lovingly towards
+King Robert, that when almost all Scotland was possest by King Edward's
+faction, and his lands at Cromartie altogether overrun by them, and his
+house garrisoned and victualed with three yeers provision of all
+necessaries for one hundred men, he by a stratagem gained the castle,
+and with the matter of fourty men, keept it out against the forces of
+Edward for the space of seven yeers and a half, during which time all
+his lands there were totally wasted, and his woods burnt; so that,
+having nothing then he could properly call his own but the mote-hill
+onely of Cromartie, which he fiercely maintained against the enemies, he
+was agnamed _Gulielmus de Monte Alto_. At last William Wallace came to
+his relief, but, as I conceive, it was the brother's son of the renowned
+William, who in a little den [or hollow] within two miles of Cromartie,
+till this hour called Wallace Den, killed six hundred of King Edward's
+unfortunate forces. Afterwards, raising the siege from about the
+mote-hill of Cromartie by the assistance of his namesake the other
+William, the shire of Cromarty was totally purged of the enemy."[190]
+
+Tradition, according to Hugh Miller, is silent respecting the siege, but
+relates many details of the battle. The Scottish forces lay in ambuscade
+in the ravine or hollow which is still, or was until recently, called by
+Wallace's name, and attacked a large body of English troops on their way
+to join some of their countrymen, who were encamped on the peninsula of
+Easter Ross. The English were surprised and panic-struck, and left six
+hundred dead on the field of battle. The survivors were unacquainted
+with the country, and were under the impression that there was
+continuous land between them and their countrymen on the opposite shore.
+"They were only undeceived," we are told, "when, on climbing the
+southern Sutor, where it rises behind the town, they saw an arm of the
+sea more than a mile in width, and skirted by abrupt and dizzy
+precipices, opening before them. The spot is still pointed out where
+they made their final stand; and a few shapeless hillocks, that may
+still be seen among the trees, are said to have been raised above the
+bodies of those who fell; while the fugitives, for they were soon beaten
+from this position, were either driven over the neighbouring
+precipices, or perished amidst the waves of the Firth."[191]
+
+Sir Thomas does not let us off easily. After subjecting our credulity to
+a severe strain by one kind of statement, he unexpectedly increases the
+tension by another. Thus he says that an ancestor in the fifteenth
+century, Thomas Urquhart, had by his wife Helen Abernethie, daughter of
+Lord Salton, five-and-twenty sons, who grew up to manhood, and eleven
+daughters, all of whom found husbands. It would only have been kind of
+him to have reduced these numbers a little. But on one point he has
+spared us: we are not asked to believe that there were others who died
+in infancy.
+
+In a postscript Sir Thomas Urquhart explains that he has just given his
+readers a sketch of the history of his family, but hopes to furnish them
+with a complete narrative as soon as he obtains his release from his
+parole, and is at liberty to attend to this and to other matters of
+greater importance. The thought of the delightful book in store for
+mankind is so attractive to him that he cannot help dilating upon it.
+"In the great chronicle of the House of Urquhart," he continues, "the
+aforesaid Sir Thomas purposeth, by God's assistance, to make mention of
+the illustrious families from thence descended, which as yet are in
+esteem in the countries of Germany, Bohemia, Italy, France, Spain,
+England, Scotland, Ireland, and several other nations of a warmer
+climate, adjacent to that famous territory of Greece, the lovely mother
+of this most ancient and honourable stem."[192] He also intends not to
+omit the name of any family with which at any time the aforesaid house
+has contracted alliance.
+
+The concluding paragraph is very amusing; for in it our author promises
+to give proof of the statements he has made, by quoting from the works
+of respectable chroniclers of past ages, though the degree of certainty
+which the reader may thereby expect to reach falls short of that given
+by Holy writ or the works of Euclid. "And finally," he says, "for
+confirmation of the truth in deriving of his extraction from the Ionian
+race of the Prince of Achaia, and in the deduction of all the
+considerable particulars of the whole story, [the author] is resolved to
+produce testimonies of Arabick, Greek, Latin, and other writers of such
+authentick approbation, that we may boldly from thence infer
+consequences of no less infallible verity then [than] any that is not
+grounded on faith by means of a Divine illumination, as is the story of
+the Bible, or on reason, by vertue of the unavoidable inference of a
+necessary concluding demonstration, as that of the Elements of Euclid;
+which being the greatest evidence that in any narration of that kinde is
+to be expected, the judicious reader is bid farewel, from whom the
+Author for the time most humbly takes his leave."[193]
+
+It is needless to say that the scheme of filling out the sketch of the
+history of the Urquhart family was never carried out, if ever it had
+been seriously entertained by Sir Thomas; and we are left in ignorance
+of the names of the Arabic, Greek, Latin, and other authors on whose
+testimony our belief in the authenticity of the narrative was to have
+been firmly based. In the absence of this our judgment is left in
+suspense, unless, indeed, we conclude that, as the genealogy begins and
+ends with the names of actual persons,[194] the intermediate part is not
+likely to have been a mere fabrication. If the links are sound in the
+places where we can test them, it requires no very great exercise of
+credulity to believe that they are the same throughout.
+
+Matthew Arnold on one occasion laid down the principle, that a book
+should either "edify the uninstructed," or "inform the instructed." Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's "PANTOCHRONOCHANON" certainly justifies its existence
+according to this standard of judging literature; for if it does not
+serve to edify the uninstructed, it _does_ inform the instructed, since
+the information it contains is not to be found in any other
+quarter.[195]
+
+One's faith in the credibility of his narrative is, however, a little
+shaken by finding that in the second book of his favourite author,
+Rabelais, the genealogy of the giant Pantagruel is carried up to a
+period far beyond the Flood. It may be a mere coincidence, but it is one
+of those coincidences that make us very thoughtful.[196]
+
+At the time when Sir Thomas Urquhart wrote, Scotland was supposed to
+have had a dynasty of kings and a connected political history dating
+far back before the birth of Christ. The impudent fictions of Hector
+Boece, whose history of Scotland was published in 1526, had been
+accepted by the public, and were regarded as genuine facts even by such
+literary personages as Erasmus and Paulus Jovius. Perhaps Sir Thomas
+thought that a credulity which had endured the considerable strain which
+Boece had put upon it might be trusted to bear a still greater weight.
+Indeed, he interwove the story of his family with that which was current
+as the genuine history of his native land.
+
+According to the mythical history of Scotland, Gathelus, a Grecian
+prince, having quarrelled with his father Miol, took refuge in Egypt,
+and married Scota, a daughter of the Pharaoh who perished in the Red
+Sea. The young people came west and founded Portugal (_i.e._ Port of
+Gathelus), and then journeyed north to Scotland, bringing with them, as
+part of their baggage, the coronation-stone yet to be seen in
+Westminster Abbey. Their descendant Fergus, "the father of a hundred
+kings," was the founder of the Scottish monarchy. These shadowy persons
+appear again, "with the moonlight streaming through them," and play
+their parts in the genealogy of the Urquharts.
+
+Some have thought that Sir Thomas believed devoutly in the genealogy
+himself, and was the dupe of his own imagination. One would be sorry to
+form so low an opinion of his mental endowments. If the book in question
+were not an elaborate joke, it can only have been intended to impose
+upon the English people by convincing them of the extraordinary dignity
+and grandeur of their captive. If this were indeed the case, he must
+have had an humbler opinion of the intellectual faculties possessed by
+the average Englishman than even the majority of his fellow-countrymen
+entertain.
+
+A very amusing reference to this book of Sir Thomas Urquhart's is to be
+found in the Decisions of the Court of Session, under date of 23rd to
+25th January, 1706.[197] In that year an action was brought by the Earl
+of Sutherland against the Earls of Crawford, Errol, and Marischal, to
+determine the question of precedency in the rolls of Parliament. The
+pursuer asserted that he was lineally descended from an Earl of
+Sutherland living in 1275, while his opponents' ancestors were not Earls
+till about 1399. The pursuer laid stress upon the fact that, in 1630, a
+formal inquiry into this matter had been held at Inverness, and that the
+decision had been in his favour. The persons who conducted the inquiry
+were, he said, of undoubted credit, and well versed in the particulars
+investigated, and "might have had good information from old men and
+writs, which in the course of time and through accidents had long
+disappeared." The advocate for the defenders replied that the
+"Chancellor of the Inquest" had been Sir Thomas Urquhart, who might have
+traced the pursuer's descent from Noah, as he had deduced his own
+genealogy from Adam, and that the decision arrived at was of no more
+value than "his fanciful derivation of his own pedigree. For the members
+of the Inquest seemed to have sworn rashly upon matters of greater
+antiquity than they could certainly know." "It is true," was the
+pursuer's reply, "the defender in his gaiety objects against Sir Thomas
+Urquhart as an ill genealogist; and it is owned that his derivation from
+Adam and Noah was fantastic enough, and indeed but _lusus ingenii_; but,
+after all, the defender's criticism will not hinder him to pass for a
+most knowing gentleman." The case was decided in favour of the Earl of
+Sutherland, so far as some of his contentions were concerned. But it is
+somewhat curious that his advocate overlooked the fact that the Sir
+Thomas Urquhart of 1630, who had been the "Chancellor of the Inquest,"
+was not the author of the book containing the genealogy of the
+Urquharts, but that it was written by his son. It is quite possible,
+however, that it was a matter of notoriety that the elder Sir Thomas had
+been a believer in the long pedigree which his more famous son had,
+years after, elaborated and published.[198]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[175] The full title of the work is as follows:--PANTOCHRONOCHANON: or, A
+Peculiar PROMPTUARY of TIME; Wherein (not one instant being omitted
+since the beginning of motion) is displayed A most exact DIRECTORY for
+all particular _Chronologies_ in what Family soever: And that by
+deducing the true Pedigree and Lineal descent of the most ancient and
+honourable name of the VRQVHARTS, in the house of CROMARTIE, since the
+Creation of the world, until this present yeer of God, 1652. London,
+Printed for Richard Baddeley, and are to be sold at his shop, within the
+Middle-Temple-Gate, 1652.
+
+[176] _Works_, p. 151.
+
+[177] _Works_, p. 152.
+
+[178] _Ibid._ p. 152.
+
+[179] Poor Sir Thomas thought that he was going back to the beginning
+when he traced his descent up to Adam, or, to be more exact, to the red
+earth of which the "protoplast" was made. The late Charles Darwin
+carried back the pedigree of man a prodigious length, though he lowered
+its quality. There can be little doubt that our author would have
+disdained to accept what used to be called "the lower animals" as, in
+any sense, ancestors of mankind, or, at any rate, of the dignified
+family of Urquhart.
+
+[180] _Works_, p. 156.
+
+[181] In one respect, at any rate, we have legitimate ground of triumph
+over our ancestors--we spell better than they did. Charles Lamb once
+lent a volume of the old dramatists to a friend, and asked him his
+opinion of it. The reply was that it contained a considerable amount of
+bad spelling! The name Urquhart, as thus written, occurs here in Sir
+Thomas's "Pedigree," and is, doubtless, the correct form of the name. In
+the Latinised shape of Urquhardus it occurs on the register of the
+University of Aberdeen, at which our author studied. Yet Urchard seems
+to have been
+
+      "The name our valiant Knight
+    To all his challenges did write."
+
+The unbridled licence in the matter of spelling prevalent at that period
+is still further illustrated by the historian Gordon, who wrote the
+_History of Scots Affairs_, and who gives us the name in the form of
+Wrqhward! This, one would think, was as far as it was possible to get in
+the way of bad spelling, without altogether taking leave of the sounds
+to be expressed by alphabetical signs. After it the spelling Wrwhart, as
+we find it in an Act of Parliament of 1663, seems rather poor.
+
+[182] _Works_, p. 156.
+
+[183] _Works_, p. 159.
+
+[184] Horace gives us the speech in which she told Lynceus of his
+danger, and urged him to make his escape--
+
+    "'Wake!' to her youthful spouse she cried,
+      'Wake! or you yet may sleep too well:
+    Fly--from the father of your bride,
+              Her sisters fell:
+    They, as she-lions bullocks rend,
+      Tear each her victim: I, less hard,
+    Than these, will slay you not, poor friend,
+              Nor hold in ward:
+
+    Me let my sire in fetters lay
+      For mercy to my husband shown:
+    Me let him ship from hence away,
+              To climes unknown.
+    Go; speed your flight o'er land and wave,
+      While Night and Venus shield you; go
+    Be blest: and on my tomb engrave
+              This tale of woe.'"
+
+    _Odes_, iii. 11 (Conington's Translation).
+
+Her sad forebodings concerning her own fate, it is satisfactory to know,
+were not fully realised. Perhaps she was shipped away to Cromartie, or
+Ireland, or Portugal, or Africa, or wherever it was that the head of the
+Urquhart family was then reigning. Instead of Lynceus having the
+melancholy satisfaction of putting an inscription on her tombstone, it
+is probable that she performed that office for him.
+
+[185] Clanmolinespick is, we believe, more correctly
+_clann-maol-an-easbuig_ (the last pronounced _cspick_), and means "the
+clan" or "family of the servant of the bishop." They are probably the
+Irish ancestors of the Macmillans of Knapdale in Argyleshire. The word
+"_maol_," "a tonsured servant," occurs in Malise (_maol-Josa_), "a
+servant of Jesus," a family name of the old Earls of Strathearn; and
+_easbuig_ in Gillespie or Gillespic, "a servant" or "gillie of the
+bishop."
+
+[186] Clanrurie is "the clan" or "family of Roderick." These are the
+Macrories and Fullartons, their eponym having been Rory or Roderick, one
+of the two sons of Reginald, whose father in almost prehistoric times
+was Somerled, Lord of the Isles. They settled in Bute and Arran, and
+about Ardnamurchan and the islands there.
+
+[187] This phrase--"by many"--is very delightful.
+
+[188] _Works_, p. 168. A curious stone lintel now at Kinbeakie gives a
+representation of the Urquhart coat of arms, such as it was in Sir
+Thomas's own time. It was no doubt executed at his orders and under his
+direction, for inscribed on it are the names of some of those worthies
+who appear in the above genealogical history. The representation which
+we give of this stone is from a photograph specially taken for the
+illustration of this work. As the porch in the wall of which the slab is
+set is very narrow, it was impossible, even with the use of a wide-angle
+lens, to get a more satisfactory photograph than that which is here
+reproduced. Our readers will therefore kindly excuse the distortion of
+shape which is only too apparent, and accept as a measure of
+compensation the vividness with which the details of the engraved stone
+are brought out. "This singular relic," says Hugh Miller, "which has,
+perhaps, more of character impressed upon it than any other piece of
+sandstone in the kingdom, is about five feet in length by three in
+breadth, and bears date A.M. 5612, A.C. 1651. On the lower and upper
+edges it is bordered by a plain moulding, and at the ends by belts of
+rich foliage, terminating in a chalice or vase. In the upper corner two
+knights in complete armour on horseback, and with their lances couched,
+front each other, as if in the tilt-yard. Two Sirens playing on harps
+occupy the lower. In the centre are the arms--the charge on the shield
+three bears' heads, the supporters two greyhounds leashed and collared,
+the crest a naked woman holding a dagger and palm, the helmet that of a
+knight, with the beaver partially raised, and so profusely mantled that
+the drapery occupies more space than the shield and supporters, and the
+motto MEANE WEIL, SPEAK WEIL, AND DO WEIL. Sir Thomas's initials, S. T.
+V. C., are placed separately, one letter at the outer side of each
+supporter, one in the centre of the crest, and one beneath the label;
+while the names of the more celebrated heroes of his genealogy, and the
+eras in which they flourished, occupy in the following inscription the
+space between the figures:--ANNO ASTIOREMONIS, 2226; ANNO VOCOMPOTIS,
+3892; ANNO MOLINI, 3199; ANNO RODRICI, 2958; ANNO CHARI, 2219; ANNO
+LUTORCI, 2000; ANNO ESORMONIS, 3804. It is melancholy enough that this
+singular exhibition of family pride should have been made in the same
+year in which the family received its deathblow--the year of Worcester
+battle" (_Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, chap. vii.). The
+arms of the Urquhart family in their later form, as associated with
+those of the Meldrum and Seton families, are given in the 1774 edition
+of the PANTOCHRONOCHANON, and are as follows:--"_Arms_, Or, three
+Bears-heads, erazed, gules, langued azure. _Crest_, a demy Otter issuing
+from the wreath sable, crowned with an antique Crown, or, holding
+betwixt his paws a crescent gules. _Motto_ above, _Per mare et Terras_,
+and below, _Mean, speak, and do well_. _Supporters_, two grayhounds,
+proper collared gules, and leashed." There can be no doubt that the
+Urquhart arms should be the three _bears'_ heads, though they are often
+described as three _boars'_ heads. The records of 1742 and 1760 in the
+Lyon Register make this quite certain. Probably the close resemblance
+between the two words is the principal cause of the confusion with
+regard to the matter which exists. In the sculptured coat of arms, of
+which we give a representation, the heads certainly have a superficial
+resemblance at least to those of boars. A correspondent who takes an
+interest in this question remarks, however, that "though the heads have
+tusks worthy of any boar, they (_i.e._ the heads) are set at right
+angles to the necks in a way in which no boar could be represented." On
+the other hand, the snouts of the animals have that distinctly
+_retrouss�_ shape which we associate with pigs, both wild and
+domesticated. The question is, therefore, not so simple as at first
+sight it appears, and can scarcely be adequately dealt with in a mere
+footnote. Accordingly we leave our readers to discuss and settle the
+difficulty.
+
+[189] See p. 4, _supra_.
+
+[190] _Works_, p. 170.
+
+[191] _Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, Hugh Miller, p. 48.
+This battle is supposed to be mentioned by Blind Harry, who has
+celebrated the achievements of Wallace in the following uncouth lines:--
+
+    "Wallace raid throw the northland into playne.
+    At Crummade feill Inglismen thai slew.
+    The worthi Scottis till hym thus couth persew.
+    Raturnd agayne and come till Abirdeyn,
+    With his blith ost apon the Lammess ewyn"
+
+                              (vii. 1084-88).
+
+[192] _Works_, p. 174.
+
+[193] _Works_, p. 175.
+
+[194] The editor of the 1774 edition of the Tracts of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart says that he had compared the genealogy with the records kept
+by the Lord Lyon of Scotland, which go back as far as the reign of
+Alexander II. (A.D. 1214-1249), and had found it strictly correct from
+that period. In Appendix I., which contains the lists of names of Sir
+Thomas's ancestors, we have taken the liberty of indicating the names on
+which reliance can be placed, by printing them in italics (see p. 211).
+
+[195] Sir Thomas is said to have remarked about "_the Pedigree_," that
+by the first generation of readers it would be received with scoffs,
+that the second generation would have their doubts about it, but that
+the third generation would be heavily inclined to believe it. Time has
+moved somewhat more slowly, however, than he anticipated, and probably
+but few of us have as yet got past the second stage.
+
+[196] In the article on Crichton in the _Biographia Britannica_, Dr
+Kippis subjects our author to grave censure (see p. 158). With respect
+to Urquhart's present work he says: "Of his total disregard to truth
+there is incontestible evidence in another work of his, entitled _The
+True Pedigree_, etc. In this work it is almost incredible what a number
+of falsities he has invented, both with respect to names and facts.
+Perhaps a more flagrant instance of imposture and fiction was never
+exhibited; and the absurdity of the whole pedigree is beyond the power
+of words to express. It can only be felt by those who have perused the
+Tract itself." It is to be feared that Dr Kippis was mentally akin to
+the Irish bishop who remarked of _Gulliver's Travels_ when it appeared,
+that "all was not gospel that was in that book."
+
+Some one has said that the names of Urquhart's ancestors, at any rate on
+the male side, are very likely those of the giants and heathen in the
+_Amadis of Gaul_; and certainly Famongomadan, Cartadaque, Madanfabul,
+Arcalaus, and Basagante remind one of chiefs and heroes of the Cromartie
+line. In the female line the resemblance is much closer; for Asymbleta,
+Eromena, and Gonima distinctly recall the Darioleta, Brisena, and
+Madasima of the romance.
+
+[197] Fountainhall, _Decisions_, ii. 265 and 315; Morrison, _Dictionary
+of Decisions_, xxvii. 11304.
+
+[198] In some ways the elder Sir Thomas reminds us of the pedantic and
+undignified monarch, James VI., from whom he received knighthood. Both
+were the first Protestants of their respective houses, both were
+attached to prelacy rather than to Presbyterianism, and both were
+wasteful and slovenly in money matters. If the above conjecture be well
+founded, they had a further point of resemblance to each other, in their
+interest in fabulous genealogies. And it may be said of them both that
+they prepared a series of misfortunes for their chivalrous,
+high-spirited sons.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VI
+
+ EKSKYBALAURON: or, THE JEWEL, and LOGOPANDECTEISION: or, THE UNIVERSAL
+     LANGUAGE.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's previous excursions into literature had been of a
+somewhat tentative kind, and calculated to whet the desire of a
+judicious reader for him to enter upon more serious undertakings. He had
+appeared in the world of letters in several different aspects,--as a man
+of science, and as the representative and poet, as historian of a family
+which, for long descent and glorious achievements, could not be
+rivalled, if his statements concerning it were to be credited,--but no
+one could forecast, from what he had already published, the nature of
+his next literary exploit.
+
+The volume which followed the Pedigree of the Urquharts has the strange
+name above printed,[199] but most of those who have occasion to mention
+it more than once find it more convenient to call it "The Jewel."[200]
+Its contents are of such a character that one who had read it carefully
+would find it difficult to state off-hand or in a single sentence what
+they were. A Scottish Divinity professor of somewhat erratic habits
+began, on one occasion, a lecture in which he was to deal with several
+miscellaneous items, with the words, "Gentlemen, my subject to-day will
+be hotch-potch." This is an exact description of _The Jewel_, and those
+to whom nature has given the mental apparatus needed for appreciating
+Sir Thomas Urquhart will rejoice and not repine at the fact that the
+feeding laid before them is of a confused character. Accordingly no
+logical sequence will be allowed to mar the symmetry of this chapter in
+which _The Jewel_ is described.
+
+The main contents of the work are lists of the ancestors, male and
+female, of the Urquhart family from the beginning down to the year 1652,
+taken from the Pedigree; a narrative of the sad fate that overtook the
+author's manuscripts after the battle of Worcester; some pages of one of
+them which contained a scheme for a Universal Language; a denunciation
+of the "unjust usurpation of the Presbyterian Clergy, and the judaical
+practices of some merchants" by which discredit had been cast upon the
+Scottish name; an account of Scotsmen famous for martial exploits or for
+learning during the previous half-century; a statement of personal
+wrongs inflicted upon the author by ministers of his own parishes;
+arguments in favour of the union of Scotland and England; and apologies
+for the simple and unadorned strain in which the work is written. All
+through the volume Sir Thomas is spoken of in the third person, and the
+signature of "Christianus Presbyteromastix" is attached to the preface,
+or "the Epistle Liminary," as it is called, but there is scarcely any
+attempt made to keep up the pretence of anonymity. The object of the
+writer is to try to obtain for the prisoner of war restoration to
+complete liberty and the enjoyment of his property, and he seeks to
+correct the evil impression, which the conduct of certain persons in
+Scotland had produced upon the English people, by narrating the martial
+and literary achievements of more worthy representatives of his nation.
+
+The rapidity with which the work had been produced is described by the
+writer in the following terms. "Laying aside all other businesses," he
+says, "and cooping my self up daily for some hours together, betwixt the
+case and the printing press, I usually afforded the setter copy at the
+rate of above a whole printed sheet in the day; which, although by
+reason of the smallness of a Pica letter, and close couching thereof, it
+did amount to three full sheets of my writing; the aforesaid setter,
+nevertheless (so nimble a workman he was), would in the space of
+twenty-four hours make dispatch of the whole, and be ready for another
+sheet. He and I striving thus who should compose fastest, he with his
+hand, and I with my brain; and his uncasing of the letters, and placing
+them in the composing instrument, standing for my conception; and his
+plenishing of the gally, and imposing of the form, encountering with the
+supposed equi-value of my writing, we would almost every foot or so jump
+together in this joynt expedition, and so neerly overtake other in our
+intended course, that I was oftentimes, (to keep him doing), glad to
+tear off parcels of ten or twelve lines apeece, and give him them, till
+more were ready;[201] unto which he would so suddenly put an order,
+that almost still, before the ink of the written letters was dry, their
+representatives were, (out of their respective boxes), ranked in the
+composing-stick; by means of which great haste, I writing but upon the
+loose sheets of cording-quires, which, as I minced and tore them,
+looking like pieces of waste paper, troublesome to get rallyed, after
+such dispersive scattredness, I had not the leisure to read what I had
+written, till it came to a proof, and sometimes to a full revise. So
+that by vertue of this unanimous contest, and joint emulation betwixt
+the theoretick and practical part, which of us should overhye other in
+celerity, we in the space of fourteen working daies compleated this
+whole book, (such as it is), from the first notion of the brain to the
+last motion of the press; and that without any other help on my side,
+either of quick or dead, (for books I had none, nor possibly would I
+have made use of any, although I could have commanded them), then [than]
+what, (by the favour of God), my own judgment and fancy did suggest unto
+me."[202]
+
+The account which our author gives of the plunder of his manuscripts
+after the battle of Worcester, and of the strange series of accidents by
+which some of the documents which make up _The Jewel_ were preserved, is
+so odd and amusing that it would be a pity to deprive our readers of it,
+though it is related by Sir Thomas at great length. "No sooner," he
+says, "had the total rout of the regal party at Worcester given way to
+the taking of that city, and surrendring up of all the prisoners to the
+custody of the marshal-general and his deputies, but the liberty,
+customary at such occasions to be connived at in favours of a victorious
+army, imboldened some of the new-levied forces of the adjacent counties
+to confirm their conquest by the spoil of the captives. For the better
+atchievement of which designe, not reckoning those great many others
+that in all the other corners of the town were ferreting every room for
+plunder, a string or two of exquisite snaps and clean shavers
+[snappers-up and plunderers?] (if ever there were any), rushing into
+Master Spilsbury's house, (who is a very honest man, and hath an
+exceeding good woman to his wife), broke into an upper chamber, where
+finding, (besides scarlet cloaks, buff suits, arms of all sorts, and
+other such rich chaffer, at such an exigent escheatable to the
+prevalent soldier[203]), seven large portmantles ful of precious
+commodity; in three whereof, after a most exact search for gold, silver,
+apparel, linen, or any whatever adornments of the body, or pocket
+implements, as was seized upon in the other four, not hitting on any
+things but manuscripts in folio, to the quantity of six score and eight
+quires and a half, divided into six hundred fourty and two quinternions
+and upwards, the quinternion consisting of five sheets, and the quire of
+five and twenty; besides some writings of suits in law, and bonds, in
+both worth above three thousand pounds English, they in a trice carried
+all whatever els was in the room away save those papers, which they then
+threw down on the floor as unfit for their use; yet immediately
+thereafter, when upon carts the aforesaid baggage was put to be
+transported to the country, and that by the example of many hundreds of
+both horse and foot, whom they had loaded with spoil, they were
+assaulted with the temptation of a new booty, they apprehending how
+useful the paper might be unto them, went back for it, and bore it
+straight away; which done, to every one of those their camarads whom
+they met with in the streets, they gave as much thereof, for packeting
+up of raisins, figs, dates, almonds, caraway, and other such like dry
+confections and other ware, as was requisite; who, doing the same
+themselves, did together with others kindle pipes of tobacco with a
+great part thereof, and threw out all the remainder upon the
+streets....
+
+"Of those dispersedly-rejected bundles of paper, some were gathered up
+by grocers, druggists, chandlers, pie-makers, or such as stood in need
+of any cartapaciatory utensil, and put in present service, to the utter
+undoing of all the writing thereof, both in its matter and order. One
+quinternion, nevertheless, two days after the fight on the Friday
+morning, together with two other loose sheets more, by vertue of a
+drizelling rain, which had made it stick fast to the ground, where there
+was a heap of seven and twenty dead men lying upon one another, was by
+the command of one Master Braughton taken up by a servant of his; who,
+after he had (in the best manner he could) cleansed it from the mire and
+mud of the kennel, did forthwith present it to the perusal of his
+master; in whose hands it no sooner came, but instantly perceiving by
+the periodical couching of the discourse, marginal figures, and breaks
+here and there, according to the variety of the subject, that the whole
+purpose was destinated for the press, and by the author put into a garb
+befitting either the stationer or printer's acceptance; yet because it
+seemed imperfect, and to have relation to subsequent tractates, he made
+all the enquiry he could for trial whether there were any more such
+quinternions or no; by means whereof he got full information that above
+three thousand sheets of the like paper, written after that fashion, and
+with the same hand, were utterly lost and imbezzeled, after the manner
+aforesaid; and was so fully assured of the misfortune, that to gather up
+spilt water, comprehend the windes within his fist, and recover those
+papers again, he thought would be a work of one and the same labour and
+facility."[204]
+
+The anonymous personage who gives the above account says that he heard
+of Mr Braughton's discovery of these remarkable documents, and also of
+"the great moan made for the loss of Sir Thomas Urquhart's manuscripts,"
+and, putting the two facts together, resolved to ask Sir Thomas if the
+papers found at Worcester belonged to him. He examined them, and
+identified them as part of the preface to a grammar and lexicon of a
+Universal Language, of which he was the inventor. The loss of a work of
+such a size and of such great importance did not greatly depress him. He
+stated that if he got but encouragement and time, freedom and the
+enjoyment of his ancestral estates, he doubted not but that he could
+supply the missing sheets--the originals of which had come to such base
+uses and disastrous fate at Worcester. The papers, therefore, found by
+Mr Braughton are published in order that the readers may see the
+reasonableness of giving Sir Thomas what he asked, in view of the
+astounding benefits which he would in return confer upon them. This is
+put with great clearness and brevity in a couplet prefixed to the above
+narrative:
+
+    "He should obtain all his desires,
+    Who offers more than he requires."
+
+The fragment of the treatise concerning the Universal Language, which
+was picked up out of the gutter of Worcester streets, wiped clean, and
+presented to the public in _The Jewel_, was republished with additions
+in Sir Thomas Urquhart's next work, so that we may here pass it over
+without further notice and allude to some of the other matters treated
+of.
+
+In order to vindicate the honour of his country, Sir Thomas Urquhart
+tells at considerable length of the fame won by various compatriots of
+his in war in every part of Europe, during the earlier half of the
+seventeenth century, and he draws the attention of his readers to the
+fact that, at no battle in the period named, were all the Scots that
+fought overthrown and totally routed. The explanation of this statement
+is that there were always Scots on both sides, so that, if some were
+defeated and taken prisoners, others of that nation were victorious and
+givers of quarter. This part of the work is of great historical value,
+and, as Burton remarks, is not liable to the reproach of Urquhart's
+usual wandering profuseness of language--its leading defect, on the
+other hand, being its too great resemblance at times to a muster-roll.
+
+The choicest and most remarkable passage in Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+original works is, undoubtedly, the description he gives in _The Jewel_
+of his fellow-countryman "the Admirable Crichton," who belonged to the
+latter part of the sixteenth century. In an appendix[205] our readers
+may find a long extract from it, in which that hero's feats are related.
+But for fear of making the appendices out of all proportion to the size
+of this volume, the whole sketch might have been given. To most people
+the name of "the Admirable Crichton" is now a mere proverbial phrase to
+describe a universal genius, and whether the person who bore it is a
+historical or a mythical character, is a matter of some uncertainty. If
+any who are possessed of only this amount of information on the subject
+seek for more by reading our author's description of Crichton, the
+probability is that they will decide that he is quite mythical. The
+extraordinary flightiness, turgidity, and bombast which mark the
+narrative, in spite of its many conspicuous merits, make it seem a mere
+piece of burlesque, rather than a genuine history;[206] and yet there is
+ample evidence of an unimpeachable kind of the truthfulness of the main
+statements which it contains. Sir Thomas Urquhart's narrative was for a
+long time one of the principal sources of information concerning the
+brilliant young Scotchman, and the result was that a general disbelief
+in the whole history became prevalent.[207] As Burton says, "It was
+from the hands of Sir Thomas Urquhart that the world accepted of an idol
+which, after a period of worship, it cast down, but so hastily, as it
+was discovered, that it had again to be set up, but rather in surly
+justice than the old devout admiration."[208] Tytler, in his _Life of
+the Admirable Crichton_, gives full proof from contemporary writers that
+the accomplishments and feats ascribed to that personage are authentic.
+
+James Crichton was born in 1560, of a noble family, at Eliock, in
+Perthshire. At the age of ten he became a student at St. Andrews, then
+the most famous university in Scotland. Before he was fifteen years of
+age he graduated as Master of Arts, and stood third in order of merit
+among the students of his year. After leaving the university he spent
+three years in the pursuit of learning, devoting himself to one after
+another of the various branches of the science and philosophy of his
+time, until he had gone through nearly the whole of them; and, by force
+of natural ability, aided, no doubt, by intense application, he acquired
+the use of ten different languages.
+
+Some time probably in the year 1578 he began his foreign travels, with
+the desire not only to enlarge his experience of the world, but also to
+display the extent of his learning in those public disputations which
+were still in fashion at the continental universities. In form and
+countenance he is said to have been a perfect model of manly beauty;
+whilst in all the accomplishments of his time he was as well versed as
+in the branches of learning. He was a skilful swordsman, a bold rider, a
+graceful dancer, a sweet singer, and a cultivated musician. Soon after
+his arrival in Paris he set up, in accordance with a custom of the time,
+in various parts of the city, challenges to literary and philosophic
+disputation, and announced that he would present himself on a certain
+day at the College of Navarre, to answer any questions that might be put
+to him "in any science, liberal art, discipline, or faculty, whether
+practical or theoretic," and this in any one of twelve specified
+languages--Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French,
+Italian, English, Dutch, Flemish, or Selavonian. Our readers may find in
+the appendix a full narrative in Sir Thomas Urquhart's inimitable style
+of this extraordinary episode. Though Crichton seemed to make no
+preparation for the learned encounter, to which he had challenged the
+most scholarly men in France, he acquitted himself in such a manner as
+to astonish all beholders, and to receive the congratulations of the
+president and professors of the University of Paris. From this display
+of his intellectual powers and acquirements, as well as from the
+brilliant figure he cut at the balls and tournaments, which were such
+favourite employments of the Court of France at that time, he acquired
+the title by which he is now universally known--that of "the Admirable
+Crichton."[209]
+
+It is worth while to compare the passage in Rabelais which describes the
+similar feats of the giant Pantagruel with the account Sir Thomas
+Urquhart gives of Crichton's intellectual tournaments.[210] To us there
+seems something very ridiculous in the practice of posting up placards
+on the walls, challenging all-comers to disputation, but in the
+sixteenth century it would not necessarily appear in this light.
+Rabelais, indeed, laughed at it; but then he laughed at many things
+which the people of his time did not think absurd. John Hill Burton is
+of the opinion that Sir Thomas Urquhart, in describing the way in which
+Crichton conducted himself on the field which had witnessed Pantagruel's
+feats, had the ridicule of Rabelais in view, and that, in spite of his
+laudations, we cannot help having the impression that his tongue is all
+the time in his cheek. We think that this is unfair to Sir Thomas. There
+is no reason why those who looked on in admiration at a real tournament
+should not also enjoy seeing a burlesque one. So that it is quite
+possible that our author smiled while he translated the French satire,
+and that he glowed with honest pride and admiration as he recounted his
+fellow-countryman's exploits before the University of Paris.
+
+After serving for a couple of years in the French army, Crichton
+journeyed into Italy, and in the month of August, 1580, arrived in
+Venice. He made the acquaintance of the famous printer, Aldus Manutius,
+who introduced him to the principal men of learning and note in that
+city. Here he maintained the reputation he had acquired in Paris, and
+lives of him were written and published. From Venice he proceeded to
+Padua, and from thence to the Court of Mantua, where the adventure
+occurred with which Sir Thomas Urquhart begins the narrative of his
+celebrated fellow-countryman's exploits, namely, the defeat and death of
+the travelling bravo, whose challenge he had accepted. Sir Thomas is the
+only authority for this incident in Crichton's history. As there is no
+reason to believe that he invented it, we are at liberty to suppose that
+he found it in some one of the lives of Crichton which he met with in
+his Italian travels, but which has not come down to us, or that he heard
+of it from some of those who witnessed it. For, as Urquhart was born
+only twenty-three years after Crichton's death, he must, in the course
+of his continental travels, have met some who were his contemporaries.[211]
+
+In consequence of this achievement, and also of the brilliant reputation
+acquired by Crichton, he was appointed by the Duke of Mantua, companion
+and tutor to his son, Vincenzio de Gonzaga, a young man of some literary
+culture, but of furious temper and dissolute morals. Very soon after,
+Crichton met his death in a tragical manner. He was walking home one
+evening in the streets of Mantua, from a visit to his mistress, and was
+playing a guitar, when suddenly he was attacked by a riotous party of
+men in masks, whom, however, he speedily put to flight. He seized the
+leader of the party, overpowered him, and tore off his mask, and found
+to his horror that it was his own pupil, the son of the Duke of Mantua.
+He instantly dropped upon one knee, and, in a spirit of romantic
+devotion, took his sword by the blade, and presented its hilt to the
+prince. Vincenzio, heated with wine, irritated at his discomfiture, and
+also, it is said by some, inspired by jealousy, took the sword and
+plunged it into Crichton's heart. The brilliant young Scotsman was but
+twenty-two years of age when he thus met his fate.
+
+The narrative which Sir Thomas Urquhart gives of the death of his hero
+is marked by the same richness of description as is to be found in the
+account of his exploits as a scholar, a swordsman, and an actor. In
+language of astonishing luxuriance and frequent happiness of phrase, he
+enlarges upon the incidents of the last evening of Crichton's life, and
+depicts the tender intercourse of the lovers before the sudden and
+bloodly close of their courtship. With a minuteness which, as Tytler
+remarks, reminds one of the multitude of particulars by the enumeration
+of which Mrs Quickly sought to bring to Falstaff's remembrance his
+promise to marry her,[212] Sir Thomas Urquhart depicts the lovers in the
+"alcoranal paradise" in which they were embowered on that evening.
+"Nothing," he says, "tending to the pleasure of all the senses was
+wanting; the weather being a little chil and coldish, they on a blue
+velvet couch sate by one another towards a char-coale fire burning in a
+silver brasero, whilst in the next room adjacent thereto a pretty little
+round table of cedar wood was a covering for the supping of them two
+together; the cates prepared for them, and a week before that time
+bespoke, were of the choisest dainties and most delicious junkets that
+all the territories of Italy were able to afford, and that deservedly,
+for all the Romane Empire could not produce a completer paire to taste
+them."[213]
+
+A tragical note rings through the description of the lamentation of the
+hapless girl over her murdered lover. "She, rending her garments and
+tearing her haire, like one of the Graces possest with a Fury, spoke
+thus: 'O villains! what have you done? you vipers of men, that have thus
+basely slaine the valiant Crichtoun, the sword of his own sexe and the
+buckler of ours, the glory of this age, and restorer of the lost honour
+of the Court of Mantua: O Crichtoun, Crichtoun!'"[214]
+
+The sequel of the story is in the same vein of florid eloquence. "The
+whole court," says Sir Thomas, "wore mourning for him full three
+quarters of a yeer together. His funeral was very stately, and on his
+hearse were stuck more epitaphs, elegies, threnodies, and epicediums,
+then [than], if digested into one book, would have outbulk't all Homer's
+works; some of them being couched in such exquisite and fine Latin, that
+you would have thought great Virgil, and Baptista Mantuanus, for the
+love of their mother-city, had quit the Elysian fields to grace his
+obsequies; and other of them, besides what was done in other languages,
+composed in so neat Italian, and so purely fancied, as if Ariosto,
+Dante, Petrark, and Bembo had been purposely resuscitated, to stretch
+even to the utmost their poetick vein to the honour of this brave man;
+whose picture till this hour is to be seen in the bed-chambers or
+galleries of the most of the great men of that nation, representing him
+on horseback, with a lance in one hand and a book in the other; and most
+of the young ladies likewise, _that were anything handsome_,[215] in a
+memorial of his worth, had his effigies in a little oval tablet of gold
+hanging 'twixt their breasts, and held, for many yeers together, that
+metamazion, or intermammilary ornament, an as necessary outward pendicle
+for the better setting forth of their accoutrements, as either fan,
+watch, or stomacher. My lord Duke, upon the young lady that was
+Crichtoun's mistres and future wife, although she had good rents and
+revenues of her own by inheritance, was pleased to conferr a pension of
+five hundred ducats a yeer. The Prince also bestowed as much on her
+during all the days of his life, which was but short, for he did not
+long enjoy himself after the cross fate of so miserable an accident. The
+sweet lady, like a turtle bewailing the loss of her mate, spent all the
+rest of her time in a continual solitariness."[216]
+
+After giving a long list of his fellow-countrymen who had won fame in
+foreign lands by their valour, learning, or skill, in order to put to
+silence those who maligned his nation, Sir Thomas Urquhart takes up a
+less pleasing topic--that of contemporary politics. In the plainest and
+most forcible manner he repudiates the whole policy of the dominant
+party in Scotland, and declares that a true Royalist or Malignant like
+himself had much more in common with an Independent, than either of them
+had with a Presbyterian; and he enlarges upon the turbulent disloyalty
+with which so many of the last-named party had, in his opinion,
+conducted themselves towards their sovereigns since Queen Mary's time,
+evidently in forgetfulness for the moment that his newly-found friends,
+the Independents, had executed Charles I. and abolished monarchy.
+
+His account of the mode in which the Presbyterian or "Consistorian"
+party were in the habit of treating their kings is very amusing. "Of a
+king," he says, "they onely make use for their own ends, and so they
+will of any other supreme magistracie that is not of their own erection.
+Their kings are but as the kings of Lacedemon, whom the Ephors presumed
+to fine for any small offence; or as the puppy [puppet] kings, which,
+after children have trimmed with bits of taffata, and ends of silver
+lace, and set them upon wainscoat cupboards besides marmalade and
+sugar-cakes, are often times disposed of, even by those that did pretend
+so much respect unto them, for a two-peny custard, a pound of figs, or
+mess of cream. Verily, I think they make use of kings in their
+Consistorian State, as we do of card kings in playing at the hundred;
+any one whereof, if there be appearance of a better game without him,
+and that the exchange of him for another incoming card is like to
+conduce more for drawing of the stake, is by good gamesters without any
+ceremony discarded: or as the French on the Epiphany-day use their _Roy
+de la Febre_, or king of the bean; whom, after they have honoured with
+drinking of his health, and shouting _Le Roy boit, le Roy boit_, they
+make pay for all the reckoning; not leaving him sometimes one peny,
+rather then [than] that the exorbitancie of their debosh should not be
+satisfied to the full. They may be likewise said to use their king as
+the players at nine-pins do the middle kyle, which they call the king;
+at whose fall alone they aim, the sooner to obtain the gaining of their
+prize; or as about Christmas we do the King of Misrule, whom we invest
+with that title to no other end but to countenance the bacchanalian
+riots and preposterous disorders of the family where he is installed.
+The truth of all this appears by their demeanour to Charles the Second,
+whom they crowned their king at Sterlin, and who, though he be for
+comeliness of person, valour, affability, mercy, piety, closeness of
+counsel, veracity, foresight, knowledge, and other vertues both moral
+and intellectual, in nothing inferior to any of his hundred and ten
+predecessors, had nevertheless no more rule in effect over the
+Presbyterian Senate of Scotland, then [than] any of the six foresaid
+mock-kings had above those by whom they were dignified with the
+splendour of royal pomp."[217]
+
+The passage in _The Jewel_ which tells of the faults of the clergy, as
+illustrated by the conduct of the ministers of the parishes of which Sir
+Thomas was patron, has already been given in these pages, and therefore
+need not be repeated here; but room must be found for the paragraph in
+which he denounces those who by their covetousness had cast a slur upon
+the Scottish name. The art of writing such English perished with him,
+its inventor; and one cannot be too thankful for such a passage as the
+following. "Another thing there is," he says, "that fixeth a grievous
+scandal upon that nation in matter of philargyrie, or love of money, and
+it is this: There hath been in London, and repairing to it, for these
+many years together, a knot of Scotish bankers, collybists, or
+coine-coursers, of traffickers in merchandise to and againe, and of men
+of other professions, who by hook and crook, _fas et nefas_, slight and
+might, (all being as fish their net could catch), having feathered their
+nests to some purpose, look so idolatrously upon their Dagon of wealth,
+and so closely, (like the earth's dull center), hug all unto themselves,
+that for no respect of vertue, honour, kinred, patriotism, or whatever
+else, (be it never so recommendable), will they depart from so much as
+one single peny, whose emission doth not, without any hazard of loss, in
+a very short time superlucrate beyond all conscience an additionall
+increase to the heap of that stock which they so much adore; which
+churlish and tenacious humor hath made many that were not acquainted
+with any else of that country, to imagine all their compatriots infected
+with the same leprosie of a wretched peevishness, whereof those
+_quomodocunquizing_ clusterfists and rapacious varlets have given of
+late such cannibal-like proofs, by their inhumanity and obdurate
+carriage towards some, (whose shoe-strings they are not worthy to unty),
+that were it not that a more able pen then [than] mine will assuredly
+not faile to jerk them on all sides, in case, by their better demeanour
+for the future, they endeavour not to wipe off the blot wherewith their
+native country, by their sordid avarice and miserable baseness, hath
+been so foully stained, I would at this very instant blaze them out in
+their names and surnames, notwithstanding the vizard of Presbyterian
+zeal wherewith they maske themselves, that like so many wolves, foxes,
+or Athenian Timons, they might in all times coming be debarred the
+benefit of any honest conversation."[218]
+
+After suggesting a number of ways in which the tone of society in
+Scotland might be raised and sweetened--one of which is the
+establishment of "a free schoole and standing library in every
+parish"[219]--Sir Thomas proceeds to argue in a very sensible and
+convincing manner for complete union between Scotland and England. The
+subject is introduced by lengthy quotations from speeches by Bacon,
+delivered by him in Parliament as far back as the year 1608, in which
+the advantages of such an arrangement are set forth.
+
+The style of our author is seen at its worst in the peroration to _The
+Jewel_, in which he apologizes for the comparative simplicity, if not
+baldness, by which, in the opinion of some, it might be thought to be
+characterised. "I could truly," he says, "have enlarged this discourse
+with a choicer variety of phrase, and made it overflow the field of the
+reader's understanding, with an inundation of greater eloquence; and
+that one way, tropologetically, by metonymical, ironical, metaphorical,
+and synecdochical instruments of elocution, in all their several kinds,
+artificially affected, according to the nature of the subject, with
+emphatical expressions in things of great concernment, with
+catachrestical in matters of meaner moment; attended on each side
+respectively with an epiplectick and exegetick modification; with
+hyperbolical, either epitatically or hypocoristically, as the purpose
+required to be elated or extenuated, with qualifying metaphors, and
+accompanied by apostrophes; and lastly, with allegories of all sorts,
+whether apologal, affabulatory, parabolary, �nigmatick, or par�mial. And
+on the other part, schematologetically adorning the proposed theam with
+the most especial and chief flowers of the garden of rhetorick, and
+omitting no figure either of diction or sentence, that might contribute
+to the ear's enchantment, or perswasion of the hearer. I could have
+introduced, in case of obscurity, synonymal, exargastick, and
+palilogetick elucidations; for sweetness of phrase, antimetathetick
+commutations of epithets; for the vehement excitation of a matter,
+exclamation in the front, and epiphonemas in the reer. I could have
+used, for the promptlier stirring up of passion, apostrophal and
+prosopopoeiel diversions; and, for the appeasing and settling of them,
+some epanorthotick revocations, and aposiopetick restraines. I could
+have inserted dialogismes, displaying their interrogatory part with
+communicatively pysmatick and sustentative flourishes; or proleptically,
+with the refutative schemes of anticipation and subjection, and that
+part which concerns the responsory, with the figures of permission and
+concession. Speeches extending a matter beyond what it is, auxetically,
+digressively, transitiously, by ratiocination, �tiology, circumlocution,
+and other wayes, I could have made use of; as likewise with words
+diminishing the worth of a thing, tapinotically, periphrastically, by
+rejection, translation, and other meanes, I could have served
+myself."[220]
+
+He goes on for a long time in this strain, and is at pains to explain
+that, if the work had been written in this more elaborate manner, it
+would not necessarily have been found tedious even by young ladies. "I
+could have presented it to the imagination," he says, "in so spruce a
+garb, that spirits blest with leisure, and free from the urgency of
+serious employments, would happily have bestowed as liberally some few
+houres thereon as on the perusal of a new-coined romance, or strange
+history of love adventures. For although the figures and tropes above
+rehearsed seem in their _actu signato_, (as they signifie meer notional
+circumstances, affections, adjuncts, and dependencies on words), to be a
+little pedantical, and to the smooth touch of a delicate ear somewhat
+harsh and scabrous, yet in their exerced act, (as they suppone for
+things reduplicatively as things in the first apprehension of the minde,
+by them signified), I could, even in far abstruser purposes, have so
+fitly adjusted them with apt and proper termes, and with such
+perspicuity couched them, as would have been suitable to the capacities
+of courtiers and young ladies,[221] whose tender hearing, for the most
+part, being more taken with the insinuating harmony of a well-concerted
+period, in its isocoletick and parisonal members, then [than] with the
+never-so-pithy a fancy of a learned subject, destitute of the
+illustriousness of so pathetick ornaments, will sooner convey perswasion
+to the interior faculties from the ravishing assault of a
+well-disciplined diction, in a parade of curiously-mustered words in
+their several ranks and files then [than] by the vigour and fierceness
+of never so many powerful squadrons of a promiscuously-digested
+elocution into bare logical arguments; for the sweetness of their
+disposition is more easily gained by undermining passion then [than]
+storming reason, and by the musick and symmetry of a descourse in its
+external appurtenances, then [than] by all the puissance imaginary of
+the ditty or purpose disclosed by it."[222]
+
+The last of Sir Thomas Urquhart's original works was his
+"LOGOPANDECTEISION, or an INTRODUCTION TO THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE," a
+portion of which, as already mentioned, had been embedded in the
+conglomerate mass of _The Jewel_. The idea of a universal language was
+not originated by Urquhart, for it is said that something of the kind
+had been planned a generation earlier by the celebrated William Bedell
+(1570-1642), the Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, who is better known for
+promoting the translation of the Bible into the Irish tongue. We are
+told by Burnet, who wrote his life, that he had in his diocese a
+clergyman named Johnston, a man of ability, but, unfortunately, of
+"mercurial wit." In order to give him adequate employment, and to keep
+him, we suppose, out of mischief, Bedell planned out a scheme for a
+universal character, which should be understood by all nations as
+readily as the Arabic numerals or the figures in geometry, and started
+Johnston upon the task of completing it. He made, we are told,
+considerable progress with the scheme, but his labours were interrupted,
+and the results of them destroyed, by the frightful rebellion of 1641.
+
+The _Logopandecteision_[223] is divided into six books, which bear names
+of the remarkable kind which seem to come so readily to Urquhart's
+tongue, and are so hard to be compassed by the tongues of others. The
+"Epistle Dedicatorie" is an elaborate piece of writing, and is animated
+by considerable bitterness of spirit. It is addressed to Nobody--the
+person who has assisted him in his labours, pitied him in his sorrows,
+and relieved him in his penury. It is only the first book--entitled
+"Neaudethaumata, or Wonders of the New Speech"--which makes a pretence
+of dealing with the professed subject of the volume, and of laying the
+great scheme before the reader. Much to the gratification of the
+judicious student of the work, Urquhart rambles off in the remaining
+books into autobiographical details, from which we have already gleaned
+heavily in the earlier chapters of this volume, and the only connexion
+between them and the Universal Language is that they show the
+difficulties which prevented the author from carrying out his plan. The
+sources from which these difficulties arose are vaguely indicated in the
+titles of the books: thus, the second is called "Chrestasebeia, or
+Impious Dealing of Creditors"; the third, "Cleronomaporia, or the
+Intricacy of a Distressed Successor or Apparent Heir"; the fourth,
+"Chryseomystes, or the Covetous Preacher"; and the fifth,
+"Neleodicastes, or the Pitiless Judge." While the sixth book is entitled
+"Philoponauxesis, or Furtherance of Industry," and tells of the
+marvellous benefits which would accrue to all branches of trade,
+manufacture, and industry in Scotland, if the writer's demands were
+granted, and he were at liberty to carry out the multitudinous schemes
+with which his mind was filled. The volume concludes with requests or
+"proquiritations" from thirty-two distinct petitioners, who modestly
+conceal themselves from public notice under the shelter of the initial
+letters of their names, that the State would, for the various weighty
+reasons which they allege, grant the desire of Sir Thomas to be set
+free, and to be established in possession of the estates and honours
+which his family had enjoyed from time immemorial. This section of the
+work suggests failure in ingenuity on the part of the author, for few
+persons above the condition of idiocy could surely be found capable of
+believing that the reasons and initials alike were anything else than
+the concoction of Sir Thomas himself.
+
+Very slight indeed can be the notice which we are able to give of the
+proposed Universal Language, the description of which, as set forth in
+the early part of the _Logopandecteision_, is more like an incoherent
+dream than anything else. There is no evidence that Sir Thomas Urquhart
+ever really made a grammar or vocabulary of the new language. Indeed, he
+writes about it in such a manner as to lead one to think that he had
+made no way in the real working out of the scheme, but merely dreamed of
+what he was going to do. In the new tongue which was to supersede all
+others there were to be twelve parts of speech, all words would have at
+least ten synonyms, nouns and pronouns would have eleven cases and four
+numbers--singular, dual, plural, and redual--and verbs would have four
+voices, seven moods, and eleven tenses. "In this tongue," says the
+author, "there are eleven genders,[224] wherein," he truthfully adds,
+"it exceedeth all other languages." "Every word in this language," we
+are told, "signifieth as well backward as forward, and however you
+invert the letters, still shall you fall upon significant words, whereby
+a wonderful facility is obtained in making of anagrams.... Of all
+languages, this is the most compendious in complement, and consequently
+fittest for courtiers and ladies.... As its interjections are more
+numerous, so are they more emphatical in their respective expression of
+passions, then [than] that part of speech is in any other language
+whatsoever."[225] And finally Sir Thomas vouches for its conciseness in
+a hyperbole which it would be difficult to excel. "This language," he
+says, "affordeth so concise words for numbering, that the number for
+setting down, whereof would require in vulgar arithmetic more figures in
+a row then [than] there might be grains of sand containable from the
+center of the earth to the highest heavens, is in it expressed by two
+letters."[226] A considerable revenue might be secured if the rule found
+at the end of some of Grimm's _Household Tales_ were applied to this
+statement, and strictly enforced: "Whosoever does not believe this must
+pay a thaler." In a very innocent manner our author excuses himself for
+the extravagant praise he has poured out upon his own invention. "Why it
+is," he exclaims, "I should extoll the worth thereof, without the
+jeopardy of vaine glory, the reason is clear and evident, being
+necessitated ... to merchandise it for the redintegrating of an ancient
+family, it needeth not be thought strange, that in some measure I
+descend to the fashion of the shop-keepers, who, to scrue up the buyer
+to the higher price, will tell them no better can be had for mony, 'tis
+the choicest ware in England, and if any can match it, he shall have it
+for nought.... [And so] I went on in my laudatives, to procure the
+greater longing, that an ardent desire might stir up an emacity [a
+propensity to buy], to the furtherance of my proposed end." One is
+obliged sadly to assent to his further statement about such
+conduct--"whereof ... there wanteth not store of presidents
+[precedents]."[227]
+
+Hugh Miller, animated by the patriotic zeal which prompts one North
+Briton to stand by another, and with the desire to make out the best
+case possible for one who was not only a fellow-countryman, but also a
+fellow-townsman, speaks in high terms of Urquhart's inventive powers as
+displayed in the _Logopandecteision_. "The new chemical vocabulary," he
+says, "with all its philosophical ingenuity, is constructed on
+principles exactly similar to those which he divulged more than a
+hundred years prior to its invention, in the preface to his Universal
+Language."[228] This is a statement which it is rather difficult to
+understand. The only indication of the nature of the new tongue which we
+can glean from Sir Thomas's description of it, is that every letter of
+every word in it would have a meaning, so that when anyone who knew the
+principles of the language heard a word for the first time, he would
+understand it.[229] Now, of course, it is true that anyone who knows the
+principle of the nomenclature of salts, to which, we suppose, Hugh
+Miller refers, can tell a good deal about a salt from the name of it,
+say, nitrate of potassium, KNO_{3}, but it would be impossible to invent
+a systematic nomenclature of which this would not be true.
+
+The same author is also very much impressed by the fact that the new
+language was to contain the dual, and regards this, on Lord Monboddo's
+authority, as a proof of philosophical acumen on the part of the
+inventor. He does not take any notice of the "redual," which the
+language was also to contain, and which might have been taken as an
+indication of double-distilled wisdom. Lord Monboddo (1714-1799) says of
+the Greek language that if there "were nothing else to convince him of
+its being a work of philosophers and grammarians, its dual number would
+of itself be sufficient; for as certainly as the principles of body are
+the point, the line, and the surface, the principles of number are the
+monad and the duad, though philosophers only are aware of the fact." The
+idea that this venerated instrument for the expression or concealment of
+thought was the concoction of a committee of primitive sages, and that
+they deliberately invented the dual, and added it as another spike to
+the _chevaux-de-frise_ through which our young people, of both sexes,
+have to struggle[230] on their way to the Temple of Learning, is truly
+revolting. One would not like to think that the ancient Greeks were
+quite so malicious as to do a thing like that. It is more probably the
+case that, like other Aryans, they received the dual as part of the
+inheritance of the past, handed down to them, and retained it; while in
+some of the cognate languages[231] it was gradually rubbed off, very
+much in the same way as Lord Monboddo's men lost their tails, when they
+gave up their arboreal habits, and betook themselves to sedentary
+occupations.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[199] Its title-page is as follows:--EKSKYBALAURON: Or, The Discovery of
+A MOST EXQUISITE JEWEL, more precious then [than] DIAMONDS inchased in
+Gold, the like whereof was never seen in any age; found in the kennel of
+_Worcester_-streets, the day after the Fight, and six before the
+Autumnal Equinox, _anno_ 1651. Serving in this place, To Frontal a
+VINDICATION of the honour of SCOTLAND, from that Infamy, whereinto the
+Rigid _Presbyterian party_ of that Nation, out of their Covetousness and
+ambition, most dissembledly hath involved it. _Distichon ad Librum
+sequitur, quo tres ter ad�quant Musarum numerum, casus et articuli._
+
+    _voc._      _nom._   1 _abl._   2 _abl._    _dat._
+      O  thou'rt  a  Book  in  truth  with  love  to  many,
+
+         3 _abl._  4 _abl. acc._                 _gen._
+      Done  by  and  for  the free'st spoke Scot  of  any.
+
+_Efficiens et finis sunt sibi invicem caus�._ LONDON, Printed by Ja:
+Cottrel; and are to be sold by _Rich. Buddeley_, at the
+Middle-Temple-Gate. 1652.
+
+[200] EKSKYBALAURON is supposed to be the Greek for "_Gold out of the
+dirt_." Dr Irving, the author of a very carefully-written memoir of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, in his _Lives of Scottish Writers_, vol. ii., is a
+little puzzled by this extraordinary name. The latter part of it was, he
+thought, perhaps connected with aurion--"to-morrow"--in allusion to the
+fact that this "exquisite Jewel" was taken out of the kennel _the
+morrow_ after the battle of Worcester. But the word is evidently
+auron--the Lat. _aurum_, "gold." In the "Postilla" to the Pedigree of
+the Urquharts, our author says that "the shire of Cromartie ... hath the
+names of its towns, villages, hamlets, dwellings, promontories,
+hillocks, temples, dens, groves, fountains, rivers, pools, lakes, stone
+heaps, akers, and so forth, of pure and perfect Greek." We need not be
+surprised that Sir Thomas's Greek has more affinity with the vernacular
+form of the language current in the Cromartie of his time than with the
+Attic of the age of Pericles,
+
+         "_For Greke of Athenes was to him unknow�._"
+
+Probably in this northern dialect of the Greek tongue ahyron was used
+instead of the more classical chrusost. Another indication of the
+difference between the Cromartian and Attic forms of speech is given by
+Sir Thomas in the same treatise in the name Alexhand�r, which Thucydides
+would have written Alhexandrost.
+
+[201] Sir Egerton Brydges, Bart., an author who combines a great many of
+the peculiarities of the two Sir Thomas Urquharts, the father and the
+son, and who has recorded his experiences in an _Autobiography_, lays
+stress in like manner upon this quality of speed in composition. Thus he
+says of his little novel, _Mary de Clifford_ (published in 1792), "it
+was written with a fervent rapidity, which no one seems to
+believe;--begun in October, 1791, and the sheets sent to the press by
+the post, as fast as they were scribbled." The passage in which he
+refers to the vexations to which he had been subjected is worth quoting,
+on account of its similarity to our Sir Thomas's story. "I have
+suffered," he says, "a hundred times more disappointments, and crosses,
+and insults, and wrongs, and deprivations, than Chatterton, yet my
+spirit, though bent and sunk, was never broken. I am calm and defiant,
+though not hopeful, in proportion as the storm presses me;--and what
+trials have I not undergone? I do not mean to relate all these trials;
+it would involve the conduct of obscure individuals, many of whom are
+still living" (_Autobiography_, pp. 8, 9).
+
+[202] _Works_, p. 181.
+
+[203] _I.e._ at such an extremity liable to be forfeited to the
+victorious soldier.
+
+[204] _Works_, pp. 189, 190.
+
+[205] Appendix II. p. 215.
+
+[206] "This part is written in a euphuistic, rhapsodical vein, and
+affords an indication of the saturation of Urquhart's mind with the
+style of Rabelais. It might almost be pieced together from the meeting
+of Pantagruel with the Limousin scholar, the discomfiture of Thaumast by
+Panurge, and the meeting of Pantegruel and his party with Queen
+Entelechia" (W. F. Smith's Introduction to _Rabelais_).
+
+[207] Dr Kippis, the editor of the _Biographia Britannica, or Lives of
+the Most Eminent Persons who have Flourished in Great Britain and
+Ireland_ (1789), had a bad time in writing the notice of Crichton that
+appears in it. He says that he entered upon the task with diffidence,
+and even with anxiety. On the one hand, he was desirous not to detract
+from Crichton's real merit, and, on the other, he wished to form a just
+estimate of the truth of the facts which are recorded concerning him.
+Part of his perturbation of mind was due to the indignation which he
+felt towards our author, whose narrative of Crichton's adventures he
+regarded as utterly untrustworthy. At an early stage in the article he
+remarks: "And here it must be observed that no credit can be granted to
+any facts which depend upon the sole authority of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart.... I must declare my full persuasion that Sir Thomas Urquhart
+is an author whose testimony to facts is totally unworthy of regard; and
+it is surprising that a perusal of his works does not strike every mind
+with this conviction. His productions are so inexpressibly absurd and
+extravagant, that the only rational judgment which can be pronounced
+concerning him is, that he was little, if at all, better than a madman.
+To the character of his having been a madman must be added that of his
+being a liar. Severe as this term may be thought, I apprehend that a
+diligent examination of the treatise which contains the memorials
+concerning Crichton would show that it is strictly true." The censure
+uttered by Dr Kippis _is_ very severe, but some excuse for him is easily
+found. He was anxious to make his dictionary of biography a mine of
+facts on which the public could rely with absolute confidence; and he
+saw before him the danger of quoting as an authority a writer like
+Urquhart, who so palpably elongated facts and embroidered them with
+fancies. His opinion with regard to the _Pedigree_ of the Urquharts is
+given on p. 144.
+
+[208] _The Scot Abroad_, p. 256. In the _Adventurer_, No. 81, Dr Johnson
+has reproduced Sir Thomas Urquhart's narrative of the career of
+Crichton, but has toned down its glowing colours.
+
+[209] The reader will remember that this simply meant the "Wonderful
+Crichton"--this use of the word "admire" being now archaic.
+
+[210] The passage in Rabelais is as follows:--"Pantagruel ... would one
+day make trial of his knowledge. Thereupon in all the Carrefours, that
+is, throughout all the foure quarters, streets and corners of the city,
+he set up Conclusions to the number of nine thousand seven hundred sixty
+and foure,[A] in all manner of learning, touching in them the hardest
+doubts that are in any science. And first of all, in the
+Fodder-street[B] he held disputes against all the Regents or Fellowes of
+Colledges, Artists or Masters of Arts, and Oratours, and did so
+gallantly, that he overthrew them, and set them all upon their tailes.
+He went afterwards to the Sorboune, where he maintained argument against
+all the Theologians or Divines, for the space of six weeks, from foure a
+clock in the morning until six in the evening, except an interval of two
+houres to refresh themselves, and take their repast. And at this were
+present the greatest part of the Lords of the Court, the Masters of
+Requests, Presidents, Counsellors, those of the Accompts, Secretaries,
+Advocates, and others: as also the Sheriffes of the said town, with the
+Physicians and Professors of the Canon-Law. Amongst which it is to be
+remarked, that the greatest part were stubborn jades, and in their
+opinions obstinate; but he took such course with them, that, for all
+their ergo's and fallacies, he put their backs to the wall, gravelled
+them in the deepest questions, and made it visibly appear to the world,
+that, compared to him, they were but monkies, and a knot of mufled
+calves. Whereupon everybody began to keep a bustling noise, and talk of
+his so marvellous knowledge, through all degrees of persons in both
+sexes, even to the very laundresses, brokers, rostmeat-sellers,
+penknife-makers, and others, who, when he past along in the street,
+would say, This is he! in which he took delight, as Demosthenes the
+prince of Greek oratours did when an old crouching wife, pointing at him
+with her fingers, said, That is the man"[C] (ii. chap. 10).
+
+[A] Pico della Mirandola in the winter of 1486-87 offered to maintain at
+Rome 900 theses _de omni scitili_ (W. F. S.).
+
+[B] _Rue de la Feurre_ (near the Place Maubert) was the street in Paris
+where the poorer students used to lodge. It got its name because straw
+served them for beds and furniture. Dante says in _Par._ x. 137:
+
+    "Essa � la luce eterua di Sigieri,
+    Che, leggendo nel vico degli strami,
+    Sillogizzo invidiosi veri."
+
+                             (_Ibid._)
+
+[C] Cf. "At pulchrum est, digito monstrari, et dicier: Hic est" (_Pers._
+i. 28). (_Ibid._)
+
+[211] He says in reference to the whole history of Crichton: "The verity
+of this story I have here related, concerning this incomparable
+Crichton, may be certified by above two thousand men yet living, who
+have known him" (_Works_, p. 244). There can scarcely have been so many,
+unless centenarians were much commoner then than now.
+
+[212] "Thou didst swear to me upon a parcel-gilt goblet, sitting in my
+Dolphin-chamber, at the round table, by a sea-coal fire, upon Wednesday
+in Wheeson week, when the prince broke thy head for liking his father to
+a singing-man of Windsor; thou didst swear to me then, as I was washing
+thy wound, to marry me and make me my lady thy wife. Canst thou deny it?
+Did not good-wife Keech, the butcher's wife, come in then and call me
+gossip Quickly? coming in to borrow a mess of vinegar; telling us she
+had a good dish of prawns; whereby thou didst desire to eat some;
+whereby I told thee they were ill for a green wound! And didst thou not,
+when she was gone down stairs, desire me to be no more so familiarity
+with such poor people; saying that ere long they should call me madam?
+And didst thou not kiss me, and bid me fetch thee thirty shillings? I
+put thee now to thy book-oath: deny it, if thou canst" (_2 Henry IV._
+II. i.).
+
+[213] _Works_, p. 234.
+
+[214] _Ibid._ p. 243.
+
+[215] The italics are ours.
+
+[216] _Works_, p. 224. At one of Charles Lamb's Wednesday evenings in
+Mitre Court Building, Hazlitt tells us, "the name of the Admirable
+Crichton was suddenly started as a splendid example of _waste_ talents,
+so different from the generality of his countrymen." A North Briton
+present declared himself descended from that prodigy of learning and
+accomplishment, and said he had family plate in his possession as
+vouchers for the fact, with the initials engraved upon them of A.
+C.--"Admirable Crichton!" A phrenological report upon this gentleman by
+Charles Lamb would have enlarged "the public stock of harmless
+pleasure."
+
+[217] _Works_, p. 277. The charity which "believeth all things and
+hopeth all things," or the credulity which persuades itself of the truth
+of the things which it wishes to believe, is manifest in Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's estimate of the character of Charles II. Less charitable or
+more impartial critics are probably inclined to the opinion that the
+existence in that sovereign of a number of the above-mentioned virtues
+was as mythical as that of a good many of his "hundred and ten
+predecessors." So far as "comeliness" is concerned, Charles II. at a
+later period had a much humbler view of the matter than Sir Thomas here
+expresses. For he complained that when they wished to represent a
+villain on the stage they made up a figure somewhat like himself. See
+Cibber's _Apology_, p. 111.
+
+[218] _Works_, p. 212.
+
+[219] His unhappy prejudices against the Presbyterian clergy are
+irrepressible, for immediately after suggesting "a standing library in
+custody of the minister of the parish," he adds, "with this proviso,
+that none of the books should be embezeled by him or any of his
+successors" (_Works_, p. 282).
+
+[220] We have reason to be thankful to Sir Thomas for his kindness in
+refraining from the style of composition which he here indicates, for we
+can scarcely credit his assurance that the results would have been less
+terrifying than the description of the processes by which they would
+have been reached. There is no need for an apology, for he has really
+done pretty well as it is. Mr Ruskin had once a vision of ten thousand
+school-inspectors assembled on Cader Idris. What horror would seize such
+a company, if they were treated as a class in elementary English, and
+the above passage were read out as an exercise in dictation! Nay, it is
+to be feared that even the more august assembly in Dover House, the
+Lords of Education themselves, would be panic-stricken at such a task.
+Only Macaulay's "schoolboy" would probably be found to enter upon it
+with unblenched countenance, and to accomplish it successfully.
+
+[221] This reminds us of Bottom the weaver. "I will roar that I will do
+any man's heart good to hear me.... [Yet not to frighten the ladies.] I
+will aggravate my voice so that I will roar you as gently as any sucking
+dove: I will roar you an 'twere any nightingale" (_Midsummer-Night's
+Dream_, I. ii.).
+
+[222] _Works_, pp. 292, 293.
+
+[223] _Logopandecteision_, or an INTRODUCTION to the UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE.
+Digested into these Six several Books, Neaudethaumata, Chrestasebeia,
+Cleronomaporia, Chryseomystes, Neleodicastes, and Philoponauxesis. By
+Sir Thomas Urquhart of _Cromartie_, Knight. Now lately contrived and
+published, both for his own utilie, and that of all pregnant and
+ingenious Spirits. _Credere quaerenti nonne haic justissima res est? Qui
+non plura cupit, quam ratio ipsa jubet._ _Englished thus_, To grant him
+his demands, were it not just? Who craves no more, then [than] reason
+says he must. _London._ Printed, and are to be sold by _Giles Calvert_
+at the _Black Spread Eagle_ at the west-end of _Pauls_; and by _Richard
+Tomlins_ at the Sun and Bible near Pye-corner. 1653.
+
+[224] Eleven genders seem nine more than are necessary, and the use of
+such a large number suggests to one that in Sir Thomas's Universal
+Language the distinctions in question were to receive an undue amount of
+attention. At the same time, fault has been found with our English
+language for being somewhat defective in accentuating these
+distinctions; and an attempt to correct this shortcoming, to a certain
+extent, has been made by Southey in _The Doctor_. He proposed to
+anglicise the orthography of the female garment, "which is indeed the
+sister to the shirt," and then to utilise the hint offered in its new
+form: thus _Hemise_ and _Shemise_. In letter-writing every person knows
+that male and female letters have a distinct character; they should
+therefore, he thought, be generally distinguished thus, _Hepistle_ and
+_Shepistle_. And as there is the same marked difference in the writing
+of the two sexes, he proposed _Penmanship_ and _Penwomanship_. Erroneous
+opinions in religion being promulgated in this country by women as well
+as men, the teachers of such false doctrine may be divided into
+_Heresiarchs_ and _Sheresiarchs_, so that we should speak of the
+_Heresy_ of the Quakers and the _Sheresy_ of Joanna Southcote's people.
+The troublesome affection of the diaphragm, which every one has
+experienced, is, upon the same principle, to be called, according to the
+sex of the patient, _Hecups_, or _Shecups_, which, upon the principle of
+making our language truly British, is better than the more classical
+form of _Hiccups_ and _H�cups_. In its objective use the word becomes
+Hiscups or Hercups; and in like manner Histerics should be altered into
+Herterics, the complaint never being masculine. It is perhaps a little
+surprising that this suggestion should have lain before the British
+public for half a century, and have been left unutilised.
+
+[225] _Works_, pp. 316-318.
+
+[226] _Works_, pp. 316-318.
+
+[227] _Ibid._ p. 332.
+
+[228] _Scenes and Legends_, chap. vii.
+
+[229] A somewhat similar project was described in the Marquis of
+Worcester's _Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions_
+(1663), in which the steam-engine is anticipated. The passage is as
+follows:--"32. How to compose an universal character, methodical, and
+easie to be written, yet intelligible in any language; so that if an
+Englishman write it in English, a Frenchman, Italian, Spaniard, Irish,
+Welsh, being scholars, yea, Grecian or Hebritian, shall as perfectly
+understand it in their owne Tongue, as if they were perfect English,
+distinguishing the Verbs from the Nouns, the Numbers, Tenses, Cases as
+properly expressed in their own Language as it was written in English."
+
+A writer in _Blackwood's Magazine_ in 1820 affirms that he has good
+reasons for believing that the above volume was really by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, and was dishonestly put forth as the work of the Marquis of
+Worcester. He does not give us any of his reasons. The style of the
+little volume bears no resemblance to that of our author, and this fact
+is of itself almost conclusive proof that Sir Thomas Urquhart had
+nothing to do with it. The Scottish knight could scarcely open his lips
+without revealing his identity. It is rather difficult to believe, too,
+that a manuscript lost by Sir Thomas in the streets of Worcester should
+have been picked up by the Marquis of Worcester. The coincidence would
+be a very extraordinary one.
+
+[230] Hear Heine's angry allusions to his early scholastic experiences,
+in which he suggests another and less honourable origin of the Greek
+tongue: "Vom Griechischen will ich gar nicht sprechen--ich �rgere mich
+sonst zu viel. Die M�nche im Mittelalter hatten so ganz Unrecht nicht,
+wenn sie behaupteten, dass das Griechische eine Erfindung des Teufels
+sei" (_Das Buch Le Grand_, vii.).
+
+[231] Sanskrit, Old Persian, Lithuanian, and old Slavonic have the dual
+both in declension and conjugation, and in the first of these it is used
+much more frequently than in Greek. Faint traces of it in declension are
+to be found in Teutonic speech, though in conjugation it is only in the
+Gothic that the dual is used. In old Gaelic the dual is a regular
+feature of declension, but not of conjugation.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VII
+
+                   TRANSLATION OF RABELAIS
+
+The foundation on which Sir Thomas Urquhart's literary fame securely
+rests is his translation into English of the first three books of the
+works of Rabelais. Of these the first and second appeared in two
+separate volumes in the year 1653--exactly a century after the death of
+the great French satirist--and the third was published by Pierre Antoine
+Motteux in 1693, long after Sir Thomas's own death.[232]
+
+The difficulty, singularity, and obscurity of the writings of Rabelais
+had probably been hindrances in the way of their being presented to the
+English public in their own tongue; for, though the register of the
+Stationers' Company preserves a record of two attempts at translation,
+these seem to have been but fragmentary, and to have dropped still-born
+from the press. The works themselves are not known to be extant, and
+nothing more than the bare name of them survives.
+
+The difficulties which lie in the way of the ordinary reader who wishes
+to become acquainted with the works of Rabelais are very
+considerable.[233] The fantastical style of the satirist, his countless
+allusions to contemporary persons and events, his out-of-the-way
+learning, the care with which he conceals at such length the seriousness
+of his purpose, and the incredible grossness of manners which so often
+disfigures his pages, are obstacles which can with difficulty be
+surmounted. The last-mentioned characteristic is, indeed, a grave and
+ingrained fault, which must for ever be a slur upon the writer's fame.
+Yet we may say of him what Don Pedro says of Benedick, "The man doth
+fear God howsoever it seems not in him by some large jests he will
+make"; or what Mrs Blower in _St Ronan's Well_ says of her deceased
+husband, "He was a merry man, but he had the root of the matter in him
+for a' his light way of speaking." Coleridge--"the brother," according
+to Mr Birrell, "whose praise is throughout all the churches"--speaks of
+Rabelais in very high terms indeed; "Beyond a doubt," he says, "he was
+among the deepest, as well as boldest thinkers of his age. His
+buffoonery was not merely Brutus' rough stick, which contained a rod of
+gold: it was necessary as an amulet against the monks and legates.[234]
+Never was there a more plausible, and seldom, I am persuaded, a less
+appropriate line than the thousand times quoted
+
+            'Rabelais laughing in his easy chair'
+
+of Mr Pope. The caricature of his filth and zanyism show how fully he
+both knew and felt the danger in which he stood. I could write a
+treatise in praise of the moral elevation of Rabelais' work, which would
+make the church stare and the conventicle groan,[235] and yet would be
+truth, and nothing but the truth. I class Rabelais with the great
+creative minds of the world, Shakespeare, Dante, Cervantes, etc."
+
+Fran�ois Rabelais was born in Touraine, according to the date usually
+given, and which there is no reason to question, in the same year as
+Luther and Raphael, A.D. 1483, and died in Paris in 1553. His father had
+a small estate, and was an apothecary (or, as some say, a tavern-keeper)
+in the town of Chinon, at the foot of the castle where, three centuries
+before, our Henry II. had died, and whither, a little more than fifty
+years before Fran�ois was born, Joan of Arc had come with promises of
+supernatural aid to Charles VII. He was the youngest of five sons, and,
+as was often the case in those days, was provided for by being made a
+monk, while the other members of the family divided amongst them the
+paternal estate. In one passage in his works he speaks of mothers who
+"cannot bear their children nor brook them in their houses nine, nay
+often not seven years, but by putting a shirt over their robe, and by
+cutting a few hairs on the top of their head ... they transform them
+into birds," _i.e._, get rid of them as soon as possible, and thrust
+them into monasteries. This seems to have been his own sad fate.
+
+In course of time, after the schoolboy period of his life was past, he
+entered the order of Franciscan monks at the convent of
+Fontenay-le-Comte in Poitou, and took holy orders; and it was here,
+during the next fifteen years (1509-1524), that he devoted himself to
+the acquisition of everything in the shape of literature or learning,
+and laid the foundation of the astonishing erudition which his works
+display. His long residence in the monastery had inspired Rabelais with
+a deep hatred of monasticism and monks, and, after being allowed to
+exchange the Franciscan for the Benedictine order, he laid down the
+regular habit and took that of a secular priest, and left the convent
+without the sanction of his superior--a breach of ecclesiastical
+discipline which exposed him to severe censure. After wandering hither
+and thither in the pursuit of medical knowledge, he entered the
+University of Montpellier, graduated as a physician, and practised there
+with credit and success. After being Hospital Physician at Lyons, he
+spent some time in Rome, as a medical attendant upon Jean du Bellay,
+Bishop of Paris. While here he succeeded in making his peace with the
+Church, and by a papal Bull (17th January 1536) was allowed to return to
+the Benedictine order and to practise physic according to canonical
+rules, _i.e._, to charge no fees and to use neither fire nor knife. This
+release from ecclesiastical disabilities allowed him to be appointed to
+a place in the abbey of St Maur-des-Fosses, near Paris. After another
+period of exile and wandering he was nominated cur� of Meudon, an office
+which he resigned after two years. Three months afterwards he died in
+Paris (9th April, 1553), and was buried in the cemetery of the parish of
+St Paul's.
+
+The publication of the satirical writings of Rabelais was spread over a
+long series of years, from 1532 or 1533, when the first installment, in
+his _Gargantua_, was brought out, down to 1564, eleven years after his
+death, when the fifth and concluding book of his _Pantagruel_ was issued
+in its entirety. The main object of his satire was what used to be
+called "the intolerance, superstition, and disgusting follies and vices
+of the Romish Church," but, incidentally, pretenders to knowledge of
+every kind come under his lash. For when imposture, folly, and humbug
+grow too rank and noisome, there arise, it can scarcely be by accident,
+men like Lucian, Rabelais, and Voltaire, whose calling it is to cut them
+down. That theirs is an ill-requited office is sufficiently plain from
+the odium which, in spite of their beneficent labours, is often
+associated with their names. "[Hast thou] only a torch for burning, no
+hammer for building?" says the somewhat wearisome Herr Teufelsdr�ckh to
+the last named of these satirists, "take our thanks, then, and--thyself
+away."[236] Yet the torch for burning is as necessary as the hammer for
+building, if the site for the Temple of Truth is to be prepared. It may
+well be that burning down and rooting up are needed before building can
+be begun, and some of those who have endeavoured to benefit mankind
+have felt themselves called to the one sort of work rather than to the
+other.
+
+The form which Rabelais chooses for the frame-work of his satire is the
+burlesque adventures of the giant Gargantua, of whom many legends were
+current in Touraine, and of his son Pantagruel, sometimes spoken of as
+also a giant, and at others as a wise and virtuous prince of ordinary
+proportions. Along with the strange, tangled, and chaotic story of their
+exploits the writer from time to time enunciates admirable ideas, which
+must have seemed revolutionary to his contemporaries, and some of which
+even we have not yet realised.
+
+The translation of Rabelais by Sir Thomas Urquhart is his great literary
+achievement. "It is impossible," says Tytler, "to look into it without
+admiring the air of ease, freshness, and originality which the
+translator has so happily communicated to his performance. All those
+singular qualifications which unfitted Urquhart to succeed in serious
+composition--his extravagance, his drollery (?), his unbridled
+imagination, his burlesque and endless epithets--are in the task of
+translating Rabelais transplanted into their true field of action, and
+revel through his pages with a licence and buoyancy which is quite
+unbridled, yet quite allowable. Indeed, Urquhart and Rabelais appear, in
+many points, to have been congenial spirits, and the translator seems to
+have been born for his author."[237]
+
+As might have been expected, the translation is not marked by painful
+exactness of rendering. On the contrary, evidences of carelessness and
+inaccuracy are by no means uncommon, but yet the work is, as some one
+calls it, "one of the most perfect transfusions of an author from one
+language to another,[238] that ever man accomplished." The great merits
+of the translation consist in its preserving the very air and style of
+the original, and in the astonishing richness of vocabulary which it
+manifests. Where Rabelais invents a word, Sir Thomas invents one, or
+two, or three; and if the former has a list of twenty or thirty
+epithets, the latter has no hesitation in supplying his readers with
+forty or sixty, which seem quite as good as the original stock which he
+thus enlarges. Sometimes, too, as Mr W. F. Smith, a very distinguished
+student of Rabelais, remarks, "in translating a single word of the
+French he often empties all the synonyms given by Cotgrave into his
+version."
+
+Mr Tytler, in the above-quoted criticism on Urquhart's translation,
+speaks of the peculiarities of his style as "revelling through his pages
+with a licence and buoyancy which is quite unbridled, yet quite
+allowable." One is obliged to demur to the last adjective. A translator,
+like a compositor, should be under some obligation to adhere to the text
+before him; and, as a matter of fact, the success of Urquhart's version
+is occasionally interfered with by this same "unbridled revelling." The
+style of Rabelais is graphic and vigorous, and at times exceedingly
+graceful, and occupies a high place in French literature. Any tampering
+with it, therefore, in the way of alteration or addition, was not likely
+to be an improvement.
+
+But, even after all deductions are made, the praise bestowed upon
+Urquhart's work has been fully deserved. "The buoyancy and unembarrassed
+sweep of its general character," says Sir Theodore Martin, "which gives
+his Rabelais more the look of an original than of a translation, its
+rich and well-compacted diction, the many happy turns of phrase that are
+quite his own, have fairly earned for it the high estimation in which it
+has long been held. His task was one of extreme difficulty, and there
+have perhaps been few men besides himself that could have brought to it
+the world of omnigenous knowledge which it required. It was apparently
+Urquhart's ambition to realise in his own person the ideal of human
+accomplishment, to be at once
+
+    'Complete in feature and in mind,
+    With all good grace to grace a gentleman.'
+
+He had left no source of information unexplored, few aspects of life
+unobserved, and, in the translation of Rabelais, he found full exercise
+for his multiform attainments. Ably as the work has been completed by
+Motteux, one cannot but regret that the worthy Knight of Cromarty had
+not spared him the task."[239]
+
+The merits of the translation can scarcely be exhibited in selections
+torn from their context, and perhaps only partly intelligible; but
+perhaps the following may be welcome to the reader. Let us take these
+extracts from the graceful and charming sketch of the Abbey of Thelema,
+which was to be different from all other monastic communities, and was
+to be the home of a society of young people living together in all
+innocence and joy, free from sordid cares, and devoted to the studies,
+exercises, and accomplishments which are appropriate to refined and
+noble spirits.
+
+"'First, then,' said Gargantua, 'you must not build a wall about your
+convent, for all other abbies are strongly walled and mured about....
+Moreover, seeing there are certain convents in the world, whereof the
+custome is, if any woman come in, I mean chaste and honest women, they
+immediately sweep the ground which they have trod upon;[240] therefore
+was it ordained, that if any man or woman, entered into religious
+orders, should by chance come within this new abbey, all the roomes
+should be thoroughly washed and cleansed through which they had passed.
+And because in all other monasteries and nunneries all is compassed,
+limited, and regulated by houres, it was decreed that in this new
+structure there should be neither clock nor dial, but that, according to
+the opportunities and incident occasions, all their hours should be
+disposed of; for,' said Gargantua, 'the greatest losse of time, that I
+know, is to count the hours. What good comes of it? Nor can there be any
+greater dotage in the world then [than] for one to guide and direct his
+courses by the sound of a bell, and not by his owne judgement and
+discretion.'
+
+"Item, Because at that time they put no women into nunneries, but such
+as were either purblind, blinkards, lame, crooked, ill-favoured,
+misshapen, fooles, senselesse, spoyled, or corrupt; nor encloystered any
+men, but those that were either sickly, ill-bred lowts, simple sots, or
+peevish trouble-houses; ... therefore was it ordained, that into this
+religious order should be admitted no women that were not faire, well
+featur'd, and of a sweet disposition; nor men that were not comely,
+personable, and well conditioned.
+
+"Item, Because in the convents of women men come not but under-hand,
+privily, and by stealth, it was therefore enacted, that in this house
+there shall be no women in case there be not men, nor men in case there
+be not women.
+
+"Item, Because both men and women, that are received into religious
+orders after the expiring of their noviciat or probation-year, were
+constrained and forced perpetually to stay there all the days of their
+life, it was therefore ordered, that all whatever, men or women,
+admitted within this abbey, should have full leave to depart with peace
+and contentment, whensoever it should seem good to them so to do.
+
+"Item, for that the religious men and women did ordinarily make three
+vows, to wit, those of chastity, poverty, and obedience, it was
+therefore constituted and appointed, that in this convent they might be
+honourably married, that they might be rich, and live at liberty.
+
+"In regard of the legitimat time of the persons to be initiated, and
+years under and above which they were not capable of reception, the
+women were to be admitted from ten till fifteen, and the men from
+twelve till eighteen."[241]
+
+After an elaborate description of the magnificence of the abbey and of
+its endowments, and of the apparel worn by the members of the new order,
+we are told of "_how the Thelemites were governed, and of their manner
+of living_." "All their life," we read, "was spent not in lawes,
+statutes, or rules, but according to their own free will and pleasure.
+They rose out of their beds, when they thought good; they did eat,
+drink, labour, sleep, when they had a minde to it, and were disposed for
+it. None did awake them, none did offer to constrain them to eat, drink,
+nor to do any other thing; for so had Gargantua established it. In all
+their rule, and strictest tie of their order, there was but this one
+clause to be observed,
+
+                      DO WHAT THOU WILT;
+
+Because men that are free, well-borne, well-bred, and conversant in
+honest companies, have naturally an instinct and spurre that prompteth
+them unto vertuous actions, and withdraws them from vice, which is
+called honour. Those same men when by base subjection and constraint
+they are brought under and kept down, turn aside from that noble
+disposition, by which they formerly were inclined to vertue, to shake
+off and break that bond of servitude, wherein they are so tyrannously
+inslaved; for it is agreeable with the nature of man to long after
+things forbidden, and to desire what is denied us.[242]
+
+"By this liberty they entered into a very laudable emulation, to do all
+of them what they saw did please one. If any of the gallants or ladies
+should say, Let us drink, they would all drink. If any one of them said,
+Let us play, they all played. If one said, Let us go a-walking into the
+fields, they went all. If it were to go a-hawking or a-hunting, the
+ladies mounted upon dainty, well-paced nags, seated in a stately palfrey
+saddle,[243] carried on their lovely fists, miniardly begloved every one
+of them, either a sparhawk, or a laneret, or a marlin, and the young
+gallants carried the other kinds of hawkes. So nobly were they taught,
+that there was neither he nor she amongst them but could read, write,
+sing, play upon several musical instruments, speak five or sixe several
+languages, and compose in them all very quaintly, both in verse and
+prose. Never were seen so valiant knights, so noble and worthy, so
+dextrous and skilful both on foot and a horseback, more brisk and
+lively, more nimble and quick, or better handling all manner of weapons
+then [than] were there. Never were seene ladies so proper[244] and
+handsome, so miniard and dainty, lesse froward, or more ready with their
+hand, and with their needle, in every honest and free action belonging
+to that sexe, then [than] were there. For this reason, when the time
+came, that any man of the said abbey, either at the request of his
+parents, or for some other cause, had a minde to go out of it, he
+carried along with him one of the ladies, namely, her whom he had before
+that chosen for his mistris,[245] and [they] were married together. And
+if they had formerly in Theleme lived in good devotion and amity, they
+did continue therein and increase it to a greater height in their state
+of matrimony: and did entertaine that mutual love till the very last day
+of their life, in no lesse vigour and fervency, then [than] at the very
+day of their wedding."[246]
+
+Such is the dream which floated before the mind of Rabelais, but,
+unhappily, it is still an airy fancy, and has never received a local
+habitation and a name. Mrs Grundy, the vegetarians, the teetotallers,
+the anti-tobacco people, and the enemies of "rational costume" have up
+to the present forbidden the erection of any such building.
+
+One of the most prominent figures in the story of Pantagruel is his
+favourite, Panurge, who is a rogue, a drunkard, a coward, and a
+malicious scoundrel, but who yet, like Falstaff, in spite of all his
+moral deficiencies, manages to appear as an amusing personage. Into his
+lips is put, with a fine disregard of congruity, an eloquent speech,
+which begins in praise of debt, and ends by setting forth the
+interdependence of all things in the universe. Panurge is represented as
+having threescore and three ways of making money, and two hundred and
+fourteen of spending it, so that he is always poor, and his sovereign
+Pantagruel remonstrates with him on account of his prodigal habits.
+
+He replies as follows: "Be still indebted to somebody or other, that
+there may be somebody always to pray for you; [to pray] that the giver
+of all good things may grant unto you a blessed, long, and prosperous
+life; fearing, if fortune should deal crossly with you, that it might be
+his chance to come short of being paid by you, he will always speak good
+of you in every company, ever and anon purchase new creditors unto you;
+to the end, that through their means you may make a shift by borrowing
+from Peter to pay Paul,[247] and with other folk's earth fill up his
+ditch. When of old in the region of the Gauls, by the institution of the
+Druids,[248] the servants, slaves, and bondmen were burnt quick at the
+funerals and obsequies of their lords and masters, had not they fear
+enough, think you, that their lords and masters should die? For, per
+force, they were to die with them for company. Did not they uncessantly
+send up their supplications to their great God Mercury,[249] as likewise
+unto Dis, the Father of Wealth,[250] to lengthen out their days, and
+preserve them long in health? Were not they very careful to entertain
+them well, punctually to look unto them, and to attend them faithfully
+and circumspectly? For by those means were they to live together at
+least until the hour of death. Believe me your creditors with a more
+fervent devotion will beseech [Providence] to prolong your life, they
+being of nothing more afraid than that you should die.... I, in this
+only respect and consideration of being a debtor, esteem myself
+worshipful, reverend, and formidable. For, against the opinion of most
+philosophers, that of nothing ariseth nothing, yet, without having
+bottomed on so much as that which is called the First Matter [Primary
+Matter], did I out of nothing become such [a] maker and creator, that I
+have created--what?--a gay number of fair and jolly creditors. Nay,
+creditors, I will maintain it, even to the very fire itself
+exclusively,[251] are fair and goodly creatures. Who lendeth nothing is
+an ugly and wicked creature.... You can hardly imagine how glad I am,
+when every morning I perceive myself environed and surrounded with
+brigades of creditors,--humble, fawning, and full of their reverences.
+And whilst I remark that, as I look more favourably upon, and give a
+chearfuller countenance to one than to the other, the fellow thereupon
+buildeth a conceit that he shall be the first dispatched, and the
+foremost in the date of payment; and he valueth my smiles at the rate of
+ready money.... I have all my lifetime held debt to be as an union or
+conjunction of the heavens with the earth, and the whole cement whereby
+the race of mankind is kept together;[252] yea, of such vertue and
+efficacy, that, I say, the whole progeny of Adam would very suddenly
+perish without it."
+
+He then goes on to describe a world in which there are no debtors and no
+debts. There will be no regular course among the planets, but all will
+be in disorder. Jupiter, reckoning himself to be nothing indebted to
+Saturn, will go near to thrust him out of his place; Saturn and Mars
+will combine to promote the confusion; Mercury, being debtor to no one,
+will no longer serve any; Venus, because she shall have lent nothing,
+will no longer be venerated. "The moon," he says, "will remain bloody
+and obscure. For to what end should the sun impart unto her any of his
+light?[253] He owed her nothing. Nor yet will the sun shine upon the
+earth, nor the stars send down any good influence,[254] because the
+terrestrial globe hath desisted from sending up their wonted nourishment
+by vapours and exhalations, wherewith Heraclitus said, the Stoicks
+proved, Cicero maintained, they were cherished and alimented.... No rain
+will descend upon the earth, nor light shine thereon; no wind will blow
+there, nor will there be in it any summer or harvest.... Such a world
+without lending will be no better than a dog-kennel, a place of
+contention and wrangling.... Men will not then salute one another; it
+will be but lost labour to expect aid or succour from any, or to cry
+fire, water, murther, for none will put to their helping hand. Why? He
+lent no money, there is nothing due to him. Nobody is concerned in his
+burning, in his shipwrack, in his ruine, or in his death; and that
+because he hitherto hath lent nothing, and would never thereafter have
+lent anything. In short, Faith, Hope, and Charity would be quite
+banish'd from such a world--for men are born to relieve and assist one
+another."
+
+"But, on the contrary," he went on to say, "be pleased to represent
+unto your fancy another world, wherein every one lendeth, and everyone
+oweth, all are debtors, and all creditors. O how great will that harmony
+be, which shall thereby result from the regular motions of the heavens!
+Methinks I hear it every whit as well as ever Plato did.[255] What
+sympathy will there be amongst the elements! O how delectable then unto
+nature will be our own works and productions! Whilst Ceres appeareth
+loaden with corn, Bacchus with wines, Flora with flowers, Pomona with
+fruits, and Juno fair in a clear air, wholsom and pleasant. I lose
+myself in this high contemplation. Then will among the race of mankind,
+peace, love, benevolence, fidelity, tranquillity, rests, banquets,
+feastings, joy, gladness, gold, silver, single money [small change],
+chains, rings, with other ware, and chaffer of that nature, be found to
+trot from hand to hand. No suits at law, no wars, no strife, debate, nor
+wrangling; none will be there an usurer, none will be there a
+pinch-penny, a scrape-good wretch, or churlish hard-hearted refuser.
+Will not this be the golden age in the reign of Saturn?--the true idea
+of the Olympick regions, wherein all [other] vertues cease, charity
+alone ruleth, governeth, domineereth, and triumpheth? All will be fair
+and goodly people there, all just and vertuous. O happy world! O people
+of that world most happy! Yea, thrice and four times blessed is that
+people! I think in very deed that I am amongst them."[256]
+
+In one curious passage Sir Thomas Urquhart amplifies the text of the
+author whom he translates, and supplies his readers with an astonishing
+list of onomatopoeic words, many of which will probably be new to those
+who have not come across this passage before. Rabelais has nine of these
+words, but the translator[257] enlarges the list to seventy-one.
+Pantagruel is arguing against fasting and solitude as aids to a
+contemplative life, and quotes the authority of his father Gargantua.
+
+"He [Gargantua] gave us also," he said, "the example of the philosopher,
+who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a
+solitary privacy, far from the rusling clutterments of the tumultuous
+and confused world, the better to improve his theory, to contrive,
+comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost endeavours
+to free himself from all untoward noises, surrounded and environ'd about
+so with the barking of currs [bawling of mastiffs, bleating of sheep,
+prating of parrets, tatling of jack-daws, grunting of swine, girning of
+boars, yelping of foxes, mewing of cats, cheeping of mice, squeaking of
+weasils, croaking of frogs, crowing of cocks, kekling of hens, calling
+of partridges, chanting of swans, chattering of jays, peeping of
+chickens, singing of larks, creaking of geese, chirping of swallows,
+clucking of moorfowls, cucking of cuckos, bumling of bees, rammage of
+hawks, chirming of linots, croaking of ravens, screeching of owls,
+whicking of pigs, gushing of hogs, curring of pigeons, grumbling of
+cushet-doves, howling of panthers, curkling of quails, chirping of
+sparrows, crackling of crows, nuzzing of camels, wheening of whelps,
+buzzing of dromedaries, mumbling of rabets, cricking of ferrets, humming
+of wasps, mioling of tygers, bruzzing of bears, sussing of kitnings,
+clamring of scarfes, whimpring of fullmarts, boing of buffaloes,
+warbling of nightingales, quavering of meavises, drintling of turkies,
+coniating of storks, frantling of peacocks, clattering of mag-pyes,
+murmuring of stock-doves, crouting of cormorants, cigling of locusts,
+charming of beagles, guarring of puppies, snarling of messens, rantling
+of rats, guerieting of apes, snuttering of monkies, pioling of
+pelicanes, quecking of ducks], yelling of wolves, roaring of lions,
+neighing of horses, crying of elephants, hissing of serpents, and
+wailing of turtles, that he was much more troubled than if he had been
+in the middle of the crowd at the fair of Fontenay or Niort."[258] In
+spite of the amplification of the original text of Rabelais, two of the
+sounds are omitted--"the braying of asses," and the noise made by
+grass-hoppers (_sonnent les eigales_), which we might have called
+"chirping," if the swallows and sparrows had not taken possession of
+that term.
+
+As already stated, the first two books were all that were published in
+the lifetime of Sir Thomas Urquhart. They appeared as separate volumes
+in 1653. The unsold stock of each was reissued in 1664, in one volume,
+an additional title-page, an extra preface, and a life of Rabelais being
+prefixed to them. The volume became very scarce, and in 1693-94 Pierre
+Antoine Motteux, a Frenchman, who was master of exceedingly racy and
+idiomatic English, published an edition containing the third book. This
+was extremely inaccurate, so far as typography was concerned, and gave
+the public the version of Sir Thomas Urquhart with certain unspecified
+changes made by the editor in order to impart to it additional
+"smartness." In 1708 Motteux published a complete translation of
+Rabelais, the version of the fourth and fifth books being supplied by
+himself,[259] as supplementary to Urquhart's work. After the death of
+Motteux, a somewhat pretentious editor named Ozell[260] brought out the
+combined versions, with notes principally taken from the French of
+Duchat, and this has been reprinted time after time since its first
+appearance in 1737.
+
+At least seventeen editions of Urquhart's work, either by itself or with
+Motteux's supplementary matter, have been issued since his day, and
+there is no sign of its fame waxing dim through the lapse of time; and
+therefore the immortality after which he longed has in a measure been
+won by him. And so, once more before we take our leave of him, we look
+again into the twilight of the past, and see his striking figure--the
+soldier, the scholar, and the author--crowned with the wreath which his
+own hands have placed upon his brows, but which succeeding generations
+declare him worthy to bear.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[232] The title-page of the first book does not contain Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's name, but on it is his motto ("Mean, speak, and do well"). It
+runs as follows:--"The first Book of the Works of MR. FRANCIS RABELAIS,
+Doctor in Physick: Containing Five Books of the Lives, Heroick Deeds,
+and Sayings of GARGANTUA and his Sonne PANTAGRUEL. Together with the
+Pantagrueline Prognostication, the Oracle of the divine Bacbuc, and
+response of the bottle. Hereunto are annexed the Navigations unto the
+sounding Isle and the Isle of the Apedefts: as likewise the
+Philosophical cream with a Limosin Epistle. All done by Mr. Francis
+Rabelais, in the French Tongue, and now faithfully translated into
+English. eunoei ehyloge kai ehypratte. London, Printed for Richard
+Baddeley, within the Middle Templegate. 1653." On the title-page of the
+second book are the translator's initials, S, T. V. C. (Sir Thomas
+Urquhart of Cromartie). While on that of the third book we have his name
+in full: "Now faithfully translated into English by the unimitable pen
+of Sir Thomas Urwhart, Kt. and Bar. The Translator of the Two First
+Books. Never before Printed. London: Printed for Richard Baldwin, near
+the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, 1693." Copies of the first and second
+books of the above date are in the British Museum, but erroneously
+catalogued--not under Urquhart, but only under C., S. T. V. A second
+edition of them both seems from the Bodleian Catalogue to have been
+published in 1664. Both are very rare, it is said, owing to the
+destruction caused by the fire of London in 1666.
+
+[233] For those who are not special students, adequate information
+concerning Rabelais and extracts from his works are to be got in Sir
+Walter Besant's luminous and charming volume in the series of Foreign
+Classics for English Readers (Blackwood), and in Morley's _Universal
+Library_ (Routledge). In one of his poems Browning describes the steps
+taken by a reader to banish the memory of a dreary pedant, whose book he
+had been perusing. He says:
+
+    "Then I went indoors, brought out a loaf,
+      Half a cheese, and a bottle of Chablis;
+    Lay on the grass, and forgot the loaf
+      Over a jolly chapter of Rabelais."
+
+Some have turned over Rabelais and searched for the jolly chapter in
+vain, and have, perhaps, attributed their failure to the want of a
+bottle of Chablis.
+
+[234] This is somewhat doubtful. The Sorbonne and the Parliaments might
+have been moved by ultra-orthodox opponents to prosecute Rabelais on
+this account. The true explanation seems to be that the form of his book
+was popular, and the popular French literature of the Middle
+Ages--fableaux, farces, and burlesque romances--can hardly be exceeded
+in the matter of coarseness (_Ency. Brit._, "Rabelais").
+
+[235] This is surely an early allusion to the superior sensitiveness on
+some points of the "_Nonconformist Conscience_." The fact alluded to
+should inspire joy rather than call forth sneers, for when a conscience
+becomes sensitive on some points there are reasonable hopes of its
+becoming sensitive on others.
+
+[236] _Sartor Resartus_, chap. ix.
+
+[237] _Life of Crichton_, p. 182.
+
+[238] In addition to any aid Urquhart may have received from friends who
+were intimately acquainted with the French language, he was deeply
+indebted to Cotgrave's French Dictionary, published in 1611, and
+dedicated to "Sir William Cecil, Knight, Lord Burghley, and sonne and
+heir apparant unto the Earle of Exeter," _i.e._, the grandson of Queen
+Elizabeth's Lord Burghley.
+
+[239] _Rabelais_, p. xxi.
+
+[240] _I.e._ the Carthusians: like their impudence!
+
+[241] Book i. chap. 52.
+
+[242] "_Nitimur in vetitum, semper cupimus negata_" (Ovid, Amor. iii. 4,
+17).
+
+[243] _Avec leur palefroy guorrier_--rather, "with their prancing
+palfrey." Guorrier from Gr. gaurost--haughty.
+
+[244] Cf. Heb. xi. 23, "a proper child."
+
+[245] _Celle laquelle l'auroit prins pour son devot_--rather, "her, who
+had chosen him as her devoted servant."
+
+[246] Book i. chap. 57.
+
+[247] Fr. _faire versure_ = Lat. _facere versuram_ (Cic. Att. v. 1, �
+2), to borrow money to pay another debt (F. W. S.).
+
+[248] Caes. B. G. vi. 19.
+
+[249] "_Deum maxime Mercurium colunt_" (B. G. vi. 17) (Ibid.).
+
+[250] "_Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos dicunt_" (B. G. vi. 18).
+Dis is called _p�re des escuz_, as identical with Plutus, the god of
+hidden wealth (_Ibid._).
+
+[251] _Exclusively_, _i.e._, "I will affirm it, but not go to the stake
+for it" (F. W. S.).
+
+[252] A fine passage in one of South's _Sermons_ was evidently suggested
+by the above chapter in Rabelais. "The World is maintained by
+Intercourse; and the whole Course of Nature is a great Exchange, in
+which one good Turn is and ought to be the stated Price of another. If
+you consider the Universe as one Body, you shall find Society and
+Conversation to supply the Office of the Blood and Spirits; and it is
+Gratitude that makes them circulate. Look over the whole Creation, and
+you shall see that the Band or Cement that holds together all the Parts
+of this great and glorious Fabric is Gratitude, or something like it:
+you may observe it in all the Elements, for does not the Air feed the
+Flame? and does not the Flame at the same time warm and enlighten the
+Air? Is not the Sea always sending forth, as well as taking in? And does
+not the Earth quit scores with all the Elements, in the noble Fruits and
+Productions that issue from it? And in all the Light and Influence that
+the Heavens bestow upon this lower World, though the lower World cannot
+equal their Benefaction, yet with a Kind of grateful Return, it reflects
+those Rays that it cannot recompense: so that there is some Return
+however, though there can be no Requital.... In short, Gratitude is the
+great Spring that sets all the Wheels of Nature agoing; and the whole
+Universe is supported by giving and returning, by Commerce and
+Commutation. And now, thou ungrateful Brute, thou Blemish to Mankind,
+and Reproach to thy Creation; what shall we say of thee, or to what
+shall we compare thee? For thou art an Exception from all the visible
+World; neither the Heavens above nor the Earth beneath afford anything
+like thee: and therefore, if thou wouldest find thy Parallel, go to
+Hell, which is both the Region and the Emblem of Ingratitude; for
+besides thyself, there is nothing but Hell that is always receiving and
+never restoring" (I. SERM. xi. "_Of the odious Sin of Ingratitude_").
+
+[253] "Nec fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna" (Virg. _Georg._ i. 396)
+(F. W. S.).
+
+[254] _Influence_, much used as an astrological term. Cf. Milton:
+
+                  "Taught the fix'd
+    their _influence_ malignant when to shower."
+
+                                         _Par. Lost_, x. 662.
+
+ "Bending one way their precious _influence_."
+
+                            _Hymn on the Nativity_, 71.
+                                             (_Ibid._).
+
+[255] _Plato_ never pretends that the "music of the spheres" can be
+heard. He adopts the theory to some extent from the Pythagoreans.
+Aristotle (_de Coelo_, ii. 9), that the noise caused by the movements of
+the heavenly bodies is so prodigious and continuous, that, being
+accustomed to it from our birth, we do not notice it. The only notice in
+Plato that can be construed into a statement about audible music of the
+spheres is in _Rep._ x., where he speaks of a siren standing upon each
+of the circles of the planetary system uttering one note in one tone;
+and from all the eight notes there results a single harmony (F. W. S.).
+
+[256] Book iii. chaps. 3, 4.
+
+[257] It is quite possible that Motteux, who published the third book of
+Rabelais after Urquhart's death, is responsible for some of the
+interpolations.
+
+[258] Book iii. chap 13. _Fontenay le Comte_ in Lower Poitou and _Niort_
+were noted for their busy yearly fairs. There can be doubt that the
+above passage was suggested to Rabelais by what St Jerome records of the
+experience of St Hilarion in the desert. "Sic attentuatus," he says,
+"[jejunio et vigiliis], et in tantum exeto corpore, ut ossibus vix
+haereret, quadam nocte coepit infantum audire vagitus, balatus pecorum,
+mugitus boum, planctum quasi mulierum, leonum rugitus, murmur exercitus,
+et prorsus variarum portenta vocum," etc. (_Vita Sancti Hilarionis_). In
+Burton's _Anatomy of Melancholy_ (iii. 4. 1. 2) there is the following
+reference to the same passage: "Monks, Anachorites, and the like, after
+much emptiness become melancholy, vertiginous, they think they hear
+strange noises, confer with Hob-goblins, Devils.... _Hilarion_, as
+_Hierome_ reports in his life, and _Athanasius of Antonius_, was so bare
+with fasting, _that the skin did scarce stick to the bones_; for want of
+vapours (_sic_) he could not sleep, and for want of sleep became
+idle-headed, _heard every night infants cry, Oxen low, Wolves howl,
+Lions roar (as he thought), clattering of chains, strange voices, and
+the like illusions of Devils_." It is probable also that Rabelais had
+read the following passage in the _Life of Geta_, by �lius Spartianus
+(c. A.D. 317): "Familiare illi fuit has qu�stiones grammaticis
+proponere, ut dicerent, singula animalia quomodo vocem emitterent,
+velut, Agni balant, porcelli grumniunt, palumbes minurriunt, ursi
+saeviunt, leones rugiunt, leopardi rictant, elephanti barriunt, ran�
+coaxant, equi hinniunt, asini rudunt, tauri mugiunt, easque de veteribus
+approbare." Nor is it likely that Rabelais was unacquainted with the
+verses in Teofilo Folengo's (1491-1544) _Merlini Cocaii Macaronicon_,
+which run thus:
+
+    "Nam Leo rugitum mittit, Lupus ac ululatum,
+    Bos boat, et uitrescit equus, Gallusque cucullat,
+    Sgnavolat et Gattus, baiat Canis, Ursus adirat,
+    Rancagat Oca, rudit Mullus, sed raggiat Asellus;
+    Denique quodque animal propria cum voce gridabat."
+
+                                      _Macaronea_, xx.
+
+[259] In the introduction to this volume Motteux says that Sir Thomas
+Urquhart was "a learned physician." It is difficult to understand what
+could have given rise to such a statement. Sir Thomas had many projects
+for the benefit of the human race, but there is no evidence of his ever
+having cherished that of combating disease. One cannot help thinking of
+the magniloquent terms in which he would have extolled his remedies, if
+the fates had led him to the concoction of patent medicines. It is
+doubtful, however, whether he would have had what is technically known
+as "a good bed-side manner." It is quite possible that Motteux simply
+meant that Sir Thomas was well acquainted with medical science, and not
+that he was a physician by profession. Yet his words have often been
+understood as asserting the latter. Thus we find the erroneous statement
+in Granger's _Biographical Dictionary_, the Amsterdam (1741) edition of
+Rabelais, and Sir John Hawkins' _Life of Johnson_, p. 294.
+
+[260] Both Ozell and Motteux figure in Pope's _Dunciad_, in i. 296, and
+ii. 412, respectively.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+I. PRIMITIVE FATHERS AND MOTHERS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART.
+
+II. THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I
+
+ THE NAMES OF THE CHIEFS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART, AND OF THEIR PRIMITIVE
+     FATHERS; as by Authentick Records and Tradition they were from time
+     to time through the various Generations of that Family successively
+     conveyed, till the present yeer 1652 (p. 143).
+
+     The ancestors of Sir Thomas, for whose existence there is evidence
+     apart from his assertions, are indicated by their names being
+     printed in italics. If the editor of the _Tracts_ (1774) were to
+     believed, the italics would have to begin with George, No. 138 in
+     the list. The fact that the names in this list are more numerous
+     than those in the list which follows, is to be explained by
+     brothers succeeding each other occasionally, when there was no son
+     to inherit the dignity of chieftainship.
+
+ 1. _Adam._
+ 2. _Seth._
+ 3. _Enos._
+ 4. _Cainan._
+ 5. _Mahalaleel._
+ 6. _Jared._
+ 7. _Enoch._
+ 8. _Methusalah._
+ 9. _Lamech._
+ 10. _Noah._
+ 11. _Japhet._
+ 12. _Javan._
+ 13. Penuel.
+ 14. Tycheros.
+ 15. Pasiteles.
+ 16. Esormon.
+ 17. Cratynter.
+ 18. Thrasymedes.
+ 19. Evippos.
+ 20. Cleotinus.
+ 21. Litoboros.
+ 22. Apodemos.
+ 23. Bathybulos.
+ 24. Phrenedon.
+ 25. Zameles.
+ 26. Choronomos.
+ 27. Leptologon.
+ 28. Agl�tos.
+ 29. Megalonus.
+ 30. Evemeros.
+ 31. Callophron.
+ 32. Arthmios.
+ 33. Hypsegoras.
+ 34. Autarces.
+ 35. Evages.
+ 36. Atarbes.
+ 37. Pamprosodos.
+ 38. Gethon.
+ 39. Holocleros.
+ 40. Molin.
+ 41. Epitomon.
+ 42. Hypotyphos.
+ 43. Melobolon.
+ 44. Propetes.
+ 45. Euplocamos.
+ 46. Philophon.
+ 47. Syngenes.
+ 48. Polyphrades.
+ 49. Cainotomos.
+ 50. Rodrigo.
+ 51. Dicarches.
+ 52. Exagastos.
+ 53. Denapon.
+ 54. Artistes.
+ 55. Thymoleon.
+ 56. Eustochos.
+ 57. Bianor.
+ 58. Thryllumenos.
+ 59. Mellessen.
+ 60. Alypos.
+ 61. Anochlos.
+ 62. Homognios.
+ 63. Epsephicos.
+ 64. Eutropos.
+ 65. Coryph�us.
+ 66. Etoimos.
+ 67. Spud�os.
+ 68. Eumestor.
+ 69. Griphon.
+ 70. Emmenes.
+ 71. Pathomachon.
+ 72. Anepsios.
+ 73. Auloprepes.
+ 74. Corosylos.
+ 75. Detalon.
+ 76. Beltistos.
+ 77. Horicos.
+ 78. Orthophron.
+ 79. Apsicoros.
+ 80. Philaplus.
+ 81. Megaletor.
+ 82. Nomostor.
+ 83. Astioremon.
+ 84. Phronematias.
+ 85. Lutork.
+ 86. Machemos.
+ 87. Stichop�o.
+ 88. Epelomenos.
+ 89. Tycheros (2).
+ 90. Apechon.
+ 91. Enacmes.
+ 92. Javan (2).
+ 93. Lematias.
+ 94. Prosenes.
+ 95. Sosomenos.
+ 96. Philalethes.
+ 97. Thaleros.
+ 98. Poly�nos.
+ 99. Cratesimachos.
+ 100. Eun�mon.
+ 101. Diasemos.
+ 102. Saphenus.
+ 103. Bramoso.
+ 104. Celanas.
+ 105. Vistoso.
+ 106. Polido.
+ 107. Lustroso.
+ 108. Chrestander.
+ 109. Spectabundo.
+ 110. Philodulos.
+ 111. Pallidino.
+ 112. Comicello.
+ 113. Regisato.
+ 114. Arguto.
+ 115. Nicarchos.
+ 116. Marsidalio.
+ 117. Hedumenos.
+ 118. Agenor.
+ 119. Diaprepon.
+ 120. Stragayo.
+ 121. Zeron.
+ 122. Polyteles.
+ 123. Vocompos.
+ 124. Carolo.
+ 125. Endymion.
+ 126. Sebastian.
+ 127. Lawrence.
+ 128. Olipher.
+ 129. Quintin.
+ 130. Goodwin.
+ 131. Frederick.
+ 132. Sir Jasper.
+ 133. Sir Adam.
+ 134. Edward.
+ 135. Richard.
+ 136. Sir Philip.
+ 137. Robert.
+ 138. George.
+ 139. James.
+ 140. David.
+ 141. Francis.
+ 142. William.
+ 143. _Adam._
+ 144. _John._
+ 145. _Sir William._
+ 146. _William._
+ 147. _Alexander._
+ 148. _Thomas._
+ 149. _Alexander._
+ 150. _Walter._
+ 151. _Henry._
+ 152. _Sir Thomas._
+ 153. Sir Thomas.
+
+ THE NAMES OF THE MOTHERS OF THE CHIEFS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART, AS ALSO
+     OF THE MOTHERS OF THEIR PRIMITIVE FATHERS. The authority for the
+     truth thereof being derived from the same Authentick Records and
+     Tradition on which is grounded the above-written Genealogie of
+     their male collaterals.
+
+ 1. _Eva._
+ 2. Shifka.
+ 3. Mahla.
+ 4. Bilha.
+ 5. Timnah.
+ 6. Aholima.
+ 7. Zilpa.
+ 8. Noema.
+ 9. Ada.
+ 10. Titea.
+ 11. Debora.
+ 12. Neginothi.
+ 13. Hottir.
+ 14. Orpah.
+ 15. Axa.
+ 16. Narfesia.
+ 17. Goshenni.
+ 18. Briageta.
+ 19. Andronia.
+ 20. Pusena.
+ 21. Emphaneola.
+ 22. Bonaria.
+ 23. Peninah.
+ 24. Asymbleta.
+ 25. Carissa.
+ 26. Calaglais.
+ 27. Theoglena.
+ 28. Pammerisla.
+ 29. Floridula.
+ 30. Chrysocomis.
+ 31. Arrenopas.
+ 32. Tharsalia.
+ 33. Maia.
+ 34. Roma.
+ 35. Termuth.
+ 36. Vegeta.
+ 37. Callimeris.
+ 38. Panthea.
+ 39. Gonima.
+ 40. Ganymena.
+ 41. Thespesia.
+ 42. Hypermnestra.
+ 43. Horatia.
+ 44. Philumena.
+ 45. Neopis.
+ 46. Thymelica.
+ 47. Ephamilla.
+ 48. Porrima.
+ 49. Lampedo.
+ 50. Teleclyta.
+ 51. Clarabella.
+ 52. Eromena.
+ 53. Zocallis.
+ 54. Lepida.
+ 55. Nicolia.
+ 56. Proteusa.
+ 57. Gozosa.
+ 58. Venusta.
+ 59. Prosectica.
+ 60. Delotera.
+ 61. Tracara.
+ 62. Pothina.
+ 63. Cordata.
+ 64. Aretias.
+ 65. Musurga.
+ 66. Romalia.
+ 67. Orthoiusa.
+ 68. Recatada.
+ 69. Chariestera.
+ 70. Rexenora.
+ 71. Philerga.
+ 72. Thomyris.
+ 73. Varonilla.
+ 74. Stranella.
+ 75. �quanima.
+ 76. Barosa.
+ 77. Epimona.
+ 78. Diosa.
+ 79. Bonita.
+ 80. Aretusa.
+ 81. Bendita.
+ 82. Regalletta.
+ 83. Isumena.
+ 84. Antaxia.
+ 85. Bergola.
+ 86. Viracia.
+ 87. Dynastis.
+ 88. Dalga.
+ 89. Eutocusa.
+ 90. Corriba.
+ 91. Pr�celsa.
+ 92. Plausidica.
+ 93. Donosa.
+ 94. Solic�lia.
+ 95. Bontadosa.
+ 96. Calliparia.
+ 97. Crelenca.
+ 98. Pancala.
+ 99. Dominella.
+ 100. Mundala.
+ 101. Pamphais.
+ 102. Philtrusa.
+ 103. Meliglena.
+ 104. Philetium.
+ 105. Tersa.
+ 106. Dulcicora.
+ 107. Gethosyna.
+ 108. Collabella.
+ 109. Eucnema.
+ 110. Tortolina.
+ 111. Ripulita.
+ 112. Urbana.
+ 113. Lampusa.
+ 114. Vistosa.
+ 115. Hermosina.
+ 116. Bramata.
+ 117. Zaglopis.
+ 118. Androlema.
+ 119. Trastevole.
+ 120. Suaviloqua.
+ 121. Francoline.
+ 122. Matilda.
+ 123. Allegra.
+ 124. Winnifred.
+ 125. Dorothy.
+ 126. Lawretta.
+ 127. Genivieve.
+ 128. Marjory.
+ 129. Jane.
+ 130. Anne.
+ 131. Magdalen.
+ 132. Girsel.
+ 133. Mary.
+ 134. Sophia.
+ 135. Elconore.
+ 136. Rosalind.
+ 137. Lillias.
+ 138. _Brigid._
+ 139. _Agnes._
+ 140. _Susanna._
+ 141. _Catherine._
+ 142. _Helen._
+ 143. _Beatrice._
+ 144. _Elizabeth._
+ 145. _Elizabeth._
+ 146. _Christian._
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II
+
+THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON (p. 157).
+
+"To speak a little now of his compatriot Crichtoun, I hope will not
+offend the ingenuous reader; who may know, by what is already displayed,
+that it cannot be heterogeneal from the proposed purpose, to make report
+of that magnanimous act atchieved by him at the Duke of Mantua's court,
+to the honour not only of his own, but to the eternal renown also of the
+whole Isle of Britain; the manner whereof was thus:
+
+"A certain Italian gentleman, of a mighty, able, strong, nimble, and
+vigorous body, by nature fierce, cruell, warlike, and audacious, and in
+the gladiatory art so superlatively expert and dextrous, that all the
+most skilful teachers of Escrime, and fencing-masters of Italy, (which
+in matter of choice professors in that faculty, needed never as yet to
+yeild to any nation in the world), were by him beaten to their good
+behaviour, and by blows given in, which they could not avoid, enforced
+to acknowledge him their over comer; bethinking himself, how, after so
+great a conquest of reputation, he might by such means be very suddenly
+enriched, he projected a course of exchanging the blunt to sharp, and
+the foiles into tucks. And in this resolution providing a purse full of
+gold, worth neer upon four hundred pounds English money, traveled
+alongst the most especial and considerable parts of Spaine, France, the
+Low-Countryes, Germany, Pole, Hungary, Greece, Italy, and other places,
+where ever there was greatest probability of encountring with the
+eagerest and most atrocious duellists. And immediately after his arrival
+to any city or town that gave apparent likelihood of some one or other
+champion that would enter the lists and cope with him, he boldly
+challenged them with sound of trumpet, in the chief market-place, to
+adventure an equal sum of money against that of his, to be disputed at
+the sword's point who should have both. There failed not several brave
+men, almost of all nations, who, accepting of his cartels, were not
+afraid to hazard both their person and coine against him; but, (till he
+midled with this Crichtoun), so maine was the ascendant he had above all
+his antagonists, and so unlucky the fate of such as offered to scuffle
+with him, that all his opposing combatants, (of what state or dominion
+soever they were), who had not lost both their life and gold, were glad,
+for the preservation of their person, (though sometimes with a great
+expence of blood), to leave both their reputation and mony behind them.
+At last, returning homewards to his own country, loaded with honor and
+wealth, or rather the spoils of the reputation of those forraginers,
+whom the Italians call Tramontani, he, by the way, after his accustomed
+manner of abording other places, repaired to the city of Mautua, where
+the Duke, (according to the courtesie usually bestowed on him by other
+princes), vouchsafed him a protection and savegard for his person; he
+(as formerly he was wont to do, by beat of drum, sound of trumpet, and
+several printed papers, disclosing his designe, battered on all the
+chief gates, posts, and pillars of the town), gave all men to
+understand, that his purpose was to challenge, at the single rapier, any
+whosoever of that city or country, that durst be so bold as to fight
+with him, provided he would deposite a bag of five hundred Spanish
+pistols over against another of the same value, which he himself should
+lay down, upon this condition, that the enjoyment of both should be the
+conqueror's due. His challenge was not long unanswered, for it happened,
+at the same time, that three of the most notable cutters in the world,
+(and so highly cryed up for valour, that all the bravos of the land were
+content to give way to their domineering, how insolent soever they
+should prove, because of their former constantly obtained victories in
+the field), were all three together at the court of Mantua, who, hearing
+of such a harvest of five hundred pistols to be reaped, (as they
+expected), very soon, and with ease, had almost contested amongst
+themselves for the priority of the first encounterer, but that one of my
+Lord Duke's courtiers moved them to cast lots for who should be first,
+second, and third, in case none of the former two should prove
+victorious. Without more adoe, he whose chance it was to answer the
+cartel with the first defiance, presented himself within the barriers,
+or place appointed for the fight, where, his adversary attending him, as
+soon as the trumpet sounded a charge, they jointly fel to work; and,
+(because I am not now to amplifie the particulars of a combat), although
+the dispute was very hot for a while, yet, whose fortune it was to be
+first of the three in the field, had the disaster to be first of the
+three that was foyled; for, at last, with a thrust in the throat, he was
+killed dead upon the ground. This, nevertheless, not a whit dismayed the
+other two, for, the nixt day, he that was second in the roll gave his
+appearance after the same manner as the first had done, but with no
+better success; for he likewise was laid flat dead upon the place, by
+means of a thrust he received in the heart. The last of the three,
+finding that he was as sure of being engaged in the fight as if he had
+been the first in order, pluckt up his heart, knit his spirits
+together, and, all the day after the death of the second, most
+couragiously entering the lists, demeaned himself for a while with great
+activity and skill; but at last, his luck being the same with those that
+preceded him, by a thrust in the belly, he within four and twenty hours
+after gave up the ghost. These (you may imagine), were lamentable
+spectacles to the Duke and citie of Mantua, who, casting down their
+faces for shame, knew not what course to take for reparation of their
+honour. The conquering duellist, proud of a victory so highly tending to
+both his honour and profit, for the space of a whole fortnight, or two
+weeks together, marched daily along the streets of Mantua, (without any
+opposition or controulment), like another Romulus or Marcellus in
+triumph; which, the never too much to be admired Crichtoun perceiving,
+to wipe off the imputation of cowardise lying upon the court of Mantua,
+to which he had but even then arrived, (although formerly he had been a
+domestick thereof), he could neither eat nor drink till he had first
+sent a challenge to the conqueror, appelling him to repair with his best
+sword in his hand, by nine of the clock in the morning of the next day,
+in presence of the whole court, and in the same place where he had
+killed the other three, to fight with him upon this quarrel, that in the
+court of Mantua there were as valiant men as he; and, for his better
+encouragement to the desired undertaking, he assured him that, to the
+aforesaid five hundred pistols, he would adjoyn a thousand more, wishing
+him to do the like, that the victor, upon the point of his sword, might
+carry away the richer bootay. The challenge, with all its conditions, is
+no sooner accepted of, the time and place mutually condescended upon,
+kept accordingly, and the fifteen hundred pistols _hinc inde_ deposited,
+but of the two rapiers of equal weight, length, and goodness, each
+taking one, in presence of the Duke, Dutchess, with all the noblemen,
+ladies, magnificos, and all the choicest of men, women, and maids of
+that citie, as soon as the signal for the duel was given, by the shot of
+a great piece of ordnance of threescore and four pound ball, the
+combatants, with a lion-like animosity, made their approach to one
+another, and, being within distance, the valiant Crichtoun, to make his
+adversary spend his fury the sooner, betook himself to the defensive
+part; wherein, for a long time, he shewed such excellent dexterity in
+warding the other's blows, slighting his falsifyings, in breaking
+measure, and often, by the agility of his body, avoiding his thrust,
+that he seemed but to play, while the other was in earnest. The
+sweetness of Crichtoun's countenance, in the hotest of the assault, like
+a glance of lightning on the hearts of the spectators, brought all the
+Italian ladies on a sudden to be enamoured of him; whilst the sternness
+of the other's aspect, he looking like an enraged bear, would have
+struck terrour into wolves, and affrighted an English mastiff. Though
+they were both in their linens, (to wit, shirts and drawers, without any
+other apparel), and in all outward conveniences equally adjusted, the
+Italian, with redoubling his stroaks, foamed at the mouth with a
+cholerick heart, and fetched a pantling breath; the Scot, in sustaining
+his charge, kept himself in a pleasant temper, without passion, and made
+void his designes; he alters his wards from tierce to quart; he primes
+and seconds it, now high, now lowe, and casts his body, (like another
+Prothee), into all the shapes he can, to spie an open on his adversary,
+and lay hold of an advantage, but all in vain; for the invincible
+Crichtoun, whom no cunning was able to surprise, contrepostures his
+respective wards, and, with an incredible nimbleness of both hand and
+foot, evades the intent and frustrates the invasion. Now is it, that the
+never before conquered Italian, finding himself a little faint, enters
+into a consideration that he may be over-matched; whereupon a sad
+apprehension of danger seizing upon all his spirits, he would gladly
+have his life bestowed on him as a gift, but that, having never been
+accustomed to yield, he knows not how to beg it. Matchless Crichtoun,
+seeing it now high time to put a gallant catastrophe to that so long
+dubious combat, animated with a divinely inspired servencie to fulfil
+the expectation of the ladies, and crown the Duke's illustrious hopes,
+changeth his garb, falls to act another part, and, from defender, turn
+assailant; never did art so grace nature, nor nature second the precepts
+of art with so much liveliness, and such observancie of time, as when,
+after he had struck fire out of the steel of his enemie's sword, and
+gained the feeble thereof with the fort of his own, by angles of the
+strongest position, he did, by geometrical flourishes of straight and
+oblique lines, so practically execute the speculative part, that, as if
+there had been Remoras and secret charms in the variety of his motion,
+the fierceness of his foe was in a trice transqualified into the
+numbness of a pageant. Then was it that, to vindicate the reputation of
+the Duke's family, and expiate the blood of the three vanquished
+gentlemen, he alonged a stoccade _de pied ferme_; then recoyling, he
+advanced another thrust, and lodged it home; after which, retiring
+again, his right foot did beat the cadence of the blow that pierced the
+belly of this Italian, whose heart and throat being hit with the two
+former stroaks, these three franch bouts given in upon the back of the
+other; besides that, if lines were imagined drawn from the hand that
+livered them, to the places which were marked by them, they would
+represent a perfect isosceles triangle, with a perpendicular from the
+top angle cutting the basis in the middle; they likewise give us to
+understand, that by them he was to be made a sacrifice of atonement for
+the slaughter of the three aforesaid gentlemen, who were wounded in the
+very same parts of their bodies by other such three venees as these,
+each whereof being mortal; and his vital spirits exhaling as his blood
+gushed out, all he spoke was this, That seeing he could not live, his
+comfort in dying was, that he could not dye by the hand of a braver man;
+after the uttering of which words, he expiring, with the shril clarcens
+of trumpets, bouncing thunder of artillery, bethwacked beating of drums,
+universal clapping of hands, and loud acclamations of joy for so
+glorious a victory, the aire above them was so rarified by the extremity
+of the noise and vehement sound, dispelling the thickest and most
+condensed parts thereof, that (as Plutarch speakes of the Grecians, when
+they raised their shouts of allegress up to the very heavens at the
+hearing of the gracious proclamations of Paulus �milius in favour of
+their liberty), the very sparrows and other flying fowls were said to
+fall to the ground for want of aire enough to uphold them in their
+flight.
+
+"When this sudden rapture was over, and all husht into its former
+tranquility, the noble gallantry and generosity, beyond expression, of
+the inimitable Crichtoun, did transport them all againe into a new
+exstasie of ravishment, when they saw him like an angel in the shape of
+a man, or as another Mars, with the conquered enemie's sword in one
+hand, and the fifteen hundred pistols he had gained in the other,
+present the sword to the Duke as his due, and the gold to his high
+treasurer, to be disponed equally to the three widows of the three
+unfortunate gentlemen lately slaine, reserving only to himself the
+inward satisfaction he conceived, for having so opportunely discharged
+his duty to the House of Mantua.
+
+"The reader perhaps will think this wonderful; and so would I too, were
+it not that I know, (as Sir Philip Sydney sayes), that a wonder is no
+wonder in a wonderful subject, and consequently not in him, who for his
+learning, judgement, valour, eloquence, beauty, and good-fellowship was
+the perfectest result of the joynt labour of the perfect number of those
+six deities, Pallas, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, Venus, and Bacchus, that
+hath been seen since the dayes of Alcibiades; for he was reported to
+have been inriched with a memory so prodigious, that any sermon, speech,
+harangue, or other manner of discourse of an hour's continuance, he was
+able to recite without hesitation, after the same manner of gesture and
+pronuntiation in all points, wherewith it was delivered at first; and of
+so stupendious a judgment and conception, that almost naturally he
+understood quiddities of philosophy; and as for the abstrusest and most
+researched mysteries of other disciplines, arts, and faculties, the
+intentional species of them were as readily obvious to the interiour
+view and perspicacity of his mind, as those of the common visible
+colours to the external sight of him that will open his eyes to look
+upon them; of which accomplishment and Encyclopedia of knowledge, he
+gave on a time so marvelous a testimony at Paris, that the words of
+_Admirabilis Scotus_, the Wonderful Scot, in all the several tongues and
+idiomes of Europ, were, (for a great while together), by the most of the
+echos resounded to the peircing of the very clouds. To so great a hight
+and vast extent of praise did the never too much to be extolled
+reputation of the seraphick wit of that eximious man attaine, for his
+commanding to be affixed programs on all the gates of the schooles,
+halls, and colledges of that famous university, as also on all the chief
+pillars and posts standing before the houses of the most renowned men
+for literature, resident within the precinct of the walls and suburbs of
+that most populous and magnificent city, inviting them all, (or any
+whoever else versed in any kinde of scholastick faculty), to repaire at
+nine of the clock in the morning of such a day, moneth, and yeer, as by
+computation came to be just six weeks after the date of the affixes, to
+the common schoole of the colledge of Navarre,[261] where, (at the
+prefixed time), he should, (God willing), be ready to answer to what
+should be propounded to him concerning any science, liberal art,
+discipline, or faculty, practical or theoretick, not excluding the
+theological nor jurisprudential habits, though grounded but upon the
+testimonies of God and man, and that in any of these twelve
+languages,[262] Hebrew, Syriack, Arabick, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French,
+Italian, English, Dutch, Flemish, and Sclavonian, in either verse or
+prose, at the discretion of the disputant; which high enterprise and
+hardy undertaking, by way of challenge to the learndst men in the world,
+damped the wits of many able scholars to consider whether it was the
+attempt of a fanatick spirit, or lofty designe of a well-poised
+judgment; yet after a few days enquiry concerning him, when information
+was got of his incomparable endowments, all the choicest and most
+profound philosophers, mathematicians, naturalists, mediciners,
+alchymists, apothecaries, surgeons, doctors of both civil and canon law,
+and divines both for controversies and positive doctrine, together with
+the primest grammarians, rhetoricians, logicians, and others, professors
+of other arts and disciplines at Paris, plyed their studys in their
+private cels for the space of a moneth, exceeding hard, and with huge
+paines and labor set all their braines awork how to contrive the
+knurriest arguments, and most difficult questions could be devised,
+thereby to puzzle him in the resolving of them, meander him in his
+answers, put him out of his medium, and drive him to a _non plus_; nor
+did they forget to premonish the ablest there of forraign nations not to
+be unprepared to dispute with him in their own material dialects, and
+that sometimes metrically, sometimes otherwayes, _pro libitu_.[263] All
+this while the Admirable Scot, (for so from thenceforth he was called),
+minding more his hawking, hunting, tilting, vaulting, riding of
+well-managed horses, tossing of the pike, handling of the musket,
+flourishing of colours, dancing, fencing, swimming, jumping, throwing of
+the bar, playing at tennis, baloon, or long catch; and sometimes at the
+house games of dice, cards, playing at the chess, billiards, trou-madam,
+and other such like chamber sports, singing, playing on the lute and
+other musical instruments, masking, balling, reveling; and, which did
+most of all divert, or rather distract him from his speculations and
+serious employments, being more addicted to, and plying closer the
+courting of handsome ladyes, and a jovial cup in the company of
+bacchanalian blades, then [than] the forecasting how to avoid, shun, and
+escape the snares, grins [gins?], and nets of the hard, obscure, and
+hidden arguments, ridles, and demands, to be made, framed, and woven by
+the professors, doctors, and others of that thrice-renowned university.
+There arose upon him an aspersion of too great proness to such like
+debordings and youthful emancipations, which occasioned one less
+acquainted with himself then [than] his reputation, to subjoyn, (some
+two weeks before the great day appointed), to that program of his, which
+was fixed on the Sorbone gate, these words: 'If you would meet with this
+monster of perfection, to make search for him ... in the taverne ... is
+the reedyest way to finde him.' By reason of which expression, (though
+truly as I think, both scandalous and false), the eminent sparks of the
+university, (imagining that those papers of provocation had been set up
+to no other end, but to scoff and delude them, in making them waste
+their spirits upon quirks and quiddities, more then [than] was fitting),
+did resent a little of their former toyle, and slack their studyes,
+becoming almost regardless thereof, till the several peals of bells
+ringing an hour or two before the time assigned, gave warning that the
+party was not to flee the barriers, nor decline the hardship of
+academical assaults; but, on the contrary, so confident in his former
+resolution, that he would not shrink to sustaine the shock of all their
+disceptations. This sudden alarm so awaked them out of their last
+fortnight's lethargy, that, calling to minde, the best way they might,
+the fruits of the foregoing moneth's labour, they hyed to the forenamed
+schoole with all diligence; where, after all of them had, according to
+their several degrees and qualities, seated themselves, and that by
+reason of the noise occasioned through the great confluence of people,
+which so strange a novelty brought thither out of curiosity, an
+universal silence was commanded, the Orator of the University, in most
+fluent Latine, addressing his speech to Crichtoun, extolled him for his
+literature, and other good parts, and for that confident opinion he had
+of his own sufficiency, in thinking himself able to justle in matters of
+learning with the whole university of Paris, Crichtoun answering him in
+no less eloquent terms of Latine, after he had most heartily thanked him
+for his elegies, so undeservedly bestowed, and darted some high
+encomiums upon the university and the professors therein; he very
+ingeniously [ingenuously] protested that he did not emit his programs
+out of any ambition to be esteemed able to enter in competition with the
+university, but meerly to be honoured with the favour of a publick
+conference with the learned men thereof. In complements after this
+manner, _ultro citroque habitis_, tossed to and again, retorted,
+contrerisposted, backreverted, and now and then graced with a quip or a
+clinch for the better relish of the ear, being unwilling in this kind of
+straining curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a full half hour and
+more; for he being the centre to which the innumerable diameters of the
+discourses of that circulary convention did tend, although none was to
+answer but he, any of them all, according to the order of their
+prescribed series, were permitted to reply, or commence new motions on
+any subject, in what language soever, and howsoever expressed; to all
+which, he being bound to tender himself a respondent, in matter and form
+suitable to the impugners propounding, he did first so transcendently
+acquit himself of that circumstantial kinde of oratory, that, by
+well-couched periods, and neatly running syllables, in all the twelve
+languages, both in verse and prose, he expressed to the life his
+courtship [courtliness] and civility; and afterwards, when the Rector of
+the university, (unwilling to have any more time bestowed on superficial
+rhetorick, or to have that wasted on the fondness of quaint phrases,
+which might be better employed in a reciprocacy of discussing
+scientifically the nature of substantial things), gave direction to the
+professors to fall on, each according to the dignity or precedency of
+his faculty, and that conform to the order given. Some metaphysical
+notions were set abroach, then mathematical, and of those arithmetical,
+geometrical, astronomical, musical, optical, cosmographical,
+trigonometrical, statical, and so forth through all the other branches
+of the prime and mother sciences thereof; the next bout was through all
+natural philosophy, according to Aristotle's method, from the
+acroamaticks, going along the speculation of the nature of the heavens,
+and that of the generation and corruption of sublinary things, even to
+the consideration of the soul and its faculties; in sequel hereof, they
+had a hint at chymical extractions, and spoke of the principles of
+corporeal and mixed bodies, according to the precepts of that art. After
+this, they disputed of medicine, in all its thereapeutick,
+pharmacopeutick, and chirurgical parts; and not leaving natural magick
+untouched, they had exquisite disceptations concerning the secrets
+thereof. From thence they proceeded to moral philosophy, where, debating
+of the true enumeration of all vertues and vices, they had most learned
+ratiocinations about the chief good of the life of man; and seeing the
+[that] oecumenicks and politicks are parts of that philosophy, they
+argued learnedly of all the several sorts of governments, with their
+defects and advantages; whereupon perpending, that, without an
+established law, all the duties of ruling and subjection, to the utter
+ruin of humane society, would be as often violated as the irregularity
+of passion, seconded with power, should give way thereto. The Sorbonist,
+canonical, and civilian doctors most judiciously argued with him about
+the most prudential maximes, sentences, ordinances, acts, and statutes
+for ordering all manner of persones in their consciences, bodyes,
+fortunes, and reputation; nor was there an end put to those literate
+exercitations till the grammarians, rhetoricians, poets, and logicians
+had assailed him with all the subtleties and nicest quodlibets their
+respective habits could afford. Now when, to the admiration of all that
+were there, the incomparable Crichtoun had, in all these faculties above
+written, and in any of the twelve languages wherein he was spoke to,
+whether in verse or prose, held tack to all the disputants, who were
+accounted the ablest scholars upon earth in each their own profession;
+and publickly evidenced such an universality of knowledge, and accurate
+promptness in resolving of doubts, distinguishing of obscurities,
+expressing the members of a distinction in adequate terms of art,
+explaining those compendious tearms with words of a more easie
+apprehension to the prostrating of the sublimest mysteries to any vulgar
+capacity, and with all excogitable variety of learning, (to his own
+everlasting fame), entertained, after that kinde, the nimble witted
+Parisians from nine o'clock in the morning till six at night; the Rector
+now finding it high time to give some relaxation to these worthy
+spirits, which, during such a long space, had been so intensively bent
+upon the abstrusest speculations, rose up, and saluting the divine
+Crichtoun, after he had made an elegant panegyrick, or encomiastick
+speech of half an houre's continuance, tending to nothing else but the
+extolling of him for the rare and most singular gifts wherewith God and
+nature had endowed him, he descended from his chaire, and, attended by
+three or four of the most especial professors, presented him with a
+diamond ring and a purse ful of gold, wishing him to accept thereof, if
+not, as a recompense proportional to his merit, yet as a badge of love,
+and testimony of the universitie's favour towards him. At the tender of
+which ceremony, there was so great a plaudite in the schoole, such a
+humming and clapping of hands, that all the concavities of the colledges
+there about did resound with the echo of the noise thereof.
+
+"Notwithstanding the great honor thus purchased by him for his
+literatory accomplishments, and that many excellent spirits, to obteine
+the like, would be content to postpose all other employments to the
+enjoyment of their studyes, he, nevertheless, the very next day, (to
+refresh his braines, as he said, for the toile of the former day's
+work), went to the Louvre in a buff-suit, more like a favourite of Mars
+then [than] one of the Muses' minions; where, in presence of some
+princes of the court, and great ladies, that came to behold his
+gallantry, he carryed away the ring fifteen times on end, and broke as
+many lances on the Saracen.
+
+"When for a quarter of a yeer together he after this manner had
+disported himself, (what martially, what scholastically), with the best
+qualified men in any faculty so ever, that so large a city, (which is
+called the world's abridgement), was able to afford, and now and then
+solaced these his more serious recreations, (for all was but sport to
+him), with the alluring imbellishments of the tendrer sexe, whose
+_inamorato_ that he might be, was their ambition; he on a sudden took
+resolution to leave the Court of France, and return to Italy, where he
+had been bred for many yeers together; which designe he prosecuting
+within the space of a moneth, (without troubling himself with long
+journeys), he arrived at the Court of Mantua, where immediately after
+his abord, (as hath been told already), he fought the memorable combat
+whose description is above related. Here it was that the learned and
+valiant Crichtoun was pleased to cast anchor, and fix his abode; nor
+could he almost otherwise do, without disobliging the Duke, and the
+Prince his eldest son; by either whereof he was so dearly beloved, that
+none of them would permit him by any means to leave their Court, whereof
+he was the only _privado_, the object of all men's love, and subject of
+their discourse; the example of the great ones, and wonder of the meaner
+people; the paramour of the female sexe, and paragon of his own. In the
+glory of which high estimation, having resided at that Court above two
+whole yeers, the reputation of gentlemen there was hardly otherwayes
+valued but by the measure of his acquaintance; nor were the young
+unmaryed ladies, of all the most eminent places thereabouts, any thing
+respected of one another, that had not either a lock of his hair, or
+copy of verses of his composing. Nevertheless it happening on a
+Shrove-tuesday at night, (at which time it is in Italy very customary
+for men of great sobriety, modesty, and civil behaviour all the rest of
+the yeer, to give themselves over on that day of carnavale, as they call
+it, to all manner of riot, drunkenness, and incontinency, which that
+they may do with the least imputation they can to their credit, they go
+maskt and mum'd with vizards on their faces, and in the disguise of a
+Zanni or Pantaloon, to ventilate their fopperies, and sometimes
+intolerable enormities, without suspicion of being known), that this
+ever renowned Crichtoun, (who, in the afternoon of that day, at the
+desire of my Lord Duke, the whole court striving which should exceed
+each other in foolery, and devising of the best sports to excite
+laughter, neither my Lord, the Dutchess, nor Prince, being exempted from
+acting their parts, as well as they could), upon a theater set up for
+the purpose, begun to prank it, _� la Venetiana_, with such a flourish
+of mimick and ethopoetick gestures, that all the courtiers of both
+sexes, even those that a little before were fondest of their own
+conceits, at the sight of his so inimitable a garb, from ravishing
+actors that they were before, turned them ravished spectators. O with
+how great liveliness did he represent the conditions of all manner of
+men! how naturally did he set before the eyes of the beholders the
+rogueries of all professions, from the overweening monarch to the
+peevish swaine, through all the intermediate degrees of the superficial
+courtier or proud warrior, dissembled churchman, doting old man,
+cozening lawyer, lying traveler, covetous merchant, rude seaman,
+pedantick scholar, the amourous shepheard, envious artisan, vainglorious
+master, and tricky servant; he did with such variety display the several
+humours of all these sorts of people, and with a so bewitching energy,
+that he seemed to be the original, they the counterfeit; and they the
+resemblance whereof he was the prototype. He had all the jeers, squibs,
+flouts, buls, quips, taunts, whims, jests, clinches, gybes, mokes,
+jerks, with all the several kinds of equivocations, and other
+sophistical captions, that could properly be adapted to the person by
+whose representation he intended to inveagle the company into a fit of
+mirth; and would keep in that miscelany discourse of his, (which was all
+for the splene, and nothing for the gall), such a climacterical and
+mercurially digested method, that when the fancy of the hearers was
+tickled with any rare conceit, and that the jovial blood was moved, he
+held it going with another new device upon the back of the first, and
+another, yet another, and another againe, succeeding one another for the
+promoval of what is a-stirring into a higher agitation; till in the
+closure of the luxuriant period, the decumanal wave of the oddest whimsy
+of all, enforced the charmed spirits of the auditory, (for affording
+room to its apprehension), suddenly to burst forth into a laughter,
+which commonly lasted just so long as he had leisure to withdraw behind
+the skreen, shift off, with the help of a page, the suite he had on,
+apparel himself with another, and return to the stage to act afresh; for
+by that time their transported, disparpled, and sublimated fancies, by
+the wonderfully operating engines of his solacious inventions, had from
+the hight to which the inward scrues, wheeles, and pullies of his wit
+had elevated them, descended by degrees into their wonted stations, he
+was ready for the personating of another carriage; whereof to the number
+of fourteen several kinds, (during the five hours space that at the
+Duke's desire, the solicitation of the court, and his own recreation, he
+was pleased to histrionize it), he shewed himself so natural a
+representative, that any would have thought he had been so many several
+actors, differing in all things else, save only the stature of the body;
+with this advantage above the most of other actors, whose tongue, with
+its oral implements, is the onely instrument of their minds'
+disclosing, that, besides his mouth with its appurtenances, he lodged
+almost a several oratour in every member of his body; his head, his
+eyes, his shoulder, armes, hands, fingers, thighs, legs, feet, and
+breast, being able to decipher any passion whose character he purposed
+to give.
+
+"First, he did present himself with a crown on his head, a scepter in
+his hand, being clothed in a purple robe furred with ermyne; after that,
+with a miter on his head, a crosier in his hand, and accoutred with a
+paire of lawn-sleeves; and thereafter, with a helmet on his head, the
+visiere up, a commanding stick in his hand, and arayed in a buff-suit,
+with a scarf about his middle. Then, in a rich apparel, after the newest
+fashion, did he shew himself, (like another Sejanus), with a periwig
+daubed with Cypres powder; in sequel of that, he came out with a
+three-corner'd cap on his head, some parchments in his hand, and
+writings hanging at his girdle like Chancery bills; and next to that,
+with a furred gown about him, an ingot of gold in his hand, and a bag
+full of money by his side; after all this, he appeares againe clad in a
+country-jacket, with a prong in his hand, and a Monmouth-like-cap on his
+head; then very shortly after, with a palmer's coat upon him, a bourdon
+in his hand,[264] and some few cockle-shels stuck to his hat, he look'd
+as if he had come in pilgrimage from St Michael; immediately after that,
+he domineers it in a bare unlined gown, with a pair of whips in the one
+hand, and Corderius in the other; and in suite thereof, he
+honderspondered[265] it with a pair of pannier-like breeches, a
+mountera-cap on his head, and a knife in a wooden sheath dagger-ways by
+his side; about the latter end, he comes forth again with a square in
+one hand, a rule in the other, and a leather apron before him; then very
+quickly after, with a scrip by his side, a sheep-hook in his hand, and a
+basket full of flowers to make nosegayes for his mistris; now drawing to
+a closure, he rants it first _in cuerpo_, and vapouring it with gingling
+spurs, and his armes a kenbol like a Don Diego he strouts it, and by the
+loftiness of his gate, plaies the Capitan Spavento; then in the very
+twinkling of an eye, you would have seen him againe issue forth with a
+cloak upon his arm, in a livery garment, thereby representing the
+serving-man; and lastly, at one time amongst those other, he came out
+with a long gray beard, and bucked ruff, crouching on a staff tip't,
+with the head of a barber's cithern,[266] and his gloves hanging by a
+button at his girdle.
+
+"Those fifteen several personages did he represent with such excellency
+of garb, and exquisiteness of language, that condignely to perpend the
+subtlety of the invention, the method of the disposition, the neatness
+of the elocution, the gracefulness of the action, and wonderful variety
+in the so dextrous performance of all, you would have taken it for a
+comedy of five acts, consisting of three scenes, each composed by the
+best poet in the world, and acted by fifteen of the best players that
+ever lived, as was most evidently made apparent to all the spectators in
+the fifth and last hour of his action, (which, according to our western
+account, was about six a clock at night, and by the calculation of that
+country, half an hour past three and twenty, at that time of the yeer),
+for, purposing to leave off with the setting of the sun, with an
+endeavour nevertheless to make his conclusion the master-piece of the
+work, he, to that effect, summoning all his spirits together, which
+never failed to be ready at the call of so worthy a commander, did by
+their assistance, so conglomerate, shuffle, mix, and interlace the
+gestures, inclinations, actions, and very tones of the speech of those
+fifteen several sorts of men, whose carriages he did personate into an
+inestimable _ollapodrida_ of immaterial morsels of divers kinds,
+suitable to the very ambrosian relish of the Heliconian nymphs, that, in
+the peripetia of this drammatical exercitation, by the inchanted
+transportation of the eyes and eares of its spectabundal auditorie, one
+would have sworne that they all had looked with multiplying glasses, and
+that, (like that angel in the Scripture whose voice was said to be like
+the voice of a multitude), they heard in him alone the promiscuous
+speech of fifteen several actors; by the various ravishments of the
+excellencies whereof, in the frolickness of a jocund straine beyond
+expectation, the logofascinated spirits of the beholding hearers and
+auricularie spectators, were so on a sudden seazed upon in their risible
+faculties of the soul, and all their vital motions so universally
+affected in this extremitie of agitation, that, to avoid the inevitable
+charmes of his intoxicating ejaculations, and the accumulative
+influences of so powerfull a transportation, one of my lady Dutchess'
+chief maids of honour, by the vehemencie of the shock of those
+incomprehensible raptures, burst forth into a laughter to the rupture of
+a veine in her body; and another young lady, by the irresistible
+violence of the pleasure unawares infused, where the tender
+receptibilitie of her too tickled fancie was least able to hold out, so
+unprovidedly was surprised, that, with no less impetuositie of
+ridibundal passion then [than], (as hath been told), occasioned a
+fracture in the other young ladie's modestie, she, not being able
+longer to support the well beloved burthen of so excessive delight, and
+intransing joys of such mercurial exhilations through the ineffable
+extasie of an overmastered apprehension, fell back in a swown, without
+the appearance of any other life into her then [than] what, by the most
+refined wits of theological speculators, is conceived to be exerced by
+the purest parts of the separated entelechises of blessed saints in
+their sublimest conversations with the celestial hierarchies; this
+accident procured the incoming of an apothecary with restoratives, as
+the other did that of a surgeon with consolidative medicaments.[267] The
+Admirable Crichtoun now perceiving that it was drawing somewhat late,
+and that our occidental rays of Phoebus were upon their turning oriental
+to the other hemisphere of the terrestrial globe; being withall jealous
+that the uninterrupted operation of the exuberant diversitie of his
+jovialissime entertainment, by a continuate winding up of the humours
+there present to a higher, yet higher, and still higher pitch, above the
+supremest Lydian note of the harmonie of voluptuousness, should, in such
+a case, through the too intensive stretching of the already super-elated
+strings of their imagination, with a transcendencie over-reaching Ela,
+and beyond the well concerted gain of rational equanimitie, involve the
+remainder of that illustrious companie into the sweet labyrinth and
+mellifluent anfractuosities of a lacinious delectation, productive of
+the same inconveniences which befel the two afore-named ladies; whose
+delicacie of constitution, though sooner overcome, did not argue, but
+that the same extranean causes from him proceeding of their pathetick
+alteration, might by a longer insisting in an efficacious agencie, and
+unremitted working of all the consecutively imprinted degrees that the
+capacity of the patient is able to containe, prevaile at last, and have
+the same predominancie over the dispositions of the strongest
+complexioned males of that splendid society, did, in his own ordinary
+wearing apparel, with the countenance of a Prince, and garb befitting
+the person of a so well bred gentleman and cavalier, kat exoch�n full of
+majestie, and repleat with all excogitable civilitie, (to the amazement
+of all that beheld his heroick gesture), present himself to epilogate
+this his almost extemporanean comedie, though of five hours continuance
+without intermission; and that with a peroration so neatly uttered, so
+distinctly pronounced, and in such elegancie of selected tearmes,
+expressed by a diction so periodically contexed with isocoly of members,
+that the matter thereof tending in all humility to beseech the
+highnesses of the Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, together with the remanent
+lords, ladies, knights, gentlemen, and others of both sexes of that
+honourable convention, to vouchsafe him the favour to excuse his that
+afternoon's escaped extravagancies, and to lay the blame of the
+indigested irregularity of his wits' excursions, and the abortive issues
+of his disordered brain, upon the customarily dispensed with priviledges
+in those Cisalpinal regions, to authorize such like impertinencies at
+Carnavalian festivals; and that, although, according to the meet
+commonly received opinion in that country, after the nature of Load-him,
+(a game at cards), where he that wins loseth, he who, at that season of
+the year, playeth the fool most egregiously, is reputed the wisest man;
+he, nevertheless, not being ambitious of the fame of enjoying good
+qualities, by vertue of the antiphrasis of the fruition of bad ones, did
+meerly undergo that emancipatorie task of a so profuse liberty, and to
+no other end embraced the practising of such roaming and exorbitant
+diversions but to give an evident, or rather infallible, demonstration
+of his eternally bound duty to the House of Mantua, and all inviolable
+testimony of his never to be altered designe, in prosecuting all the
+occasions possible to be laid hold on that can in any manner of way
+prove conducible to the advancement of, and contributing to, the
+readiest means for improving those advantages that may best promove the
+faculties of making all his choice endeavours, and utmost abilities at
+all times, effectual to the long-wished-for furtherance of his most
+cordial and endeared service to the serenissime highnesses of My Lord
+Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, and of consecrating with all addicted
+obsequiousness, and submissive devotion, his everlasting obedience to
+the illustrious shrine of their joynt commands. Then incontinently
+addressing himself to the Lords, ladies and others of that rotonda,
+(which, for his daigning to be its inmate, though but for that day,
+might be accounted in nothing inferior to the great Colisee of Rome, or
+Amphitheater of Neems), with a stately carriage, and port suitable to so
+prime a gallant, he did cast a look on all the corners thereof, so
+bewitchingly amiable and magically efficacious as if in his eys had bin
+a muster of ten thousand cupids eagerly striving who should most deeply
+pierce the hearts of the spectators with their golden darts. And truly
+so it fell out, (that there not being so much as one arrow shot in
+vain), all of them did love him, though not after the same manner, nor
+for the same end; for, as the manna of the Arabian desarts is said to
+have had in the mouths of the Egyptian Israelites, the very same tast of
+the meat they loved best, so the Princes that were there did mainly
+cherish him for his magnanimity and knowledge; his courtliness and sweet
+behaviour being that for which chiefly the noblemen did most respect
+him; for his pregnancie of wit, and chivalric in vindicating the honour
+of ladies, he was honoured by the knights, and the esquires and other
+gentlemen courted him for his affability and good fellowship; the rich
+did favour him for his judgment and ingeniosity; and for his liberality
+and munificence he was blessed by the poor; the old men affected him for
+his constancie and wisdome, and the young for his mirth and gallantry;
+the scholars were enamoured of him for his learning and eloquence, and
+the souldiers for his integrity and valour; the merchants, for his
+upright dealing and honesty, praised and extolled him, and the
+artificers for his goodness and benignity; the chastest lady of that
+place would have hugged and imbraced him for his discretion and
+ingenuity; whilst for his beauty and comeliness of person he was, at
+least in the fervency of their desires, the paramour of the less
+continent; he was dearly beloved of the fair women, because he was
+handsome, and of the fairest more dearly, because he was handsomer: in a
+word, the affections of the beholders, (like so many several diameters
+drawn from the circumference of their various intents), did all
+concenter in the point of his perfection. After a so considerable
+insinuation, and gaining of so much ground upon the hearts of the
+auditory, (though in a shorter space then [than] the time of a flash of
+lightning), he went on, (as before), in the same thred of the conclusive
+part of his discourse, with a resolution not to cut it, till the
+overabounding passions of the company, their exorbitant motions and
+discomposed gestures, through excess of joy and mirth, should be all of
+them quieted, calmed, and pacified, and every man, woman, and maid
+there, (according to their humour), resented in the same integrity they
+were at first; which when by the articulatest elocution of the most
+significant words, expressive of the choisest things that fancie could
+suggest, and, conforme to the matter's variety, elevating or depressing,
+flat or sharply accinating it, with that proportion of tone that was
+most consonant with the purpose, he had attained unto, and by his verbal
+harmony and melodious utterance, setled all their distempered pleasures,
+and brought their disorderly raised spirits into their former capsuls,
+he with a tongue tip't with silver, after the various diapasons of all
+his other expressions, and making of a leg for the spruceness of its
+courtsie, of greater decorement to him then [than] cloth of gold and
+purple, farewel'd the companie with a complement of one period so
+exquisitely delivered, and so well attended by the gracefulness of his
+hand and foot, with the quaint miniardise of the rest of his body, in
+the performance of such ceremonies as are usual at a court-like
+departing, that from the theater he had gone into a lobie, from thence
+along three spacious chambers, whence descending a back staire, he past
+through a low gallerie which led him to that outer gate, where a coach
+with six horses did attend him, before that magnificent convention of
+both sexes, (to whom that room, wherein they all were, seemed in his
+absence to be as a body without a soul), had the full leisure to
+recollect their spirits, (which, by the neatness of his so curious a
+close, were _quoquoversedly_ scattered with admiration), to advise on
+the best expediency how to dispose of themselves for the future of that
+[delightful] night."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[261] The College of Navarre was founded by Jeanne of Navarre, consort
+of Philippe the Fair, in 1305. Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth
+centuries it was the foremost foundation of the University of Paris (F.
+W. S.).
+
+[262] John Hill Burton points out the somewhat curious fact that, among
+the hero's linguistic accomplishments, Gaelic, which must have been
+talked at his own door, does not appear.
+
+[263] In the matter of length this is surely a record sentence.
+
+[264] "_A bourdon in his hand_"--"A musical instrument resembling a
+bassoon, in use with pilgrims who visit the body of St James at
+Compostella" (Sir John Hawkins).
+
+[265] "_Honderspondered_"--_i.e._ floundered. Fr. _hondrespondres_
+(_Rab._ iii. 42)--"hundred-pounders," heavy, burly fellows.
+
+[266] "_Barber's cithern_"--"The instrument now ignorantly called a
+guitar. It was formerly part of the furniture of a barber's shop, and
+was the amusement of waiting customers" (Sir John Hawkins).
+
+[267] This incident reminds one of the effect produced upon the lawyers
+in court when "Pantagruel gave judgment upon the difference of the two
+lords." Our readers will remember that it is the author of the above
+description who is the translator of the narrative which tells of that
+wonderfully satisfactory decision. "As for the counsellors, and other
+doctors in the law that were there present, they were all so ravished
+with admiration at the more than humane wisdom of Pantagruel, which they
+did most clearly perceive to be in him, by his so accurate decision of
+this so difficult and thornie cause, that their spirits, with the
+extremity of the rapture, being elevated above the pitch of actuating
+the organs of the body, they fell into a trance and sudden extasie,
+wherein they stayed for the space of three long houres; and had been so
+as yet, in that condition, had not some good people fetched store of
+vinegar and rose water to bring them again into their former sense and
+understanding, for the which God be praised everywhere. And so be it."
+(_Rabelais_, ii. 13.)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+ Aberdeen, 43.
+   Attitude towards covenant, 32, 36.
+
+ "Aberdeen Doctors," 37.
+
+ _Aberdeen Sasines_, 7 (note).
+
+ Aberdeen University, 19.
+   New constitution, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Abercrombie, Sir Alexander, 7 (note).
+
+ Abernethie, Helen, wife of Thomas Urquhart, 141.
+
+ Abraham, Patriarch, 133.
+
+ _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, 61 (note 3), 71 (note 2), 93
+   (note), 101 (notes).
+
+ Adam, 130, 146.
+
+ _Advancement of Learning_, 118 (note).
+
+ �gyptus' sons, 134.
+
+ �quanima, sister of Marcus Coriolanus, 136.
+
+ Agamemnon, 135.
+
+ Ainsworth, W. Harrison, _Crichton_, 105 (note 2).
+
+ "_Airgiod cagainn_" (chewing-money), 77.
+
+ Airlie, Earl of, 19 (note).
+
+ Alcibiades, 136.
+
+ Alexander of Macedon, 27, 51.
+
+ Allibone, _Dictionary_, and Urquhart, 101.
+
+ Alsop, Captain, treatment of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 89.
+
+ _Amadis of Gaul_, 144 (note 2).
+
+ _Anastasius_, quoted, 77 (note 1).
+
+ Anderson, Gilbert, minister of Cromartie, 63, 66 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Hugh, 66 (note 3).
+
+ ---- P. J., 10, 11 (notes).
+
+ _Annals of Banff_, quoted, 8 (note 2), 19 (note), 47 (note 3).
+
+ Annand, John, minister of Inverness, and Sir Thomas Urquhart, 68, 82.
+
+ _Antiquarian Notes_, 7 (note), 69 70 (note).
+
+ _Apprizing_, 58 (note).
+
+ Arcalaus, 144 (note).
+
+ Archimedes, 124.
+
+ Arduamurchan, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Ardoch farm, 55.
+
+ Argyll, Marquis of, and Covenanters, 32.
+
+ Ariosto, 166.
+   Hippogriff and Astolfo, 107.
+
+ Aristotle, 124, 202 (note).
+   _Organon, Ethics, and Politics_, 10.
+
+ Arnold, Matthew, standard for judging literature, 143.
+
+ Arran, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Arren, Earle of, 115.
+
+ Arundel, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Astioremon, 137.
+
+ Asymbleta, 144 (note).
+
+ Atbara, battle of, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Atropos, 129.
+
+ Bacchus, 202;
+   conquers India, 135.
+
+ Bacon, Lord, Solicitor-General, 8.
+   On fate of solid and weighty things, 118.
+   Rules for young travellers in _Essays, Civil and Moral_, 26.
+
+ Baddeley, Richard, 128 (note), 149 (note).
+
+ Badenoch, 76.
+
+ Baillie, Robert, _Letters_, 81 (note 1), 82.
+
+ Baldwin, Richard, 185 (note).
+
+ Balquholly Castle, 35, 39, 102 (note 3): now Hatton Castle.
+   Account of, 39 (note 1).
+
+ Balvenie, battle at, 77 (and note 2), 79.
+
+ Banff, 8, 18.
+   Entry in Court-book of Burgh, 15, 19.
+
+ Barclay, Waiter, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Barclays, 38 (note 2).
+
+ Baron, Dr Robert, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Basagante, 144 (note).
+
+ Beaten, Cardinal, 55.
+
+ Bedell, William, idea of universal language, 175.
+
+ Belladrum, 70.
+
+ Bellay, Jean du, Bishop of Paris, 188.
+
+ Bellenden, Adam, 43 (note).
+
+ Beltistos, 2.
+
+ Bembo, 166.
+
+ Berwick, 44.
+
+ Besant, Sir Walter, 185 (note 2).
+
+ Bickerstaffe, Isaac, 51 (note).
+
+ Biggar, 85.
+
+ Billing, _Baronial Antiquities_, 39 (note).
+
+ _Biographia Britannica_, quoted, 144 (note 2), 158 (note 2).
+
+ Birkenbog, 7 (note).
+
+ Birrell, A., 186.
+
+ Black Island, 62 (note 1).
+
+ _Blackwood's Magazine_, quoted, 181 (note 2).
+   (_See_ also names of subjects.)
+
+ Boece, Hector, fictions, 145.
+
+ _Book of Bon Accord_, 13 (note 1).
+
+ Bracegirdle, Mrs, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Braughton discovers Sir Thomas Urquhart's MSS., 155, 156.
+
+ Brisena, 144 (note).
+
+ Browne, Sir Thomas:
+   Phraseology, 2.
+   Quoted, 49, 137.
+   _Vulgar Errors_, 126.
+
+ Browning, Robert, 113.
+
+ Bruce, James, 126 (note 1).
+
+ ---- King David, 4.
+
+ ---- King Robert, grants Cromartie to Sir Hugh Ross, 4.
+
+ Bruklay, 7 (note).
+
+ Brydges, Sir Egerton, _Autobiography_;
+   _Mary de Clifford_, 152 (note 1).
+
+ Bullock, J. M., _History of University of Aberdeen_, quoted, 36.
+
+ Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 191 (note).
+
+ Burnet, quoted, 82 (note), 175.
+
+ Burns, Robert, 23.
+
+ Burton, John Hill:
+   On "Aberdeen Doctors" in _History of Scotland_, 37.
+   On description of Crichton's feats, 162, 223 (note 2).
+   On Sir Thomas Urquhart's writings, 157, 159.
+   _Scot Abroad_, quoted, 159.
+
+ Burton, Robert, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, 205 (note).
+
+ C�sar, _De Bello Gallico_, 198 (note).
+
+ Caithness, 3, 70, 80 (note 2).
+
+ Calder, Campbell of, 7 (note).
+
+ _Calendar of Proceedings in Committee for Advances of Moneys-Taxes_,
+   50 (note).
+
+ Calvert, Giles, 176 (note).
+
+ Cambridge, Earl of, 115.
+
+ Cant at Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ Carberry Tower, 13 (note 3).
+
+ Carlisle, 85.
+
+ Carlyle, Thomas:
+   _Oliver Cromwell_, quoted, 86, 87.
+   _Sartor Resartus_, quoted, 189.
+
+ Cartadaque, 144 (note).
+
+ Castalia, 109.
+
+ Cawdor, 66 (note 3).
+
+ Chanonry Castle taken, 76.
+
+ Charles I.:
+   Endeavours to force Episcopacy on Scotland, 31.
+   Execution of, 69, 70, 168.
+   Letter of Protection to Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, 15.
+   Licence to T. York, 50 (note 2).
+   On knowledge of law, 52.
+
+ Charles II., 97, 99.
+   Crowned, 84, 169.
+   Lands in Scotland, 83.
+
+ Charles VII., 187.
+
+ Chatterton, 152 (note).
+
+ Chinon, 187.
+
+ "Christianus Presbyteromastix," 150.
+
+ Cibber, _Apology_, 170 (note).
+
+ Cicero, 201; _De Officiis_, 10.
+
+ Cid, The, 27.
+
+ Clan Mackenzie, 72.
+
+ Clanmolinespick, 135 (and note).
+
+ Clanrurie, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Clare, Earl of, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Clare Street, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Clio, 109 (note).
+
+ Coleridge, on Rabelais' writings, 186.
+
+ College of Navarre, 160, 223 (note).
+
+ "Colophonian Poet," 109 (note).
+
+ Colophos, 109 (note).
+
+ Commission of General Assembly, 72, 79 (and note 1), 81.
+
+ Constantinople, 77 (note 1).
+
+ Cotgrave, _French Dictionary_, 191.
+
+ Cottrel, James, 149 (note).
+
+ Court of Session, Decisions of, 146.
+
+ Covenant signed, 47 (note 3).
+
+ Covenanting Movement, 31.
+
+ Coventry, 86.
+
+ Craig, John, 42 (note).
+
+ Craigfintray, 5, 19 (note), 60, 101 (note 2).
+
+ Cratynter, 132.
+
+ Craven, Earl of, 116.
+
+ ---- Rev. J. B., 57 (note).
+
+ Crawford, Earl of, 146.
+
+ Crichton, James (the Admirable), 157, 158 (note 2).
+   Age on entering St Andrews, 9.
+   Sketch of, 159;
+   Appendix ii, 215.
+
+ Cromartie (Crwmbawchty or Crumbathy), 3, 70.
+
+ ---- Castle, account of, 17 (and note 1), 18.
+   Library, 29.
+   Put in state of defence, 70, 71 (note 1).
+   Siege of, 139.
+
+ ---- estate, proprietors of, 103.
+
+ ---- Lady Dowager of, 120.
+
+ ---- parish, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Cromwell, Oliver, 8, 32 (note), 84, 86, 96.
+
+ Cullicudden, 62 (note 1), 63, 71 (note 1).
+
+ Culloden, 19 (note).
+
+ Cumberland's, Duke of, headquarters, 19.
+
+ Curators, 5 (note).
+
+ Danaus' daughters, 133.
+
+ Dante, 166.
+   Quoted, 161 (note).
+
+ Darioleta, 144 (note).
+
+ Darwin, Charles, 131 (note).
+
+ _David Copperfield_, quoted, 51 (note 2), 59 (note), 62 (note).
+
+ Debora, Judge and Prophetess, 135.
+
+ Delgatie, Laird of, plunders Balquholly, 39.
+
+ Delos, 119 (note).
+
+ Demosthenes, 162 (note).
+
+ Dickson, David, Professor of Divinity, Glasgow, 82.
+   At Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ _Dictionary of National Biography_, quoted, 82 (note), 101 (note).
+
+ Diosa, daughter of Alcibiades, 136.
+
+ Dis, Father of Wealth, 198.
+
+ Don river, 126 (note 1).
+
+ Don Quixote, 104 (and note 2).
+
+ Donne, Age on going to Oxford, 9.
+
+ Dorset, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Douglas, Robert, Moderator of Commission of General Assembly, 81 (and
+   note 2).
+
+ Dove, Dr, 114 (note).
+
+ Duchat, Notes on Rabelais, 206.
+
+ Duff, Garden Alexander, 39, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Isabel Annie, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Dunbar, Battle of, 83, 87.
+
+ Dunlugas in Alvah, 47 (note 1).
+
+ Edward, King, 138.
+
+ Egypt, English peer in, 27.
+
+ Elgin, 4 (note), 70, 95.
+
+ Elibank, Patrick, Lord, buys Cromartie estate, 103.
+
+ Eliock, Perthshire, 159.
+
+ Elphinstone, Alexander, Lord, 6, 13 (and note 3).
+
+ ---- Lady Christian, 6, 7 (note).
+
+ Englishman abroad, 22.
+
+ Entelechia, Queen, 158 (note).
+
+ Episcopacy in Scotland, 32, 102 (note 2).
+
+ Erasmus, 143.
+
+ Eromena, 144 (note).
+
+ Errol, Earl of, 146.
+
+ Esormon, Prince of Achaia, 131.
+
+ Euclid, 124, 142.
+
+ Falkirk, 84.
+
+ Famongomadan, 144 (note).
+
+ Farquhar, Sir Robert of Mounie, and Cromartie creditors, 60.
+
+ Fergus, King of Scots, 136, 145.
+
+ Findlay, Andrew, 43.
+
+ Findrassie. (_See_ Lesley, Robert.)
+
+ Firth of Cromartie, 62 (note 1).
+
+ ---- of Forth, 38.
+
+ Fisherie, Barony of, 4, 8 (and note 1), 19 (note).
+
+ Fleetwood, 96.
+
+ Florence, 28.
+
+ Folengo, T., _Macaronea_, 205 (note).
+
+ Fontenay-le-Comte, 188, 204 (note).
+
+ Forbes, Alexander, 15, 41 (note 2).
+
+ ---- Arthur, of Blacktown, 40.
+
+ ---- Dr John, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Forestalling, 15 (note 2).
+
+ Fortrose Castle garrisoned, 76.
+
+ Fountainhall, _Decisions_, 146 (note).
+
+ Fraser, (Colonel) Hugh, of Belladrum, and Rising in North, 70.
+
+ ---- (Sir) James, 71 (note 1).
+
+ ---- Lord, garrisons Towie-Barclay Castle, 39.
+
+ ---- Sir William:
+   _Earls of Cromartie_, quoted, 3 (note 2).
+   _The Lords Elphinstone_, quoted, 7 (note), 13 (note 3).
+
+ G. P., 128.
+
+ Gardenstoun Papers, 7 (note).
+
+ Gargantua, 190, 193.
+
+ Gathelus, 145.
+
+ Gaurin (Gowran), Earl of, 116.
+
+ _General Assembly Commission Records_, 72 (note), 74 (note), 75 (note),
+   78 (note), 79 (note 2), 80 (note).
+
+ Genoa, 28.
+
+ Gight, Laird of, 40.
+
+ Gladmon, Captain, 88.
+
+ Glasgow, General Assembly in, 35.
+
+ Glenkindie, 7 (note).
+
+ Glover, George, portraits of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 107.
+
+ Gonima, 144 (note).
+
+ Gonzaga, Vincenzio de, 164.
+
+ Goodwin, Captain, 94.
+
+ Gordon, James, _History of Scots Affairs_, 35 (notes), 41 (note 2),
+   132 (note).
+
+ ---- (Sir) James, of Lesmoir, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- John, 101 (note 3).
+
+ Granada, 27.
+
+ Granger, _Biographical Dictionary_, 107 (note 2), 112 (note 1), 206
+   (note 1).
+
+ Grimm, _Household Tales_, 180.
+
+ Guild, Dr William, 13 (note 1), 19 (note).
+   Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 12.
+
+ _Gulliver's Travels_, 144 (note 2).
+
+ Gustavus Adolphus, 81 (note 2).
+
+ Guthrie, James, 82.
+
+ Halket, General, 77 (note 2), 81 (note).
+
+ Hatton Castle. (_See_ Balquholly.)
+
+ Hamilton, Marquis of, 111, 115.
+   At Berwick, 44.
+
+ Harrison, 85.
+
+ Hawkins, Sir John, 232, 233 (notes).
+   _Life of Johnson_, 206 (note).
+
+ Hazlitt, quoted, 167 (note).
+
+ Heine, _Das Buch Le Grand_, 182 (note).
+
+ Henderson at Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ Henry II., 187.
+
+ Henry, Prince, 8.
+
+ Heraclitus the Obscure, 119(note), 201.
+
+ Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, _Autobiography_, 25 (note 1).
+
+ Hercules Lybius, 133.
+
+ Herd, David, 101 (note).
+
+ Highland soldiers in Inverness, 76, 79.
+
+ Hippocrene, 109.
+
+ History of Clan Mackenzie, 70 (note).
+
+ _History of Scotland._ (_See_ under Burton, J. H.)
+
+ _History of Scots Affairs._ (_See_ Gordon, James.)
+
+ Holland, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Holles, Gervase, 50 (note 2).
+
+ ---- John, Earl of Clare, 51 (and note 1).
+
+ Homer, Birthplace of, 109.
+   Works, 166.
+
+ Hope, _Anastasius_, quoted, 77(note).
+
+ Horace, _Odes_, quoted, 134 (note 1).
+
+ Houghton, in Nottingham, 51 (note 1).
+
+ _Hudibras_, Alexander Ross mentioned in, 126.
+
+ Huntly, Second Marquis of, 116.
+   Covenanters and, 33.
+   Family name (Gordon), 41 (note 2).
+   Taken prisoner, 38.
+
+ ---- Third Marquis of, takes Ruthven Castle, 77.
+
+ Hypermnestra, 133, 134.
+
+ Innes, Alexander, 43 (note).
+
+ Inverkeithing, 84.
+
+ Inverness, 2, 32.
+   Capture of, 68, 70, 81.
+   Fortifications destroyed, 76.
+   Highland soldiers at, 76, 78.
+   _Sasines_, 101 (note 3).
+
+ Irving, Dr:
+   Account of Sir Thomas Urquhart leaving Scotland, 43.
+   _Lives of Scottish Writers_, 44 (note), 149 (note).
+
+ ---- John, of Bruklay, 7 (note).
+
+ J. A., 124.
+
+ James III.:
+   Act of, 54.
+   Grant of Motehill of Cromartie to William Urquhart, 17.
+
+ James VI., 7, 147 (note).
+
+ Japhet, 131.
+
+ Jericho, 55.
+
+ Joan of Arc, 187.
+
+ Johnson, Dr, on--
+   Crichton in _Adventurer_, 159 (note 1).
+   Traveller in Egypt, 27.
+
+ Johnston and Mr Bedell, 175.
+
+ ---- Arthur, 112.
+   Latin Poems, 57 (note).
+
+ Jonson, Ben, _Catiline_, 8.
+
+ Jovius, Panlus, 145.
+
+ Julius C�sar, 27.
+
+ Ker, General, 77 (note 2).
+
+ Kinbeakie, Stone lintel at, 137 (note).
+
+ King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, 4, 8 (note 2), 19 (note).
+
+ _King's College: Officers and Graduates_, 10 (note).
+
+ King's Covenant, Account of, 42 (note 1).
+
+ Kippis, Dr, 158 (note 2).
+   On Urquhart's pedigree, 144 (note 2).
+
+ Kirkhill, 76.
+
+ Kirkmichael, 62 (note 1), 63.
+
+ Lamb, Charles, 132 (note), 167 (note).
+
+ Lambert, 85.
+
+ Laud, Archbishop, 32.
+
+ Leake, William, 116.
+
+ Leighton, Archbishop, 66 (note 1).
+
+ Lemlair, 70.
+
+ Lesley, Lieut.-General David, 32 (note).
+   March to England, 84.
+   Message of encouragement to, 75.
+   Takes Castle of Chanonry, 76.
+
+ ---- Norman, 55 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- Robert, of Findrassie, 59 (note), 71 (note 1).
+   Conduct towards Sir Thomas Urquhart, 55, 95.
+   Mortgage on Cromartie estate, 46.
+
+ ---- Dr William, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 12 (and note 2), 37
+   (note 2).
+
+ _Letters of Junius_, 103 (note 3).
+
+ _Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen_, quoted, 126 (note 1).
+
+ _Lives of Scottish Writers._ (_See_ under Irving, Dr.)
+
+ Logarithms, 123 (and note).
+
+ Lowndes, _Bibliographer's Manual_, 101 (note).
+
+ Lucian, 100 (note), 189.
+
+ Lumphanan, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Lunan, Alexander, 11 (note).
+
+ Luther, Martin, 187.
+
+ Lynceus, 134.
+
+ Macaulay, 174 (note).
+   _History of England_, quoted, 23.
+
+ Macbeth's titles, 3.
+
+ Macduff, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Mackenzie. Alexander, 70 (note).
+
+ ---- (Sir) George, 102.
+
+ ---- George, sells estate to Capt. W. Urquhart, 103.
+
+ ---- (Sir) Kenneth, 103.
+
+ ---- Thomas, of Pluscardine.
+   Enters Inverness, 76.
+   Proclaimed rebel and traitor, 71.
+   Rising in North and, 69, 70, 76.
+
+ Mackintosh, C. Fraser, (_See Antiquarian Notes._)
+
+ Macmillans of Knapdale, 135 (n.).
+
+ Madanfabul, 144 (note).
+
+ Madasima, 114 (note).
+
+ Madrid, 27.
+
+ M'Farlane, Genealogical Collections, 16 (note 1).
+
+ Maitland, on date of Sir Thomas Urquhart's birth, 6.
+
+ Mantua, 163.
+
+ Mantua, Duke of, 164, 215 _seqq._
+
+ Mantuanus, Baptista, 166.
+
+ Marischal College, 11 (note).
+
+ Marischal, Earl, 36, 146.
+   Enters Aberdeen, 43.
+
+ Martin, Sir Theodore, on--
+   _Trissotetras_, 119 (note).
+   Unpublished Epigrams of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 116.
+   Urquhart's account of his misfortunes, 61.
+     Death, 97.
+     Translation of Rabelais, 192.
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots, 104 (note 1).
+
+ Maubert, Place, 161 (note).
+
+ Meldrum arms, 139 (note).
+
+ Melville, Andrew, assists to remodel University education, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Mercury, 198.
+
+ Messina, 27.
+
+ Micawber, Wilkins. (_See David Copperfield._)
+
+ Middleton, General, 32 (note).
+   Joins Mackenzie's force, 76.
+
+ ---- Earl of, 102 (note 2).
+
+ Miller, Hugh, 102 (note 2).
+   Description of Cromartie Castle, 18.
+   On siege of Cromartie Castle, 140.
+   On stone lintel at Kinbeakie, 138.
+   On Urquhart's inventive powers, 180.
+   Reference to Sir Alexander Urquhart, 101 (note 3).
+   (_See_ also _Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland_.)
+
+ Milton, John, 8, 30, 91.
+   _Hymn on Nativity_, quoted, 201 (note 2).
+   _Paradise Lost_, quoted, 201 (n. 2).
+   Sonnet to Cromwell, quoted, 86.
+
+ Miol, 145.
+
+ Mitchell, Thomas, minister of Turriff, 41 (note 2), 42.
+
+ Molinea, 133.
+
+ Monboddo, Lord, on dual number, 182.
+
+ Montaigne, age on completing collegiate course, 9.
+
+ Montrose, Earl of, 36, 38, 78, 80 (note 2).
+
+ _Moral Tales_, 113 (note).
+
+ Moray, 3, 4 (note).
+
+ Moray Firth, 32, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Morley, _Universal Library_, 185 (note 2).
+
+ Morrison, _Dictionary of Decisions_, 146 (note).
+
+ Motteux, Pierre A., 97, 184, 203 (note 2).
+   Completes Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 192, 206 (and note 1).
+   On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 98.
+
+ Monat (de Monte Alto) family in Cromartie, 4 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- William, takes part of King Robert Bruce, 138.
+
+ Mounie, 60.
+
+ Mucholles, Lord, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Munro, John, of Lemlair, and rising in North, 70.
+
+ ---- Colonel Robert, Mission to Marquis of Huntly, 34.
+
+ Nairn, 70.
+
+ Napier, John, of Merchiston, 119, 122 (and note 2), 124.
+
+ Naples, 28.
+
+ Narfesia, Sovereign of the Amazons, 132.
+
+ National Covenant, quoted, 31.
+
+ Newcastle, Earl of, 116.
+
+ _Nicholas Nickleby_, quoted, 11 (note).
+
+ Nicolia, 136.
+
+ Nimrod, 131.
+
+ Niort, 204 (note).
+
+ Nisbet, on Urquhart's property, 2.
+   _System of Heraldry_, 3 (note 1).
+
+ Noah, 131, 146.
+
+ _Noctes Ambrosian�_ (Blackwood), version of Urquhart's death, 101 (note).
+
+ "Nonconformist Conscience," 187.
+
+ Northumberland, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Nottingham, 86.
+
+ Ogilvie, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, 76.
+
+ Old Machar, 10.
+
+ Orkneys, 80 (note 2).
+
+ Orpah, 131.
+
+ Overton, 96.
+
+ Ovid, 195 (note).
+   _Metamorphosis_, 133.
+
+ Ozell, edition of Rabelais, 206.
+
+ Padua, 163.
+
+ Pantagruel, 158 (note), 161, 190.
+   (_See_ also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
+
+ Panthea, daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 133.
+
+ Panurge, 158 (note), 197. (_See_ also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation
+   of Rabelais.)
+
+ Pape, Charles, Minister of Cullicudden, 63.
+
+ Paris, 28.
+
+ Parnassus, Mount, 44, 109.
+
+ Pegasus, 109.
+
+ Pembroke, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Pentasilea, Queen of the Amazons, 135.
+
+ Penuel, 131.
+
+ Pericles, 149 (note).
+
+ Persius, 8 (note 2); quoted, 162.
+
+ Perth, 84.
+
+ Petrarch, 166.
+
+ Petric, James, 8 (note 2).
+
+ Pharaoh Amenophis, 133.
+
+ Philemon (Philomenes), death of, 100 (note).
+
+ Pillars of Hercules, 124.
+
+ Pistol, Ancient, 2, 109 (note).
+
+ Pitkerrie, 103.
+
+ Plato, 124, 202 (and note).
+
+ Pliny, 52 (note 2).
+
+ Pluscardine. (_See_ Mackenzie, Thomas.)
+
+ Plutus, 52, 198 (note).
+
+ Pococke's _Tour_, 17 (note 2), 103 (note 1).
+
+ Pope, Alexander--
+   _Dunciad_, 206 (note 2).
+   On Rabelais, 186.
+
+ Portia, 22, 25.
+
+ Portugal founded, 145.
+
+ Pothina, niece of Lycurgus, 136.
+
+ Prott, David, killed at Towie-Barclay, 40.
+
+ Providence, Rhode Island, 90.
+
+ Pulteney, Sir William, 103 (note 2).
+
+ Pythagoras, 124, 202.
+
+ Queen Elizabeth, 120.
+
+ ---- Mary, of England, 102.
+
+ ---- Mary, of Scotland, 104 (note 1), 168.
+
+ Queensferry, 84.
+
+ Raban, printer, Aberdeen, 57 (n.).
+
+ _Rabelais_, 107 (note 2), 119 (note), 185 (and note 2), 192 (note),
+   235 (note).
+
+ Rabelais, Fran�ois, sketch of, 187.
+   _Gargantua_ and _Pantagruel_, 189.
+   (_See_ Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
+
+ Raleigh, Sir Walter, 120.
+   _History of the World_, 8.
+
+ Raphael, 187.
+
+ Reay, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, 76, 78 (note).
+
+ _Records of Court of Justiciary_, 16 (note 2).
+
+ _Redgauntlet_, quoted, 102 (note 1).
+
+ Resolis, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Riddell, J., _Scotch Peerage Law_, 55 (note).
+
+ Rising of Cavaliers in North, 69.
+
+ Robertson, William, of Kindeasse, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 94.
+
+ Rolland, Catharine, 13 (note 1).
+
+ Rome, 28.
+
+ Ross, Alexander (1), minister in Aberdeen, 37 (note 2).
+
+ ---- Alexander (2), 126 (note 1).
+   Recommends _Trissotetras_, 126.
+   Verses, 126, 127 (note).
+
+ ---- George, of Pitkerrie, buys Cromartie estate, 17, 103.
+
+ ---- (Sir) Hugh, owns Cromartie, 4.
+
+ ---- (Major) Walter Charteris, of Cromartie, 103 (note 3).
+
+ ---- William, Earl of, 4.
+
+ Rothes, Earls of, 55 (note).
+
+ Rothiemay, Banffshire, 35 (note 1), 43 (note).
+
+ Row, _Historie of Kirk of Scotland_, 42 (note).
+
+ Royalists escape to England, 43 (note 1).
+
+ Ruskin, John, 173 (note).
+
+ Rutherford, Samuel, Principal of St Andrews, 82.
+
+ Ruthven Castle taken by Marquis of Huntly, 77.
+
+ St Andrews, 82.
+
+ St Hilarion, 204 (note).
+
+ St Jerome, _Vita Sancti Hilarionis_, 204 (note).
+
+ _St Ronan's Well_, quoted, 186.
+
+ Salton, Lord, 141.
+
+ Saragossa, 27.
+
+ _Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland_, quoted, 18, 102 (note 2),
+   139 (note), 141 (note).
+
+ Scota, daughter of Pharaoh, 145.
+
+ Scotch army marches into England, 84.
+
+ _Scotch Peerage Law._ (_See_ Riddell, J.)
+
+ Scotchman abroad, 24.
+
+ Scotland:
+   Episcopacy in, 32, 102 (note 2).
+   Four armies in, 32, (note 1).
+   Mythical history of, 145.
+   University education in, 9. (_See_ also Aberdeen University.)
+
+ Scrogie, Dr Alexander, 37 (note 2), 43 (note).
+
+ Seaforth, George, Earl of, 69.
+
+ Seaton, Dr, in Paris, 28.
+
+ ---- John, 11 (note).
+
+ ---- William, 11 (note).
+   Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 13.
+
+ Seton, Alexander, of Meldrum, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- arms, 139 (note).
+
+ ---- Elizabeth, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Shafton, Sir Piercie, 124.
+
+ Shakespeare, William:
+   _Henry IV._, 165 (note).
+   _Merchant of Venice_, 25.
+   _Midsummer Night's Dream_, 174 (note).
+   _Twelfth Night_, 122 (note).
+   _Winter's Tale_, 8.
+
+ Shephard, Jack, 51 (note).
+
+ Shrewsbury, 86.
+
+ Sibbald, Dr James, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Smith, Sidney, "preaching to death by wild curates," 66.
+
+ ---- W. F., Translation of Rabelais, 158 (note 1), 99 (note 1), 191.
+
+ Socrates, 119 (note), 124.
+
+ Sodom and Gomorrha, 133.
+
+ Solvatius, King, 137.
+
+ Somerled, Lord of the Isles, 136 (note 1).
+
+ South, _Sermons_, 199 (note).
+
+ Southcote, Joanna, 179 (note).
+
+ Southey, _Dr Dove_, 114 (note), 178 (note).
+
+ Spalding, mentions Sir Thomas Urquhart, 38.
+   _Memorials_, quoted, 40, 43 (note).
+
+ Spartianus, �lius, _Life of Geta_, 205 (note).
+
+ Spenser, 120.
+
+ Spilsbury, Sir Thomas Urquhart stays with, 86, 153.
+
+ Stacker, James, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Steele, Richard, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Stirling, 84.
+
+ Strachan, General, 77 (note 2), 81 (note).
+
+ Strafford, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Stralsund, 69.
+
+ Stratford-on-Avon, 86.
+
+ Strathbogie, 34.
+
+ Strathearn, Earls of, family name, 135 (note).
+
+ Sutherland, Earl of, action against Earls of Crawford, Errol, and
+   Marischal, 146.
+
+ ---- James, "Tutor of Duffus," 56.
+
+ Tamerlane, 67.
+
+ Tarbat, Viscount, First Earl of Cromartie, 103.
+
+ Termuth, daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis, 133.
+
+ Thaumast, 158 (note).
+
+ _The Lords Elphinstone_, quoted, 7 (note), 13 (note 3).
+
+ The Tables and Aberdeen, 35, 37.
+
+ Thelema, Abbey of, 193 _seqq._
+
+ Thelemites, 195 _seqq._
+
+ _Through the Looking-Glass_, quoted, 114 (note).
+
+ Thucydides, 149 (note).
+
+ Thymelica, daughter of Bacchus, 135.
+
+ Toledo, 27.
+
+ Torespay, 77 (note).
+
+ Tor Wood, 84.
+
+ Tomlius, Richard, 176 (note).
+
+ Towie-Barclay Castle, 38 (note 2).
+
+ ---- laird of, plunders Balquholly, 39.
+
+ _Tristram Shandy_, quoted, 47 (note 3).
+
+ Trot of Turriff, 41 (and note 2).
+
+ Turriff, 38.
+   Inhabitants subscribe King's Covenant, 42.
+
+ "Tutor," Meaning of, 5 (note 1).
+
+ Tycheros, 131.
+
+ Tytler, Patrick F.:
+   _Life of the Admirable Crichton_, 159, 165, 190.
+   On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 190.
+
+ University of Aberdeen, New Constitution, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Urquhart, Adam of, owns Cromartie, 4.
+
+ ---- Sir Alexander, 16.
+   Petition for compensation for losses, 61.
+   Petition for Sheriffship of Cromartie, 98, 100.
+
+ ---- Annas, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- arms, 132, 133, 137 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- (Major) Beauchamp Colclough, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Cainotomos, 135.
+
+ ---- Euplocamos, 134.
+
+ ---- family, descent of, 130 _seqq._
+
+ ---- George, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Helen, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Henry, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Hypsegoras, 133.
+
+ ---- Colonel James, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Urquhart, Jane, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- John, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Sir John, of Craigfintray, 101 (note 2).
+   Hereditary Sheriff of Cromartie, 60.
+   Death, 102 (note 2).
+
+ ---- John, of Craigfintray, "the Tutor of Cromartie," 5 (and note 1),
+   6 (and note 1), 19 (note), 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Jonathan, 102.
+
+ ---- Margaret, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Mellessen, 136.
+
+ ---- Molin, 133.
+
+ ---- Names of Chiefs and Primitive Fathers, Appendix i. 211.
+   Names of Mothers of Chiefs, Appendix i. 213.
+
+ ---- (de Vrquhartt), origin of name, 4 (note 2), 132 (note 1).
+
+ ---- Pamprosodos, 133.
+
+ ---- Phrenedon, 133.
+
+ ---- Propetes, 133.
+
+ ---- Rodrigo, 135.
+
+ ---- SIR THOMAS (Urchard, Urquhardus, Wrqhward, Wrwhart), 132 (note).
+   Account of Aberdeen and eminent men, 12.
+   Account of Admirable Crichton, 157.
+   Account of impoverished estates, 45.
+   Ancestry, 2.
+   At Worcester, 86, 129.
+   Birth, 6.
+   Birthplace unknown, 8.
+   Book-hunting, 29.
+   Characteristics, 53, 104 (and notes 1, 2), 105, 130, 144 (note 2).
+   Conduct of creditors, 94.
+   Death, 97, 99 (note 1).
+   Description of his father's character, 14.
+   Enters University of Aberdeen, 9 (and note 1).
+   Escapes to England, 43.
+   Foreign Travel, 22, 25, 27.
+   Knighted, 44.
+   Lesley and, 55.
+   Liberated on parole, 89.
+   Literary achievements, 2, 148.
+   Lives at Cromartie--financial difficulties, 51.
+   Loses ancestral domains and jurisdiction, 60.
+   MS. of unpublished Poems quoted, 5 (note 2); described, 116.
+   MSS. lost after Worcester, 88, 129, 154.
+   On G. Anderson's preaching, 63, 66.
+   Papers seized, 93.
+   Portraits, 107.
+   Praise of "the Tutor of Cromartie," 5 (and note 2).
+   Prepares MSS. for publication, 89.
+   Prisoner in the Tower, 88.
+   Proclaimed rebel and traitor, 71.
+   Relations with Ministers of Church, 61.
+   Religious belief, 67.
+   Reminiscence of his youth, 20.
+   Rental, 51.
+   Reply to Commissioners' remonstrances, 72.
+   Resides in London, 50 (and note 2).
+   Returns home, 30.
+   Rising in North and, 69.
+   Schemes and inventions, 53.
+   Speed in composition, 117, 151.
+   Succeeds to estates, 47.
+   "Supplication" for pardon, 81.
+   Takes up arms for Stuarts, 38, 69, 84.
+   Vanity, 24 (note 3).
+   Works:--
+     EKSKYBALAURON: or, Discovery of a most exquisite Jewel, 92.
+       Account of, 148 _seqq._ (and note 1).
+       Description of Admirable Crichton, 157 _seqq._
+     In contemporary politics, 168.
+     On fame of Scots in battle, 157.
+     Quoted, 67, 153, 165, 168, 170, 172, 174.
+   _Epigrams_: Divine and Moral, 44.
+     Account of, 111 _seqq._
+     Dedication, 111, 115.
+     Quoted, 60 (note), 113, 114.
+     MS., quoted, 109 (note).
+   _Logopandecteision_; or, An Introduction to the Universal Language:
+     Account of, 175 _seqq._
+     Published, 96.
+     Quoted, 48, 57, 62 (note 2), 90.
+   PANTOCHRONOCHANON: Peculiar Promptuary of Time, 92.
+     Account of, 128 seqq.
+   Translation of Rabelais, 2, 96, 97, 161, 205.
+     Account of, 184, 190 _seqq._
+     Exploits of Pantagruel, 161 (note 2).
+     Genealogy of Pantagruel, 144.
+     Interpolations, 203.
+     Panurge, Sketch of, 197.
+     Sketch of Abbey of Thelema, 193.
+     Various editions, 206.
+   _Trissotetras_, 92, 114.
+     Account of, 117 (and note 1).
+   Unpublished Epigrams, Dedications of, 116.
+
+ ---- Thomas, marries Helen Abernethie, their family, 141.
+
+ ---- Sir Thomas, senior--
+   Action against his sons, 16.
+   Becomes caution for Alexander Forbes, 15.
+   Believes in long pedigree, 147.
+   Death, 47 (and note 3).
+   "Desk" or Pew in Banff Church, 19 (and note 1).
+   Episcopalian, 30, 33, 35.
+   Marriage-contract, 7 (and note 1).
+   Pecuniary difficulties, 13, 15, 45.
+   Residence in Banff, 18 (and note 2).
+   Sketch of, 5, 6.
+
+ ---- (Captain) William, of Meldrum, buys Cromartie estate, 103.
+
+ ---- William, receives grant of Motehill of Cromartie, 17.
+
+ Urquharts of Meldrum, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Valerius Maximus, 100 (note).
+
+ Venice, 28, 163.
+
+ Virgil, 166, 201 (note 1).
+
+ Vocompos, arms of, 137.
+
+ Voltaire, 189.
+
+ Wallace, Professor of Mathematics, Edinburgh, on _Trissotetras_, 119.
+
+ ---- William, and William Mouat, 139.
+
+ Wardlaw MS., 76, 78 (note).
+
+ Warrington Bridge, 85.
+
+ Westminster Abbey, 145.
+
+ Whibley, Charles, _New Review_, quoted, 112.
+
+ Williams, Roger, Missionary to Indians, 90, 91 (note 1).
+
+ Williamson, Robert, Minister of Kirkmichael, 63.
+
+ Windsor Castle, Sir Thomas Urquhart removed to, 89.
+
+ Wodrow, quoted, 81 (note 2), 102 (note 2).
+
+ Worcester, 86.
+   Battle of, 87.
+
+ ---- Marquis of, _Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions_,
+   181 (note 2).
+
+ Worldly Wiseman, 34.
+
+ Wyntown's _Cronykil_, quoted, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Yares of Udoll, 56.
+
+ York, 86.
+
+ ---- Thomas, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Young, James, 118 (note).
+
+
+
+
+                     BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
+
+    Second Thousand. In Fcap. 8vo, 174 pp. Cloth, 2s. 6d.
+
+          _A Shetland Minister of the 18th Century._
+
+      Being Passages in the Life of the Rev. John Mill.
+
+
+                    NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+"We have read this little book with real pleasure, and we wish it
+well."--_Saturday Review._
+
+"John Mill was a character such as Robert Louis Stevenson would have
+rendered immortal, and that Mr. Willcock's well-written sketch portrays
+with skill."--_Pall Mall Gazette._
+
+"A very remarkable life-history."--_New Age._
+
+"A curious phase of Scottish life and character."--_Standard._
+
+"A most readable little book."--_Athen�um._
+
+"It is delightful to receive such a pretty book.... It depicts a
+striking and interesting character and phase of life."--_British
+Weekly._
+
+"A readable and interesting life-story."--_Literary World._
+
+"The whole volume is very amusing reading."--_St. Martin's-le-Grand._
+
+"This is in every way a charming book. Its get-up is tastefully quaint,
+and the subject matter fresh and interesting."--_Scottish Notes and
+Queries._
+
+"A delightful little volume.... A book of no ordinary
+interest."--_Presbyterian._
+
+"The picture of a man of remarkable vigour and individuality of
+character."--_Scotsman._
+
+"A really readable little book, which should find a considerably wider
+public than that of the Shetland Islands."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+"Mill was a man of mark in his day, and his life-story is simply and
+worthily told in this little volume."--_Aberdeen Free Press._
+
+"Glimpses of old-world life in these remote islands."--_Scottish
+Pictorial._
+
+"A perspicuous and complete sketch."--_Dundee Advertiser._
+
+"A little volume which is full of charm and interest."--_John O'Groat
+Journal._
+
+"The work is one of high literary ability, is of more than ordinary
+value for the light it throws on the religious and moral condition of
+the times it covers, and is specially interesting from the uniqueness of
+the character of Mr. Mill."--_North British Daily Mail._
+
+"A curious and interesting picture of old Shetland life."--_Elgin
+Courant._
+
+"Mr. Mill's idiosyncrasies furnish an unfailing source of
+amusement."--_United Presbyterian Magazine._
+
+"The whole work is excellent, and, we cannot doubt, will be welcomed in
+a wider area than the northern islands in which Mr. Mill spent his
+life."--_Banffshire Journal._
+
+"A very interesting biography, which has already and deservedly
+attracted a good deal of attention."--_Northern Ensign._
+
+"We commend the perusal of the volume to all those in any way interested
+in Scotland and her past."--_Liverpool Daily Post._
+
+"We can recommend the book as interesting to many more than Shetland
+readers."--_Life and Work._
+
+"One can see what a romance Stevenson could have constructed out
+of Mill's diary, which seems incredibly old-fashioned and
+primitive."--_Sketch._
+
+"A most interesting and readable volume, containing many quaint and
+curious pictures of Shetland life and manners during last
+century."--_Orkney Herald._
+
+"Mr. Willcock has done well to provide this record of a man so
+memorable."--_United Presbyterian Record._
+
+"There is a great deal that is interesting in this book.... Mr. Willcock
+has done his work well, and we feel indebted to him for making us
+acquainted with a character which ought not to be forgotten."--_Free
+Church Monthly._
+
+"Mr. Mill stands out as quite a remarkable man. Though the volume will
+have a special interest to the people of the Shetland Isles, it will be
+read with much interest on the mainland."--_Perthshire Advertiser._
+
+"A succinct and readable account of Mill's life.... Nothing essential
+has been omitted, and nothing unnecessary has been retained.... The
+volume furnishes interesting reading from beginning to end."--_Shetland
+News._
+
+"The book is eminently readable, and will well repay perusal.... A vein
+of quiet humour, mingled with delicate satire, crops up every here and
+there in its pages."--_Shetland Times._
+
+_To be had from_
+
+                OLIPHANT, ANDERSON & FERRIER,
+                 ST. MARY STREET, EDINBURGH;
+             21 PATERNOSTER SQUARE, LONDON, E.C.
+
+                OLIPHANT ANDERSON & FERRIER'S
+                    "FAMOUS SCOTS" SERIES.
+
+   _Post 8vo, canvas binding. 1s. 6d.; extra gilt binding,
+                  gilt top, uncut, 2s. 6d._
+
+=Thomas Carlyle.= By HECTOR C. MACPHERSON.
+
+"One of the best books on Carlyle yet written."--_Literary World._
+
+=Allan Ramsay.= By OLIPHANT SMEATON.
+
+"Full of sound knowledge and judicious criticism."--_Scotsman._
+
+=Hugh Miller.= By W. KEITH LEASK.
+
+"Leaves on us a very vivid impression."--_Daily News._
+
+=John Knox.= By A. TAYLOR INNES.
+
+"There is vision in this book as well as knowledge."--_Speaker._
+
+=Robert Burns.= By GABRIEL SETOUN.
+
+"A very valuable and opportune addition to a useful series."--_Bookman._
+
+=The Balladists.= By JOHN GEDDIE.
+
+"One of the most delightful and eloquent appreciations of the ballad
+literature of Scotland that has ever seen the light."--_New Age._
+
+=Richard Cameron.= By Professor HERKLESS.
+
+"Interesting study of Cameron and his times."--_National Observer._
+
+=Sir James Y. Simpson.= By EVE BLANTYRE SIMPSON.
+
+"It is indeed long since we have read such a charmingly-written
+biography as this little Life of the most typical and 'Famous Scot' that
+his countrymen have been proud of since the time of Sir Walter.... There
+is not a dull, irrelevant, or superfluous page in all Miss Simpson's
+booklet, and she has performed the biographer's chief duty--that of
+selection--with consummate skill and judgment."--_Daily Chronicle._
+
+=Thomas Chalmers.= By Professor W. GARDEN BLAIKIE.
+
+"The most notable feature of Professor Blaikie's book--and none could be
+more commendable--is its perfect balance and proportion. In other words,
+justice is done equally to the private and to the public life of
+Chalmers, if possible greater justice than has been done by Mrs.
+Oliphant."--_Spectator._
+
+=James Boswell.= By W. KEITH LEASK.
+
+"One of the finest and most convincing passages that have recently
+appeared in the field of British Biography."--_Morning Leader._
+
+=Tobias Smollett.= By OLIPHANT SMEATON.
+
+"Mr. Smeaton has produced a very readable and vivid
+biography."--_Academy._
+
+=Fletcher of Saltoun.= By G. W. T. OMOND.
+
+"Unmistakably the most interesting and complete story of the life of
+Fletcher of Saltoun that has yet appeared."--_Leeds Mercury._
+
+=The "Blackwood" Group.= By Sir GEORGE DOUGLAS.
+
+"Sir George Douglas, in addition to summarising their biographies,
+criticises their works with excellent and well-weighed
+appreciation."--_Literary World._
+
+=Norman Macleod.= By JOHN WELLWOOD.
+
+"Its general picturesqueness is effective, while the criticism is
+eminently liberal and sound."--_Scots Pictorial._
+
+=Sir Walter Scott.= By GEORGE SAINTSBURY.
+
+"Mr. Saintsbury's miniature is a gem of its kind."--_Pall Mall Gazette._
+
+=Kirkcaldy of Grange.= By LOUIS A. BARB�.
+
+"A conscientious and thorough piece of work, showing wide and accurate
+knowledge."--_Glasgow Herald._
+
+=Robert Fergusson.= By A. B. GROSART, D.D., LL.D.
+
+"It is a creditable, useful, and painstaking book, a genuine
+contribution to Scottish literary history."--_British Weekly._
+
+=James Thomson.= By WILLIAM BAYNE.
+
+"The story of Thomson's claim to the disputed authorship of 'Rule
+Britannia' is sustained by his countryman with spirit and in our
+judgment with success."--_Literature._
+
+
+
+
+                OLIPHANT ANDERSON & FERRIER'S
+                    "FAMOUS SCOTS" SERIES.
+
+=Mungo Park.= By T. BANKS MACLACHLAN.
+
+"Not only a charming life-story, if at times a pathetic one, but a vivid
+chapter in the romance of Africa."--_Leeds Mercury._
+
+=David Hume.= By HENRY CALDERWOOD, LL.D.
+
+"Fulfils admirably well the purpose of the writer, which was that of
+presenting in clear, fair, and concise lines Hume and his philosophy to
+the mind of his countrymen and of the world."--_Scotsman._
+
+=William Dunbar.= By OLIPHANT SMEATON.
+
+"A graphic and informed account not only of the man and his works, but
+of his immediate environment and of the times in which he
+lived."--_Bailie._
+
+=Sir William Wallace.= By Professor MURISON.
+
+"Mr. Murison is to be heartily congratulated on this little book. After
+much hard and discriminate labour, he has pieced together by far the
+best, one might say the only rational and coherent, account of Wallace
+that exists."--_Speaker._
+
+=Robert Louis Stevenson.= By MARGARET M. BLACK.
+
+"Certainly one of the most charming biographies we have ever come
+across. The writer has style, sympathy, distinction, and understanding.
+We were loth to put the book aside. Its one fault is that it is too
+short."--_Outlook._
+
+=Thomas Reid.= By Professor CAMPBELL FRASER.
+
+"Supplies what must be allowed to be a distinct want in our literature,
+in the shape of a brief, popular, and accessible biography of the
+founder of the so-called Scottish School of Philosophy, written with
+notable perspicuity and sympathy by one who has made a special study of
+the problems that engaged the mind of Reid."--_Scotsman._
+
+=Pollok and Aytoun.= By ROSALINE MASSON.
+
+"Miss Masson tells the story of the lives of her two subjects in a
+bright and readable way. Her criticisms are sound and judicious, and
+altogether the little volume is a very acceptable addition to the
+series."--_North British Daily Mail._
+
+=Adam Smith.= By HECTOR C. MACPHERSON.
+
+"I have learned much from your sketch of Adam Smith's life and work. It
+presents the essential facts in a lucid and interesting way."--Mr.
+HERBERT SPENCER _to the Author_.
+
+=Andrew Melville.= By WILLIAM MORISON.
+
+"The story is well told, and it takes one through a somewhat obscure
+period with which it is well to be acquainted. No better guide could be
+found than Mr. Morison."--_Spectator._
+
+=James Frederick Ferrier.= By E. S. HALDANE.
+
+"Ferrier the man, and even Ferrier the professor, Miss Haldane brings
+near to us, an attractive and interesting figure."--_Scotsman._
+
+"This biography of him will be highly esteemed because of the grace and
+vigour with which Miss Haldane has done her work. To the 'Famous Scots'
+series of volumes there have been many excellent contributions, but not
+one of them is more interesting than this latest addition."--_Dundee
+Courier._
+
+=King Robert the Bruce.= By Professor MURISON.
+
+"Professor Murison has given us a book for which not only Scots, but
+every man who can appreciate a record of great days worthily told, will
+be grateful."--_Morning Leader._
+
+"The story of Bruce is brilliantly told in clear and flexible language,
+which draws the reader on with the interest of a novel. Professor
+Murison is a most impartial and thoroughly reliable critic, and may be
+followed with confidence by all who desire a truthful and unprejudiced
+picture of this greatest of the Scots."--_Aberdeen Journal._
+
+=James Hogg.= By Sir GEORGE DOUGLAS. With Sketches of Tannahill,
+Motherwell, and Thom.
+
+                 OLIPHANT ANDERSON & FERRIER,
+                30 ST. MARY STREET, EDINBURGH;
+             21 PATERNOSTER SQUARE, LONDON, E.C.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes: Hyphenation has been standardized, for instance,
+"footnote" rather than "foot-note". Spelling has not been standardized,
+for instance "Lieutenant-General" and "Lieutenant-Generall", or
+"falsehood" and "falshood". The period following a royal's roman number
+belongs, for instance, "King Charles. is".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie,
+Knight, by John Willcock
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR THOMAS URQUHART OF CROMARTIE ***
+
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+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart, by John Willcock.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight, by 
+John Willcock
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight
+
+Author: John Willcock
+
+Release Date: January 18, 2012 [EBook #38604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR THOMAS URQUHART OF CROMARTIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Hunter Monroe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/frontcover.jpg" width="320" height="474" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<a name="Page_frontis" id="Page_frontis"></a>
+	<h1>SIR THOMAS URQUHART<br />
+
+OF CROMARTIE<span class='pagenum'></span></h1>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/image001.jpg" width="320" height="501" alt="Sir Thomas Urquhart." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Sir Thomas Urquhart.</span>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="320" height="511" alt="" title="" />
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="title">
+<big>SIR THOMAS<br />
+
+URQUHART<br />
+
+OF CROMARTIE
+KNIGHT.</big><br />
+
+BY<br />
+
+JOHN WILLCOCK</p>
+
+<p class="center">M.A.B.D.</p>
+
+<p class="center">LERWICK.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1899</p>
+
+<p class="center">EDINBURGH &amp; LONDON</p>
+
+<p class="center">OLIPHANT</p>
+
+<p class="center">ANDERSON &amp; FERRIER</p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span>
+<img src="images/image003c.jpg" width="320" height="167" alt="SIGNATURE OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART,
+
+SLIGHTLY ENLARGED." title="" />
+<span class="caption">SIGNATURE OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART,
+
+SLIGHTLY ENLARGED.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">[<i>All Rights Reserved</i>]</p>
+
+<p class="center">PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, EDINBURGH</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p class="center">TO</p>
+
+<p class="center">A. B. W.</p>
+
+<p class="center">WHOSE PRAISE, SO FREELY GIVEN,</p>
+
+<p class="center">IS THE AUTHOR'S MOST COVETED</p>
+
+<p class="center">REWARD.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>PREFACE</h1>
+
+
+<div class="figupperleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/f.jpg" width="90" height="91" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p style='text-indent:0px'>EW persons who take an interest in
+general literature are wholly unacquainted
+with the name of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, as that of the
+translator of a great French classic.
+Only the more erudite can tell
+how the name of another literary man, Pierre
+Antoine Motteux, comes to be associated with his
+in connexion with the translation in question, and
+are aware that the Scottish knight is the author of
+original compositions in such diverse departments
+as poetry, trigonometry, genealogy, and biography,
+and that he played a prominent part in the public
+life of his time.</p>
+
+<p>It has been my object to bring together in the
+following volume all the materials which are
+available for giving a vivid picture of the personality
+of Sir Thomas Urquhart, and of the circumstances
+in which his life was passed, as I think it would be
+a pity if his romantic, fantastical figure were to
+pass into oblivion. The materials for his life are
+fairly abundant, though they have to be sought for
+in many out-of-the-way corners. The slight but
+fairly accurate sketch prefixed to his <i>Works</i> in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>
+Maitland Club edition, and the carefully written
+articles in Dr Irving's <i>Scottish Writers</i>, and the
+<i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, contain the only
+previous attempts which have been made to give
+his history. The limits within which the authors
+of these notices had to work, have, however,
+prevented their giving more than a bare outline of
+his career. I have attempted, with what success it
+is for my readers to say, to clothe the skeleton with
+sinews and flesh, and to impart to the figure some
+measure of animation.</p>
+
+<p>As I have had to do my work at a great
+distance from public libraries, I have been obliged
+to enlist the services of friends, more fortunately
+situated, in the task of looking up multitudinous
+references and allusions, which bore upon the
+history of the person in whom I was interested, or
+of the time in which he lived. Miss Kemp, James
+Walter, Esq., and Alexander Middlemass, Esq.,
+Edinburgh, have been extremely serviceable to
+me in this way.</p>
+
+<p>A variety of details of historical and biographical
+interest has been furnished me by Dr. Milne, King-Edward;
+Garden A. Duff, Esq., Hatton Castle,
+Turriff; Capt. Douglas Wimberley, Inverness; J. L.
+Anderson, Esq., Edinburgh; and P. J. Anderson,
+Esq., of Aberdeen University Library.</p>
+
+<p>Professors Crum Brown, Saintsbury, Butcher,
+and Eggeling of my own <i>Alma Mater</i> have been
+very willing to give the information I have sought
+from them; and through Professor Grierson of
+Aberdeen I have had the loan of many books
+containing material of value for my purpose.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>
+Sheriff Mackenzie, Wick, and Sheriff Shennan,
+Lerwick, have aided me in questions of literary
+taste and of legal information; and from W. F.
+Smith, Esq., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge,
+I have received valuable help in writing the
+chapter on the translation of Rabelais. From the
+latter's scholarly volumes upon the great Frenchman
+I have borrowed some notes, which appear
+with his initials attached to them. To Professor
+Ferguson of Glasgow I am indebted for the photograph
+of Urquhart's handwriting.</p>
+
+<p>In the work of correcting proofs&mdash;a somewhat
+laborious task in the present case&mdash;I have had
+kindly assistance from Dr Milne, above mentioned,
+and also from A. J. Tedder, Esq., London, Rev. T.
+Mathewson, Rev. D. Houston, M.A. and J. M.
+Goudie, Esq., Lerwick.</p>
+
+<p>If I have omitted the name of any helper, or if
+by frivolous comment I have done wrong to the
+shade of Sir Thomas, I would adopt the language
+of Mr Collins in <i>Pride and Prejudice</i>. "We are
+all liable to err," he says. "I have certainly meant
+well through the whole affair; ... and if my
+manner has been at all reprehensible, I here beg
+leave to apologize."</p>
+
+<pre>
+                                                       JOHN WILLCOCK.
+</pre>
+<p><span class="smcap">  United Pres. Manse, Lerwick,
+          Shetland.</span></p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h1>CONTENTS</h1>
+
+
+<table summary="TOC">
+<tr><td></td><td align="right">PAGE</td></tr>
+<tr><td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr>
+
+
+
+
+<tr><td><h2>CHAPTER I</h2></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>The Urquharts and their Predecessors in Cromartie&mdash;Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, senior&mdash;Birth of our Author&mdash;School
+and University Days&mdash;Pecuniary and other
+Troubles at Home&mdash;The Castle of Cromartie&mdash;Our
+Author's Studious Bent&mdash;Foreign Travel&mdash;The Englishman
+Abroad&mdash;The Scot Abroad</td><td align="right">        <a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td><h2><br />CHAPTER II</h2></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Recalled Home&mdash;The Covenanting Movement&mdash;The Trot of
+Turriff&mdash;Our Author escapes to England&mdash;Is Knighted&mdash;Publishes
+his <i>Epigrams</i>&mdash;His Father's Embarrassments
+increase&mdash;Lesley of Findrassie&mdash;Death of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, senior&mdash;Our Author struggles in vain to
+keep his Creditors at bay&mdash;Other Wrongs and Losses&mdash;On
+bad Terms with the Church              </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td><h2><br />CHAPTER III</h2></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>Unsuccessful Rising in the North&mdash;Sir Thomas makes his
+Peace with the Church&mdash;Return of Charles II. to Scotland&mdash;Invasion
+of England&mdash;Battle of Worcester&mdash;Sir
+Thomas a Prisoner in the Tower&mdash;Makes Friends&mdash;Is
+liberated on Parole&mdash;Great Literary Activity&mdash;Revisits
+Scotland&mdash;Dies&mdash;Later History of the Urquharts of
+Cromartie&mdash;Characteristics of our Author&mdash;Glover's
+Portraits of him          </td><td align="right"> <a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td><h2><br />CHAPTER IV</h2></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL&mdash;THE TRISSOTETRAS       </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td><h2><br />CHAPTER V</h2></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&#928;&#913;&#925;&#932;&#927;&#935;&#929;&#927;&#925;&#927;&#935;&#913;&#925;&#927;&#925;, <span class="smcap">or The Pedigree</span>        </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td><h2><br />CHAPTER VI</h2></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>&#917;&#922;&#931;&#922;&#933;&#914;&#913;&#923;&#913;&#933;&#929;&#927;&#925;, <span class="smcap">or the Jewel</span>,&mdash;LOGOPANDECTEISION
+<span class="smcap">or The Universal Language</span>       </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td><h2><br />CHAPTER VII</h2></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>TRANSLATION OF RABELAIS       </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td><br/><span class="smcap">Appendices</span>       </td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></td></tr>
+
+
+<tr><td colspan="2"><hr class="chap" /></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td><h2><br />ILLUSTRATIONS</h2></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>1. <span class="smcap">Portrait of Sir Thomas Urquhart</span>        </td><td align="right"><i><a href="#Page_frontis">Frontispiece</a></i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>2. <span class="smcap">Signature of Sir Thomas Urquhart</span>       </td><td align="right"><i><a href="#Page_vii">Page vii</a></i></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>3. <span class="smcap">The Poet surrounded by the Muses</span>       </td><td align="right"><i>Facing&nbsp;page</i>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Page_109">109</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>4. <span class="smcap">Fac-simile of his Handwriting</span>           </td><td align="right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr>
+
+<tr><td>5. <span class="smcap">Sculptured Stone at Kinbeakie House</span>       </td><td align="right">"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#Page_137">137</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+<h1>SIR THOMAS URQUHART</h1>
+
+
+<p class="center">CHAPTER I</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The Urquharts and their Predecessors in Cromartie&mdash;Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, senior&mdash;Birth of our Author&mdash;School
+and University Days&mdash;Pecuniary and other Troubles at
+Home&mdash;The Castle of Cromartie&mdash;Our Author's Studious
+Bent&mdash;Foreign Travel&mdash;The Englishman Abroad&mdash;The
+Scot Abroad.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="figupperleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/t.jpg" width="90" height="78" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p>HE right of Sir Thomas Urquhart of
+Cromartie to be included in the
+list of famous Scots will scarcely
+be granted by many of his fellow-countrymen
+without some inquiry
+into the grounds upon which it
+is based. He himself, undoubtedly, would not
+have been backward in asserting his claim to such
+honourable distinction, though he would have
+entered a protest against the presence of some of
+those in whose company he would find himself.
+In the ecclesiastical and political controversies of
+the first half of the seventeenth century, he was,
+as an Episcopalian and a Cavalier, connected with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+the losing side, and, consequently, it is not to be
+expected that posterity should be so impartial as
+to cherish his name along with those of the victors
+in the conflict. It is to his literary, and not to
+his martial achievements, that he owes his fame.
+His translation of Rabelais is probably the most
+brilliant feat of the kind ever accomplished, and
+casts all his own original writings into the shade.
+The fantastical character of his own compositions,
+indeed, both in regard to their subject-matter and
+the diction in which they are clothed, forbids their
+ever having a large circle of readers. An author
+whose phraseology is like a combination of that
+used by Ancient Pistol with that of Sir Thomas
+Browne may have enthusiastic admirers, but they
+are almost certain to be few in number. Yet his
+works contain much interesting matter, and to
+them we are indebted for many details of the life
+of their author.</p>
+
+<p>Though it is hard to believe Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's assertion that the connexion of the
+Urquharts with the north-west of Scotland dates as
+far back as the year <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 554, when an ancestor of his
+named Beltistos crossed over from Ireland, and built
+a castle near Inverness, the family was of considerable
+antiquity, and for many generations was one of
+the most distinguished in that part of the country.
+Nisbet, the great authority on heraldry, says that
+"they enjoyed not only the honourable office of
+hereditary Sheriff-Principal of the Shire of Cromartie,
+but the far greater part, if not the whole of
+the said shire did belong to them, either in property<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+or superiority, and they possessed a considerable
+estate besides in the Shire of Aberdeen."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The
+admiralty of the seas from Caithness to Inverness
+also belonged to them.</p>
+
+<p>The Urquharts were not, however, the earliest
+to bear rule in the part of Scotland with which
+their name is connected. Cromartie was originally
+the Crwmbawchty (or Crumbathy) of which
+Macbeth was reputed thane, before he became
+king. Wyntown in his <i>Cronykil</i> relates Macbeth's
+dream that he was first Thane of Cromartie, then
+Thane of Moray, and then King of Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+After the first and second titles had been conferred
+upon him, he took steps to secure the third.
+Probably the mote-hill of Cromartie was the site<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+of his official residence as thane of the district when
+he was at the beginning of his ambitious career.</p>
+
+<p>In the thirteenth century the family of Mouat
+(then <i>de Monte Alto</i>) were in possession,<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> but early
+in the following century the estate had accrued
+to King Robert the Bruce, probably because the
+Mounts had submitted to the English king,
+Edward I. King Robert granted Cromartie to
+Sir Hugh Ross, eldest son of William, Earl of
+Ross, in 1315, and by him it was afterwards,
+in the reign of King David Bruce (1329-70),
+given to an Adam of Urquhart ("de Vrquhartt"),<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>
+with whose descendants it remained for many
+generations. In 1357 he got from the Crown
+the hereditary sheriffdom of Cromartie, and eight
+years later the same Hugh Ross gave him the
+estate of Fisherie, in King-Edward, Aberdeenshire.
+This Adam is the first of the family to
+emerge from the darkness of antiquity into the
+light of history, and probably his name, as the
+founder of the Urquhart fortunes, suggested the
+still more famous progenitor to whom our Sir
+Thomas traced back his pedigree link by link, as
+our readers will afterwards hear.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p><p>Our author's father, also a Thomas, and the
+first of his line who was a Protestant in religion,
+was born in 1585. He succeeded to the property
+in 1603, and in 1617 was knighted by James VI.
+in Edinburgh. As he was left an orphan at an
+early age, he was brought up under the care of
+his grand-uncle, John Urquhart of Craigfintray,
+who has been commonly called from this circumstance
+"the Tutor of Cromartie."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> His great-grandnephew,
+our Sir Thomas, has celebrated his praise in
+very high terms. "He was," he says, "over all
+Britain renowned for his deep reach of natural wit,
+and great dexterity in acquiring of many lands and
+great possessions, with all men's applause."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p><p>From all accounts, it seems that the "Tutor" was
+faithful in the discharge of all the duties belonging
+to his office,<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> though he did not succeed in imparting
+to his pupil the secret of acquiring landed property,
+either with or without applause.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, received his estates,
+we are informed, "without any burthen of debt,
+how little soever, or provision of brother, sister, or
+any other of his kindred or allyance wherewith
+to affect it."<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> He married Christian, the fourth
+daughter of Alexander, fourth Lord Elphinstone
+(1552-1638), and received with her a dowry of
+nine thousand merks Scots (<i>i.e.</i> &pound;500 Sterling).
+The date of our author's birth is given by Maitland
+as 1605, but it is now certain that this is an error,
+and that the true date is 1611.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> Sir Thomas was
+the eldest of the family, and he tells us that he
+was born five years after the marriage of his
+parents. He also informs us that his mother's
+father, Lord Elphinstone, held the office of High
+Treasurer in Scotland at the time of the marriage.
+As that nobleman was High Treasurer only from
+just before 19th April, 1599, till 22nd September,
+1601, it would not have been unreasonable to fix
+the date of the marriage as probably some time in
+1600, if we had no other information on the
+subject. But it so happens that the marriage-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>contract
+is in existence,<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> and is dated the 9th of
+July, 1606, and consequently Sir Thomas's birth
+would fall in the year 1611. Our author must
+therefore have been in error in describing his grandfather
+as being High Treasurer at the time of his
+daughter's marriage. He had, indeed, occupied this
+office some years before. Sir Thomas should have
+said "had been," instead of "was," but his lordly
+disposition of mind would probably make him contemptuous
+of such trifles.</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p><p>In 1611, James <span class="smcap">VI.</span> was drawing near to the end
+of the first period of his reign, during which he had
+been under the influence of the traditions of the
+days of Elizabeth and Burghley, and had not yet
+passed into his own keeping, and the hands of profligate
+favourites. Bacon was still in the shade of
+distrust, from which, however, he was soon to
+emerge: he was now, indeed, Solicitor-General, but
+his ambition was not satisfied by this post. The
+heir-apparent to the throne was Prince Henry, who
+died in the following year. Charles, his brother,
+was now eleven years of age. Shakespeare brought
+out this year his play of <i>The Winter's Tale</i>, and
+Ben Jonson his <i>Catiline</i>. Sir Walter Raleigh was
+a prisoner in the Tower, and was busily engaged in
+writing his <i>History of the World</i>, which he completed
+in the following year, though it was not
+published until 1614. The Authorised Version of
+the English Bible appeared this year. Milton was
+now a child of scarcely three years old, and Cromwell
+a boy of twelve.</p>
+
+<p>The birthplace of our author is unknown; for
+though the castle of Cromartie was the official
+residence of the sheriffs, Sir Thomas Urquhart,
+senior, is known to have had several other manor-houses,
+one of which was Fisherie,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> in the parish of
+King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, in which he resided
+from time to time. It is probable that the future
+translator of Rabelais laid the foundation of the
+erudition by which in after years he was distinguished,
+in Banff,<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> which then possessed a grammar-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>school,
+rather than in the more northern town
+which is associated with his name.</p>
+
+
+<p>Sir Thomas was only eleven years old when, in
+1622, he entered the University of Aberdeen,<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> but
+there is no reason to believe that the average age
+of the "men" of his year would be in excess of his
+own. Donne was the same age as Urquhart when
+he entered Oxford. The famous Crichton went up
+to St Andrews at the age of ten, though up to that
+time he had not given evidence of any extraordinary
+precocity. A generation before, Montaigne had
+already completed his collegiate course when he
+attained his thirteenth year. It seems strange to
+us that boys of such tender age should have been
+found able to pass through a university curriculum;
+and we are forced to conclude either that the boys
+of those days were intellectually superior to those
+with whom we are familiar, or that the studies
+which occupied them were less deep and severe
+than those which are now pursued in seats of
+learning. The latter is probably the true explanation
+of the matter. University education in Scot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>land
+had been remodelled, and adapted to the
+requirements of the time and of a Protestant society
+in the previous generation, and in this work Andrew
+Melville had a very notable part. In 1583 a new
+constitution had been drawn up for the University
+of Aberdeen, and the arrangements prescribed by it
+may have existed there when our author was a
+student. The Principal, according to this constitution,
+was Professor of Theology, as well as incumbent
+of the parish of Old Machar, and was responsible
+for the government and discipline of the college.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
+Under him were four Regents, one of whom was
+Sub-Principal, and to them was assigned the duty of
+training students in various departments of learning.
+Thus physiology, geography, astrology, history, and
+Hebrew were assigned to the Sub-Principal. Another
+Regent explained "the principles of reasoning
+from the best Greek and Latin authors, with practice
+in writing and speaking"; while a third
+lectured upon Greek, and read the more elementary
+Latin and Greek authors. The fourth Regent
+taught arithmetic and geometry, and, along with
+them, a portion of Aristotle's <i>Organon, Ethics, and
+Politics</i>, and Cicero's <i>De Officiis</i>. This attempt to
+assign special departments to the various regents
+respectively, was a marked improvement upon the
+older system, under which they were each responsible
+for teaching all the subjects included in the
+curriculum.</p>
+
+<p>The students paid fees, which varied in amount<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+according to their social standing. On entering the
+university they were required to take an oath of
+loyalty to the Reformed religion. None were
+allowed to carry arms, or to converse in any other
+tongue than Greek or Latin. Perhaps, however,
+this latter rule was merely an attempt to restrain
+the measureless tide of human speech. And in
+order that nothing might interfere with the progress
+of the students, the <i>Nova Fundatio</i>, or new constitution
+of Aberdeen University, abolished all holidays
+("omnes consuetas olim a studiis vacationes aboleri
+penitus").<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+<p>Sir Thomas Urquhart's name does not appear in
+the list of graduates in 1626, so that there are no
+means of determining from the records of King's
+College how many years he spent there. For the
+city in which he had received his education he ever
+afterwards had a high regard. Thus he says of it:
+"For honesty, good fashions, and learning, Aberdeen
+surpasseth as far all other cities and towns in Scotland,
+as London doth for greatness, wealth, and magnificence,
+the smallest hamlet or village in England."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p>He gives unmeasured praise to some of those
+eminent men who were associated with the fame
+of Aberdeen University in what has been called its
+"Augustan age"&mdash;the first four or five decades of
+the seventeenth century. Thus, according to him,
+William Lesley, D.D.,<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> was "one of the most profound
+and universal scholars then living"&mdash;like
+Socrates in having published no works, but, unfortunately,
+unlike that philosopher in not having
+among his disciples a Plato and an Aristotle to
+receive their master's knowledge and transmit it to
+future generations.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> Of his successor in the principalship,
+Dr William Guild, he says: "He deserveth
+by himself to be remembered, both for that
+he hath committed to the press many good books,
+tending to the edification of the soul, and bettering
+of the minde; and that of all the divines that have
+lived in Scotland these hundred yeers, he hath been<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+the most charitable, and who bestowed most of his
+own to publike uses."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> At the time when he
+wrote these estimates of the sages at whose feet he
+had sat as a student, some of his old friends were
+under a cloud, and he had to be careful not to
+compromise them by his praise. And so he says
+of "Master William [?] Seaton," who had been his
+tutor, "[he was] a very able preacher truly, and
+good scholar, and [one] whom I would extoll yet
+higher, but that being under the consistorian lash,
+some critick Presbyters may do him injury, by pretending
+his dislike of them, for being praised by
+him who idolizeth not their authority."<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<p>At the time of the marriage of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, senior, Lord Elphinstone, who was fully
+acquainted with the prosperous condition of his
+son-in-law's affairs, made him pledge himself to
+manage his property so that it might descend to
+his heir as he had himself received it. Unfortunately
+this pledge was not fulfilled. Through mismanagement
+and neglect his affairs got into disorder,
+and the later years of his life were troubled
+by pecuniary difficulties.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> His son says of him:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+"Of all men living [he was] the justest, equallest,
+and most honest in his dealings, [and] his humour
+was, rather than to break his word, to lose all he had,
+and stand to his most undeliberate promises, what
+ever they might cost; which too strict adherence
+to the austerest principles of veracity, proved
+oftentimes dammageable to him in his negotiations
+with many cunning sharks, who knew with what
+profitable odds they could scrue themselves in upon
+the windings of so good a nature.... By the
+unfaithfulnes, on the one side, of some of his
+menial servants, in filching from him much of his
+personal estate, and falsehood of several chamberlains
+and bayliffs to whom he had intrusted the
+managing of his rents, in the unconscionable discharge
+of their receits, by giving up one account
+thrice, and of such accounts many; and, on the
+other part, by the frequency of disadvantagious
+bargains, which the slieness of the subtil merchant
+did involve him in, his loss came unawares upon
+him, and irresistibly, like an armed man; too great
+trust to the one, and facility in behalf of the other,
+occasioning so grievous a misfortune, which nevertheless
+did not proceed from want of knowledge or
+abilitie in natural parts, for in the business of other
+men he would have given a very sound advice, and
+was surpassing dextrous in arbitrements, upon any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+reference submitted to him, but that hee thought it
+did derogate from the nobility of his house and
+reputation of his person, to look to petty things in
+matter of his own affairs."<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>One of the ways in which the elder Sir Thomas
+succeeded in impoverishing himself and his family
+was in becoming bail for people who absconded; so,
+at least, we would infer from an entry in the
+Court-book of the Burgh of Banff under date of
+21st April, 1629, in which we find that "Sir
+Thomas Urquhurt of Cromarty, having become
+caution for the appearance of Alexander Forbes,
+merchant in Balvenye, alleged forestaller, and the
+said Alexander not having appeared, Sir Thomas is
+decerned to pay &pound;40 Scots (&pound;3, 6s. 8d. Sterling)."<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>In 1637 we find that he was obliged to appeal
+to his sovereign against the urgency of his creditors,
+and a Letter of Protection was issued in his favour.
+It ran as follows: "Letter of Protection granted by
+King Charles the First, under his great seal, to Sir
+Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty, from all dilligence
+at the instance of his creditors, for the space of one
+year, thereby giving him a <i>persona standi in judicio</i>,
+notwithstanding he may be at the horn, and taking<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+him under his royal protection during the time.
+Dated at St James's, 20th March, 1637."<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> A
+somewhat humorous situation is suggested by this
+document. The creditors might "put him to the
+horn," <i>i.e.</i>, according to the usual legal form, order
+him in the king's name to pay his debts on penalty
+of being outlawed as a traitor, while the king himself
+authorised him to take no notice of the proceedings.</p>
+
+<p>In the same year we have intimation of the
+elder Sir Thomas's pecuniary misfortunes being
+aggravated by domestic strife, for we find him
+instructing a high legal functionary to raise an
+action against his sons, Thomas and Alexander, for
+their unfilial conduct. The charge was that of
+"putting violent hands on the persone of the said
+Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knycht, their
+father, taking him captive and prissoner, and
+detening him in sure firmance within ane upper
+chalmer, callit the Inner Dortour, within his place
+of Cromertie, <i>tanquam in privato carcere</i>, fra the
+Mononday to the Fryday in the efter none therefter,
+committit in the moneth of December last, 1636."
+The case came up for trial before the Court of
+Justiciary on the 19th of July, and was postponed
+for a week, when it was abandoned. The Lords of
+Council had appointed a commission to settle all
+differences between the father and sons and on
+receiving their report the Court dismissed the
+case.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> We have no particulars as to the causes of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+disagreement which led to such all unhappy state
+of affairs, but we are not likely to be far wrong in
+assuming that the sons wished to prevent their
+father's taking some legal step which they considered
+would be detrimental to his and their
+interests. The affectionate terms in which our
+author describes his father's character ten years
+after his death, in the words above quoted, make
+us sure that he sincerely regretted any wrong
+towards him of which he may have been guilty at
+this time.</p>
+
+<p>The old castle of Cromartie has now long disappeared,
+the stones of which it was built having
+been used for the erection of a modern house in
+1772, after the estate had passed, by purchase,
+from the family of Urquhart to Mr George Ross.
+It was a building of considerable antiquity. In
+1470 a royal grant was made by James III. to
+William Urquhart of the Motehill, or Mount of
+Cromartie, with permission to erect on this a tower
+or fortalice. Advantage was taken of this permission
+to fortify the family mansion, and it was
+converted into a castle of considerable strength.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a>
+Sir Thomas says of it: "The stance thereof is
+stately, and the house it selfe of a notable good
+fabrick and contrivance."<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> An interesting description<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+of the building as it was just before its demolition
+is given by Hugh Miller. "Directly behind the
+site of the old town," he says, "the ground rises
+abruptly from the level to the height of nearly a
+hundred feet, after which it forms a kind of table-land
+of considerable extent, and then sweeps gently
+to the top of the hill. A deep ravine, with a little
+stream running through it, intersects the rising
+ground at nearly right angles with the front which
+it presents to the houses; and on the eastern
+angle, towering over the ravine on the one side, and
+the edge of the bank on the other, stood the old
+castle of Cromarty. It was a massy, time-worn
+building, rising in some places to the height of six
+storeys, battlemented at the top, and roofed with
+grey stone. One immense turret jutted out from
+the corner, which occupied the extreme point of the
+angle, and looking down from an altitude of at least
+one hundred and sixty feet on the little stream,
+and the struggling row of trees which sprung up at
+its edge, commanded both sides of the declivity and
+the town below." Of the interior we are told by
+the same writer, on the authority of an old woman
+who, as a child, had lived in the castle, that "two
+threshers could have plied their flails within the
+huge chimney of the kitchen; and that, in the great
+hall, an immense, dark chamber, lined with oak, a
+party of a hundred men had exercised at the pike."<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>The elder Sir Thomas had also a winter residence
+in Banff.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> In the Court-book of the Burgh of Banff<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+we have the following entry: "1630, July 21st, Sir
+Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie gave in ane Act of
+the Session of Banff, geiveing licence to him to erect
+ane desk and loft in the kirk of Banff (seeing he is
+both a parochiner and resident within the said toun)
+for his accomodatione. The brethren gave their
+approbatione with express provision that neither
+the edifice nor lichtes of the said kirk suld be
+deteriorat."<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
+
+<p>Beyond the bare fact of his having been a
+student in the University of Aberdeen, we have no
+information concerning the manner in which the
+earlier years of our author's life were passed, or the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+circumstances in which he acquired the miscellaneous
+erudition which his writings display. The
+only remark he makes about the education he
+received is to the effect that his father laid out but
+a very insignificant portion of his income upon this
+item of family expenses. Yet, however little the
+expenditure may have been, Urquhart evidently
+profited fully by the education which he had
+received, and attained to something more than a
+gentlemanly acquaintance with some of the abstruser
+departments of learning.</p>
+
+<p>The special bent of his mind in early years, and
+his love for study rather than sport, are shown in
+the following reminiscence of his youth, which he
+narrates with his characteristic diffuseness. "There
+happening," he says, "a gentleman of very good
+worth to stay awhile at my house, who, one day
+amongst many other, was pleased, in the deadst
+time of all the winter, with a gun upon his shoulder,
+to search for a shot of some wild-fowl; and after
+he had waded through many waters, taken excessive
+pains in quest of his game, and by means thereof
+had killed some five or six moor fowls and partridges,
+which he brought along with him to my house, he
+was by some other gentlemen, who chanced to alight
+at my gate, as he entered in, very much commended
+for his love to sport; and, as the fashion of most
+of our countrymen is, not to praise one without
+dispraising another, I was highly blamed for not
+giving my self in that kind to the same exercise,
+having before my eys so commendable a pattern to
+imitate; I answered, though the gentleman deserved<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+praise for the evident proof he had given that day
+of his inclination to thrift and laboriousness, that
+nevertheless I was not to blame, seeing whilst he
+was busied about that sport, I was imployed in a
+diversion of another nature, such as optical secrets,
+mysteries of natural philosophie, reasons for the
+variety of colours, the finding out of the longitude,
+the squaring of a circle, and wayes to accomplish
+all trigonometrical calculations by sines, without
+tangents, with the same compendiousness of computation,&mdash;which,
+in the estimation of learned men,
+would be accounted worth six hundred thousand
+partridges, and as many moor-fowles."</p>
+
+<p>There can be little doubt that Sir Thomas had
+the best of the argument. But he was not satisfied
+with this: for nothing less would content him than
+vanquishing his opponent on his own ground, as
+well as with the weapons of logic. With the same
+lordliness of temper which had led him to re-capitulate
+the dignified subjects which had occupied
+his studious mind&mdash;the squaring of the circle being
+but one of them&mdash;he chose the breaking-in of a
+horse as a set-off against his friend's achievements
+of the day before. The success of the scientific
+student and the discomfiture of the mere sportsman
+are told in the conclusion of the story. "In the
+mean while," he says, "that worthy gentleman, being
+wet and weary after travel, was not able to eat of
+what he had so much toyled for, whilst my braine
+recreations so sharpened my appetite, that I supped
+to very good purpose. That night past, the next
+morning I gave six pence to a footman of mine, to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+try his fortune with the gun, during the time I
+should disport my self in the breaking of a young
+horse; and it so fell out, that by [the time] I had
+given my selfe a good heat by riding, the boy returned
+with a dozen of wild fouls, half moor foule,
+half partridge, whereat being exceeding well pleased,
+I alighted, gave him my horse to care for, and forthwith
+entred in to see my gentlemen, the most
+especiall whereof was unable to rise out of his bed,
+by reason of the Gout and Sciatick, wherewith he
+was seized for his former daye's toyle."<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the early years of his manhood, before our
+author felt himself qualified to take part in public
+life, he spent some time in foreign travel. The
+kind of figure cut by a young <i>English</i> gentleman of
+that period upon the Continent we know from the
+testimony of Portia, for it can scarcely be that
+much change had taken place in the interval of a
+generation, between her time and the end of the
+first quarter of the seventeenth century. He was
+generally unversed in the languages of the countries
+he visited, and, from his lack of Latin, French, or
+Italian, was apt to fail in understanding the natives,
+or in making himself understood by them. He might
+be handsome in figure, but conversation with him
+was reduced to the level of a dumb-show. His
+dress was often very odd, and his manners eccentric,
+as though he had bought his doublet in Italy, his
+round hose in France, his bonnet in Germany, and
+his behaviour&mdash;everywhere. A strong contrast to
+him in the matter of language was the young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+Scotchman of the period, if Sir Thomas Urquhart
+is to be taken as at all an average specimen of his
+nation, and if his account of himself can be relied
+upon. He says of himself that when he travelled
+through France, Spain, and Italy, he spoke the
+languages to such perfection that he might easily
+have passed himself off as a native of any one of
+these countries. Some advised him to do so, but
+his patriotic feelings were too strong to allow him
+to follow such a course: "he plainly told them
+(without making bones thereof), that truly he thought
+he had as much honour by his own country, which
+did contrevalue the riches and fertility of those
+nations, by the valour, learning, and honesty,
+wherein it did parallel, if not surpass them."<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is somewhat difficult for the mind to grasp
+the idea of a Scotchman in those days, when so
+many of the things which we now associate with
+the nationality were not in existence&mdash;when his
+Church was Episcopalian in constitution, the Shorter
+Catechism not yet written by Englishmen for his
+use, Burns unborn, and distilled spirits not extensively
+used as a beverage. We could scarcely even
+know him by his costume. For no self-respecting
+representative of that country would assume the
+Highland garb which so many Englishmen believe to
+be generally worn north of the Tweed, if we are to
+credit the authoritative statement of Macaulay to
+the effect that "before the Union it was considered
+by nine Scotchmen out of ten as the dress of a
+thief."<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> The characteristics by which "a Scot<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+abroad" in those days was recognised, were, from
+some accounts, not shrewdness in making bargains,
+economical habits, indomitable perseverance, and
+unsleeping caution, but the pride and high-spiritedness
+which made him keen in detecting and swift
+in avenging slights that might be cast upon the
+country from which he came. So deep was the
+impression made by these peculiarities upon foreign
+nations, that they became proverbial. "He is a
+Scot, he has pepper in his nose!"<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> said they, somewhat
+familiarly, yet with a touch of fear, when they
+noticed the flashing eye, and the hand instinctively
+seeking the sword-hilt. "High-spirited as a Scot!"<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a>
+they exclaimed with admiration, when among themselves
+some soul was moved to unwonted courage.
+Such, at least, is the impression produced upon the
+mind by some of those novels in which Scott and
+his imitators trace the wanderings of their fellow-countrymen
+through European lands in those
+earlier times. That there is some foundation of
+truth for the lofty superstructure is rendered
+credible by the case of Sir Thomas Urquhart.
+"My heart,"<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> he says, "gave me the courage for
+adventuring in a forrain climat, thrice to enter<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+the lists against men of three severall nations, to
+vindicate my native country<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> from the calumnies
+wherewith they had aspersed it; wherein it pleased
+God so to conduct my fortune, that, after I had
+disarmed them, they in such sort acknowledged
+their error, and the obligation they did owe me for
+sparing their lives, which justly by the law of arms
+I might have taken, that, in lieu of three enemies
+that formerly they were, I acquired three constant
+friends, both to my selfe and my compatriots,
+whereof by severall gallant testimonies they gave
+evident proofe, to the improvement of my country's
+credit in many occasions."<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p>
+
+
+<p>The fair critic, whose estimate of the young
+Englishman has been referred to, gives her opinion
+also of his Scottish rival; but, strangely enough,
+she observes in him qualities of a kind opposite
+to those displayed by Sir Thomas Urquhart. She
+was struck by his neighbourly charity, "for he
+borrowed a box of the ear of the Englishman, and
+swore he would pay him back again when he was
+able."<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> Can it be that the words put into her
+mouth are merely the ribald wit of an envious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+Southron, or are we to understand that the spirit
+which triumphed over so many inferiors was yet
+wise enough to discern when it stood in the presence
+of a mightier than itself?</p>
+
+<p>How a young man on his travels should occupy
+his time, had been laid down in a little volume
+which had been published just before Urquhart
+set out to see the world abroad. In this he might
+read a list of the things which should engage his
+attention, drawn up in sonorous language by no
+less a personage than a late Lord Chancellor of
+England&mdash;a man who was ready to give advice to
+all his fellow-creatures in all conceivable circumstances.
+"The things," says Lord Bacon, "to be
+seen and observed are: the courts of princes, especially
+when they give audience to ambassadors; the
+courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes;
+and so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches
+and monasteries, with the monuments which are
+therein extant; the walls and fortifications of cities
+and towns, and so the havens and harbours; antiquities
+and ruins; libraries, colleges, disputations
+and lectures, where any are; shipping and navies;
+house and gardens of state and pleasure near great
+cities; armories, arsenals, magazines, exchanges,
+burses, warehouses; exercises of horsemanship,
+fencing, training of soldiers, and the like; comedies,
+such whereunto the better sort of persons do resort;
+treasuries of jewels and robes, cabinets and rarities;
+and, to conclude, whatsoever is memorable in the
+places where they go.... As for triumphs, masks,
+feasts, weddings, funerals, capital executions, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+such shows, men need not be put in mind of them;
+yet they are not to be neglected."<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p>
+
+<p>To what extent Urquhart followed a plan of this
+kind it is impossible to say; for, though his
+writings are so discursive that we might expect
+to find in them allusions to anything remarkable
+he had seen or heard, he has very little to say
+about his foreign experiences. Dr Johnson spoke
+with contempt of an English peer, who had extended
+his travels as far as Egypt, but who had brought
+back only one small contribution to the general
+stock of human information&mdash;the fact that he had
+seen "a large serpent in one of the pyramids of
+Egypt." Urquhart was not quite so poverty-stricken
+as this; for he seems to have observed
+examples of mental infirmity, illustrations of which
+he might doubtless have found nearer home.</p>
+
+<p>"I saw at Madrid," he says, "a bald-pated fellow
+who beleeved he was Julius C&aelig;sar, and therefore
+went constantly on the streets with a laurel crown
+on his head; and another at Toledo, who would
+not adventure to goe abroad unlesse it were in a
+coach, chariot, or sedane, for fear the heavens should
+fall down upon him. I likewise saw one in Saragosa,
+who, imagining himself to be the lawfull King
+of Aragon, went no where without a scepter in his
+hand; and another in the kingdome of Granada,
+who beleeved he was the valiant Cid that conquered
+the Mores. At Messina, in Sicilie, I also saw a
+man that conceived himself to be the great Alexander
+of Macedone, and that in a ten years space he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+should be master of all the territories which he
+subdued; but the best is, that the better to
+resemble him he always held his neck awry,
+which naturally was streight and upright enough;
+and another at Venice, who imagined he was
+Soveraign of the whole Adriatick Sea, and sole
+owner of all the ships that came from the Levante.
+Of men that fancied themselves to be women, beasts,
+trees, stones, pitchers, glasse, angels, and of women
+whose strained imaginations have falne upon the
+like extravagancies, even in the midst of fire and
+the extremest pains fortune could inflict upon them,
+there is such variety of examples, amongst which
+I have seen some at Rome, Naples, Florence, Genua,
+Paris, and other eminent cities, that to multiply
+any moe [more] words therein, were to load your
+ears with old wives' tales, and the trivial tattle of
+idly imployed and shallow braind humorists."<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p>
+
+<p>He also tells, though not in the same connexion,
+of his having been witness of the honour and
+admiration lavished upon one of his fellow-countrymen,
+Dr Seaton, by the <i>&eacute;lite</i> of Parisian society.
+"I have seen him," he says, "circled about at
+the Louvre with a ring of French lords and
+gentlemen, who hearkned to his discourse with
+so great attention, that none of them, so long as
+he was pleased to speak, would offer to interrupt
+him, to the end that the pearles falling from his
+mouth might be the more orderly congested in the
+several treasures of their judgements."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p>
+
+<p>Part of his time abroad was devoted to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+fascinating occupation of book-hunting, and he had
+great pleasure in the spoils he had won. When
+they were set in order on shelves in the library of
+the castle of Cromartie, he looked on them with the
+joy which only book-collectors know. "They were,"
+he says, "like to a compleat nosegay of flowers, which,
+in my travels, I had gathered out of the gardens
+of above sixteen several kingdoms."<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><br /><br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> <i>System of Heraldry</i>, ii, 274.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Wyntown's narrative is as follows (quoted in Sir William
+Fraser's <i>Earls of Cromartie</i>):&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><span class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"A nycht he thowcht in hys dreming,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Dat syttand he wes besyd &thorn;e Kyng<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At a Sete in hwnting; sw&agrave;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Intil his Leisch had Grewhundys tw&agrave;.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He thowcht, quhile he wes sw&agrave; syttand,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">He sawe thre wemen by gangand;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And &thorn;ai wemen &thorn;an thowcht he<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thre werd Systrys m&aacute;st lyk to be.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">De fyrst he hard say gangand by,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Lo yhondyr &thorn;e Thayne of Crwmbawchty.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">De toyir woman sayd agayne,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Of Morave yhondyre I se &thorn;e Thayne.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">De thryd &thorn;an sayd, 'I se &thorn;e Kyng.'<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">All &thorn;is he herd in hys dreming."<br /></span>
+<br />
+<span class="i0">Wyntown's <i>Cronykil</i>, i. 225.<br /></span>
+</span></div>
+<p>
+Wyntown's date is about <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1395. Macbeth was killed at
+Lumphanan by Macduff, 5th December <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1056.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> A charter of lands in Cromartie granted by William de Monte
+Alto, between 1252 and 1272, is still in existence. The granter of
+the charter, having been owner of Cromartie, was claimed by Sir
+Thomas Urquhart as one of his Urquhart ancestors, but with no
+better authority than the earlier ancestors who figure in our
+author's <i>Pedigree</i>. See <i>Earls of Cromartie</i>, by Sir William Fraser.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> It would seem from this that Urquhart was originally a place-name,
+probably Gaelic. There were two parishes of Urquhart in
+the old province of Moray&mdash;one with a priory near Elgin, and
+the other with a castle in what is now Inverness-shire.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Tutor" here simply means "legal guardian"&mdash;for boys until
+fourteen years of age, and for girls until twelve. After these ages
+and before that of twenty-one such wards are in the charge of
+"Curators." Owing to our author's having the same Christian
+name as his father, the mistake is often made of asserting that
+John Urquhart was <i>his</i> tutor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 172. In a MS. volume of unpublished poems by
+Sir Thomas, which is described on p. 116, there is the following:&mdash;"Upon
+the tutor of Cromarty, my great-grandfather's younger
+brother, and my father's tutor:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The present tyme, the preterit, nor futur<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">T' ourselves, our fathers, nor posteritie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Do now, have yet, nor will produce a tutor,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For's Pupils weil of more dexteritie,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">For he left free th' estate he had in charge:<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">And by meer industrie did's own enlarge" (iii. 7).<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+We are sorry to quote a poem of Sir Thomas's at this early stage,
+before the atmosphere has been created which is needed for perceiving
+and appreciating its true value. The judicious reader will,
+however, return to it with interest when that process has been
+completed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> John Urquhart, "the Tutor of Cromartie," died in 1631, at
+the age of eighty-four, and was buried in the old church of King-Edward,
+Aberdeenshire, where there is a marble monument to his
+memory.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 340.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Another erroneous date is in the edition of the <i>Tracts</i> of 1774,
+where 1613 is given as the year of our author's birth.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> This is now amongst the Gardenston papers, having been
+formerly in the possession of Mr. Dunbar. All account
+of its contents is given in <i>Antiquarian Notes</i>, by C. Fraser
+Mackintosh, p. 195. An independent corroboration of the above
+date of the marriage is by a document now in the Register
+House in Edinburgh (<i>Aberdeen Sasines</i>), in which Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, senior, gives sasine of the barony of Fisherie to Lady
+Christian Elphinstone. The "precept," or clause in the marriage-contract,
+which directs the notary to give sasine of the estate
+settled on the bride, is also dated the 9th of July, 1606, and in it she
+is described as being <i>in su&acirc; pur&acirc; virginitate</i>. Probably the
+marriage took place either on that day or very soon afterwards.
+The bridegroom was just of age, while Lady Christian was under
+sixteen, the date of her birth being 19th December, 1590 (<i>The
+Lords Elphinstone</i>, Fraser, i. 167).
+</p><p>
+The issue of this marriage were at least the following sons and
+daughters:&mdash;(l) <span class="smcap">Thomas</span>; (2) Alexander; (3) George; (4) John;
+(5) [name unknown]; (6) Henry; and (7) Jane, <i>m.</i> Sir Alexander
+Abercromby of Birkenbog; (8) Helen, <i>m.</i> Sir James Gordon of
+Lesmoir; (9) Annas, <i>m.</i> Alexander Strachan of Glenkindie;
+(10) Margaret, <i>m.</i> John Irving of Brucklay; (11) [name unknown],
+<i>m.</i> &mdash;&mdash; Campbell of Calder.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Fisherie is about six miles from Banff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> It is quite possible, however, that, in the parish school of King-Edward,
+our author could have got the rudiments of a classical
+education. In 1649 (15th Nov.), Mr James Petrie, who was school-master
+there, applied for the school of Banff and, as a test of his
+power, "was ordeined to teache the sext satyr of Persius to-morrow
+in the school of Banf be nyne hours in presence of the
+bailyies and others in the toune who wer scholars." He passed
+through the test successfully, and was appointed to the office
+(<i>Annals of Banff</i>, ii. 30, New Spalding Club).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The entry of his name as a student on the roll is in the following
+terms: "In Academiam regiam Aberdonensem recepti sunt
+adolescentes quorum nomina sequuntur, pr&aelig;ceptore Alexandro
+Lunano, Anno 1622.
+</p><p>
+...
+</p><p>
+...<br />
+Thomas Urquhardus de Cromartie.<br />
+</p><p><br />
+...
+...<br />
+<i>Fasti Aberdonenses, 1854.</i>"<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> <i>King's College: Officers and Graduates</i>, by P. J. Anderson,
+M.A., pp. 347, 348.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> An "eminent Yorkshire educationist" introduced the same rules
+into the establishment under his charge. It is probable, however,
+that in Mr Squeers's case the arrangement was the result of independent
+research into methods of education, rather than a hint
+borrowed from Andrew Melville. "No holidays&mdash;none of those
+ill-judged comings home twice a year that unsettle children's
+minds so!" (<i>Nicholas Nickleby</i>, chap. iv.).
+</p><p>
+It is only fair to say that there are doubts as to how far the
+arrangements under the <i>Nova Fundatio</i>, as above described, were
+in force in Sir Thomas Urquhart's student days. If the older
+system were still in operation, the Alexander Lunan, who is mentioned
+as his preceptor, would virtually have taught our author
+all the subjects contained in the curriculum through which he
+passed. As there is no proof that Alexander Lunan was another
+Admirable Crichton, the fact of his doing so would strengthen
+what we have said above as to the comparative slightness of the
+erudition imparted in a university education in those days. Sir
+Thomas Urquhart speaks of having "learned the elements of
+his philosophy" in the University of Aberdeen under William
+Seaton (<i>Works</i>, p. 263). It has been suggested that it is an error
+for John Seaton, and that it indicates that our author, like many
+other students of King's College, took a session or two at Marischal
+College (see Anderson's <i>Fasti Acad. Marisc.</i> ii. 34, 588).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 395.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Dr Lesley was successively Humanist, Regent, Sub-Principal,
+and Principal of King's College. In 1639 he was deprived of his
+office by the Covenanting party.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 262.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 263. The editor of the <i>Book of Bon Accord</i> gives a
+lower estimate of Dr Guild's character: he says that his works are of
+no literary merit, and that he got fame by his wealth and ostentatious
+liberality. He was minister of King-Edward before he went to
+Aberdeen; and his widow, Catharine Rolland, founded a bursary
+at the university for young men belonging to that parish.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 263: see p. 11, note.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Lord Elphinstone died 14th January, 1638. During the four
+preceding years his son-in-law had "made ducks and drakes" of
+his ancestral possessions. His portrait, which is still preserved at
+Carberry Tower, is engraved in Sir William Fraser's work, <i>The
+Lords Elphinstone</i>. It gives one the impression of a grave,
+melancholy man. He had fourteen sons and five daughters. It
+is to be hoped that none of his sons and no other of his sons-in-law
+had the faculty for getting into difficulties which Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, senior, displayed.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 336.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The offence of <i>forestalling</i> consisted in buying merchandise,
+victuals, etc., before they appeared in a fair or market-place for
+sale, or in taking steps to raise the prices of such things, or in
+dissuading anyone coming to market from carrying his goods
+thither. The amount of fine for a first offence was, as above,
+&pound;40 Scots (or &pound;3, 6s. 8d. Sterling); for a second offence, 100 merks
+(or &pound;5, 11s., 1d. Sterling); while for a third offence it was forfeiture
+of movable goods.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> M'Farlane's <i>Genealogical Collections</i>, ii. 283. MS. Advocates'
+Library.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Records of the Court of Justiciary.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> It was built in the old turreted style, and defended on the
+south by a moat and high wall. When it was taken down, in the
+surrounding ground were found human skeletons, and urns containing
+human remains, both enclosed in graves made of flags
+(<i>Old Stat. Account</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 312. "The situation appears in every view most
+delightful" (Pococke's <i>Tour</i>, 1760).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> <i>Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland</i>, pp. 78, 80.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> This was a fortalice-tower, with gardens, orchards, dovecots,
+etc., in the south part of Banff, which afterwards came into the
+possession of the Earl of Airlie. The bounds are thus described:
+"The common vennel at the north, the loch called the Saltlochs
+at the east, the lands called Little Guishauch at the south, and the
+road to Overak at the west." Shortly before its demolition it
+was the headquarters of the Duke of Cumberland's army on
+its passage to Culloden. Besides this house and the castle of
+Cromartie, the Urquharts occasionally occupied their mansion-house
+of Fisherie. This stood a few yards to the south-west of
+the present farmhouse of Mains of Fisherie. It was taken down
+some sixty years ago. Some old trees still stand near the site of
+the house and garden.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Annals of Banff</i> (New Spalding Club), ii. 28. The old
+church in which Sir Thomas had a "desk" or pew, and a "loft"
+or small gallery, is now in ruins. Only the south transept is
+standing. In the parish church of King-Edward, Aberdeenshire,
+the handsome silver communion cups bear an inscription to the
+effect that they were a joint present from Dr William Guild, the
+then incumbent of the parish, Sir Thomas Urquhart, and his
+uncle John Urquhart of Craigfintray. That the Sir Thomas
+Urquhart here named is not our author but his father, is evident
+from the date of the incumbency of his fellow-donor, Dr Guild,
+who was minister of King-Edward from 1608 to 1631. The cups
+bear date of 1619.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 331.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 272.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> <i>History of England</i>, chap. xiii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> "<i>Scotus est, piper in naso</i>," Medi&aelig;val proverb.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> "<i>Fier comme un Ecossais</i>," French proverb.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> It may be as well to warn our readers at this point that Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's vanity, or what would be called vanity in any
+other man, was unbounded. So calm and unconscious is it, that
+it often seems to betray a disordered mind. Those who seek in
+his estimates of himself for illustrations of the grace of humility
+will seek in vain. They may, however, find other things, which,
+if not so edifying, are far more amusing.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The reader who has sufficient curiosity and leisure may compare
+with the above the account which his contemporary, Lord Herbert
+of Cherbury (1581-1648), gives of his duels in his <i>Autobiography</i>.
+That nobleman was a kind of Sir Thomas Urquhart in water-colour,
+and his single combats are surrounded with a proportionately
+milder glow of romance. Indeed, they seem to have been
+generally undertaken in order to compel impudent young men to
+give back pieces of riband to charming young ladies from whom
+they had snatched them.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 311.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> <i>Merchant of Venice</i>, Act I. Scene ii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>Essays, Civil and Moral</i>, xviii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 364.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 256.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 402.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+<h1>CHAPTER II</h1>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Recalled Home&mdash;The Covenanting Movement&mdash;The Trot of
+Turriff&mdash;Our Author escapes to England&mdash;Is Knighted&mdash;Publishes
+his <i>Epigrams</i>&mdash;His Father's Embarrassments
+increase&mdash;Lesley of Findrassie&mdash;Death of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, senior&mdash;Our Author struggles in vain to keep
+his Creditors at bay&mdash;Other Wrongs and Losses&mdash;On bad
+Terms with the Church.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="figupperleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/w.jpg" width="90" height="67" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p>HILE Urquhart was engaged in
+foreign travel, the ecclesiastical
+and political controversies
+in Scotland came to such a
+height, that it was evident
+that matters could only be settled by an appeal
+to the sword, and, accordingly, he returned home
+to assist the party to which his family adhered.
+He, doubtless, like Milton, considered it disgraceful
+that, while his fellow-countrymen were fighting at
+home for liberty, he should be travelling abroad for
+amusement and intellectual culture. His father,
+who had been the first of the Urquharts to give
+up Roman Catholicism for Protestantism, took the
+unpopular side in the conflict that agitated the
+Church of Scotland. He was a staunch Episcopalian,
+and refused to accept the National Covenant,
+when those who had voluntarily and enthusiastic<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>ally
+entered into it attempted to coerce others
+into following their example, and so turned it into
+an instrument of tyranny.</p>
+
+<p>The determined efforts of Charles I. and his
+advisers to make the Church of Scotland in all
+respects like the Church of England, were fiercely
+opposed, and, for a time, the party which was resolved
+to make them as dissimilar as possible prevailed.
+Episcopacy, liturgy, ancient ecclesiastical customs
+and rites, and all that savoured of Prelacy or
+Popery, were swept away by the rising flood. Yet,
+without committing oneself to the doctrine of
+passive obedience, it may be doubted whether the
+course of policy followed by the Covenanters was
+either wise or scriptural. For, notwithstanding
+the vehement protestations of loyalty expressed in
+the National Covenant, armed resistance to the
+royal authority was not obscurely hinted at in it.
+"We," said the subscribers, "promise and swear
+by the great name of the Lord our God to continue
+in the profession and obedience of the said religion;
+and that we shall defend the same, and resist all
+those contrary errors and corruptions, according to
+our vocation, and to the utmost of that power which
+God hath put into our hands, all the days of our
+life." It is quite possible, it may be hoped, for one
+to be in sympathy with a certain political party,
+and yet to regret that the Church should identify
+itself with that party; and it certainly was not in
+the end a good thing for the cause of religion that
+it should have been so closely allied as it was with
+party politics in the seventeenth century. "My<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+kingdom is not of this world," said Christ; "if My
+kingdom were of this world, then would My servants
+fight." "Put up again thy sword into his place,"
+He said to St Peter, "for all they that take the
+sword, shall perish with the sword." It is difficult
+to see how these clear and emphatic utterances can
+be made to harmonise with the resolution not only
+to use force in the correction of ecclesiastical abuses
+and religious errors, but also to coerce those who were
+not prepared to follow the same course of policy.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Covenanting party were successful beyond
+their hopes. The influence of the Marquis of
+Argyle secured the allegiance to the cause of the
+Highlanders in the west of Scotland; while, in
+Inverness and the region north of the Moray
+Firth, the movement was enthusiastically welcomed.
+Only one district in Scotland held aloof&mdash;that of
+which Aberdeen was the centre. The community
+there had probably but little sympathy with the
+innovations which Laud was bent upon bringing
+in, but they had still less with the Covenant.
+They were attached to the modified form of Episcopacy
+which had now existed in Scotland since the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+Reformation (with the exception of the years between
+1592 and 1610), in which the bishops were little
+more than permanent moderators of Presbyteries,
+and were subject to the General Assembly, and in
+which the ritual was of a very simple character.</p>
+
+<p>As a University and Cathedral city, and the residence
+of a large number of wealthy landed proprietors,
+Aberdeen occupied a position of great importance
+in Scotland, and was by no means under the
+command of the capital. The heads of the
+Covenanting party very speedily found it necessary
+to take steps for bringing this corner of the kingdom
+into subjection to themselves. They could
+scarcely hope to succeed in overcoming the powerful
+forces at the command of the English Government,
+if they were to allow this enemy to remain undisturbed
+in their rear.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly, at a very early stage in the proceedings,
+they attempted to gain over to their side
+the great territorial magnate of the district, the
+Marquis of Huntly, who, from his rank and wealth
+and hereditary loyalty to the throne, was likely to be
+the leader of the King's party in the North. Had
+they succeeded, they would virtually have had the
+whole country at their back, for the community
+of Aberdeen, and the few neighbouring lairds, who,
+like Sir Thomas Urquhart, refused to accept the
+Covenant, would not have dared to resist the
+national policy by force of arms. In the negotiations
+between the Covenanting leaders and the
+Marquis of Huntly, we have an illustration of the
+very muddy roads along which religion is dragged,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+when it forms an alliance with a political party.
+It is certainly with somewhat of a shock that one
+who is under the impression that all the Covenanters
+were saints of a very spiritually-minded
+type, learns of the grim option which they offered
+to their possible opponent. Colonel Robert Munro,
+who had seen service in Germany, was appointed
+to wait upon the Marquis at Strathbogie, and to
+acquaint him with the resolutions to which the
+Covenanters had come. "The sum of his commission
+to Huntly was," we are told, "that the
+noblemen Covenanters were desirous that he should
+join with them in the common cause; that, if he
+would do so, and take the Covenant, they would
+give him the first place, and make him leader of
+their forces; and, further, they would make his
+state and his fortunes greater than ever they were;
+and, moreover, they should pay off and discharge
+all his debts, which they knew to be about one
+hundred thousand pounds sterling; that their
+forces and associates were a hundred to one
+[in comparison] with the king; and, therefore, it
+was to no purpose to him to take up arms against
+them, for if he refused this offer and declared
+against them, they should find means to disable
+him for to help the king; and, moreover, they
+knew how to undo him, and bade him to expect
+that they will ruinate his family and estates."
+The hands were, perhaps, the hands of Christian,
+the voice was certainly the voice of Mr Worldly
+Wiseman!</p>
+
+<p>The reply of the Marquis was admirable for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+spirit of generosity and chivalry which it breathed.
+"To this proposition," we are told, "Huntly gave
+a short and resolute repartee, that his family had
+risen and stood by the kings of Scotland; and for
+his part, if the event proved the ruin of this king,
+he was resolved to lay his life, honours, and estate
+under the rubbish of the king's ruins."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>Though Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, was a
+staunch Episcopalian and a devoted Royalist, the
+circumstances in which he was placed forbade his
+aiding the ecclesiastical and political causes which
+were dear to him with more than good wishes.
+He was surrounded by neighbours of the opposite
+party,<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> and isolated from those with whom he would
+gladly have co-operated. Consequently, it remained
+for his eldest son, our author, who apparently was
+residing at that time at Balquholly Castle, in
+Aberdeenshire, where the adherents of the Royalist
+cause were numerous, to play a more heroic part.</p>
+
+<p>Between the date of the signing of the Covenant
+and that of the meeting of the General Assembly
+in Glasgow in 1638, The Tables, for such was the
+name by which the executive government estab<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>lished
+by the revolutionary party was designated,
+decided to subdue the city of Aberdeen and the
+neighbouring country, and to compel the people
+there to accept the Covenant. Before resorting
+to force, however, an attempt was made to persuade.
+A committee of three eminent clergymen, Henderson,
+Dickson, and Cant, with the Earl of Montrose
+as president, was sent north to deal with the
+somewhat unimpressible Aberdonians. The hospitable
+corporation of the northern city invited the
+visitors to a banquet of wine, but their invitation
+was scornfully declined. The deputation "would
+drink with none till first the Covenant was subscribed."
+Such incivility was new in the history
+of the city, and a very satisfactory rebuke was
+given to it by the materials for the proposed
+banquet being distributed among the poor. It
+can be easily imagined that after this unsatisfactory
+beginning the sermons delivered by the clerical
+deputation fell upon unsympathetic ears, and made
+but few converts. "The commissioners had one
+powerful ally in the town, in the person of Earl
+Marischal, the son of the founder of the College,
+who had died in 1623; and, when they were
+refused licence to preach in the city churches, they
+adjourned to his residence at the north end of
+what is now Marischal Street. The mansion
+consisted of several buildings with galleries surrounding
+a courtyard, and from these galleries the
+three Covenanting ministers held forth from eight
+o'clock in the morning till four in the afternoon,
+trying to convince the people of the truth of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+Covenant. The children of granite, however,
+proved absolutely impervious to the 'apostles,'
+whom they scornfully pelted with mud."<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p>
+
+<p>A paper-war, which attracted considerable notice,
+sprang up between the commissioners and six of
+the Aberdeen clergy&mdash;popularly designated in contemporary
+literature as "the Aberdeen Doctors."<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a>
+In this warfare the representatives of the Covenanting
+party came off rather badly. "The position
+taken by the Doctors," says John Hill Burton,
+"is the unassailable one of the dry sarcastic
+negative. Whatever the Covenant might be&mdash;good
+or bad&mdash;and whatever right its approvers had to
+bind themselves to it, how were they entitled to
+force it on those who desired it not? And when
+their adversaries became eloquent on its conformity
+to Scripture and the privileges of the Christian
+Church, the Doctors ever went back to the same
+negative position&mdash;even if it were so, which we
+do not admit, yet why force it upon us?"<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
+
+<p>Early in the following year, 1639, The Tables
+resolved to suppress the northern Malignants, as
+they were called, before preparing to enter on a
+campaign against their enemy in the south, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+thus save themselves from the dangers involved in
+having an enemy in their rear. The Earl of Montrose
+went north at the head of a considerable
+body of troops, and took possession of Aberdeen.
+The opponents of the Covenant fled from the city,
+and Huntly, the leader of the Royalists, felt unable
+to offer effective resistance. In spite of a safe-conduct
+granted him by Montrose on his coming in
+to a conference, he was taken prisoner to Edinburgh
+and lodged in the Castle.</p>
+
+<p>This kidnapping of the Royalist chief caused
+great irritation; and upon a rumour of the fleet's
+coming to the Firth of Forth, and of the Royal
+army's approach to the Scottish border, the
+northern Royalists, of whom our Sir Thomas
+Urquhart was one, resolved to take arms on the
+King's side. The first mention of our author in
+history is in connexion with this rising; and the
+annalist Spalding relates two exciting incidents that
+occurred in one week, in both of which he took part.</p>
+
+<p>The first, which happened on Friday, the 10th of
+May, was an attempt made by him and some of
+the other Royalist lairds or "barons," as they are
+called,<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> to take the castle of Towie-Barclay,<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+Aberdeenshire. It seems that the lairds of Delgatie
+and Towie-Barclay had plundered the house of
+Balquholly,<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> which was occupied by our author, and
+carried off a large supply of "muskets, guns, and
+carabines." Sir Thomas was not a man to submit
+quietly to such an outrage as this; and, doubtless,
+to his desire for vengeance was added a strong wish
+to get possession of the firearms, now that there
+was a good cause to be defended and brave men to
+use the weapons. They had intended to surprise
+the castle, but when they came to it they found
+the gates shut, and the place strongly guarded.
+Lord Fraser and the eldest son of Lord Forbes
+had already known that an attempt was to be
+made to recover the weapons, and had manned<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+the castle so effectually that the idea of storming
+it was out of the question. A few shots were
+exchanged, and then the attacking party rode away.
+The only casualty was the death of a David Prott,
+who was a servant of the laird of Gight,<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> one of
+Urquhart's friends. "This," the historian remarks,
+"was the first time that blood was drawn here
+since the beginning of the Covenant."<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p>Four days after, a more serious encounter took
+place between the two forces. The Covenanters of
+the north had decided to assemble in force, and
+fixed upon Turriff, in Aberdeenshire, as their headquarters.
+The Royalists drew to a head at Strathbogie,
+some eleven miles off, and resolved to disperse
+their opponents. The Covenanting party was
+about twelve hundred strong, and the Royalists
+about eight hundred, but the latter had four brass
+cannon, which very materially strengthened them
+as an attacking force. They were under the
+leadership of skilful officers, among whom Arthur
+Forbes of Blacktown [in King-Edward] is specially
+mentioned. Sir Thomas himself informs us
+that, "having obtained, though with a great deal
+of pain, a fifteen hundreth [hundred] subscriptions
+to a bond conceived and drawn up in
+opposition of the vulgar [popular] Covenant, he
+selected from amongst them so many as he
+thought fittest for holding hand to [taking in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+hand] the dissolving of their committees and unlawful
+meetings."<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p>
+
+<p>About ten o'clock on the night of Monday, the
+13th of May, they started for Turriff, marching in
+a "very quiet and sober manner," and by daybreak
+managed to steal upon the village by an
+unguarded path. The sound of trumpets and of
+drums aroused the unsuspecting Covenanters to
+the fact that they had been fairly surprised.
+"Some were sleeping, others drinking, and smoaking
+tobacco, others walking up and down." A
+few volleys of musketry, and a few shots discharged
+from the cannon, served to disperse them, and the
+village was taken possession of by the attacking
+force. It was but a slight skirmish,<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> in which
+three men were killed, two of the Covenanters,
+and one of the Royalists; but it was the first
+of the battles in the great Civil War, which
+raged for so many years, and deluged with blood<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+so many fruitful plains in each of the three kingdoms.
+On this account "the Trot of Turriff," as
+it was called, should not be forgotten.</p>
+
+
+<p>After this victory, the Royalists being masters of
+the village, the common soldiers, who were hungry
+after their night's march, plundered the houses of
+those they thought were Covenanters, and supplied
+themselves with meat and drink. The greatest loss
+fell upon the minister, Mr Mitchell, who, however,
+received very liberal compensation from Parliament
+in the following year. They next gathered as many
+of the inhabitants of Turriff together as they could
+find, and made them accept and subscribe the King's
+Covenant.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> This device for securing adherents was,
+however, ineffectual, for, a few weeks later, those<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+who had sworn to the King's Covenant, on a
+declaration that they had acted under compulsion,
+were solemnly absolved by their minister from all
+obligation to keep it.</p>
+
+<p>The Royalist leaders now began to think of
+further projects, as the number of their followers
+increased after the victory at Turriff. They lost
+no time in marching upon Aberdeen, and in quartering
+themselves upon its inhabitants, especially upon
+those who were known to belong to the Covenanting
+party. In a few days, however, they found
+their position untenable. A considerable number
+of their Highland forces disbanded, and marched
+away to their homes, plundering as they went&mdash;"a
+thing," the historian remarks, "verye usuall with
+them." The others retreated from Aberdeen, when
+the Covenanting army under the Earl Marischal
+entered the city, on the 23rd of May, 1639.</p>
+
+<p>A small number of prominent Royalists,<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> of
+whom our Sir Thomas was one, now resolved to
+leave Scotland, where the cause to which they
+were devoted was at such a low ebb. A ship,
+belonging to one Andrew Findlay, had been kept
+in readiness for an emergency like this, and on it
+they embarked hastily, and sailed away to England,
+to offer their services to Charles <span class="smcap">I.</span> "Urquhart,"
+says Dr Irving, "who professes to have launched<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+forth in the view of six hundred of his enemies,
+was, within two days, landed at Berwick, where he
+found the Marquis of Hamilton, and delivered to
+him a letter from the leaders of the northern
+Royalists. He had likewise undertaken to be the
+bearer of despatches to the King, containing the
+signatures of the same chieftains; and, having
+proceeded to the royal quarters, he obtained an
+audience of His Majesty, and explained to him their
+past exertions and future plans for his service.
+He appears to have been satisfied with his own
+reception, and the written answer 'gave great contentment
+to all the gentlemen of the north that
+stood for the king.'"<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
+
+<p>In one of our author's tracts, published in 1652,
+we have a pedigree of the family of Urquhart.
+Under his own name he states that "he was
+knighted by King Charles, in Whitehall Gallery,
+in the yeer 1641, the 7 of April." In the same
+year he first made his appearance as an author in
+the publication of his three books of <i>Epigrams,
+Moral and Divine</i>, of which a fuller notice will be
+found in a later chapter. Let us now for a little
+leave Sir Thomas, happy in his sovereign's favour,
+his head encircled with the ivy-wreath that clothes
+the brows of learned poets, and his eye fixed upon
+a prominent crag of Mount Parnassus as henceforth
+specially his own, and turn to his father,
+whose golden dreams have long since fled away,
+and left him but the dreariest and shabbiest prose.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For thirty-six years the elder Sir Thomas had
+been in possession of the ample estates of the
+house of Urquhart, and during nearly the whole of
+this time the country had been at peace, so that
+he had no one but himself to blame for the impoverished
+condition in which they were when his
+son received them. The latter described the state
+of matters in the following terms: "All he bequeathed
+unto me, his eldest Son, in matter of
+worldly means, was twelve or thirteen thousand
+pounds sterling of debt, five brethren all men, and
+two sisters almost mariageable, to provide for, and
+lesse to defray all this burden with by six hundred
+pounds sterling a year, although [<i>i.e.</i> even if] the
+warres had not prejudiced me in a farthing, then
+[than] what for the maintaining of himself alone in
+a peaceable age he inherited for nothing."<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>So exasperated was the old man by the importunity
+of his creditors, that at last, we are told, the
+sound of one of their voices was in his ears as "the
+hissing of a basilisk." The great Civil war itself,
+which brought calamity and grief to so many
+homes, was almost welcomed by him for the
+relief it brought him from the "hornings" and
+"apprisings," and other legal processes, which
+threatened him in times of peace. "The disorderly
+troubles of the land," says his son of him,
+"being then far advanced, though otherways he disliked
+them, were a kind of refreshment to him, and
+intermitting relaxation from a more stinging disquietnesse.
+For that our intestin troubles and dis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>tempers,
+by silencing the laws for a while, gave some
+repose to those that longed for a breathing time,
+and by hudling up the terms of Whitsuntide and
+Martimass, which in Scotland are the destinated
+times for payment of debts, promiscuously with the
+other seasons of the year, were as an oxymel julip
+wherewith to indormiat them in a bitter sweet
+security."<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a></p>
+
+<p>The most importunate of all the creditors, or,
+as Urquhart describes them, "the usurious cormorants,"
+who harassed the unhappy proprietor of
+Cromartie, was a certain Robert Lesley of Findrassie.
+He held a mortgage upon the estate, and though he
+was indebted to its owner for many acts of kindness,
+he had been the first to foreclose upon the
+property, and had persuaded other creditors to join
+with him in taking this step. The annoyance and
+mortification caused by these proceedings hastened
+Sir Thomas's death. Two days before that event,
+animated by regret for the wrong he had done his
+heir by the impoverishment of the family property,
+he assembled his younger children, and bound
+them, "under pain of his everlasting curse and
+execration," to do all in their power to help their
+elder brother. The terms of this extraordinary
+bond, his son tells us, were these: "to assist,
+concur with, follow, and serve me, to the utmost
+of their power, industry, and means, and to spare
+neither charge nor travel, though it should cost
+them all they had, to release me from the undeserved
+bondage of the domineering creditor, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+extricate my lands from the impestrements wherein
+they were involved; yea, to bestow nothing of their
+owne upon no other use, till that should be done;
+and all this under their own handwriting, secured
+with the clause of registration to make the opprobrie
+the more notorious in case of failing, as the
+paper itself, which I have <i>in retentis</i>, together with
+another signed to the same sense, by my mother,
+and also my brothers and sisters, Dunbugur [Dunlugas]<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a>
+only excepted, will more evidently testifie."<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a>
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, the elder, died in April [?],
+1642, after a long and lingering illness.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Our author now returned home to enter on possession
+of his estates, and to attempt to reduce to
+something like order the chaos in which the family
+affairs were. He resolved to commit the management
+of his property to trustees, who, after paying
+his mother's jointure, were to devote the whole of
+the rest of the rents to the reduction of debt. He
+himself went to live on the Continent, in the hope<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+that in a few years he would be able to return
+home and enjoy his inheritance unencumbered by
+debt. These proceedings, with the disappointing
+results that followed them, are related in a passage
+of his <i>Logopandecteision</i>, which is worth quoting.
+"Immediately after my father's decease," he
+says, "for my better expedition in the discharge of
+those burthens, having repaired homewards, I did
+sequestrate the whole rent (my mother's joynture
+excepted) to that use only, and, as I had done
+many times before, betook myself to my hazards
+abroad, that by vertue of the industry and diligence
+of those whom, by the advise and deliberation of
+my nearest friends, I was induced to intrust with my
+affairs, the debt might be the sooner defrayed, and
+the ancient house releeved out of the thraldome it
+was so unluckily faln into. But it fell out so far
+otherwayes, that after some few years residence
+abroad, without any considerable expence from
+home, when I thought, because of my having mortified
+and set apart all the rent to no other end then
+[than] the cutting off and defalking of my father's
+debt, that accordingly a great part of my father's
+debt had been discharged, I was so far disappointed
+of my expectation therin, that whilst, conform to
+the confidence reposed in him whom I had intrusted
+with my affairs, I hoped to have been exonered
+and relieved of many creditors, the debt was only
+past over and transferred from one in favours of
+another, or rather of many in the favours of one,
+who, though he formerly had gained much at my
+father's hands, was notwithstanding at the time of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+his decease none of his creditors, nor at any time
+mine; my Egyptian bondage by such means remaining
+still the same, under task masters different only
+in name, and the rents neverthelesse taken up to the
+full, to my no small detriment and prejudice of the
+house standing in my person. The aime of some
+of those I concredited [committed] my weightiest
+adoes [affairs] unto, being, as is most conspicuously
+apparent, that I should never reap the fruition nor
+enjoyment of any portion, parcell, or pendicle of
+the estate of my predecessors, unlesse by my fortune
+and endeavours in forrain countries, I should be
+able to acquire as much as might suffice to buy it,
+as we say, out of the ground. And verily," he
+concludes, "though not in relation to these ignoble
+and unworthy by-ends, it was my purpose and
+resolution to have done so, which assuredly, had
+not the turbulent divisions of the time been such
+as to have crossed and thwarted the atchievements
+of more faisible projects, I would have
+accomplished two or three severall ways ere
+now."<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a></p>
+
+<p>One is inclined to wonder what the two or
+three lucrative undertakings were, which this Highland
+gentleman had in view when he spoke in this
+way of the practicability of making enough money
+to purchase back his estates. "What song the
+syrens sang," says Sir Thomas Browne, "or what
+name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among
+women, though puzzling questions are not beyond
+all conjecture." But even as wise a man as Sir<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+Thomas Browne might well pause before venturing
+on a conjecture in connection with this matter.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the official records of the time,<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> there
+is an entry which shows that Urquhart was resident
+in London in 1644. On the 9th May of that
+year he is assessed for a forced loan at &pound;1000;
+and, on the 16th of the same month, there is an
+order for him to be brought up in custody to pay
+his assessment; while, on the 21st, it is noted that
+his assessment is "respited till he shall speak with
+the Scottish committee and take further orders, be
+engaging to appear whenever required." He no
+doubt proved to the committee that he had no
+property in London, but was only a sojourner there,
+and was accordingly virtually discharged. His
+place of residence in London at this time was
+Clare Street,<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> then newly erected upon St Clement's<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>
+Inn Fields, on the east side of Drury Lane, and
+called after John Holles,<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> second Earl of Clare,
+whose town-house was near by.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Urquhart now resolved to take the
+management of his own affairs, and, if possible, so
+to conduct matters as to secure subsistence for
+himself, as well as satisfaction for his father's
+creditors; and, in the year 1645, he went to live
+in the ancestral home at Cromartie. His rental
+still amounted to &pound;1000 Sterling a year, which
+represents about &pound;7000 in our time, but a debt of
+twelve or thirteen years' income was a very serious
+burden upon such an estate.</p>
+
+<p>There can be little doubt that the entanglement
+in which the financial affairs of the house of
+Urquhart were involved became none the less confused
+and confusing when the gallant knight applied
+himself to unravel it. That was scarcely a task for
+which he was fitted. Much more appropriate
+would it have been for him to draw the sword, like
+Alexander, and cut the Gordian knot. Perhaps his
+failure, as in another well-known case,<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> is partly to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+be attributed to his not having had a legal adviser,
+familiar with the intricacies of the law, and able to
+prevent his creditors getting more than their pound of
+flesh, if not to save even that from them. Charles <span class="smcap">I.</span>
+once said that he knew as much law as a gentleman
+ought to know. Sir Thomas Urquhart seems to have
+had a somewhat similar acquaintance with the same
+subject, and this, like that of the person mentioned
+in the footnote on the preceding page, was probably
+acquired "as a defendant on civil process." There can
+be no doubt that he "made an effort" more than once.
+In vain did he have recourse to "pecunial charms,
+and holy water out of Plutus' cellar."<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> The charms
+were indeed potent, but they were not applied long
+enough; the holy water was composed of the right
+ingredients, but there was too little of it in the
+cellars at Cromartie. He could not, with all his
+struggles, succeed in curing what the Limousin
+scholar in Rabelais calls "the penury of pecune in
+the marsupie" [<i>i.e.</i> the want of money in the purse]&mdash;that
+complaint which is so mortifying to the pride
+of any gentleman, but which is specially exasperating
+to a Highland gentleman. His cares and distresses,
+or, as he calls them, his "solicitudinary and
+luctiferous discouragements," were enough "to appall
+the most undaunted spirits, and kill a very Paphlagonian
+partridge, that is said to have two hearts."<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p><p>Probably Sir Thomas Urquhart was harshly dealt
+with by his father's creditors, though, of course, it is
+possible that in the story as told by them they
+would appear in a more favourable light. They
+had to do with a man who was unpractical and
+fantastical in the highest degree, and morbidly
+sensitive in all matters that seemed to lower his
+dignity or to cast a slur upon his honour. His
+brains seethed with plans for the improvement of
+agriculture, trade, and education, but none of these
+did the importunity of his creditors permit him to
+carry into effect. "Truly I may say," he complains,
+"that above ten thousand severall times I have by
+these flagitators been interrupted for money, which
+never came to my use, directly or indirectly one
+way or other, at home or abroad, any one time
+whereof I was busied about speculations of greater
+consequence then [than] all that they were worth
+in the world; from which, had I not been violently
+pluck'd away by their importunity, I would have
+emitted to publick view above five hundred several
+treatises on inventions never hitherto thought upon
+by any."<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> Before his imagination there floated the
+dream of what he might have been, and his mind
+alternated between passionate remonstrances against
+his unfortunate circumstances and delusive hopes
+and anticipations.</p>
+
+<p>The editor of the Maitland Club edition of
+Urquhart's works truly remarks that there is a
+melancholy earnestness, almost approaching insanity,
+in his wild speculations on what he might<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+have done for himself and his country but for the
+weight of worldly incumbrances. "Even so," he
+says, "may it be said of myself, that when I was
+most seriously imbusied about the raising of my
+own and countrie's reputation to the supremest
+reach of my endeavours, then did my father's
+creditors, like so many millstones hanging at my
+heels, pull down the vigour of my fancie, and
+violently hold that under, what [which] other wayes
+would have ascended above the sublimest regions of
+vulgar conception."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>So convinced was he that the schemes and inventions
+with which his thoughts were occupied
+were of immense value, that he declared that he
+ought to have the benefit of that Act of James <span class="smcap">III.</span>
+(36th statute of his fifth Parliament) which provides
+that the debtor's movable goods be first
+"valued and discussed before his lands be apprised."
+He claimed this as a right from the State; "and
+if," he says, "conform to the aforesaid Act, this be
+granted, I doe promise shortly to display before the
+world, ware of greater value then [than] ever from
+the East Indias was brought in ships to Europe."<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a>
+But unfortunately the Philistines were too strong
+for him.</p>
+
+<p>To these pecuniary difficulties were added annoyances
+and wrongs, which the meekest of mankind,
+among whom Sir Thomas is not to be reckoned,
+would have found it hard to bear.</p>
+
+<p>Mention has already been made of Robert Lesley
+of Findrassie, the most relentless of all the creditors,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+who, according to Sir Thomas Urquhart's account
+of matters, made life bitter for him, and defeated his
+many schemes for the benefit of the human race.
+The injurious proceedings of this man form a subject
+which our author can never leave for any
+length of time, and to which it is necessary for his
+biographer to revert occasionally. His unfortunate
+debtor found a certain grim satisfaction, as well as
+an opportunity for gratifying his taste for genealogical
+research, in tracing Robert's descent from a
+celebrated murderer&mdash;that Norman Lesley whose
+hands were dipped in the blood of Cardinal Beaton.
+It is certain, however, that there was no real
+foundation for this opinion.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p>
+
+<p>Unless Robert Lesley is a much-maligned man,
+his conduct towards the son of his patron was both
+rapacious and ungrateful. On one occasion at least
+he acted in a very high-handed manner. "With
+all the horse and foot he was able to command,"
+says Sir Thomas, "he came in a hostile manner to
+take possession of a farm of mine called Ardoch;
+unto which ... he had no more just title then
+[than] to the town of Jericho mentioned in the
+Scriptures; and at the offer of such an indignity to
+our house, some of the hot-spirited gentlemen of
+our name would even then have taken him, with his
+three sons, bound them hand and foot, and thrown<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+them within the flood-mark, into a place called the
+Yares of Udol, there to expect the coming of the
+sea in a full tide, to carry him along to be seized
+in a soil of a greater depth, and abler to restrain the
+insatiableness of his immense desires, then [than]
+any of my lands within the shire of Cromartie."
+Sir Thomas, according to his own account, hindered
+the perpetration of this violence, and gave his
+enemy and those who accompanied him "a pass and
+safe-conduct to their own houses."<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p>
+
+<p>Yet so far was the caitiff creditor from being
+touched by this proof of magnanimity on the part
+of his debtor, that he applied himself with renewed
+vigour to the concoction of schemes for his total
+destruction. So at least Sir Thomas would have
+us believe. On one occasion Lesley tried to inveigle
+him to Inverness, with the intention of having him
+arrested at the suit of an accomplice&mdash;James
+Sutherland, "Tutor of Duffus"&mdash;and kept in durance
+until he had satisfied all his enemy's demands.
+On another occasion Lesley managed to get a troop
+of horse quartered upon the tenants of Cromartie,
+till, says our author, "I should transact for a sum,
+of money to be paid to his son-in-law; which verily
+was the greater part of his portion."<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> In addition
+to this, a garrison was stationed for nearly a year
+in the castle of Cromartie, where they conducted
+themselves in a way calculated to wound and
+humiliate the proud spirit of its proprietor. Among
+other wrongs and losses inflicted upon him was
+the sequestration of his library, which he had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+collected with such pains. Sir Thomas says that
+he sought eagerly to be allowed to purchase back
+the precious volumes, but was hindered by the
+spitefulness and indifference of those to whom he
+made application, and was ultimately able to secure
+only a few of them, which had been stolen from
+the collection and dispersed through the country.<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p>
+
+<p>In an amusing passage in the <i>Logopandecteision</i>,
+our author gives us a specimen of the peculiarities
+of speech which distinguished his arch-enemy,
+Lesley of Findrassie. As we read it we seem to
+hear the very tones in which he enunciated or
+defended his "felonious little plans." "Several
+gentlemen of good account," he says, "and others of
+his familiar acquaintance, having many times very
+seriously expostulated with him why he did so implacably
+demean himself towards me, and with such
+irreconciliability of rancor, that nothing could seem
+to please him that was consistent with my weal,
+his answers most readily were these: 'I have (see
+ye?) many daughters (see ye?) to provide portions
+for, (see ye?), and that (see ye now?) cannot be done,
+(see ye?) without money; the interest (see ye?) of
+what I lent, (see ye?), had it been termely [regularly]
+payed, (see ye?), would have afforded me (see
+ye now?) several stocks for new interests; I have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+(see ye?) apprized<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> lands (see ye?) for these summes
+(see ye?) borrowed from me, (see ye now?), and
+(see ye?) the legal [time] being expired, (see ye
+now?), is it not just (see ye?) and equitable (see
+ye?) that I have possession (see ye?) of these my
+lands, (see ye?), according to my undoubted right,
+(see ye now?)?' With these over-words of 'see ye'<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+and 'see ye now,' as if they had been no less
+material then [than] the Psalmist's <i>Selah</i>, and
+<i>Higgaion Selah</i>, did he usually nauseate the ears of
+his hearers when his tongue was in the career of
+uttering anything concerning me; who alwayes
+thought that he had very good reason to make use
+of such like expressions, 'do you see' and 'do you
+see now,' because there being but little candour in
+his meaning, whatever he did or spoke was under
+some colour."<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p>
+
+<p>It must have been very hard for the proud-hearted
+chieftain to see his farms devastated, his
+tenants maltreated, his library thrown to the winds,
+a garrison placed in his house, and troops of horse
+quartered upon his lands without any allowance,
+in addition to all the misery and impoverishment
+which his father's wastefulness and neglect had
+brought down upon his head.</p>
+
+<p>In 1647 an event occurred which seriously<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+affected the interests of our author, and placed him
+in a still more humiliating position. Sir Robert
+Farquhar<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> of Mounie had "apprised" the estate
+and sheriffship of Cromartie, and was now confirmed
+in the possession of them. He proceeded to sell
+his rights to (Sir) John Urquhart of Craigfintray,
+the great-grandson of the Tutor of Cromartie.
+Immediately upon this (Sir) John purchased a commission
+from Charles I. to become hereditary Sheriff
+of Cromartie. In this way the ancestral domains
+and jurisdiction of which Sir Thomas Urquhart was
+so proud virtually passed out of his hands. It was
+not, however, till after the Restoration apparently
+that the new proprietor entered into possession.
+He evidently allowed his claims to lie dormant until
+the death of his cousin, Sir Thomas, and then put
+them in force. Even if our author had no other
+troubles to contend with, the knowledge that this
+Damoclean sword was suspended above his head
+would have been enough to destroy his peace.</p>
+
+<p>No doubt Sir Thomas sometimes thought that he
+was the most unlucky chieftain the Urquhart race
+had yet known,&mdash;that such a multitude of misfortunes
+had never come upon one who bore his
+name since that day when, on a sunny plain in
+Achaia, wild armed men first raised Esormon "aloft
+on the buckler-throne, and with clanging armour
+and hearts" hailed him as "fortunate and well-beloved."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a>
+Sir Theodore Martin, indeed, says that
+Urquhart's statements with regard to his misfortunes
+should not be construed to the letter, any more than
+should the announcements of his wonderful inventions
+and designs. They were both, he considers, in a
+great degree pet objects on which he had permitted
+his imagination to rest, till they had been transfigured
+into a magnitude to which the reality probably bore
+but a faint resemblance.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> There is, however, ample
+evidence in what we have already quoted, to show that
+certain of the grievances he complained of were by
+no means imaginary. It is beyond dispute that he
+suffered heavily in his property in consequence of
+his adherence to the Royalist cause. In 1663 his
+brother, Sir Alexander, presented a petition asking
+compensation for the losses suffered in the time of
+his father and brother. The Commissioners appointed
+to examine into these claims reported that,
+before 1650, the damage inflicted upon the Urquhart
+property amounted to &pound;20,303 Scots, and during
+1651-52 to &pound;39,203 Scots&mdash;in all &pound;59,506 Scots,
+which is almost &pound;5000 Sterling.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
+
+<p>The relations of Sir Thomas Urquhart with the
+ministers of the churches of which he was patron
+were unfortunately of a painful character. The
+grounds of misunderstanding and dispute were
+numerous. In addition to political and ecclesi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>astical
+differences of opinion between the ministers
+of the three parishes<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> (of which Sir Thomas was the
+sole heritor) and himself, there were disputes about
+augmentation of stipends,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> which they thought inadequate
+but with which he had no fault to find,
+the abolition of his heritable right to the patronage
+of these churches, the legal proceedings taken by the
+incumbents to compel him to agree to arrangements
+decided upon by the Presbytery with regard to
+stipends and the upkeep of buildings, and there were
+also personal quarrels with the ministers themselves.
+In the following passage he tells his side of the story,
+and gives us a vivid, though not an edifying glimpse
+of the parochial politics of that far-off time and
+remote corner of Scotland. It is to be noticed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+that Sir Thomas writes of himself in the third
+person. "I think," says the supposed anonymous
+writer of him, "there be hardly any in Scotland
+that proportionably hath suffered more prejudice by
+the Kirk then [than] himself; his own ministers
+(to wit, those that preach in the churches whereof
+himself is patron, Master Gilbert Anderson, Master
+Robert Williamson, and Master Charles Pape by
+name, serving the cures of Cromartie, Kirkmichel,
+and Cullicudden), having done what lay in them
+for the furtherance of their owne covetous ends, to
+his utter undoing; for the first of those three, for
+no other cause but that the said Sir Thomas would
+not authorize the standing of a certain pew (in that
+country called a desk), in the church of Cromarty,
+put in without his consent by a professed enemy to
+his House, who had plotted the ruine thereof, and
+one that had no land in the parish, did so rail
+against him and his family in the pulpit at several
+times, both before his face and in his absence, and
+with such opprobrious termes, more like a scolding
+tripe-seller's wife then [than] good minister, squirting
+the poyson of detraction and abominable falshood
+(unfit for the chaire of verity) in the cares
+of his tenandry, who were the onely auditors, did
+most ingrately and despightfully so calumniate
+and revile their master, his own patron and benefactor,
+that the scandalous and reproachful words
+striving which of them should first discharge against
+him its steel-pointed dart, did oftentimes, like
+clusters of hemlock or wormewood dipt in vinegar,
+stick in his throat; he being almost ready to choak<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+with the aconital bitterness and venom thereof, till
+the razor of extream passion, by cutting them into
+articulate sounds, and very rage it self, in the highest
+degree, by procuring a vomit, had made him spue
+them out of his mouth into rude, indigested lumps,
+like so many toads and vipers that had burst their
+gall.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p>
+
+<p>"As for the other two, notwithstanding that they
+had been borne, and their fathers before them,
+vassals to his house, and the predecessor of one of
+them had shelter in that land, by reason of slaughter
+committed by him, when there was no refuge for
+him anywhere else in Scotland; and that the other
+had never been admitted to any church had it not
+been for the favour of his foresaid patron, who,
+contrary to the will of his owne friends and great
+reluctancy of the ministry it self, was both the
+nominater and chuser of him to that function; and
+that before his admission he did faithfully protest
+he should all the days of his life remain contented
+with that competency of portion the late incumbent
+in that charge did enjoy before him; they nevertheless
+behaved themselves so peevishly and unthankfully
+towards their forenamed patron and master,
+that, by vertue of an unjust decree, both procured
+and purchased from a promiscuous knot of men like
+themselves,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> they used all their utmost endeavours,
+in absence of their above recited patron, to whom and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+unto whose house they had been so much beholding,
+to outlaw him,<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> and declare him rebel, by open
+proclamation at the market-cross of the head town of
+his owne shire, in case he did not condescend [consent]
+to the grant of that augmentation of stipend
+which they demanded, conforme to the tenour of
+the above-mentioned decree; the injustice whereof
+will appeare when examined by any rational judge.</p>
+
+<p>"Now the best is, when by some moderate gentlemen
+it was expostulated, why against their master,
+patron, and benefactor, they should have dealt with
+such severity and rigour, contrary to all reason and
+equity; their answer was, They were inforced and
+necessitated so to do by the synodal and presbyterial
+conventions of the Kirk, under paine of deprivation,
+and expulsion from their benefices: I will not say,
+&#954;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#965; &#954;&#972;&#961;&#945;&#954;&#959;&#987; &#954;&#945;&#954;&#8056;&#957; &#8032;&#972;&#957; [an evil egg of an evil
+crow], but may safely think that a well-sanctified
+mother will not have a so ill-instructed brat, and
+that <i>injuria humana</i> cannot be the lawfull daughter
+of a <i>jure divino</i> parent."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Urquhart is not to be taken as
+infallible in the opinions which he formed and
+expressed concerning the quality of the sermons
+which were delivered from the Presbyterian pulpits
+of his time. But there can be no doubt that
+he hits upon one great fault by which many of
+them were marred&mdash;that of being rather political
+harangues than exhortations to godliness after the
+Pauline fashion. Indeed, he goes so far as to say<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+that, as a rule, the preachers of his time seldom
+gave such exhortations, as they were "enjoyned by
+their ecclesiastical authority [authorities?] to preach
+to the times,<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> that is, to rail against malignants and
+sectaries, or those whom they suppose to be their
+enemies."<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> Preaching "to the times" Sir Thomas
+found meant in his neighbourhood preaching against
+<i>him</i>; and one may be allowed, it is to be hoped,
+without unduly wounding the feelings of those who
+admire the Covenanters, to think sympathetically
+of his sufferings. Sydney Smith once spoke of a
+form of capital punishment in which the victim
+was to be "preached to death by wild curates." If
+the above description of Mr Gilbert Anderson's
+sermons be true, he certainly was eminently qualified
+to officiate as one of the executioners in carrying
+out such a death sentence.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></p><p>But though Sir Thomas Urquhart was a Royalist
+in politics, and an Episcopalian in religion, he was
+certainly no bigot in his devotion to the King or
+the Church. In a passage in <i>The Jewel</i>, he plainly
+declares his belief "that there is no government,
+whether ecclesiastical or civil, upon earth that is
+<i>jure divino</i>, if that divine right be taken in a sense
+secluding all other forms of government, save it
+alone, from the privilege of that title."<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> Indeed,
+he treats such an idea as merely a pious fraud,
+by which despotism is established and maintained
+at a very cheap rate over tender consciences by
+threatening them with the vengeance of Heaven in
+case of disobedience. Such a man was not likely to
+be a blind partisan of any cause. Differences in
+religious beliefs and practices he attributed to
+differences of temperament among individuals, and
+to climatic and national peculiarities; and in no
+obscure terms he hints that he was of the opinion
+of Tamerlane, "who believed that God was best
+pleased with diversity of religions, variety of worship,
+dissentaneousness of faith, and multiformity
+of devotion."<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a> However powerfully such opinions
+may appeal to a certain class of minds, it is hard to
+conceive of their being associated with deep religious
+feeling; and accordingly we can scarcely be wrong
+in concluding that one of the reasons why Sir
+Thomas Urquhart held aloof from the Covenanting
+movement was that he was at the antipodes to
+the majority of his fellow-countrymen in the matter
+of religious belief. A certain measure of aversion,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+suspicion, and horror is still manifested by many
+towards those whose creed is supposed to be of too
+limited and negative a character; and we can easily
+believe that in the middle of the seventeenth
+century this attitude was taken up even more
+openly and emphatically. On a later occasion,
+when, as we shall relate, Sir Thomas Urquhart
+applied to the Commission of the General Assembly
+to pardon his having taken part in the capture of
+Inverness, his case was referred to the minister of
+that town, Mr John Annand, "that he might confer
+with him [Sir Thomas] concerning some dangerous
+opinions, which, as is informed, he hes sometimes
+vented."<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> In the view of the Commission of
+Assembly the guilt of cherishing "dangerous
+opinions" was as great as that of rekindling the
+flames of civil war, if, indeed, it did not surpass it.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><br /><br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The utter chaos which resulted from the fusion of religion and
+politics may be estimated from the fact that, in the October of 1650,
+there were in the narrow bounds of Scotland four different armies,
+at enmity with each other, and each prepared to maintain with
+the sword a different cause, namely, the Scottish (Presbyterian)
+army under General Lesley, for King and Covenant combined;
+the English (Independent) army, under Cromwell, which was
+against both; the Highland army, under General Middleton,
+which was for the King without the Covenant; and the Westland,
+or ultra-Covenanting army, which was for the Covenant without
+the King.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Gordon's <i>Scots Affairs</i>, i. 49, 50. James Gordon (? 1615-1686)
+was minister of Rothiemay in Banffshire. His <i>History of Scots
+Affairs from 1637 to 1641</i> is one of the principal authorities for
+this period. It has no pretensions to style, but is correct and
+impartial. It was first published in 1841 by the Spalding Club.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Early in the year 1638 some account was given to King
+Charles of the chief persons in the north of Scotland whom he
+might regard as faithful to his cause. "In Rosse," it was said,
+"Sir Thomas Urqhward, Sheriff of Cromerty, with his following,
+but they [are] environed with Covenanters, ther neighbours"
+(<i>ibid.</i> i. 61).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <i>A History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495-1895</i>, by J. M.
+Bulloch, p. 110.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> These courageous worthies were the bishop's son, Dr John
+Forbes, Professor of Divinity in King's College; Dr Robert
+Baron, Professor of Divinity, and minister in Aberdeen; Dr
+Alexander Scrogie, minister of Old Aberdeen; Dr William Leslie,
+Principal of King's College; and Drs James Sibbald and
+Alexander Ross, both ministers in Aberdeen.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> <i>History of Scotland</i>, vi. 235.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> See note on p. 123.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Towie-Barclay is the name of an estate in the south-east corner
+of Turriff parish, Aberdeenshire, near Auchterless Station, and four
+and a half miles south-east of Turriff. The castle is supposed to
+have been built in 1593. It remained pretty perfect till 1792, was
+re-roofed in 1874, and retains a fine baronial hall with vaulted
+ceiling. From at least the beginning of the fourteenth century
+till 1733, the estate belonged to the Barclays, one of whose line
+was the celebrated Russian general, Prince Michael Barclay de
+Tolly (1759-1818). In 1792 it was sold to the governors of
+Gordon's Hospital, Aberdeen, for &pound;21,000. Towie is a corruption
+of Tolly. See Billing's <i>Baronial Antiquities</i>, vol. iv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Balquholly, now Hatton Castle: a Square, castellated mansion
+of 1814, with finely wooded grounds, in Turriff parish, three and a
+quarter miles south-east of Turriff. It comprises a considerable
+fragment of the ancient baronial castle of Balquholly (Gael. <i>bailecoille</i>,
+"town in the wood"), the seat of the Mowats from the
+thirteenth century till 1729, when the estate was sold to Alexander
+Duff, Esq. Sir Thomas Urquhart must either have rented the
+house from the Mowats, or have obtained leave to keep arms
+there. The cellars in which the arms were probably kept are
+exactly as they were in 1638, except that the old loop-holes are
+partly filled up. The name of the mansion was changed to Hatton
+Lodge in 1745, and to Hatton Castle in 1814, when the modern part
+was built&mdash;Hatton being the name of the property in Auchterless,
+which previously belonged to the Duff family. The present proprietor
+is Garden Alexander Duff, Esq., who succeeded to the
+estates in 1866. There is behind Hatton Castle a small croft
+called Cromartie (see Ordnance Map), probably from our author's
+occupancy of Balquholly or connexion with it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> An ancestor of Lord Byron.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Spalding's <i>Memorials</i>, i. 185. Until within living memory
+the exact site of Prott's [or Pratt's] grave was pointed out; but it
+is now quite obliterated by being ploughed over repeatedly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> MS. <i>Epigrams</i>: The Animadversion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> "Ther fell only two gentlemen upon the Covenanters syde:
+one Mr James Stacker, a servant to the Lord Mucholles; and
+one Alexander Forbesse, servante to Forbesse of Tolqhwone: upon
+the Gordons syde, one common foote souldiour killed, (by the
+unskilfullnesse of his owne comerades fyring ther musketts, as was
+thoughte), whom the Gordons caused burye solemnly, that day,
+out of ane idle vante, in the buriall place of Walter Barcley of
+Towey, within the church of Turreffe; not without great terror to
+the minister of the place, Mr Thomas Michell, who all the whyle,
+with his sonne, disgwysd in a womans habite, had gott upp and
+was lurkinge above the syling of the churche, whilst the souldiours
+wer discharging volleyes of shotte within the churche, and
+peircing the syling with ther bulletts in severall places" (Gordon's
+<i>Scots Affairs</i>, ii. 258). The reader will keep in mind that
+Gordon was the family name of the Marquis of Huntly.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> This was originally the King's Confession, and was drawn up
+in 1580 by John Craig, minister of Holyrood House, and subscribed
+by James <span class="smcap">VI.</span> and his household on 28th January, 1580-81. It is
+printed at length in Row's <i>Historie of the Kirk of Scotland</i>. It
+reaffirms the Confession of Faith of 1560, but contains also a
+solemn renunciation in great detail of the errors of Popery. It
+was approved by the General Assembly in April, 1581. A
+"General Band [Bond] for Maintenance of the true Religion" was
+added in 1588. The National Covenant of 1637 was an amplification
+of the previous Confessions, containing in addition an
+abjuration of Episcopal Church-government, as the King's Confession
+did of Popery. In September, 1638, Charles <span class="smcap">I.</span> issued a
+proclamation for the Scottish people to subscribe this King's Confession
+and General Band, but the Covenanters regarded this as a
+subtle plot to divide them, and destroy the National Covenant,
+and, therefore, protested against the proclamation. The Confession
+and Band so subscribed, for it was subscribed by some, got the
+name of the "King's Covenant." It did not, of course, contain the
+abjuration of Episcopal Church-government. Those who adhered to
+it were called Malignants; while the name Covenanters was applied
+to those who subscribed the National Covenant.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Among those who made their escape from Aberdeen along with
+Urquhart were Adam Bellenden, the bishop of the diocese; Alexander
+Innes, minister of Rothiemay; Alexander Scrogie, a Regent
+of King's College; together with the bishop's son, nephew, and
+servant (Spalding's <i>Memorials</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> <i>Lives of the Scottish Writers</i>, vol. i.; Urquhart's MS. <i>Epigrams</i>:
+The Animadversion.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 340.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 346.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Dunlugas is in the parish of Alvah, close by the river Deveron,
+on the east side.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 341.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> "He was alive last Whitsuntide! said the coachman....
+Whitsuntide!&mdash;alas! cried Trim.... What is Whitsuntide,
+Jonathan, or Shrovetide, or any tide or time past, to this!"
+(<i>Tristram Shandy</i>, vol. v. chap. vii.).
+</p><p>
+Our author states (<i>Works</i>, p. 341) that "his father's death
+occurred in August in the year 1642, some four yeares after the
+hatching of the Covenant." He is, however, very careless in details
+of fact, and is in error concerning this date. Sir Thomas Urquhart,
+senior, is termed "<i>umqll</i>" (<i>i.e. "the late"</i>) in the Burgess Roll of
+Banff, on 14th June, 1642 (<i>Annals of Banff</i>, ii. 418). Perhaps
+the date was April instead of August. The Covenant was signed
+1st March, 1638.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, pp. 346, 347.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> <i>Calendar of Proceedings of Committee for Advances of Moneys-Taxes</i>,
+i. 381.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> The neighbourhood is now a cluster of narrow, dirty streets
+and passages, lined chiefly with butchers' and grocers' shops,
+which overflow into the adjacent streets, and are supplemented by
+fishmongers and miscellaneous stalls and barrows&mdash;a crowded,
+noisy, and unsavoury place on Saturday nights. In 1640,
+Charles <span class="smcap">I.</span> granted his licence to Thomas York, his executors, etc.,
+to erect as many buildings as they thought proper upon St
+Clement's Inn Fields, the inheritance of the Earl of Clare. He
+issued another licence in 1642, permitting Gervase Holles, Esq., to
+make several streets of the width of thirty, thirty-four, and forty
+feet. These streets still retain the names and titles of their
+founders&mdash;Clare Street, Denzil Street, and Holles Street. Clare
+Street is somewhat rich in interesting associations. There is a
+letter of Steele's to his wife, dated from the Bull Head Tavern in
+this street, 24th August, 1710. It seems likely that he was hiding
+there. Mrs Bracegirdle, a celebrated actress of that time, "was
+in the habit of going into that neighbourhood, and giving money
+to the poor basket-women, insomuch that she could not pass
+without having thankful acclamations from people of all degrees."
+It was to Clare Street and Clare Market that Jack Sheppard went,
+after his escape from Newgate: he there bought a butcher's frock
+and woollen apron, which he was wearing when captured at
+Finchley. Here was Johnson's Hotel, celebrated for upwards of
+seventy years for its <i>&agrave; la mode</i> beef. Isaac Bickerstaffe, too, lived
+in this street.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> John Holles, created Baron Houghton of Houghton, in the
+county of Nottingham, in 1616, and Earl of Clare in 1624.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> "If I had known that young man [Uriah Heep]," said Mr
+Micawber, "at the period when my difficulties came to a crisis, all
+I can say is, that I believe my creditors would have been better
+managed than they were" (<i>David Copperfield</i>, chap. xvii.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 347.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 346. For the authority on which this interesting
+ornithological statement is made the reader will overhaul his Pliny
+(<i>H. N.</i> xi. chap. 3).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 326.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 328.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 325.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Norman Lesley, Master of Rothes, eldest son of George, fifth
+Earl of Rothes, died without issue in 1554. This disposes of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's statement. The Lesleys of Findrassie themselves
+claimed to be descended from Robert, the fourth son of Earl
+George. See <i>Scotch Peerage Law</i>, by J. Riddell, p. 190.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 379.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 380.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> One of these volumes containing the signature of our author is
+still in existence. It is a copy of Arthur Johnston's Latin poems,
+printed at Aberdeen by Raban, 1632, and is in the possession of
+the Rev. J. B. Craven, Kirkwall. It is a very fragile volume.
+The signature in this volume, and two others, attached to legal
+documents, are all that are known to be extant. We give a
+fac-simile of one of the latter on p. iv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> "<i>Apprizing</i>" is a legal process to which Sir Thomas several
+times refers with great horror, and it may be as well to explain to
+our readers what it was, for fortunately it is now a thing of the past.
+It was for long the only method of attaching a debtor's heritable
+property. By the Act, 1469, c. 36, when payment of a debt could
+not be obtained out of the debtor's movables (including rent),
+"the King's letters might be obtained, under which a debtor's land
+might be sold by the Sheriff to the amount of his debts, and the
+creditor paid out of the proceeds. If within six months no purchaser
+could be found, a portion of the land equal to the debt was
+to be apprised by thirteen men chosen by the sheriff, and the
+portion apprised by them was to be made over to the creditor."
+The debtor could redeem within seven years. This procedure at
+first took place in the head burgh of the shire, where the jury
+probably knew enough to make a fair valuation of the land. But
+after a time the proceedings often took place in Edinburgh, where the
+jury had no special knowledge, and might be packed by the creditor.
+So that large estates were sometimes carried off in payment of
+trifling debts. The appriser at once entered into possession, and
+was not obliged to account for the rents (until 1631, c. 6). It was
+thus a powerful engine of oppression. If A. wished B.'s land, and
+B. owned land and nothing else, it was possible for A., if he could
+only get B. as his debtor even in a small sum, so to work matters
+that for the debt he might apprise all B's land. Being then in
+right of B.'s rents, he had B. completely in his power, and B. had
+no resources for gathering together the amount of the debt which
+he must pay in order to redeem his lands within the seven years
+allowed. The law was much relaxed by the Act, 1621, c. 6, but the
+above will enable us to understand how an unscrupulous creditor
+might get an easy-going, thriftless man into his clutches, and impoverish
+him and his family.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 382. The evident meaning of the last sentence is
+that Lesley's ways were so dark that it was highly necessary for
+him often to ask, "See ye?" Yet one cannot help feeling that
+this relentless creditor may not have been solely animated by
+malignant hatred of his debtor. Even in the above speech there
+seem to be claims which cannot be lightly brushed aside. One is
+again reminded of Mr Micawber, and of the sudden and unexpected
+glimpse of a better nature in his most truculent creditor,
+which was vouchsafed him when he got his discharge in bankruptcy.
+"Even the revengeful bootmaker," we are told, "declared
+in open court that he bore him [Mr M.] no malice, but that
+when money was owing to him he liked to be paid. He said he
+thought it was human nature" (<i>David Copperfield</i>, chap. xii.).
+An eminent American philosopher has said that there is a great
+deal of human nature in man. There seems at any rate to have
+been a great deal in Mr Lesley of Findrassie.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> In one of his queer <i>Epigrams</i>, after comparing the insatiable
+demands of his creditors to those of the grave and of the sea, he
+closes with the following alliterative litany:
+</p><p><br />
+"Free me from Farcher, Fraser, Fendrasie."<br />
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> "His subjects and familiars surnamed him [Esormon] &#959;&#965;&#961;&#959;&#967;&#7936;&#961;&#964;&#959;&#987;,
+that is [to] say, 'fortunate and well-beloved'" (<i>Works</i>,
+p. 156).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Rabelais, p. xv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>Acts of the Parliament of Scotland</i>, vol. vii. 479, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> The parish of Cromartie consists of the north-east portion of
+the peninsula called the Black Isle, terminating eastward in the
+precipice called the Southern Sutor, and stretches for about four
+miles along the shore of the Moray Firth on the east, and about
+six along that of the Firth of Cromartie on the north and west.
+To the west of the parish of Cromartie were situated the joint
+parishes of Kirkmichael and Cullicudden, on the southern shore of
+the Cromartie Firth. In Sir Thomas Urquhart's time these were
+separate parishes, but they were united in 1662, and a new church
+was built at Resolis, in Kirkmichael, near the border of Cullicudden.
+The newly constituted parish bore and still bears the name of Resolis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> In his <i>Logopandecteision</i> he speaks of the "stipauctionarie
+tide" which began to overflow the land. He thought "with
+sufficient bulwarks of good argument to have stayed the inundation
+thereof from two of his churches"; but, he says, "I was violently
+driven like a feather before a whirlewind, notwithstanding all my
+defences, to the sanctuary of an inforced patience" (<i>Works</i>, p. 352).
+He does not, however, appear to have stayed long in this sanctuary,
+or else the shelter it afforded was but imperfect. His "<i>stipauctionarie</i>"
+(<i>i.e.</i> stipend-increasing) reminds us of Mr Micawber's
+calling his salary his "<i>stipendiary emoluments</i>."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> The attention of the reader is specially directed to the marvellous
+felicity and vigour of the above description. Sir Thomas
+himself has never written anything better in its way.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> We fear that this is meant as a description of a presbytery.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> The reference is to the process of "horning" described on p. 16.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 280-282.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> That Sir Thomas Urquhart is not exaggerating matters in
+speaking of such injunctions being given by ecclesiastical authorities,
+is proved by the following well-known passage in the memoir
+prefixed to the <i>Works</i> of Archbishop Leighton:&mdash;"It was a
+Question asked at [of] the Brethren, both in the classical and provincial
+Meetings of Ministers, twice in the Year, If they preached
+the Duties of the Times? And when it was found that <i>Mr
+Leighton</i> did not, he was quarrelled [<i>sic</i>] for this Omission, but
+said, <i>If all the Brethern have preached to the</i> <span class="smcap">Times</span>, <i>may not one
+poor Brother be suffered to preach on</i> <span class="smcap">Eternity</span>?"</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 280.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> The notice given us by Sir Thomas of Mr Anderson's preaching
+makes us desirous of knowing more about him; but, unfortunately,
+only a very few facts concerning him are known. He was born in
+1597; he graduated at Aberdeen in 1618; was settled at Cawdor,
+near Nairn, some time before 30th October, 1627; was transferred
+to Cromartie between 5th October, 1641, and 11th January, 1642;
+died in November, 1655, and was succeeded in the benefice by his
+son Hugh (Scott's <i>Fasti</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 276.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 261.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> See p. 83.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span></p>
+
+<h1>CHAPTER III</h1>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Unsuccessful Rising in the North&mdash;Sir Thomas makes his Peace
+with the Church&mdash;Return of Charles II. to Scotland&mdash;Invasion
+of England&mdash;Battle of Worcester&mdash;Sir Thomas
+a Prisoner in the Tower&mdash;Makes Friends&mdash;Is liberated on
+Parole&mdash;Great Literary Activity&mdash;Revisits Scotland&mdash;Dies&mdash;Later
+History of the Urquharts of Cromartie&mdash;Characteristics
+of our Author&mdash;Glover's Portraits of him.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="figupperleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/s.jpg" width="90" height="99" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p>HORTLY after the news of the execution
+of Charles <span class="smcap">I.</span> reached Scotland, a rising
+on the part of some of the leading
+Cavaliers in the north took place, with
+the view of restoring the Royal Family.
+The most prominent person in this attempt was
+Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscardine, a younger brother
+of George, the second Earl of Seaforth, who for nearly
+ten years past had managed the affairs of the family,
+and was looked up to, both on account of his ability
+and also on account of the great territorial influence
+he represented. He had seen a good deal of service
+abroad, and was at one time governor of Stralsund.<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a>
+Along with him, and only second to him, was our
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, to whom even civil war was
+scarcely more fraught with anxiety and danger
+than was the life he had been forced to lead for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+some time past. Together with them were associated
+eight other Royalists of good standing,&mdash;among
+whom Colonel Hugh Fraser of Belladrum
+and John Munro of Lemlair had a certain pre-eminence,&mdash;and
+these ten formed a kind of
+revolutionary committee for the control of the
+movement they had set on foot, and the government
+of the district that might become subject to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Montrose had determined, on hearing of the
+execution of the King, to renew the war in Scotland,
+but Pluscardine and his associates did not
+wait for his arrival. Charles was beheaded on
+Tuesday, the 30th of January, 1649, and, by the
+22nd of the next month, the Scottish gentlemen in
+the north had already taken the field, and captured
+Inverness. Four days after, on Monday,
+26th February, a meeting of the Committee of War
+was held in that town, the minutes of which are
+still in existence,<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> and contain the name of our
+author next in order to that of Pluscardine himself.</p>
+
+<p>The Committee passed certain enactments, by
+which they took into their own hands the customs
+and excise of the six northern counties&mdash;Inverness,
+Sutherland, Cromartie, Caithness, Nairn, and Elgin.
+An inventory of all the ammunition of the garrison
+was ordered to be taken. It was also decided that
+Sir Thomas's house at Cromartie should be put in
+a state of defence, and that the work should be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span>
+carried out by the tenants of Sir James Fraser, a
+bitter Parliamentarian, and opponent of the Stuarts
+in the north, and by those of our knight's old
+enemy, Lesley of Findrassie.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> It is easy for unregenerate
+human nature to understand the pleasure
+with which the members of the Committee of War
+would give this last order. By another enactment, the
+Committee declare that they consider it expedient
+for their safety that the works and forts of Inverness
+be demolished and levelled with the ground,
+and they ordain that each person appointed to this
+work should complete his proportion of it before
+eight days have passed, "under pain of being
+quartered upon and until the said task be performed."</p>
+
+<p>On the 2nd of March, Mackenzie of Pluscardine,
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, and their associates,
+were proclaimed as rebels and traitors by the
+Estates of Parliament,<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a>&mdash;as "wicked and malignant
+persouns intending so far as in thaine lyes, for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+their own base ends to lay the foundation of a new
+bloodie and unnaturall warre within the bowells of
+this their native country," etc. etc.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of March the Commissioners of the
+General Assembly had written to Pluscardine and
+his associates expressing their wonder and grief at
+such a rising in the interests of "the Popish,
+Prelaticall and Malignant party," and threatening
+the penalty of excommunication within ten days if
+they would not "desist from and repent of that
+horrid insurrection."<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a> The reply to this letter
+came in due time, and was signed by the principal
+leader in the insurrection, and by some other
+members of the Clan Mackenzie, and is, it must
+be confessed, a distinctly prevaricating and hypocritical
+document. For one sentence at least in it
+our author was responsible, though he neither
+signs the letter nor is named in it. His pedantic
+phraseology reveals his hand in the construction of
+the reply to the Commissioners' remonstrances and
+threats.</p>
+
+<p>The letter is addressed "to the Honourable and
+Right Reverend," and begins as follows:&mdash;"Wee
+have lately received yours of the first of Merch,
+1649, for the which and your wisdomes Christian
+care of ws, and your fatherly admonition to
+ws, we humbly and heartily rander yow all
+possible thanks." This lamb-like tone is maintained
+with admirable gravity all through the epistle, and
+is combined with a canting phraseology which was
+meant to be impressive, but which must have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+entertained any members of the Commission of the
+General Assembly who originally possessed and
+still retained a sense of humour. "And quheras
+[whereas]," so it goes on, "your wisdomes taks it
+a matter of no lesse wonder then [than] greife that
+we, being vnder the oath of God and tye of our
+Nationall Covenant, would make insurrection and
+take armes against the Lords people, certainly, if it
+were so, we acknowledge your wisdomes had reason
+to wonder and to be grieved. And it is no lesse
+winder and griefe to ws, being wnder the said
+oath and tye of Covenant, furthering the same with
+all our power and meanes, and at all occasions
+desireing nothing els then [than] the enjoying of
+the liberty of the subject, and proprietie of our
+goods, intended and promised in and by our Covenant."
+No one who has read any of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's original works can doubt that the next
+sentence was either composed or revised by him.
+The two phrases which we have taken the liberty
+of putting into italics could scarcely have occurred
+to any other member of the Committee of War.
+"Yet we find, that evill willers and envyous vnderminers,
+<i>in a singular and pr&#339;textuous way</i> aiming
+at our ruine, doe spend <i>the quintessence of their witts</i>
+to find out means whereby, under specious pretences
+of the publick [good?] to extermine ws with
+povertie, and by inventing fresh occasions to make
+ws odious, and bring ws vpon fresh stages [<i>sic</i>]
+vnder the base name of Malignancy." It is unnecessary
+to quote the whole of the letter, but a
+couple of sentences, which describe what the in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>surgents
+had done at Inverness, deserve notice.
+"But the whole countrey of all degrees, being
+sensible of the oppression and insolency of the
+vnnecessary and vnprofitable garison of Innernes to
+Church or State, did heartily and vnanimously contribute
+to the demolishing thereof, which being
+done, all disbanded peaceablie, and the people
+retired peaceablie to their owne homes, without
+offence to any nighbour of any degree or condition....
+And now, when the said garison is dismantled,
+we shall be found not only disposed to
+live peaceablie, bot also ready to obey all publick
+ordours for the good of the Kingdome." The
+writers ask that "the taxes and impositions," which
+pressed with special severity on the class to which
+they belonged, should be remitted, and liberty given
+them to lead that religious, peaceful life, to which
+both by nature and by deliberate choice, they seem
+to say, they were strongly inclined. The sting of
+the letter is in its closing words. If these "evill
+willers" succeed in persuading the Commissioners
+of Assembly to go on with the sentence of excommunication,
+as fully deserved, they (the writers)
+formally appeal against such a decision from the
+Commission to the next General Assembly.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></p>
+
+<p>The ecclesiastical court to which the above letter
+was sent <i>may</i> have contained a goodly sprinkling of
+fanatics, but it is certain that in it there were but
+few, if any, imbeciles; so that the communication
+from the Committee of War did not succeed in
+imposing upon those to whom its contents were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+read. They did not condescend to answer it, but
+at once issued a pamphlet, entitled <i>A Declaration
+and Warning to all Members of this Kirk</i>, "to
+recover, if possible, the disturbers of the peace of
+God's people out of the snare of Sathan, and to
+prevent others from falling therein." The document
+displays very genuine indignation and dismay
+at the possibility of the negotiations which were
+being carried on for restoring Charles <span class="smcap">II.</span> as a
+"covenanted king" to the throne of his ancestors,
+being defeated, and of his coming back as an
+arbitrary ruler and oppressor of the Church. Those
+who have any doubt about the deterioration of both
+religion and politics when they are fused together,
+should read this and other State Papers of the
+period, and their eyes would be opened. The
+calm assumption by the writers that political opponents
+are the enemies of God, the claim to
+knowledge of the Divine purposes and counsels, the
+free use of the most sacred words of Scripture, the
+dark fanaticism which inspires so many of the
+utterances, and the intense passion which makes so
+many of them sound like mere raving&mdash;all combine
+to make these documents very painful reading. A
+circular letter of warning and exhortation was sent
+to Presbyteries, attempts were made to persuade
+individuals to disconnect themselves from the
+insurrectionary movement, and a message of encouragement
+was sent to Lieutenant-General David
+Lesley to strengthen his hands in the work of
+putting it down by fire and sword.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+<p>The insurgents, after demolishing the fortifications
+of Inverness, retired before the troops sent
+to suppress them, and took refuge among the
+mountains of Ross-shire. Lesley advanced to Fortrose
+and garrisoned the castle there, and then
+proceeded to endeavour to make terms with the
+leaders of the insurrection. The only one who
+would listen to no accommodation was Mackenzie
+of Pluscardine. Immediately on Lesley's return
+south, he descended from the mountains, and attacked
+and took the castle of Chanonry. Our Sir
+Thomas Urquhart was now safely out of the conflict,
+but our readers may wish to know what
+became of the insurrectionary movement which he
+had such a large share in setting on foot, and from
+which he found it prudent to retire at an early stage.</p>
+
+<p>Mackenzie's force was brought up to eight or
+nine hundred men by the accession of his nephew,
+Lord Reay, with three hundred followers. Soon
+afterwards he was joined by General Middleton and
+Lord Ogilvie, and advanced into Badenoch, with the
+view of raising the people in that and the neighbouring
+districts. In what is called the Wardlaw
+MS. a very vivid picture is given of the behaviour
+of the Highlanders from the Reay country, when
+they poured into Inverness on the morning of
+Sunday, the 2nd of May, 1649. "They crossed
+the bridge of Ness," says the Royalist minister of
+Kirkhill, "on the Lord's Day in time of divine
+service, and alarmed the people of Inverness, impeding
+God's worship in the town. For instead of
+bells to ring in to service I saw and heard no other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+than the noise of pipes, drums, pots, pans, kettles,
+and spits in the streets to provide them victuals in
+every house. And in their quarters the rude rascality
+would eat no meat at their tables until the landlord
+laid down a shilling Scots upon each trencher,<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a>
+calling this '<i>airgiod cagainn</i>' (chewing-money), which
+every soldier got, so insolent were they."</p>
+
+<p>The campaign was a very brief one. The
+Royalists, joined by the Marquis of Huntly, attacked
+and took the castle of Ruthven, but, soon
+after, being hardly pressed by Lesley, they turned
+southwards and took up their quarters in Balvenie
+Castle. General Middleton and Mackenzie were
+despatched to treat with Lesley, but before they
+reached their destination, the troops from Fortrose,
+after a rapid march, surprised the Royalist forces
+at Balvenie. A fierce engagement took place, in
+which both sides suffered severely.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> Eighty of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+insurgents fell in defence of the castle. The Highlanders
+were dismissed to their homes on swearing
+never again to take up arms against the Parliament;
+while their leaders were sent as prisoners to Edinburgh,
+where most of them were set free soon
+after, on payment of fines, and on giving security
+that they would keep the peace. By sharp and
+vigorous action the remaining sparks of insurrection
+in the north were stamped out, and fresh bodies of
+troops were stationed in the principal strongholds
+of that part of the country. Thus ended a rising
+which would probably have had a very different
+result, if it had been postponed until the arrival of
+Montrose.</p>
+
+<p>The same writer<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> who gave an account of the
+riotous and insolent demeanour of the Highland
+soldiers in Inverness, furnishes us with a companion-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>picture&mdash;that
+of them on their way back to their
+homes after their defeat at Balvenie. It is as
+follows:&mdash;"Next twenty horse, and three companies
+of foot, were ordered to convey the captives back
+over the Spey, and through Moray to Inverness,
+where I saw them pass through; and those men
+who, in their former march, would hardly eat their
+meat without money, are now begging food, and, like
+dogs, lap the water which was brought them in tubs
+and other vessels in the open streets. Thence they
+were conducted over the bridge of Ness, and dismissed
+everyone armless and harmless to his own house.
+This is a matter of fact which I saw and heard."</p>
+
+<p>The profound feelings of anxiety which this
+abortive attempt at insurrection had excited in the
+minds of the ecclesiastical rulers of Scotland are
+very clearly indicated by the exuberance of joy with
+which the tidings of the victory at Balvenie were
+received by the Commission of Assembly.<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> They
+instantly decided to appoint a solemn Day of
+Thanksgiving, on the 25th of May, for "the Lord's
+mercifull defeat of the enemies of the peace of this
+land."<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> They tacked on a postscript to the above-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>mentioned
+<i>Declaration and Warning</i>, containing a
+statement of the causes of the Thanksgiving, and
+ordered both to be read from all the pulpits in
+Scotland. Letters of congratulation were despatched
+to the victorious officers, and to others who had
+been faithful in the recent crisis, and full particulars
+of what had taken place were sent to the Commissioners
+of Scotland at the Hague, who were engaged
+in the negotiations with "the young man, Charles
+Stuart." In the last-mentioned document there is
+a flicker of grim humour, as the writers send
+intelligence of the destruction of the hopes which
+news of the rebellion might have excited in the
+minds of Charles and his friends. The last sentence
+in the letter can scarcely have been written or
+read without a smile. "We have appointed," they
+say, "the twenty-fift day of Maij for a solemn
+thanksgiving for this and other late mercies, wherewith
+we thought good to acquaint yow, that yow
+manage this to the best advantage of the work in
+your hands, according as yow shall thinke fitt."<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a>
+It was once said of a good man that he would have
+been better if he had had a little more of the devil
+in him; and one is inclined to think more highly of
+these good men for the touch of malice, which relieves
+the sombre character of their communication.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p><p>The threatened bolt of excommunication was not
+launched, but our author found it necessary to apply
+to the Commission of General Assembly in order
+to make his peace with the ecclesiastical power.
+Accordingly, on the 22nd of June, 1650, he
+appeared in Edinburgh before this body, and presented
+his "supplicatioun" for pardon for the guilt
+of taking part in the Northern insurrection, and of
+assaulting and razing the walls of Inverness.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission met, doubtless, in that "little
+roome of [off] the East Church" of St Giles,
+which Baillie describes as having been "verie
+handsomelie dressed for our Assemblies in all time
+coming,"<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> and from which, three years later, the
+English officers, under Cromwell's order, ejected the
+members of the General Assembly. The Commission
+on that day, when our author appeared before
+them, consisted of twenty-four members&mdash;the most
+distinguished divines and politicians in Scotland of
+the Covenanting party. The moderator, or chairman,
+was Robert Douglas,<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> "a great State preacher,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+who had been chaplain to the Scots troops in the
+service of Gustavus Adolphus, and had won the
+esteem of that monarch, and who in little more
+than six months' time would officiate at the coronation
+of Charles II., for whom Sir Thomas Urquhart
+had prematurely drawn the sword. Beside him
+was Samuel Rutherford, the Principal of St
+Andrews, whose fervid piety has found no lack of
+admirers in every generation since his time.
+Robert Baillie, the writer of the <i>Letters</i> which
+contain so many vivid pictures of events in that
+stirring period; David Dickson, Professor of Divinity
+in Glasgow, whose name we have heard as one of
+the deputation to persuade the people of Aberdeen
+to take the Covenant; and James Guthrie, who died
+as a martyr, the year after the Restoration, were
+present there that day. The contrast between
+these grave, dignified, saintly Covenanting leaders,
+and the brilliant Cavalier, Sir Thomas Urquhart, is
+one which, by its picturesqueness, strongly impresses
+the imagination.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission, after hearing the petitioner's
+statements, did not, apparently; treat the matter as
+of very serious moment. The dangerous crisis was
+over, and they could afford to be merciful. They
+seem to have condoned the political offence, but
+referred Sir Thomas to Mr John Annand, minister
+of Inverness, one of their number, "that he might<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+confer with him concerning some dangerous opinions
+which, as was informed, he had sometimes vented."
+If these could be explained away, and no further
+complicity in disloyal schemes were brought home
+to him, Mr Annand was empowered, acting at
+all times under the advice of the Presbytery of
+Inverness, to receive his public "satisfaction" in
+the church of that city. How the matter ended
+we do not know. But there is very little doubt
+that Sir Thomas's nebulous heterodoxy proved no
+bar to his being freed from ecclesiastical censure,
+and that, in due course, according to the custom of
+that time, he stood, as a penitent, before the
+congregation of the Parish Church, in that city the
+walls of which he had assisted to assault and overthrow.</p>
+
+<p>A fortnight after Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+appearance before the Commission of the General
+Assembly, Charles II. landed in Scotland, and was
+accepted, though at first not without deep misgivings,
+as "covenanted King." The party to which
+our author belonged was for a time excluded from
+all share in public life; and even the army, which
+was to defend the sovereign against the English
+sectaries, was carefully sifted, to remove those whose
+presence might bring a curse upon it. So that,
+though the land resounded with war and the rumour
+of war, Sir Thomas remained in an enforced quietude
+in his castle at Cromartie. The effect of the battle of
+Dunbar (3rd September) was to depress the faction
+which had excluded the Royalist partisans from the
+army, and kept the King himself in something very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+like bondage. Charles <span class="smcap">II.</span>, indeed, is said to have
+given thanks to God for the victory of Cromwell
+over the Covenanting forces at this battle, and the
+only difficulty in the way of believing this statement
+lies in the fact that he so seldom gave thanks for
+anything.</p>
+
+<p>The Royalist party now began to rally about
+their sovereign. Charles II. was crowned at Scone
+on the 1st January, 1651, and in due time an
+army, which included many of the so-called
+Malignants, was ready for trying conclusions once
+again with the terrible English General. And now
+for the third time our author took up arms on
+behalf of the Stuarts. After some months of
+endless marchings and counter-marchings, in which
+Cromwell evidently endeavoured to provoke his
+enemies into a repetition of the blunder by which
+they had lost the battle of Dunbar, the Scottish
+forces found an opportunity of marching into
+England.</p>
+
+<p>The latter, under David Lesley, had taken up a
+strong position on the height of the Tor Wood,
+between Stirling and Falkirk, from which they
+refused to be drawn out to battle; and Cromwell
+resolved to take up his post on the other side of
+the Royalist army. Accordingly, he crossed the
+Forth at Queensferry, and, after defeating an
+attempt to intercept him at Inverkeithing, reached
+and occupied Perth. The way to England was
+now open, and the Scottish army swiftly and
+silently entered upon it, resolved to stake everything
+upon a great battle.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Urquhart left his castle of Cromartie,
+and took part in this expedition, though apparently
+he held no position of command in the army, and
+was very much out of sympathy with many of
+those who journeyed with him. Indeed, his unfortunate
+prejudices against the Presbyterian and
+Covenanting party come out in the statement he
+makes, that many of those who started out to smite
+"the Midianites and Philistines," when it came to
+the push, managed to make their way home, "being
+loth to hazard their precious persons, lest they
+should seem to trust to the arm of flesh."<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> The
+mass of those, however, who formed the Scottish
+army were of very different mettle, and the battle
+in which they staked and lost everything was
+one of the fiercest in the whole of the great Civil
+War.</p>
+
+<p>The course of their journey southward was
+through Biggar and Carlisle, and then through
+Lancashire. To their disappointment, they received
+no great accession of Royalists, nor of any
+others who were inclined to join them in the
+attempt to overthrow the Commonwealth. "They
+marched," says the historian, "under rigorous
+discipline, weary and uncheered, south through
+Lancashire; had to dispute ... the Bridge of
+Warrington with Lambert and Harrison, who
+attended them with horse-troops on the left;
+Cromwell with the main army steadily advancing
+behind. They carried the Bridge at Warrington;
+they summoned various Towns, but none yielded;<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+proclaimed their King, with all force of lungs and
+heraldry, but none cried, God bless him. Summoning
+Shrewsbury, with the usual negative response,
+they quitted the London road; bent southward
+towards Worcester, a City of slight Garrison and
+loyal Mayor; there to entrench themselves, and
+repose a little."<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> Yet but slight opportunity for
+this was given them. The course taken by Cromwell
+was through York, Nottingham, Coventry, and
+Stratford-on-Avon, and when he arrived at Worcester
+with his army from Scotland, and with the
+county militias, who had risen at his summons, his
+forces numbered over thirty thousand men as against
+the enemy's sixteen thousand.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime Sir Thomas Urquhart had taken up
+his quarters in Worcester, in the house of a Mr
+Spilsbury, "a very honest sort of man, who had an
+exceeding good woman to his wife." His luggage,
+which was stored in an attic, consisted, besides
+"scarlet cloaks, buff suits, and arms of all sorts,"
+of seven large "portmantles," three of which were
+filled with unpublished works in manuscript, and
+other valuable documents&mdash;the amount of which
+he gives us in quires and quinternions, but which
+need not be repeated here. "Peace hath her
+victories no less renowned than war," sang Milton
+in his sonnet to the Lord General Cromwell;
+and perhaps Sir Thomas Urquhart hoped, after
+achieving victory in war, to win a second set of
+laurels by means of the contents of the three
+"portmantles."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the evening of the 3rd September, the anniversary
+of the battle of Dunbar, and afterwards to
+be the date of Cromwell's own death, the battle
+of Worcester was fought, and the Royalist cause
+utterly shattered. "The fighting of the Scots,"
+says Carlyle, "was fierce and desperate. 'My Lord
+General did exceedingly hazard himself, riding up
+and down in the midst of the fire; riding, himself
+in person, to the Enemy's foot to offer them quarter,
+whereto they returned no answer but shot.' The
+small Scotch Army, begirdled with overpowering
+force, and cut off from help or reasonable hope,
+storms forth in fiery pulses, horse and foot; charges
+now on this side of the River, now on that;&mdash;can on
+no side prevail. Cromwell recoils a little, but only
+to rally and return irresistible. The small Scotch
+Army is, on every side, driven in again. Its fiery
+pulsings are but the struggles of death: agonies as
+of a lion coiled in the folds of a boa. 'As stiff a
+contest,' says Cromwell, 'for four or five hours as
+ever I have seen.'"<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p>
+
+<p>The conquered lost six thousand men, and all
+their baggage and artillery; and Charles only with
+difficulty, and after many romantic adventures, succeeded
+in escaping to the Continent when the fight
+was over. Ten thousand prisoners, including eleven
+of the Scottish nobility, were taken. The sufferings
+of many of these brave men were severe in the
+extreme. Some perished from want of food and
+from gaol diseases, and large numbers of the survivors
+were shipped for the plantations, and sold as slaves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Urquhart, and, apparently, more than
+one of his brothers, were among the prisoners, but
+appeared to have fared better than many of their
+companions in arms. The greatest of the misfortunes
+that fell upon him was, in his estimation, the
+sad fate that overtook his precious manuscripts.
+The whole story, related in his own inimitable
+style, may be read in Chapter VI. It is enough to
+say here that a party of marauders broke into his
+quarters in search of valuables, that they forced
+open the "portmantles" and turned their contents
+out upon the floor, and afterwards carried off the
+papers to use them for wrapping up articles of
+plunder, and for lighting their pipes. Fortunately
+some bundles of these papers were afterwards picked
+up in the streets and brought back to him, and in
+due time found their way to the printer's.</p>
+
+<p>After the battle of Worcester, Sir Thomas
+Urquhart and some of the other Scottish gentlemen
+who had been taken prisoners there were confined
+in the Tower of London. He seems to have
+speedily gained the favour of his captors, and to
+have been treated with remarkable leniency. Indeed,
+he speaks in terms of affectionate respect of various
+officers of the Parliamentary army from whom he
+had received kindness, and acknowledges courtesies
+extended towards him by the Lord General himself.
+Thus he places on record his indebtedness to a
+"most generous gentleman, Captain Gladmon," for
+speaking in his favour to the Protector. And of
+another, whom he calls the Marshal-General, in
+whose charge he had been placed, he has set down<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+the praise in the following elaborate sentence:&mdash;"The
+kindly usage of the Marshal-General,
+Captain Alsop, whilst I was in his custody, I am
+bound in duty so to acknowledge, that I may
+without dissimulation avouch, for courtesies conferred
+on such as were within the verge of his
+authority, and fidelity to those by whom he was
+intrusted with their tuition [oversight of them] in
+that restraint, that never any could by his faithfulness
+to the one and loving carriage to the other
+bespeak himself more a gentleman, nor in the
+discharge of that military place acquit himself
+with a more universally-deserved applause and
+commendation."<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a></p>
+
+<p>The severity of his imprisonment was soon abated;
+and he was removed from the Tower to Windsor
+Castle,<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> and not long after, by the orders of Cromwell,
+was paroled <i>de die in diem</i>.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> The comparative
+liberty he now enjoyed enabled him to repair the
+loss of his manuscripts after the battle of Worcester,
+and he set himself to make the best of the fragments
+he had recovered, and to prepare them for
+publication, as well as to compose new material.
+A paragraph in the Epilogue of one of his works,
+in which he describes his warm appreciation of
+the measure of freedom he now enjoyed, is worth
+quoting. "That I, whilst a prisoner," he says,
+"was able to digest and write this Treatise, is an
+effect meerly proceeding from the courtesie of my
+Lord General Cromwel, by whose recommendation
+to the Councel of State my parole being taken for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+my true imprisonment, I was by their favour
+enlarged to the extent of the lines of London's
+communication; for had I continued as before,
+coopt up within walls, or yet been attended still
+by a guard, as for a while I was, should the house
+of my confinement have never been so pleasant, or
+my keepers a very paragon of discretion, and that
+the conversation of the best wits in the world,
+with affluence of all manner of books, should have
+been allowed me for the diversion of my minde, yet
+such all antipathie I have to any kinde of restraint
+wherein myself is not entrusted, that notwithstanding
+these advantages, which to some spirits would
+make a jayl seem more delicious then [than]
+freedom without them, it could not in that eclipse
+of liberty lie in my power to frame myself to the
+couching of one sillable, or contriving of a fancie
+worthy the labour of putting pen to paper, no more
+then [than] a nightingale can warble it in a cage,
+or linet in a dungeon."<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another friend whom Sir Thomas Urquhart
+found in the time of need was the celebrated
+Roger Williams, the apostle of civil and religious
+liberty, and the founder of the settlement of Providence,
+Rhode Island, and missionary to the
+Indians. In the Epilogue to the <i>Logopandecteision</i>
+he thus acknowledges his obligations to him: "[I
+cannot] forget my thankfulness to that reverend
+preacher Mr Roger Williams of Providence, in
+New England, for the manifold favours wherein I
+stood obliged to him above a whole month before<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+either of us had so much as seen other, and that
+by his frequent and earnest solicitation in my
+behalf of the most especial members both of the
+Parliament and Councel of State; in doing whereof
+he appeared so truely generous, that when it was
+told him how I, having got notice of his so undeserved
+respect towards me, was desirous to
+embrace some sudden opportunity whereby to
+testifie the affection I did owe him, he purposely
+delayed the occasion of meeting with me till he
+had, as he said, performed some acceptable office
+worthy of my acquaintance; in all which, both
+before and after we had conversed with one another,
+and by those many worthy books set forth by him,
+to the advancement of piety and good order, with
+some whereof he was pleased to present me, he did
+prove himself a man of such discretion and inimitably-sanctified
+parts, that an Archangel from heaven
+could not have shown more goodness with less
+ostentation."<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+<p>The years 1652 and 1653 form a period of
+astonishing literary activity on the part of our
+author, for no fewer than five separate works were
+then published by him, two of which were of very
+considerable bulk. The motive that had led him to
+bring out his two former works&mdash;the <i>Epigrams</i> and
+<i>The Trissotetras</i>&mdash;had been a desire to benefit mankind
+and to advance the glory of his native land.
+But now he had to consider his own interests, and
+to exert himself to promote them. Accordingly, his
+present aim was to convince his captors of his extraordinary
+merits and gifts, and of the incomparable
+glory of that family which he had the honour of
+representing.</p>
+
+<p>In 1652 he issued his &#928;&#913;&#925;&#932;&#927;&#935;&#929;&#927;&#925;&#927;&#935;&#913;&#925;&#927;&#925;;
+<i>or, a Peculiar Promptuary of Time</i>, of
+which a detailed description is given in Chapter V.
+The object of this treatise is to show the Protector
+and the English Parliament that the family of the
+Urquharts could be traced back, link by link, to
+the red earth out of which Adam was made, and to
+suggest how lamentable it would be, if the ruling
+power extinguished a race which had successfully
+resisted the scythe of Time, and was capable of
+rendering great services to the State.</p>
+
+<p>This small treatise was closely followed by a
+more important production, upon which Sir Thomas's
+fame as an author largely rests&mdash;his &#917;&#922;&#931;&#922;&#933;&#914;&#913;&#923;&#913;&#933;&#929;&#927;&#925;;
+<i>or, The Discovery of a most Exquisite
+Jewel</i>. The title of this work is intended to be an
+abbreviation of a Greek phrase&mdash;"<i>Gold from a
+dunghill</i>"&mdash;and contains an allusion to the fact that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+the first half of it was, in its manuscript form, one
+of the bundles of paper which the soldiers treated
+with such disrespect after the battle of Worcester,
+and which, indeed, was found next day in a kennel
+of one of the streets of that city. This book, a
+fuller account of which we give later on, consists
+of an introduction to a work on a Universal
+Language, to which is added a rhapsodical panegyric
+on the Scottish nation, and an account of
+his fellow-countrymen who had been famous as
+scholars or soldiers during the previous fifty
+years.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the early part of 1652
+Urquhart had in some way excited the suspicions
+of the Government, and in the month of May his
+papers were seized by the authorities. Nothing
+treasonable, however, was found among them, and
+probably the harmless character of his pursuits,
+which was thus brought to light, made a favourable
+impression upon the Council of State. For, a few
+weeks later, he was allowed, in answer to a petition
+which he presented to the Council, and which was
+referred to Cromwell, to return to Scotland to
+arrange his private affairs, and to be absent for
+five months.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> The only condition imposed upon
+him was that during this time he should do
+nothing to the prejudice of the Commonwealth.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas Urquhart's creditors had been told<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+that he had been killed at the battle of Worcester,
+and, as he says in his own characteristic way,
+"for gladness of the tidings [they] had madified
+[moistened] their nolls to some purpose with the
+liquor of the grape,"<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> and had possessed themselves
+of all his property. When they were assured by
+letters from himself that he was still alive, they
+claimed payment for debts which had been long
+discharged, under the impression that the receipts
+had perished along with other papers after the
+battle. They even plotted, we are assured, to
+arrest our author in London, after he had been
+liberated upon parole. By the thoughtful discretion
+of a Captain Goodwin, of Colonel Pride's
+regiment, the receipts in question had been saved
+out of the spoil of Worcester, and Sir Thomas
+Urquhart was able to display them to the unjust
+creditors. "And when," he says, "they saw that
+those their acquittances ... were produced before
+them, they then, looking as if their noses had been
+ableeding, could not any longer for shame retard
+my cancelling of the aforesaid bonds."<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the midst of so many complaints of the
+iniquity of creditors, it is gratifying to find Sir
+Thomas acknowledging that there was one of that
+class who treated him with forbearance and even
+with kindness. His thankfulness at discovering
+this green oasis in the arid desert in which so much
+of his life had been passed, is expressed in his own
+characteristic way. "But may," he says, "William
+Robertson of Kindeasse, or rather <i>Kindnesse</i> (for so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+they call this worthy man), for his going contrary
+to that stream of wickedness which carryeth head-long
+his fellow-creditors to the black sea of un-christian-like
+dealing, enjoy a long life in this
+world, attended with health, wealth, a hopeful
+posterity, and all the happiness conducible to
+eternal salvation; and may his children after him,
+as heires both of his vertues and means, derive
+[transmit] his lands and riches to their sons, to
+continue successively in that line from generation
+to generation, so long as there is a hill in Scotland,
+or that the sea doth ebbe and flow. This hearty
+wish of mine, as chief of my kinred [kindred], I
+bequeath to all that do and are to carry the name
+of Urquhart, and adjure them, by the respect they
+owe to the stock whence they are descended, for
+my father's love and mine to this man, to do all
+manner of good offices to each one that bears the
+name of Robertson."<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a></p>
+
+<p>His old enemy, Lesley of Findrassie, endeavoured
+in vain to persuade the officers of the English
+garrison, then stationed in Urquhart's house at
+Cromartie, to arrest him as a prisoner of war, and
+keep him in confinement "till he [Lesley] were
+contented in all his demands."<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> An attempt
+was also made to apprehend him at Elgin; but
+he escaped all these machinations, and, after
+travelling in safety through many of the principal
+towns of Scotland, returned to London within the
+specified time, and gave himself up to the Council
+of State.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p>
+<p>In the course of the year 1653 Sir Thomas
+Urquhart published the last of his original works&mdash;his
+<i>Logopandecteision</i>, and the translation of the
+first two books of Rabelais, in connection with
+which his name is best known. The object of the
+former of these was to suggest a wonderful scheme
+for a universal language, with the idea of being
+restored by the Government to the full possession
+of his liberty, and of being reinstated in the position
+of power and wealth, which he maintained was his
+by hereditary right, in order to carry out the
+scheme. His hopes and anticipations of success in
+this appeal to the English Government were not
+daunted by the fact that to do what he required
+would need several legislative changes, a reversal of
+proceedings in Scottish courts of law, and a substantial
+grant from the Treasury. This, after all,
+he considered, was a very small price to pay for the
+benefits he would thereby confer upon the world.
+That the appeal was not successful needs scarcely
+be told. Probably in no country in the world,
+and at no period in history, could any be found
+more likely to turn a deaf ear to such requests,
+than such men as Cromwell, Fleetwood, and
+Overton. Men like these were too practical, and
+of too hard a nature, to be impressed by any such
+visionary schemes as those which their prisoner
+delighted in constructing.</p>
+
+<p>A veil of obscurity hangs over the closing years
+of our author's life. His last appearance before
+the public was in the issuing of the books above
+mentioned. The only further record of him is in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+continuation of the Pedigree of the Urquharts, which
+is contained in the Edinburgh edition of his Tracts.
+In this we read that "he was confined for several
+years in the Tower of London; from whence he made
+his escape, and went beyond seas, where he died
+suddenly in a fit of excessive laughter, on being
+informed by his servant that the King was restored."<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a>
+If this account of matters be true, it would seem
+that Sir Thomas had forfeited some of those privileges
+which he had won so soon after he had
+become a State prisoner. It is quite possible that
+this was in consequence of having joined in some
+Royalist plot against the Commonwealth and for
+the restoration of Charles <span class="smcap">II.</span></p>
+
+<p>In the preface to the second book of Rabelais,
+Sir Thomas promises very speedily to translate
+the three remaining books of that author, so that
+the whole "Pentateuch of Rabelais," as he calls it,
+might be in the hands of English readers. But
+this design was never completed. The translation
+of the third book was found among his papers,
+and was published in 1693 by Pierre Antoine
+Motteux, but it is probable that the editor himself
+had some share in the work as issued to the public.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Theodore Martin considers that there is a
+strong presumption against the truth of the above
+account of Sir Thomas's death, in his entire silence
+during the long period which elapsed between
+the publication of his last work and 1660, the date
+of the Restoration of Charles <span class="smcap">II.</span> "Men," he says,
+"so deeply smitten with the <i>caco&euml;thes scribendi</i> as
+Urquhart was, do not thus readily cast the pen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+aside; nor was the lack of a publisher likely to
+have stood in the way of his literary career. His
+writings, if for no other cause but the number of
+his friends, must always have been a safe speculation
+for a printer, at a time when printing was
+cheap and readers numerous. But the imperfect
+state of his translation of Rabelais is perhaps the
+best evidence of the inaccuracy of the current belief....
+Motteux says that Urquhart's version 'was
+too kindly received not to encourage him to English
+the three remaining books, or at least the third, the
+fourth and fifth being in a manner distinct, as
+being Pantagruel's voyage. Accordingly he translated
+the third book, and would have finished the
+whole, had not death prevented him.' This bears
+hard against the supposition of that event having
+occurred upwards of six years after the two first
+books had been given to the world. It is probable
+that he died much sooner, a victim in all likelihood
+to that fiery restlessness of spirit,</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Which o'er-informs its tenement of clay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And frets the pigmy body to decay.'"<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>This conjecture is, however, improbable. A
+petition from our author's brother, Sir Alexander
+Urquhart, is still in existence, in which he asks for
+a new commission of hereditary Sheriffship of
+Cromartie to be made out for him, on the ground
+of his being the eldest surviving son of the Sir
+Thomas Urquhart who died in 1642.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> Though
+this document is undated, it is assigned by the
+editor of the volume of State Papers in which it is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+to be found, to August of 1660. If this date
+be trustworthy, we may be almost sure that the
+traditional statement as to the year of our author's
+death is correct.</p>
+
+<p>The cause of his giving up his literary labours, and
+of omitting to carry through the work of translation
+on which he had entered, is, of course, unknown to
+us. His health, physical or mental, may have become
+seriously impaired, or his spirits may have
+been too much depressed by the misfortunes that
+crowded upon him, to allow him to engage in
+literary work. Indeed, the alleged cause of death
+from violent agitation of feeling caused by hearing
+of the Restoration of Charles <span class="smcap">II.</span>, argues in itself a
+previous condition of great physical weakness.</p>
+
+<p>There seems at first, a certain grotesqueness in
+such a fatal exuberance of joy in connexion with
+such an event as Charles II. regaining the crown
+which his father had lost, and of which in another
+generation all of his blood were to be deprived.
+But we have to keep in mind that Sir Thomas was
+not alone in his folly, if folly it were; for a great
+wave of exultation swept over the three kingdoms
+at that time. Our author had, like many of his
+fellow-Royalists, staked and lost everything he
+possessed in the defence of the House of Stuart, and
+one can have little difficulty in understanding how
+the announcement of the triumph of the cause,
+which was so dear to him, should have agitated
+him profoundly.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p>
+<p>Sir Alexander Urquhart failed to recover possession
+of either the barony or the Sheriffship of
+Cromartie, and a year after the supposed date of
+his petition, he is said to have ratified his cousin's
+rights,<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> and in 1663 he formally "disponed" the
+estate (<i>i.e.</i> his title to it) to Sir John.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a> The new<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+possessors were, however, as unfortunate as their
+immediate predecessors, for in no very long time
+they were overwhelmed by distresses like those
+which had burdened and embittered the lives of
+our author and his father. In 1682 the celebrated
+Sir George Mackenzie, whose name, like that of
+Queen Mary of England, is usually associated with
+an unenviable epithet, as that of a cruel persecutor,<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a>
+"apprized" the estate from Sir John's<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> son, Jonathan.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p><p>No one who knows what this means<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> will be surprised
+to hear that it soon afterwards passed into
+his possession. On his elevation to the peerage
+(1685) as Viscount Tarbat, first Earl of Cromartie,
+he put his third-born son, Sir Kenneth, into possession
+of the estate, with the view of establishing a
+branch of his family to be known as the Mackenzies
+of Cromartie. This plan was doomed to be defeated,
+for Sir Kenneth's son George had no family, and
+sold the estate to Captain William Urquhart of
+Meldrum in 1741.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> The lands were again sold to
+Patrick, Lord Elibank,<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> in 1763, and by him to
+George Ross of Pitkerrie, nine years afterwards.
+Mr Ross had amassed a large fortune in England
+as an army agent,<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> and part of this he expended in
+the purchase of the estate, and in the extensive
+improvements which he effected in it. One wishes
+he had not thought it desirable to pull down the
+picturesque old castle, which had stood on the mote-hill
+of Cromartie for three hundred years, and
+which had sheltered so many generations of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+Urquhart family. Let us now, however, return to
+our author.</p>
+
+<p>In telling the story of Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+life, some of his most striking peculiarities have
+been displayed and illustrated, so that no one who
+has read the foregoing pages is altogether dependent
+upon what may now be said for forming an estimate
+of his character. His vanity is perhaps the most
+striking trait in it; but only a very hard-hearted
+moralist would call it a vice in his case, for it is as
+artless as it is boundless, and is combined with so
+much kindness of heart and generosity of feeling,
+that we are more entertained by it than indignant
+at it. No one who looks into his works can doubt
+the intensity of his patriotism. Indeed, his passionate
+longing after personal fame is in all cases
+combined with the wish to confer additional glory
+upon the land of his birth. His devotion to the
+Royalist cause<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> is of the purest and most heroic
+type, and the general tone of his character, as
+revealed to us in his books, is elevated and noble.
+At the same time there is an element of the
+grotesque in it, so that in his disinterested and
+chivalrous disposition he reminds us of Don Quixote,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a>
+while in his frequent allusions to struggles with
+pecuniary difficulties, as well as in his use of
+magniloquent language, he distinctly recalls Wilkins
+Micawber. A lively fancy, a strain of genuine
+erudition beneath his pedantry, and some sparks of
+insanity, are other elements in his fantastical character.
+Only a mind like his own could trace the
+maze of its windings and turnings, and fathom
+the depths of its eccentricity. In his thoughts
+"truth is constantly becoming interfused with
+fiction, possibility with certainty, and the hyperbolical
+extravagance of his style only keeps even
+pace with the prolific shootings of his imagination."<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is perhaps expected that one should, in a
+measure, apologize for the eccentricities of Urquhart's
+character and literary style, by explaining that he was
+a humourist. But, unfortunately, humour is a quality
+in which Urquhart was lacking, unless we understand
+by the word mere fantastical quaintness of thought
+and speech. In one passage of his works he speaks
+with contempt of "shallow-brained humourists,"<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a>
+and we should wrong his ghost by putting him
+among those whom he abhorred. Not a single trace
+of that subtle, graceful play of fancy and of feeling
+which enters into our conception of humour is to be
+found in his works.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> His readers may smile as they<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+turn over his pages, but he is always in deadly earnest.
+The quality of wit he occasionally manifests in the
+form of keen sarcasm, when he gives full vent to
+his feelings of scorn and contempt; as when, for
+example, he describes those who went out to fight,
+"but did not hazard their precious persons, lest
+they should seem to trust to the arm of flesh."<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a></p>
+
+<p>He can never give a simple statement of matters
+of fact. Thus in his account of the Admirable
+Crichton, instead of saying that the rector of the
+university addressed a few complimentary sentences
+to Crichton, and that the latter replied in the same
+vein, he says: "In complements after this manner,
+<i>ultro citroque habitis</i>, tossed to and again, retorted,
+contrerisposted, backreverted, and now and then
+graced with a quip or a clinch for the better relish
+of the ear, being unwilling in this kind of straining
+curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a full half-hour
+and more."<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> Everything must be dressed up
+"with divers quaint and pertinent similes" before it
+is fit to be introduced to the reader's notice. To
+quote again from the most accomplished literary critic
+who has written upon him: "History, philosophy,
+science, literature are ransacked for illustrations of
+the commonest subject. His fancy is ever on the
+alert, and you are constantly surprised by some
+incongruous image, begotten in its wanton dalliance<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+with knowledge the most heterogeneous. He
+has always an eye to effect. His own learning
+must be brought into play, rhetorical tropes must
+flourish through his periods, 'suggesting to our
+minds two several things at once,' and, of course, as
+diverse as possible, that 'the spirits of such as are
+studious in learning may be filled with a most
+wonderful delight.'"<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> His style reacts upon and
+controls his thoughts, and often carries him, as
+Ariosto's Hippogriff carried Astolfo, up into the
+skies, whither those are unable to follow him who
+are mounted on humbler animals, or have no other
+means than those with which they were born for
+plodding along the dusty roads of earth.</p>
+
+<p>If we can trust the two engraved portraits of
+Sir Thomas Urquhart which have come down to us,
+he was a man of handsome presence, and accustomed
+to deck himself in all the splendour of costume to
+which so many of his brother-cavaliers were
+addicted. George Glover, the famous engraver,
+drew both the portraits of him which are extant.
+One of these appears as a frontispiece to the
+<i>Epigrams</i> and to the <i>Trissotetras</i>. It is a small
+whole-length, and represents Sir Thomas in rich
+dress,<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> holding out his hand to receive from some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+allegorical personage a laurel wreath "for Armes
+and Artes."<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> On a table beside him are his hat
+and embroidered cloak. In the vacant spaces on
+each side of the upper part of the figure are his
+name and titles: "S^r Thomas Urchard, Knight, of
+Bray and Udol, etc., Baron of Ficherie and Clohorby,
+etc., Laird Baron of Cromartie and Heritable Sheriff
+thereof, etc." The portrait is described as taken
+from the life, and engraved in 1641;<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> and beneath
+it is a couplet by W. S., as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Of him whose shape this Picture hath design'd,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Vertue and learning represent the Mind."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Who W. S. was we do not know. The date forbids
+our identifying him with the Bard of Avon. He
+was probably one of those mysterious personages,
+who were always at hand to write epistles of commendation
+to works by Sir Thomas, and to testify
+on their "book-oath" to his gifts and graces.</p>
+
+<p>The second engraved portrait is of great rarity,
+and only one impression of it is known to be in
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>existence. It was probably meant to be a frontispiece
+to the unpublished volume of Epigrams
+described on p. 116, the title of which was to have
+been <i>Apollo and the Muses</i>, but which never found
+its way into print. In this engraving Sir Thomas
+is depicted as seated with great complacency upon
+Mount Parnassus, in the midst of the Muses, seven
+of whom are pressing upon his attention wreaths of
+laurel of which he is worthy, "for Judgment, Learning,
+witt, Invention, sweetness, stile." At his feet
+is the sacred fountain of Castalia or Hippocrene,
+into the waters of which the other two Muses are
+sportively dipping "sprinklers" or asperges. One
+of them seems inclined to give Sir Thomas a
+sprinkling, but refrains, either because it was
+unnecessary or for fear of spoiling his nice clothes.
+In the background, the winged horse Pegasus is
+flying sufficiently low down to allow a woman to
+pluck a couple of feathers from his wings.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> These<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+are no doubt intended to provide pens for Sir
+Thomas's next literary undertaking. In the further
+distance are several feathered creatures, which are
+probably meant for poetical swans, but which bear
+a painful likeness to prosaic geese. At the foot of
+the picture in one corner we have Apollo, playing on
+his lyre; and on the ground in front are a half-starved
+dragon and a snake, writhing in impotent
+rage, as they witness the triumph of Sir Thomas.
+We can hardly be mistaken in concluding that
+these last are symbolical representations of envious
+and carping critics.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 320px;">
+<img src="images/image004.jpg" width="320" height="475" alt="The Poet surrounded by the Muses." title="" />
+<span class="caption">The Poet surrounded by the Muses.</span>
+</div>
+<div class="footnotes">
+<br /><br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> <i>Antiquarian Notes</i>, by C. Fraser-Mackintosh, p. 156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> <i>Antiquarian Notes</i>, pp. 155-158; <i>History of the Clan Mackenzie</i>,
+by Alex. Mackenzie.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> The enactment in question runs as follows:&mdash;"It being
+thought expedient by the said Committee that the house of
+Cromartie be put in a posture of defence, and that for the doing
+thereof it is requisite some faill [turf] be cast and led, the said
+Committee ordains all Sir James Fraser's tenants within the
+parochins [parishes] of Cromartie and Cullicudden, together with
+those of the Laird of Findrassie, within the parochin of Rosemarkie,
+to afford from six hours in the morning to six hours at night, one
+horse out of every oxengait [= about 13 Scotch acres] daily
+for the space of four days to lead the same faill to the house of
+Cromartie." Of this enemy, Sir James Fraser, our author remarked
+at a later time with regrettable bitterness, that he knew
+only one good thing about him, and that was that he was dead.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> <i>Acts of the Parliament of Scotland</i>, vi. 392.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> <i>General Assembly Commission Records</i>, 1648-49, p. 220.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> <i>General Assembly Commission Records</i>, 1648-49, pp. 249, 250.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <i>General Assembly Commission Records</i>, 1648-49, pp. 252-262.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> Strangely enough, in Hope's <i>Anastasius</i>, a Tatar messenger
+travelling through Asia Minor to Constantinople is described as
+acting in the same insolent manner. "He would not," says
+Anastasius, "even after the daintiest meal in the world, forego the
+douceur he expected for what he used to call the wear and tear of
+his teeth" (ii. 320).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> An account of the battle is given in a letter addressed by the
+victorious generals, Ker, Halket, and Strachan, to the Moderator of
+the Commission of Assembly, dated 9th May, 1649. In it they
+say: "We were in Innernes vpon Sunday at night, when we
+received intelligence that the enemie were come from Torespay to
+Balvine, presently to discusse ws (<i>sic</i>). We could not hear from
+the Livetennent-Generall [Lesley], and the enemy was making
+himselfe strong in many severall quarters in [the] countrie. We
+conceived it better to suppresse nor [than] to be suppressed. We
+in our weak maner beged the Lords direction, that His blissing
+might wait His owne and our labours, and, with great freedome
+concluded to march with all expedition to Torispay, intelligence
+having come certaine that they were lyeing in Balveine at a wood,
+where we engaged with them; and there the Lord delivered them
+vnto our hands. We were not abone six score fighting horsemen
+and tuelfe muskiteires. We had some more, but they were
+wearied. We have at this tyme about 800 prisoners, betuixt
+3 or 4 scoir killed, and tuo or thrie hundred fled. My Lord
+Rae and all the officers are, according to the capitulatioun,
+prisoners; the rest are to be conveyed to their countrey, after we
+receive order from the publick; and therefore we shall expect such
+further directions from you as you shall thinke fit, for securing
+and obliging, by oath, such as shall returne to their countrey"
+(<i>General Assembly Commission Records</i>, 1618-49, p. 263). There is a
+genuine Cromwellian ring about the phrases "beged the Lord's
+direction," and "the Lord delivered them vnto our hands," which
+we cannot help admiring; and there is a beauty of its own in the
+phrase "with great freedome" in the connection in which it
+stands.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> Wardlaw MS.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> The Commission of the General Assembly is each year
+nominated by that body, and is responsible to it, and is empowered
+to dispose of all items of business remitted to it, and to act in the
+interests of the Church during the months between the meeting of
+the Assembly which nominated them, and that to which they
+report their proceedings. They are authorised to meet on certain
+specific days, and oftener, when and where they think fit. The
+next General Assembly may reverse their sentences, if they have
+exceeded their powers, or have acted in any way which is considered
+prejudicial to the interests of the Church.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> <i>General Assembly Records</i>, 1648-49, p. 264.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> <i>General Assembly Records</i>, 1648-49, p. 270. The instructions
+given to the Commissioners suggest the process known to us in
+modern times as "rubbing it in" (the phrase is a technical one).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> In March of the following year, 1650, occurred the descent of
+Montrose on the north of Scotland, which ended so disastrously
+for him. After spending a few weeks in the Orkneys, where he
+collected a few recruits, he landed in Caithness, and proceeded
+into Sutherland, where he suffered a crushing defeat at the hands
+of Strachan and Halket, the generals who had successfully
+suppressed the insurrection in the north in the previous year.
+Montrose was taken prisoner, and was executed in Edinburgh, on
+Tuesday, 21st May, 1650.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Baillie's <i>Letters</i> (Edinburgh, 1841), ii. 84.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Robert Douglas (1594-1674) had been chaplain to a brigade of
+Scottish auxiliaries, sent with the connivance of Charles <span class="smcap">I.</span> to the
+aid of Gustavus Adolphus, in the Thirty Years' War. He was
+minister of the second charge of the High Church, Edinburgh,
+and then of the Tolbooth Church, and was five times Moderator
+of the General Assembly (1642, 1645, 1647, 1649, and 1651).
+Wodrow says, "He was a great man for both great wit, and grace,
+and more than ordinary boldness and authority and awful
+majesty appearing in his very carriage and countenance." Burnet
+affirms that he had "much wisdom and thoughtfulness, but was
+very silent and of vast pride" (<i>Dictionary of Nat. Biog.</i> xv. 347).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 279.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> Carlyle's <i>Oliver Cromwell</i>, iii. 148.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> Carlyle's <i>Oliver Cromwell</i>, iii. 154.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 408.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> <i>Cal. State Papers, Dom.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 408.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 419. Roger Williams (c. 1600-c. 1684) was himself
+a remarkable man. He was a native of Wales, was educated at
+Oxford, and entered into holy orders; but his aversion to the
+government and discipline of the Church of England led him to
+seek for greater freedom in America. He was a strenuous asserter
+of religious toleration at a time when it was little understood and
+less practised anywhere. His liberty of thinking and speaking led
+to his being banished from Massachusetts; and, thereupon, he purchased
+a tract of land from the Indians, and founded a settlement,
+which he named Providence. At the time when he generously
+interceded in favour of Sir Thomas Urquhart, he was residing in
+London as the agent of the new settlement, of which he was afterwards
+chosen president. He was on intimate terms with Cromwell,
+Milton, and other leading Puritans, and consequently would be in
+a position to render great service to his friend Urquhart.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> The leave granted was for five months from the 14th of July,
+1652. Before the expiration of this time, Sir Thomas asked for
+liberty to stay for six weeks longer in Scotland, and this was
+granted (<i>Acts of Parliament</i>, vol. vi. pt. 2, p. 748<i>b</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 377.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 378.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 384.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 380.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> P. 37.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> <i>Rabelais</i>, p. xiv.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> <i>Cal. State Papers, Domestic</i>, 1660-61, p. 237.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> In the preface to a new translation of Rabelais by W. F. Smith,
+Esq., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, some doubt is cast
+upon the above narrative of Sir Thomas's death. Mr Smith
+remarks, "This looks something like an imitation of Rabelais in
+his account of the death of Philemon." The reference is to the
+following passages in Rabelais, who alludes to the story no fewer
+than three times. In Book i. 10, we read: "Just so the heart
+with excessive joy is inwardly dilated, and suffereth a manifest
+resolution of the vital spirits, which may go so farre on, that it
+may thereby be deprived of its nourishment, and by consequence
+of life itself, by this Pericharie or extremity of gladnesse, as Galen
+saith ... and as it hath come to passe in former times ... to
+Philemon and others, who died with joy." In chap. xx. some
+more particulars are given of the case: "As Philemon, who, for
+seeing an asse eate those figs, which were provided for his own
+dinner, died with force of laughing." But in Book iv. 17, we are
+told the whole story: "[Neither ought you to wonder at] the
+death of Philomenes, whose servant, having got him some new
+figs for the first course of his dinner, whilst he went to fetch wine,
+a straggling ... ass got into the house, and, seeing the figs on
+the table, without further invitation, soberly fell to. Philomenes
+coming into the room, and nicely observing with what gravity the
+ass eat its dinner, said to his man, who was come back, 'Since
+thou hast set figs here for this reverend guest of ours to eat,
+methinks it is but reason thou also give him some of this wine to
+drink.' He had no sooner said this, but he was so excessively
+pleased, and fell into so exorbitant a fit of laughter, that the use
+of his spleen took that of his breath utterly away, and he immediately
+died." The story is taken from Lucian (&#956;&#945;&#954;&#961;&#959;&#946;&#953;&#965;&#953;, c. 25)
+or from Valerius Maximus (ix. 12), in which in the Paris folio
+edition (1517) the name is given as Philomenes. There is undoubtedly
+a resemblance between the account of Philemon's death
+and that of our author, but we think it can only be accidental.
+The editor of the Edinburgh edition of the Tracts is, as I have
+said, our only authority for the story of Urquhart's death; but
+there is no adequate reason for doubting it. He seems to have
+been well versed in the history of the Urquhart family, which he
+brings up to date, and must have derived his information from
+some members of it. It would be strange if in little more than a
+century after our author's death, an utterly mythical account of it
+should have sprung up and found a place among the details of
+family history. According to Lowndes's <i>Bibliographer's Manual</i>,
+the editor of the volume was David Herd, the well-known
+antiquary. If this statement be correct, we have all the more
+reason to rely upon the supplementary information the volume
+contains, as Herd's acquaintance with Scottish history and biography
+was very extensive and accurate. In one of the <i>Notes
+Ambrosian&aelig;</i> (<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, September, 1832), a highly
+extravagant version is given of Urquhart's death. It is intended
+to be humorous, but is merely flat and silly. Only those can
+smile at it who have been trained up to believe that the <i>Notes</i>
+contain exquisite humour, and who have, therefore, been accustomed
+to welcome passages from it as mirth-inspiring. The statement
+made in this mention of Urquhart, that his death was caused
+by excessive alcoholic celebration of the happy event of the
+Restoration, is utterly baseless and offensive; and it is a pity that in
+Allibone's <i>Dictionary</i> and in the <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>
+this article in <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i> should be referred to as one of
+the sources of information concerning Urquhart. The author of
+it had not access to any other account of Sir Thomas's death than
+that given in the above-mentioned edition of the Tracts.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> <i>Acts of Parliament</i>, vii. 70.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> <i>Inverness Sasines.</i> The date when Sir Alexander Urquhart
+received knighthood seems to be approximately fixed by the fact
+that in a grant under the Privy Seal of 5th March, 1661, he is called
+Alexander, and in a notice of him of the 29th of the same month
+and year he appears as Sir Alexander (<i>Acts of Parliament</i>, vii. 93).
+From the fact that in this year the succession to the estates and
+hereditary Sheriffship of Cromartie were entered upon by his cousin
+Sir John Urquhart of Craigfintray, it was taken for granted by the
+editor of the Tracts (Edinburgh, 1774) that Sir Alexander had died.
+This error is repeated by Hugh Miller, and by most of those who
+have made any reference to him. He was still alive in 1667, for
+during that year he sold his salmon fishings in Over-rak and the
+King's Water to John Gordon (see also <i>Acts of Parliament</i>, vii. 537).
+He is spoken of as <i>quondam</i> in a charter of certain lands which had
+belonged to him, 19th June, 1668. His cousin, Sir John Urquhart,
+received knighthood about the same time; at least he appears in
+Parliament as Sir John, 1st January, 1661 (<i>Acts of Parliament</i>, vii. 4).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> "There was the Bluidy Advocate Mackenyie, who, for his
+worldly wit and wisdom, had been to the rest as a god" ("Wandering
+Willie's Tale" <i>Redgauntlet</i>, chap. xi.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> There is said to have been some tragedy in connection with
+the death of this Sir John Urquhart. According to Wodrow, as
+quoted by Hugh Miller, after having posed as an ultra-Presbyterian,
+he became the friend and counsellor of the Earl of Middleton,
+Charles II.'s Commissioner for Scotland, under whom Presbyterianism
+was overturned and Episcopacy set up in its place (1661).
+Tradition says that "about eleven years after the passing of the
+Act, he fell into a deep melancholy, and destroyed himself with
+his own sword in one of the apartments of the old castle. The
+sword, it is said, was flung into a neighbouring draw-well by one
+of the domestics, and the stain left by his blood on the walls and
+floor of the apartment was distinctly visible at the time the
+building was pulled down" (<i>Scenes and Legends of the North of
+Scotland</i>, p. 111). Tradition is wrong, however, in saying eleven
+years after 1661; for on August 7th, 1677, Sir John, along with
+others, received a commission "for putting the laws against conventicles
+and other disorders into execution" (<i>Wodrow</i>, ii. p. 366).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> On the death of Jonathan's son, Colonel James Urquhart, in
+1741, the shadowy honour of the headship of the family passed to
+the Urquharts of Meldrum, who were descended from the Tutor of
+Cromartie by a third marriage with Elizabeth Seton, only daughter
+of Alexander Seton of Meldrum, and ultimately heiress of that
+estate. The last male representative of this line was Major
+Beauchamp Colclough Urquhart, who closed a promising career by
+a heroic death at the battle of Atbara, in the Sudan, on 8th April,
+1898. His sister, Isabel Annie, is wife of Garden Alexander Duff,
+Esq., Hatton Castle, Turriff.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> See p. 58.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Pococke, in his <i>Tour through Scotland</i> (1761), says of the castle
+of Cromartie: "It has fallen into the hands of one Mr Urquhart,
+who had commanded a Spanish Gally, and died a Convert to
+Popery; which slip his son, now eighteen years old, has in some
+degree recovered, by conforming to the Church of England"
+(p. 176; <i>Scottish History Society</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> In the old Statistical Account of Cromartie, and in the preface
+to the Maitland Club edition of Urquhart's Works, the estate is
+said to have passed into the hands of Sir William Pulteney.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Mr Ross is mentioned in the <i>Letters</i> of Junius (see those of
+29th November and 12th December, 1769). He was succeeded by
+his nephew, from whom the present proprietor of Cromartie,
+Major Walter Charteris Ross, is descended.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Our Sir Thomas's memory should be cherished by defenders of
+the name and fame of Mary Queen of Scots, for he goes so far as
+to say that "ignorance, together with hypocrisie, usury, oppression,
+and iniquity, took root in these parts [Scotland], when uprightness,
+plain-dealing, and charity, with Astr&#339;a, took their flight
+with Queen Mary of Scotland into England." Probably few of her
+admirers would be so daring as to assert this, though many of
+them doubtless would be glad to hear the assertion made.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> We take the liberty of extracting those few sentences from the
+letter of a friend, who has taken great interest in the execution of
+this work;&mdash;"Sir Thomas would have been an original character in
+almost any surroundings&mdash;a kind of literary Quixote, with what
+may be called a 'parenthetical' genius, branching off at every
+comma into the fresh images furnished by a teeming imagination.
+He was more than a translator of Rabelais&mdash;he seems to have been
+a kind of Rabelais himself."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Sir Theodore Martin, <i>Rabelais</i>, p. xix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> See p. 28.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> A different opinion is expressed in the preface to W. Harrison
+Ainsworth's capital novel of <i>Crichton</i>. "Sir Thomas," he says,
+"is a joyous spirit&mdash;a right Pantagruelist; and if he occasionally
+</p><p><br />
+'Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba,'<br />
+</p>
+<p>
+he has an exuberance of wit and playfulness of fancy that amply
+redeem his tendency to fanfaronade." Our readers have abundance
+of material before them for coming to a decision upon this question.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> See p. 85.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 226.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> Sir Theodore Martin, <i>Rabelais</i>, p. xx.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> In Granger's <i>Biographical Dictionary</i> (1779), this portrait is
+described erroneously, as Sir Thomas Urquhart is said in it to be
+dressed in armour. Probably the description was given from memory.
+In the second volume of Bohn's edition of <i>Rabelais</i>, the frontispiece
+is a half-length portrait of the translator, evidently reproduced
+from the above. The effect, however, is highly disagreeable,
+and the likeness must have produced an unfavourable opinion of
+our author in the minds of most of those who have looked
+upon it.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> In this engraving, which is our frontispiece, the Greek inscription
+runs thus: &#964;&#959;&#953;&#962; &#963;&#949; &#960;&#949;&#956;&#968;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#965; &#954;&#945;&#953; &#960;&#961;&#959;&#963;&#964;&#945;&#964;&#945;&#963;&#953;&#965; &#949;&#953;&#967;&#945;&#961;&#953;&#963;&#964;&#969;, and
+means, "<i>I thank those who sent you and gave the order</i>." These
+words are, of course, addressed to the messenger who has been
+commissioned by the Muses to convey the wreath to Sir Thomas.
+Above the wreath itself is an obscure phrase&mdash;M&#959;&#965;&#963;&#945;&#961;&#965;[&#956;] &#963;&#964;&#8057;&#955;&#959;&#987;&mdash;which
+is evidently a mixture of Latin and Greek, musarum &#963;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#987;
+(=&#7936;&#960;&#8057;&#963;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#987;?), "<i>messenger of the muses</i>." It may, however, be
+that &#963;&#964;&#959;&#955;&#959;&#962; is to be taken as "<i>equipment</i>" or "<i>decoration</i>," as
+referring to the wreath. The courage with which Greek and Latin
+forms are mixed up, and an old word despatched on its way with a
+new meaning, of which this brief phrase gives evidence, is highly
+characteristic of Cromartian Greek. For further illustration of
+the peculiarities of this local variety or Hellenic speech, see p. 149.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Sir Thomas, therefore, claims by anticipation the titles of Baron
+and Sheriff, which were afterwards to be his.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> This use of the quills is referred to in the following passage in
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's <i>Epigrams</i> (MS.):&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The Invocation to Clio.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Book 2.<br /></span>
+<p><br /></p>
+<span class="i0">Wench wholly martial, to whose inspiration<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The Colophonian P&ouml;et ow'd his skill:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Let my verse merit no Lesse estimation,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Then [than] if the point of a Pegasid quill,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Dip'd in the sacred fontain Caballine,<br /></span>
+<span class="i1">Character'd the Impression of each Line."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+The "Colophonian Poet" is&mdash;"not to put too fine a point upon it"&mdash;Homer,
+who, according to some, was born at Colophos, in Asia
+Minor. The phrase "Pegasid quill" in this passage strengthens
+our opinion that this second portrait of Sir Thomas, which we give
+here, was intended to be a frontispiece to a second volume of
+poems. The similarity of diction between this "Invocation" and
+the speeches of Ancient Pistol is very great.</p></div>
+
+
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p>
+<h1>CHAPTER IV</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Epigrams: Divine and Moral, and The
+Trissotetras</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figupperleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/i.jpg" width="90" height="116" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p>N 1641, Sir Thomas Urquhart published
+his first work&mdash;a volume of poems, entitled
+"<span class="smcap">Epigrams: Divine and Moral</span>,"<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a>
+and dedicated to the Marquis of Hamilton.
+The poems are divided into three
+books, two of which contain forty-five
+epigrams, while the third contains forty-four. Most
+of them are in iambic pentameters, and are for the
+greater part sextets in form; but though the versification
+is occasionally smooth, these compositions
+do little credit to the Muse who inspired them.
+They are, without an exception, pointless; and an
+epigram without a point is about as useless
+and exasperating as a needle without one.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> It is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+somewhat remarkable that in his prose compositions
+the imagination of Sir Thomas seems quite unfettered,
+while in his poems it is under some such
+restraining influence as a strait-waistcoat is said
+to exercise upon a certain class of patients.</p>
+
+<p>A wild legend, the origin of which is unknown,
+but which is utterly baseless, asserts that Urquhart
+"was laureated poet at Paris before he was three
+and twenty years of age."<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> We could hardly
+conceive of any responsible authorities being so far
+"left to themselves" as to do a deed like this. The
+story may be either the misapplication to Urquhart
+of some vague tradition of one of the feats of his
+hero, the Admirable Crichton, or of what he himself
+has actually recorded of the poet, Arthur Johnston.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a></p>
+
+<p>A modern critic, who has given Urquhart a full
+measure of praise, finds himself unable to say a
+word in favour of his poems. "This slender
+volume," he remarks, "gives not the slightest
+promise of talent. Its stanzas are indistinguished
+and indistinguishable. There is no reason why anyone
+should have written them, but, on the other
+hand, there is no reason why anyone should not.
+They express the usual commonplaces: the inevitableness
+of death, and the worth of endeavour. A
+mildly Horatian sentiment is dressed up in the
+tattered rags of Shakespearianism, and the surprise
+is that the author, whose prose is restrained by no
+consideration of sound or sense, should have deemed
+it worth while to print so tame a collection of
+exercises."<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p>
+<p>A favourable specimen of the <i>Epigrams</i> is the
+following from the first book:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">How Difficult a Thing it is to tread in the Pathes
+of Vertue.</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The way to vertue's hard, uneasie, bends<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Aloft, being full of steep and rugged alleys;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For never one to a higher place ascends,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That always keeps the plaine, and pleasant valleyes:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And reason in each human breast ordaines<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">That precious things be purchased with paines."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Or take this from the opposite page:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"<span class="smcap">When a true Friend may be best knowne.</span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"As the glow-worme shines brightest in the darke<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And frankincense smells sweetest in the fire;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">So crosse adventures make us best remarke<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">A sincere friend from a dissembled lyer;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For some, being friends to our prosperity,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And not to us, when it failes, they decay."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The fault of obscurity, of which the poet
+Browning has been accused, could not be laid to
+the charge of Sir Thomas Urquhart. Nor can it
+be said of him that he neglects truths that are
+obvious, and occupies himself in discovering and
+bringing forward those that are recondite. The
+sentiments to which he gives utterance seem those
+which spontaneously occur to the average mind;
+on reading the subject of the poem, as given in the
+title, and then the poem itself, we think</p>
+
+<p>
+"A said whot a owt to 'a said,"<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>and we come away without any feverish mental
+agitation or accelerated movement of pulse.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span></p><p>The sentiments which, from his own account,
+had, on more occasions than one, filled his mind,
+are expressed in the piece entitled "<span class="smcap">The generous
+Speech of a Noble Cavallier After he had
+disarmed his Adversary at the Single Combat</span>."
+They are as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Though with my raper, for the guerdon<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Your fault deserveth, I may pierce ye,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Your penitence in craving pardon,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Transpassions my revenge in mercy;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And wills me both to end this present strife,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And give you leave in peace t' enjoy your life."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>Another Epigram, which one critic regards as
+Urquhart's <i>chef d'&#339;uvre</i> in this kind of composition.
+is the following:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Take <i>man</i> from <i>woman</i>, all that she can show<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Of her own proper, is nought else but <i>wo</i>."<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a><br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In a letter of commendation prefixed to his next
+work, <i>The Trissotetras</i>, Sir Thomas Urquhart says of
+himself: "This Mathematicall tractate doth no lesse
+bespeak him a good Poet and Orator, then [than]
+by his elaboured poems he hath showne himselfe
+already a good Philosopher and Mathematician."
+This self-criticism is all that could be desired. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+work on mathematics that proves an author's
+possession of poetical and rhetorical gifts, and a
+volume of poetry which leads one to think that
+the singer is an accomplished mathematician, are
+gifts with which the world is but seldom favoured,
+and as it is likely that their merits will not
+instantly be observed, the zeal of the author in
+calling our attention to them is by no means
+unnecessary. But when he goes on to say, still
+speaking of himself in the third person, "The Muses
+never yet inspired sublimer conceptions in a more
+refined stile then [than] is to be found in the accurate
+strain of his most ingenious Epigrams," we feel
+that he is less felicitous. His first shot has hit the
+blank, but the second is wide of the target altogether.</p>
+
+<p>In his dedication of the volume to "the Marquis
+of Hamilton, Earle of Arren and Cambridge, etc.,"
+he describes its contents as "but flashes of wit." A
+modern reader will probably, however, be inclined
+to think that this modest opinion of them is far too
+flattering. At times there is a faint suggestion of a
+possible gleam of brightness, but this is instantly
+followed by Egyptian darkness, and one is reminded
+of a revolving light that has somehow gone wrong.</p>
+
+<p>The volume closes with the somewhat liturgical
+formula, "Here end the first three Bookes of Sir
+Thomas Vrchard's Epigrams," and with a doxology,
+the latter being almost the only trace of matter in
+it to justify the use of "Divine" in the title. The
+author was evidently prepared to go on with more
+"bookes" of the kind, if he got any encouragement
+from publishers or public, but, probably, both
+thought it about time for him to stop. The fact<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+that, in five years after this volume of poems had
+appeared, a second edition should apparently have
+been brought out, would seem at first to indicate
+that there must have been some little run upon the
+<i>Epigrams</i>. But the truth of the matter is, that one
+"William Leake" had evidently got the "remainder,"
+and issued them in 1646 with a new title-page.</p>
+
+<p>In the Introductory Notice to Sir Theodore
+Martin's edition of Rabelais, some information is
+given concerning a folio volume of unpublished
+Epigrams by Urquhart, which is still in existence.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a>
+It consists of ten books, called after Apollo and
+the Muses, each containing 110 Epigrams, except
+the last, which has 113. The MS. is dedicated to
+the Marquis of Hamilton; but, in addition to this,
+each book has a separate dedication to some one of
+the author's political associates or friends. The
+persons thus honoured are the Marquis of Huntly,
+the Earl of Arundel, the Earl of Northumberland,
+the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Dorset, the
+Earl of Holland, the Earl of Newcastle, the Earl of
+Stafford, Lord Craven, and Lord Gaurin (Gowran).
+According to the custom of that time, the reader
+finds his progress barred by several prefaces,
+respectively named, in this instance, as the
+"Isagoge," or "Introduction," the "Premonition,"
+and the "Prolog," and cannot get away without a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+"Corollarie," an "Animadversion," several extra
+leaves of verses, "A Table for the more easie finding
+out of such Epigrams as treat of one subject,"
+an "Index," and a "List of proper names."
+For one of these latter he has reason to be grateful
+to Sir Thomas, for the "Index" is a glossary of
+"the harshest and most difficult words contained in
+the preceding Epigrams."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;">
+<img src="images/handwritingjpg.jpg" width="640" height="714" alt="Fac-simile of Sir Thomas Urquhart&#39;s handwriting considerably reduced." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Fac-simile of Sir Thomas Urquhart&#39;s handwriting considerably reduced.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The general character of the unpublished
+Epigrams does not seem to be higher than that of
+those which have seen the light of day, and
+consequently there is little likelihood of any anxiety
+being expressed by the general public for a sight
+of them. Some of them also are of a sportive
+turn, and are more in accordance with the standard
+of taste and manners which prevailed in the middle
+of the seventeenth century than with that, of our
+own day. From the "Animadversion" it seems
+that Urquhart "contryved, blocked, and digested
+these eleven hundred epigrams in a thirteen weeks
+tyme." This surely breaks the record in the
+matter of speed in producing epigrams. Had the
+results been better, one would have had more pleasure
+in supporting Sir Thomas against all-comers.</p>
+
+<p>The second literary venture made by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart was the publication of a scientific work,
+entitled "<span class="smcap">The Trissotetras</span>"<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a>&mdash;a treatise which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+professed to simplify trigonometry. Yet, notwithstanding
+the statement on the title-page that the
+new method of working problems in that department
+of mathematical science would be found invaluable
+by soldiers, sailors, architects, astronomers,
+and others, the volume seems to have dropped at
+once into the depths of oblivion, without even
+having produced a ripple upon the surface of the
+waters. No one is known to have read it or to
+have been able to read it. Lord Bacon, indeed,
+says that things solid and weighty are drowned in
+the river of time, while things that are light and
+blown-up are carried down by its current.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> A very
+comfortable theory would this be for those of us
+who write books that are found unreadable and
+drop at once out of notice, if only some trustworthy
+person could be found who would certify to the
+truth of Lord Bacon's assertion.</p>
+
+<p>The editor of the Maitland Club edition of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's Works has some qualms of
+conscience about reprinting this treatise. With a
+touch of humour, which only true Philistines will
+fully appreciate, he says that some apology may<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+appear necessary, <i>even to an Antiquarian Club</i>,<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> for
+reprinting a work apparently so unintelligible and
+useless; and accordingly he shelters himself behind
+the opinion of Mr Wallace, the Professor of Mathematics
+in the University of Edinburgh at that time
+(1834). "I have," says Mr Wallace, who had been
+asked to examine the work, "looked at Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's <i>Trissotetras</i>, but I hardly know what to
+think of it. The book is not absolute nonsense, but
+is written in a most unintelligible way,<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> and so as
+never book was written before nor since. On this
+account it is truly a literary curiosity. There
+appears to have been a perverted ingenuity exercised
+in writing it, and I imagine that, with some
+patience, the author's plan might be understood,
+but I doubt if any man would take the trouble; for,
+after he had overcome the difficulty, there is nothing
+to reward his labour. I presume the object of the
+author was to fix the rules of Trigonometry in the
+memory, but no writer since his time has adopted
+his invention. Indeed, I do not observe the least
+mention of his book in the history of mathematical
+science. Yet, for his time, he seems not to have
+been a bad mathematician. Urquhart speaks in
+terms of great praise of Napier, yet not greater
+than he deserved. I infer from this that he was
+well acquainted with the subject as then known.
+The book in question is certainly a <i>curious</i>, if not a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+valuable relic of Scottish genius in the olden time,
+and it is a good specimen of the pedantry and
+fantastic taste of the Author. If, therefore, by reprinting
+his works, it be intended to give a true
+portraiture of him, <i>The Trissotetras</i> should on that
+account, and I see no better reason, again pass
+through the press."<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p>
+
+<p>The volume is dedicated "To the right honourable
+and most noble lady, my dear and loving
+mother, the Lady Dowager of Cromartie." The
+"Epistle Dedicatory" is couched in the high-flown
+language which others would have had difficulty in
+concocting, but which seems to flow with ease from
+the lips of Sir Thomas. "Thus, Madam," he says,
+"unto you doe I totally belong; but so as that
+those exteriour parts of mine, which by birth are
+from your Ladiship derived, cannot be more fortunate
+in this their subjection, notwithstanding the
+egregious advantages of bloud and consanguinity
+thereby to them accruing, then [than] my selfe am
+happy, as from my heart I doe acknowledge it, in
+the just right your Ladiship hath to the eternall
+possession of the never-dying powers of my soule."
+The following passage from the same "Epistle"
+reminds one of the adulatory terms in which Sir
+Walter Raleigh and Spenser addressed Queen
+Elizabeth: "By vertue of your beloved society,
+your neighbouring Countesses, and other great
+dames of your kindred and acquaintance, become
+more illustrious in your imitation [<i>i.e.</i> in imitation
+of you]; amidst whom, as Cynthia amongst the
+obscurer planets, your Ladiship shines, and darteth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+the angelick rayes of your matchlesse example on
+the spirits of those who by their good Genius have
+been brought into your favourable presence to be
+enlightened by them." The concluding passage in
+his Dedication is still more remarkable: "I will here,"
+he says, "in all submission, most humbly take my
+leave of your Ladiship, and beseech Almighty God
+that it may please his Divine Majesty so to blesse
+your Ladiship with continuance of dayes, that the
+sonnes or those whom I have not as yet begot, may
+attaine to the happinesse of presenting unto your
+Ladiship a braine-babe of more sufficiencie and consequence."<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a></p>
+
+<p>The ordinary reader who looks into the volume
+cannot fail to be appalled by the new and mysterious
+terms with which its pages are crowded. Words
+like "proturgetick," "quadrobiquadr&aelig;quation," "sindiforall,"
+"eathetobasall," "loxogonosphericall," and
+"zetetick," are freely used, and many others equally
+hard and thorny. Even the author himself finds
+it necessary to append to the work a glossary,
+containing an explanation of a number of the
+words of which he had made use. "Being certainly
+perswaded," he says, "that a great many good spirits
+[<i>i.e.</i> worthy souls] ply Trigonometry that are not
+versed in the learned tongues, I thought fit for their
+encouragement to subjoyne here the explication of
+the most important of those Greek and Latin termes,
+which for the more efficacy of expression I have
+made use of in this Treatise."<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a></p>
+
+<p>In some cases, however, the "explication," instead
+of dispelling the darkness, only renders it more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+visible, as when, <i>e.g.</i>, we are told that "<i>cathetobasall</i>
+is said of the concordances of loxogonosphericall
+moods, in the datas of the perpendicular and the
+base, for finding out of the maine qu&aelig;situm." "<i>Inversionall</i>,"
+we are told, "is said of the concordances
+of those moods which agree in the manner of their
+inversion; that is, in placing the second and fourth
+termes of the analogy, together with their indowments,
+in the roomes of the first and third, and
+contrariwise." Probably only those who are able to
+follow the statement that "<i>oppoverticall</i> is said of
+those moods which have a catheteuretick concordance
+in their datas of the same cathetopposites
+and verticall angles," will be qualified to give an
+intelligent assent to the statement that "<i>sindiforall</i>
+is said of those moods the fourth terme of whose
+analogie is onely illatitious to the maine qu&aelig;situm."<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a></p>
+
+<p>Besides the Epistle of Dedication to the author's
+mother, there are two Epistles and some Latin
+verses addressed to the reader. The former of
+these last-mentioned Epistles is signed by Sir
+Thomas, and consists of a glowing tribute of respect
+to Napier, the inventor of logarithms. "To
+write of Trigonometry," he says, "and not make
+mention of the illustrious Lord Neper<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> of Marchiston,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+the inventer of Logarithms, were to be unmindfull
+of him that is our daily benefactor; these artificiall
+numbers by him first excogitated and perfected,
+being of such incomparable use,<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> that by them we
+may operate more in one day, and with lesse danger
+of errour, then [than] can be done without them in
+the space of a whole week; a secret which would have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+beene so precious to antiquity that Pythagoras, all
+the seven wise men of Greece, Archimedes, Socrates,
+Plato, Euclid, and Aristotle, had, if co&aelig;vals, joyntly
+adored him, and unanimously concurred to the
+deifying of the revealer of so great a mystery." He
+concludes with the splendid sentence that Napier's
+"immortall fame, in spite of time, will out-last all
+ages, and look eternity in the face."<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p>
+
+
+<p>The second Epistle to the reader is of a very
+startling kind. It professes to be by some one
+whose initials are J. A., and it is written in commendation
+of the book and its author, but there
+can be no doubt that it is the production of Sir
+Thomas himself. He could no more disguise his
+style of writing than Sir Piercie Shafton could lay
+aside his Euphuistic English. After reading the
+laudatory sentences bestowed upon the inventor
+of logarithms, it is very amusing to find J. A.
+remarking of Sir Thomas Urquhart, that "the praise
+he hath beene pleased to confer on the learned and
+honourable Neper, doth, without any diminution, in
+every jot as duly belong unto himselfe."<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> As all our
+author's eulogies are constructed on a vast scale, it
+is not surprising to read that the new method of
+measuring triangles, as compared with the old, is
+like the sea-journey between the Pillars of Hercules
+("commonly called the Straits of Gibraltar"), as
+compared with the land-journey from the one to
+the other. In the one case, we have a short voyage
+of not more than six hours' sail; in the other case,
+a walk of some seven thousand long miles. The
+two concluding paragraphs of the Epistle are so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>
+extraordinary and so characteristic of our author,
+that we must be allowed to quote them at length.</p>
+
+<p>"The secret unfolded in the following book," says
+J. A., "is so precious, that [the author's] countrey
+and kindred would not have been more honoured
+by him had he purchased [procured] millions of
+gold, and severall rich territories of a great and
+vast extent, then [than] for this subtile and divine
+invention, which will out-last the continuance of
+any inheritance, and remaine fresh in the understandings
+of men of profound literature, when
+houses and possessions will change their owners,
+the wealthy become poor, and the children of the
+needy enjoy the treasures of those whose heires are
+impoverished. Therefore, seeing for the many-fold
+uses thereof in divers arts and sciences, in speculation
+and practice, peace and war, sport and earnest,
+with the admirable furtherances we reape by it in
+the knowledge of sea and land, and heaven and
+earth, it cannot be otherwise then [than] permanent,
+together with the Author's fame, so long as
+any of those endure; I will, God willing, in the
+ruines of all these, and when time it selfe is expired,
+in testimony of my thankfulnesse in particular for
+so great a benefit, if after the resurrection there be
+any complementall [complimentary] affability, expresse
+myselfe then as I doe now, The Author's most
+affectionate, and most humbly devoted servant, J.A."<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p>
+
+<p>Why our author should have resorted to this
+device for recommending himself and his book, we
+cannot tell. Perhaps he felt that some strong
+affirmations were needed in the case. Probably he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+agreed with the old saying that, if you wish work
+to be thoroughly done, you had better do it yourself.
+The moral aspect of the matter we leave in
+the hands of our readers for discussion.</p>
+
+<p>In five Latin elegiac couplets of a very neat and
+polished kind, Alexander Ross<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> recommends <i>The
+Trissotetras</i> to the reader, and assures the author
+that Scotia, whom by his writings he was exalting
+to the stars, looked down upon him with a benignant
+smile. Ross himself is now only known to
+most of us from the mention made of him in
+<i>Hudibras</i>, in the well-known passage&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"There was an ancient sage philosopher<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who had read Alexander Ross over."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is to be feared that Alexander Ross had not
+performed the same feat with regard to Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's treatise; for his verses<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> would have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+been equally appropriate if the subject of them had
+been a flying-machine or a water-tricycle invented
+by his friend.</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the glossary in which the hardest
+words in <i>The Trissotetras</i> are explained, the author
+addresses a word in season to the persons into
+whose hands his book may fall. He expects that
+"learned and judicious mathematicians" will welcome
+it, and he promises them more of the same kind.
+His dignified attitude towards carping critics is very
+impressive. "But as for such," he says, "who,
+either understanding it not, or vain-gloriously being
+accustomed to criticise on the works of others, will
+presume to carp therein at what they cannot
+amend, I pray God to illuminate their judgments
+and rectifie their wits, that they may know more
+and censure lesse; for so by forbearing detraction,
+the venom whereof must needs reflect upon themselves,
+they will come to approve better of the
+endeavours of those that wish them no harme."<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><br /><br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> "<span class="smcap">Epigrams: Divine and Moral.</span> <i>By Sir Thomas Urchard,
+Knight.</i> London: Printed by Barnard Alsop and Thomas Fawcet,
+in the Yeare 1641."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> It is only fair, however, to Urquhart to remember that his
+idea of an Epigram was probably different from ours. In modern
+times point or "bite" is regarded as essential to such kind of
+compositions. The original idea of them was that they should
+contain a single distinct thought, and be brief enough to serve as
+inscriptions.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> Granger's <i>Biographical History</i>, iii, 160.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 263.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Charles Whibley, <i>New Review</i>, July 1897.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> A school-girl once wrote in a copy of <i>Moral Tales</i>, which she
+used for her Italian lessons, that they were "moral to the last
+degree." The same may be said of Sir Thomas Urquhart's <i>Moral
+Epigrams</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> This reminds one of Alice's subtraction sum. "Take a bone
+from a dog. What remains?... The dog's temper would
+remain" (<i>Through the Looking-Glass</i>, chap. ix.). A somewhat
+different and more sombre turn of thought than the above was
+suggested to Southey's Dr Dove by the resemblance between the
+words. "<i>Woman</i>," he says, "evidently meaning either <i>man's woe</i>&mdash;or
+abbreviated from <i>woe to man</i>, because by woman was woe
+brought into the world" (<i>The Doctor</i>, chap. ccviii.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> The title is as follows:&mdash;"<i>Ten Books of Epigrams: the Curiositie
+whereof, for Conception, stile, instruction, and Other mixtures
+of show and substance, being no lesse fruitfull then [than] pleasing
+to the diligent Peruser, are entitled</i> <span class="smcap">Apollo</span> <i>and the</i> <span class="smcap">Muses</span>. <i>Written
+by the Right Worshipfull</i> <span class="smcap">Sir Thomas Urchard</span>, <i>Knight</i>." The
+volume is now in the possession of Professor Ferguson, of Glasgow
+University. From it our specimen of his handwriting is taken.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> The title-page, according to the custom of the time, gives a
+somewhat elaborate account of the contents of the volume. It runs
+as follows:&mdash;"<span class="smcap">The Trissotetras</span>; Or, <i>A most Exquisite Table</i> for
+Resolving all manner of Triangles, whether plain or sphericall, Rectangular
+or Obliquangular, with greater facility, then [than] ever
+hitherto hath been practised: Most necessary for all such as would
+attaine to the exact knowledge of Fortification, Dyaling, Navigation,
+Surveying, Architecture, the Art of Shadowing, taking of
+Heights and Distances, the use of both the Globes, Perspective,
+the skill of making Maps, the Theory of the Planets, the calculating
+of their motions, and all other Astronomicall Computations whatsoever.
+Now lately invented, and perfected, explained, commented
+on, and, with all possible brevity and perspicuity, in the hiddest
+and most researched mysteries, from the very first grounds of the
+Science it selfe, proved, and convincingly demonstrated. By Sir
+Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight. Published for the benefit
+of those that are mathematically affected. <i>London</i>, Printed by
+James Young. 1645."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <i>Advancement of Learning.</i></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> The italics are ours.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> Sir Theodore Martin remarks that this conclusion nearly resembles
+that of Socrates, upon being asked his opinion of the book
+of Heraclitus the Obscure. "Those things," he said, "which I
+understood were excellent; I imagine so were those I understood
+not; but they require a diver of Delos" (<i>Rabelais</i>, p. xviii.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. xvi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, pp. 55-57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 131.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> The author of the above sentences is one of the very few persons
+in history or fiction known to us who would have been qualified to
+join in the conversation of the pleasant company in Illyria, when
+they began "to speak of Pigrogromitus, and of the Vapians passing
+the equinoctial of Queubus" (<i>Twelfth Night</i>, Act II. Sc. iii.)&mdash;the
+allusion to which has caused so many German commentators on
+Shakespeare to spend sleepless nights in their libraries.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> John Napier, of Merchiston (1550-1617), who published his
+invention in 1614. Our author calls him Lord Napier, but we are
+to understand the title as simply equivalent to "<i>laird</i>." He calls
+himself on one of his title-pages <i>Baro Merchistonii</i>, but that phrase
+is merely the designation of the superior of a barony, or lord of a
+manor. In the old Scottish Parliament men of this rank sat as
+"<i>lesser barons</i>."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> The subject of logarithms is perhaps one of those things which
+the ordinary render might safely be presumed to know something
+about. In these days of higher education for women, it would be
+an act of impertinence to provide information on this point for that
+class of our readers. The following explanations are, therefore,
+intended for those members of the inferior sex whose education on
+the mathematical side has been neglected. The idea of logarithms
+arose in the mind of Napier from the wish to simplify the processes
+of multiplication and division, by making addition and subtraction
+take their place. To effect this, connect together a series of
+numbers increasing by arithmetical progression with a series
+increasing by multiplication or by mathematical progression.</p>
+
+<table summary="Multiples"><tr><td align="right">Thus:</td><td align="right"> 0.</td><td align="right">  1.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right">    5. </td><td align="right"> 32. </td><td align="right"></td><td align="right">   10.</td><td align="right">  1024.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">1.</td><td align="right"> 2.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> 6.</td><td align="right"> 64.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> 11.</td><td align="right"> 2048.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">2.</td><td align="right"> 4.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> 7.</td><td align="right"> 128.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> 12.</td><td align="right"> 4096.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">3.</td><td align="right"> 8.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> 8. </td><td align="right">256.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> 13.</td><td align="right"> 8192.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="right"></td><td align="right">4.</td><td align="right"> 16.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> 9.</td><td align="right"> 512.</td><td align="right"></td><td align="right"> 14.</td><td align="right"> 16384.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>
+To multiply, say, 64 by 256, that is to find the products of the
+6th and 8th powers of 2, we must take the (6+8)th or 14th power,
+which from the table is 16384. To divide 8192 by 256, or the 13th
+power of 2 by the 8th, we must take the (13-8)th or 5th power,
+which from the table is 32. By means of this principle calculations
+can by made by persons whose business it is to do so, and
+stored up apart for use. The vast saving to mental labour by this
+simple and beautiful adjustment of numbers may be estimated by
+a glance at any collection of tables of logarithms. In a science
+like astronomy, progress would be terribly impeded if calculations
+had to be conducted by the ordinary methods.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 59.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 61.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 63.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Alexander Ross (1590-1654) was a believer in centaurs and
+griffins, in nations of giants and pygmies, and also, of course,
+in witches. In short, a pretty accurate statement of his intellectual
+creed might be constructed by turning into the articles
+of a confession of faith the list of "Vulgar Errors" controverted
+by Sir Thomas Browne. It is interesting to know that he was
+probably the last person in Scotland who heard the voice of
+the water-kelpie. "One day," he says, "travelling before day
+with some company near the river Don in Aberdeen, we heard a
+great noise and voices calling to us. I was going to answer, but
+was forbid by my company, who told me they were spirits, who
+never are heard there but before the death of somebody; which
+fell out too true, for the next day a gallant gentleman was
+drowned, with his horse offering to swim over" (Quoted in
+<i>Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen</i>, by J. Bruce).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> They begin&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Si cupis &aelig;therios tut&ograve; peragrare meatus,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Et sulcare audes si vada salsa maris," etc.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+A friend, who knows</p>
+<div class="poem"><span class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Himself to sing and build the lofty rhyme,"<br /></span>
+</span></div>
+
+<p>
+has given me the following metrical translation of Ross's verses:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Wouldst thou in safety trace ethereal ways,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Or plough with daring keel the briny deep;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Shouldst thou earth's wide expanses long to span,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Come hither, make this learned book thine own.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By it, without D&aelig;dalian wings, canst fly,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And without Neptune, through the depths canst swim;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">By it thou canst subdue the Lybian heat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And bear the cruel cold of Scythian skies.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">On, Thomas! Scotia, whom unto the stars<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Thy writings raise, will yet rejoice in thee."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 146. <i>N.B.</i>&mdash;The attention of professional critics is
+respectfully directed to the above passage.</p></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p>
+<h1>CHAPTER V</h1>
+
+<p class="center">&#928;&#913;&#925;&#932;&#927;&#935;&#929;&#927;&#925;&#927;&#935;&#913;&#925;&#927;&#925;, <span class="smcap">or The Pedigree</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figupperleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/o.jpg" width="90" height="89" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p>NE of the most characteristic of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's works is his
+&#928;&#913;&#925;&#932;&#927;&#935;&#929;&#927;&#925;&#927;&#935;&#913;&#925;&#927;&#925;: or,
+A Peculiar PROMPTUARY of
+TIME.<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> This contains a complete
+pedigree of the Urquhart
+family from the creation of the world down to the
+year <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1652. Prefixed to it is a letter to the
+reader by "a well-wisher," whose initials are G. P.,
+into whose hands the pedigree had fallen by mere
+chance, and who had thought himself bound in
+duty to the public to see it safely through the
+press. According to the statements of this disinterested
+philanthropist, the work in question was
+but one of a large number of papers of very great
+importance, forming part of the author's baggage,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+which he had to abandon after the battle of
+Worcester. It is the habit, we know, of impecunious
+and importunate wayfarers to carry about
+with them documents of interest to which they
+solicit attention; but why a man in Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's position should have gone on a campaign,
+encumbered by various unpublished works
+in manuscript, it is difficult to say. Perhaps the
+simplest explanation is that he was different from
+other people.</p>
+
+<p>The soldiers of Cromwell, we were told, made
+but light of this portion of the enemy's baggage,
+after "the fatal blowe given to the Royal party at
+Worcester"; indeed, but for "a surpassing honest
+and civil officer of Colonel Pride's regiment," the
+pedigree of the Urquharts would have been used
+by "a file of musquettiers to afford smoak to their
+pipes of tobacco."<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p>
+
+<p>The fame of Sir Thomas as an author and as
+a soldier moved G. P., as he tells us, to commit this
+treatise to the press. With considerable ingenuity
+he remarks that, though the author is now in prison
+as a Royalist, he understands that his position is
+by no means "so desperate as that he thereby will
+be much endangered." If any doubt up to this
+point existed as to who G. P. might be, it is set at
+rest by the terms in which he pleads for favourable
+conditions being granted to the prisoner. "It is
+humbly desired," he says, "and, as I believe, from
+the hearts of all that are acquainted with him, that
+the greatest State in the world stain not their glory
+by being the Atropos to cut the thred of that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>
+which Saturne's sithe hath not been able to mow in
+the progress of all former ages, especially in the
+person of him whose inward abilities are like to
+produce effects conducible to the State of as long
+continuance for the future."<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> Only Sir Thomas
+Urquhart himself had the secret of what we may
+call the "spacious" manner of self-eulogy, which by
+its very grandeur seems lifted up above all such
+petty feelings as pride or vanity.</p>
+
+<p>The concluding passage in the address to the
+reader is also worth quoting, as it illustrates the
+magnanimous spirit in which the captive deprecates
+severity towards himself on the ground of the
+injury which would thereby redound to the State.
+"Considering," it says, "how formerly he hath been
+a M&aelig;cenas to the scholar, a patron to the souldier,
+a favourer of the marchant, a protector of the
+artificer, and upholder of the yeoman, it were a
+thousand pities that by the austerity of a State,
+which dependeth in both its <i>esse</i> and <i>bene esse</i> upon
+the flourishing of these worthy professions, effects
+so advantagious thereto, should, by not conferring
+deserved courtesies on him, be extinguished in the
+very brood."<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the <i>True Pedigree and Lineal Descent of
+the Most Ancient and Honourable Family of the
+Urquharts in the House of Cromartie</i>, we have a
+brief but surprisingly complete history of the family
+from the time of Adam<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> down to <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1652. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+line runs through the Sethite and not the Cainite
+branch of the human race, and, among the sons of
+Noah, it passes through Japhet. The story is told
+of a marginal note being found in the history of
+some ancient Highland family, to the effect that
+"about this time the Flood took place." Something
+like this is to be found in the document before us,
+for, under the date <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 2893, Sir Thomas adds to a
+mention of his ancestor Noah, a remark to the
+effect that "the Universal Deluge occurred in the
+six hundreth yeer compleat of his age."</p>
+
+<p>The good fortune of his ancestors in their inheritances,
+marriages, and friendships is very
+remarkable. To one of them, Japhet, fell the
+inheritance of "all the regions of Europe"; Japhet's
+grandson Penuel was "a most intimate friend of
+Nimrod, the mighty hunter and builder of Babel";
+while his great-grandson Tycheros was chosen by
+"Orpah, the daughter of Sabatius Saga, Prince of
+the Armenians, to be her husband, because of his
+gallantry and good success in the wars."<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p>
+
+<p>The name Urquhart came into use at the
+comparatively late period of <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 2139, when the
+family had been in existence for over eighteen
+hundred years. It was first borne by Esormon.
+"He," we are told, "was soveraign Prince of Achaia.
+For his fortune in the wars, and affability in conversation,
+his subjects and familiars surnamed him<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+&#959;&#965;&#961;&#959;&#967;&#945;&#961;&#964;&#959;&#962;, that is [to] say, fortunate well-beloved.
+After which time, his posterity ever since
+hath acknowledged him the father of all that carry
+the name of Urquhart.<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> He had for his arms, three
+banners, three ships, and three ladies, in a field <i>d'or</i>,
+with a picture of a young lady above the waste,
+holding in her right hand a brandished sword, and
+a branch of myrtle in the left, for crest; and for
+supporters, two Javanites, after the souldier-habit of
+Achaia, with this motto in the scroll of his coat-armour,
+&#964;&#945;&#965;&#964;&#945; &#964;&#945; &#964;&#961;&#953;&#945; &#945;&#958;&#953;&#959;&#952;&#949;&#945;&#964;&#945;; that is, These
+three are worthy to behold. Upon his wife
+Narfesia, who was soveraign of the Amazons, he
+begot Cratynter."<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a></p>
+
+<p>The habits of the Urquharts to form alliances
+and friendships with persons afterwards famous in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+sacred and secular history is very marked. Thus,
+one of them, Phrenedon Urquhart, "was in the
+house of the Patriarch Abraham at the time of the
+destruction of Sodom and Gomorrha." At a later
+period, another, named Hypsegoras Urquhart, married
+a daughter of Herculus Lybius; while a descendant
+of theirs, Pamprosodos Urquhart, married Termuth,
+"who was that daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis
+which found Moses among the bulrushes, and
+brought him up as if he had been her own childe."</p>
+
+<p>Another ancestor, Molin Urquhart (<i>c.</i> <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1534),
+married Panthea, "the daughter of Deucalion and
+Pyrrha, of whom Ovid maketh mention in the first
+of his Metamorphoses." The genealogist goes on to
+say that "in that part of Africk which, after his
+name, is till this hour called Molinea, by cunning
+and valour together he killed in one morning three
+lions;<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> the heads whereof, when in a basket, presented
+to his lady Panthea, so terrified her, that
+(being quick with childe) for putting her right hand
+to her left side, with this sudden exclamation, O
+Hercules, what is this? the impression of three
+lions' heads was found upon the left side of the
+childe as soon as he was born." In consequence of
+this incident, the three banners, three ships, and
+three ladies in the Urquhart arms were exchanged
+for three lions' heads.</p>
+
+<p>A century later, we find that Propetes Urquhart
+married Hypermnestra, "the choicest of Danaus' fifty
+daughters." This must have been some time
+after the little affair happened for which forty-nine
+of her sisters were condemned to draw water in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+sieves; for, as every schoolboy knows, the fifty
+daughters of Danaus were married to their cousins,
+the fifty sons of &AElig;gyptus, and all of them, but one,
+at the bidding of their father, murdered their
+husbands on the evening of the marriage-day.
+Hypermnestra, however, had pity upon her cousin
+and husband, Lynceus, and spared him.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a> He must
+have died shortly after, probably from natural
+causes, as it is recorded in the work before us that
+she married Propetes Urquhart, and became the
+mother of Euplocamos Urquhart.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+<p>The thought of what the family to which
+Hypermnestra belonged were capable when their
+blood was up, must, one would think, have cast a
+slight shadow of apprehension upon the married life
+of Propetes Urquhart. A more cheerful tone must
+have pervaded that of his descendant Cainotomos
+Urquhart, for he, we are told, "took to wife Thymelica,
+the daughter of Bacchus, in recompense of
+his having accompanied him in the conquest of the
+Indies." Further interesting particulars, which are
+not elsewhere recorded, are related of this ancestor
+of Sir Thomas. On his return from the expedition
+in which he assisted Bacchus to conquer India,
+he "passed through the territories of Israel, where,
+being acquainted with Debora the Judge and Prophetess,
+he received from her a very rich jewel,
+which afterwards by one of his succession was presented
+to Pentasilea, that Queen of the Amazons
+that assisted the Trojans against Agamemnon."</p>
+
+<p>Their son Rodrigo Urquhart (<i>c.</i> <span class="smcap">B.C.</span> 1295) was,
+we are told, invited over by his kindred the Clanmolinespick,<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a>
+the principal clan in Ireland, and
+"bore rule there with much applause and good
+success"&mdash;the one solitary instance of the kind, we
+suppose, which is to be found in the history of that
+"most distressful country." "From him," it is said,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+"is descended the Clanrurie,<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> of which name there
+were twenty-six rulers and kings of Ireland before
+the days of Ferguse the first, King of Scots in
+Scotland."</p>
+
+<p>A slight degree of uncertainty hangs about the
+identity of the wife of Mellessen Urquhart (<i>c.</i> <span class="smcap">B.C.</span>
+1049). Her name was Nicolia, and before her
+marriage she "travelled from the remote Eastern
+countries to have experience of the wisdom of
+Solomon, and by many<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> is supposed to have been
+the Queen of Sheba." Her husband, however, must
+have considered that, though she loved wisdom, she
+had not acquired much of it, or, at any rate, of the
+kind which is needed for bringing up a young
+family; for the historian goes on to say that
+"Mellessen Urquhart nevertheless sent some of his
+children to Ireland and Britain, to be brought up
+with the best of his own father and mother's kindred."</p>
+
+<p>Amongst other celebrated persons who had the
+honour of being enrolled amongst the ancestors
+of Sir Thomas Urquhart are Pothina, a niece of
+Lycurgus; &AElig;quanima, the sister of Marcus Coriolanus;
+Diosa, the daughter of Alcibiades; and
+Tortolina, the daughter of King Arthur. It is
+observable that for a good many generations immediately
+preceding the author's time, the ladies
+who figure in the genealogy are of comparatively<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+lowly birth&mdash;seldom, indeed, do they reach the
+rank of an earl's daughter. Either the supply of
+princesses was by this time somewhat exhausted, or
+the demands of the Urquharts were less exorbitant.
+The high-spirited character of the most remarkable
+scion of the family who drew up the genealogy
+forbids us to think that, with the lapse of time, they
+had suffered any diminution of courage. It rather
+seems as though the world had entered upon a less
+heroic stage. Perhaps, like Sir Thomas Browne in
+a later age, they had concluded that "it was too
+late to be ambitious, for the great mutations of the
+world were acted."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;">
+<img src="images/image005.jpg" width="640" height="530" alt="Sculptured Stone at Kinbeakie House" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Sculptured Stone at Kinbeakie House</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the time of Vocompos (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 775) a further
+change took place in the arms of the Urquharts,
+which gave them their final form. "Vocompos,"
+we learn, "was the first in the world that had the
+bears' heads to his arms, being induced to exchange,
+by the instigation of King Solvatius, his arms of
+three lions' heads, for the three bears' heads, razed,
+because of the great exploit, in presence of the
+King, done by him and his two brothers, in killing,
+one morning, three wild bears, in the Caledonian
+forrest: the supporters were also changed into two
+greyhounds: the crest and impress remaining still
+the same as it was since the days of Astioremon."<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p>
+<p>An alleged ancestor of our author, William de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+Monte Alto (Mouat),<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> took part in the patriotic
+resistance of Scotland against English oppression
+which is associated with the names of Bruce and
+Wallace, and the faint local traditions of that time
+partly corroborate Urquhart's statements. "This
+William," he says, "caried himself so lovingly
+towards King Robert, that when almost all Scotland
+was possest by King Edward's faction, and his lands
+at Cromartie altogether overrun by them, and his
+house garrisoned and victualed with three yeers
+provision of all necessaries for one hundred men, he
+by a stratagem gained the castle, and with the
+matter of fourty men, keept it out against the forces
+of Edward for the space of seven yeers and a half,
+during which time all his lands there were totally
+wasted, and his woods burnt; so that, having
+nothing then he could properly call his own but
+the mote-hill onely of Cromartie, which he fiercely
+maintained against the enemies, he was agnamed
+<i>Gulielmus de Monte Alto</i>. At last William Wallace<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+came to his relief, but, as I conceive, it was the
+brother's son of the renowned William, who in a
+little den [or hollow] within two miles of Cromartie,
+till this hour called Wallace Den, killed six hundred
+of King Edward's unfortunate forces. Afterwards,
+raising the siege from about the mote-hill of
+Cromartie by the assistance of his namesake the
+other William, the shire of Cromarty was totally
+purged of the enemy."<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></p>
+
+<p>Tradition, according to Hugh Miller, is silent
+respecting the siege, but relates many details of
+the battle. The Scottish forces lay in ambuscade
+in the ravine or hollow which is still, or was until
+recently, called by Wallace's name, and attacked a
+large body of English troops on their way to join
+some of their countrymen, who were encamped on
+the peninsula of Easter Ross. The English were
+surprised and panic-struck, and left six hundred
+dead on the field of battle. The survivors were
+unacquainted with the country, and were under the
+impression that there was continuous land between
+them and their countrymen on the opposite shore.
+"They were only undeceived," we are told, "when,
+on climbing the southern Sutor, where it rises
+behind the town, they saw an arm of the sea more
+than a mile in width, and skirted by abrupt and
+dizzy precipices, opening before them. The spot is
+still pointed out where they made their final stand;
+and a few shapeless hillocks, that may still be
+seen among the trees, are said to have been raised
+above the bodies of those who fell; while the
+fugitives, for they were soon beaten from this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>
+position, were either driven over the neighbouring
+precipices, or perished amidst the waves of the
+Firth."<a name="FNanchor_191_191" id="FNanchor_191_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></p>
+
+<p>Sir Thomas does not let us off easily. After
+subjecting our credulity to a severe strain by one
+kind of statement, he unexpectedly increases the
+tension by another. Thus he says that an ancestor
+in the fifteenth century, Thomas Urquhart, had by
+his wife Helen Abernethie, daughter of Lord Salton,
+five-and-twenty sons, who grew up to manhood,
+and eleven daughters, all of whom found husbands.
+It would only have been kind of him to have
+reduced these numbers a little. But on one point
+he has spared us: we are not asked to believe that
+there were others who died in infancy.</p>
+
+<p>In a postscript Sir Thomas Urquhart explains
+that he has just given his readers a sketch of the
+history of his family, but hopes to furnish them
+with a complete narrative as soon as he obtains his
+release from his parole, and is at liberty to attend
+to this and to other matters of greater importance.
+The thought of the delightful book in store for
+mankind is so attractive to him that he cannot
+help dilating upon it. "In the great chronicle of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+the House of Urquhart," he continues, "the aforesaid
+Sir Thomas purposeth, by God's assistance, to
+make mention of the illustrious families from thence
+descended, which as yet are in esteem in the
+countries of Germany, Bohemia, Italy, France, Spain,
+England, Scotland, Ireland, and several other nations
+of a warmer climate, adjacent to that famous territory
+of Greece, the lovely mother of this most
+ancient and honourable stem."<a name="FNanchor_192_192" id="FNanchor_192_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a> He also intends
+not to omit the name of any family with which at
+any time the aforesaid house has contracted alliance.</p>
+
+<p>The concluding paragraph is very amusing; for
+in it our author promises to give proof of the statements
+he has made, by quoting from the works
+of respectable chroniclers of past ages, though the
+degree of certainty which the reader may thereby
+expect to reach falls short of that given by Holy
+writ or the works of Euclid. "And finally," he
+says, "for confirmation of the truth in deriving of
+his extraction from the Ionian race of the Prince of
+Achaia, and in the deduction of all the considerable
+particulars of the whole story, [the author] is resolved
+to produce testimonies of Arabick, Greek, Latin, and
+other writers of such authentick approbation, that
+we may boldly from thence infer consequences of
+no less infallible verity then [than] any that is not
+grounded on faith by means of a Divine illumination,
+as is the story of the Bible, or on reason, by
+vertue of the unavoidable inference of a necessary
+concluding demonstration, as that of the Elements
+of Euclid; which being the greatest evidence that
+in any narration of that kinde is to be expected,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+the judicious reader is bid farewel, from whom
+the Author for the time most humbly takes his
+leave."<a name="FNanchor_193_193" id="FNanchor_193_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is needless to say that the scheme of filling
+out the sketch of the history of the Urquhart
+family was never carried out, if ever it had been
+seriously entertained by Sir Thomas; and we are
+left in ignorance of the names of the Arabic, Greek,
+Latin, and other authors on whose testimony our
+belief in the authenticity of the narrative was to
+have been firmly based. In the absence of this
+our judgment is left in suspense, unless, indeed,
+we conclude that, as the genealogy begins and ends
+with the names of actual persons,<a name="FNanchor_194_194" id="FNanchor_194_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> the intermediate
+part is not likely to have been a mere fabrication.
+If the links are sound in the places where we can
+test them, it requires no very great exercise of
+credulity to believe that they are the same
+throughout.</p>
+
+<p>Matthew Arnold on one occasion laid down the
+principle, that a book should either "edify the
+uninstructed," or "inform the instructed." Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's "&#928;&#913;&#925;&#932;&#927;&#935;&#929;&#927;&#925;&#927;&#935;&#913;&#925;&#927;&#925;"
+certainly justifies its existence according to this
+standard of judging literature; for if it does not
+serve to edify the uninstructed, it <i>does</i> inform the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+instructed, since the information it contains is not
+to be found in any other quarter.<a name="FNanchor_195_195" id="FNanchor_195_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a></p>
+
+<p>One's faith in the credibility of his narrative is,
+however, a little shaken by finding that in the
+second book of his favourite author, Rabelais, the
+genealogy of the giant Pantagruel is carried up to
+a period far beyond the Flood. It may be a mere
+coincidence, but it is one of those coincidences that
+make us very thoughtful.<a name="FNanchor_196_196" id="FNanchor_196_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a></p>
+
+<p>At the time when Sir Thomas Urquhart wrote,
+Scotland was supposed to have had a dynasty of
+kings and a connected political history dating far<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+back before the birth of Christ. The impudent
+fictions of Hector Boece, whose history of Scotland
+was published in 1526, had been accepted by the
+public, and were regarded as genuine facts even by
+such literary personages as Erasmus and Paulus
+Jovius. Perhaps Sir Thomas thought that a
+credulity which had endured the considerable strain
+which Boece had put upon it might be trusted to
+bear a still greater weight. Indeed, he interwove
+the story of his family with that which was current
+as the genuine history of his native land.</p>
+
+<p>According to the mythical history of Scotland,
+Gathelus, a Grecian prince, having quarrelled with
+his father Miol, took refuge in Egypt, and married
+Scota, a daughter of the Pharaoh who perished in
+the Red Sea. The young people came west and
+founded Portugal (<i>i.e.</i> Port of Gathelus), and then
+journeyed north to Scotland, bringing with them, as
+part of their baggage, the coronation-stone yet to
+be seen in Westminster Abbey. Their descendant
+Fergus, "the father of a hundred kings," was the
+founder of the Scottish monarchy. These shadowy
+persons appear again, "with the moonlight streaming
+through them," and play their parts in the
+genealogy of the Urquharts.</p>
+
+<p>Some have thought that Sir Thomas believed
+devoutly in the genealogy himself, and was the dupe
+of his own imagination. One would be sorry to
+form so low an opinion of his mental endowments.
+If the book in question were not an elaborate joke,
+it can only have been intended to impose upon the
+English people by convincing them of the extraordinary
+dignity and grandeur of their captive.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span>
+If this were indeed the case, he must have had an
+humbler opinion of the intellectual faculties possessed
+by the average Englishman than even the
+majority of his fellow-countrymen entertain.</p>
+
+<p>A very amusing reference to this book of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's is to be found in the Decisions
+of the Court of Session, under date of 23rd to 25th
+January, 1706.<a name="FNanchor_197_197" id="FNanchor_197_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> In that year an action was
+brought by the Earl of Sutherland against the Earls
+of Crawford, Errol, and Marischal, to determine the
+question of precedency in the rolls of Parliament.
+The pursuer asserted that he was lineally descended
+from an Earl of Sutherland living in 1275, while
+his opponents' ancestors were not Earls till about
+1399. The pursuer laid stress upon the fact that,
+in 1630, a formal inquiry into this matter had
+been held at Inverness, and that the decision had
+been in his favour. The persons who conducted
+the inquiry were, he said, of undoubted credit, and
+well versed in the particulars investigated, and
+"might have had good information from old men
+and writs, which in the course of time and through
+accidents had long disappeared." The advocate for
+the defenders replied that the "Chancellor of the
+Inquest" had been Sir Thomas Urquhart, who
+might have traced the pursuer's descent from Noah,
+as he had deduced his own genealogy from Adam,
+and that the decision arrived at was of no more
+value than "his fanciful derivation of his own
+pedigree. For the members of the Inquest seemed
+to have sworn rashly upon matters of greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+antiquity than they could certainly know." "It is
+true," was the pursuer's reply, "the defender in his
+gaiety objects against Sir Thomas Urquhart as an
+ill genealogist; and it is owned that his derivation
+from Adam and Noah was fantastic enough, and
+indeed but <i>lusus ingenii</i>; but, after all, the
+defender's criticism will not hinder him to pass
+for a most knowing gentleman." The case was
+decided in favour of the Earl of Sutherland, so far
+as some of his contentions were concerned. But it
+is somewhat curious that his advocate overlooked
+the fact that the Sir Thomas Urquhart of 1630,
+who had been the "Chancellor of the Inquest," was
+not the author of the book containing the genealogy
+of the Urquharts, but that it was written by his
+son. It is quite possible, however, that it was a
+matter of notoriety that the elder Sir Thomas had
+been a believer in the long pedigree which his
+more famous son had, years after, elaborated and
+published.<a name="FNanchor_198_198" id="FNanchor_198_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><br /><br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> The full title of the work is as follows:&mdash;&#928;&#913;&#925;&#932;&#927;&#935;&#929;&#927;&#925;&#927;&#935;&#913;&#925;&#927;&#925;:
+or, A Peculiar PROMPTUARY of TIME; Wherein (not one
+instant being omitted since the beginning of motion) is displayed
+A most exact <span class="smcap">Directory</span> for all particular <i>Chronologies</i> in what
+Family soever: And that by deducing the true Pedigree and
+Lineal descent of the most ancient and honourable name of the
+VRQVHARTS, in the house of <span class="smcap">Cromartie</span>, since the Creation of
+the world, until this present yeer of God, 1652. London, Printed
+for Richard Baddeley, and are to be sold at his shop, within the
+Middle-Temple-Gate, 1652.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 151.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 152.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> Poor Sir Thomas thought that he was going back to the
+beginning when he traced his descent up to Adam, or, to be more
+exact, to the red earth of which the "protoplast" was made.
+The late Charles Darwin carried back the pedigree of man a
+prodigious length, though he lowered its quality. There can be
+little doubt that our author would have disdained to accept what
+used to be called "the lower animals" as, in any sense, ancestors
+of mankind, or, at any rate, of the dignified family of Urquhart.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> In one respect, at any rate, we have legitimate ground of
+triumph over our ancestors&mdash;we spell better than they did.
+Charles Lamb once lent a volume of the old dramatists to a friend,
+and asked him his opinion of it. The reply was that it contained
+a considerable amount of bad spelling! The name Urquhart, as
+thus written, occurs here in Sir Thomas's "Pedigree," and is,
+doubtless, the correct form of the name. In the Latinised shape
+of Urquhardus it occurs on the register of the University of Aberdeen,
+at which our author studied. Yet Urchard seems to have
+been
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"The name our valiant Knight<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">To all his challenges did write."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+The unbridled licence in the matter of spelling prevalent at that
+period is still further illustrated by the historian Gordon, who
+wrote the <i>History of Scots Affairs</i>, and who gives us the name in
+the form of Wrqhward! This, one would think, was as far as it
+was possible to get in the way of bad spelling, without altogether
+taking leave of the sounds to be expressed by alphabetical signs.
+After it the spelling Wrwhart, as we find it in an Act of Parliament
+of 1663, seems rather poor.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 156.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 159.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> Horace gives us the speech in which she told Lynceus of his
+danger, and urged him to make his escape&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"'Wake!' to her youthful spouse she cried,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">'Wake! or you yet may sleep too well:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Fly&mdash;from the father of your bride,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Her sisters fell:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">They, as she-lions bullocks rend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Tear each her victim: I, less hard,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Than these, will slay you not, poor friend,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Nor hold in ward:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Me let my sire in fetters lay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For mercy to my husband shown:<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Me let him ship from hence away,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">To climes unknown.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Go; speed your flight o'er land and wave,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">While Night and Venus shield you; go<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Be blest: and on my tomb engrave<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">This tale of woe.'"<br /></span>
+<p><span class="i0"><br /></span></p>
+<span class="i0"><br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Odes</i>, iii. 11 (Conington's Translation).<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Her sad forebodings concerning her own fate, it is satisfactory to
+know, were not fully realised. Perhaps she was shipped away to
+Cromartie, or Ireland, or Portugal, or Africa, or wherever it was
+that the head of the Urquhart family was then reigning. Instead
+of Lynceus having the melancholy satisfaction of putting an
+inscription on her tombstone, it is probable that she performed
+that office for him.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> Clanmolinespick is, we believe, more correctly <i>clann-maol-an-easbuig</i>
+(the last pronounced <i>cspick</i>), and means "the clan" or
+"family of the servant of the bishop." They are probably the
+Irish ancestors of the Macmillans of Knapdale in Argyleshire.
+The word "<i>maol</i>," "a tonsured servant," occurs in Malise (<i>maol-Josa</i>),
+"a servant of Jesus," a family name of the old Earls of
+Strathearn; and <i>easbuig</i> in Gillespie or Gillespic, "a servant" or
+"gillie of the bishop."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> Clanrurie is "the clan" or "family of Roderick." These are
+the Macrories and Fullartons, their eponym having been Rory or
+Roderick, one of the two sons of Reginald, whose father in almost
+prehistoric times was Somerled, Lord of the Isles. They settled
+in Bute and Arran, and about Ardnamurchan and the islands
+there.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> This phrase&mdash;"by many"&mdash;is very delightful.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 168. A curious stone lintel now at Kinbeakie gives
+a representation of the Urquhart coat of arms, such as it was in
+Sir Thomas's own time. It was no doubt executed at his orders
+and under his direction, for inscribed on it are the names of some
+of those worthies who appear in the above genealogical history.
+The representation which we give of this stone is from a photograph
+specially taken for the illustration of this work. As the porch in
+the wall of which the slab is set is very narrow, it was impossible,
+even with the use of a wide-angle lens, to get a more satisfactory
+photograph than that which is here reproduced. Our
+readers will therefore kindly excuse the distortion of shape
+which is only too apparent, and accept as a measure of compensation
+the vividness with which the details of the engraved
+stone are brought out. "This singular relic," says Hugh
+Miller, "which has, perhaps, more of character impressed upon it
+than any other piece of sandstone in the kingdom, is about five
+feet in length by three in breadth, and bears date <span class="smcap">A.M.</span> 5612,
+<span class="smcap">A.C.</span> 1651. On the lower and upper edges it is bordered by a plain
+moulding, and at the ends by belts of rich foliage, terminating in
+a chalice or vase. In the upper corner two knights in complete
+armour on horseback, and with their lances couched, front each
+other, as if in the tilt-yard. Two Sirens playing on harps occupy the
+lower. In the centre are the arms&mdash;the charge on the shield three
+bears' heads, the supporters two greyhounds leashed and collared,
+the crest a naked woman holding a dagger and palm, the helmet
+that of a knight, with the beaver partially raised, and so profusely
+mantled that the drapery occupies more space than the shield and
+supporters, and the motto <span class="smcap">Meane Weil, Speak Weil, and Do
+Weil</span>. Sir Thomas's initials, S. T. V. C., are placed separately,
+one letter at the outer side of each supporter, one in the centre of
+the crest, and one beneath the label; while the names of the more
+celebrated heroes of his genealogy, and the eras in which they
+flourished, occupy in the following inscription the space between
+the figures:&mdash;<span class="smcap">Anno Astioremonis</span>, 2226; <span class="smcap">Anno Vocompotis</span>,
+3892; <span class="smcap">Anno Molini</span>, 3199; <span class="smcap">Anno Rodrici</span>, 2958; <span class="smcap">Anno Chari</span>,
+2219; <span class="smcap">Anno Lutorci</span>, 2000; <span class="smcap">Anno Esormonis</span>, 3804. It is
+melancholy enough that this singular exhibition of family pride
+should have been made in the same year in which the family received
+its deathblow&mdash;the year of Worcester battle" (<i>Scenes and
+Legends of the North of Scotland</i>, chap. vii.). The arms of the
+Urquhart family in their later form, as associated with those of the
+Meldrum and Seton families, are given in the 1774 edition of the
+&#928;&#913;&#925;&#932;&#927;&#935;&#929;&#927;&#925;&#927;&#935;&#913;&#925;&#927;&#925;, and are as follows:&mdash;"<i>Arms</i>, Or, three
+Bears-heads, erazed, gules, langued azure. <i>Crest</i>, a demy Otter
+issuing from the wreath sable, crowned with an antique Crown, or,
+holding betwixt his paws a crescent gules. <i>Motto</i> above, <i>Per mare
+et Terras</i>, and below, <i>Mean, speak, and do well</i>. <i>Supporters</i>, two
+grayhounds, proper collared gules, and leashed." There can be no
+doubt that the Urquhart arms should be the three <i>bears'</i> heads,
+though they are often described as three <i>boars'</i> heads. The records
+of 1742 and 1760 in the Lyon Register make this quite certain.
+Probably the close resemblance between the two words is the principal
+cause of the confusion with regard to the matter which exists.
+In the sculptured coat of arms, of which we give a representation,
+the heads certainly have a superficial resemblance at least to those
+of boars. A correspondent who takes an interest in this question
+remarks, however, that "though the heads have tusks worthy of
+any boar, they (<i>i.e.</i> the heads) are set at right angles to the necks
+in a way in which no boar could be represented." On the other
+hand, the snouts of the animals have that distinctly <i>retrouss&eacute;</i>
+shape which we associate with pigs, both wild and domesticated.
+The question is, therefore, not so simple as at first sight it appears,
+and can scarcely be adequately dealt with in a mere footnote.
+Accordingly we leave our readers to discuss and settle the difficulty.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> See p. 4, <i>supra</i>.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 170.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_191_191" id="Footnote_191_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191_191"><span class="label">[191]</span></a> <i>Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland</i>, Hugh Miller, p. 48.
+This battle is supposed to be mentioned by Blind Harry, who has
+celebrated the achievements of Wallace in the following uncouth
+lines:&mdash;
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Wallace raid throw the northland into playne.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">At Crummade feill Inglismen thai slew.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">The worthi Scottis till hym thus couth persew.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Raturnd agayne and come till Abirdeyn,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With his blith ost apon the Lammess ewyn"<br /></span>
+<p><span class="i0"><br /></span></p>
+<span class="i0"><br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(vii. 1084-88).<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_192_192" id="Footnote_192_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192_192"><span class="label">[192]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 174.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_193_193" id="Footnote_193_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193_193"><span class="label">[193]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 175.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_194_194" id="Footnote_194_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194_194"><span class="label">[194]</span></a> The editor of the 1774 edition of the Tracts of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart says that he had compared the genealogy with the
+records kept by the Lord Lyon of Scotland, which go back as far
+as the reign of Alexander <span class="smcap">II.</span> (<span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1214-1249), and had found it
+strictly correct from that period. In Appendix I., which contains
+the lists of names of Sir Thomas's ancestors, we have taken the
+liberty of indicating the names on which reliance can be placed, by
+printing them in italics (see p. 211).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_195_195" id="Footnote_195_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195_195"><span class="label">[195]</span></a> Sir Thomas is said to have remarked about "<i>the Pedigree</i>," that
+by the first generation of readers it would be received with scoffs,
+that the second generation would have their doubts about it, but that
+the third generation would be heavily inclined to believe it. Time
+has moved somewhat more slowly, however, than he anticipated,
+and probably but few of us have as yet got past the second stage.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_196_196" id="Footnote_196_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196_196"><span class="label">[196]</span></a> In the article on Crichton in the <i>Biographia Britannica</i>, Dr
+Kippis subjects our author to grave censure (see p. 158). With
+respect to Urquhart's present work he says: "Of his total disregard
+to truth there is incontestible evidence in another work
+of his, entitled <i>The True Pedigree</i>, etc. In this work it is almost
+incredible what a number of falsities he has invented, both with
+respect to names and facts. Perhaps a more flagrant instance of
+imposture and fiction was never exhibited; and the absurdity of
+the whole pedigree is beyond the power of words to express. It
+can only be felt by those who have perused the Tract itself." It
+is to be feared that Dr Kippis was mentally akin to the Irish
+bishop who remarked of <i>Gulliver's Travels</i> when it appeared, that
+"all was not gospel that was in that book."
+</p><p>
+Some one has said that the names of Urquhart's ancestors, at any
+rate on the male side, are very likely those of the giants and heathen
+in the <i>Amadis of Gaul</i>; and certainly Famongomadan, Cartadaque,
+Madanfabul, Arcalaus, and Basagante remind one of chiefs and
+heroes of the Cromartie line. In the female line the resemblance
+is much closer; for Asymbleta, Eromena, and Gonima distinctly
+recall the Darioleta, Brisena, and Madasima of the romance.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_197_197" id="Footnote_197_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197_197"><span class="label">[197]</span></a> Fountainhall, <i>Decisions</i>, ii. 265 and 315; Morrison, <i>Dictionary
+of Decisions</i>, xxvii. 11304.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_198_198" id="Footnote_198_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198_198"><span class="label">[198]</span></a> In some ways the elder Sir Thomas reminds us of the pedantic
+and undignified monarch, James VI., from whom he received
+knighthood. Both were the first Protestants of their respective
+houses, both were attached to prelacy rather than to Presbyterianism,
+and both were wasteful and slovenly in money matters. If
+the above conjecture be well founded, they had a further point of
+resemblance to each other, in their interest in fabulous genealogies.
+And it may be said of them both that they prepared a series of
+misfortunes for their chivalrous, high-spirited sons.</p></div>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span></p>
+<h1>CHAPTER VI</h1>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>&#917;&#922;&#931;&#922;&#933;&#914;&#913;&#923;&#913;&#933;&#929;&#927;&#925;: or, <span class="smcap">The Jewel</span>, and
+LOGOPANDECTEISION: or, <span class="smcap">The Universal
+Language</span>.</p></div>
+
+
+<div class="figupperleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/s.jpg" width="90" height="99" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p>IR Thomas Urquhart's previous
+excursions into literature had been
+of a somewhat tentative kind, and
+calculated to whet the desire of a
+judicious reader for him to enter upon
+more serious undertakings. He had appeared in the
+world of letters in several different aspects,&mdash;as
+a man of science, and as the representative and
+poet, as historian of a family which, for long descent
+and glorious achievements, could not be rivalled, if his
+statements concerning it were to be credited,&mdash;but
+no one could forecast, from what he had already
+published, the nature of his next literary exploit.</p>
+
+<p>The volume which followed the Pedigree of the
+Urquharts has the strange name above printed,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_199_199" id="FNanchor_199_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a>
+but most of those who have occasion to mention it
+more than once find it more convenient to call it
+"The Jewel."<a name="FNanchor_200_200" id="FNanchor_200_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> Its contents are of such a character
+that one who had read it carefully would find it
+difficult to state off-hand or in a single sentence
+what they were. A Scottish Divinity professor of
+somewhat erratic habits began, on one occasion, a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+lecture in which he was to deal with several miscellaneous
+items, with the words, "Gentlemen, my
+subject to-day will be hotch-potch." This is an
+exact description of <i>The Jewel</i>, and those to whom
+nature has given the mental apparatus needed for
+appreciating Sir Thomas Urquhart will rejoice and
+not repine at the fact that the feeding laid before
+them is of a confused character. Accordingly no
+logical sequence will be allowed to mar the symmetry
+of this chapter in which <i>The Jewel</i> is
+described.</p>
+
+<p>The main contents of the work are lists of the
+ancestors, male and female, of the Urquhart family
+from the beginning down to the year 1652, taken
+from the Pedigree; a narrative of the sad fate that
+overtook the author's manuscripts after the battle
+of Worcester; some pages of one of them which
+contained a scheme for a Universal Language; a
+denunciation of the "unjust usurpation of the
+Presbyterian Clergy, and the judaical practices of
+some merchants" by which discredit had been cast
+upon the Scottish name; an account of Scotsmen
+famous for martial exploits or for learning during
+the previous half-century; a statement of personal
+wrongs inflicted upon the author by ministers of
+his own parishes; arguments in favour of the union
+of Scotland and England; and apologies for the
+simple and unadorned strain in which the work is
+written. All through the volume Sir Thomas is
+spoken of in the third person, and the signature of
+"Christianus Presbyteromastix" is attached to the
+preface, or "the Epistle Liminary," as it is called,
+but there is scarcely any attempt made to keep up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span>
+the pretence of anonymity. The object of the
+writer is to try to obtain for the prisoner of war
+restoration to complete liberty and the enjoyment
+of his property, and he seeks to correct the evil
+impression, which the conduct of certain persons
+in Scotland had produced upon the English people,
+by narrating the martial and literary achievements
+of more worthy representatives of his
+nation.</p>
+
+<p>The rapidity with which the work had been
+produced is described by the writer in the following
+terms. "Laying aside all other businesses," he
+says, "and cooping my self up daily for some hours
+together, betwixt the case and the printing press, I
+usually afforded the setter copy at the rate of above
+a whole printed sheet in the day; which, although
+by reason of the smallness of a Pica letter, and close
+couching thereof, it did amount to three full sheets
+of my writing; the aforesaid setter, nevertheless (so
+nimble a workman he was), would in the space of
+twenty-four hours make dispatch of the whole, and
+be ready for another sheet. He and I striving thus
+who should compose fastest, he with his hand, and
+I with my brain; and his uncasing of the letters,
+and placing them in the composing instrument,
+standing for my conception; and his plenishing of
+the gally, and imposing of the form, encountering
+with the supposed equi-value of my writing, we
+would almost every foot or so jump together in
+this joynt expedition, and so neerly overtake
+other in our intended course, that I was oftentimes,
+(to keep him doing), glad to tear off parcels of ten or
+twelve lines apeece, and give him them, till more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+were ready;<a name="FNanchor_201_201" id="FNanchor_201_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a> unto which he would so suddenly put
+an order, that almost still, before the ink of the
+written letters was dry, their representatives were,
+(out of their respective boxes), ranked in the composing-stick;
+by means of which great haste, I writing
+but upon the loose sheets of cording-quires, which, as
+I minced and tore them, looking like pieces of waste
+paper, troublesome to get rallyed, after such dispersive
+scattredness, I had not the leisure to read
+what I had written, till it came to a proof, and
+sometimes to a full revise. So that by vertue of
+this unanimous contest, and joint emulation betwixt
+the theoretick and practical part, which of us
+should overhye other in celerity, we in the space of
+fourteen working daies compleated this whole book,
+(such as it is), from the first notion of the brain to
+the last motion of the press; and that without any
+other help on my side, either of quick or dead, (for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+books I had none, nor possibly would I have made
+use of any, although I could have commanded
+them), then [than] what, (by the favour of God),
+my own judgment and fancy did suggest unto
+me."<a name="FNanchor_202_202" id="FNanchor_202_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a></p>
+
+<p>The account which our author gives of the
+plunder of his manuscripts after the battle of
+Worcester, and of the strange series of accidents
+by which some of the documents which make up
+<i>The Jewel</i> were preserved, is so odd and amusing
+that it would be a pity to deprive our readers
+of it, though it is related by Sir Thomas at great
+length. "No sooner," he says, "had the total rout
+of the regal party at Worcester given way to the
+taking of that city, and surrendring up of all the
+prisoners to the custody of the marshal-general
+and his deputies, but the liberty, customary at
+such occasions to be connived at in favours of
+a victorious army, imboldened some of the new-levied
+forces of the adjacent counties to confirm
+their conquest by the spoil of the captives. For
+the better atchievement of which designe, not
+reckoning those great many others that in all the
+other corners of the town were ferreting every
+room for plunder, a string or two of exquisite snaps
+and clean shavers [snappers-up and plunderers?]
+(if ever there were any), rushing into Master Spilsbury's
+house, (who is a very honest man, and hath
+an exceeding good woman to his wife), broke into
+an upper chamber, where finding, (besides scarlet
+cloaks, buff suits, arms of all sorts, and other such
+rich chaffer, at such an exigent escheatable to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+prevalent soldier<a name="FNanchor_203_203" id="FNanchor_203_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a>), seven large portmantles ful of
+precious commodity; in three whereof, after a most
+exact search for gold, silver, apparel, linen, or any
+whatever adornments of the body, or pocket implements,
+as was seized upon in the other four,
+not hitting on any things but manuscripts in folio,
+to the quantity of six score and eight quires and a
+half, divided into six hundred fourty and two
+quinternions and upwards, the quinternion consisting
+of five sheets, and the quire of five and
+twenty; besides some writings of suits in law, and
+bonds, in both worth above three thousand pounds
+English, they in a trice carried all whatever els
+was in the room away save those papers, which
+they then threw down on the floor as unfit for
+their use; yet immediately thereafter, when upon
+carts the aforesaid baggage was put to be transported
+to the country, and that by the example of
+many hundreds of both horse and foot, whom they
+had loaded with spoil, they were assaulted with the
+temptation of a new booty, they apprehending how
+useful the paper might be unto them, went back
+for it, and bore it straight away; which done, to
+every one of those their camarads whom they met
+with in the streets, they gave as much thereof, for
+packeting up of raisins, figs, dates, almonds, caraway,
+and other such like dry confections and other
+ware, as was requisite; who, doing the same themselves,
+did together with others kindle pipes of
+tobacco with a great part thereof, and threw out all
+the remainder upon the streets....<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Of those dispersedly-rejected bundles of paper,
+some were gathered up by grocers, druggists,
+chandlers, pie-makers, or such as stood in need of
+any cartapaciatory utensil, and put in present
+service, to the utter undoing of all the writing
+thereof, both in its matter and order. One quinternion,
+nevertheless, two days after the fight on
+the Friday morning, together with two other loose
+sheets more, by vertue of a drizelling rain, which
+had made it stick fast to the ground, where there
+was a heap of seven and twenty dead men lying
+upon one another, was by the command of one
+Master Braughton taken up by a servant of his;
+who, after he had (in the best manner he could)
+cleansed it from the mire and mud of the kennel,
+did forthwith present it to the perusal of his
+master; in whose hands it no sooner came, but instantly
+perceiving by the periodical couching of the
+discourse, marginal figures, and breaks here and
+there, according to the variety of the subject, that
+the whole purpose was destinated for the press, and
+by the author put into a garb befitting either the
+stationer or printer's acceptance; yet because it
+seemed imperfect, and to have relation to subsequent
+tractates, he made all the enquiry he could
+for trial whether there were any more such quinternions
+or no; by means whereof he got full
+information that above three thousand sheets of the
+like paper, written after that fashion, and with the
+same hand, were utterly lost and imbezzeled, after
+the manner aforesaid; and was so fully assured of
+the misfortune, that to gather up spilt water, comprehend
+the windes within his fist, and recover<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>
+those papers again, he thought would be a work of
+one and the same labour and facility."<a name="FNanchor_204_204" id="FNanchor_204_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a></p>
+
+<p>The anonymous personage who gives the above
+account says that he heard of Mr Braughton's
+discovery of these remarkable documents, and also
+of "the great moan made for the loss of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's manuscripts," and, putting the
+two facts together, resolved to ask Sir Thomas if
+the papers found at Worcester belonged to him.
+He examined them, and identified them as part of
+the preface to a grammar and lexicon of a Universal
+Language, of which he was the inventor. The loss
+of a work of such a size and of such great importance
+did not greatly depress him. He stated
+that if he got but encouragement and time, freedom
+and the enjoyment of his ancestral estates, he
+doubted not but that he could supply the missing
+sheets&mdash;the originals of which had come to such
+base uses and disastrous fate at Worcester. The
+papers, therefore, found by Mr Braughton are
+published in order that the readers may see the
+reasonableness of giving Sir Thomas what he asked,
+in view of the astounding benefits which he would
+in return confer upon them. This is put with
+great clearness and brevity in a couplet prefixed to
+the above narrative:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"He should obtain all his desires,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Who offers more than he requires."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The fragment of the treatise concerning the
+Universal Language, which was picked up out of
+the gutter of Worcester streets, wiped clean, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+presented to the public in <i>The Jewel</i>, was republished
+with additions in Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+next work, so that we may here pass it over without
+further notice and allude to some of the other
+matters treated of.</p>
+
+<p>In order to vindicate the honour of his country,
+Sir Thomas Urquhart tells at considerable length of
+the fame won by various compatriots of his in war
+in every part of Europe, during the earlier half of
+the seventeenth century, and he draws the attention
+of his readers to the fact that, at no battle in the
+period named, were all the Scots that fought overthrown
+and totally routed. The explanation of
+this statement is that there were always Scots on
+both sides, so that, if some were defeated and taken
+prisoners, others of that nation were victorious and
+givers of quarter. This part of the work is of
+great historical value, and, as Burton remarks, is
+not liable to the reproach of Urquhart's usual
+wandering profuseness of language&mdash;its leading
+defect, on the other hand, being its too great
+resemblance at times to a muster-roll.</p>
+
+<p>The choicest and most remarkable passage in Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's original works is, undoubtedly,
+the description he gives in <i>The Jewel</i> of his
+fellow-countryman "the Admirable Crichton," who
+belonged to the latter part of the sixteenth century.
+In an appendix<a name="FNanchor_205_205" id="FNanchor_205_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a> our readers may find a long extract
+from it, in which that hero's feats are related. But
+for fear of making the appendices out of all proportion
+to the size of this volume, the whole sketch
+might have been given. To most people the name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+of "the Admirable Crichton" is now a mere proverbial
+phrase to describe a universal genius, and
+whether the person who bore it is a historical or a
+mythical character, is a matter of some uncertainty.
+If any who are possessed of only this amount of
+information on the subject seek for more by reading
+our author's description of Crichton, the probability
+is that they will decide that he is quite
+mythical. The extraordinary flightiness, turgidity,
+and bombast which mark the narrative, in spite of
+its many conspicuous merits, make it seem a mere
+piece of burlesque, rather than a genuine history;<a name="FNanchor_206_206" id="FNanchor_206_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a>
+and yet there is ample evidence of an unimpeachable
+kind of the truthfulness of the main statements
+which it contains. Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+narrative was for a long time one of the principal
+sources of information concerning the brilliant
+young Scotchman, and the result was that a general
+disbelief in the whole history became prevalent.<a name="FNanchor_207_207" id="FNanchor_207_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a>
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> As Burton says, "It was from the hands of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart that the world accepted of an
+idol which, after a period of worship, it cast down,
+but so hastily, as it was discovered, that it had
+again to be set up, but rather in surly justice than
+the old devout admiration."<a name="FNanchor_208_208" id="FNanchor_208_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> Tytler, in his <i>Life of
+the Admirable Crichton</i>, gives full proof from contemporary
+writers that the accomplishments and
+feats ascribed to that personage are authentic.</p>
+
+<p>James Crichton was born in 1560, of a noble
+family, at Eliock, in Perthshire. At the age of ten
+he became a student at St. Andrews, then the most
+famous university in Scotland. Before he was
+fifteen years of age he graduated as Master of Arts,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span>
+and stood third in order of merit among the
+students of his year. After leaving the university
+he spent three years in the pursuit of learning,
+devoting himself to one after another of the various
+branches of the science and philosophy of his time,
+until he had gone through nearly the whole of
+them; and, by force of natural ability, aided, no
+doubt, by intense application, he acquired the use
+of ten different languages.</p>
+
+<p>Some time probably in the year 1578 he began
+his foreign travels, with the desire not only to
+enlarge his experience of the world, but also to
+display the extent of his learning in those public
+disputations which were still in fashion at the
+continental universities. In form and countenance
+he is said to have been a perfect model of manly
+beauty; whilst in all the accomplishments of his
+time he was as well versed as in the branches of
+learning. He was a skilful swordsman, a bold
+rider, a graceful dancer, a sweet singer, and a
+cultivated musician. Soon after his arrival in
+Paris he set up, in accordance with a custom of the
+time, in various parts of the city, challenges to
+literary and philosophic disputation, and announced
+that he would present himself on a certain day at
+the College of Navarre, to answer any questions
+that might be put to him "in any science, liberal
+art, discipline, or faculty, whether practical or
+theoretic," and this in any one of twelve specified
+languages&mdash;Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Latin,
+Spanish, French, Italian, English, Dutch, Flemish, or
+Selavonian. Our readers may find in the appendix
+a full narrative in Sir Thomas Urquhart's inim<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>itable
+style of this extraordinary episode. Though
+Crichton seemed to make no preparation for the
+learned encounter, to which he had challenged the
+most scholarly men in France, he acquitted himself
+in such a manner as to astonish all beholders, and
+to receive the congratulations of the president and
+professors of the University of Paris. From this
+display of his intellectual powers and acquirements,
+as well as from the brilliant figure he cut at the
+balls and tournaments, which were such favourite
+employments of the Court of France at that time,
+he acquired the title by which he is now universally
+known&mdash;that of "the Admirable Crichton."<a name="FNanchor_209_209" id="FNanchor_209_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is worth while to compare the passage in
+Rabelais which describes the similar feats of the
+giant Pantagruel with the account Sir Thomas
+Urquhart gives of Crichton's intellectual tournaments.<a name="FNanchor_210_210" id="FNanchor_210_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a>
+To us there seems something very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+ridiculous in the practice of posting up placards on
+the walls, challenging all-comers to disputation, but
+in the sixteenth century it would not necessarily
+appear in this light. Rabelais, indeed, laughed at
+it; but then he laughed at many things which the
+people of his time did not think absurd. John
+Hill Burton is of the opinion that Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, in describing the way in which Crichton
+conducted himself on the field which had witnessed
+Pantagruel's feats, had the ridicule of Rabelais in
+view, and that, in spite of his laudations, we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+cannot help having the impression that his tongue
+is all the time in his cheek. We think that this
+is unfair to Sir Thomas. There is no reason why
+those who looked on in admiration at a real tournament
+should not also enjoy seeing a burlesque
+one. So that it is quite possible that our author
+smiled while he translated the French satire, and
+that he glowed with honest pride and admiration
+as he recounted his fellow-countryman's exploits
+before the University of Paris.</p>
+
+
+<p>After serving for a couple of years in the French
+army, Crichton journeyed into Italy, and in the
+month of August, 1580, arrived in Venice. He
+made the acquaintance of the famous printer, Aldus
+Manutius, who introduced him to the principal
+men of learning and note in that city. Here he
+maintained the reputation he had acquired in Paris,
+and lives of him were written and published. From
+Venice he proceeded to Padua, and from thence to
+the Court of Mantua, where the adventure occurred
+with which Sir Thomas Urquhart begins the
+narrative of his celebrated fellow-countryman's
+exploits, namely, the defeat and death of the travelling
+bravo, whose challenge he had accepted. Sir
+Thomas is the only authority for this incident in
+Crichton's history. As there is no reason to believe
+that he invented it, we are at liberty to suppose
+that he found it in some one of the lives of
+Crichton which he met with in his Italian travels,
+but which has not come down to us, or that he
+heard of it from some of those who witnessed it.
+For, as Urquhart was born only twenty-three years
+after Crichton's death, he must, in the course of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+his continental travels, have met some who were
+his contemporaries.<a name="FNanchor_211_214" id="FNanchor_211_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_211_214" class="fnanchor">[211]</a></p>
+
+<p>In consequence of this achievement, and also
+of the brilliant reputation acquired by Crichton, he
+was appointed by the Duke of Mantua, companion
+and tutor to his son, Vincenzio de Gonzaga, a
+young man of some literary culture, but of furious
+temper and dissolute morals. Very soon after,
+Crichton met his death in a tragical manner. He
+was walking home one evening in the streets of
+Mantua, from a visit to his mistress, and was
+playing a guitar, when suddenly he was attacked
+by a riotous party of men in masks, whom, however,
+he speedily put to flight. He seized the
+leader of the party, overpowered him, and tore off
+his mask, and found to his horror that it was his
+own pupil, the son of the Duke of Mantua. He
+instantly dropped upon one knee, and, in a spirit
+of romantic devotion, took his sword by the blade,
+and presented its hilt to the prince. Vincenzio,
+heated with wine, irritated at his discomfiture, and
+also, it is said by some, inspired by jealousy, took
+the sword and plunged it into Crichton's heart.
+The brilliant young Scotsman was but twenty-two
+years of age when he thus met his fate.</p>
+
+<p>The narrative which Sir Thomas Urquhart gives
+of the death of his hero is marked by the same
+richness of description as is to be found in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+account of his exploits as a scholar, a swordsman,
+and an actor. In language of astonishing luxuriance
+and frequent happiness of phrase, he enlarges upon
+the incidents of the last evening of Crichton's life,
+and depicts the tender intercourse of the lovers
+before the sudden and bloodly close of their
+courtship. With a minuteness which, as Tytler
+remarks, reminds one of the multitude of particulars
+by the enumeration of which Mrs Quickly sought
+to bring to Falstaff's remembrance his promise to
+marry her,<a name="FNanchor_212_215" id="FNanchor_212_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_212_215" class="fnanchor">[212]</a> Sir Thomas Urquhart depicts the lovers
+in the "alcoranal paradise" in which they were
+embowered on that evening. "Nothing," he says,
+"tending to the pleasure of all the senses was
+wanting; the weather being a little chil and
+coldish, they on a blue velvet couch sate by one
+another towards a char-coale fire burning in a
+silver brasero, whilst in the next room adjacent
+thereto a pretty little round table of cedar wood
+was a covering for the supping of them two
+together; the cates prepared for them, and a week<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+before that time bespoke, were of the choisest
+dainties and most delicious junkets that all the
+territories of Italy were able to afford, and that
+deservedly, for all the Romane Empire could not
+produce a completer paire to taste them."<a name="FNanchor_213_216" id="FNanchor_213_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_213_216" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p>
+
+<p>A tragical note rings through the description of
+the lamentation of the hapless girl over her
+murdered lover. "She, rending her garments and
+tearing her haire, like one of the Graces possest
+with a Fury, spoke thus: 'O villains! what have
+you done? you vipers of men, that have thus
+basely slaine the valiant Crichtoun, the sword of
+his own sexe and the buckler of ours, the glory of
+this age, and restorer of the lost honour of the
+Court of Mantua: O Crichtoun, Crichtoun!'"<a name="FNanchor_214_217" id="FNanchor_214_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_214_217" class="fnanchor">[214]</a></p>
+
+<p>The sequel of the story is in the same vein
+of florid eloquence. "The whole court," says Sir
+Thomas, "wore mourning for him full three
+quarters of a yeer together. His funeral was very
+stately, and on his hearse were stuck more epitaphs,
+elegies, threnodies, and epicediums, then [than], if
+digested into one book, would have outbulk't all
+Homer's works; some of them being couched in
+such exquisite and fine Latin, that you would have
+thought great Virgil, and Baptista Mantuanus, for
+the love of their mother-city, had quit the Elysian
+fields to grace his obsequies; and other of them,
+besides what was done in other languages, composed
+in so neat Italian, and so purely fancied, as if
+Ariosto, Dante, Petrark, and Bembo had been
+purposely resuscitated, to stretch even to the
+utmost their poetick vein to the honour of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span>
+brave man; whose picture till this hour is to be
+seen in the bed-chambers or galleries of the most
+of the great men of that nation, representing him
+on horseback, with a lance in one hand and a book
+in the other; and most of the young ladies likewise,
+<i>that were anything handsome</i>,<a name="FNanchor_215_218" id="FNanchor_215_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_215_218" class="fnanchor">[215]</a> in a memorial of his
+worth, had his effigies in a little oval tablet of gold
+hanging 'twixt their breasts, and held, for many
+yeers together, that metamazion, or intermammilary
+ornament, an as necessary outward pendicle for the
+better setting forth of their accoutrements, as
+either fan, watch, or stomacher. My lord Duke,
+upon the young lady that was Crichtoun's mistres
+and future wife, although she had good rents and
+revenues of her own by inheritance, was pleased to
+conferr a pension of five hundred ducats a yeer.
+The Prince also bestowed as much on her during
+all the days of his life, which was but short, for he
+did not long enjoy himself after the cross fate of
+so miserable an accident. The sweet lady, like a
+turtle bewailing the loss of her mate, spent all the
+rest of her time in a continual solitariness."<a name="FNanchor_216_219" id="FNanchor_216_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_216_219" class="fnanchor">[216]</a></p>
+
+<p>After giving a long list of his fellow-countrymen
+who had won fame in foreign lands by their valour,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+learning, or skill, in order to put to silence those
+who maligned his nation, Sir Thomas Urquhart
+takes up a less pleasing topic&mdash;that of contemporary
+politics. In the plainest and most forcible
+manner he repudiates the whole policy of the
+dominant party in Scotland, and declares that a
+true Royalist or Malignant like himself had much
+more in common with an Independent, than either
+of them had with a Presbyterian; and he enlarges
+upon the turbulent disloyalty with which so many
+of the last-named party had, in his opinion, conducted
+themselves towards their sovereigns since
+Queen Mary's time, evidently in forgetfulness for
+the moment that his newly-found friends, the
+Independents, had executed Charles <span class="smcap">I.</span> and abolished
+monarchy.</p>
+
+<p>His account of the mode in which the Presbyterian
+or "Consistorian" party were in the habit of treating
+their kings is very amusing. "Of a king," he says,
+"they onely make use for their own ends, and so
+they will of any other supreme magistracie that is
+not of their own erection. Their kings are but as
+the kings of Lacedemon, whom the Ephors presumed
+to fine for any small offence; or as the puppy
+[puppet] kings, which, after children have trimmed
+with bits of taffata, and ends of silver lace, and set
+them upon wainscoat cupboards besides marmalade
+and sugar-cakes, are often times disposed of, even by
+those that did pretend so much respect unto them,
+for a two-peny custard, a pound of figs, or mess of
+cream. Verily, I think they make use of kings in
+their Consistorian State, as we do of card kings in
+playing at the hundred; any one whereof, if there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+be appearance of a better game without him, and
+that the exchange of him for another incoming card
+is like to conduce more for drawing of the stake, is
+by good gamesters without any ceremony discarded:
+or as the French on the Epiphany-day use their
+<i>Roy de la Febre</i>, or king of the bean; whom, after
+they have honoured with drinking of his health,
+and shouting <i>Le Roy boit, le Roy boit</i>, they make pay
+for all the reckoning; not leaving him sometimes
+one peny, rather then [than] that the exorbitancie
+of their debosh should not be satisfied to the full.
+They may be likewise said to use their king as the
+players at nine-pins do the middle kyle, which they
+call the king; at whose fall alone they aim, the
+sooner to obtain the gaining of their prize; or
+as about Christmas we do the King of Misrule,
+whom we invest with that title to no other end
+but to countenance the bacchanalian riots and
+preposterous disorders of the family where he is
+installed. The truth of all this appears by their
+demeanour to Charles the Second, whom they
+crowned their king at Sterlin, and who, though
+he be for comeliness of person, valour, affability,
+mercy, piety, closeness of counsel, veracity, foresight,
+knowledge, and other vertues both moral and intellectual,
+in nothing inferior to any of his hundred
+and ten predecessors, had nevertheless no more rule
+in effect over the Presbyterian Senate of Scotland,
+then [than] any of the six foresaid mock-kings had
+above those by whom they were dignified with the
+splendour of royal pomp."<a name="FNanchor_217_220" id="FNanchor_217_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_217_220" class="fnanchor">[217]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span></p>
+<p>The passage in <i>The Jewel</i> which tells of the faults
+of the clergy, as illustrated by the conduct of the
+ministers of the parishes of which Sir Thomas was
+patron, has already been given in these pages, and
+therefore need not be repeated here; but room
+must be found for the paragraph in which he
+denounces those who by their covetousness had cast
+a slur upon the Scottish name. The art of writing
+such English perished with him, its inventor; and
+one cannot be too thankful for such a passage as
+the following. "Another thing there is," he says,
+"that fixeth a grievous scandal upon that nation in
+matter of philargyrie, or love of money, and it is
+this: There hath been in London, and repairing to
+it, for these many years together, a knot of Scotish
+bankers, collybists, or coine-coursers, of traffickers
+in merchandise to and againe, and of men of other
+professions, who by hook and crook, <i>fas et nefas</i>,
+slight and might, (all being as fish their net could
+catch), having feathered their nests to some purpose,
+look so idolatrously upon their Dagon of wealth, and
+so closely, (like the earth's dull center), hug all unto
+themselves, that for no respect of vertue, honour,
+kinred, patriotism, or whatever else, (be it never so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+recommendable), will they depart from so much as
+one single peny, whose emission doth not, without
+any hazard of loss, in a very short time superlucrate
+beyond all conscience an additionall increase to
+the heap of that stock which they so much adore;
+which churlish and tenacious humor hath made
+many that were not acquainted with any else of
+that country, to imagine all their compatriots infected
+with the same leprosie of a wretched peevishness,
+whereof those <i>quomodocunquizing</i> clusterfists
+and rapacious varlets have given of late such
+cannibal-like proofs, by their inhumanity and
+obdurate carriage towards some, (whose shoe-strings
+they are not worthy to unty), that were it not that
+a more able pen then [than] mine will assuredly
+not faile to jerk them on all sides, in case, by their
+better demeanour for the future, they endeavour not
+to wipe off the blot wherewith their native country,
+by their sordid avarice and miserable baseness, hath
+been so foully stained, I would at this very instant
+blaze them out in their names and surnames, notwithstanding
+the vizard of Presbyterian zeal wherewith
+they maske themselves, that like so many
+wolves, foxes, or Athenian Timons, they might in
+all times coming be debarred the benefit of any
+honest conversation."<a name="FNanchor_218_221" id="FNanchor_218_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_218_221" class="fnanchor">[218]</a></p>
+
+<p>After suggesting a number of ways in which the
+tone of society in Scotland might be raised and
+sweetened&mdash;one of which is the establishment of
+"a free schoole and standing library in every
+parish"<a name="FNanchor_219_222" id="FNanchor_219_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_219_222" class="fnanchor">[219]</a>&mdash;Sir Thomas proceeds to argue in a very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+sensible and convincing manner for complete union
+between Scotland and England. The subject is
+introduced by lengthy quotations from speeches by
+Bacon, delivered by him in Parliament as far back
+as the year 1608, in which the advantages of such
+an arrangement are set forth.</p>
+
+<p>The style of our author is seen at its worst in
+the peroration to <i>The Jewel</i>, in which he apologizes
+for the comparative simplicity, if not baldness, by
+which, in the opinion of some, it might be thought
+to be characterised. "I could truly," he says, "have
+enlarged this discourse with a choicer variety of
+phrase, and made it overflow the field of the
+reader's understanding, with an inundation of greater
+eloquence; and that one way, tropologetically, by
+metonymical, ironical, metaphorical, and synecdochical
+instruments of elocution, in all their
+several kinds, artificially affected, according to the
+nature of the subject, with emphatical expressions
+in things of great concernment, with catachrestical
+in matters of meaner moment; attended on each
+side respectively with an epiplectick and exegetick
+modification; with hyperbolical, either epitatically
+or hypocoristically, as the purpose required to be
+elated or extenuated, with qualifying metaphors,
+and accompanied by apostrophes; and lastly, with
+allegories of all sorts, whether apologal, affabulatory,
+parabolary, &aelig;nigmatick, or par&aelig;mial. And on the
+other part, schematologetically adorning the proposed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+theam with the most especial and chief flowers of
+the garden of rhetorick, and omitting no figure either
+of diction or sentence, that might contribute to the
+ear's enchantment, or perswasion of the hearer. I
+could have introduced, in case of obscurity, synonymal,
+exargastick, and palilogetick elucidations; for
+sweetness of phrase, antimetathetick commutations
+of epithets; for the vehement excitation of a matter,
+exclamation in the front, and epiphonemas in the
+reer. I could have used, for the promptlier stirring
+up of passion, apostrophal and prosopop&#339;iel diversions;
+and, for the appeasing and settling of them,
+some epanorthotick revocations, and aposiopetick
+restraines. I could have inserted dialogismes,
+displaying their interrogatory part with communicatively
+pysmatick and sustentative flourishes; or
+proleptically, with the refutative schemes of anticipation
+and subjection, and that part which concerns
+the responsory, with the figures of permission and
+concession. Speeches extending a matter beyond
+what it is, auxetically, digressively, transitiously, by
+ratiocination, &aelig;tiology, circumlocution, and other
+wayes, I could have made use of; as likewise with
+words diminishing the worth of a thing, tapinotically,
+periphrastically, by rejection, translation, and other
+meanes, I could have served myself."<a name="FNanchor_220_223" id="FNanchor_220_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_220_223" class="fnanchor">[220]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p>
+<p>He goes on for a long time in this strain, and
+is at pains to explain that, if the work had been
+written in this more elaborate manner, it would not
+necessarily have been found tedious even by young
+ladies. "I could have presented it to the imagination,"
+he says, "in so spruce a garb, that spirits
+blest with leisure, and free from the urgency of
+serious employments, would happily have bestowed
+as liberally some few houres thereon as on the
+perusal of a new-coined romance, or strange history
+of love adventures. For although the figures and
+tropes above rehearsed seem in their <i>actu signato</i>, (as
+they signifie meer notional circumstances, affections,
+adjuncts, and dependencies on words), to be a little
+pedantical, and to the smooth touch of a delicate
+ear somewhat harsh and scabrous, yet in their
+exerced act, (as they suppone for things reduplicatively
+as things in the first apprehension of the
+minde, by them signified), I could, even in far abstruser
+purposes, have so fitly adjusted them with apt and
+proper termes, and with such perspicuity couched
+them, as would have been suitable to the capacities
+of courtiers and young ladies,<a name="FNanchor_221_224" id="FNanchor_221_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_221_224" class="fnanchor">[221]</a> whose tender hearing,
+for the most part, being more taken with the in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>sinuating
+harmony of a well-concerted period, in its
+isocoletick and parisonal members, then [than] with
+the never-so-pithy a fancy of a learned subject,
+destitute of the illustriousness of so pathetick
+ornaments, will sooner convey perswasion to the
+interior faculties from the ravishing assault of a
+well-disciplined diction, in a parade of curiously-mustered
+words in their several ranks and files
+then [than] by the vigour and fierceness of never so
+many powerful squadrons of a promiscuously-digested
+elocution into bare logical arguments; for the sweetness
+of their disposition is more easily gained by
+undermining passion then [than] storming reason,
+and by the musick and symmetry of a descourse
+in its external appurtenances, then [than] by all
+the puissance imaginary of the ditty or purpose
+disclosed by it."<a name="FNanchor_222_225" id="FNanchor_222_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_222_225" class="fnanchor">[222]</a></p>
+
+<p>The last of Sir Thomas Urquhart's original works
+was his "<span class="smcap">Logopandecteision</span>, or an <span class="smcap">Introduction to
+the Universal Language</span>," a portion of which, as
+already mentioned, had been embedded in the conglomerate
+mass of <i>The Jewel</i>. The idea of a universal
+language was not originated by Urquhart, for it is
+said that something of the kind had been planned a
+generation earlier by the celebrated William Bedell
+(1570-1642), the Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh,
+who is better known for promoting the translation
+of the Bible into the Irish tongue. We are
+told by Burnet, who wrote his life, that he had
+in his diocese a clergyman named Johnston, a man
+of ability, but, unfortunately, of "mercurial wit."
+In order to give him adequate employment, and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+keep him, we suppose, out of mischief, Bedell
+planned out a scheme for a universal character,
+which should be understood by all nations as
+readily as the Arabic numerals or the figures in
+geometry, and started Johnston upon the task of
+completing it. He made, we are told, considerable
+progress with the scheme, but his labours were
+interrupted, and the results of them destroyed, by
+the frightful rebellion of 1641.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Logopandecteision</i><a name="FNanchor_223_226" id="FNanchor_223_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_223_226" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> is divided into six books,
+which bear names of the remarkable kind which
+seem to come so readily to Urquhart's tongue, and
+are so hard to be compassed by the tongues of
+others. The "Epistle Dedicatorie" is an elaborate
+piece of writing, and is animated by considerable
+bitterness of spirit. It is addressed to Nobody&mdash;the
+person who has assisted him in his labours,
+pitied him in his sorrows, and relieved him in his
+penury. It is only the first book&mdash;entitled
+"Neaudethaumata, or Wonders of the New Speech"&mdash;which
+makes a pretence of dealing with the professed
+subject of the volume, and of laying the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+great scheme before the reader. Much to the
+gratification of the judicious student of the work,
+Urquhart rambles off in the remaining books into
+autobiographical details, from which we have already
+gleaned heavily in the earlier chapters of this
+volume, and the only connexion between them and
+the Universal Language is that they show the
+difficulties which prevented the author from carrying
+out his plan. The sources from which these
+difficulties arose are vaguely indicated in the titles of
+the books: thus, the second is called "Chrestasebeia,
+or Impious Dealing of Creditors"; the third, "Cleronomaporia,
+or the Intricacy of a Distressed Successor
+or Apparent Heir"; the fourth, "Chryseomystes, or
+the Covetous Preacher"; and the fifth, "Neleodicastes,
+or the Pitiless Judge." While the sixth book is entitled
+"Philoponauxesis, or Furtherance of Industry,"
+and tells of the marvellous benefits which would accrue
+to all branches of trade, manufacture, and industry
+in Scotland, if the writer's demands were granted,
+and he were at liberty to carry out the multitudinous
+schemes with which his mind was filled. The
+volume concludes with requests or "proquiritations"
+from thirty-two distinct petitioners, who modestly
+conceal themselves from public notice under the
+shelter of the initial letters of their names, that the
+State would, for the various weighty reasons which
+they allege, grant the desire of Sir Thomas to be
+set free, and to be established in possession of the
+estates and honours which his family had enjoyed
+from time immemorial. This section of the work
+suggests failure in ingenuity on the part of the
+author, for few persons above the condition of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+idiocy could surely be found capable of believing
+that the reasons and initials alike were anything
+else than the concoction of Sir Thomas himself.</p>
+
+<p>Very slight indeed can be the notice which we
+are able to give of the proposed Universal Language,
+the description of which, as set forth in the early
+part of the <i>Logopandecteision</i>, is more like an incoherent
+dream than anything else. There is no
+evidence that Sir Thomas Urquhart ever really
+made a grammar or vocabulary of the new language.
+Indeed, he writes about it in such a manner as to
+lead one to think that he had made no way in the
+real working out of the scheme, but merely dreamed
+of what he was going to do. In the new tongue
+which was to supersede all others there were to be
+twelve parts of speech, all words would have at
+least ten synonyms, nouns and pronouns would
+have eleven cases and four numbers&mdash;singular,
+dual, plural, and redual&mdash;and verbs would have
+four voices, seven moods, and eleven tenses. "In
+this tongue," says the author, "there are eleven
+genders,<a name="FNanchor_224_227" id="FNanchor_224_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_224_227" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> wherein," he truthfully adds, "it exceedeth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span>
+all other languages." "Every word in this language,"
+we are told, "signifieth as well backward as forward,
+and however you invert the letters, still shall you
+fall upon significant words, whereby a wonderful
+facility is obtained in making of anagrams....
+Of all languages, this is the most compendious in
+complement, and consequently fittest for courtiers
+and ladies.... As its interjections are more
+numerous, so are they more emphatical in their
+respective expression of passions, then [than] that
+part of speech is in any other language whatsoever."<a name="FNanchor_225_228" id="FNanchor_225_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_225_228" class="fnanchor">[225]</a>
+And finally Sir Thomas vouches for its conciseness
+in a hyperbole which it would be difficult to excel.
+"This language," he says, "affordeth so concise
+words for numbering, that the number for setting
+down, whereof would require in vulgar arithmetic
+more figures in a row then [than] there might be
+grains of sand containable from the center of the
+earth to the highest heavens, is in it expressed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+two letters."<a name="FNanchor_226_229" id="FNanchor_226_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_226_229" class="fnanchor">[226]</a> A considerable revenue might be
+secured if the rule found at the end of some of
+Grimm's <i>Household Tales</i> were applied to this statement,
+and strictly enforced: "Whosoever does not
+believe this must pay a thaler." In a very innocent
+manner our author excuses himself for the extravagant
+praise he has poured out upon his own
+invention. "Why it is," he exclaims, "I should
+extoll the worth thereof, without the jeopardy of
+vaine glory, the reason is clear and evident, being
+necessitated ... to merchandise it for the redintegrating
+of an ancient family, it needeth not be
+thought strange, that in some measure I descend
+to the fashion of the shop-keepers, who, to scrue
+up the buyer to the higher price, will tell them no
+better can be had for mony, 'tis the choicest ware
+in England, and if any can match it, he shall have
+it for nought.... [And so] I went on in my
+laudatives, to procure the greater longing, that an
+ardent desire might stir up an emacity [a propensity
+to buy], to the furtherance of my proposed
+end." One is obliged sadly to assent to his further
+statement about such conduct&mdash;"whereof ...
+there wanteth not store of presidents [precedents]."<a name="FNanchor_227_230" id="FNanchor_227_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_227_230" class="fnanchor">[227]</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Hugh Miller, animated by the patriotic zeal
+which prompts one North Briton to stand by
+another, and with the desire to make out the best
+case possible for one who was not only a fellow-countryman,
+but also a fellow-townsman, speaks in
+high terms of Urquhart's inventive powers as displayed
+in the <i>Logopandecteision</i>. "The new chemical
+vocabulary," he says, "with all its philosophical<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+ingenuity, is constructed on principles exactly
+similar to those which he divulged more than a
+hundred years prior to its invention, in the preface
+to his Universal Language."<a name="FNanchor_228_231" id="FNanchor_228_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_228_231" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> This is a statement
+which it is rather difficult to understand. The only
+indication of the nature of the new tongue which
+we can glean from Sir Thomas's description of it,
+is that every letter of every word in it would have
+a meaning, so that when anyone who knew the
+principles of the language heard a word for the
+first time, he would understand it.<a name="FNanchor_229_232" id="FNanchor_229_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_229_232" class="fnanchor">[229]</a> Now, of course,
+it is true that anyone who knows the principle of
+the nomenclature of salts, to which, we suppose,
+Hugh Miller refers, can tell a good deal about a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+salt from the name of it, say, nitrate of potassium,
+KNO<sub>3</sub>, but it would be impossible to invent a
+systematic nomenclature of which this would not
+be true.</p>
+
+<p>The same author is also very much impressed by
+the fact that the new language was to contain the
+dual, and regards this, on Lord Monboddo's authority,
+as a proof of philosophical acumen on the part
+of the inventor. He does not take any notice of
+the "redual," which the language was also to contain,
+and which might have been taken as an
+indication of double-distilled wisdom. Lord Monboddo
+(1714-1799) says of the Greek language
+that if there "were nothing else to convince him of
+its being a work of philosophers and grammarians,
+its dual number would of itself be sufficient; for as
+certainly as the principles of body are the point,
+the line, and the surface, the principles of number
+are the monad and the duad, though philosophers
+only are aware of the fact." The idea that this
+venerated instrument for the expression or concealment
+of thought was the concoction of a committee
+of primitive sages, and that they deliberately invented
+the dual, and added it as another spike to
+the <i>chevaux-de-frise</i> through which our young
+people, of both sexes, have to struggle<a name="FNanchor_230_233" id="FNanchor_230_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_230_233" class="fnanchor">[230]</a> on their
+way to the Temple of Learning, is truly revolting.
+One would not like to think that the ancient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+Greeks were quite so malicious as to do a thing
+like that. It is more probably the case that, like
+other Aryans, they received the dual as part of
+the inheritance of the past, handed down to them,
+and retained it; while in some of the cognate
+languages<a name="FNanchor_231_234" id="FNanchor_231_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_231_234" class="fnanchor">[231]</a> it was gradually rubbed off, very much
+in the same way as Lord Monboddo's men lost their
+tails, when they gave up their arboreal habits,
+and betook themselves to sedentary occupations.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><br /><br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_199_199" id="Footnote_199_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199_199"><span class="label">[199]</span></a> Its title-page is as follows:&mdash;&#917;&#922;&#931;&#922;&#933;&#914;&#913;&#923;&#913;&#433;&#929;&#927;&#925;: Or, The
+Discovery of A MOST EXQUISITE JEWEL, more precious then
+[than] <span class="smcap">Diamonds</span> inchased in Gold, the like whereof was never
+seen in any age; found in the kennel of <i>Worcester</i>-streets, the day
+after the Fight, and six before the Autumnal Equinox, <i>anno</i> 1651.
+Serving in this place, To Frontal a <span class="smcap">Vindication</span> of the honour of
+<span class="smcap">Scotland</span>, from that Infamy, whereinto the Rigid <i>Presbyterian
+party</i> of that Nation, out of their Covetousness and ambition, most
+dissembledly hath involved it. <i>Distichon ad Librum sequitur,
+quo tres ter ad&aelig;quant Musarum numerum, casus et articuli.</i>
+</p>
+<table summary="partsofspeech">
+<tr><td><i>voc.</i></td><td> <i>nom.</i></td><td> 1 <i>abl.</i></td><td> 2 <i>abl.</i> </td><td><i>dat.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>O thou'rt </td><td>a Book </td><td>in truth </td><td>with love </td><td>to many,</td></tr>
+<tr><td></td></tr>
+<tr><td></td><td>3 <i>abl.</i></td><td colspan='3'> 4 <i>abl. acc.</i></td><td> <i>gen.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Done</td><td> by </td><td colspan='3'>and for the free'st spoke Scot</td><td> of any.</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>
+<i>Efficiens et finis sunt sibi invicem caus&aelig;.</i> <span class="smcap">London</span>, Printed by Ja:
+Cottrel; and are to be sold by <i>Rich. Buddeley</i>, at the Middle-Temple-Gate.
+1652.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_200_200" id="Footnote_200_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200_200"><span class="label">[200]</span></a> &#917;&#922;&#931;&#922;&#933;&#914;&#913;&#923;&#913;&#927;&#929;&#927;&#925; is supposed to be the Greek for "<i>Gold out
+of the dirt</i>." Dr Irving, the author of a very carefully-written
+memoir of Sir Thomas Urquhart, in his <i>Lives of Scottish Writers</i>,
+vol. ii., is a little puzzled by this extraordinary name. The latter
+part of it was, he thought, perhaps connected with &#945;&#965;&#961;&#953;&#959;&#957;&mdash;"to-morrow"&mdash;in
+allusion to the fact that this "exquisite Jewel" was
+taken out of the kennel <i>the morrow</i> after the battle of Worcester.
+But the word is evidently &#945;&#965;&#961;&#959;&#957;&mdash;the Lat. <i>aurum</i>, "gold." In the
+"Postilla" to the Pedigree of the Urquharts, our author says that
+"the shire of Cromartie ... hath the names of its towns, villages,
+hamlets, dwellings, promontories, hillocks, temples, dens, groves,
+fountains, rivers, pools, lakes, stone heaps, akers, and so forth,
+of pure and perfect Greek." We need not be surprised that Sir
+Thomas's Greek has more affinity with the vernacular form of the
+language current in the Cromartie of his time than with the Attic
+of the age of Pericles,
+</p><p><br />
+"<i>For Greke of Athenes was to him unknow&eacute;.</i>"<br />
+</p><p>
+Probably in this northern dialect of the Greek tongue &#945;&#8017;&#961;&#959;&#957; was
+used instead of the more classical &#967;&#961;&#965;&#963;&#8001;&#962;. Another indication of
+the difference between the Cromartian and Attic forms of speech
+is given by Sir Thomas in the same treatise in the name &#913;&#955;&#949;&#958;&#7937;&#957;&#948;&#951;&#961;,
+which Thucydides would have written &#913;&#955;&#7953;&#958;&#945;&#957;&#948;&#961;&#959;&#962;.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_201_201" id="Footnote_201_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201_201"><span class="label">[201]</span></a> Sir Egerton Brydges, Bart., an author who combines a great
+many of the peculiarities of the two Sir Thomas Urquharts, the
+father and the son, and who has recorded his experiences in an
+<i>Autobiography</i>, lays stress in like manner upon this quality of
+speed in composition. Thus he says of his little novel, <i>Mary de
+Clifford</i> (published in 1792), "it was written with a fervent
+rapidity, which no one seems to believe;&mdash;begun in October, 1791,
+and the sheets sent to the press by the post, as fast as they were
+scribbled." The passage in which he refers to the vexations to
+which he had been subjected is worth quoting, on account of its
+similarity to our Sir Thomas's story. "I have suffered," he says,
+"a hundred times more disappointments, and crosses, and insults,
+and wrongs, and deprivations, than Chatterton, yet my spirit,
+though bent and sunk, was never broken. I am calm and defiant,
+though not hopeful, in proportion as the storm presses me;&mdash;and
+what trials have I not undergone? I do not mean to relate all
+these trials; it would involve the conduct of obscure individuals,
+many of whom are still living" (<i>Autobiography</i>, pp. 8, 9).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_202_202" id="Footnote_202_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202_202"><span class="label">[202]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 181.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_203_203" id="Footnote_203_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203_203"><span class="label">[203]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i> at such an extremity liable to be forfeited to the victorious
+soldier.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_204_204" id="Footnote_204_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204_204"><span class="label">[204]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, pp. 189, 190.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_205_205" id="Footnote_205_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205_205"><span class="label">[205]</span></a> Appendix II. p. 215.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_206_206" id="Footnote_206_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206_206"><span class="label">[206]</span></a> "This part is written in a euphuistic, rhapsodical vein, and
+affords an indication of the saturation of Urquhart's mind with the
+style of Rabelais. It might almost be pieced together from the
+meeting of Pantagruel with the Limousin scholar, the discomfiture
+of Thaumast by Panurge, and the meeting of Pantegruel and his
+party with Queen Entelechia" (W. F. Smith's Introduction to
+<i>Rabelais</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_207_207" id="Footnote_207_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207_207"><span class="label">[207]</span></a> Dr Kippis, the editor of the <i>Biographia Britannica, or Lives
+of the Most Eminent Persons who have Flourished in Great Britain
+and Ireland</i> (1789), had a bad time in writing the notice of
+Crichton that appears in it. He says that he entered upon the
+task with diffidence, and even with anxiety. On the one hand,
+he was desirous not to detract from Crichton's real merit, and, on
+the other, he wished to form a just estimate of the truth of the
+facts which are recorded concerning him. Part of his perturbation
+of mind was due to the indignation which he felt towards our
+author, whose narrative of Crichton's adventures he regarded as
+utterly untrustworthy. At an early stage in the article he
+remarks: "And here it must be observed that no credit can be
+granted to any facts which depend upon the sole authority of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart.... I must declare my full persuasion that
+Sir Thomas Urquhart is an author whose testimony to facts is
+totally unworthy of regard; and it is surprising that a perusal of
+his works does not strike every mind with this conviction. His
+productions are so inexpressibly absurd and extravagant, that the
+only rational judgment which can be pronounced concerning him
+is, that he was little, if at all, better than a madman. To the
+character of his having been a madman must be added that of his
+being a liar. Severe as this term may be thought, I apprehend
+that a diligent examination of the treatise which contains the
+memorials concerning Crichton would show that it is strictly true."
+The censure uttered by Dr Kippis <i>is</i> very severe, but some excuse
+for him is easily found. He was anxious to make his dictionary
+of biography a mine of facts on which the public could rely with
+absolute confidence; and he saw before him the danger of quoting
+as an authority a writer like Urquhart, who so palpably elongated
+facts and embroidered them with fancies. His opinion with
+regard to the <i>Pedigree</i> of the Urquharts is given on p. 144.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_208_208" id="Footnote_208_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208_208"><span class="label">[208]</span></a> <i>The Scot Abroad</i>, p. 256. In the <i>Adventurer</i>, No. 81, Dr
+Johnson has reproduced Sir Thomas Urquhart's narrative of the
+career of Crichton, but has toned down its glowing colours.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_209_209" id="Footnote_209_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209_209"><span class="label">[209]</span></a> The reader will remember that this simply meant the
+"Wonderful Crichton"&mdash;this use of the word "admire" being
+now archaic.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_210_210" id="Footnote_210_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210_210"><span class="label">[210]</span></a> The passage in Rabelais is as follows:&mdash;"Pantagruel ...
+would one day make trial of his knowledge. Thereupon in all
+the Carrefours, that is, throughout all the foure quarters, streets
+and corners of the city, he set up Conclusions to the number of
+nine thousand seven hundred sixty and foure,<a name="FNanchor_A_211" id="FNanchor_A_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_211" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> in all manner of
+learning, touching in them the hardest doubts that are in any
+science. And first of all, in the Fodder-street<a name="FNanchor_B_212" id="FNanchor_B_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_212" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> he held disputes
+against all the Regents or Fellowes of Colledges, Artists or Masters
+of Arts, and Oratours, and did so gallantly, that he overthrew
+them, and set them all upon their tailes. He went afterwards to
+the Sorboune, where he maintained argument against all the
+Theologians or Divines, for the space of six weeks, from foure
+a clock in the morning until six in the evening, except an interval
+of two houres to refresh themselves, and take their repast. And at
+this were present the greatest part of the Lords of the Court,
+the Masters of Requests, Presidents, Counsellors, those of the
+Accompts, Secretaries, Advocates, and others: as also the Sheriffes
+of the said town, with the Physicians and Professors of the Canon-Law.
+Amongst which it is to be remarked, that the greatest part
+were stubborn jades, and in their opinions obstinate; but he took
+such course with them, that, for all their ergo's and fallacies, he
+put their backs to the wall, gravelled them in the deepest
+questions, and made it visibly appear to the world, that, compared
+to him, they were but monkies, and a knot of mufled calves.
+Whereupon everybody began to keep a bustling noise, and talk of
+his so marvellous knowledge, through all degrees of persons in both
+sexes, even to the very laundresses, brokers, rostmeat-sellers,
+penknife-makers, and others, who, when he past along in the
+street, would say, This is he! in which he took delight, as
+Demosthenes the prince of Greek oratours did when an old crouching
+wife, pointing at him with her fingers, said, That is the
+man"<a name="FNanchor_C_213" id="FNanchor_C_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_213" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> (ii. chap. 10).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_211" id="Footnote_A_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_211"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Pico della Mirandola in the winter of 1486-87 offered to maintain at Rome
+900 theses <i>de omni scitili</i> (W. F. S.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_212" id="Footnote_B_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_212"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> <i>Rue de la Feurre</i> (near the Place Maubert) was the street in Paris where
+the poorer students used to lodge. It got its name because straw served
+them for beds and furniture. Dante says in <i>Par.</i> x. 137:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Essa &egrave; la luce eterua di Sigieri,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Che, leggendo nel vico degli strami,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sillogizzo invidiosi veri."<br /></span>
+<p><span class="i0"><br /></span></p>
+<span class="i0">(<i>Ibid.</i>)<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_213" id="Footnote_C_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_213"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> Cf. "At pulchrum est, digito monstrari, et dicier: Hic est" (<i>Pers.</i> i. 28).
+(<i>Ibid.</i>)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_211_214" id="Footnote_211_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211_214"><span class="label">[211]</span></a> He says in reference to the whole history of Crichton: "The
+verity of this story I have here related, concerning this incomparable
+Crichton, may be certified by above two thousand men yet
+living, who have known him" (<i>Works</i>, p. 244). There can
+scarcely have been so many, unless centenarians were much
+commoner then than now.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_212_215" id="Footnote_212_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212_215"><span class="label">[212]</span></a> "Thou didst swear to me upon a parcel-gilt goblet, sitting in
+my Dolphin-chamber, at the round table, by a sea-coal fire, upon
+Wednesday in Wheeson week, when the prince broke thy head
+for liking his father to a singing-man of Windsor; thou didst
+swear to me then, as I was washing thy wound, to marry me and
+make me my lady thy wife. Canst thou deny it? Did not good-wife
+Keech, the butcher's wife, come in then and call me gossip
+Quickly? coming in to borrow a mess of vinegar; telling us she
+had a good dish of prawns; whereby thou didst desire to eat
+some; whereby I told thee they were ill for a green wound!
+And didst thou not, when she was gone down stairs, desire me to
+be no more so familiarity with such poor people; saying that ere
+long they should call me madam? And didst thou not kiss me,
+and bid me fetch thee thirty shillings? I put thee now to thy
+book-oath: deny it, if thou canst" (<i>2 Henry IV.</i> <span class="smcap">II.</span> i.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_213_216" id="Footnote_213_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213_216"><span class="label">[213]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 234.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_214_217" id="Footnote_214_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214_217"><span class="label">[214]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 243.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_215_218" id="Footnote_215_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215_218"><span class="label">[215]</span></a> The italics are ours.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_216_219" id="Footnote_216_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216_219"><span class="label">[216]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 224. At one of Charles Lamb's Wednesday
+evenings in Mitre Court Building, Hazlitt tells us, "the name of
+the Admirable Crichton was suddenly started as a splendid
+example of <i>waste</i> talents, so different from the generality of his
+countrymen." A North Briton present declared himself descended
+from that prodigy of learning and accomplishment, and said he
+had family plate in his possession as vouchers for the fact, with the
+initials engraved upon them of A. C.&mdash;"Admirable Crichton!"
+A phrenological report upon this gentleman by Charles Lamb
+would have enlarged "the public stock of harmless pleasure."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_217_220" id="Footnote_217_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217_220"><span class="label">[217]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 277. The charity which "believeth all things and
+hopeth all things," or the credulity which persuades itself of the
+truth of the things which it wishes to believe, is manifest in Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's estimate of the character of Charles <span class="smcap">II.</span> Less
+charitable or more impartial critics are probably inclined to the
+opinion that the existence in that sovereign of a number of the
+above-mentioned virtues was as mythical as that of a good many of
+his "hundred and ten predecessors." So far as "comeliness" is
+concerned, Charles <span class="smcap">II.</span> at a later period had a much humbler view of
+the matter than Sir Thomas here expresses. For he complained
+that when they wished to represent a villain on the stage they
+made up a figure somewhat like himself. See Cibber's <i>Apology</i>,
+p. 111.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_218_221" id="Footnote_218_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218_221"><span class="label">[218]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, p. 212.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_219_222" id="Footnote_219_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219_222"><span class="label">[219]</span></a> His unhappy prejudices against the Presbyterian clergy are
+irrepressible, for immediately after suggesting "a standing library
+in custody of the minister of the parish," he adds, "with this
+proviso, that none of the books should be embezeled by him or any
+of his successors" (<i>Works</i>, p. 282).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_220_223" id="Footnote_220_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220_223"><span class="label">[220]</span></a> We have reason to be thankful to Sir Thomas for his kindness
+in refraining from the style of composition which he here indicates,
+for we can scarcely credit his assurance that the results would have
+been less terrifying than the description of the processes by which
+they would have been reached. There is no need for an apology,
+for he has really done pretty well as it is. Mr Ruskin had once a
+vision of ten thousand school-inspectors assembled on Cader Idris.
+What horror would seize such a company, if they were treated as a
+class in elementary English, and the above passage were read out
+as an exercise in dictation! Nay, it is to be feared that even the
+more august assembly in Dover House, the Lords of Education
+themselves, would be panic-stricken at such a task. Only
+Macaulay's "schoolboy" would probably be found to enter upon
+it with unblenched countenance, and to accomplish it successfully.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_221_224" id="Footnote_221_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221_224"><span class="label">[221]</span></a> This reminds us of Bottom the weaver. "I will roar that I
+will do any man's heart good to hear me.... [Yet not to frighten
+the ladies.] I will aggravate my voice so that I will roar you as
+gently as any sucking dove: I will roar you an 'twere any nightingale"
+(<i>Midsummer-Night's Dream</i>, I. ii.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_222_225" id="Footnote_222_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222_225"><span class="label">[222]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, pp. 292, 293.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_223_226" id="Footnote_223_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223_226"><span class="label">[223]</span></a> <i>Logopandecteision</i>, or an INTRODUCTION to the <span class="smcap">Universal
+Language</span>. Digested into these Six several Books, Neaudethaumata,
+Chrestasebeia, Cleronomaporia, Chryseomystes, Neleodicastes,
+and Philoponauxesis. By Sir Thomas Urquhart of
+<i>Cromartie</i>, Knight. Now lately contrived and published, both
+for his own utilie, and that of all pregnant and ingenious Spirits.
+<i>Credere quaerenti nonne haic justissima res est? Qui non plura
+cupit, quam ratio ipsa jubet.</i> <i>Englished thus</i>, To grant him his
+demands, were it not just? Who craves no more, then [than]
+reason says he must. <i>London.</i> Printed, and are to be sold by
+<i>Giles Calvert</i> at the <i>Black Spread Eagle</i> at the west-end of <i>Pauls</i>;
+and by <i>Richard Tomlins</i> at the Sun and Bible near Pye-corner.
+1653.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_224_227" id="Footnote_224_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224_227"><span class="label">[224]</span></a> Eleven genders seem nine more than are necessary, and the use
+of such a large number suggests to one that in Sir Thomas's
+Universal Language the distinctions in question were to receive
+an undue amount of attention. At the same time, fault has been
+found with our English language for being somewhat defective in
+accentuating these distinctions; and an attempt to correct this
+shortcoming, to a certain extent, has been made by Southey in
+<i>The Doctor</i>. He proposed to anglicise the orthography of the
+female garment, "which is indeed the sister to the shirt," and
+then to utilise the hint offered in its new form: thus <i>Hemise</i> and
+<i>Shemise</i>. In letter-writing every person knows that male and female
+letters have a distinct character; they should therefore, he thought,
+be generally distinguished thus, <i>Hepistle</i> and <i>Shepistle</i>. And as
+there is the same marked difference in the writing of the
+two sexes, he proposed <i>Penmanship</i> and <i>Penwomanship</i>. Erroneous
+opinions in religion being promulgated in this country by women
+as well as men, the teachers of such false doctrine may be divided
+into <i>Heresiarchs</i> and <i>Sheresiarchs</i>, so that we should speak of the
+<i>Heresy</i> of the Quakers and the <i>Sheresy</i> of Joanna Southcote's
+people. The troublesome affection of the diaphragm, which every
+one has experienced, is, upon the same principle, to be called,
+according to the sex of the patient, <i>Hecups</i>, or <i>Shecups</i>, which,
+upon the principle of making our language truly British, is better
+than the more classical form of <i>Hiccups</i> and <i>H&aelig;cups</i>. In its objective
+use the word becomes Hiscups or Hercups; and in like manner
+Histerics should be altered into Herterics, the complaint never
+being masculine. It is perhaps a little surprising that this
+suggestion should have lain before the British public for half a
+century, and have been left unutilised.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_225_228" id="Footnote_225_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225_228"><span class="label">[225]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, pp. 316-318.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_226_229" id="Footnote_226_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226_229"><span class="label">[226]</span></a> <i>Works</i>, pp. 316-318.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_227_230" id="Footnote_227_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227_230"><span class="label">[227]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i> p. 332.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_228_231" id="Footnote_228_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228_231"><span class="label">[228]</span></a> <i>Scenes and Legends</i>, chap. vii.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_229_232" id="Footnote_229_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229_232"><span class="label">[229]</span></a> A somewhat similar project was described in the Marquis of
+Worcester's <i>Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions</i>
+(1663), in which the steam-engine is anticipated. The passage
+is as follows:&mdash;"32. How to compose an universal character,
+methodical, and easie to be written, yet intelligible in any
+language; so that if an Englishman write it in English, a Frenchman,
+Italian, Spaniard, Irish, Welsh, being scholars, yea, Grecian
+or Hebritian, shall as perfectly understand it in their owne Tongue,
+as if they were perfect English, distinguishing the Verbs from the
+Nouns, the Numbers, Tenses, Cases as properly expressed in their
+own Language as it was written in English."
+</p><p>
+A writer in <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i> in 1820 affirms that he has
+good reasons for believing that the above volume was really
+by Sir Thomas Urquhart, and was dishonestly put forth as the
+work of the Marquis of Worcester. He does not give us any
+of his reasons. The style of the little volume bears no resemblance
+to that of our author, and this fact is of itself almost conclusive
+proof that Sir Thomas Urquhart had nothing to do with it. The
+Scottish knight could scarcely open his lips without revealing his
+identity. It is rather difficult to believe, too, that a manuscript
+lost by Sir Thomas in the streets of Worcester should have been
+picked up by the Marquis of Worcester. The coincidence would
+be a very extraordinary one.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_230_233" id="Footnote_230_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230_233"><span class="label">[230]</span></a> Hear Heine's angry allusions to his early scholastic experiences,
+in which he suggests another and less honourable origin of the
+Greek tongue: "Vom Griechischen will ich gar nicht sprechen&mdash;ich
+&auml;rgere mich sonst zu viel. Die M&ouml;nche im Mittelalter hatten
+so ganz Unrecht nicht, wenn sie behaupteten, dass das Griechische
+eine Erfindung des Teufels sei" (<i>Das Buch Le Grand</i>, vii.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_231_234" id="Footnote_231_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231_234"><span class="label">[231]</span></a> Sanskrit, Old Persian, Lithuanian, and old Slavonic have the
+dual both in declension and conjugation, and in the first of these
+it is used much more frequently than in Greek. Faint traces of it in
+declension are to be found in Teutonic speech, though in conjugation
+it is only in the Gothic that the dual is used. In old Gaelic
+the dual is a regular feature of declension, but not of conjugation.</p></div>
+
+
+
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p>
+<h1>CHAPTER VII</h1>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Translation of Rabelais</span>
+</p>
+
+<div class="figupperleft" style="width: 90px;">
+<img src="images/t.jpg" width="90" height="78" alt="" title="" />
+</div><p>HE foundation on which Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's literary fame securely
+rests is his translation into English
+of the first three books of the works
+of Rabelais. Of these the first and
+second appeared in two separate
+volumes in the year 1653&mdash;exactly a century after
+the death of the great French satirist&mdash;and the
+third was published by Pierre Antoine Motteux
+in 1693, long after Sir Thomas's own death.<a name="FNanchor_232_235" id="FNanchor_232_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_232_235" class="fnanchor">[232]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+<p>The difficulty, singularity, and obscurity of the
+writings of Rabelais had probably been hindrances
+in the way of their being presented to the English
+public in their own tongue; for, though the register
+of the Stationers' Company preserves a record of
+two attempts at translation, these seem to have been
+but fragmentary, and to have dropped still-born from
+the press. The works themselves are not known to
+be extant, and nothing more than the bare name of
+them survives.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulties which lie in the way of the
+ordinary reader who wishes to become acquainted
+with the works of Rabelais are very considerable.<a name="FNanchor_233_236" id="FNanchor_233_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_233_236" class="fnanchor">[233]</a>
+The fantastical style of the satirist, his countless
+allusions to contemporary persons and events, his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+out-of-the-way learning, the care with which he
+conceals at such length the seriousness of his
+purpose, and the incredible grossness of manners
+which so often disfigures his pages, are obstacles
+which can with difficulty be surmounted. The last-mentioned
+characteristic is, indeed, a grave and ingrained
+fault, which must for ever be a slur upon
+the writer's fame. Yet we may say of him what
+Don Pedro says of Benedick, "The man doth fear
+God howsoever it seems not in him by some large
+jests he will make"; or what Mrs Blower in <i>St
+Ronan's Well</i> says of her deceased husband, "He
+was a merry man, but he had the root of the matter
+in him for a' his light way of speaking." Coleridge&mdash;"the
+brother," according to Mr Birrell, "whose
+praise is throughout all the churches"&mdash;speaks of
+Rabelais in very high terms indeed; "Beyond a
+doubt," he says, "he was among the deepest, as
+well as boldest thinkers of his age. His buffoonery
+was not merely Brutus' rough stick, which contained
+a rod of gold: it was necessary as an amulet against
+the monks and legates.<a name="FNanchor_234_237" id="FNanchor_234_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_234_237" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> Never was there a more
+plausible, and seldom, I am persuaded, a less appropriate
+line than the thousand times quoted</p>
+
+<p>
+'Rabelais laughing in his easy chair'<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>of Mr Pope. The caricature of his filth and zany<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>ism
+show how fully he both knew and felt the
+danger in which he stood. I could write a treatise
+in praise of the moral elevation of Rabelais' work,
+which would make the church stare and the conventicle
+groan,<a name="FNanchor_235_238" id="FNanchor_235_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_235_238" class="fnanchor">[235]</a> and yet would be truth, and nothing
+but the truth. I class Rabelais with the great
+creative minds of the world, Shakespeare, Dante,
+Cervantes, etc."</p>
+
+<p>Fran&ccedil;ois Rabelais was born in Touraine, according
+to the date usually given, and which there is
+no reason to question, in the same year as Luther
+and Raphael, <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 1483, and died in Paris in 1553.
+His father had a small estate, and was an apothecary
+(or, as some say, a tavern-keeper) in the town
+of Chinon, at the foot of the castle where, three
+centuries before, our Henry <span class="smcap">II.</span> had died, and
+whither, a little more than fifty years before
+Fran&ccedil;ois was born, Joan of Arc had come with
+promises of supernatural aid to Charles <span class="smcap">VII.</span> He
+was the youngest of five sons, and, as was often the
+case in those days, was provided for by being made
+a monk, while the other members of the family
+divided amongst them the paternal estate. In one
+passage in his works he speaks of mothers who
+"cannot bear their children nor brook them in
+their houses nine, nay often not seven years, but by
+putting a shirt over their robe, and by cutting a few
+hairs on the top of their head ... they transform<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+them into birds," <i>i.e.</i>, get rid of them as soon as
+possible, and thrust them into monasteries. This
+seems to have been his own sad fate.</p>
+
+<p>In course of time, after the schoolboy period of
+his life was past, he entered the order of Franciscan
+monks at the convent of Fontenay-le-Comte in
+Poitou, and took holy orders; and it was here, during
+the next fifteen years (1509-1524), that he
+devoted himself to the acquisition of everything in
+the shape of literature or learning, and laid the
+foundation of the astonishing erudition which his
+works display. His long residence in the monastery
+had inspired Rabelais with a deep hatred of
+monasticism and monks, and, after being allowed to
+exchange the Franciscan for the Benedictine order,
+he laid down the regular habit and took that of a
+secular priest, and left the convent without the
+sanction of his superior&mdash;a breach of ecclesiastical
+discipline which exposed him to severe censure.
+After wandering hither and thither in the pursuit
+of medical knowledge, he entered the University of
+Montpellier, graduated as a physician, and practised
+there with credit and success. After being Hospital
+Physician at Lyons, he spent some time in Rome,
+as a medical attendant upon Jean du Bellay, Bishop
+of Paris. While here he succeeded in making his
+peace with the Church, and by a papal Bull (17th
+January 1536) was allowed to return to the Benedictine
+order and to practise physic according to
+canonical rules, <i>i.e.</i>, to charge no fees and to use
+neither fire nor knife. This release from ecclesiastical
+disabilities allowed him to be appointed to a
+place in the abbey of St Maur-des-Fosses, near<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
+Paris. After another period of exile and wandering
+he was nominated cur&eacute; of Meudon, an office which he
+resigned after two years. Three months afterwards
+he died in Paris (9th April, 1553), and was buried
+in the cemetery of the parish of St Paul's.</p>
+
+<p>The publication of the satirical writings of
+Rabelais was spread over a long series of years,
+from 1532 or 1533, when the first installment,
+in his <i>Gargantua</i>, was brought out, down to
+1564, eleven years after his death, when the
+fifth and concluding book of his <i>Pantagruel</i> was
+issued in its entirety. The main object of his
+satire was what used to be called "the intolerance,
+superstition, and disgusting follies and vices of the
+Romish Church," but, incidentally, pretenders to
+knowledge of every kind come under his lash. For
+when imposture, folly, and humbug grow too rank
+and noisome, there arise, it can scarcely be by accident,
+men like Lucian, Rabelais, and Voltaire, whose
+calling it is to cut them down. That theirs is an
+ill-requited office is sufficiently plain from the odium
+which, in spite of their beneficent labours, is often
+associated with their names. "[Hast thou] only a
+torch for burning, no hammer for building?" says
+the somewhat wearisome Herr Teufelsdr&ouml;ckh to
+the last named of these satirists, "take our thanks,
+then, and&mdash;thyself away."<a name="FNanchor_236_239" id="FNanchor_236_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_236_239" class="fnanchor">[236]</a> Yet the torch for
+burning is as necessary as the hammer for building,
+if the site for the Temple of Truth is to be prepared.
+It may well be that burning down and
+rooting up are needed before building can be begun,
+and some of those who have endeavoured to benefit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+mankind have felt themselves called to the one sort
+of work rather than to the other.</p>
+
+<p>The form which Rabelais chooses for the frame-work
+of his satire is the burlesque adventures of
+the giant Gargantua, of whom many legends were
+current in Touraine, and of his son Pantagruel,
+sometimes spoken of as also a giant, and at others
+as a wise and virtuous prince of ordinary proportions.
+Along with the strange, tangled, and chaotic
+story of their exploits the writer from time to time
+enunciates admirable ideas, which must have seemed
+revolutionary to his contemporaries, and some of
+which even we have not yet realised.</p>
+
+<p>The translation of Rabelais by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart is his great literary achievement. "It is
+impossible," says Tytler, "to look into it without
+admiring the air of ease, freshness, and originality
+which the translator has so happily communicated
+to his performance. All those singular qualifications
+which unfitted Urquhart to succeed in serious
+composition&mdash;his extravagance, his drollery (?), his
+unbridled imagination, his burlesque and endless
+epithets&mdash;are in the task of translating Rabelais
+transplanted into their true field of action, and
+revel through his pages with a licence and buoyancy
+which is quite unbridled, yet quite allowable. Indeed,
+Urquhart and Rabelais appear, in many points,
+to have been congenial spirits, and the translator
+seems to have been born for his author."<a name="FNanchor_237_240" id="FNanchor_237_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_237_240" class="fnanchor">[237]</a></p>
+
+<p>As might have been expected, the translation is
+not marked by painful exactness of rendering. On
+the contrary, evidences of carelessness and in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>accuracy
+are by no means uncommon, but yet the
+work is, as some one calls it, "one of the most
+perfect transfusions of an author from one language
+to another,<a name="FNanchor_238_241" id="FNanchor_238_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_238_241" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> that ever man accomplished." The
+great merits of the translation consist in its preserving
+the very air and style of the original, and
+in the astonishing richness of vocabulary which it
+manifests. Where Rabelais invents a word, Sir
+Thomas invents one, or two, or three; and if the
+former has a list of twenty or thirty epithets, the
+latter has no hesitation in supplying his readers
+with forty or sixty, which seem quite as good as
+the original stock which he thus enlarges. Sometimes,
+too, as Mr W. F. Smith, a very distinguished
+student of Rabelais, remarks, "in translating a
+single word of the French he often empties all the
+synonyms given by Cotgrave into his version."</p>
+
+<p>Mr Tytler, in the above-quoted criticism on
+Urquhart's translation, speaks of the peculiarities of
+his style as "revelling through his pages with a
+licence and buoyancy which is quite unbridled, yet
+quite allowable." One is obliged to demur to the
+last adjective. A translator, like a compositor,
+should be under some obligation to adhere to the
+text before him; and, as a matter of fact, the
+success of Urquhart's version is occasionally interfered
+with by this same "unbridled revelling."
+The style of Rabelais is graphic and vigorous, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+at times exceedingly graceful, and occupies a high
+place in French literature. Any tampering with it,
+therefore, in the way of alteration or addition, was
+not likely to be an improvement.</p>
+
+<p>But, even after all deductions are made, the praise
+bestowed upon Urquhart's work has been fully
+deserved. "The buoyancy and unembarrassed sweep
+of its general character," says Sir Theodore Martin,
+"which gives his Rabelais more the look of an
+original than of a translation, its rich and well-compacted
+diction, the many happy turns of phrase
+that are quite his own, have fairly earned for it the
+high estimation in which it has long been held.
+His task was one of extreme difficulty, and there
+have perhaps been few men besides himself that
+could have brought to it the world of omnigenous
+knowledge which it required. It was apparently
+Urquhart's ambition to realise in his own person
+the ideal of human accomplishment, to be at once</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">'Complete in feature and in mind,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">With all good grace to grace a gentleman.'<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He had left no source of information unexplored,
+few aspects of life unobserved, and, in the translation
+of Rabelais, he found full exercise for his
+multiform attainments. Ably as the work has
+been completed by Motteux, one cannot but regret
+that the worthy Knight of Cromarty had not
+spared him the task."<a name="FNanchor_239_242" id="FNanchor_239_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_239_242" class="fnanchor">[239]</a></p>
+
+<p>The merits of the translation can scarcely be
+exhibited in selections torn from their context, and
+perhaps only partly intelligible; but perhaps the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span>
+following may be welcome to the reader. Let us
+take these extracts from the graceful and charming
+sketch of the Abbey of Thelema, which was to be
+different from all other monastic communities,
+and was to be the home of a society of young
+people living together in all innocence and joy, free
+from sordid cares, and devoted to the studies, exercises,
+and accomplishments which are appropriate
+to refined and noble spirits.</p>
+
+<p>"'First, then,' said Gargantua, 'you must not
+build a wall about your convent, for all other
+abbies are strongly walled and mured about....
+Moreover, seeing there are certain convents in the
+world, whereof the custome is, if any woman come
+in, I mean chaste and honest women, they immediately
+sweep the ground which they have trod
+upon;<a name="FNanchor_240_243" id="FNanchor_240_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_240_243" class="fnanchor">[240]</a> therefore was it ordained, that if any man
+or woman, entered into religious orders, should by
+chance come within this new abbey, all the roomes
+should be thoroughly washed and cleansed through
+which they had passed. And because in all other
+monasteries and nunneries all is compassed, limited,
+and regulated by houres, it was decreed that in this
+new structure there should be neither clock nor
+dial, but that, according to the opportunities and
+incident occasions, all their hours should be disposed
+of; for,' said Gargantua, 'the greatest losse
+of time, that I know, is to count the hours. What
+good comes of it? Nor can there be any greater
+dotage in the world then [than] for one to guide
+and direct his courses by the sound of a bell, and
+not by his owne judgement and discretion.'</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p>
+<p>"Item, Because at that time they put no women
+into nunneries, but such as were either purblind,
+blinkards, lame, crooked, ill-favoured, misshapen,
+fooles, senselesse, spoyled, or corrupt; nor encloystered
+any men, but those that were either
+sickly, ill-bred lowts, simple sots, or peevish trouble-houses; ...
+therefore was it ordained, that into
+this religious order should be admitted no women
+that were not faire, well featur'd, and of a sweet
+disposition; nor men that were not comely, personable,
+and well conditioned.</p>
+
+<p>"Item, Because in the convents of women men
+come not but under-hand, privily, and by stealth, it
+was therefore enacted, that in this house there shall
+be no women in case there be not men, nor men in
+case there be not women.</p>
+
+<p>"Item, Because both men and women, that are
+received into religious orders after the expiring of
+their noviciat or probation-year, were constrained
+and forced perpetually to stay there all the days of
+their life, it was therefore ordered, that all whatever,
+men or women, admitted within this abbey, should
+have full leave to depart with peace and contentment,
+whensoever it should seem good to them so to do.</p>
+
+<p>"Item, for that the religious men and women
+did ordinarily make three vows, to wit, those of
+chastity, poverty, and obedience, it was therefore
+constituted and appointed, that in this convent
+they might be honourably married, that they might
+be rich, and live at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>"In regard of the legitimat time of the persons
+to be initiated, and years under and above which
+they were not capable of reception, the women were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+to be admitted from ten till fifteen, and the men
+from twelve till eighteen."<a name="FNanchor_241_244" id="FNanchor_241_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_241_244" class="fnanchor">[241]</a></p>
+
+<p>After an elaborate description of the magnificence
+of the abbey and of its endowments, and of the
+apparel worn by the members of the new order, we
+are told of "<i>how the Thelemites were governed, and of
+their manner of living</i>." "All their life," we read,
+"was spent not in lawes, statutes, or rules, but according
+to their own free will and pleasure. They rose
+out of their beds, when they thought good; they did
+eat, drink, labour, sleep, when they had a minde to it,
+and were disposed for it. None did awake them,
+none did offer to constrain them to eat, drink, nor to
+do any other thing; for so had Gargantua established
+it. In all their rule, and strictest tie of their order,
+there was but this one clause to be observed,</p>
+
+<p>
+DO WHAT THOU WILT;<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>Because men that are free, well-borne, well-bred,
+and conversant in honest companies, have naturally
+an instinct and spurre that prompteth them unto
+vertuous actions, and withdraws them from vice,
+which is called honour. Those same men when by
+base subjection and constraint they are brought
+under and kept down, turn aside from that noble
+disposition, by which they formerly were inclined to
+vertue, to shake off and break that bond of servitude,
+wherein they are so tyrannously inslaved; for
+it is agreeable with the nature of man to long after
+things forbidden, and to desire what is denied us.<a name="FNanchor_242_245" id="FNanchor_242_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_242_245" class="fnanchor">[242]</a></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span></p>
+<p>"By this liberty they entered into a very laudable
+emulation, to do all of them what they saw
+did please one. If any of the gallants or ladies
+should say, Let us drink, they would all drink.
+If any one of them said, Let us play, they all
+played. If one said, Let us go a-walking into the
+fields, they went all. If it were to go a-hawking
+or a-hunting, the ladies mounted upon dainty, well-paced
+nags, seated in a stately palfrey saddle,<a name="FNanchor_243_246" id="FNanchor_243_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_243_246" class="fnanchor">[243]</a>
+carried on their lovely fists, miniardly begloved
+every one of them, either a sparhawk, or a laneret,
+or a marlin, and the young gallants carried the
+other kinds of hawkes. So nobly were they taught,
+that there was neither he nor she amongst them
+but could read, write, sing, play upon several
+musical instruments, speak five or sixe several
+languages, and compose in them all very quaintly,
+both in verse and prose. Never were seen so
+valiant knights, so noble and worthy, so dextrous
+and skilful both on foot and a horseback, more
+brisk and lively, more nimble and quick, or better
+handling all manner of weapons then [than] were
+there. Never were seene ladies so proper<a name="FNanchor_244_247" id="FNanchor_244_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_244_247" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> and
+handsome, so miniard and dainty, lesse froward, or
+more ready with their hand, and with their needle,
+in every honest and free action belonging to that
+sexe, then [than] were there. For this reason,
+when the time came, that any man of the said
+abbey, either at the request of his parents, or for
+some other cause, had a minde to go out of it, he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span>
+carried along with him one of the ladies, namely,
+her whom he had before that chosen for his mistris,<a name="FNanchor_245_248" id="FNanchor_245_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_245_248" class="fnanchor">[245]</a>
+and [they] were married together. And if
+they had formerly in Theleme lived in good devotion
+and amity, they did continue therein and increase
+it to a greater height in their state of matrimony:
+and did entertaine that mutual love till the very
+last day of their life, in no lesse vigour and fervency,
+then [than] at the very day of their wedding."<a name="FNanchor_246_249" id="FNanchor_246_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_246_249" class="fnanchor">[246]</a></p>
+
+<p>Such is the dream which floated before the mind
+of Rabelais, but, unhappily, it is still an airy fancy,
+and has never received a local habitation and a
+name. Mrs Grundy, the vegetarians, the teetotallers,
+the anti-tobacco people, and the enemies of "rational
+costume" have up to the present forbidden the
+erection of any such building.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most prominent figures in the story of
+Pantagruel is his favourite, Panurge, who is a rogue,
+a drunkard, a coward, and a malicious scoundrel, but
+who yet, like Falstaff, in spite of all his moral deficiencies,
+manages to appear as an amusing personage.
+Into his lips is put, with a fine disregard of congruity,
+an eloquent speech, which begins in praise of debt,
+and ends by setting forth the interdependence of all
+things in the universe. Panurge is represented as
+having threescore and three ways of making money,
+and two hundred and fourteen of spending it, so that
+he is always poor, and his sovereign Pantagruel remonstrates
+with him on account of his prodigal habits.</p>
+
+<p>He replies as follows: "Be still indebted to some<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>body
+or other, that there may be somebody always
+to pray for you; [to pray] that the giver of all
+good things may grant unto you a blessed, long,
+and prosperous life; fearing, if fortune should deal
+crossly with you, that it might be his chance to
+come short of being paid by you, he will always
+speak good of you in every company, ever and
+anon purchase new creditors unto you; to the end,
+that through their means you may make a shift by
+borrowing from Peter to pay Paul,<a name="FNanchor_247_250" id="FNanchor_247_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_247_250" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> and with other
+folk's earth fill up his ditch. When of old in the
+region of the Gauls, by the institution of the
+Druids,<a name="FNanchor_248_251" id="FNanchor_248_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_248_251" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> the servants, slaves, and bondmen were
+burnt quick at the funerals and obsequies of their
+lords and masters, had not they fear enough, think
+you, that their lords and masters should die? For,
+per force, they were to die with them for company.
+Did not they uncessantly send up their supplications
+to their great God Mercury,<a name="FNanchor_249_252" id="FNanchor_249_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_249_252" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> as likewise unto
+Dis, the Father of Wealth,<a name="FNanchor_250_253" id="FNanchor_250_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_250_253" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> to lengthen out their
+days, and preserve them long in health? Were
+not they very careful to entertain them well,
+punctually to look unto them, and to attend them
+faithfully and circumspectly? For by those means
+were they to live together at least until the hour
+of death. Believe me your creditors with a more
+fervent devotion will beseech [Providence] to pro<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>long
+your life, they being of nothing more afraid
+than that you should die.... I, in this only
+respect and consideration of being a debtor, esteem
+myself worshipful, reverend, and formidable. For,
+against the opinion of most philosophers, that of
+nothing ariseth nothing, yet, without having
+bottomed on so much as that which is called the
+First Matter [Primary Matter], did I out of nothing
+become such [a] maker and creator, that I have
+created&mdash;what?&mdash;a gay number of fair and jolly
+creditors. Nay, creditors, I will maintain it, even
+to the very fire itself exclusively,<a name="FNanchor_251_254" id="FNanchor_251_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_251_254" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> are fair and
+goodly creatures. Who lendeth nothing is an
+ugly and wicked creature.... You can hardly
+imagine how glad I am, when every morning I
+perceive myself environed and surrounded with
+brigades of creditors,&mdash;humble, fawning, and full of
+their reverences. And whilst I remark that, as I
+look more favourably upon, and give a chearfuller
+countenance to one than to the other, the fellow
+thereupon buildeth a conceit that he shall be the first
+dispatched, and the foremost in the date of payment;
+and he valueth my smiles at the rate of
+ready money.... I have all my lifetime held
+debt to be as an union or conjunction of the
+heavens with the earth, and the whole cement
+whereby the race of mankind is kept together;<a name="FNanchor_252_255" id="FNanchor_252_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_252_255" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> yea,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
+of such vertue and efficacy, that, I say, the whole progeny
+of Adam would very suddenly perish without it."</p>
+
+<p>He then goes on to describe a world in which
+there are no debtors and no debts. There will be no
+regular course among the planets, but all will be in
+disorder. Jupiter, reckoning himself to be nothing
+indebted to Saturn, will go near to thrust him out
+of his place; Saturn and Mars will combine to
+promote the confusion; Mercury, being debtor to
+no one, will no longer serve any; Venus, because
+she shall have lent nothing, will no longer be
+venerated. "The moon," he says, "will remain<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+bloody and obscure. For to what end should the
+sun impart unto her any of his light?<a name="FNanchor_253_256" id="FNanchor_253_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_253_256" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> He owed
+her nothing. Nor yet will the sun shine upon the
+earth, nor the stars send down any good influence,<a name="FNanchor_254_257" id="FNanchor_254_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_254_257" class="fnanchor">[254]</a>
+because the terrestrial globe hath desisted from
+sending up their wonted nourishment by vapours
+and exhalations, wherewith Heraclitus said, the
+Stoicks proved, Cicero maintained, they were
+cherished and alimented.... No rain will
+descend upon the earth, nor light shine thereon;
+no wind will blow there, nor will there be in it any
+summer or harvest.... Such a world without
+lending will be no better than a dog-kennel, a place
+of contention and wrangling.... Men will not
+then salute one another; it will be but lost labour
+to expect aid or succour from any, or to cry fire,
+water, murther, for none will put to their helping
+hand. Why? He lent no money, there is nothing
+due to him. Nobody is concerned in his burning,
+in his shipwrack, in his ruine, or in his death; and
+that because he hitherto hath lent nothing, and
+would never thereafter have lent anything. In
+short, Faith, Hope, and Charity would be quite
+banish'd from such a world&mdash;for men are born to
+relieve and assist one another."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p><p>"But, on the contrary," he went on to say, "be
+pleased to represent unto your fancy another world,
+wherein every one lendeth, and everyone oweth, all
+are debtors, and all creditors. O how great will
+that harmony be, which shall thereby result from
+the regular motions of the heavens! Methinks I
+hear it every whit as well as ever Plato did.<a name="FNanchor_255_258" id="FNanchor_255_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_255_258" class="fnanchor">[255]</a> What
+sympathy will there be amongst the elements! O
+how delectable then unto nature will be our own
+works and productions! Whilst Ceres appeareth
+loaden with corn, Bacchus with wines, Flora with
+flowers, Pomona with fruits, and Juno fair in a
+clear air, wholsom and pleasant. I lose myself in
+this high contemplation. Then will among the
+race of mankind, peace, love, benevolence, fidelity,
+tranquillity, rests, banquets, feastings, joy, gladness,
+gold, silver, single money [small change], chains,
+rings, with other ware, and chaffer of that nature,
+be found to trot from hand to hand. No suits at
+law, no wars, no strife, debate, nor wrangling; none
+will be there an usurer, none will be there a pinch-penny,
+a scrape-good wretch, or churlish hard-hearted
+refuser. Will not this be the golden age
+in the reign of Saturn?&mdash;the true idea of the
+Olympick regions, wherein all [other] vertues cease,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>
+charity alone ruleth, governeth, domineereth, and
+triumpheth? All will be fair and goodly people
+there, all just and vertuous. O happy world! O
+people of that world most happy! Yea, thrice and
+four times blessed is that people! I think in very
+deed that I am amongst them."<a name="FNanchor_256_259" id="FNanchor_256_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_256_259" class="fnanchor">[256]</a></p>
+
+<p>In one curious passage Sir Thomas Urquhart
+amplifies the text of the author whom he translates,
+and supplies his readers with an astonishing
+list of onomatop&#339;ic words, many of which will
+probably be new to those who have not come across
+this passage before. Rabelais has nine of these
+words, but the translator<a name="FNanchor_257_260" id="FNanchor_257_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_257_260" class="fnanchor">[257]</a> enlarges the list to
+seventy-one. Pantagruel is arguing against fasting
+and solitude as aids to a contemplative
+life, and quotes the authority of his father
+Gargantua.</p>
+
+<p>"He [Gargantua] gave us also," he said, "the
+example of the philosopher, who, when he thought
+most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a
+solitary privacy, far from the rusling clutterments
+of the tumultuous and confused world, the better
+to improve his theory, to contrive, comment, and
+ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost
+endeavours to free himself from all untoward
+noises, surrounded and environ'd about so with the
+barking of currs [bawling of mastiffs, bleating of
+sheep, prating of parrets, tatling of jack-daws,
+grunting of swine, girning of boars, yelping of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+foxes, mewing of cats, cheeping of mice, squeaking
+of weasils, croaking of frogs, crowing of cocks,
+kekling of hens, calling of partridges, chanting of
+swans, chattering of jays, peeping of chickens,
+singing of larks, creaking of geese, chirping of
+swallows, clucking of moorfowls, cucking of cuckos,
+bumling of bees, rammage of hawks, chirming of
+linots, croaking of ravens, screeching of owls,
+whicking of pigs, gushing of hogs, curring of pigeons,
+grumbling of cushet-doves, howling of panthers,
+curkling of quails, chirping of sparrows, crackling
+of crows, nuzzing of camels, wheening of whelps,
+buzzing of dromedaries, mumbling of rabets, cricking
+of ferrets, humming of wasps, mioling of tygers,
+bruzzing of bears, sussing of kitnings, clamring of
+scarfes, whimpring of fullmarts, boing of buffaloes,
+warbling of nightingales, quavering of meavises,
+drintling of turkies, coniating of storks, frantling
+of peacocks, clattering of mag-pyes, murmuring of
+stock-doves, crouting of cormorants, cigling of
+locusts, charming of beagles, guarring of puppies,
+snarling of messens, rantling of rats, guerieting of
+apes, snuttering of monkies, pioling of pelicanes,
+quecking of ducks], yelling of wolves, roaring of
+lions, neighing of horses, crying of elephants,
+hissing of serpents, and wailing of turtles, that he
+was much more troubled than if he had been in
+the middle of the crowd at the fair of Fontenay or
+Niort."<a name="FNanchor_258_261" id="FNanchor_258_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_258_261" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> In spite of the amplification of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>
+original text of Rabelais, two of the sounds are
+omitted&mdash;"the braying of asses," and the noise
+made by grass-hoppers (<i>sonnent les eigales</i>), which
+we might have called "chirping," if the swallows
+and sparrows had not taken possession of that term.</p>
+
+<p>As already stated, the first two books were all
+that were published in the lifetime of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart. They appeared as separate volumes in
+1653. The unsold stock of each was reissued in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+1664, in one volume, an additional title-page, an
+extra preface, and a life of Rabelais being prefixed
+to them. The volume became very scarce, and in
+1693-94 Pierre Antoine Motteux, a Frenchman,
+who was master of exceedingly racy and idiomatic
+English, published an edition containing the third
+book. This was extremely inaccurate, so far as
+typography was concerned, and gave the public the
+version of Sir Thomas Urquhart with certain
+unspecified changes made by the editor in order to
+impart to it additional "smartness." In 1708
+Motteux published a complete translation of
+Rabelais, the version of the fourth and fifth books
+being supplied by himself,<a name="FNanchor_259_262" id="FNanchor_259_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_259_262" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> as supplementary to
+Urquhart's work. After the death of Motteux, a
+somewhat pretentious editor named Ozell<a name="FNanchor_260_263" id="FNanchor_260_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_260_263" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> brought
+out the combined versions, with notes principally
+taken from the French of Duchat, and this has<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+been reprinted time after time since its first
+appearance in 1737.</p>
+
+<p>At least seventeen editions of Urquhart's work,
+either by itself or with Motteux's supplementary
+matter, have been issued since his day, and there is
+no sign of its fame waxing dim through the lapse of
+time; and therefore the immortality after which he
+longed has in a measure been won by him. And
+so, once more before we take our leave of him, we
+look again into the twilight of the past, and see
+his striking figure&mdash;the soldier, the scholar, and
+the author&mdash;crowned with the wreath which his
+own hands have placed upon his brows, but which
+succeeding generations declare him worthy to bear.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+<br /><br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_232_235" id="Footnote_232_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232_235"><span class="label">[232]</span></a> The title-page of the first book does not contain Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's name, but on it is his motto ("Mean, speak, and do
+well"). It runs as follows:&mdash;"The first Book of the Works of <span class="smcap">Mr.
+Francis Rabelais</span>, Doctor in Physick: Containing Five Books of
+the Lives, Heroick Deeds, and Sayings of <span class="smcap">Gargantua</span> and his
+Sonne <span class="smcap">Pantagruel</span>. Together with the Pantagrueline Prognostication,
+the Oracle of the divine Bacbuc, and response of the bottle.
+Hereunto are annexed the Navigations unto the sounding Isle and
+the Isle of the Apedefts: as likewise the Philosophical cream with
+a Limosin Epistle. All done by Mr. Francis Rabelais, in the
+French Tongue, and now faithfully translated into English. &#949;&#965;&#957;&#959;&#949;&#953;
+&#949;&#8017;&#955;&#959;&#947;&#949; &#954;&#945;&#7985; &#949;&#8017;&#960;&#961;&#945;&#964;&#964;&#949;. London, Printed for Richard Baddeley,
+within the Middle Templegate. 1653." On the title-page of the
+second book are the translator's initials, S, T. V. C. (Sir Thomas
+Urquhart of Cromartie). While on that of the third book we have
+his name in full: "Now faithfully translated into English by the
+unimitable pen of Sir Thomas Urwhart, Kt. and Bar. The Translator of<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">the Two First Books. Never before Printed. London:</span><br />
+Printed for Richard Baldwin, near the Oxford Arms in Warwick
+Lane, 1693." Copies of the first and second books of the above
+date are in the British Museum, but erroneously catalogued&mdash;not
+under Urquhart, but only under C., S. T. V. A second edition of
+them both seems from the Bodleian Catalogue to have been published
+in 1664. Both are very rare, it is said, owing to the
+destruction caused by the fire of London in 1666.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_233_236" id="Footnote_233_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233_236"><span class="label">[233]</span></a> For those who are not special students, adequate information
+concerning Rabelais and extracts from his works are to be got in
+Sir Walter Besant's luminous and charming volume in the series of
+Foreign Classics for English Readers (Blackwood), and in Morley's
+<i>Universal Library</i> (Routledge). In one of his poems Browning
+describes the steps taken by a reader to banish the memory of a
+dreary pedant, whose book he had been perusing. He says:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Then I went indoors, brought out a loaf,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Half a cheese, and a bottle of Chablis;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Lay on the grass, and forgot the loaf<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Over a jolly chapter of Rabelais."<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>
+Some have turned over Rabelais and searched for the jolly chapter
+in vain, and have, perhaps, attributed their failure to the want of
+a bottle of Chablis.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_234_237" id="Footnote_234_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234_237"><span class="label">[234]</span></a> This is somewhat doubtful. The Sorbonne and the Parliaments
+might have been moved by ultra-orthodox opponents to prosecute
+Rabelais on this account. The true explanation seems to be that
+the form of his book was popular, and the popular French literature
+of the Middle Ages&mdash;fableaux, farces, and burlesque romances&mdash;can
+hardly be exceeded in the matter of coarseness (<i>Ency. Brit.</i>,
+"Rabelais").</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_235_238" id="Footnote_235_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235_238"><span class="label">[235]</span></a> This is surely an early allusion to the superior sensitiveness on
+some points of the "<i>Nonconformist Conscience</i>." The fact alluded
+to should inspire joy rather than call forth sneers, for when a
+conscience becomes sensitive on some points there are reasonable
+hopes of its becoming sensitive on others.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_236_239" id="Footnote_236_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236_239"><span class="label">[236]</span></a> <i>Sartor Resartus</i>, chap. ix.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_237_240" id="Footnote_237_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237_240"><span class="label">[237]</span></a> <i>Life of Crichton</i>, p. 182.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_238_241" id="Footnote_238_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238_241"><span class="label">[238]</span></a> In addition to any aid Urquhart may have received from friends
+who were intimately acquainted with the French language, he was
+deeply indebted to Cotgrave's French Dictionary, published in
+1611, and dedicated to "Sir William Cecil, Knight, Lord Burghley,
+and sonne and heir apparant unto the Earle of Exeter," <i>i.e.</i>, the
+grandson of Queen Elizabeth's Lord Burghley.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_239_242" id="Footnote_239_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239_242"><span class="label">[239]</span></a> <i>Rabelais</i>, p. xxi.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_240_243" id="Footnote_240_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240_243"><span class="label">[240]</span></a> <i>I.e.</i> the Carthusians: like their impudence!</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_241_244" id="Footnote_241_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241_244"><span class="label">[241]</span></a> Book i. chap. 52.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_242_245" id="Footnote_242_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242_245"><span class="label">[242]</span></a> "<i>Nitimur in vetitum, semper cupimus negata</i>" (Ovid, Amor.
+iii. 4, 17).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_243_246" id="Footnote_243_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243_246"><span class="label">[243]</span></a> <i>Avec leur palefroy guorrier</i>&mdash;rather, "with their prancing
+palfrey." Guorrier from Gr. &#947;&#945;&#965;&#961;&#959;&#962;&mdash;haughty.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_244_247" id="Footnote_244_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244_247"><span class="label">[244]</span></a> Cf. Heb. xi. 23, "a proper child."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_245_248" id="Footnote_245_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245_248"><span class="label">[245]</span></a> <i>Celle laquelle l'auroit prins pour son devot</i>&mdash;rather, "her, who
+had chosen him as her devoted servant."</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_246_249" id="Footnote_246_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246_249"><span class="label">[246]</span></a> Book i. chap. 57.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_247_250" id="Footnote_247_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247_250"><span class="label">[247]</span></a> Fr. <i>faire versure</i> = Lat. <i>facere versuram</i> (Cic. Att. v. 1, &sect; 2), to
+borrow money to pay another debt (F. W. S.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_248_251" id="Footnote_248_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248_251"><span class="label">[248]</span></a> Caes. B. G. vi. 19.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_249_252" id="Footnote_249_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249_252"><span class="label">[249]</span></a> "<i>Deum maxime Mercurium colunt</i>" (B. G. vi. 17) (Ibid.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_250_253" id="Footnote_250_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250_253"><span class="label">[250]</span></a> "<i>Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos dicunt</i>" (B. G. vi. 18).
+Dis is called <i>p&egrave;re des escuz</i>, as identical with Plutus, the god of
+hidden wealth (<i>Ibid.</i>).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_251_254" id="Footnote_251_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251_254"><span class="label">[251]</span></a> <i>Exclusively</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, "I will affirm it, but not go to the stake for
+it" (F. W. S.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_252_255" id="Footnote_252_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252_255"><span class="label">[252]</span></a> A fine passage in one of South's <i>Sermons</i> was evidently suggested
+by the above chapter in Rabelais. "The World is maintained
+by Intercourse; and the whole Course of Nature is a great
+Exchange, in which one good Turn is and ought to be the stated
+Price of another. If you consider the Universe as one Body, you
+shall find Society and Conversation to supply the Office of the
+Blood and Spirits; and it is Gratitude that makes them circulate.
+Look over the whole Creation, and you shall see that the Band or
+Cement that holds together all the Parts of this great and glorious
+Fabric is Gratitude, or something like it: you may observe it in
+all the Elements, for does not the Air feed the Flame? and does not
+the Flame at the same time warm and enlighten the Air? Is not
+the Sea always sending forth, as well as taking in? And does not
+the Earth quit scores with all the Elements, in the noble Fruits
+and Productions that issue from it? And in all the Light and
+Influence that the Heavens bestow upon this lower World, though
+the lower World cannot equal their Benefaction, yet with a Kind
+of grateful Return, it reflects those Rays that it cannot recompense:
+so that there is some Return however, though there can be no
+Requital.... In short, Gratitude is the great Spring that sets all
+the Wheels of Nature agoing; and the whole Universe is supported
+by giving and returning, by Commerce and Commutation. And
+now, thou ungrateful Brute, thou Blemish to Mankind, and
+Reproach to thy Creation; what shall we say of thee, or to what
+shall we compare thee? For thou art an Exception from all the
+visible World; neither the Heavens above nor the Earth beneath
+afford anything like thee: and therefore, if thou wouldest find thy
+Parallel, go to Hell, which is both the Region and the Emblem of
+Ingratitude; for besides thyself, there is nothing but Hell that
+is always receiving and never restoring" (I. <span class="smcap">Serm.</span> xi. "<i>Of the
+odious Sin of Ingratitude</i>").</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_253_256" id="Footnote_253_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253_256"><span class="label">[253]</span></a> "Nec fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna" (Virg. <i>Georg.</i> i. 396)
+(F. W. S.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_254_257" id="Footnote_254_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254_257"><span class="label">[254]</span></a> <i>Influence</i>, much used as an astrological term. Cf. Milton:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i10">"taught the fix'd<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Their <i>influence</i> malignant when to shower."<br /></span>
+<p><span class="i0"><br /></span></p>
+<span class="i0"><i>Par. Lost</i>, x. 662.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p><br /></p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Bending one way their precious <i>influence</i>."<br /></span>
+<p><br /></p>
+<i>Hymn on the Nativity</i>, 71.<br />
+(<i>Ibid.</i>).<br />
+</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_255_258" id="Footnote_255_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255_258"><span class="label">[255]</span></a> <i>Plato</i> never pretends that the "music of the spheres" can be
+heard. He adopts the theory to some extent from the Pythagoreans.
+Aristotle (<i>de Coelo</i>, ii. 9), that the noise caused by
+the movements of the heavenly bodies is so prodigious and
+continuous, that, being accustomed to it from our birth, we do not
+notice it. The only notice in Plato that can be construed into a
+statement about audible music of the spheres is in <i>Rep.</i> x.,
+where he speaks of a siren standing upon each of the circles of the
+planetary system uttering one note in one tone; and from all the
+eight notes there results a single harmony (F. W. S.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_256_259" id="Footnote_256_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256_259"><span class="label">[256]</span></a> Book iii. chaps. 3, 4.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_257_260" id="Footnote_257_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257_260"><span class="label">[257]</span></a> It is quite possible that Motteux, who published the third book
+of Rabelais after Urquhart's death, is responsible for some of the
+interpolations.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_258_261" id="Footnote_258_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258_261"><span class="label">[258]</span></a> Book iii. chap 13. <i>Fontenay le Comte</i> in Lower Poitou and
+<i>Niort</i> were noted for their busy yearly fairs. There can be doubt
+that the above passage was suggested to Rabelais by what St Jerome
+records of the experience of St Hilarion in the desert. "Sic attentuatus,"
+he says, "[jejunio et vigiliis], et in tantum exeto corpore, ut
+ossibus vix haereret, quadam nocte c&#339;pit infantum audire vagitus,
+balatus pecorum, mugitus boum, planctum quasi mulierum, leonum
+rugitus, murmur exercitus, et prorsus variarum portenta vocum,"
+etc. (<i>Vita Sancti Hilarionis</i>). In Burton's <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>
+(iii. 4. 1. 2) there is the following reference to the same
+passage: "Monks, Anachorites, and the like, after much emptiness
+become melancholy, vertiginous, they think they hear
+strange noises, confer with Hob-goblins, Devils.... <i>Hilarion</i>,
+as <i>Hierome</i> reports in his life, and <i>Athanasius of Antonius</i>, was so
+bare with fasting, <i>that the skin did scarce stick to the bones</i>; for
+want of vapours (<i>sic</i>) he could not sleep, and for want of sleep
+became idle-headed, <i>heard every night infants cry, Oxen low,
+Wolves howl, Lions roar (as he thought), clattering of chains,
+strange voices, and the like illusions of Devils</i>." It is probable
+also that Rabelais had read the following passage in the <i>Life of
+Geta</i>, by &AElig;lius Spartianus (c. <span class="smcap">A.D.</span> 317): "Familiare illi fuit
+has qu&aelig;stiones grammaticis proponere, ut dicerent, singula
+animalia quomodo vocem emitterent, velut, Agni balant, porcelli
+grumniunt, palumbes minurriunt, ursi saeviunt, leones rugiunt,
+leopardi rictant, elephanti barriunt, ran&aelig; coaxant, equi hinniunt,
+asini rudunt, tauri mugiunt, easque de veteribus approbare." Nor
+is it likely that Rabelais was unacquainted with the verses in Teofilo
+Folengo's (1491-1544) <i>Merlini Cocaii Macaronicon</i>, which run thus:
+</p>
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"Nam Leo rugitum mittit, Lupus ac ululatum,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Bos boat, et uitrescit equus, Gallusque cucullat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Sgnavolat et Gattus, baiat Canis, Ursus adirat,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Rancagat Oca, rudit Mullus, sed raggiat Asellus;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Denique quodque animal propria cum voce gridabat."<br /></span>
+<p><span class="i0"><br /></span></p>
+<span class="i0"><i>Macaronea</i>, xx.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_259_262" id="Footnote_259_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259_262"><span class="label">[259]</span></a> In the introduction to this volume Motteux says that Sir
+Thomas Urquhart was "a learned physician." It is difficult to
+understand what could have given rise to such a statement. Sir
+Thomas had many projects for the benefit of the human race, but
+there is no evidence of his ever having cherished that of combating
+disease. One cannot help thinking of the magniloquent terms in
+which he would have extolled his remedies, if the fates had led
+him to the concoction of patent medicines. It is doubtful, however,
+whether he would have had what is technically known as "a
+good bed-side manner." It is quite possible that Motteux simply
+meant that Sir Thomas was well acquainted with medical science,
+and not that he was a physician by profession. Yet his words
+have often been understood as asserting the latter. Thus we find
+the erroneous statement in Granger's <i>Biographical Dictionary</i>,
+the Amsterdam (1741) edition of Rabelais, and Sir John Hawkins'
+<i>Life of Johnson</i>, p. 294.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_260_263" id="Footnote_260_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260_263"><span class="label">[260]</span></a> Both Ozell and Motteux figure in Pope's <i>Dunciad</i>, in i. 296,
+and ii. 412, respectively.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+<hr class="chap" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span></p>
+<h1><a name="APPENDICES" id="APPENDICES"></a>APPENDICES</h1>
+
+<p>I. PRIMITIVE FATHERS AND MOTHERS OF THE
+NAME OF URQUHART.</p>
+
+<p>II. THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span></p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_I" id="APPENDIX_I"></a>APPENDIX I</h2>
+
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Names of the Chiefs of the Name of
+Urquhart, and of their Primitive Fathers</span>;
+as by Authentick Records and Tradition they
+were from time to time through the various
+Generations of that Family successively conveyed,
+till the present yeer 1652 (p. 143).</p></div>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>The ancestors of Sir Thomas, for whose existence there is evidence apart
+from his assertions, are indicated by their names being printed in italics. If
+the editor of the <i>Tracts</i> (1774) were to believed, the italics would have to
+begin with George, No. 138 in the list. The fact that the names in this list are
+more numerous than those in the list which follows, is to be explained by
+brothers succeeding each other occasionally, when there was no son to inherit
+the dignity of chieftainship.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+1. <i>Adam.</i><br />
+2. <i>Seth.</i><br />
+3. <i>Enos.</i><br />
+4. <i>Cainan.</i><br />
+5. <i>Mahalaleel.</i><br />
+6. <i>Jared.</i><br />
+7. <i>Enoch.</i><br />
+8. <i>Methusalah.</i><br />
+9. <i>Lamech.</i><br />
+10. <i>Noah.</i><br />
+11. <i>Japhet.</i><br />
+12. <i>Javan.</i><br />
+13. Penuel.<br />
+14. Tycheros.<br />
+15. Pasiteles.<br />
+16. Esormon.<br />
+17. Cratynter.<br />
+18. Thrasymedes.<br />
+19. Evippos.<br />
+20. Cleotinus.<br />
+21. Litoboros.<br />
+22. Apodemos.<br />
+23. Bathybulos.<br />
+24. Phrenedon.<br />
+25. Zameles.<br />
+26. Choronomos.<br />
+27. Leptologon.<br />
+28. Agl&aelig;tos.<br />
+29. Megalonus.<br />
+30. Evemeros.<br />
+31. Callophron.<br />
+32. Arthmios.<br />
+33. Hypsegoras.<br />
+34. Autarces.<br />
+35. Evages.<br />
+36. Atarbes.<br />
+37. Pamprosodos.<br />
+38. Gethon.<br />
+39. Holocleros.<br />
+40. Molin.<br />
+41. Epitomon.<br />
+42. Hypotyphos.<br />
+43. Melobolon.<br />
+44. Propetes.<br />
+45. Euplocamos.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>46. Philophon.<br />
+47. Syngenes.<br />
+48. Polyphrades.<br />
+49. Cainotomos.<br />
+50. Rodrigo.<br />
+51. Dicarches.<br />
+52. Exagastos.<br />
+53. Denapon.<br />
+54. Artistes.<br />
+55. Thymoleon.<br />
+56. Eustochos.<br />
+57. Bianor.<br />
+58. Thryllumenos.<br />
+59. Mellessen.<br />
+60. Alypos.<br />
+61. Anochlos.<br />
+62. Homognios.<br />
+63. Epsephicos.<br />
+64. Eutropos.<br />
+65. Coryph&aelig;us.<br />
+66. Etoimos.<br />
+67. Spud&aelig;os.<br />
+68. Eumestor.<br />
+69. Griphon.<br />
+70. Emmenes.<br />
+71. Pathomachon.<br />
+72. Anepsios.<br />
+73. Auloprepes.<br />
+74. Corosylos.<br />
+75. Detalon.<br />
+76. Beltistos.<br />
+77. Horicos.<br />
+78. Orthophron.<br />
+79. Apsicoros.<br />
+80. Philaplus.<br />
+81. Megaletor.<br />
+82. Nomostor.<br />
+83. Astioremon.<br />
+84. Phronematias.<br />
+85. Lutork.<br />
+86. Machemos.<br />
+87. Stichop&aelig;o.<br />
+88. Epelomenos.<br />
+89. Tycheros (2).<br />
+90. Apechon.<br />
+91. Enacmes.<br />
+92. Javan (2).<br />
+93. Lematias.<br />
+94. Prosenes.<br />
+95. Sosomenos.<br />
+96. Philalethes.<br />
+97. Thaleros.<br />
+98. Poly&aelig;nos.<br />
+99. Cratesimachos.<br />
+100. Eun&aelig;mon.<br />
+101. Diasemos.<br />
+102. Saphenus.<br />
+103. Bramoso.<br />
+104. Celanas.<br />
+105. Vistoso.<br />
+106. Polido.<br />
+107. Lustroso.<br />
+108. Chrestander.<br />
+109. Spectabundo.<br />
+110. Philodulos.<br />
+111. Pallidino.<br />
+112. Comicello.<br />
+113. Regisato.<br />
+114. Arguto.<br />
+115. Nicarchos.<br />
+116. Marsidalio.<br />
+117. Hedumenos.<br />
+118. Agenor.<br />
+119. Diaprepon.<br />
+120. Stragayo.<br />
+121. Zeron.<br />
+122. Polyteles.<br />
+123. Vocompos.<br />
+124. Carolo.<br />
+125. Endymion.<br />
+126. Sebastian.<br />
+127. Lawrence.<br />
+128. Olipher.<br />
+129. Quintin.<br />
+130. Goodwin.<br />
+131. Frederick.<br />
+132. Sir Jasper.<br />
+133. Sir Adam.<br />
+134. Edward.<br />
+135. Richard.<br />
+136. Sir Philip.<br />
+137. Robert.<br />
+138. George.<br />
+139. James.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>140. David.<br />
+141. Francis.<br />
+142. William.<br />
+143. <i>Adam.</i><br />
+144. <i>John.</i><br />
+145. <i>Sir William.</i><br />
+146. <i>William.</i><br />
+147. <i>Alexander.</i><br />
+148. <i>Thomas.</i><br />
+149. <i>Alexander.</i><br />
+150. <i>Walter.</i><br />
+151. <i>Henry.</i><br />
+152. <i>Sir Thomas.</i><br />
+153. Sir Thomas.<br />
+</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">The Names of the Mothers of the Chiefs of the
+Name of Urquhart, as also of the Mothers
+of their Primitive Fathers.</span> The authority
+for the truth thereof being derived from the
+same Authentick Records and Tradition on
+which is grounded the above-written Genealogie
+of their male collaterals.</p></div>
+
+<p>
+1. <i>Eva.</i><br />
+2. Shifka.<br />
+3. Mahla.<br />
+4. Bilha.<br />
+5. Timnah.<br />
+6. Aholima.<br />
+7. Zilpa.<br />
+8. Noema.<br />
+9. Ada.<br />
+10. Titea.<br />
+11. Debora.<br />
+12. Neginothi.<br />
+13. Hottir.<br />
+14. Orpah.<br />
+15. Axa.<br />
+16. Narfesia.<br />
+17. Goshenni.<br />
+18. Briageta.<br />
+19. Andronia.<br />
+20. Pusena.<br />
+21. Emphaneola.<br />
+22. Bonaria.<br />
+23. Peninah.<br />
+24. Asymbleta.<br />
+25. Carissa.<br />
+26. Calaglais.<br />
+27. Theoglena.<br />
+28. Pammerisla.<br />
+29. Floridula.<br />
+30. Chrysocomis.<br />
+31. Arrenopas.<br />
+32. Tharsalia.<br />
+33. Maia.<br />
+34. Roma.<br />
+35. Termuth.<br />
+36. Vegeta.<br />
+37. Callimeris.<br />
+38. Panthea.<br />
+39. Gonima.<br />
+40. Ganymena.<br />
+41. Thespesia.<br />
+42. Hypermnestra.<br />
+43. Horatia.<br />
+44. Philumena.<br />
+45. Neopis.<br />
+46. Thymelica.<br />
+47. Ephamilla.<br />
+48. Porrima.<br />
+49. Lampedo.<br />
+50. Teleclyta.<br />
+51. Clarabella.<br />
+52. Eromena.<br />
+53. Zocallis.<br />
+54. Lepida.<br />
+55. Nicolia.<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>56. Proteusa.<br />
+57. Gozosa.<br />
+58. Venusta.<br />
+59. Prosectica.<br />
+60. Delotera.<br />
+61. Tracara.<br />
+62. Pothina.<br />
+63. Cordata.<br />
+64. Aretias.<br />
+65. Musurga.<br />
+66. Romalia.<br />
+67. Orthoiusa.<br />
+68. Recatada.<br />
+69. Chariestera.<br />
+70. Rexenora.<br />
+71. Philerga.<br />
+72. Thomyris.<br />
+73. Varonilla.<br />
+74. Stranella.<br />
+75. &AElig;quanima.<br />
+76. Barosa.<br />
+77. Epimona.<br />
+78. Diosa.<br />
+79. Bonita.<br />
+80. Aretusa.<br />
+81. Bendita.<br />
+82. Regalletta.<br />
+83. Isumena.<br />
+84. Antaxia.<br />
+85. Bergola.<br />
+86. Viracia.<br />
+87. Dynastis.<br />
+88. Dalga.<br />
+89. Eutocusa.<br />
+90. Corriba.<br />
+91. Pr&aelig;celsa.<br />
+92. Plausidica.<br />
+93. Donosa.<br />
+94. Solic&aelig;lia.<br />
+95. Bontadosa.<br />
+96. Calliparia.<br />
+97. Crelenca.<br />
+98. Pancala.<br />
+99. Dominella.<br />
+100. Mundala.<br />
+101. Pamphais.<br />
+102. Philtrusa.<br />
+103. Meliglena.<br />
+104. Philetium.<br />
+105. Tersa.<br />
+106. Dulcicora.<br />
+107. Gethosyna.<br />
+108. Collabella.<br />
+109. Eucnema.<br />
+110. Tortolina.<br />
+111. Ripulita.<br />
+112. Urbana.<br />
+113. Lampusa.<br />
+114. Vistosa.<br />
+115. Hermosina.<br />
+116. Bramata.<br />
+117. Zaglopis.<br />
+118. Androlema.<br />
+119. Trastevole.<br />
+120. Suaviloqua.<br />
+121. Francoline.<br />
+122. Matilda.<br />
+123. Allegra.<br />
+124. Winnifred.<br />
+125. Dorothy.<br />
+126. Lawretta.<br />
+127. Genivieve.<br />
+128. Marjory.<br />
+129. Jane.<br />
+130. Anne.<br />
+131. Magdalen.<br />
+132. Girsel.<br />
+133. Mary.<br />
+134. Sophia.<br />
+135. Elconore.<br />
+136. Rosalind.<br />
+137. Lillias.<br />
+138. <i>Brigid.</i><br />
+139. <i>Agnes.</i><br />
+140. <i>Susanna.</i><br />
+141. <i>Catherine.</i><br />
+142. <i>Helen.</i><br />
+143. <i>Beatrice.</i><br />
+144. <i>Elizabeth.</i><br />
+145. <i>Elizabeth.</i><br />
+146. <i>Christian.</i><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="APPENDIX_II" id="APPENDIX_II"></a>APPENDIX II</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Admirable Crichton</span> (p. 157).</p>
+
+
+<p>"To speak a little now of his compatriot Crichtoun,
+I hope will not offend the ingenuous reader; who
+may know, by what is already displayed, that it
+cannot be heterogeneal from the proposed purpose,
+to make report of that magnanimous act atchieved
+by him at the Duke of Mantua's court, to the honour
+not only of his own, but to the eternal renown also
+of the whole Isle of Britain; the manner whereof
+was thus:</p>
+
+<p>"A certain Italian gentleman, of a mighty, able,
+strong, nimble, and vigorous body, by nature fierce,
+cruell, warlike, and audacious, and in the gladiatory
+art so superlatively expert and dextrous, that all the
+most skilful teachers of Escrime, and fencing-masters
+of Italy, (which in matter of choice professors in that
+faculty, needed never as yet to yeild to any nation
+in the world), were by him beaten to their good
+behaviour, and by blows given in, which they could
+not avoid, enforced to acknowledge him their over
+comer; bethinking himself, how, after so great a
+conquest of reputation, he might by such means be
+very suddenly enriched, he projected a course of exchanging
+the blunt to sharp, and the foiles into
+tucks. And in this resolution providing a purse
+full of gold, worth neer upon four hundred pounds
+English money, traveled alongst the most especial
+and considerable parts of Spaine, France, the Low-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>Countryes,
+Germany, Pole, Hungary, Greece, Italy,
+and other places, where ever there was greatest
+probability of encountring with the eagerest and
+most atrocious duellists. And immediately after his
+arrival to any city or town that gave apparent likelihood
+of some one or other champion that would enter
+the lists and cope with him, he boldly challenged them
+with sound of trumpet, in the chief market-place, to
+adventure an equal sum of money against that of
+his, to be disputed at the sword's point who should
+have both. There failed not several brave men,
+almost of all nations, who, accepting of his cartels, were
+not afraid to hazard both their person and coine
+against him; but, (till he midled with this Crichtoun),
+so maine was the ascendant he had above all his
+antagonists, and so unlucky the fate of such as
+offered to scuffle with him, that all his opposing
+combatants, (of what state or dominion soever they
+were), who had not lost both their life and gold, were
+glad, for the preservation of their person, (though
+sometimes with a great expence of blood), to leave both
+their reputation and mony behind them. At last,
+returning homewards to his own country, loaded with
+honor and wealth, or rather the spoils of the reputation
+of those forraginers, whom the Italians call Tramontani,
+he, by the way, after his accustomed manner
+of abording other places, repaired to the city of
+Mautua, where the Duke, (according to the courtesie
+usually bestowed on him by other princes), vouchsafed
+him a protection and savegard for his person;
+he (as formerly he was wont to do, by beat of drum,
+sound of trumpet, and several printed papers, disclosing
+his designe, battered on all the chief gates, posts,
+and pillars of the town), gave all men to understand,
+that his purpose was to challenge, at the single
+rapier, any whosoever of that city or country, that
+durst be so bold as to fight with him, provided he
+would deposite a bag of five hundred Spanish pistols<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span>
+over against another of the same value, which he
+himself should lay down, upon this condition, that
+the enjoyment of both should be the conqueror's
+due. His challenge was not long unanswered, for
+it happened, at the same time, that three of the most
+notable cutters in the world, (and so highly cryed up
+for valour, that all the bravos of the land were
+content to give way to their domineering, how
+insolent soever they should prove, because of their
+former constantly obtained victories in the field),
+were all three together at the court of Mantua, who,
+hearing of such a harvest of five hundred pistols to
+be reaped, (as they expected), very soon, and with
+ease, had almost contested amongst themselves for
+the priority of the first encounterer, but that one of
+my Lord Duke's courtiers moved them to cast lots
+for who should be first, second, and third, in case
+none of the former two should prove victorious.
+Without more adoe, he whose chance it was to
+answer the cartel with the first defiance, presented
+himself within the barriers, or place appointed for
+the fight, where, his adversary attending him, as soon
+as the trumpet sounded a charge, they jointly fel to
+work; and, (because I am not now to amplifie the
+particulars of a combat), although the dispute was
+very hot for a while, yet, whose fortune it was to be
+first of the three in the field, had the disaster to be
+first of the three that was foyled; for, at last, with
+a thrust in the throat, he was killed dead upon the
+ground. This, nevertheless, not a whit dismayed the
+other two, for, the nixt day, he that was second in
+the roll gave his appearance after the same manner
+as the first had done, but with no better success; for
+he likewise was laid flat dead upon the place, by
+means of a thrust he received in the heart. The last
+of the three, finding that he was as sure of being
+engaged in the fight as if he had been the first in
+order, pluckt up his heart, knit his spirits together,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>
+and, all the day after the death of the second, most
+couragiously entering the lists, demeaned himself for
+a while with great activity and skill; but at last, his
+luck being the same with those that preceded him,
+by a thrust in the belly, he within four and twenty
+hours after gave up the ghost. These (you may
+imagine), were lamentable spectacles to the Duke and
+citie of Mantua, who, casting down their faces for
+shame, knew not what course to take for reparation
+of their honour. The conquering duellist, proud of
+a victory so highly tending to both his honour and
+profit, for the space of a whole fortnight, or two
+weeks together, marched daily along the streets of
+Mantua, (without any opposition or controulment),
+like another Romulus or Marcellus in triumph;
+which, the never too much to be admired Crichtoun
+perceiving, to wipe off the imputation of cowardise
+lying upon the court of Mantua, to which he had
+but even then arrived, (although formerly he had
+been a domestick thereof), he could neither eat nor
+drink till he had first sent a challenge to the conqueror,
+appelling him to repair with his best sword
+in his hand, by nine of the clock in the morning of
+the next day, in presence of the whole court, and in
+the same place where he had killed the other three,
+to fight with him upon this quarrel, that in the court
+of Mantua there were as valiant men as he; and, for
+his better encouragement to the desired undertaking,
+he assured him that, to the aforesaid five hundred
+pistols, he would adjoyn a thousand more, wishing
+him to do the like, that the victor, upon the point of
+his sword, might carry away the richer bootay. The
+challenge, with all its conditions, is no sooner accepted
+of, the time and place mutually condescended upon,
+kept accordingly, and the fifteen hundred pistols
+<i>hinc inde</i> deposited, but of the two rapiers of equal
+weight, length, and goodness, each taking one, in
+presence of the Duke, Dutchess, with all the noble<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>men,
+ladies, magnificos, and all the choicest of men,
+women, and maids of that citie, as soon as the signal
+for the duel was given, by the shot of a great piece
+of ordnance of threescore and four pound ball, the
+combatants, with a lion-like animosity, made their
+approach to one another, and, being within distance,
+the valiant Crichtoun, to make his adversary spend his
+fury the sooner, betook himself to the defensive part;
+wherein, for a long time, he shewed such excellent
+dexterity in warding the other's blows, slighting his
+falsifyings, in breaking measure, and often, by the
+agility of his body, avoiding his thrust, that he
+seemed but to play, while the other was in earnest.
+The sweetness of Crichtoun's countenance, in the
+hotest of the assault, like a glance of lightning on
+the hearts of the spectators, brought all the Italian
+ladies on a sudden to be enamoured of him; whilst
+the sternness of the other's aspect, he looking like an
+enraged bear, would have struck terrour into wolves,
+and affrighted an English mastiff. Though they
+were both in their linens, (to wit, shirts and drawers,
+without any other apparel), and in all outward conveniences
+equally adjusted, the Italian, with redoubling
+his stroaks, foamed at the mouth with a
+cholerick heart, and fetched a pantling breath; the
+Scot, in sustaining his charge, kept himself in a
+pleasant temper, without passion, and made void his
+designes; he alters his wards from tierce to quart;
+he primes and seconds it, now high, now lowe, and
+casts his body, (like another Prothee), into all the
+shapes he can, to spie an open on his adversary, and
+lay hold of an advantage, but all in vain; for the
+invincible Crichtoun, whom no cunning was able to
+surprise, contrepostures his respective wards, and,
+with an incredible nimbleness of both hand and foot,
+evades the intent and frustrates the invasion. Now
+is it, that the never before conquered Italian, finding
+himself a little faint, enters into a consideration that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+he may be over-matched; whereupon a sad apprehension
+of danger seizing upon all his spirits, he
+would gladly have his life bestowed on him as a gift,
+but that, having never been accustomed to yield,
+he knows not how to beg it. Matchless Crichtoun,
+seeing it now high time to put a gallant catastrophe
+to that so long dubious combat, animated with a
+divinely inspired servencie to fulfil the expectation
+of the ladies, and crown the Duke's illustrious hopes,
+changeth his garb, falls to act another part, and,
+from defender, turn assailant; never did art so grace
+nature, nor nature second the precepts of art with so
+much liveliness, and such observancie of time, as
+when, after he had struck fire out of the steel of his
+enemie's sword, and gained the feeble thereof with
+the fort of his own, by angles of the strongest position,
+he did, by geometrical flourishes of straight and
+oblique lines, so practically execute the speculative
+part, that, as if there had been Remoras and secret
+charms in the variety of his motion, the fierceness of
+his foe was in a trice transqualified into the numbness
+of a pageant. Then was it that, to vindicate the reputation
+of the Duke's family, and expiate the blood
+of the three vanquished gentlemen, he alonged a
+stoccade <i>de pied ferme</i>; then recoyling, he advanced
+another thrust, and lodged it home; after which,
+retiring again, his right foot did beat the cadence of
+the blow that pierced the belly of this Italian, whose
+heart and throat being hit with the two former
+stroaks, these three franch bouts given in upon the
+back of the other; besides that, if lines were imagined
+drawn from the hand that livered them, to the places
+which were marked by them, they would represent a
+perfect isosceles triangle, with a perpendicular from
+the top angle cutting the basis in the middle; they
+likewise give us to understand, that by them he was
+to be made a sacrifice of atonement for the slaughter
+of the three aforesaid gentlemen, who were wounded<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+in the very same parts of their bodies by other such
+three venees as these, each whereof being mortal;
+and his vital spirits exhaling as his blood gushed out,
+all he spoke was this, That seeing he could not live,
+his comfort in dying was, that he could not dye by
+the hand of a braver man; after the uttering of
+which words, he expiring, with the shril clarcens of
+trumpets, bouncing thunder of artillery, bethwacked
+beating of drums, universal clapping of hands, and
+loud acclamations of joy for so glorious a victory, the
+aire above them was so rarified by the extremity of
+the noise and vehement sound, dispelling the thickest
+and most condensed parts thereof, that (as Plutarch
+speakes of the Grecians, when they raised their shouts
+of allegress up to the very heavens at the hearing of
+the gracious proclamations of Paulus &AElig;milius in
+favour of their liberty), the very sparrows and other
+flying fowls were said to fall to the ground for want
+of aire enough to uphold them in their flight.</p>
+
+<p>"When this sudden rapture was over, and all husht
+into its former tranquility, the noble gallantry and
+generosity, beyond expression, of the inimitable
+Crichtoun, did transport them all againe into a new
+exstasie of ravishment, when they saw him like an
+angel in the shape of a man, or as another Mars,
+with the conquered enemie's sword in one hand, and
+the fifteen hundred pistols he had gained in the
+other, present the sword to the Duke as his due,
+and the gold to his high treasurer, to be disponed
+equally to the three widows of the three unfortunate
+gentlemen lately slaine, reserving only to himself
+the inward satisfaction he conceived, for having so
+opportunely discharged his duty to the House of
+Mantua.</p>
+
+<p>"The reader perhaps will think this wonderful; and
+so would I too, were it not that I know, (as Sir Philip
+Sydney sayes), that a wonder is no wonder in a wonderful
+subject, and consequently not in him, who for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>
+his learning, judgement, valour, eloquence, beauty,
+and good-fellowship was the perfectest result of the
+joynt labour of the perfect number of those six
+deities, Pallas, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, Venus, and
+Bacchus, that hath been seen since the dayes of
+Alcibiades; for he was reported to have been inriched
+with a memory so prodigious, that any sermon,
+speech, harangue, or other manner of discourse of an
+hour's continuance, he was able to recite without
+hesitation, after the same manner of gesture and
+pronuntiation in all points, wherewith it was delivered
+at first; and of so stupendious a judgment
+and conception, that almost naturally he understood
+quiddities of philosophy; and as for the abstrusest
+and most researched mysteries of other disciplines,
+arts, and faculties, the intentional species of them
+were as readily obvious to the interiour view and perspicacity
+of his mind, as those of the common visible
+colours to the external sight of him that will open
+his eyes to look upon them; of which accomplishment
+and Encyclopedia of knowledge, he gave on a
+time so marvelous a testimony at Paris, that the
+words of <i>Admirabilis Scotus</i>, the Wonderful Scot, in
+all the several tongues and idiomes of Europ, were,
+(for a great while together), by the most of the echos
+resounded to the peircing of the very clouds. To so
+great a hight and vast extent of praise did the never
+too much to be extolled reputation of the seraphick
+wit of that eximious man attaine, for his commanding
+to be affixed programs on all the gates of the
+schooles, halls, and colledges of that famous university,
+as also on all the chief pillars and posts standing
+before the houses of the most renowned men for
+literature, resident within the precinct of the walls
+and suburbs of that most populous and magnificent
+city, inviting them all, (or any whoever else versed in
+any kinde of scholastick faculty), to repaire at nine of
+the clock in the morning of such a day, moneth, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span>
+yeer, as by computation came to be just six weeks
+after the date of the affixes, to the common schoole
+of the colledge of Navarre,<a name="FNanchor_261_264" id="FNanchor_261_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_261_264" class="fnanchor">[261]</a> where, (at the prefixed
+time), he should, (God willing), be ready to answer to
+what should be propounded to him concerning any
+science, liberal art, discipline, or faculty, practical or
+theoretick, not excluding the theological nor jurisprudential
+habits, though grounded but upon the
+testimonies of God and man, and that in any of these
+twelve languages,<a name="FNanchor_262_265" id="FNanchor_262_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_262_265" class="fnanchor">[262]</a> Hebrew, Syriack, Arabick, Greek,
+Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, English, Dutch,
+Flemish, and Sclavonian, in either verse or prose, at
+the discretion of the disputant; which high enterprise
+and hardy undertaking, by way of challenge to the
+learndst men in the world, damped the wits of many
+able scholars to consider whether it was the attempt
+of a fanatick spirit, or lofty designe of a well-poised
+judgment; yet after a few days enquiry concerning
+him, when information was got of his incomparable
+endowments, all the choicest and most profound
+philosophers, mathematicians, naturalists, mediciners,
+alchymists, apothecaries, surgeons, doctors of both
+civil and canon law, and divines both for controversies
+and positive doctrine, together with the primest
+grammarians, rhetoricians, logicians, and others,
+professors of other arts and disciplines at Paris,
+plyed their studys in their private cels for the space
+of a moneth, exceeding hard, and with huge paines
+and labor set all their braines awork how to contrive
+the knurriest arguments, and most difficult questions
+could be devised, thereby to puzzle him in the resolving
+of them, meander him in his answers, put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+him out of his medium, and drive him to a <i>non plus</i>;
+nor did they forget to premonish the ablest there of
+forraign nations not to be unprepared to dispute
+with him in their own material dialects, and that
+sometimes metrically, sometimes otherwayes, <i>pro
+libitu</i>.<a name="FNanchor_263_266" id="FNanchor_263_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_263_266" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> All this while the Admirable Scot, (for so
+from thenceforth he was called), minding more his
+hawking, hunting, tilting, vaulting, riding of well-managed
+horses, tossing of the pike, handling of the
+musket, flourishing of colours, dancing, fencing, swimming,
+jumping, throwing of the bar, playing at tennis,
+baloon, or long catch; and sometimes at the house
+games of dice, cards, playing at the chess, billiards,
+trou-madam, and other such like chamber sports,
+singing, playing on the lute and other musical instruments,
+masking, balling, reveling; and, which did most
+of all divert, or rather distract him from his speculations
+and serious employments, being more addicted
+to, and plying closer the courting of handsome ladyes,
+and a jovial cup in the company of bacchanalian
+blades, then [than] the forecasting how to avoid,
+shun, and escape the snares, grins [gins?], and nets
+of the hard, obscure, and hidden arguments, ridles,
+and demands, to be made, framed, and woven by the
+professors, doctors, and others of that thrice-renowned
+university. There arose upon him an aspersion of
+too great proness to such like debordings and youthful
+emancipations, which occasioned one less acquainted
+with himself then [than] his reputation, to
+subjoyn, (some two weeks before the great day
+appointed), to that program of his, which was fixed
+on the Sorbone gate, these words: 'If you would
+meet with this monster of perfection, to make search
+for him ... in the taverne ... is the reedyest way
+to finde him.' By reason of which expression,
+(though truly as I think, both scandalous and false),
+the eminent sparks of the university, (imagining that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>
+those papers of provocation had been set up to no
+other end, but to scoff and delude them, in making
+them waste their spirits upon quirks and quiddities,
+more then [than] was fitting), did resent a little of
+their former toyle, and slack their studyes, becoming
+almost regardless thereof, till the several peals of
+bells ringing an hour or two before the time assigned,
+gave warning that the party was not to flee the
+barriers, nor decline the hardship of academical
+assaults; but, on the contrary, so confident in his
+former resolution, that he would not shrink to sustaine
+the shock of all their disceptations. This
+sudden alarm so awaked them out of their last fortnight's
+lethargy, that, calling to minde, the best way
+they might, the fruits of the foregoing moneth's
+labour, they hyed to the forenamed schoole with all
+diligence; where, after all of them had, according to
+their several degrees and qualities, seated themselves,
+and that by reason of the noise occasioned through
+the great confluence of people, which so strange a
+novelty brought thither out of curiosity, an universal
+silence was commanded, the Orator of the University,
+in most fluent Latine, addressing his speech to
+Crichtoun, extolled him for his literature, and other
+good parts, and for that confident opinion he had of
+his own sufficiency, in thinking himself able to justle
+in matters of learning with the whole university of
+Paris, Crichtoun answering him in no less eloquent
+terms of Latine, after he had most heartily thanked
+him for his elegies, so undeservedly bestowed, and
+darted some high encomiums upon the university
+and the professors therein; he very ingeniously
+[ingenuously] protested that he did not emit his
+programs out of any ambition to be esteemed able to
+enter in competition with the university, but meerly
+to be honoured with the favour of a publick conference
+with the learned men thereof. In complements
+after this manner, <i>ultro citroque habitis</i>, tossed to and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
+again, retorted, contrerisposted, backreverted, and
+now and then graced with a quip or a clinch for the
+better relish of the ear, being unwilling in this kind
+of straining curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a
+full half hour and more; for he being the centre to
+which the innumerable diameters of the discourses
+of that circulary convention did tend, although none
+was to answer but he, any of them all, according to
+the order of their prescribed series, were permitted
+to reply, or commence new motions on any subject,
+in what language soever, and howsoever expressed;
+to all which, he being bound to tender himself a
+respondent, in matter and form suitable to the impugners
+propounding, he did first so transcendently
+acquit himself of that circumstantial kinde of oratory,
+that, by well-couched periods, and neatly running
+syllables, in all the twelve languages, both in verse
+and prose, he expressed to the life his courtship
+[courtliness] and civility; and afterwards, when the
+Rector of the university, (unwilling to have any more
+time bestowed on superficial rhetorick, or to have
+that wasted on the fondness of quaint phrases, which
+might be better employed in a reciprocacy of discussing
+scientifically the nature of substantial things),
+gave direction to the professors to fall on, each
+according to the dignity or precedency of his faculty,
+and that conform to the order given. Some metaphysical
+notions were set abroach, then mathematical,
+and of those arithmetical, geometrical, astronomical,
+musical, optical, cosmographical, trigonometrical,
+statical, and so forth through all the other branches
+of the prime and mother sciences thereof; the next
+bout was through all natural philosophy, according
+to Aristotle's method, from the acroamaticks, going
+along the speculation of the nature of the heavens,
+and that of the generation and corruption of sublinary
+things, even to the consideration of the soul
+and its faculties; in sequel hereof, they had a hint<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+at chymical extractions, and spoke of the principles
+of corporeal and mixed bodies, according to the precepts
+of that art. After this, they disputed of
+medicine, in all its thereapeutick, pharmacopeutick,
+and chirurgical parts; and not leaving natural magick
+untouched, they had exquisite disceptations concerning
+the secrets thereof. From thence they proceeded
+to moral philosophy, where, debating of the true
+enumeration of all vertues and vices, they had most
+learned ratiocinations about the chief good of the life
+of man; and seeing the [that] &#339;cumenicks and
+politicks are parts of that philosophy, they argued
+learnedly of all the several sorts of governments,
+with their defects and advantages; whereupon perpending,
+that, without an established law, all the
+duties of ruling and subjection, to the utter ruin of
+humane society, would be as often violated as the
+irregularity of passion, seconded with power, should
+give way thereto. The Sorbonist, canonical, and
+civilian doctors most judiciously argued with him
+about the most prudential maximes, sentences, ordinances,
+acts, and statutes for ordering all manner of
+persones in their consciences, bodyes, fortunes, and
+reputation; nor was there an end put to those
+literate exercitations till the grammarians, rhetoricians,
+poets, and logicians had assailed him with all
+the subtleties and nicest quodlibets their respective
+habits could afford. Now when, to the admiration
+of all that were there, the incomparable Crichtoun
+had, in all these faculties above written, and in any
+of the twelve languages wherein he was spoke to,
+whether in verse or prose, held tack to all the disputants,
+who were accounted the ablest scholars
+upon earth in each their own profession; and publickly
+evidenced such an universality of knowledge,
+and accurate promptness in resolving of doubts, distinguishing
+of obscurities, expressing the members
+of a distinction in adequate terms of art, explaining<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>
+those compendious tearms with words of a more
+easie apprehension to the prostrating of the sublimest
+mysteries to any vulgar capacity, and with all
+excogitable variety of learning, (to his own everlasting
+fame), entertained, after that kinde, the nimble witted
+Parisians from nine o'clock in the morning till six
+at night; the Rector now finding it high time to give
+some relaxation to these worthy spirits, which, during
+such a long space, had been so intensively bent
+upon the abstrusest speculations, rose up, and saluting
+the divine Crichtoun, after he had made an elegant
+panegyrick, or encomiastick speech of half an houre's
+continuance, tending to nothing else but the extolling
+of him for the rare and most singular gifts wherewith
+God and nature had endowed him, he descended
+from his chaire, and, attended by three or four of
+the most especial professors, presented him with a
+diamond ring and a purse ful of gold, wishing him to
+accept thereof, if not, as a recompense proportional
+to his merit, yet as a badge of love, and testimony of
+the universitie's favour towards him. At the tender
+of which ceremony, there was so great a plaudite in
+the schoole, such a humming and clapping of hands,
+that all the concavities of the colledges there about
+did resound with the echo of the noise thereof.</p>
+
+<p>"Notwithstanding the great honor thus purchased
+by him for his literatory accomplishments, and that
+many excellent spirits, to obteine the like, would be
+content to postpose all other employments to the
+enjoyment of their studyes, he, nevertheless, the very
+next day, (to refresh his braines, as he said, for the
+toile of the former day's work), went to the Louvre in
+a buff-suit, more like a favourite of Mars then [than]
+one of the Muses' minions; where, in presence of
+some princes of the court, and great ladies, that
+came to behold his gallantry, he carryed away the
+ring fifteen times on end, and broke as many lances
+on the Saracen.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"When for a quarter of a yeer together he after
+this manner had disported himself, (what martially,
+what scholastically), with the best qualified men in
+any faculty so ever, that so large a city, (which is
+called the world's abridgement), was able to afford,
+and now and then solaced these his more serious
+recreations, (for all was but sport to him), with the
+alluring imbellishments of the tendrer sexe, whose
+<i>inamorato</i> that he might be, was their ambition; he
+on a sudden took resolution to leave the Court of
+France, and return to Italy, where he had been bred
+for many yeers together; which designe he prosecuting
+within the space of a moneth, (without
+troubling himself with long journeys), he arrived at
+the Court of Mantua, where immediately after his
+abord, (as hath been told already), he fought the
+memorable combat whose description is above
+related. Here it was that the learned and valiant
+Crichtoun was pleased to cast anchor, and fix his
+abode; nor could he almost otherwise do, without
+disobliging the Duke, and the Prince his eldest son;
+by either whereof he was so dearly beloved, that
+none of them would permit him by any means to
+leave their Court, whereof he was the only <i>privado</i>,
+the object of all men's love, and subject of their
+discourse; the example of the great ones, and
+wonder of the meaner people; the paramour of the
+female sexe, and paragon of his own. In the glory
+of which high estimation, having resided at that
+Court above two whole yeers, the reputation of
+gentlemen there was hardly otherwayes valued but
+by the measure of his acquaintance; nor were the
+young unmaryed ladies, of all the most eminent
+places thereabouts, any thing respected of one
+another, that had not either a lock of his hair, or
+copy of verses of his composing. Nevertheless it
+happening on a Shrove-tuesday at night, (at which
+time it is in Italy very customary for men of great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>
+sobriety, modesty, and civil behaviour all the rest of
+the yeer, to give themselves over on that day of
+carnavale, as they call it, to all manner of riot,
+drunkenness, and incontinency, which that they may
+do with the least imputation they can to their credit,
+they go maskt and mum'd with vizards on their faces,
+and in the disguise of a Zanni or Pantaloon, to
+ventilate their fopperies, and sometimes intolerable
+enormities, without suspicion of being known), that
+this ever renowned Crichtoun, (who, in the afternoon
+of that day, at the desire of my Lord Duke, the
+whole court striving which should exceed each other
+in foolery, and devising of the best sports to excite
+laughter, neither my Lord, the Dutchess, nor Prince,
+being exempted from acting their parts, as well as
+they could), upon a theater set up for the purpose,
+begun to prank it, <i>&agrave; la Venetiana</i>, with such a
+flourish of mimick and ethopoetick gestures, that all
+the courtiers of both sexes, even those that a little
+before were fondest of their own conceits, at the sight
+of his so inimitable a garb, from ravishing actors that
+they were before, turned them ravished spectators.
+O with how great liveliness did he represent the conditions
+of all manner of men! how naturally did he
+set before the eyes of the beholders the rogueries of
+all professions, from the overweening monarch to the
+peevish swaine, through all the intermediate degrees
+of the superficial courtier or proud warrior, dissembled
+churchman, doting old man, cozening lawyer,
+lying traveler, covetous merchant, rude seaman,
+pedantick scholar, the amourous shepheard, envious
+artisan, vainglorious master, and tricky servant; he
+did with such variety display the several humours of
+all these sorts of people, and with a so bewitching
+energy, that he seemed to be the original, they the
+counterfeit; and they the resemblance whereof he
+was the prototype. He had all the jeers, squibs,
+flouts, buls, quips, taunts, whims, jests, clinches,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+gybes, mokes, jerks, with all the several kinds of
+equivocations, and other sophistical captions, that
+could properly be adapted to the person by whose
+representation he intended to inveagle the company
+into a fit of mirth; and would keep in that miscelany
+discourse of his, (which was all for the splene, and
+nothing for the gall), such a climacterical and mercurially
+digested method, that when the fancy of the
+hearers was tickled with any rare conceit, and that
+the jovial blood was moved, he held it going with
+another new device upon the back of the first, and
+another, yet another, and another againe, succeeding
+one another for the promoval of what is a-stirring
+into a higher agitation; till in the closure of the
+luxuriant period, the decumanal wave of the oddest
+whimsy of all, enforced the charmed spirits of the
+auditory, (for affording room to its apprehension),
+suddenly to burst forth into a laughter, which
+commonly lasted just so long as he had leisure to
+withdraw behind the skreen, shift off, with the help
+of a page, the suite he had on, apparel himself with
+another, and return to the stage to act afresh; for
+by that time their transported, disparpled, and
+sublimated fancies, by the wonderfully operating
+engines of his solacious inventions, had from the
+hight to which the inward scrues, wheeles, and pullies
+of his wit had elevated them, descended by degrees
+into their wonted stations, he was ready for the
+personating of another carriage; whereof to the
+number of fourteen several kinds, (during the five
+hours space that at the Duke's desire, the solicitation
+of the court, and his own recreation, he was pleased
+to histrionize it), he shewed himself so natural a
+representative, that any would have thought he had
+been so many several actors, differing in all things
+else, save only the stature of the body; with this
+advantage above the most of other actors, whose
+tongue, with its oral implements, is the onely instru<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>ment
+of their minds' disclosing, that, besides his
+mouth with its appurtenances, he lodged almost a
+several oratour in every member of his body; his
+head, his eyes, his shoulder, armes, hands, fingers,
+thighs, legs, feet, and breast, being able to decipher
+any passion whose character he purposed to give.</p>
+
+<p>"First, he did present himself with a crown on his
+head, a scepter in his hand, being clothed in a purple
+robe furred with ermyne; after that, with a miter on
+his head, a crosier in his hand, and accoutred with a
+paire of lawn-sleeves; and thereafter, with a helmet
+on his head, the visiere up, a commanding stick in
+his hand, and arayed in a buff-suit, with a scarf
+about his middle. Then, in a rich apparel, after the
+newest fashion, did he shew himself, (like another
+Sejanus), with a periwig daubed with Cypres powder;
+in sequel of that, he came out with a three-corner'd
+cap on his head, some parchments in his hand, and
+writings hanging at his girdle like Chancery bills;
+and next to that, with a furred gown about him, an
+ingot of gold in his hand, and a bag full of money by
+his side; after all this, he appeares againe clad in a
+country-jacket, with a prong in his hand, and a
+Monmouth-like-cap on his head; then very shortly
+after, with a palmer's coat upon him, a bourdon in
+his hand,<a name="FNanchor_264_267" id="FNanchor_264_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_264_267" class="fnanchor">[264]</a> and some few cockle-shels stuck to his
+hat, he look'd as if he had come in pilgrimage from
+St Michael; immediately after that, he domineers
+it in a bare unlined gown, with a pair of whips in the
+one hand, and Corderius in the other; and in suite
+thereof, he honderspondered<a name="FNanchor_265_268" id="FNanchor_265_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_265_268" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> it with a pair of
+pannier-like breeches, a mountera-cap on his head,
+and a knife in a wooden sheath dagger-ways by his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>
+side; about the latter end, he comes forth again with
+a square in one hand, a rule in the other, and a
+leather apron before him; then very quickly after,
+with a scrip by his side, a sheep-hook in his hand,
+and a basket full of flowers to make nosegayes for his
+mistris; now drawing to a closure, he rants it first
+<i>in cuerpo</i>, and vapouring it with gingling spurs, and
+his armes a kenbol like a Don Diego he strouts it,
+and by the loftiness of his gate, plaies the Capitan
+Spavento; then in the very twinkling of an eye, you
+would have seen him againe issue forth with a cloak
+upon his arm, in a livery garment, thereby representing
+the serving-man; and lastly, at one time
+amongst those other, he came out with a long gray
+beard, and bucked ruff, crouching on a staff tip't, with
+the head of a barber's cithern,<a name="FNanchor_266_269" id="FNanchor_266_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_266_269" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> and his gloves
+hanging by a button at his girdle.</p>
+
+<p>"Those fifteen several personages did he represent
+with such excellency of garb, and exquisiteness of
+language, that condignely to perpend the subtlety of
+the invention, the method of the disposition, the
+neatness of the elocution, the gracefulness of the
+action, and wonderful variety in the so dextrous
+performance of all, you would have taken it for a
+comedy of five acts, consisting of three scenes, each
+composed by the best poet in the world, and acted
+by fifteen of the best players that ever lived, as was
+most evidently made apparent to all the spectators
+in the fifth and last hour of his action, (which, according
+to our western account, was about six a clock at
+night, and by the calculation of that country, half an
+hour past three and twenty, at that time of the yeer),
+for, purposing to leave off with the setting of the
+sun, with an endeavour nevertheless to make his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>
+conclusion the master-piece of the work, he, to that
+effect, summoning all his spirits together, which
+never failed to be ready at the call of so worthy a
+commander, did by their assistance, so conglomerate,
+shuffle, mix, and interlace the gestures, inclinations,
+actions, and very tones of the speech of those fifteen
+several sorts of men, whose carriages he did personate
+into an inestimable <i>ollapodrida</i> of immaterial
+morsels of divers kinds, suitable to the very
+ambrosian relish of the Heliconian nymphs, that,
+in the peripetia of this drammatical exercitation,
+by the inchanted transportation of the eyes and
+eares of its spectabundal auditorie, one would have
+sworne that they all had looked with multiplying
+glasses, and that, (like that angel in the Scripture
+whose voice was said to be like the voice of a
+multitude), they heard in him alone the promiscuous
+speech of fifteen several actors; by the various
+ravishments of the excellencies whereof, in the
+frolickness of a jocund straine beyond expectation,
+the logofascinated spirits of the beholding hearers
+and auricularie spectators, were so on a sudden
+seazed upon in their risible faculties of the soul,
+and all their vital motions so universally affected
+in this extremitie of agitation, that, to avoid the
+inevitable charmes of his intoxicating ejaculations,
+and the accumulative influences of so powerfull a
+transportation, one of my lady Dutchess' chief
+maids of honour, by the vehemencie of the shock of
+those incomprehensible raptures, burst forth into a
+laughter to the rupture of a veine in her body; and
+another young lady, by the irresistible violence of
+the pleasure unawares infused, where the tender
+receptibilitie of her too tickled fancie was least able
+to hold out, so unprovidedly was surprised, that,
+with no less impetuositie of ridibundal passion
+then [than], (as hath been told), occasioned a fracture
+in the other young ladie's modestie, she, not being<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+able longer to support the well beloved burthen of
+so excessive delight, and intransing joys of such
+mercurial exhilations through the ineffable extasie
+of an overmastered apprehension, fell back in a
+swown, without the appearance of any other life
+into her then [than] what, by the most refined wits
+of theological speculators, is conceived to be exerced
+by the purest parts of the separated entelechises of
+blessed saints in their sublimest conversations with
+the celestial hierarchies; this accident procured the
+incoming of an apothecary with restoratives, as the
+other did that of a surgeon with consolidative medicaments.<a name="FNanchor_267_270" id="FNanchor_267_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_267_270" class="fnanchor">[267]</a>
+The Admirable Crichtoun now perceiving
+that it was drawing somewhat late, and that our
+occidental rays of Ph&#339;bus were upon their turning
+oriental to the other hemisphere of the terrestrial
+globe; being withall jealous that the uninterrupted
+operation of the exuberant diversitie of his jovialissime
+entertainment, by a continuate winding up of
+the humours there present to a higher, yet higher,
+and still higher pitch, above the supremest Lydian
+note of the harmonie of voluptuousness, should, in
+such a case, through the too intensive stretching of
+the already super-elated strings of their imagination,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+with a transcendencie over-reaching Ela, and beyond
+the well concerted gain of rational equanimitie, involve
+the remainder of that illustrious companie into
+the sweet labyrinth and mellifluent anfractuosities of
+a lacinious delectation, productive of the same inconveniences
+which befel the two afore-named ladies;
+whose delicacie of constitution, though sooner overcome,
+did not argue, but that the same extranean
+causes from him proceeding of their pathetick alteration,
+might by a longer insisting in an efficacious
+agencie, and unremitted working of all the consecutively
+imprinted degrees that the capacity of the
+patient is able to containe, prevaile at last, and have
+the same predominancie over the dispositions of the
+strongest complexioned males of that splendid society,
+did, in his own ordinary wearing apparel, with the
+countenance of a Prince, and garb befitting the
+person of a so well bred gentleman and cavalier,
+&#954;&#945;&#964; &#949;&#958;&#959;&#967;&#951;&#957; full of majestie, and repleat with all excogitable
+civilitie, (to the amazement of all that beheld
+his heroick gesture), present himself to epilogate this
+his almost extemporanean comedie, though of five
+hours continuance without intermission; and that
+with a peroration so neatly uttered, so distinctly
+pronounced, and in such elegancie of selected tearmes,
+expressed by a diction so periodically contexed with
+isocoly of members, that the matter thereof tending
+in all humility to beseech the highnesses of the
+Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, together with the
+remanent lords, ladies, knights, gentlemen, and
+others of both sexes of that honourable convention,
+to vouchsafe him the favour to excuse his that afternoon's
+escaped extravagancies, and to lay the blame
+of the indigested irregularity of his wits' excursions,
+and the abortive issues of his disordered brain, upon
+the customarily dispensed with priviledges in those
+Cisalpinal regions, to authorize such like impertinencies
+at Carnavalian festivals; and that, although,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span>
+according to the meet commonly received opinion in
+that country, after the nature of Load-him, (a game
+at cards), where he that wins loseth, he who, at that
+season of the year, playeth the fool most egregiously,
+is reputed the wisest man; he, nevertheless, not
+being ambitious of the fame of enjoying good qualities,
+by vertue of the antiphrasis of the fruition of
+bad ones, did meerly undergo that emancipatorie
+task of a so profuse liberty, and to no other end
+embraced the practising of such roaming and exorbitant
+diversions but to give an evident, or rather
+infallible, demonstration of his eternally bound duty
+to the House of Mantua, and all inviolable testimony
+of his never to be altered designe, in prosecuting all
+the occasions possible to be laid hold on that can in
+any manner of way prove conducible to the advancement
+of, and contributing to, the readiest means for
+improving those advantages that may best promove
+the faculties of making all his choice endeavours,
+and utmost abilities at all times, effectual to the
+long-wished-for furtherance of his most cordial and
+endeared service to the serenissime highnesses of
+My Lord Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, and of consecrating
+with all addicted obsequiousness, and submissive
+devotion, his everlasting obedience to the
+illustrious shrine of their joynt commands. Then
+incontinently addressing himself to the Lords, ladies
+and others of that rotonda, (which, for his daigning
+to be its inmate, though but for that day, might be
+accounted in nothing inferior to the great Colisee of
+Rome, or Amphitheater of Neems), with a stately
+carriage, and port suitable to so prime a gallant, he
+did cast a look on all the corners thereof, so bewitchingly
+amiable and magically efficacious as if in his
+eys had bin a muster of ten thousand cupids eagerly
+striving who should most deeply pierce the hearts of
+the spectators with their golden darts. And truly
+so it fell out, (that there not being so much as one<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span>
+arrow shot in vain), all of them did love him, though
+not after the same manner, nor for the same end;
+for, as the manna of the Arabian desarts is said to
+have had in the mouths of the Egyptian Israelites,
+the very same tast of the meat they loved best, so
+the Princes that were there did mainly cherish him
+for his magnanimity and knowledge; his courtliness
+and sweet behaviour being that for which chiefly the
+noblemen did most respect him; for his pregnancie
+of wit, and chivalric in vindicating the honour of
+ladies, he was honoured by the knights, and the
+esquires and other gentlemen courted him for his
+affability and good fellowship; the rich did favour
+him for his judgment and ingeniosity; and for his
+liberality and munificence he was blessed by the
+poor; the old men affected him for his constancie
+and wisdome, and the young for his mirth and
+gallantry; the scholars were enamoured of him
+for his learning and eloquence, and the souldiers for
+his integrity and valour; the merchants, for his
+upright dealing and honesty, praised and extolled
+him, and the artificers for his goodness and
+benignity; the chastest lady of that place would
+have hugged and imbraced him for his discretion
+and ingenuity; whilst for his beauty and comeliness
+of person he was, at least in the fervency of their
+desires, the paramour of the less continent; he was
+dearly beloved of the fair women, because he was
+handsome, and of the fairest more dearly, because
+he was handsomer: in a word, the affections of the
+beholders, (like so many several diameters drawn
+from the circumference of their various intents), did
+all concenter in the point of his perfection. After
+a so considerable insinuation, and gaining of so
+much ground upon the hearts of the auditory, (though
+in a shorter space then [than] the time of a flash of
+lightning), he went on, (as before), in the same thred
+of the conclusive part of his discourse, with a resolu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>tion
+not to cut it, till the overabounding passions
+of the company, their exorbitant motions and discomposed
+gestures, through excess of joy and mirth,
+should be all of them quieted, calmed, and pacified,
+and every man, woman, and maid there, (according
+to their humour), resented in the same integrity they
+were at first; which when by the articulatest
+elocution of the most significant words, expressive
+of the choisest things that fancie could suggest, and,
+conforme to the matter's variety, elevating or depressing,
+flat or sharply accinating it, with that proportion
+of tone that was most consonant with the purpose,
+he had attained unto, and by his verbal harmony and
+melodious utterance, setled all their distempered
+pleasures, and brought their disorderly raised spirits
+into their former capsuls, he with a tongue tip't with
+silver, after the various diapasons of all his other
+expressions, and making of a leg for the spruceness
+of its courtsie, of greater decorement to him then
+[than] cloth of gold and purple, farewel'd the
+companie with a complement of one period so
+exquisitely delivered, and so well attended by the
+gracefulness of his hand and foot, with the quaint
+miniardise of the rest of his body, in the performance
+of such ceremonies as are usual at a court-like
+departing, that from the theater he had gone into a
+lobie, from thence along three spacious chambers,
+whence descending a back staire, he past through
+a low gallerie which led him to that outer gate,
+where a coach with six horses did attend him, before
+that magnificent convention of both sexes, (to whom
+that room, wherein they all were, seemed in his
+absence to be as a body without a soul), had the full
+leisure to recollect their spirits, (which, by the neatness
+of his so curious a close, were <i>quoquoversedly</i>
+scattered with admiration), to advise on the best
+expediency how to dispose of themselves for the
+future of that [delightful] night."</p>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span></p>
+<div class="footnotes"><br /><br />
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_261_264" id="Footnote_261_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261_264"><span class="label">[261]</span></a> The College of Navarre was founded by Jeanne of Navarre,
+consort of Philippe the Fair, in 1305. Throughout the fourteenth
+and fifteenth centuries it was the foremost foundation of the
+University of Paris (F. W. S.).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_262_265" id="Footnote_262_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262_265"><span class="label">[262]</span></a> John Hill Burton points out the somewhat curious fact that,
+among the hero's linguistic accomplishments, Gaelic, which must
+have been talked at his own door, does not appear.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_263_266" id="Footnote_263_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263_266"><span class="label">[263]</span></a> In the matter of length this is surely a record sentence.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_264_267" id="Footnote_264_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264_267"><span class="label">[264]</span></a> "<i>A bourdon in his hand</i>"&mdash;"A musical instrument resembling a
+bassoon, in use with pilgrims who visit the body of St James at
+Compostella" (Sir John Hawkins).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_265_268" id="Footnote_265_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265_268"><span class="label">[265]</span></a> "<i>Honderspondered</i>"&mdash;<i>i.e.</i> floundered. Fr. <i>hondrespondres</i> (<i>Rab.</i>
+iii. 42)&mdash;"hundred-pounders," heavy, burly fellows.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_266_269" id="Footnote_266_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266_269"><span class="label">[266]</span></a> "<i>Barber's cithern</i>"&mdash;"The instrument now ignorantly called a
+guitar. It was formerly part of the furniture of a barber's shop,
+and was the amusement of waiting customers" (Sir John
+Hawkins).</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_267_270" id="Footnote_267_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267_270"><span class="label">[267]</span></a> This incident reminds one of the effect produced upon the
+lawyers in court when "Pantagruel gave judgment upon the
+difference of the two lords." Our readers will remember that it
+is the author of the above description who is the translator of the
+narrative which tells of that wonderfully satisfactory decision.
+"As for the counsellors, and other doctors in the law that were
+there present, they were all so ravished with admiration at the
+more than humane wisdom of Pantagruel, which they did most
+clearly perceive to be in him, by his so accurate decision of this so
+difficult and thornie cause, that their spirits, with the extremity of
+the rapture, being elevated above the pitch of actuating the organs
+of the body, they fell into a trance and sudden extasie, wherein
+they stayed for the space of three long houres; and had been so as
+yet, in that condition, had not some good people fetched store of
+vinegar and rose water to bring them again into their former
+sense and understanding, for the which God be praised everywhere.
+And so be it." (<i>Rabelais</i>, ii. 13.)</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="INDEX" id="INDEX"></a>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Attitude towards covenant, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+"Aberdeen Doctors," <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Aberdeen Sasines</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Aberdeen University, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New constitution, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (note).</span><br />
+<br />
+Abercrombie, Sir Alexander, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Abernethie, Helen, wife of Thomas Urquhart, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Abraham, Patriarch, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Acts of the Parliament of Scotland</i>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a> (note 3), <a href="#Page_71">71</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_93">93</a> (note), <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (notes).<br />
+<br />
+Adam, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Advancement of Learning</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+&AElig;gyptus' sons, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+&AElig;quanima, sister of Marcus Coriolanus, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Agamemnon, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ainsworth, W. Harrison, <i>Crichton</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+"<i>Airgiod cagainn</i>" (chewing-money), <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Airlie, Earl of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Alcibiades, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alexander of Macedon, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Allibone, <i>Dictionary</i>, and Urquhart, <a href="#Page_100">101</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Alsop, Captain, treatment of Sir Thomas Urquhart, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Amadis of Gaul</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Anastasius</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Anderson, Gilbert, minister of Cromartie, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+---- Hugh, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+---- P. J., <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (notes).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Annals of Banff</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (note), <a href="#Page_47">47</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Annand, John, minister of Inverness, and Sir Thomas Urquhart, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Antiquarian Notes</i>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note), <a href="#Page_69">69</a> <a href="#Page_70">70</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Apprizing</i>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Arcalaus, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Archimedes, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arduamurchan, <a href="#Page_136">136</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Ardoch farm, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Argyll, Marquis of, and Covenanters, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ariosto, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hippogriff and Astolfo, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Aristotle, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a> (note).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Organon, Ethics, and Politics</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Arnold, Matthew, standard for judging literature, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arran, <a href="#Page_136">136</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Arren, Earle of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Arundel, Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Astioremon, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Asymbleta, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Atbara, battle of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Atropos, 129.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Bacchus, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conquers India, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Bacon, Lord, Solicitor-General, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On fate of solid and weighty things, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rules for young travellers in <i>Essays, Civil and Moral</i>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Baddeley, Richard, <a href="#Page_128">128</a> (note), <a href="#Page_149">149</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Badenoch, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Baillie, Robert, <i>Letters</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>Baldwin, Richard, <a href="#Page_185">185</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Balquholly Castle, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3): now Hatton Castle.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Account of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> (note 1).</span><br />
+<br />
+Balvenie, battle at, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (and note 2), <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Banff, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Entry in Court-book of Burgh, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Barclay, Waiter, <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Barclays, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Baron, Dr Robert, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Basagante, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Beaten, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bedell, William, idea of universal language, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Belladrum, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellay, Jean du, Bishop of Paris, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bellenden, Adam, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Beltistos, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bembo, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Berwick, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Besant, Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_185">185</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Bickerstaffe, Isaac, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Biggar, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Billing, <i>Baronial Antiquities</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Biographia Britannica</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_158">158</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Birkenbog, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Birrell, A., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Black Island, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_181">181</a> (note 2).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(<i>See</i> also names of subjects.)</span><br />
+<br />
+Boece, Hector, fictions, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Book of Bon Accord</i>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Bracegirdle, Mrs, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Braughton discovers Sir Thomas Urquhart's MSS., <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Brisena, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Browne, Sir Thomas:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Phraseology, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quoted, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Vulgar Errors</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Browning, Robert, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bruce, James, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+---- King David, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- King Robert, grants Cromartie to Sir Hugh Ross, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Bruklay, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Brydges, Sir Egerton, <i>Autobiography</i>;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Mary de Clifford</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a> (note 1).</span><br />
+<br />
+Bullock, J. M., <i>History of University of Aberdeen</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, <a href="#Page_191">191</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Burnet, quoted, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> (note), <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burns, Robert, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Burton, John Hill:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On "Aberdeen Doctors" in <i>History of Scotland</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On description of Crichton's feats, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Sir Thomas Urquhart's writings, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Scot Abroad</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Burton, Robert, <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+C&aelig;sar, <i>De Bello Gallico</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Caithness, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Calder, Campbell of, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Calendar of Proceedings in Committee for Advances of Moneys-Taxes</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Calvert, Giles, <a href="#Page_176">176</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Cambridge, Earl of, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cant at Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carberry Tower, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Carlisle, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Carlyle, Thomas:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Oliver Cromwell</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Sartor Resartus</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cartadaque, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Castalia, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cawdor, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Chanonry Castle taken, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Charles <span class="smcap">I.</span>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Endeavours to force Episcopacy on Scotland, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Execution of, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Letter of Protection to Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Licence to T. York, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On knowledge of law, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Charles <span class="smcap">II.</span>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crowned, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lands in Scotland, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Charles <span class="smcap">VII.</span>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>Chatterton, <a href="#Page_152">152</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Chinon, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+"Christianus Presbyteromastix," <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cibber, <i>Apology</i>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Cicero, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>; <i>De Officiis</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cid, The, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clan Mackenzie, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Clanmolinespick, <a href="#Page_135">135</a> (and note).<br />
+<br />
+Clanrurie, <a href="#Page_136">136</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Clare, Earl of, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Clare Street, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Clio, <a href="#Page_109">109</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Coleridge, on Rabelais' writings, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+College of Navarre, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+"Colophonian Poet," <a href="#Page_109">109</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Colophos, <a href="#Page_109">109</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Commission of General Assembly, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a> (and note 1), <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Constantinople, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Cotgrave, <i>French Dictionary</i>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cottrel, James, <a href="#Page_149">149</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Court of Session, Decisions of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Covenant signed, <a href="#Page_47">47</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Covenanting Movement, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Coventry, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Craig, John, <a href="#Page_42">42</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Craigfintray, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (note), <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Cratynter, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Craven, Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Rev. J. B., <a href="#Page_57">57</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Crawford, Earl of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Crichton, James (the Admirable), <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> (note 2).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Age on entering St Andrews, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sketch of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Appendix ii, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Cromartie (Crwmbawchty or Crumbathy), <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Castle, account of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a> (and note 1), 18.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Library, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Put in state of defence, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a> (note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Siege of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- estate, proprietors of, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Lady Dowager of, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- parish, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a> (note), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Cullicudden, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Culloden, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Cumberland's, Duke of, headquarters, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Curators, <a href="#Page_5">5</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Danaus' daughters, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dante, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quoted, <a href="#Page_161">161</a> (note).</span><br />
+<br />
+Darioleta, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Darwin, Charles, <a href="#Page_131">131</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>David Copperfield</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_59">59</a> (note), <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Debora, Judge and Prophetess, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delgatie, Laird of, plunders Balquholly, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Delos, <a href="#Page_119">119</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Demosthenes, <a href="#Page_162">162</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Dickson, David, Professor of Divinity, Glasgow, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> (note), <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Diosa, daughter of Alcibiades, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dis, Father of Wealth, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Don river, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Don Quixote, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> (and note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Donne, Age on going to Oxford, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dorset, Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Douglas, Robert, Moderator of Commission of General Assembly, <a href="#Page_81">81</a> (and note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Dove, Dr, <a href="#Page_114">114</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Duchat, Notes on Rabelais, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Duff, Garden Alexander, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+---- Isabel Annie, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Dunbar, Battle of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Dunlugas in Alvah, <a href="#Page_47">47</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Edward, King, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Egypt, English peer in, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elgin, <a href="#Page_4">4</a> (note), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elibank, Patrick, Lord, buys Cromartie estate, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>Eliock, Perthshire, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Elphinstone, Alexander, Lord, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> (and note 3).<br />
+<br />
+---- Lady Christian, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Englishman abroad, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Entelechia, Queen, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Episcopacy in Scotland, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Erasmus, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Eromena, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Errol, Earl of, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Esormon, Prince of Achaia, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Euclid, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Falkirk, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Famongomadan, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Farquhar, Sir Robert of Mounie, and Cromartie creditors, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fergus, King of Scots, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Findlay, Andrew, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Findrassie. (<i>See</i> Lesley, Robert.)<br />
+<br />
+Firth of Cromartie, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+---- of Forth, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fisherie, Barony of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> (and note 1), <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Fleetwood, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Florence, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Folengo, T., <i>Macaronea</i>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Fontenay-le-Comte, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Forbes, Alexander, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+---- Arthur, of Blacktown, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Dr John, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Forestalling, <a href="#Page_15">15</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Fortrose Castle garrisoned, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Fountainhall, <i>Decisions</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Fraser, (Colonel) Hugh, of Belladrum, and Rising in North, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- (Sir) James, <a href="#Page_71">71</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+---- Lord, garrisons Towie-Barclay Castle, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Sir William:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Earls of Cromartie</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>The Lords Elphinstone</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note), <a href="#Page_13">13</a> (note 3).</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+G. P., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gardenstoun Papers, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Gargantua, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gathelus, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gaurin (Gowran), Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>General Assembly Commission Records</i>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a> (note), <a href="#Page_74">74</a> (note), <a href="#Page_75">75</a> (note), <a href="#Page_78">78</a> (note), <a href="#Page_79">79</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_80">80</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Genoa, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gight, Laird of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gladmon, Captain, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Glasgow, General Assembly in, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Glenkindie, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Glover, George, portraits of Sir Thomas Urquhart, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gonima, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Gonzaga, Vincenzio de, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Goodwin, Captain, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Gordon, James, <i>History of Scots Affairs</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a> (notes), <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_132">132</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- (Sir) James, of Lesmoir, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- John, <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Granada, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Granger, <i>Biographical Dictionary</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_112">112</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_206">206</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Grimm, <i>Household Tales</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Guild, Dr William, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (note).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Gulliver's Travels</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Gustavus Adolphus, <a href="#Page_81">81</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Guthrie, James, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Halket, General, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_81">81</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Hatton Castle. (<i>See</i> Balquholly.)<br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At Berwick, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Harrison, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hawkins, Sir John, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a> (notes).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Life of Johnson</i>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a> (note).</span><br />
+<br />
+Hazlitt, quoted, <a href="#Page_167">167</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Heine, <i>Das Buch Le Grand</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Henderson at Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henry <span class="smcap">II.</span>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Henry, Prince, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>Heraclitus the Obscure, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>(note), <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, <i>Autobiography</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Hercules Lybius, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Herd, David, <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Highland soldiers in Inverness, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hippocrene, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+History of Clan Mackenzie, <a href="#Page_70">70</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>History of Scotland.</i> (<i>See</i> under Burton, J. H.)<br />
+<br />
+<i>History of Scots Affairs.</i> (<i>See</i> Gordon, James.)<br />
+<br />
+Holland, Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Holles, Gervase, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+---- John, Earl of Clare, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> (and note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Homer, Birthplace of, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Works, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Hope, <i>Anastasius</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>(note).<br />
+<br />
+Horace, <i>Odes</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Houghton, in Nottingham, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Hudibras</i>, Alexander Ross mentioned in, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Huntly, Second Marquis of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Covenanters and, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Family name (Gordon), <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Taken prisoner, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- Third Marquis of, takes Ruthven Castle, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Hypermnestra, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Innes, Alexander, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Inverkeithing, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Inverness, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Capture of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fortifications destroyed, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Highland soldiers at, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Sasines</i>, <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note 3).</span><br />
+<br />
+Irving, Dr:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Account of Sir Thomas Urquhart leaving Scotland, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Lives of Scottish Writers</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a> (note), <a href="#Page_149">149</a> (note).</span><br />
+<br />
+---- John, of Bruklay, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+J. A., <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+James <span class="smcap">III.</span>:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Act of, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grant of Motehill of Cromartie to William Urquhart, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+James <span class="smcap">VI.</span>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Japhet, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jericho, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Joan of Arc, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Dr, on&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crichton in <i>Adventurer</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> (note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Traveller in Egypt, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Johnston and Mr Bedell, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Arthur, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Latin Poems, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> (note).</span><br />
+<br />
+Jonson, Ben, <i>Catiline</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Jovius, Panlus, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Julius C&aelig;sar, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ker, General, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Kinbeakie, Stone lintel at, <a href="#Page_137">137</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>King's College: Officers and Graduates</i>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+King's Covenant, Account of, <a href="#Page_42">42</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Kippis, Dr, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> (note 2).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Urquhart's pedigree, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<br />
+Kirkhill, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Kirkmichael, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Lamb, Charles, <a href="#Page_132">132</a> (note), <a href="#Page_167">167</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Lambert, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Laud, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leake, William, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Leighton, Archbishop, <a href="#Page_66">66</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Lemlair, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lesley, Lieut.-General David, <a href="#Page_32">32</a> (note).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">March to England, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Message of encouragement to, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Takes Castle of Chanonry, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- Norman, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> (and note 1).<br />
+<br />
+---- Robert, of Findrassie, <a href="#Page_59">59</a> (note), <a href="#Page_71">71</a> (note 1).<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conduct towards Sir Thomas Urquhart, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mortgage on Cromartie estate, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- Dr William, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a> (and note 2), <a href="#Page_37">37</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Letters of Junius</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_126">126</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Lives of Scottish Writers.</i> (<i>See</i> under Irving, Dr.)<br />
+<br />
+Logarithms, <a href="#Page_123">123</a> (and note).<br />
+<br />
+Lowndes, <i>Bibliographer's Manual</i>, <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Lucian, <a href="#Page_100">100</a> (note), <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lumphanan, <a href="#Page_3">3</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Lunan, Alexander, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Luther, Martin, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Lynceus, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Macaulay, <a href="#Page_174">174</a> (note).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>History of England</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Macbeth's titles, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Macduff, <a href="#Page_3">3</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Mackenzie. Alexander, <a href="#Page_70">70</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- (Sir) George, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- George, sells estate to Capt. W. Urquhart, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- (Sir) Kenneth, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Thomas, of Pluscardine.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enters Inverness, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Proclaimed rebel and traitor, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rising in North and, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mackintosh, C. Fraser, (<i>See Antiquarian Notes.</i>)<br />
+<br />
+Macmillans of Knapdale, <a href="#Page_135">135</a> (n.).<br />
+<br />
+Madanfabul, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Madasima, <a href="#Page_114">114</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Madrid, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+M'Farlane, Genealogical Collections, <a href="#Page_16">16</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Maitland, on date of Sir Thomas Urquhart's birth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mantua, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mantua, Duke of, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Mantuanus, Baptista, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Marischal College, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Marischal, Earl, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enters Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Martin, Sir Theodore, on&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Trissotetras</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a> (note).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unpublished Epigrams of Sir Thomas Urquhart, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Urquhart's account of his misfortunes, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Death, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Translation of Rabelais, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Mary Queen of Scots, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Maubert, Place, <a href="#Page_161">161</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Meldrum arms, <a href="#Page_139">139</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Melville, Andrew, assists to remodel University education, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Mercury, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Messina, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Micawber, Wilkins. (<i>See David Copperfield.</i>)<br />
+<br />
+Middleton, General, <a href="#Page_32">32</a> (note).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Joins Mackenzie's force, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- Earl of, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Miller, Hugh, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 2).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description of Cromartie Castle, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On siege of Cromartie Castle, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On stone lintel at Kinbeakie, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Urquhart's inventive powers, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reference to Sir Alexander Urquhart, <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note 3).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(<i>See</i> also <i>Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland</i>.)</span><br />
+<br />
+Milton, John, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Hymn on Nativity</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_201">201</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Paradise Lost</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_201">201</a> (n. 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sonnet to Cromwell, quoted, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Miol, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mitchell, Thomas, minister of Turriff, <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Molinea, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Monboddo, Lord, on dual number, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montaigne, age on completing collegiate course, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Montrose, Earl of, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Moral Tales</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Moray, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>Moray Firth, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Morley, <i>Universal Library</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Morrison, <i>Dictionary of Decisions</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Motteux, Pierre A., <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a> (note 2).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Completes Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a> (and note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Monat (de Monte Alto) family in Cromartie, <a href="#Page_4">4</a> (and note 1).<br />
+<br />
+---- William, takes part of King Robert Bruce, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mounie, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Mucholles, Lord, <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Munro, John, of Lemlair, and rising in North, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Colonel Robert, Mission to Marquis of Huntly, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Nairn, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Napier, John, of Merchiston, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a> (and note 2), <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Naples, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Narfesia, Sovereign of the Amazons, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.<br />
+<br />
+National Covenant, quoted, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Newcastle, Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Nicholas Nickleby</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Nicolia, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nimrod, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Niort, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Nisbet, on Urquhart's property, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>System of Heraldry</i>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a> (note 1).</span><br />
+<br />
+Noah, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Noctes Ambrosian&aelig;</i> (Blackwood), version of Urquhart's death, <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+"Nonconformist Conscience," <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Northumberland, Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Nottingham, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Ogilvie, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Old Machar, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Orkneys, <a href="#Page_80">80</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Orpah, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Overton, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ovid, <a href="#Page_195">195</a> (note).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Metamorphosis</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Ozell, edition of Rabelais, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Padua, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pantagruel, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> (note), <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(<i>See</i> also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)</span><br />
+<br />
+Panthea, daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Panurge, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> (note), <a href="#Page_197">197</a>. (<i>See</i> also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)<br />
+<br />
+Pape, Charles, Minister of Cullicudden, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Paris, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Parnassus, Mount, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pegasus, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pembroke, Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pentasilea, Queen of the Amazons, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Penuel, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pericles, <a href="#Page_149">149</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Persius, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> (note 2); quoted, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Perth, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Petrarch, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Petric, James, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Pharaoh Amenophis, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Philemon (Philomenes), death of, <a href="#Page_100">100</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Pillars of Hercules, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pistol, Ancient, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Pitkerrie, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Plato, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a> (and note).<br />
+<br />
+Pliny, <a href="#Page_52">52</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Pluscardine. (<i>See</i> Mackenzie, Thomas.)<br />
+<br />
+Plutus, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Pococke's <i>Tour</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_103">103</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Pope, Alexander&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Dunciad</i>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Rabelais, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Portia, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Portugal founded, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pothina, niece of Lycurgus, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Prott, David, killed at Towie-Barclay, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>Providence, Rhode Island, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Pulteney, Sir William, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Pythagoras, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Queen Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Mary, of England, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Mary, of Scotland, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Queensferry, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Raban, printer, Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_57">57</a> (n.).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Rabelais</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_119">119</a> (note), <a href="#Page_185">185</a> (and note 2), <a href="#Page_192">192</a> (note), <a href="#Page_235">235</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Rabelais, Fran&ccedil;ois, sketch of, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Gargantua</i> and <i>Pantagruel</i>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(<i>See</i> Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)</span><br />
+<br />
+Raleigh, Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>History of the World</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Raphael, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Reay, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Records of Court of Justiciary</i>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+<i>Redgauntlet</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Resolis, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Riddell, J., <i>Scotch Peerage Law</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Rising of Cavaliers in North, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Robertson, William, of Kindeasse, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rolland, Catharine, <a href="#Page_13">13</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Rome, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ross, Alexander (1), minister in Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+---- Alexander (2), <a href="#Page_126">126</a> (note 1).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Recommends <i>Trissotetras</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Verses, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a> (note).</span><br />
+<br />
+---- George, of Pitkerrie, buys Cromartie estate, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- (Sir) Hugh, owns Cromartie, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- (Major) Walter Charteris, of Cromartie, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+---- William, Earl of, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Rothes, Earls of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Rothiemay, Banffshire, <a href="#Page_35">35</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_43">43</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Row, <i>Historie of Kirk of Scotland</i>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Royalists escape to England, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Ruskin, John, <a href="#Page_173">173</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Rutherford, Samuel, Principal of St Andrews, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Ruthven Castle taken by Marquis of Huntly, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+St Andrews, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.<br />
+<br />
+St Hilarion, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+St Jerome, <i>Vita Sancti Hilarionis</i>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>St Ronan's Well</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Salton, Lord, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Saragossa, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_139">139</a> (note), <a href="#Page_141">141</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Scota, daughter of Pharaoh, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scotch army marches into England, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Scotch Peerage Law.</i> (<i>See</i> Riddell, J.)<br />
+<br />
+Scotchman abroad, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Scotland:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Episcopacy in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Four armies in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, (note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mythical history of, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University education in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. (<i>See</i> also Aberdeen University.)</span><br />
+<br />
+Scrogie, Dr Alexander, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_43">43</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Seaforth, George, Earl of, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Seaton, Dr, in Paris, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- John, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- William, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (note).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Seton, Alexander, of Meldrum, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+---- arms, <a href="#Page_139">139</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Shafton, Sir Piercie, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Shakespeare, William:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Henry IV.</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a> (note).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Merchant of Venice</i>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Midsummer Night's Dream</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a> (note).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Twelfth Night</i>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a> (note).</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Winter's Tale</i>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+Shephard, Jack, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Shrewsbury, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sibbald, Dr James, <a href="#Page_37">37</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Smith, Sidney, "preaching to death by wild curates," <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- W. F., Translation of Rabelais, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_99">99</a> (note 1), <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Socrates, <a href="#Page_119">119</a> (note), <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Sodom and Gomorrha, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Solvatius, King, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Somerled, Lord of the Isles, <a href="#Page_136">136</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+South, <i>Sermons</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Southcote, Joanna, <a href="#Page_179">179</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Southey, <i>Dr Dove</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a> (note), <a href="#Page_178">178</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Spalding, mentions Sir Thomas Urquhart, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Memorials</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a> (note).</span><br />
+<br />
+Spartianus, &AElig;lius, <i>Life of Geta</i>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Spenser, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Spilsbury, Sir Thomas Urquhart stays with, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stacker, James, <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Steele, Richard, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Stirling, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strachan, General, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_81">81</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Strafford, Earl of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stralsund, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Stratford-on-Avon, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strathbogie, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Strathearn, Earls of, family name, <a href="#Page_135">135</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Sutherland, Earl of, action against Earls of Crawford, Errol, and Marischal, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- James, "Tutor of Duffus," <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Tamerlane, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tarbat, Viscount, First Earl of Cromartie, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Termuth, daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thaumast, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+<i>The Lords Elphinstone</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note), <a href="#Page_13">13</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+The Tables and Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Thelema, Abbey of, <a href="#Page_193">193</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+<br />
+Thelemites, <a href="#Page_195">195</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+<br />
+<i>Through the Looking-Glass</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_114">114</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Thucydides, <a href="#Page_149">149</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Thymelica, daughter of Bacchus, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Toledo, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Torespay, <a href="#Page_77">77</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Tor Wood, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tomlius, Richard, <a href="#Page_176">176</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Towie-Barclay Castle, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+---- laird of, plunders Balquholly, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Tristram Shandy</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_47">47</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Trot of Turriff, <a href="#Page_41">41</a> (and note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Turriff, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inhabitants subscribe King's Covenant, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+"Tutor," Meaning of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Tycheros, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Tytler, Patrick F.:<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Life of the Admirable Crichton</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+University of Aberdeen, New Constitution, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Urquhart, Adam of, owns Cromartie, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Sir Alexander, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petition for compensation for losses, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petition for Sheriffship of Cromartie, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- Annas, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- arms, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a> (and note 1).<br />
+<br />
+---- (Major) Beauchamp Colclough, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+---- Cainotomos, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Euplocamos, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- family, descent of, <a href="#Page_130">130</a> <i>seqq.</i><br />
+<br />
+---- George, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- Helen, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- Henry, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- Hypsegoras, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>---- Colonel James, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+Urquhart, Jane, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- John, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- Sir John, of Craigfintray, <a href="#Page_100">101</a> (note 2).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hereditary Sheriff of Cromartie, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<br />
+---- John, of Craigfintray, "the Tutor of Cromartie," <a href="#Page_5">5</a> (and note 1), <a href="#Page_6">6</a> (and note 1), <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (note), <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+---- Jonathan, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Margaret, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+---- Mellessen, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Molin, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Names of Chiefs and Primitive Fathers, Appendix i. <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Names of Mothers of Chiefs, Appendix i. <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- (de Vrquhartt), origin of name, <a href="#Page_4">4</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_132">132</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+---- Pamprosodos, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Phrenedon, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Propetes, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Rodrigo, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- <span class="smcap">Sir Thomas</span> (Urchard, Urquhardus, Wrqhward, Wrwhart), <a href="#Page_132">132</a> (note).<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Account of Aberdeen and eminent men, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Account of Admirable Crichton, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Account of impoverished estates, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ancestry, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">At Worcester, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birth, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Birthplace unknown, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Book-hunting, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Characteristics, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> (and notes 1, 2), <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conduct of creditors, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a> (note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description of his father's character, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Enters University of Aberdeen, <a href="#Page_9">9</a> (and note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Escapes to England, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foreign Travel, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knighted, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lesley and, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liberated on parole, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Literary achievements, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lives at Cromartie&mdash;financial difficulties, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loses ancestral domains and jurisdiction, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MS. of unpublished Poems quoted, <a href="#Page_5">5</a> (note 2); described, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">MSS. lost after Worcester, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">On G. Anderson's preaching, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Papers seized, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portraits, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Praise of "the Tutor of Cromartie," <a href="#Page_5">5</a> (and note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prepares MSS. for publication, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prisoner in the Tower, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Proclaimed rebel and traitor, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Relations with Ministers of Church, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religious belief, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reminiscence of his youth, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rental, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reply to Commissioners' remonstrances, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Resides in London, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (and note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Returns home, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rising in North and, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schemes and inventions, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speed in composition, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Succeeds to estates, 47.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Supplication" for pardon, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Takes up arms for Stuarts, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vanity, <a href="#Page_24">24</a> (note 3).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Works:&mdash;</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">&#917;&#922;&#931;&#922;&#933;&#914;&#913;&#923;&#913;&#933;&#929;&#927;&#925;: or, Discovery of a most exquisite Jewel, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Account of, <a href="#Page_148">148</a> <i>seqq.</i> (and note 1).</span><br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Description of Admirable Crichton, <a href="#Page_157">157</a> <i>seqq.</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">In contemporary politics, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">On fame of Scots in battle, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quoted, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Epigrams</i>: Divine and Moral, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Account of, <a href="#Page_111">111</a> <i>seqq.</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dedication, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quoted, <a href="#Page_60">60</a> (note), <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">MS., quoted, <a href="#Page_109">109</a> (note).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Logopandecteision</i>; or, An Introduction to the Universal Language:</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Account of, <a href="#Page_175">175</a> <i>seqq.</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Published, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Quoted, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#928;&#913;&#925;&#932;&#927;&#935;&#929;&#927;&#925;&#927;&#935;&#913;&#925;&#927;&#925;: Peculiar Promptuary of Time, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Account of, <a href="#Page_128">128</a> seqq.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Translation of Rabelais, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Account of, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a> <i>seqq.</i></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Exploits of Pantagruel, <a href="#Page_161">161</a> (note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Genealogy of Pantagruel, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Interpolations, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Panurge, Sketch of, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Sketch of Abbey of Thelema, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Various editions, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Trissotetras</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Account of, <a href="#Page_117">117</a> (and note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Unpublished Epigrams, Dedications of, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- Thomas, marries Helen Abernethie, their family, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Sir Thomas, senior&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Action against his sons, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Becomes caution for Alexander Forbes, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Believes in long pedigree, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Death, <a href="#Page_47">47</a> (and note 3).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Desk" or Pew in Banff Church, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> (and note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Episcopalian, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marriage-contract, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> (and note 1).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pecuniary difficulties, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Residence in Banff, <a href="#Page_18">18</a> (and note 2).</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sketch of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- (Captain) William, of Meldrum, buys Cromartie estate, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- William, receives grant of Motehill of Cromartie, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Urquharts of Meldrum, <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 3).<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Valerius Maximus, <a href="#Page_100">100</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Venice, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Virgil, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Vocompos, arms of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Voltaire, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Wallace, Professor of Mathematics, Edinburgh, on <i>Trissotetras</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- William, and William Mouat, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wardlaw MS., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a> (note).<br />
+<br />
+Warrington Bridge, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Westminster Abbey, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Whibley, Charles, <i>New Review</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Williams, Roger, Missionary to Indians, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a> (note 1).<br />
+<br />
+Williamson, Robert, Minister of Kirkmichael, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Windsor Castle, Sir Thomas Urquhart removed to, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wodrow, quoted, <a href="#Page_81">81</a> (note 2), <a href="#Page_102">102</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Worcester, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Battle of, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</span><br />
+<br />
+---- Marquis of, <i>Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Worldly Wiseman, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.<br />
+<br />
+Wyntown's <i>Cronykil</i>, quoted, <a href="#Page_3">3</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Yares of Udoll, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.<br />
+<br />
+York, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
+<br />
+---- Thomas, <a href="#Page_50">50</a> (note 2).<br />
+<br />
+Young, James, <a href="#Page_118">118</a> (note).<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+<h2><a name="BY_THE_SAME_AUTHOR" id="BY_THE_SAME_AUTHOR"></a>BY THE SAME AUTHOR.</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Second Thousand. In Fcap. 8vo, 174 pp. Cloth, 2s. 6d.</p>
+
+
+<h1><i>A Shetland Minister of the
+18th Century.</i></h1>
+
+<p class="center">Being Passages in the Life of the Rev. John Mill.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">NOTICES OF THE PRESS.</p>
+
+<p>"We have read this little book with real pleasure, and we wish it
+well."&mdash;<i>Saturday Review.</i></p>
+
+<p>"John Mill was a character such as Robert Louis Stevenson would
+have rendered immortal, and that Mr. Willcock's well-written sketch
+portrays with skill."&mdash;<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A very remarkable life-history."&mdash;<i>New Age.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A curious phase of Scottish life and character."&mdash;<i>Standard.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A most readable little book."&mdash;<i>Athen&aelig;um.</i></p>
+
+<p>"It is delightful to receive such a pretty book.... It depicts a
+striking and interesting character and phase of life."&mdash;<i>British Weekly.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A readable and interesting life-story."&mdash;<i>Literary World.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The whole volume is very amusing reading."&mdash;<i>St. Martin's-le-Grand.</i></p>
+
+<p>"This is in every way a charming book. Its get-up is tastefully
+quaint, and the subject matter fresh and interesting."&mdash;<i>Scottish Notes
+and Queries.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A delightful little volume.... A book of no ordinary interest."&mdash;<i>Presbyterian.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The picture of a man of remarkable vigour and individuality of
+character."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A really readable little book, which should find a considerably
+wider public than that of the Shetland Islands."&mdash;<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Mill was a man of mark in his day, and his life-story is simply and
+worthily told in this little volume."&mdash;<i>Aberdeen Free Press.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Glimpses of old-world life in these remote islands."&mdash;<i>Scottish
+Pictorial.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A perspicuous and complete sketch."&mdash;<i>Dundee Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A little volume which is full of charm and interest."&mdash;<i>John O'Groat
+Journal.</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The work is one of high literary ability, is of more than ordinary
+value for the light it throws on the religious and moral condition of the
+times it covers, and is specially interesting from the uniqueness of the
+character of Mr. Mill."&mdash;<i>North British Daily Mail.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A curious and interesting picture of old Shetland life."&mdash;<i>Elgin
+Courant.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Mill's idiosyncrasies furnish an unfailing source of amusement."&mdash;<i>United
+Presbyterian Magazine.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The whole work is excellent, and, we cannot doubt, will be welcomed
+in a wider area than the northern islands in which Mr. Mill spent his
+life."&mdash;<i>Banffshire Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A very interesting biography, which has already and deservedly
+attracted a good deal of attention."&mdash;<i>Northern Ensign.</i></p>
+
+<p>"We commend the perusal of the volume to all those in any way
+interested in Scotland and her past."&mdash;<i>Liverpool Daily Post.</i></p>
+
+<p>"We can recommend the book as interesting to many more than
+Shetland readers."&mdash;<i>Life and Work.</i></p>
+
+<p>"One can see what a romance Stevenson could have constructed out
+of Mill's diary, which seems incredibly old-fashioned and primitive."&mdash;<i>Sketch.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A most interesting and readable volume, containing many quaint
+and curious pictures of Shetland life and manners during last century."&mdash;<i>Orkney
+Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Willcock has done well to provide this record of a man so
+memorable."&mdash;<i>United Presbyterian Record.</i></p>
+
+<p>"There is a great deal that is interesting in this book.... Mr.
+Willcock has done his work well, and we feel indebted to him for making
+us acquainted with a character which ought not to be forgotten."&mdash;<i>Free
+Church Monthly.</i></p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Mill stands out as quite a remarkable man. Though the
+volume will have a special interest to the people of the Shetland Isles,
+it will be read with much interest on the mainland."&mdash;<i>Perthshire
+Advertiser.</i></p>
+
+<p>"A succinct and readable account of Mill's life.... Nothing
+essential has been omitted, and nothing unnecessary has been retained....
+The volume furnishes interesting reading from beginning to end."&mdash;<i>Shetland
+News.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The book is eminently readable, and will well repay perusal....
+A vein of quiet humour, mingled with delicate satire, crops up every
+here and there in its pages."&mdash;<i>Shetland Times.</i></p>
+
+
+<p><i>To be had from</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">
+OLIPHANT, ANDERSON &amp; FERRIER,<br />
+ST. MARY STREET, EDINBURGH;<br />
+21 PATERNOSTER SQUARE, LONDON, E.C.<br /></p>
+<hr class="chap" />
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h2>OLIPHANT ANDERSON &amp; FERRIER'S
+"FAMOUS SCOTS" SERIES.</h2>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Post 8vo, canvas binding. 1s. 6d.; extra gilt binding, gilt top, uncut, 2s. 6d.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Thomas Carlyle.</b> By <span class="smcap">Hector C. Macpherson</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"One of the best books on Carlyle yet written."&mdash;<i>Literary World.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Allan Ramsay.</b> By <span class="smcap">Oliphant Smeaton</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Full of sound knowledge and judicious criticism."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Hugh Miller.</b> By <span class="smcap">W. Keith Leask</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Leaves on us a very vivid impression."&mdash;<i>Daily News.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>John Knox.</b> By <span class="smcap">A. Taylor Innes</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"There is vision in this book as well as knowledge."&mdash;<i>Speaker.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Robert Burns.</b> By <span class="smcap">Gabriel Setoun</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"A very valuable and opportune addition to a useful series."&mdash;<i>Bookman.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>The Balladists.</b> By <span class="smcap">John Geddie</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"One of the most delightful and eloquent appreciations of the ballad literature of
+Scotland that has ever seen the light."&mdash;<i>New Age.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Richard Cameron.</b> By Professor <span class="smcap">Herkless</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Interesting study of Cameron and his times."&mdash;<i>National Observer.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Sir James Y. Simpson.</b> By <span class="smcap">Eve Blantyre Simpson</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"It is indeed long since we have read such a charmingly-written biography as
+this little Life of the most typical and 'Famous Scot' that his countrymen have
+been proud of since the time of Sir Walter.... There is not a dull, irrelevant,
+or superfluous page in all Miss Simpson's booklet, and she has performed the
+biographer's chief duty&mdash;that of selection&mdash;with consummate skill and judgment."&mdash;<i>Daily
+Chronicle.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Thomas Chalmers.</b> By Professor <span class="smcap">W. Garden Blaikie</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"The most notable feature of Professor Blaikie's book&mdash;and none could be more
+commendable&mdash;is its perfect balance and proportion. In other words, justice is
+done equally to the private and to the public life of Chalmers, if possible greater
+justice than has been done by Mrs. Oliphant."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>James Boswell.</b> By <span class="smcap">W. Keith Leask</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"One of the finest and most convincing passages that have recently appeared in
+the field of British Biography."&mdash;<i>Morning Leader.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Tobias Smollett.</b> By <span class="smcap">Oliphant Smeaton</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Smeaton has produced a very readable and vivid biography."&mdash;<i>Academy.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Fletcher of Saltoun.</b> By G. W. T. <span class="smcap">Omond</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Unmistakably the most interesting and complete story of the life of Fletcher
+of Saltoun that has yet appeared."&mdash;<i>Leeds Mercury.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>The "Blackwood" Group.</b> By Sir <span class="smcap">George Douglas</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Sir George Douglas, in addition to summarising their biographies, criticises their
+works with excellent and well-weighed appreciation."&mdash;<i>Literary World.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Norman Macleod.</b> By <span class="smcap">John Wellwood</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Its general picturesqueness is effective, while the criticism is eminently liberal
+and sound."&mdash;<i>Scots Pictorial.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Sir Walter Scott.</b> By <span class="smcap">George Saintsbury</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Saintsbury's miniature is a gem of its kind."&mdash;<i>Pall Mall Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Kirkcaldy of Grange.</b> By <span class="smcap">Louis A. Barb&eacute;</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"A conscientious and thorough piece of work, showing wide and accurate
+knowledge."&mdash;<i>Glasgow Herald.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Robert Fergusson.</b> By A. B. <span class="smcap">Grosart</span>, D.D., LL.D.</p>
+
+<p>"It is a creditable, useful, and painstaking book, a genuine contribution to
+Scottish literary history."&mdash;<i>British Weekly.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>James Thomson.</b> By <span class="smcap">William Bayne</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"The story of Thomson's claim to the disputed authorship of 'Rule Britannia'
+is sustained by his countryman with spirit and in our judgment with success."&mdash;<i>Literature.</i>
+
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<h2><i>OLIPHANT ANDERSON &amp; FERRIER'S
+"FAMOUS SCOTS" SERIES.</i></h2>
+
+<p><b>Mungo Park.</b> By <span class="smcap">T. Banks Maclachlan</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Not only a charming life-story, if at times a pathetic one, but a vivid chapter in
+the romance of Africa."&mdash;<i>Leeds Mercury.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>David Hume.</b> By <span class="smcap">Henry Calderwood</span>, LL.D.</p>
+
+<p>"Fulfils admirably well the purpose of the writer, which was that of presenting in
+clear, fair, and concise lines Hume and his philosophy to the mind of his countrymen
+and of the world."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>William Dunbar.</b> By <span class="smcap">Oliphant Smeaton</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"A graphic and informed account not only of the man and his works, but of his
+immediate environment and of the times in which he lived."&mdash;<i>Bailie.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Sir William Wallace.</b> By Professor <span class="smcap">Murison</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Murison is to be heartily congratulated on this little book. After much
+hard and discriminate labour, he has pieced together by far the best, one might say
+the only rational and coherent, account of Wallace that exists."&mdash;<i>Speaker.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Robert Louis Stevenson.</b> By <span class="smcap">Margaret M. Black</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly one of the most charming biographies we have ever come across.
+The writer has style, sympathy, distinction, and understanding. We were loth to
+put the book aside. Its one fault is that it is too short."&mdash;<i>Outlook.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Thomas Reid.</b> By Professor <span class="smcap">Campbell Fraser</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Supplies what must be allowed to be a distinct want in our literature, in the
+shape of a brief, popular, and accessible biography of the founder of the so-called
+Scottish School of Philosophy, written with notable perspicuity and sympathy by
+one who has made a special study of the problems that engaged the mind of Reid."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Pollok and Aytoun.</b> By <span class="smcap">Rosaline Masson</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Miss Masson tells the story of the lives of her two subjects in a bright and
+readable way. Her criticisms are sound and judicious, and altogether the little
+volume is a very acceptable addition to the series."&mdash;<i>North British Daily Mail.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>Adam Smith.</b> By <span class="smcap">Hector C. Macpherson</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"I have learned much from your sketch of Adam Smith's life and work. It
+presents the essential facts in a lucid and interesting way."&mdash;Mr. <span class="smcap">Herbert
+Spencer</span> <i>to the Author</i>.</p>
+
+<p><b>Andrew Melville.</b> By <span class="smcap">William Morison</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"The story is well told, and it takes one through a somewhat obscure period
+with which it is well to be acquainted. No better guide could be found than Mr.
+Morison."&mdash;<i>Spectator.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>James Frederick Ferrier.</b> By <span class="smcap">E. S. Haldane</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Ferrier the man, and even Ferrier the professor, Miss Haldane brings near to
+us, an attractive and interesting figure."&mdash;<i>Scotsman.</i></p>
+
+<p>"This biography of him will be highly esteemed because of the grace and vigour
+with which Miss Haldane has done her work. To the 'Famous Scots' series of
+volumes there have been many excellent contributions, but not one of them is more
+interesting than this latest addition."&mdash;<i>Dundee Courier.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>King Robert the Bruce.</b> By Professor <span class="smcap">Murison</span>.</p>
+
+<p>"Professor Murison has given us a book for which not only Scots, but every man
+who can appreciate a record of great days worthily told, will be grateful."&mdash;<i>Morning
+Leader.</i></p>
+
+<p>"The story of Bruce is brilliantly told in clear and flexible language, which
+draws the reader on with the interest of a novel. Professor Murison is a most
+impartial and thoroughly reliable critic, and may be followed with confidence by all
+who desire a truthful and unprejudiced picture of this greatest of the Scots."&mdash;<i>Aberdeen
+Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p><b>James Hogg.</b> By Sir <span class="smcap">George Douglas</span>. With Sketches
+of Tannahill, Motherwell, and Thom.</p>
+
+
+<p class="center">OLIPHANT ANDERSON &amp; FERRIER,<br />
+30 ST. MARY STREET, EDINBURGH;<br />
+21 PATERNOSTER SQUARE, LONDON, E.C.<br /></p>
+<p>Transcriber's Notes: Hyphenation has been standardized, for instance,
+"footnote" rather than "foot-note". Spelling has not been standardized,
+for instance "Lieutenant-General" and "Lieutenant-Generall", or
+"falsehood" and "falshood". The period following a royal's roman number
+belongs, for instance, "King Charles. is". </p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie,
+Knight, by John Willcock
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR THOMAS URQUHART OF CROMARTIE ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight, by
+John Willcock
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight
+
+Author: John Willcock
+
+Release Date: January 18, 2012 [EBook #38604]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SIR THOMAS URQUHART OF CROMARTIE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Hunter Monroe and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+                     SIR THOMAS URQUHART
+
+                         OF CROMARTIE
+
+              [Illustration: SIR THOMAS URQUHART.]
+
+                        [Illustration]
+
+                          SIR THOMAS
+
+                           URQUHART
+
+                         OF CROMARTIE
+                           KNIGHT.
+
+                              BY
+
+                        JOHN WILLCOCK
+
+                           M.A.B.D.
+
+                           LERWICK.
+
+                             1899
+
+                      EDINBURGH & LONDON
+
+                           OLIPHANT
+
+                      ANDERSON & FERRIER
+
+[Illustration: SIGNATURE OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART, SLIGHTLY ENLARGED.]
+
+                   [_All Rights Reserved_]
+
+       PRINTED BY MORRISON AND GIBB LIMITED, EDINBURGH
+
+
+
+
+                              TO
+
+                           A. B. W.
+
+                WHOSE PRAISE, SO FREELY GIVEN,
+
+                 IS THE AUTHOR'S MOST COVETED
+
+                           REWARD.
+
+
+
+
+                           PREFACE
+
+Few persons who take an interest in general literature are wholly
+unacquainted with the name of Sir Thomas Urquhart, as that of the
+translator of a great French classic. Only the more erudite can tell how
+the name of another literary man, Pierre Antoine Motteux, comes to be
+associated with his in connexion with the translation in question, and
+are aware that the Scottish knight is the author of original
+compositions in such diverse departments as poetry, trigonometry,
+genealogy, and biography, and that he played a prominent part in the
+public life of his time.
+
+It has been my object to bring together in the following volume all the
+materials which are available for giving a vivid picture of the
+personality of Sir Thomas Urquhart, and of the circumstances in which
+his life was passed, as I think it would be a pity if his romantic,
+fantastical figure were to pass into oblivion. The materials for his
+life are fairly abundant, though they have to be sought for in many
+out-of-the-way corners. The slight but fairly accurate sketch prefixed
+to his _Works_ in the Maitland Club edition, and the carefully written
+articles in Dr Irving's _Scottish Writers_, and the _Dictionary of
+National Biography_, contain the only previous attempts which have been
+made to give his history. The limits within which the authors of these
+notices had to work, have, however, prevented their giving more than a
+bare outline of his career. I have attempted, with what success it is
+for my readers to say, to clothe the skeleton with sinews and flesh, and
+to impart to the figure some measure of animation.
+
+As I have had to do my work at a great distance from public libraries, I
+have been obliged to enlist the services of friends, more fortunately
+situated, in the task of looking up multitudinous references and
+allusions, which bore upon the history of the person in whom I was
+interested, or of the time in which he lived. Miss Kemp, James Walter,
+Esq., and Alexander Middlemass, Esq., Edinburgh, have been extremely
+serviceable to me in this way.
+
+A variety of details of historical and biographical interest has been
+furnished me by Dr. Milne, King-Edward; Garden A. Duff, Esq., Hatton
+Castle, Turriff; Capt. Douglas Wimberley, Inverness; J. L. Anderson,
+Esq., Edinburgh; and P. J. Anderson, Esq., of Aberdeen University
+Library.
+
+Professors Crum Brown, Saintsbury, Butcher, and Eggeling of my own _Alma
+Mater_ have been very willing to give the information I have sought from
+them; and through Professor Grierson of Aberdeen I have had the loan of
+many books containing material of value for my purpose. Sheriff
+Mackenzie, Wick, and Sheriff Shennan, Lerwick, have aided me in
+questions of literary taste and of legal information; and from W. F.
+Smith, Esq., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, I have received
+valuable help in writing the chapter on the translation of Rabelais.
+From the latter's scholarly volumes upon the great Frenchman I have
+borrowed some notes, which appear with his initials attached to them. To
+Professor Ferguson of Glasgow I am indebted for the photograph of
+Urquhart's handwriting.
+
+In the work of correcting proofs--a somewhat laborious task in the
+present case--I have had kindly assistance from Dr Milne, above
+mentioned, and also from A. J. Tedder, Esq., London, Rev. T. Mathewson,
+Rev. D. Houston, M.A. and J. M. Goudie, Esq., Lerwick.
+
+If I have omitted the name of any helper, or if by frivolous comment I
+have done wrong to the shade of Sir Thomas, I would adopt the language
+of Mr Collins in _Pride and Prejudice_. "We are all liable to err," he
+says. "I have certainly meant well through the whole affair; ... and if
+my manner has been at all reprehensible, I here beg leave to apologize."
+
+                                JOHN WILLCOCK.
+
+ UNITED PRES. MANSE, LERWICK,
+           SHETLAND.
+
+
+
+
+                           CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                            PAGE
+
+PREFACE                                                       xi
+
+
+                          CHAPTER I
+ The Urquharts and their Predecessors in Cromartie--Sir
+     Thomas Urquhart, senior--Birth of our Author--School
+     and University Days--Pecuniary and other Troubles at
+     Home--The Castle of Cromartie--Our Author's Studious
+     Bent--Foreign Travel--The Englishman Abroad--The Scot
+     Abroad                                                    1
+
+
+                          CHAPTER II
+
+ Recalled Home--The Covenanting Movement--The Trot of
+     Turriff--Our Author escapes to England--Is
+     Knighted--Publishes his _Epigrams_--His Father's
+     Embarrassments increase--Lesley of Findrassie--Death
+     of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior--Our Author struggles
+     in vain to keep his Creditors at bay--Other Wrongs and
+     Losses--On bad Terms with the Church                     30
+
+
+                         CHAPTER III
+
+ Unsuccessful Rising in the North--Sir Thomas makes his
+     Peace with the Church--Return of Charles II. to
+     Scotland--Invasion of England--Battle of
+     Worcester--Sir Thomas a Prisoner in the Tower--Makes
+     Friends--Is liberated on Parole--Great Literary
+     Activity--Revisits Scotland--Dies--Later History of
+     the Urquharts of Cromartie--Characteristics of our
+     Author--Glover's Portraits of him                        69
+
+
+                          CHAPTER IV
+
+ EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL--THE TRISSOTETRAS                111
+
+
+                          CHAPTER V
+
+ PANTOCHRONOCHANON, OR THE PEDIGREE
+                                                             128
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VI
+
+ EKSKYBALAURON, OR THE JEWEL,--LOGOPANDECTEISION OR THE
+     UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE                                      148
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VII
+
+ TRANSLATION OF RABELAIS                                     184
+
+
+ APPENDICES                                                  209
+
+
+
+
+                        ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+ 1. PORTRAIT OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART               _Frontispiece_
+
+ 2. SIGNATURE OF SIR THOMAS URQUHART                  _Page_ vii
+
+ 3. THE POET SURROUNDED BY THE MUSES         _Facing page_   109
+
+ 4. FAC-SIMILE OF HIS HANDWRITING                   "        116
+
+ 5. SCULPTURED STONE AT KINBEAKIE HOUSE             "        137
+
+
+
+
+                     SIR THOMAS URQUHART
+
+                          CHAPTER I
+
+ The Urquharts and their Predecessors in Cromartie--Sir Thomas Urquhart,
+     senior--Birth of our Author--School and University Days--Pecuniary
+     and other Troubles at Home--The Castle of Cromartie--Our Author's
+     Studious Bent--Foreign Travel--The Englishman Abroad--The Scot
+     Abroad.
+
+The right of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie to be included in the
+list of famous Scots will scarcely be granted by many of his
+fellow-countrymen without some inquiry into the grounds upon which it is
+based. He himself, undoubtedly, would not have been backward in
+asserting his claim to such honourable distinction, though he would have
+entered a protest against the presence of some of those in whose company
+he would find himself. In the ecclesiastical and political controversies
+of the first half of the seventeenth century, he was, as an Episcopalian
+and a Cavalier, connected with the losing side, and, consequently, it
+is not to be expected that posterity should be so impartial as to
+cherish his name along with those of the victors in the conflict. It is
+to his literary, and not to his martial achievements, that he owes his
+fame. His translation of Rabelais is probably the most brilliant feat of
+the kind ever accomplished, and casts all his own original writings into
+the shade. The fantastical character of his own compositions, indeed,
+both in regard to their subject-matter and the diction in which they are
+clothed, forbids their ever having a large circle of readers. An author
+whose phraseology is like a combination of that used by Ancient Pistol
+with that of Sir Thomas Browne may have enthusiastic admirers, but they
+are almost certain to be few in number. Yet his works contain much
+interesting matter, and to them we are indebted for many details of the
+life of their author.
+
+Though it is hard to believe Sir Thomas Urquhart's assertion that the
+connexion of the Urquharts with the north-west of Scotland dates as far
+back as the year B.C. 554, when an ancestor of his named Beltistos
+crossed over from Ireland, and built a castle near Inverness, the family
+was of considerable antiquity, and for many generations was one of the
+most distinguished in that part of the country. Nisbet, the great
+authority on heraldry, says that "they enjoyed not only the honourable
+office of hereditary Sheriff-Principal of the Shire of Cromartie, but
+the far greater part, if not the whole of the said shire did belong to
+them, either in property or superiority, and they possessed a
+considerable estate besides in the Shire of Aberdeen."[1] The admiralty
+of the seas from Caithness to Inverness also belonged to them.
+
+The Urquharts were not, however, the earliest to bear rule in the part
+of Scotland with which their name is connected. Cromartie was originally
+the Crwmbawchty (or Crumbathy) of which Macbeth was reputed thane,
+before he became king. Wyntown in his _Cronykil_ relates Macbeth's dream
+that he was first Thane of Cromartie, then Thane of Moray, and then King
+of Scotland.[2] After the first and second titles had been conferred
+upon him, he took steps to secure the third. Probably the mote-hill of
+Cromartie was the site of his official residence as thane of the
+district when he was at the beginning of his ambitious career.
+
+In the thirteenth century the family of Mouat (then _de Monte Alto_)
+were in possession,[3] but early in the following century the estate had
+accrued to King Robert the Bruce, probably because the Mounts had
+submitted to the English king, Edward I. King Robert granted Cromartie
+to Sir Hugh Ross, eldest son of William, Earl of Ross, in 1315, and by
+him it was afterwards, in the reign of King David Bruce (1329-70), given
+to an Adam of Urquhart ("de Vrquhartt"),[4] with whose descendants it
+remained for many generations. In 1357 he got from the Crown the
+hereditary sheriffdom of Cromartie, and eight years later the same Hugh
+Ross gave him the estate of Fisherie, in King-Edward, Aberdeenshire.
+This Adam is the first of the family to emerge from the darkness of
+antiquity into the light of history, and probably his name, as the
+founder of the Urquhart fortunes, suggested the still more famous
+progenitor to whom our Sir Thomas traced back his pedigree link by link,
+as our readers will afterwards hear.
+
+Our author's father, also a Thomas, and the first of his line who was a
+Protestant in religion, was born in 1585. He succeeded to the property
+in 1603, and in 1617 was knighted by James VI. in Edinburgh. As he was
+left an orphan at an early age, he was brought up under the care of his
+grand-uncle, John Urquhart of Craigfintray, who has been commonly called
+from this circumstance "the Tutor of Cromartie."[5] His
+great-grandnephew, our Sir Thomas, has celebrated his praise in very
+high terms. "He was," he says, "over all Britain renowned for his deep
+reach of natural wit, and great dexterity in acquiring of many lands and
+great possessions, with all men's applause."[6]
+
+From all accounts, it seems that the "Tutor" was faithful in the
+discharge of all the duties belonging to his office,[7] though he did
+not succeed in imparting to his pupil the secret of acquiring landed
+property, either with or without applause.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, received his estates, we are informed,
+"without any burthen of debt, how little soever, or provision of
+brother, sister, or any other of his kindred or allyance wherewith to
+affect it."[8] He married Christian, the fourth daughter of Alexander,
+fourth Lord Elphinstone (1552-1638), and received with her a dowry of
+nine thousand merks Scots (_i.e._ L500 Sterling). The date of our
+author's birth is given by Maitland as 1605, but it is now certain that
+this is an error, and that the true date is 1611.[9] Sir Thomas was the
+eldest of the family, and he tells us that he was born five years after
+the marriage of his parents. He also informs us that his mother's
+father, Lord Elphinstone, held the office of High Treasurer in Scotland
+at the time of the marriage. As that nobleman was High Treasurer only
+from just before 19th April, 1599, till 22nd September, 1601, it would
+not have been unreasonable to fix the date of the marriage as probably
+some time in 1600, if we had no other information on the subject. But it
+so happens that the marriage-contract is in existence,[10] and is dated
+the 9th of July, 1606, and consequently Sir Thomas's birth would fall in
+the year 1611. Our author must therefore have been in error in
+describing his grandfather as being High Treasurer at the time of his
+daughter's marriage. He had, indeed, occupied this office some years
+before. Sir Thomas should have said "had been," instead of "was," but
+his lordly disposition of mind would probably make him contemptuous of
+such trifles.
+
+In 1611, James VI. was drawing near to the end of the first period of
+his reign, during which he had been under the influence of the
+traditions of the days of Elizabeth and Burghley, and had not yet passed
+into his own keeping, and the hands of profligate favourites. Bacon was
+still in the shade of distrust, from which, however, he was soon to
+emerge: he was now, indeed, Solicitor-General, but his ambition was not
+satisfied by this post. The heir-apparent to the throne was Prince
+Henry, who died in the following year. Charles, his brother, was now
+eleven years of age. Shakespeare brought out this year his play of _The
+Winter's Tale_, and Ben Jonson his _Catiline_. Sir Walter Raleigh was a
+prisoner in the Tower, and was busily engaged in writing his _History of
+the World_, which he completed in the following year, though it was not
+published until 1614. The Authorised Version of the English Bible
+appeared this year. Milton was now a child of scarcely three years old,
+and Cromwell a boy of twelve.
+
+The birthplace of our author is unknown; for though the castle of
+Cromartie was the official residence of the sheriffs, Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, senior, is known to have had several other manor-houses, one
+of which was Fisherie,[11] in the parish of King-Edward, Aberdeenshire,
+in which he resided from time to time. It is probable that the future
+translator of Rabelais laid the foundation of the erudition by which in
+after years he was distinguished, in Banff,[12] which then possessed a
+grammar-school, rather than in the more northern town which is
+associated with his name.
+
+Sir Thomas was only eleven years old when, in 1622, he entered the
+University of Aberdeen,[13] but there is no reason to believe that the
+average age of the "men" of his year would be in excess of his own.
+Donne was the same age as Urquhart when he entered Oxford. The famous
+Crichton went up to St Andrews at the age of ten, though up to that time
+he had not given evidence of any extraordinary precocity. A generation
+before, Montaigne had already completed his collegiate course when he
+attained his thirteenth year. It seems strange to us that boys of such
+tender age should have been found able to pass through a university
+curriculum; and we are forced to conclude either that the boys of those
+days were intellectually superior to those with whom we are familiar, or
+that the studies which occupied them were less deep and severe than
+those which are now pursued in seats of learning. The latter is probably
+the true explanation of the matter. University education in Scotland
+had been remodelled, and adapted to the requirements of the time and of
+a Protestant society in the previous generation, and in this work Andrew
+Melville had a very notable part. In 1583 a new constitution had been
+drawn up for the University of Aberdeen, and the arrangements prescribed
+by it may have existed there when our author was a student. The
+Principal, according to this constitution, was Professor of Theology, as
+well as incumbent of the parish of Old Machar, and was responsible for
+the government and discipline of the college.[14] Under him were four
+Regents, one of whom was Sub-Principal, and to them was assigned the
+duty of training students in various departments of learning. Thus
+physiology, geography, astrology, history, and Hebrew were assigned to
+the Sub-Principal. Another Regent explained "the principles of reasoning
+from the best Greek and Latin authors, with practice in writing and
+speaking"; while a third lectured upon Greek, and read the more
+elementary Latin and Greek authors. The fourth Regent taught arithmetic
+and geometry, and, along with them, a portion of Aristotle's _Organon,
+Ethics, and Politics_, and Cicero's _De Officiis_. This attempt to
+assign special departments to the various regents respectively, was a
+marked improvement upon the older system, under which they were each
+responsible for teaching all the subjects included in the curriculum.
+
+The students paid fees, which varied in amount according to their
+social standing. On entering the university they were required to take
+an oath of loyalty to the Reformed religion. None were allowed to carry
+arms, or to converse in any other tongue than Greek or Latin. Perhaps,
+however, this latter rule was merely an attempt to restrain the
+measureless tide of human speech. And in order that nothing might
+interfere with the progress of the students, the _Nova Fundatio_, or new
+constitution of Aberdeen University, abolished all holidays ("omnes
+consuetas olim a studiis vacationes aboleri penitus").[15]
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's name does not appear in the list of graduates in
+1626, so that there are no means of determining from the records of
+King's College how many years he spent there. For the city in which he
+had received his education he ever afterwards had a high regard. Thus he
+says of it: "For honesty, good fashions, and learning, Aberdeen
+surpasseth as far all other cities and towns in Scotland, as London doth
+for greatness, wealth, and magnificence, the smallest hamlet or village
+in England."[16]
+
+He gives unmeasured praise to some of those eminent men who were
+associated with the fame of Aberdeen University in what has been called
+its "Augustan age"--the first four or five decades of the seventeenth
+century. Thus, according to him, William Lesley, D.D.,[17] was "one of
+the most profound and universal scholars then living"--like Socrates in
+having published no works, but, unfortunately, unlike that philosopher
+in not having among his disciples a Plato and an Aristotle to receive
+their master's knowledge and transmit it to future generations.[18] Of
+his successor in the principalship, Dr William Guild, he says: "He
+deserveth by himself to be remembered, both for that he hath committed
+to the press many good books, tending to the edification of the soul,
+and bettering of the minde; and that of all the divines that have lived
+in Scotland these hundred yeers, he hath been the most charitable, and
+who bestowed most of his own to publike uses."[19] At the time when he
+wrote these estimates of the sages at whose feet he had sat as a
+student, some of his old friends were under a cloud, and he had to be
+careful not to compromise them by his praise. And so he says of "Master
+William [?] Seaton," who had been his tutor, "[he was] a very able
+preacher truly, and good scholar, and [one] whom I would extoll yet
+higher, but that being under the consistorian lash, some critick
+Presbyters may do him injury, by pretending his dislike of them, for
+being praised by him who idolizeth not their authority."[20]
+
+At the time of the marriage of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, Lord
+Elphinstone, who was fully acquainted with the prosperous condition of
+his son-in-law's affairs, made him pledge himself to manage his property
+so that it might descend to his heir as he had himself received it.
+Unfortunately this pledge was not fulfilled. Through mismanagement and
+neglect his affairs got into disorder, and the later years of his life
+were troubled by pecuniary difficulties.[21] His son says of him: "Of
+all men living [he was] the justest, equallest, and most honest in his
+dealings, [and] his humour was, rather than to break his word, to lose
+all he had, and stand to his most undeliberate promises, what ever they
+might cost; which too strict adherence to the austerest principles of
+veracity, proved oftentimes dammageable to him in his negotiations with
+many cunning sharks, who knew with what profitable odds they could scrue
+themselves in upon the windings of so good a nature.... By the
+unfaithfulnes, on the one side, of some of his menial servants, in
+filching from him much of his personal estate, and falsehood of several
+chamberlains and bayliffs to whom he had intrusted the managing of his
+rents, in the unconscionable discharge of their receits, by giving up
+one account thrice, and of such accounts many; and, on the other part,
+by the frequency of disadvantagious bargains, which the slieness of the
+subtil merchant did involve him in, his loss came unawares upon him, and
+irresistibly, like an armed man; too great trust to the one, and
+facility in behalf of the other, occasioning so grievous a misfortune,
+which nevertheless did not proceed from want of knowledge or abilitie in
+natural parts, for in the business of other men he would have given a
+very sound advice, and was surpassing dextrous in arbitrements, upon
+any reference submitted to him, but that hee thought it did derogate
+from the nobility of his house and reputation of his person, to look to
+petty things in matter of his own affairs."[22]
+
+One of the ways in which the elder Sir Thomas succeeded in impoverishing
+himself and his family was in becoming bail for people who absconded;
+so, at least, we would infer from an entry in the Court-book of the
+Burgh of Banff under date of 21st April, 1629, in which we find that
+"Sir Thomas Urquhurt of Cromarty, having become caution for the
+appearance of Alexander Forbes, merchant in Balvenye, alleged
+forestaller, and the said Alexander not having appeared, Sir Thomas is
+decerned to pay L40 Scots (L3, 6s. 8d. Sterling)."[23]
+
+In 1637 we find that he was obliged to appeal to his sovereign against
+the urgency of his creditors, and a Letter of Protection was issued in
+his favour. It ran as follows: "Letter of Protection granted by King
+Charles the First, under his great seal, to Sir Thomas Urquhart of
+Cromarty, from all dilligence at the instance of his creditors, for the
+space of one year, thereby giving him a _persona standi in judicio_,
+notwithstanding he may be at the horn, and taking him under his royal
+protection during the time. Dated at St James's, 20th March, 1637."[24]
+A somewhat humorous situation is suggested by this document. The
+creditors might "put him to the horn," _i.e._, according to the usual
+legal form, order him in the king's name to pay his debts on penalty of
+being outlawed as a traitor, while the king himself authorised him to
+take no notice of the proceedings.
+
+In the same year we have intimation of the elder Sir Thomas's pecuniary
+misfortunes being aggravated by domestic strife, for we find him
+instructing a high legal functionary to raise an action against his
+sons, Thomas and Alexander, for their unfilial conduct. The charge was
+that of "putting violent hands on the persone of the said Sir Thomas
+Urquhart of Cromartie, Knycht, their father, taking him captive and
+prissoner, and detening him in sure firmance within ane upper chalmer,
+callit the Inner Dortour, within his place of Cromertie, _tanquam in
+privato carcere_, fra the Mononday to the Fryday in the efter none
+therefter, committit in the moneth of December last, 1636." The case
+came up for trial before the Court of Justiciary on the 19th of July,
+and was postponed for a week, when it was abandoned. The Lords of
+Council had appointed a commission to settle all differences between the
+father and sons and on receiving their report the Court dismissed the
+case.[25] We have no particulars as to the causes of disagreement which
+led to such all unhappy state of affairs, but we are not likely to be
+far wrong in assuming that the sons wished to prevent their father's
+taking some legal step which they considered would be detrimental to his
+and their interests. The affectionate terms in which our author
+describes his father's character ten years after his death, in the words
+above quoted, make us sure that he sincerely regretted any wrong towards
+him of which he may have been guilty at this time.
+
+The old castle of Cromartie has now long disappeared, the stones of
+which it was built having been used for the erection of a modern house
+in 1772, after the estate had passed, by purchase, from the family of
+Urquhart to Mr George Ross. It was a building of considerable antiquity.
+In 1470 a royal grant was made by James III. to William Urquhart of the
+Motehill, or Mount of Cromartie, with permission to erect on this a
+tower or fortalice. Advantage was taken of this permission to fortify
+the family mansion, and it was converted into a castle of considerable
+strength.[26] Sir Thomas says of it: "The stance thereof is stately, and
+the house it selfe of a notable good fabrick and contrivance."[27] An
+interesting description of the building as it was just before its
+demolition is given by Hugh Miller. "Directly behind the site of the old
+town," he says, "the ground rises abruptly from the level to the height
+of nearly a hundred feet, after which it forms a kind of table-land of
+considerable extent, and then sweeps gently to the top of the hill. A
+deep ravine, with a little stream running through it, intersects the
+rising ground at nearly right angles with the front which it presents to
+the houses; and on the eastern angle, towering over the ravine on the
+one side, and the edge of the bank on the other, stood the old castle of
+Cromarty. It was a massy, time-worn building, rising in some places to
+the height of six storeys, battlemented at the top, and roofed with grey
+stone. One immense turret jutted out from the corner, which occupied the
+extreme point of the angle, and looking down from an altitude of at
+least one hundred and sixty feet on the little stream, and the
+struggling row of trees which sprung up at its edge, commanded both
+sides of the declivity and the town below." Of the interior we are told
+by the same writer, on the authority of an old woman who, as a child,
+had lived in the castle, that "two threshers could have plied their
+flails within the huge chimney of the kitchen; and that, in the great
+hall, an immense, dark chamber, lined with oak, a party of a hundred men
+had exercised at the pike."[28]
+
+The elder Sir Thomas had also a winter residence in Banff.[29] In the
+Court-book of the Burgh of Banff we have the following entry: "1630,
+July 21st, Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie gave in ane Act of the
+Session of Banff, geiveing licence to him to erect ane desk and loft in
+the kirk of Banff (seeing he is both a parochiner and resident within
+the said toun) for his accomodatione. The brethren gave their
+approbatione with express provision that neither the edifice nor lichtes
+of the said kirk suld be deteriorat."[30]
+
+Beyond the bare fact of his having been a student in the University of
+Aberdeen, we have no information concerning the manner in which the
+earlier years of our author's life were passed, or the circumstances in
+which he acquired the miscellaneous erudition which his writings
+display. The only remark he makes about the education he received is to
+the effect that his father laid out but a very insignificant portion of
+his income upon this item of family expenses. Yet, however little the
+expenditure may have been, Urquhart evidently profited fully by the
+education which he had received, and attained to something more than a
+gentlemanly acquaintance with some of the abstruser departments of
+learning.
+
+The special bent of his mind in early years, and his love for study
+rather than sport, are shown in the following reminiscence of his youth,
+which he narrates with his characteristic diffuseness. "There
+happening," he says, "a gentleman of very good worth to stay awhile at
+my house, who, one day amongst many other, was pleased, in the deadst
+time of all the winter, with a gun upon his shoulder, to search for a
+shot of some wild-fowl; and after he had waded through many waters,
+taken excessive pains in quest of his game, and by means thereof had
+killed some five or six moor fowls and partridges, which he brought
+along with him to my house, he was by some other gentlemen, who chanced
+to alight at my gate, as he entered in, very much commended for his love
+to sport; and, as the fashion of most of our countrymen is, not to
+praise one without dispraising another, I was highly blamed for not
+giving my self in that kind to the same exercise, having before my eys
+so commendable a pattern to imitate; I answered, though the gentleman
+deserved praise for the evident proof he had given that day of his
+inclination to thrift and laboriousness, that nevertheless I was not to
+blame, seeing whilst he was busied about that sport, I was imployed in a
+diversion of another nature, such as optical secrets, mysteries of
+natural philosophie, reasons for the variety of colours, the finding out
+of the longitude, the squaring of a circle, and wayes to accomplish all
+trigonometrical calculations by sines, without tangents, with the same
+compendiousness of computation,--which, in the estimation of learned
+men, would be accounted worth six hundred thousand partridges, and as
+many moor-fowles."
+
+There can be little doubt that Sir Thomas had the best of the argument.
+But he was not satisfied with this: for nothing less would content him
+than vanquishing his opponent on his own ground, as well as with the
+weapons of logic. With the same lordliness of temper which had led him
+to re-capitulate the dignified subjects which had occupied his studious
+mind--the squaring of the circle being but one of them--he chose the
+breaking-in of a horse as a set-off against his friend's achievements of
+the day before. The success of the scientific student and the
+discomfiture of the mere sportsman are told in the conclusion of the
+story. "In the mean while," he says, "that worthy gentleman, being wet
+and weary after travel, was not able to eat of what he had so much
+toyled for, whilst my braine recreations so sharpened my appetite, that
+I supped to very good purpose. That night past, the next morning I gave
+six pence to a footman of mine, to try his fortune with the gun, during
+the time I should disport my self in the breaking of a young horse; and
+it so fell out, that by [the time] I had given my selfe a good heat by
+riding, the boy returned with a dozen of wild fouls, half moor foule,
+half partridge, whereat being exceeding well pleased, I alighted, gave
+him my horse to care for, and forthwith entred in to see my gentlemen,
+the most especiall whereof was unable to rise out of his bed, by reason
+of the Gout and Sciatick, wherewith he was seized for his former daye's
+toyle."[31]
+
+In the early years of his manhood, before our author felt himself
+qualified to take part in public life, he spent some time in foreign
+travel. The kind of figure cut by a young _English_ gentleman of that
+period upon the Continent we know from the testimony of Portia, for it
+can scarcely be that much change had taken place in the interval of a
+generation, between her time and the end of the first quarter of the
+seventeenth century. He was generally unversed in the languages of the
+countries he visited, and, from his lack of Latin, French, or Italian,
+was apt to fail in understanding the natives, or in making himself
+understood by them. He might be handsome in figure, but conversation
+with him was reduced to the level of a dumb-show. His dress was often
+very odd, and his manners eccentric, as though he had bought his doublet
+in Italy, his round hose in France, his bonnet in Germany, and his
+behaviour--everywhere. A strong contrast to him in the matter of
+language was the young Scotchman of the period, if Sir Thomas Urquhart
+is to be taken as at all an average specimen of his nation, and if his
+account of himself can be relied upon. He says of himself that when he
+travelled through France, Spain, and Italy, he spoke the languages to
+such perfection that he might easily have passed himself off as a native
+of any one of these countries. Some advised him to do so, but his
+patriotic feelings were too strong to allow him to follow such a course:
+"he plainly told them (without making bones thereof), that truly he
+thought he had as much honour by his own country, which did contrevalue
+the riches and fertility of those nations, by the valour, learning, and
+honesty, wherein it did parallel, if not surpass them."[32]
+
+It is somewhat difficult for the mind to grasp the idea of a Scotchman
+in those days, when so many of the things which we now associate with
+the nationality were not in existence--when his Church was Episcopalian
+in constitution, the Shorter Catechism not yet written by Englishmen for
+his use, Burns unborn, and distilled spirits not extensively used as a
+beverage. We could scarcely even know him by his costume. For no
+self-respecting representative of that country would assume the Highland
+garb which so many Englishmen believe to be generally worn north of the
+Tweed, if we are to credit the authoritative statement of Macaulay to
+the effect that "before the Union it was considered by nine Scotchmen
+out of ten as the dress of a thief."[33] The characteristics by which "a
+Scot abroad" in those days was recognised, were, from some accounts,
+not shrewdness in making bargains, economical habits, indomitable
+perseverance, and unsleeping caution, but the pride and
+high-spiritedness which made him keen in detecting and swift in avenging
+slights that might be cast upon the country from which he came. So deep
+was the impression made by these peculiarities upon foreign nations,
+that they became proverbial. "He is a Scot, he has pepper in his
+nose!"[34] said they, somewhat familiarly, yet with a touch of fear,
+when they noticed the flashing eye, and the hand instinctively seeking
+the sword-hilt. "High-spirited as a Scot!"[35] they exclaimed with
+admiration, when among themselves some soul was moved to unwonted
+courage. Such, at least, is the impression produced upon the mind by
+some of those novels in which Scott and his imitators trace the
+wanderings of their fellow-countrymen through European lands in those
+earlier times. That there is some foundation of truth for the lofty
+superstructure is rendered credible by the case of Sir Thomas Urquhart.
+"My heart,"[36] he says, "gave me the courage for adventuring in a
+forrain climat, thrice to enter the lists against men of three severall
+nations, to vindicate my native country[37] from the calumnies wherewith
+they had aspersed it; wherein it pleased God so to conduct my fortune,
+that, after I had disarmed them, they in such sort acknowledged their
+error, and the obligation they did owe me for sparing their lives, which
+justly by the law of arms I might have taken, that, in lieu of three
+enemies that formerly they were, I acquired three constant friends, both
+to my selfe and my compatriots, whereof by severall gallant testimonies
+they gave evident proofe, to the improvement of my country's credit in
+many occasions."[38]
+
+The fair critic, whose estimate of the young Englishman has been
+referred to, gives her opinion also of his Scottish rival; but,
+strangely enough, she observes in him qualities of a kind opposite to
+those displayed by Sir Thomas Urquhart. She was struck by his
+neighbourly charity, "for he borrowed a box of the ear of the
+Englishman, and swore he would pay him back again when he was able."[39]
+Can it be that the words put into her mouth are merely the ribald wit of
+an envious Southron, or are we to understand that the spirit which
+triumphed over so many inferiors was yet wise enough to discern when it
+stood in the presence of a mightier than itself?
+
+How a young man on his travels should occupy his time, had been laid
+down in a little volume which had been published just before Urquhart
+set out to see the world abroad. In this he might read a list of the
+things which should engage his attention, drawn up in sonorous language
+by no less a personage than a late Lord Chancellor of England--a man who
+was ready to give advice to all his fellow-creatures in all conceivable
+circumstances. "The things," says Lord Bacon, "to be seen and observed
+are: the courts of princes, especially when they give audience to
+ambassadors; the courts of justice, while they sit and hear causes; and
+so of consistories ecclesiastic; the churches and monasteries, with the
+monuments which are therein extant; the walls and fortifications of
+cities and towns, and so the havens and harbours; antiquities and ruins;
+libraries, colleges, disputations and lectures, where any are; shipping
+and navies; house and gardens of state and pleasure near great cities;
+armories, arsenals, magazines, exchanges, burses, warehouses; exercises
+of horsemanship, fencing, training of soldiers, and the like; comedies,
+such whereunto the better sort of persons do resort; treasuries of
+jewels and robes, cabinets and rarities; and, to conclude, whatsoever is
+memorable in the places where they go.... As for triumphs, masks,
+feasts, weddings, funerals, capital executions, and such shows, men
+need not be put in mind of them; yet they are not to be neglected."[40]
+
+To what extent Urquhart followed a plan of this kind it is impossible to
+say; for, though his writings are so discursive that we might expect to
+find in them allusions to anything remarkable he had seen or heard, he
+has very little to say about his foreign experiences. Dr Johnson spoke
+with contempt of an English peer, who had extended his travels as far as
+Egypt, but who had brought back only one small contribution to the
+general stock of human information--the fact that he had seen "a large
+serpent in one of the pyramids of Egypt." Urquhart was not quite so
+poverty-stricken as this; for he seems to have observed examples of
+mental infirmity, illustrations of which he might doubtless have found
+nearer home.
+
+"I saw at Madrid," he says, "a bald-pated fellow who beleeved he was
+Julius Caesar, and therefore went constantly on the streets with a laurel
+crown on his head; and another at Toledo, who would not adventure to goe
+abroad unlesse it were in a coach, chariot, or sedane, for fear the
+heavens should fall down upon him. I likewise saw one in Saragosa, who,
+imagining himself to be the lawfull King of Aragon, went no where
+without a scepter in his hand; and another in the kingdome of Granada,
+who beleeved he was the valiant Cid that conquered the Mores. At
+Messina, in Sicilie, I also saw a man that conceived himself to be the
+great Alexander of Macedone, and that in a ten years space he should be
+master of all the territories which he subdued; but the best is, that
+the better to resemble him he always held his neck awry, which naturally
+was streight and upright enough; and another at Venice, who imagined he
+was Soveraign of the whole Adriatick Sea, and sole owner of all the
+ships that came from the Levante. Of men that fancied themselves to be
+women, beasts, trees, stones, pitchers, glasse, angels, and of women
+whose strained imaginations have falne upon the like extravagancies,
+even in the midst of fire and the extremest pains fortune could inflict
+upon them, there is such variety of examples, amongst which I have seen
+some at Rome, Naples, Florence, Genua, Paris, and other eminent cities,
+that to multiply any moe [more] words therein, were to load your ears
+with old wives' tales, and the trivial tattle of idly imployed and
+shallow braind humorists."[41]
+
+He also tells, though not in the same connexion, of his having been
+witness of the honour and admiration lavished upon one of his
+fellow-countrymen, Dr Seaton, by the _elite_ of Parisian society. "I
+have seen him," he says, "circled about at the Louvre with a ring of
+French lords and gentlemen, who hearkned to his discourse with so great
+attention, that none of them, so long as he was pleased to speak, would
+offer to interrupt him, to the end that the pearles falling from his
+mouth might be the more orderly congested in the several treasures of
+their judgements."[42]
+
+Part of his time abroad was devoted to the fascinating occupation of
+book-hunting, and he had great pleasure in the spoils he had won. When
+they were set in order on shelves in the library of the castle of
+Cromartie, he looked on them with the joy which only book-collectors
+know. "They were," he says, "like to a compleat nosegay of flowers,
+which, in my travels, I had gathered out of the gardens of above sixteen
+several kingdoms."[43]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _System of Heraldry_, ii, 274.
+
+[2] Wyntown's narrative is as follows (quoted in Sir William Fraser's
+_Earls of Cromartie_):--
+
+    "A nycht he thowcht in hys dreming,
+    Dat syttand he wes besyd [thorn]e Kyng
+    At a Sete in hwnting; swa
+    Intil his Leisch had Grewhundys twa.
+    He thowcht, quhile he wes swa syttand,
+    He sawe thre wemen by gangand;
+    And [thorn]ai wemen [thorn]an thowcht he
+    Thre werd Systrys mast lyk to be.
+    De fyrst he hard say gangand by,
+    'Lo yhondyr [thorn]e Thayne of Crwmbawchty.'
+    De toyir woman sayd agayne,
+    'Of Morave yhondyre I se [thorn]e Thayne.'
+    De thryd [thorn]an sayd, 'I se [thorn]e Kyng.'
+    All [thorn]is he herd in hys dreming."
+
+                Wyntown's _Cronykil_, i. 225.
+
+Wyntown's date is about A.D. 1395. Macbeth was killed at Lumphanan by
+Macduff, 5th December A.D. 1056.
+
+[3] A charter of lands in Cromartie granted by William de Monte Alto,
+between 1252 and 1272, is still in existence. The granter of the
+charter, having been owner of Cromartie, was claimed by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart as one of his Urquhart ancestors, but with no better authority
+than the earlier ancestors who figure in our author's _Pedigree_. See
+_Earls of Cromartie_, by Sir William Fraser.
+
+[4] It would seem from this that Urquhart was originally a place-name,
+probably Gaelic. There were two parishes of Urquhart in the old province
+of Moray--one with a priory near Elgin, and the other with a castle in
+what is now Inverness-shire.
+
+[5] "Tutor" here simply means "legal guardian"--for boys until fourteen
+years of age, and for girls until twelve. After these ages and before
+that of twenty-one such wards are in the charge of "Curators." Owing to
+our author's having the same Christian name as his father, the mistake
+is often made of asserting that John Urquhart was _his_ tutor.
+
+[6] _Works_, p. 172. In a MS. volume of unpublished poems by Sir Thomas,
+which is described on p. 116, there is the following:--"Upon the tutor
+of Cromarty, my great-grandfather's younger brother, and my father's
+tutor:
+
+    "The present tyme, the preterit, nor futur
+    T' ourselves, our fathers, nor posteritie,
+    Do now, have yet, nor will produce a tutor,
+    For's Pupils weil of more dexteritie,
+      For he left free th' estate he had in charge:
+      And by meer industrie did's own enlarge" (iii. 7).
+
+We are sorry to quote a poem of Sir Thomas's at this early stage, before
+the atmosphere has been created which is needed for perceiving and
+appreciating its true value. The judicious reader will, however, return
+to it with interest when that process has been completed.
+
+[7] John Urquhart, "the Tutor of Cromartie," died in 1631, at the age of
+eighty-four, and was buried in the old church of King-Edward,
+Aberdeenshire, where there is a marble monument to his memory.
+
+[8] _Works_, p. 340.
+
+[9] Another erroneous date is in the edition of the _Tracts_ of 1774,
+where 1613 is given as the year of our author's birth.
+
+[10] This is now amongst the Gardenston papers, having been formerly in
+the possession of Mr. Dunbar. All account of its contents is given in
+_Antiquarian Notes_, by C. Fraser Mackintosh, p. 195. An independent
+corroboration of the above date of the marriage is by a document now in
+the Register House in Edinburgh (_Aberdeen Sasines_), in which Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, senior, gives sasine of the barony of Fisherie to Lady
+Christian Elphinstone. The "precept," or clause in the marriage-contract,
+which directs the notary to give sasine of the estate settled on the
+bride, is also dated the 9th of July, 1606, and in it she is described
+as being _in sua pura virginitate_. Probably the marriage took place
+either on that day or very soon afterwards. The bridegroom was just of
+age, while Lady Christian was under sixteen, the date of her birth being
+19th December, 1590 (_The Lords Elphinstone_, Fraser, i. 167).
+
+The issue of this marriage were at least the following sons and
+daughters:--(l) THOMAS; (2) Alexander; (3) George; (4) John; (5) [name
+unknown]; (6) Henry; and (7) Jane, _m._ Sir Alexander Abercromby of
+Birkenbog; (8) Helen, _m._ Sir James Gordon of Lesmoir; (9) Annas, _m._
+Alexander Strachan of Glenkindie; (10) Margaret, _m._ John Irving of
+Brucklay; (11) [name unknown], _m._ ---- Campbell of Calder.
+
+[11] Fisherie is about six miles from Banff.
+
+[12] It is quite possible, however, that, in the parish school of
+King-Edward, our author could have got the rudiments of a classical
+education. In 1649 (15th Nov.), Mr James Petrie, who was school-master
+there, applied for the school of Banff and, as a test of his power, "was
+ordeined to teache the sext satyr of Persius to-morrow in the school of
+Banf be nyne hours in presence of the bailyies and others in the toune
+who wer scholars." He passed through the test successfully, and was
+appointed to the office (_Annals of Banff_, ii. 30, New Spalding Club).
+
+[13] The entry of his name as a student on the roll is in the following
+terms: "In Academiam regiam Aberdonensem recepti sunt adolescentes
+quorum nomina sequuntur, praeceptore Alexandro Lunano, Anno 1622.
+
+                        .   .   .
+
+                 Thomas Urquhardus de Cromartie.
+
+                        .   .   .
+                                     _Fasti Aberdonenses, 1854._"
+
+[14] _King's College: Officers and Graduates_, by P. J. Anderson, M.A.,
+pp. 347, 348.
+
+[15] An "eminent Yorkshire educationist" introduced the same rules into
+the establishment under his charge. It is probable, however, that in Mr
+Squeers's case the arrangement was the result of independent research
+into methods of education, rather than a hint borrowed from Andrew
+Melville. "No holidays--none of those ill-judged comings home twice a
+year that unsettle children's minds so!" (_Nicholas Nickleby_, chap.
+iv.).
+
+It is only fair to say that there are doubts as to how far the
+arrangements under the _Nova Fundatio_, as above described, were in
+force in Sir Thomas Urquhart's student days. If the older system were
+still in operation, the Alexander Lunan, who is mentioned as his
+preceptor, would virtually have taught our author all the subjects
+contained in the curriculum through which he passed. As there is no
+proof that Alexander Lunan was another Admirable Crichton, the fact of
+his doing so would strengthen what we have said above as to the
+comparative slightness of the erudition imparted in a university
+education in those days. Sir Thomas Urquhart speaks of having "learned
+the elements of his philosophy" in the University of Aberdeen under
+William Seaton (_Works_, p. 263). It has been suggested that it is an
+error for John Seaton, and that it indicates that our author, like many
+other students of King's College, took a session or two at Marischal
+College (see Anderson's _Fasti Acad. Marisc._ ii. 34, 588).
+
+[16] _Works_, p. 395.
+
+[17] Dr Lesley was successively Humanist, Regent, Sub-Principal, and
+Principal of King's College. In 1639 he was deprived of his office by
+the Covenanting party.
+
+[18] _Works_, p. 262.
+
+[19] _Works_, p. 263. The editor of the _Book of Bon Accord_ gives a
+lower estimate of Dr Guild's character: he says that his works are of no
+literary merit, and that he got fame by his wealth and ostentatious
+liberality. He was minister of King-Edward before he went to Aberdeen;
+and his widow, Catharine Rolland, founded a bursary at the university
+for young men belonging to that parish.
+
+[20] _Ibid._ p. 263: see p. 11, note.
+
+[21] Lord Elphinstone died 14th January, 1638. During the four preceding
+years his son-in-law had "made ducks and drakes" of his ancestral
+possessions. His portrait, which is still preserved at Carberry Tower,
+is engraved in Sir William Fraser's work, _The Lords Elphinstone_. It
+gives one the impression of a grave, melancholy man. He had fourteen
+sons and five daughters. It is to be hoped that none of his sons and no
+other of his sons-in-law had the faculty for getting into difficulties
+which Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, displayed.
+
+[22] _Works_, p. 336.
+
+[23] The offence of _forestalling_ consisted in buying merchandise,
+victuals, etc., before they appeared in a fair or market-place for sale,
+or in taking steps to raise the prices of such things, or in dissuading
+anyone coming to market from carrying his goods thither. The amount of
+fine for a first offence was, as above, L40 Scots (or L3, 6s. 8d.
+Sterling); for a second offence, 100 merks (or L5, 11s., 1d. Sterling);
+while for a third offence it was forfeiture of movable goods.
+
+[24] M'Farlane's _Genealogical Collections_, ii. 283. MS. Advocates'
+Library.
+
+[25] Records of the Court of Justiciary.
+
+[26] It was built in the old turreted style, and defended on the south
+by a moat and high wall. When it was taken down, in the surrounding
+ground were found human skeletons, and urns containing human remains,
+both enclosed in graves made of flags (_Old Stat. Account_).
+
+[27] _Works_, p. 312. "The situation appears in every view most
+delightful" (Pococke's _Tour_, 1760).
+
+[28] _Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, pp. 78, 80.
+
+[29] This was a fortalice-tower, with gardens, orchards, dovecots, etc.,
+in the south part of Banff, which afterwards came into the possession of
+the Earl of Airlie. The bounds are thus described: "The common vennel at
+the north, the loch called the Saltlochs at the east, the lands called
+Little Guishauch at the south, and the road to Overak at the west."
+Shortly before its demolition it was the headquarters of the Duke of
+Cumberland's army on its passage to Culloden. Besides this house and the
+castle of Cromartie, the Urquharts occasionally occupied their
+mansion-house of Fisherie. This stood a few yards to the south-west of
+the present farmhouse of Mains of Fisherie. It was taken down some sixty
+years ago. Some old trees still stand near the site of the house and
+garden.
+
+[30] _Annals of Banff_ (New Spalding Club), ii. 28. The old church in
+which Sir Thomas had a "desk" or pew, and a "loft" or small gallery, is
+now in ruins. Only the south transept is standing. In the parish church
+of King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, the handsome silver communion cups bear
+an inscription to the effect that they were a joint present from Dr
+William Guild, the then incumbent of the parish, Sir Thomas Urquhart,
+and his uncle John Urquhart of Craigfintray. That the Sir Thomas
+Urquhart here named is not our author but his father, is evident from
+the date of the incumbency of his fellow-donor, Dr Guild, who was
+minister of King-Edward from 1608 to 1631. The cups bear date of 1619.
+
+[31] _Works_, p. 331.
+
+[32] _Works_, p. 272.
+
+[33] _History of England_, chap. xiii.
+
+[34] "_Scotus est, piper in naso_," Mediaeval proverb.
+
+[35] "_Fier comme un Ecossais_," French proverb.
+
+[36] It may be as well to warn our readers at this point that Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's vanity, or what would be called vanity in any other man, was
+unbounded. So calm and unconscious is it, that it often seems to betray
+a disordered mind. Those who seek in his estimates of himself for
+illustrations of the grace of humility will seek in vain. They may,
+however, find other things, which, if not so edifying, are far more
+amusing.
+
+[37] The reader who has sufficient curiosity and leisure may compare
+with the above the account which his contemporary, Lord Herbert of
+Cherbury (1581-1648), gives of his duels in his _Autobiography_. That
+nobleman was a kind of Sir Thomas Urquhart in water-colour, and his
+single combats are surrounded with a proportionately milder glow of
+romance. Indeed, they seem to have been generally undertaken in order to
+compel impudent young men to give back pieces of riband to charming
+young ladies from whom they had snatched them.
+
+[38] _Works_, p. 311.
+
+[39] _Merchant of Venice_, Act I. Scene ii.
+
+[40] _Essays, Civil and Moral_, xviii.
+
+[41] _Works_, p. 364.
+
+[42] _Ibid._ p. 256.
+
+[43] _Works_, p. 402.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER II
+
+ Recalled Home--The Covenanting Movement--The Trot of Turriff--Our
+     Author escapes to England--Is Knighted--Publishes his
+     _Epigrams_--His Father's Embarrassments increase--Lesley of
+     Findrassie--Death of Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior--Our Author
+     struggles in vain to keep his Creditors at bay--Other Wrongs and
+     Losses--On bad Terms with the Church.
+
+While Urquhart was engaged in foreign travel, the ecclesiastical and
+political controversies in Scotland came to such a height, that it was
+evident that matters could only be settled by an appeal to the sword,
+and, accordingly, he returned home to assist the party to which his
+family adhered. He, doubtless, like Milton, considered it disgraceful
+that, while his fellow-countrymen were fighting at home for liberty, he
+should be travelling abroad for amusement and intellectual culture. His
+father, who had been the first of the Urquharts to give up Roman
+Catholicism for Protestantism, took the unpopular side in the conflict
+that agitated the Church of Scotland. He was a staunch Episcopalian, and
+refused to accept the National Covenant, when those who had voluntarily
+and enthusiastically entered into it attempted to coerce others into
+following their example, and so turned it into an instrument of tyranny.
+
+The determined efforts of Charles I. and his advisers to make the Church
+of Scotland in all respects like the Church of England, were fiercely
+opposed, and, for a time, the party which was resolved to make them as
+dissimilar as possible prevailed. Episcopacy, liturgy, ancient
+ecclesiastical customs and rites, and all that savoured of Prelacy or
+Popery, were swept away by the rising flood. Yet, without committing
+oneself to the doctrine of passive obedience, it may be doubted whether
+the course of policy followed by the Covenanters was either wise or
+scriptural. For, notwithstanding the vehement protestations of loyalty
+expressed in the National Covenant, armed resistance to the royal
+authority was not obscurely hinted at in it. "We," said the subscribers,
+"promise and swear by the great name of the Lord our God to continue in
+the profession and obedience of the said religion; and that we shall
+defend the same, and resist all those contrary errors and corruptions,
+according to our vocation, and to the utmost of that power which God
+hath put into our hands, all the days of our life." It is quite
+possible, it may be hoped, for one to be in sympathy with a certain
+political party, and yet to regret that the Church should identify
+itself with that party; and it certainly was not in the end a good thing
+for the cause of religion that it should have been so closely allied as
+it was with party politics in the seventeenth century. "My kingdom is
+not of this world," said Christ; "if My kingdom were of this world, then
+would My servants fight." "Put up again thy sword into his place," He
+said to St Peter, "for all they that take the sword, shall perish with
+the sword." It is difficult to see how these clear and emphatic
+utterances can be made to harmonise with the resolution not only to use
+force in the correction of ecclesiastical abuses and religious errors,
+but also to coerce those who were not prepared to follow the same course
+of policy.[44]
+
+The Covenanting party were successful beyond their hopes. The influence
+of the Marquis of Argyle secured the allegiance to the cause of the
+Highlanders in the west of Scotland; while, in Inverness and the region
+north of the Moray Firth, the movement was enthusiastically welcomed.
+Only one district in Scotland held aloof--that of which Aberdeen was the
+centre. The community there had probably but little sympathy with the
+innovations which Laud was bent upon bringing in, but they had still
+less with the Covenant. They were attached to the modified form of
+Episcopacy which had now existed in Scotland since the Reformation
+(with the exception of the years between 1592 and 1610), in which the
+bishops were little more than permanent moderators of Presbyteries, and
+were subject to the General Assembly, and in which the ritual was of a
+very simple character.
+
+As a University and Cathedral city, and the residence of a large number
+of wealthy landed proprietors, Aberdeen occupied a position of great
+importance in Scotland, and was by no means under the command of the
+capital. The heads of the Covenanting party very speedily found it
+necessary to take steps for bringing this corner of the kingdom into
+subjection to themselves. They could scarcely hope to succeed in
+overcoming the powerful forces at the command of the English Government,
+if they were to allow this enemy to remain undisturbed in their rear.
+
+Accordingly, at a very early stage in the proceedings, they attempted to
+gain over to their side the great territorial magnate of the district,
+the Marquis of Huntly, who, from his rank and wealth and hereditary
+loyalty to the throne, was likely to be the leader of the King's party
+in the North. Had they succeeded, they would virtually have had the
+whole country at their back, for the community of Aberdeen, and the few
+neighbouring lairds, who, like Sir Thomas Urquhart, refused to accept
+the Covenant, would not have dared to resist the national policy by
+force of arms. In the negotiations between the Covenanting leaders and
+the Marquis of Huntly, we have an illustration of the very muddy roads
+along which religion is dragged, when it forms an alliance with a
+political party. It is certainly with somewhat of a shock that one who
+is under the impression that all the Covenanters were saints of a very
+spiritually-minded type, learns of the grim option which they offered to
+their possible opponent. Colonel Robert Munro, who had seen service in
+Germany, was appointed to wait upon the Marquis at Strathbogie, and to
+acquaint him with the resolutions to which the Covenanters had come.
+"The sum of his commission to Huntly was," we are told, "that the
+noblemen Covenanters were desirous that he should join with them in the
+common cause; that, if he would do so, and take the Covenant, they would
+give him the first place, and make him leader of their forces; and,
+further, they would make his state and his fortunes greater than ever
+they were; and, moreover, they should pay off and discharge all his
+debts, which they knew to be about one hundred thousand pounds sterling;
+that their forces and associates were a hundred to one [in comparison]
+with the king; and, therefore, it was to no purpose to him to take up
+arms against them, for if he refused this offer and declared against
+them, they should find means to disable him for to help the king; and,
+moreover, they knew how to undo him, and bade him to expect that they
+will ruinate his family and estates." The hands were, perhaps, the hands
+of Christian, the voice was certainly the voice of Mr Worldly Wiseman!
+
+The reply of the Marquis was admirable for the spirit of generosity and
+chivalry which it breathed. "To this proposition," we are told, "Huntly
+gave a short and resolute repartee, that his family had risen and stood
+by the kings of Scotland; and for his part, if the event proved the ruin
+of this king, he was resolved to lay his life, honours, and estate under
+the rubbish of the king's ruins."[45]
+
+Though Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, was a staunch Episcopalian and a
+devoted Royalist, the circumstances in which he was placed forbade his
+aiding the ecclesiastical and political causes which were dear to him
+with more than good wishes. He was surrounded by neighbours of the
+opposite party,[46] and isolated from those with whom he would gladly
+have co-operated. Consequently, it remained for his eldest son, our
+author, who apparently was residing at that time at Balquholly Castle,
+in Aberdeenshire, where the adherents of the Royalist cause were
+numerous, to play a more heroic part.
+
+Between the date of the signing of the Covenant and that of the meeting
+of the General Assembly in Glasgow in 1638, The Tables, for such was the
+name by which the executive government established by the revolutionary
+party was designated, decided to subdue the city of Aberdeen and the
+neighbouring country, and to compel the people there to accept the
+Covenant. Before resorting to force, however, an attempt was made to
+persuade. A committee of three eminent clergymen, Henderson, Dickson,
+and Cant, with the Earl of Montrose as president, was sent north to deal
+with the somewhat unimpressible Aberdonians. The hospitable corporation
+of the northern city invited the visitors to a banquet of wine, but
+their invitation was scornfully declined. The deputation "would drink
+with none till first the Covenant was subscribed." Such incivility was
+new in the history of the city, and a very satisfactory rebuke was given
+to it by the materials for the proposed banquet being distributed among
+the poor. It can be easily imagined that after this unsatisfactory
+beginning the sermons delivered by the clerical deputation fell upon
+unsympathetic ears, and made but few converts. "The commissioners had
+one powerful ally in the town, in the person of Earl Marischal, the son
+of the founder of the College, who had died in 1623; and, when they were
+refused licence to preach in the city churches, they adjourned to his
+residence at the north end of what is now Marischal Street. The mansion
+consisted of several buildings with galleries surrounding a courtyard,
+and from these galleries the three Covenanting ministers held forth from
+eight o'clock in the morning till four in the afternoon, trying to
+convince the people of the truth of the Covenant. The children of
+granite, however, proved absolutely impervious to the 'apostles,' whom
+they scornfully pelted with mud."[47]
+
+A paper-war, which attracted considerable notice, sprang up between the
+commissioners and six of the Aberdeen clergy--popularly designated in
+contemporary literature as "the Aberdeen Doctors."[48] In this warfare
+the representatives of the Covenanting party came off rather badly. "The
+position taken by the Doctors," says John Hill Burton, "is the
+unassailable one of the dry sarcastic negative. Whatever the Covenant
+might be--good or bad--and whatever right its approvers had to bind
+themselves to it, how were they entitled to force it on those who
+desired it not? And when their adversaries became eloquent on its
+conformity to Scripture and the privileges of the Christian Church, the
+Doctors ever went back to the same negative position--even if it were
+so, which we do not admit, yet why force it upon us?"[49]
+
+Early in the following year, 1639, The Tables resolved to suppress the
+northern Malignants, as they were called, before preparing to enter on a
+campaign against their enemy in the south, and thus save themselves
+from the dangers involved in having an enemy in their rear. The Earl of
+Montrose went north at the head of a considerable body of troops, and
+took possession of Aberdeen. The opponents of the Covenant fled from the
+city, and Huntly, the leader of the Royalists, felt unable to offer
+effective resistance. In spite of a safe-conduct granted him by Montrose
+on his coming in to a conference, he was taken prisoner to Edinburgh and
+lodged in the Castle.
+
+This kidnapping of the Royalist chief caused great irritation; and upon
+a rumour of the fleet's coming to the Firth of Forth, and of the Royal
+army's approach to the Scottish border, the northern Royalists, of whom
+our Sir Thomas Urquhart was one, resolved to take arms on the King's
+side. The first mention of our author in history is in connexion with
+this rising; and the annalist Spalding relates two exciting incidents
+that occurred in one week, in both of which he took part.
+
+The first, which happened on Friday, the 10th of May, was an attempt
+made by him and some of the other Royalist lairds or "barons," as they
+are called,[50] to take the castle of Towie-Barclay,[51] in
+Aberdeenshire. It seems that the lairds of Delgatie and Towie-Barclay
+had plundered the house of Balquholly,[52] which was occupied by our
+author, and carried off a large supply of "muskets, guns, and
+carabines." Sir Thomas was not a man to submit quietly to such an
+outrage as this; and, doubtless, to his desire for vengeance was added a
+strong wish to get possession of the firearms, now that there was a good
+cause to be defended and brave men to use the weapons. They had intended
+to surprise the castle, but when they came to it they found the gates
+shut, and the place strongly guarded. Lord Fraser and the eldest son of
+Lord Forbes had already known that an attempt was to be made to recover
+the weapons, and had manned the castle so effectually that the idea of
+storming it was out of the question. A few shots were exchanged, and
+then the attacking party rode away. The only casualty was the death of a
+David Prott, who was a servant of the laird of Gight,[53] one of
+Urquhart's friends. "This," the historian remarks, "was the first time
+that blood was drawn here since the beginning of the Covenant."[54]
+
+Four days after, a more serious encounter took place between the two
+forces. The Covenanters of the north had decided to assemble in force,
+and fixed upon Turriff, in Aberdeenshire, as their headquarters. The
+Royalists drew to a head at Strathbogie, some eleven miles off, and
+resolved to disperse their opponents. The Covenanting party was about
+twelve hundred strong, and the Royalists about eight hundred, but the
+latter had four brass cannon, which very materially strengthened them as
+an attacking force. They were under the leadership of skilful officers,
+among whom Arthur Forbes of Blacktown [in King-Edward] is specially
+mentioned. Sir Thomas himself informs us that, "having obtained, though
+with a great deal of pain, a fifteen hundreth [hundred] subscriptions to
+a bond conceived and drawn up in opposition of the vulgar [popular]
+Covenant, he selected from amongst them so many as he thought fittest
+for holding hand to [taking in hand] the dissolving of their committees
+and unlawful meetings."[55]
+
+About ten o'clock on the night of Monday, the 13th of May, they started
+for Turriff, marching in a "very quiet and sober manner," and by
+daybreak managed to steal upon the village by an unguarded path. The
+sound of trumpets and of drums aroused the unsuspecting Covenanters to
+the fact that they had been fairly surprised. "Some were sleeping,
+others drinking, and smoaking tobacco, others walking up and down." A
+few volleys of musketry, and a few shots discharged from the cannon,
+served to disperse them, and the village was taken possession of by the
+attacking force. It was but a slight skirmish,[56] in which three men
+were killed, two of the Covenanters, and one of the Royalists; but it
+was the first of the battles in the great Civil War, which raged for so
+many years, and deluged with blood so many fruitful plains in each of
+the three kingdoms. On this account "the Trot of Turriff," as it was
+called, should not be forgotten.
+
+After this victory, the Royalists being masters of the village, the
+common soldiers, who were hungry after their night's march, plundered
+the houses of those they thought were Covenanters, and supplied
+themselves with meat and drink. The greatest loss fell upon the
+minister, Mr Mitchell, who, however, received very liberal compensation
+from Parliament in the following year. They next gathered as many of the
+inhabitants of Turriff together as they could find, and made them accept
+and subscribe the King's Covenant.[57] This device for securing
+adherents was, however, ineffectual, for, a few weeks later, those who
+had sworn to the King's Covenant, on a declaration that they had acted
+under compulsion, were solemnly absolved by their minister from all
+obligation to keep it.
+
+The Royalist leaders now began to think of further projects, as the
+number of their followers increased after the victory at Turriff. They
+lost no time in marching upon Aberdeen, and in quartering themselves
+upon its inhabitants, especially upon those who were known to belong to
+the Covenanting party. In a few days, however, they found their position
+untenable. A considerable number of their Highland forces disbanded, and
+marched away to their homes, plundering as they went--"a thing," the
+historian remarks, "verye usuall with them." The others retreated from
+Aberdeen, when the Covenanting army under the Earl Marischal entered the
+city, on the 23rd of May, 1639.
+
+A small number of prominent Royalists,[58] of whom our Sir Thomas was
+one, now resolved to leave Scotland, where the cause to which they were
+devoted was at such a low ebb. A ship, belonging to one Andrew Findlay,
+had been kept in readiness for an emergency like this, and on it they
+embarked hastily, and sailed away to England, to offer their services to
+Charles I. "Urquhart," says Dr Irving, "who professes to have launched
+forth in the view of six hundred of his enemies, was, within two days,
+landed at Berwick, where he found the Marquis of Hamilton, and delivered
+to him a letter from the leaders of the northern Royalists. He had
+likewise undertaken to be the bearer of despatches to the King,
+containing the signatures of the same chieftains; and, having proceeded
+to the royal quarters, he obtained an audience of His Majesty, and
+explained to him their past exertions and future plans for his service.
+He appears to have been satisfied with his own reception, and the
+written answer 'gave great contentment to all the gentlemen of the north
+that stood for the king.'"[59]
+
+In one of our author's tracts, published in 1652, we have a pedigree of
+the family of Urquhart. Under his own name he states that "he was
+knighted by King Charles, in Whitehall Gallery, in the yeer 1641, the 7
+of April." In the same year he first made his appearance as an author in
+the publication of his three books of _Epigrams, Moral and Divine_, of
+which a fuller notice will be found in a later chapter. Let us now for a
+little leave Sir Thomas, happy in his sovereign's favour, his head
+encircled with the ivy-wreath that clothes the brows of learned poets,
+and his eye fixed upon a prominent crag of Mount Parnassus as henceforth
+specially his own, and turn to his father, whose golden dreams have long
+since fled away, and left him but the dreariest and shabbiest prose.
+
+For thirty-six years the elder Sir Thomas had been in possession of the
+ample estates of the house of Urquhart, and during nearly the whole of
+this time the country had been at peace, so that he had no one but
+himself to blame for the impoverished condition in which they were when
+his son received them. The latter described the state of matters in the
+following terms: "All he bequeathed unto me, his eldest Son, in matter
+of worldly means, was twelve or thirteen thousand pounds sterling of
+debt, five brethren all men, and two sisters almost mariageable, to
+provide for, and lesse to defray all this burden with by six hundred
+pounds sterling a year, although [_i.e._ even if] the warres had not
+prejudiced me in a farthing, then [than] what for the maintaining of
+himself alone in a peaceable age he inherited for nothing."[60]
+
+So exasperated was the old man by the importunity of his creditors, that
+at last, we are told, the sound of one of their voices was in his ears
+as "the hissing of a basilisk." The great Civil war itself, which
+brought calamity and grief to so many homes, was almost welcomed by him
+for the relief it brought him from the "hornings" and "apprisings," and
+other legal processes, which threatened him in times of peace. "The
+disorderly troubles of the land," says his son of him, "being then far
+advanced, though otherways he disliked them, were a kind of refreshment
+to him, and intermitting relaxation from a more stinging disquietnesse.
+For that our intestin troubles and distempers, by silencing the laws
+for a while, gave some repose to those that longed for a breathing time,
+and by hudling up the terms of Whitsuntide and Martimass, which in
+Scotland are the destinated times for payment of debts, promiscuously
+with the other seasons of the year, were as an oxymel julip wherewith to
+indormiat them in a bitter sweet security."[61]
+
+The most importunate of all the creditors, or, as Urquhart describes
+them, "the usurious cormorants," who harassed the unhappy proprietor of
+Cromartie, was a certain Robert Lesley of Findrassie. He held a mortgage
+upon the estate, and though he was indebted to its owner for many acts
+of kindness, he had been the first to foreclose upon the property, and
+had persuaded other creditors to join with him in taking this step. The
+annoyance and mortification caused by these proceedings hastened Sir
+Thomas's death. Two days before that event, animated by regret for the
+wrong he had done his heir by the impoverishment of the family property,
+he assembled his younger children, and bound them, "under pain of his
+everlasting curse and execration," to do all in their power to help
+their elder brother. The terms of this extraordinary bond, his son tells
+us, were these: "to assist, concur with, follow, and serve me, to the
+utmost of their power, industry, and means, and to spare neither charge
+nor travel, though it should cost them all they had, to release me from
+the undeserved bondage of the domineering creditor, and extricate my
+lands from the impestrements wherein they were involved; yea, to bestow
+nothing of their owne upon no other use, till that should be done; and
+all this under their own handwriting, secured with the clause of
+registration to make the opprobrie the more notorious in case of
+failing, as the paper itself, which I have _in retentis_, together with
+another signed to the same sense, by my mother, and also my brothers and
+sisters, Dunbugur [Dunlugas][62] only excepted, will more evidently
+testifie."[63] Sir Thomas Urquhart, the elder, died in April [?], 1642,
+after a long and lingering illness.[64]
+
+Our author now returned home to enter on possession of his estates, and
+to attempt to reduce to something like order the chaos in which the
+family affairs were. He resolved to commit the management of his
+property to trustees, who, after paying his mother's jointure, were to
+devote the whole of the rest of the rents to the reduction of debt. He
+himself went to live on the Continent, in the hope that in a few years
+he would be able to return home and enjoy his inheritance unencumbered
+by debt. These proceedings, with the disappointing results that followed
+them, are related in a passage of his _Logopandecteision_, which is
+worth quoting. "Immediately after my father's decease," he says, "for my
+better expedition in the discharge of those burthens, having repaired
+homewards, I did sequestrate the whole rent (my mother's joynture
+excepted) to that use only, and, as I had done many times before, betook
+myself to my hazards abroad, that by vertue of the industry and
+diligence of those whom, by the advise and deliberation of my nearest
+friends, I was induced to intrust with my affairs, the debt might be the
+sooner defrayed, and the ancient house releeved out of the thraldome it
+was so unluckily faln into. But it fell out so far otherwayes, that
+after some few years residence abroad, without any considerable expence
+from home, when I thought, because of my having mortified and set apart
+all the rent to no other end then [than] the cutting off and defalking
+of my father's debt, that accordingly a great part of my father's debt
+had been discharged, I was so far disappointed of my expectation therin,
+that whilst, conform to the confidence reposed in him whom I had
+intrusted with my affairs, I hoped to have been exonered and relieved of
+many creditors, the debt was only past over and transferred from one in
+favours of another, or rather of many in the favours of one, who, though
+he formerly had gained much at my father's hands, was notwithstanding at
+the time of his decease none of his creditors, nor at any time mine; my
+Egyptian bondage by such means remaining still the same, under task
+masters different only in name, and the rents neverthelesse taken up to
+the full, to my no small detriment and prejudice of the house standing
+in my person. The aime of some of those I concredited [committed] my
+weightiest adoes [affairs] unto, being, as is most conspicuously
+apparent, that I should never reap the fruition nor enjoyment of any
+portion, parcell, or pendicle of the estate of my predecessors, unlesse
+by my fortune and endeavours in forrain countries, I should be able to
+acquire as much as might suffice to buy it, as we say, out of the
+ground. And verily," he concludes, "though not in relation to these
+ignoble and unworthy by-ends, it was my purpose and resolution to have
+done so, which assuredly, had not the turbulent divisions of the time
+been such as to have crossed and thwarted the atchievements of more
+faisible projects, I would have accomplished two or three severall ways
+ere now."[65]
+
+One is inclined to wonder what the two or three lucrative undertakings
+were, which this Highland gentleman had in view when he spoke in this
+way of the practicability of making enough money to purchase back his
+estates. "What song the syrens sang," says Sir Thomas Browne, "or what
+name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among women, though puzzling
+questions are not beyond all conjecture." But even as wise a man as Sir
+Thomas Browne might well pause before venturing on a conjecture in
+connection with this matter.
+
+In one of the official records of the time,[66] there is an entry which
+shows that Urquhart was resident in London in 1644. On the 9th May of
+that year he is assessed for a forced loan at L1000; and, on the 16th of
+the same month, there is an order for him to be brought up in custody to
+pay his assessment; while, on the 21st, it is noted that his assessment
+is "respited till he shall speak with the Scottish committee and take
+further orders, be engaging to appear whenever required." He no doubt
+proved to the committee that he had no property in London, but was only
+a sojourner there, and was accordingly virtually discharged. His place
+of residence in London at this time was Clare Street,[67] then newly
+erected upon St Clement's Inn Fields, on the east side of Drury Lane,
+and called after John Holles,[68] second Earl of Clare, whose town-house
+was near by.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart now resolved to take the management of his own
+affairs, and, if possible, so to conduct matters as to secure
+subsistence for himself, as well as satisfaction for his father's
+creditors; and, in the year 1645, he went to live in the ancestral home
+at Cromartie. His rental still amounted to L1000 Sterling a year, which
+represents about L7000 in our time, but a debt of twelve or thirteen
+years' income was a very serious burden upon such an estate.
+
+There can be little doubt that the entanglement in which the financial
+affairs of the house of Urquhart were involved became none the less
+confused and confusing when the gallant knight applied himself to
+unravel it. That was scarcely a task for which he was fitted. Much more
+appropriate would it have been for him to draw the sword, like
+Alexander, and cut the Gordian knot. Perhaps his failure, as in another
+well-known case,[69] is partly to be attributed to his not having had a
+legal adviser, familiar with the intricacies of the law, and able to
+prevent his creditors getting more than their pound of flesh, if not to
+save even that from them. Charles I. once said that he knew as much law
+as a gentleman ought to know. Sir Thomas Urquhart seems to have had a
+somewhat similar acquaintance with the same subject, and this, like that
+of the person mentioned in the footnote on the preceding page, was
+probably acquired "as a defendant on civil process." There can be no
+doubt that he "made an effort" more than once. In vain did he have
+recourse to "pecunial charms, and holy water out of Plutus' cellar."[70]
+The charms were indeed potent, but they were not applied long enough;
+the holy water was composed of the right ingredients, but there was too
+little of it in the cellars at Cromartie. He could not, with all his
+struggles, succeed in curing what the Limousin scholar in Rabelais calls
+"the penury of pecune in the marsupie" [_i.e._ the want of money in the
+purse]--that complaint which is so mortifying to the pride of any
+gentleman, but which is specially exasperating to a Highland gentleman.
+His cares and distresses, or, as he calls them, his "solicitudinary and
+luctiferous discouragements," were enough "to appall the most undaunted
+spirits, and kill a very Paphlagonian partridge, that is said to have
+two hearts."[71]
+
+Probably Sir Thomas Urquhart was harshly dealt with by his father's
+creditors, though, of course, it is possible that in the story as told
+by them they would appear in a more favourable light. They had to do
+with a man who was unpractical and fantastical in the highest degree,
+and morbidly sensitive in all matters that seemed to lower his dignity
+or to cast a slur upon his honour. His brains seethed with plans for the
+improvement of agriculture, trade, and education, but none of these did
+the importunity of his creditors permit him to carry into effect. "Truly
+I may say," he complains, "that above ten thousand severall times I have
+by these flagitators been interrupted for money, which never came to my
+use, directly or indirectly one way or other, at home or abroad, any one
+time whereof I was busied about speculations of greater consequence then
+[than] all that they were worth in the world; from which, had I not been
+violently pluck'd away by their importunity, I would have emitted to
+publick view above five hundred several treatises on inventions never
+hitherto thought upon by any."[72] Before his imagination there floated
+the dream of what he might have been, and his mind alternated between
+passionate remonstrances against his unfortunate circumstances and
+delusive hopes and anticipations.
+
+The editor of the Maitland Club edition of Urquhart's works truly
+remarks that there is a melancholy earnestness, almost approaching
+insanity, in his wild speculations on what he might have done for
+himself and his country but for the weight of worldly incumbrances.
+"Even so," he says, "may it be said of myself, that when I was most
+seriously imbusied about the raising of my own and countrie's reputation
+to the supremest reach of my endeavours, then did my father's creditors,
+like so many millstones hanging at my heels, pull down the vigour of my
+fancie, and violently hold that under, what [which] other wayes would
+have ascended above the sublimest regions of vulgar conception."[73]
+
+So convinced was he that the schemes and inventions with which his
+thoughts were occupied were of immense value, that he declared that he
+ought to have the benefit of that Act of James III. (36th statute of his
+fifth Parliament) which provides that the debtor's movable goods be
+first "valued and discussed before his lands be apprised." He claimed
+this as a right from the State; "and if," he says, "conform to the
+aforesaid Act, this be granted, I doe promise shortly to display before
+the world, ware of greater value then [than] ever from the East Indias
+was brought in ships to Europe."[74] But unfortunately the Philistines
+were too strong for him.
+
+To these pecuniary difficulties were added annoyances and wrongs, which
+the meekest of mankind, among whom Sir Thomas is not to be reckoned,
+would have found it hard to bear.
+
+Mention has already been made of Robert Lesley of Findrassie, the most
+relentless of all the creditors, who, according to Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's account of matters, made life bitter for him, and defeated
+his many schemes for the benefit of the human race. The injurious
+proceedings of this man form a subject which our author can never leave
+for any length of time, and to which it is necessary for his biographer
+to revert occasionally. His unfortunate debtor found a certain grim
+satisfaction, as well as an opportunity for gratifying his taste for
+genealogical research, in tracing Robert's descent from a celebrated
+murderer--that Norman Lesley whose hands were dipped in the blood of
+Cardinal Beaton. It is certain, however, that there was no real
+foundation for this opinion.[75]
+
+Unless Robert Lesley is a much-maligned man, his conduct towards the son
+of his patron was both rapacious and ungrateful. On one occasion at
+least he acted in a very high-handed manner. "With all the horse and
+foot he was able to command," says Sir Thomas, "he came in a hostile
+manner to take possession of a farm of mine called Ardoch; unto which
+... he had no more just title then [than] to the town of Jericho
+mentioned in the Scriptures; and at the offer of such an indignity to
+our house, some of the hot-spirited gentlemen of our name would even
+then have taken him, with his three sons, bound them hand and foot, and
+thrown them within the flood-mark, into a place called the Yares of
+Udol, there to expect the coming of the sea in a full tide, to carry him
+along to be seized in a soil of a greater depth, and abler to restrain
+the insatiableness of his immense desires, then [than] any of my lands
+within the shire of Cromartie." Sir Thomas, according to his own
+account, hindered the perpetration of this violence, and gave his enemy
+and those who accompanied him "a pass and safe-conduct to their own
+houses."[76]
+
+Yet so far was the caitiff creditor from being touched by this proof of
+magnanimity on the part of his debtor, that he applied himself with
+renewed vigour to the concoction of schemes for his total destruction.
+So at least Sir Thomas would have us believe. On one occasion Lesley
+tried to inveigle him to Inverness, with the intention of having him
+arrested at the suit of an accomplice--James Sutherland, "Tutor of
+Duffus"--and kept in durance until he had satisfied all his enemy's
+demands. On another occasion Lesley managed to get a troop of horse
+quartered upon the tenants of Cromartie, till, says our author, "I
+should transact for a sum, of money to be paid to his son-in-law; which
+verily was the greater part of his portion."[77] In addition to this, a
+garrison was stationed for nearly a year in the castle of Cromartie,
+where they conducted themselves in a way calculated to wound and
+humiliate the proud spirit of its proprietor. Among other wrongs and
+losses inflicted upon him was the sequestration of his library, which he
+had collected with such pains. Sir Thomas says that he sought eagerly
+to be allowed to purchase back the precious volumes, but was hindered by
+the spitefulness and indifference of those to whom he made application,
+and was ultimately able to secure only a few of them, which had been
+stolen from the collection and dispersed through the country.[78]
+
+In an amusing passage in the _Logopandecteision_, our author gives us a
+specimen of the peculiarities of speech which distinguished his
+arch-enemy, Lesley of Findrassie. As we read it we seem to hear the very
+tones in which he enunciated or defended his "felonious little plans."
+"Several gentlemen of good account," he says, "and others of his
+familiar acquaintance, having many times very seriously expostulated
+with him why he did so implacably demean himself towards me, and with
+such irreconciliability of rancor, that nothing could seem to please him
+that was consistent with my weal, his answers most readily were these:
+'I have (see ye?) many daughters (see ye?) to provide portions for, (see
+ye?), and that (see ye now?) cannot be done, (see ye?) without money;
+the interest (see ye?) of what I lent, (see ye?), had it been termely
+[regularly] payed, (see ye?), would have afforded me (see ye now?)
+several stocks for new interests; I have (see ye?) apprized[79] lands
+(see ye?) for these summes (see ye?) borrowed from me, (see ye now?),
+and (see ye?) the legal [time] being expired, (see ye now?), is it not
+just (see ye?) and equitable (see ye?) that I have possession (see ye?)
+of these my lands, (see ye?), according to my undoubted right, (see ye
+now?)?' With these over-words of 'see ye' and 'see ye now,' as if they
+had been no less material then [than] the Psalmist's _Selah_, and
+_Higgaion Selah_, did he usually nauseate the ears of his hearers when
+his tongue was in the career of uttering anything concerning me; who
+alwayes thought that he had very good reason to make use of such like
+expressions, 'do you see' and 'do you see now,' because there being but
+little candour in his meaning, whatever he did or spoke was under some
+colour."[80]
+
+It must have been very hard for the proud-hearted chieftain to see his
+farms devastated, his tenants maltreated, his library thrown to the
+winds, a garrison placed in his house, and troops of horse quartered
+upon his lands without any allowance, in addition to all the misery and
+impoverishment which his father's wastefulness and neglect had brought
+down upon his head.
+
+In 1647 an event occurred which seriously affected the interests of our
+author, and placed him in a still more humiliating position. Sir Robert
+Farquhar[81] of Mounie had "apprised" the estate and sheriffship of
+Cromartie, and was now confirmed in the possession of them. He proceeded
+to sell his rights to (Sir) John Urquhart of Craigfintray, the
+great-grandson of the Tutor of Cromartie. Immediately upon this (Sir)
+John purchased a commission from Charles I. to become hereditary Sheriff
+of Cromartie. In this way the ancestral domains and jurisdiction of
+which Sir Thomas Urquhart was so proud virtually passed out of his
+hands. It was not, however, till after the Restoration apparently that
+the new proprietor entered into possession. He evidently allowed his
+claims to lie dormant until the death of his cousin, Sir Thomas, and
+then put them in force. Even if our author had no other troubles to
+contend with, the knowledge that this Damoclean sword was suspended
+above his head would have been enough to destroy his peace.
+
+No doubt Sir Thomas sometimes thought that he was the most unlucky
+chieftain the Urquhart race had yet known,--that such a multitude of
+misfortunes had never come upon one who bore his name since that day
+when, on a sunny plain in Achaia, wild armed men first raised Esormon
+"aloft on the buckler-throne, and with clanging armour and hearts"
+hailed him as "fortunate and well-beloved."[82] Sir Theodore Martin,
+indeed, says that Urquhart's statements with regard to his misfortunes
+should not be construed to the letter, any more than should the
+announcements of his wonderful inventions and designs. They were both,
+he considers, in a great degree pet objects on which he had permitted
+his imagination to rest, till they had been transfigured into a
+magnitude to which the reality probably bore but a faint
+resemblance.[83] There is, however, ample evidence in what we have
+already quoted, to show that certain of the grievances he complained of
+were by no means imaginary. It is beyond dispute that he suffered
+heavily in his property in consequence of his adherence to the Royalist
+cause. In 1663 his brother, Sir Alexander, presented a petition asking
+compensation for the losses suffered in the time of his father and
+brother. The Commissioners appointed to examine into these claims
+reported that, before 1650, the damage inflicted upon the Urquhart
+property amounted to L20,303 Scots, and during 1651-52 to L39,203
+Scots--in all L59,506 Scots, which is almost L5000 Sterling.[84]
+
+The relations of Sir Thomas Urquhart with the ministers of the churches
+of which he was patron were unfortunately of a painful character. The
+grounds of misunderstanding and dispute were numerous. In addition to
+political and ecclesiastical differences of opinion between the
+ministers of the three parishes[85] (of which Sir Thomas was the sole
+heritor) and himself, there were disputes about augmentation of
+stipends,[86] which they thought inadequate but with which he had no
+fault to find, the abolition of his heritable right to the patronage of
+these churches, the legal proceedings taken by the incumbents to compel
+him to agree to arrangements decided upon by the Presbytery with regard
+to stipends and the upkeep of buildings, and there were also personal
+quarrels with the ministers themselves. In the following passage he
+tells his side of the story, and gives us a vivid, though not an
+edifying glimpse of the parochial politics of that far-off time and
+remote corner of Scotland. It is to be noticed that Sir Thomas writes
+of himself in the third person. "I think," says the supposed anonymous
+writer of him, "there be hardly any in Scotland that proportionably hath
+suffered more prejudice by the Kirk then [than] himself; his own
+ministers (to wit, those that preach in the churches whereof himself is
+patron, Master Gilbert Anderson, Master Robert Williamson, and Master
+Charles Pape by name, serving the cures of Cromartie, Kirkmichel, and
+Cullicudden), having done what lay in them for the furtherance of their
+owne covetous ends, to his utter undoing; for the first of those three,
+for no other cause but that the said Sir Thomas would not authorize the
+standing of a certain pew (in that country called a desk), in the church
+of Cromarty, put in without his consent by a professed enemy to his
+House, who had plotted the ruine thereof, and one that had no land in
+the parish, did so rail against him and his family in the pulpit at
+several times, both before his face and in his absence, and with such
+opprobrious termes, more like a scolding tripe-seller's wife then [than]
+good minister, squirting the poyson of detraction and abominable
+falshood (unfit for the chaire of verity) in the cares of his tenandry,
+who were the onely auditors, did most ingrately and despightfully so
+calumniate and revile their master, his own patron and benefactor, that
+the scandalous and reproachful words striving which of them should first
+discharge against him its steel-pointed dart, did oftentimes, like
+clusters of hemlock or wormewood dipt in vinegar, stick in his throat;
+he being almost ready to choak with the aconital bitterness and venom
+thereof, till the razor of extream passion, by cutting them into
+articulate sounds, and very rage it self, in the highest degree, by
+procuring a vomit, had made him spue them out of his mouth into rude,
+indigested lumps, like so many toads and vipers that had burst their
+gall.[87]
+
+"As for the other two, notwithstanding that they had been borne, and
+their fathers before them, vassals to his house, and the predecessor of
+one of them had shelter in that land, by reason of slaughter committed
+by him, when there was no refuge for him anywhere else in Scotland; and
+that the other had never been admitted to any church had it not been for
+the favour of his foresaid patron, who, contrary to the will of his owne
+friends and great reluctancy of the ministry it self, was both the
+nominater and chuser of him to that function; and that before his
+admission he did faithfully protest he should all the days of his life
+remain contented with that competency of portion the late incumbent in
+that charge did enjoy before him; they nevertheless behaved themselves
+so peevishly and unthankfully towards their forenamed patron and master,
+that, by vertue of an unjust decree, both procured and purchased from a
+promiscuous knot of men like themselves,[88] they used all their utmost
+endeavours, in absence of their above recited patron, to whom and unto
+whose house they had been so much beholding, to outlaw him,[89] and
+declare him rebel, by open proclamation at the market-cross of the head
+town of his owne shire, in case he did not condescend [consent] to the
+grant of that augmentation of stipend which they demanded, conforme to
+the tenour of the above-mentioned decree; the injustice whereof will
+appeare when examined by any rational judge.
+
+"Now the best is, when by some moderate gentlemen it was expostulated,
+why against their master, patron, and benefactor, they should have dealt
+with such severity and rigour, contrary to all reason and equity; their
+answer was, They were inforced and necessitated so to do by the synodal
+and presbyterial conventions of the Kirk, under paine of deprivation,
+and expulsion from their benefices: I will not say, kakou korakost
+kakon oon [an evil egg of an evil crow], but may safely think that a
+well-sanctified mother will not have a so ill-instructed brat, and that
+_injuria humana_ cannot be the lawfull daughter of a _jure divino_
+parent."[90]
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart is not to be taken as infallible in the opinions
+which he formed and expressed concerning the quality of the sermons
+which were delivered from the Presbyterian pulpits of his time. But
+there can be no doubt that he hits upon one great fault by which many of
+them were marred--that of being rather political harangues than
+exhortations to godliness after the Pauline fashion. Indeed, he goes so
+far as to say that, as a rule, the preachers of his time seldom gave
+such exhortations, as they were "enjoyned by their ecclesiastical
+authority [authorities?] to preach to the times,[91] that is, to rail
+against malignants and sectaries, or those whom they suppose to be their
+enemies."[92] Preaching "to the times" Sir Thomas found meant in his
+neighbourhood preaching against _him_; and one may be allowed, it is to
+be hoped, without unduly wounding the feelings of those who admire the
+Covenanters, to think sympathetically of his sufferings. Sydney Smith
+once spoke of a form of capital punishment in which the victim was to be
+"preached to death by wild curates." If the above description of Mr
+Gilbert Anderson's sermons be true, he certainly was eminently qualified
+to officiate as one of the executioners in carrying out such a death
+sentence.[93]
+
+But though Sir Thomas Urquhart was a Royalist in politics, and an
+Episcopalian in religion, he was certainly no bigot in his devotion to
+the King or the Church. In a passage in _The Jewel_, he plainly declares
+his belief "that there is no government, whether ecclesiastical or
+civil, upon earth that is _jure divino_, if that divine right be taken
+in a sense secluding all other forms of government, save it alone, from
+the privilege of that title."[94] Indeed, he treats such an idea as
+merely a pious fraud, by which despotism is established and maintained
+at a very cheap rate over tender consciences by threatening them with
+the vengeance of Heaven in case of disobedience. Such a man was not
+likely to be a blind partisan of any cause. Differences in religious
+beliefs and practices he attributed to differences of temperament among
+individuals, and to climatic and national peculiarities; and in no
+obscure terms he hints that he was of the opinion of Tamerlane, "who
+believed that God was best pleased with diversity of religions, variety
+of worship, dissentaneousness of faith, and multiformity of
+devotion."[95] However powerfully such opinions may appeal to a certain
+class of minds, it is hard to conceive of their being associated with
+deep religious feeling; and accordingly we can scarcely be wrong in
+concluding that one of the reasons why Sir Thomas Urquhart held aloof
+from the Covenanting movement was that he was at the antipodes to the
+majority of his fellow-countrymen in the matter of religious belief. A
+certain measure of aversion, suspicion, and horror is still manifested
+by many towards those whose creed is supposed to be of too limited and
+negative a character; and we can easily believe that in the middle of
+the seventeenth century this attitude was taken up even more openly and
+emphatically. On a later occasion, when, as we shall relate, Sir Thomas
+Urquhart applied to the Commission of the General Assembly to pardon his
+having taken part in the capture of Inverness, his case was referred to
+the minister of that town, Mr John Annand, "that he might confer with
+him [Sir Thomas] concerning some dangerous opinions, which, as is
+informed, he hes sometimes vented."[96] In the view of the Commission of
+Assembly the guilt of cherishing "dangerous opinions" was as great as
+that of rekindling the flames of civil war, if, indeed, it did not
+surpass it.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[44] The utter chaos which resulted from the fusion of religion and
+politics may be estimated from the fact that, in the October of 1650,
+there were in the narrow bounds of Scotland four different armies, at
+enmity with each other, and each prepared to maintain with the sword a
+different cause, namely, the Scottish (Presbyterian) army under General
+Lesley, for King and Covenant combined; the English (Independent) army,
+under Cromwell, which was against both; the Highland army, under General
+Middleton, which was for the King without the Covenant; and the
+Westland, or ultra-Covenanting army, which was for the Covenant without
+the King.
+
+[45] Gordon's _Scots Affairs_, i. 49, 50. James Gordon (? 1615-1686) was
+minister of Rothiemay in Banffshire. His _History of Scots Affairs from
+1637 to 1641_ is one of the principal authorities for this period. It
+has no pretensions to style, but is correct and impartial. It was first
+published in 1841 by the Spalding Club.
+
+[46] Early in the year 1638 some account was given to King Charles of
+the chief persons in the north of Scotland whom he might regard as
+faithful to his cause. "In Rosse," it was said, "Sir Thomas Urqhward,
+Sheriff of Cromerty, with his following, but they [are] environed with
+Covenanters, ther neighbours" (_ibid._ i. 61).
+
+[47] _A History of the University of Aberdeen, 1495-1895_, by J. M.
+Bulloch, p. 110.
+
+[48] These courageous worthies were the bishop's son, Dr John Forbes,
+Professor of Divinity in King's College; Dr Robert Baron, Professor of
+Divinity, and minister in Aberdeen; Dr Alexander Scrogie, minister of
+Old Aberdeen; Dr William Leslie, Principal of King's College; and Drs
+James Sibbald and Alexander Ross, both ministers in Aberdeen.
+
+[49] _History of Scotland_, vi. 235.
+
+[50] See note on p. 123.
+
+[51] Towie-Barclay is the name of an estate in the south-east corner of
+Turriff parish, Aberdeenshire, near Auchterless Station, and four and a
+half miles south-east of Turriff. The castle is supposed to have been
+built in 1593. It remained pretty perfect till 1792, was re-roofed in
+1874, and retains a fine baronial hall with vaulted ceiling. From at
+least the beginning of the fourteenth century till 1733, the estate
+belonged to the Barclays, one of whose line was the celebrated Russian
+general, Prince Michael Barclay de Tolly (1759-1818). In 1792 it was
+sold to the governors of Gordon's Hospital, Aberdeen, for L21,000. Towie
+is a corruption of Tolly. See Billing's _Baronial Antiquities_, vol. iv.
+
+[52] Balquholly, now Hatton Castle: a Square, castellated mansion of
+1814, with finely wooded grounds, in Turriff parish, three and a quarter
+miles south-east of Turriff. It comprises a considerable fragment of the
+ancient baronial castle of Balquholly (Gael. _bailecoille_, "town in the
+wood"), the seat of the Mowats from the thirteenth century till 1729,
+when the estate was sold to Alexander Duff, Esq. Sir Thomas Urquhart
+must either have rented the house from the Mowats, or have obtained
+leave to keep arms there. The cellars in which the arms were probably
+kept are exactly as they were in 1638, except that the old loop-holes
+are partly filled up. The name of the mansion was changed to Hatton
+Lodge in 1745, and to Hatton Castle in 1814, when the modern part was
+built--Hatton being the name of the property in Auchterless, which
+previously belonged to the Duff family. The present proprietor is Garden
+Alexander Duff, Esq., who succeeded to the estates in 1866. There is
+behind Hatton Castle a small croft called Cromartie (see Ordnance Map),
+probably from our author's occupancy of Balquholly or connexion with it.
+
+[53] An ancestor of Lord Byron.
+
+[54] Spalding's _Memorials_, i. 185. Until within living memory the
+exact site of Prott's [or Pratt's] grave was pointed out; but it is now
+quite obliterated by being ploughed over repeatedly.
+
+[55] MS. _Epigrams_: The Animadversion.
+
+[56] "Ther fell only two gentlemen upon the Covenanters syde: one Mr
+James Stacker, a servant to the Lord Mucholles; and one Alexander
+Forbesse, servante to Forbesse of Tolqhwone: upon the Gordons syde, one
+common foote souldiour killed, (by the unskilfullnesse of his owne
+comerades fyring ther musketts, as was thoughte), whom the Gordons
+caused burye solemnly, that day, out of ane idle vante, in the buriall
+place of Walter Barcley of Towey, within the church of Turreffe; not
+without great terror to the minister of the place, Mr Thomas Michell,
+who all the whyle, with his sonne, disgwysd in a womans habite, had gott
+upp and was lurkinge above the syling of the churche, whilst the
+souldiours wer discharging volleyes of shotte within the churche, and
+peircing the syling with ther bulletts in severall places" (Gordon's
+_Scots Affairs_, ii. 258). The reader will keep in mind that Gordon was
+the family name of the Marquis of Huntly.
+
+[57] This was originally the King's Confession, and was drawn up in 1580
+by John Craig, minister of Holyrood House, and subscribed by James VI.
+and his household on 28th January, 1580-81. It is printed at length in
+Row's _Historie of the Kirk of Scotland_. It reaffirms the Confession of
+Faith of 1560, but contains also a solemn renunciation in great detail
+of the errors of Popery. It was approved by the General Assembly in
+April, 1581. A "General Band [Bond] for Maintenance of the true
+Religion" was added in 1588. The National Covenant of 1637 was an
+amplification of the previous Confessions, containing in addition an
+abjuration of Episcopal Church-government, as the King's Confession did
+of Popery. In September, 1638, Charles I. issued a proclamation for the
+Scottish people to subscribe this King's Confession and General Band,
+but the Covenanters regarded this as a subtle plot to divide them, and
+destroy the National Covenant, and, therefore, protested against the
+proclamation. The Confession and Band so subscribed, for it was
+subscribed by some, got the name of the "King's Covenant." It did not,
+of course, contain the abjuration of Episcopal Church-government. Those
+who adhered to it were called Malignants; while the name Covenanters was
+applied to those who subscribed the National Covenant.
+
+[58] Among those who made their escape from Aberdeen along with Urquhart
+were Adam Bellenden, the bishop of the diocese; Alexander Innes,
+minister of Rothiemay; Alexander Scrogie, a Regent of King's College;
+together with the bishop's son, nephew, and servant (Spalding's
+_Memorials_).
+
+[59] _Lives of the Scottish Writers_, vol. i.; Urquhart's MS.
+_Epigrams_: The Animadversion.
+
+[60] _Works_, p. 340.
+
+[61] _Works_, p. 346.
+
+[62] Dunlugas is in the parish of Alvah, close by the river Deveron, on
+the east side.
+
+[63] _Works_, p. 341.
+
+[64] "He was alive last Whitsuntide! said the coachman....
+Whitsuntide!--alas! cried Trim.... What is Whitsuntide, Jonathan, or
+Shrovetide, or any tide or time past, to this!" (_Tristram Shandy_, vol.
+v. chap. vii.).
+
+Our author states (_Works_, p. 341) that "his father's death occurred in
+August in the year 1642, some four yeares after the hatching of the
+Covenant." He is, however, very careless in details of fact, and is in
+error concerning this date. Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, is termed
+"_umqll_" (_i.e. "the late"_) in the Burgess Roll of Banff, on 14th
+June, 1642 (_Annals of Banff_, ii. 418). Perhaps the date was April
+instead of August. The Covenant was signed 1st March, 1638.
+
+[65] _Works_, pp. 346, 347.
+
+[66] _Calendar of Proceedings of Committee for Advances of
+Moneys-Taxes_, i. 381.
+
+[67] The neighbourhood is now a cluster of narrow, dirty streets and
+passages, lined chiefly with butchers' and grocers' shops, which
+overflow into the adjacent streets, and are supplemented by fishmongers
+and miscellaneous stalls and barrows--a crowded, noisy, and unsavoury
+place on Saturday nights. In 1640, Charles I. granted his licence to
+Thomas York, his executors, etc., to erect as many buildings as they
+thought proper upon St Clement's Inn Fields, the inheritance of the Earl
+of Clare. He issued another licence in 1642, permitting Gervase Holles,
+Esq., to make several streets of the width of thirty, thirty-four, and
+forty feet. These streets still retain the names and titles of their
+founders--Clare Street, Denzil Street, and Holles Street. Clare Street
+is somewhat rich in interesting associations. There is a letter of
+Steele's to his wife, dated from the Bull Head Tavern in this street,
+24th August, 1710. It seems likely that he was hiding there. Mrs
+Bracegirdle, a celebrated actress of that time, "was in the habit of
+going into that neighbourhood, and giving money to the poor
+basket-women, insomuch that she could not pass without having thankful
+acclamations from people of all degrees." It was to Clare Street and
+Clare Market that Jack Sheppard went, after his escape from Newgate: he
+there bought a butcher's frock and woollen apron, which he was wearing
+when captured at Finchley. Here was Johnson's Hotel, celebrated for
+upwards of seventy years for its _a la mode_ beef. Isaac Bickerstaffe,
+too, lived in this street.
+
+[68] John Holles, created Baron Houghton of Houghton, in the county of
+Nottingham, in 1616, and Earl of Clare in 1624.
+
+[69] "If I had known that young man [Uriah Heep]," said Mr Micawber, "at
+the period when my difficulties came to a crisis, all I can say is, that
+I believe my creditors would have been better managed than they were"
+(_David Copperfield_, chap. xvii.).
+
+[70] _Works_, p. 347.
+
+[71] _Ibid._ p. 346. For the authority on which this interesting
+ornithological statement is made the reader will overhaul his Pliny (_H.
+N._ xi. chap. 3).
+
+[72] _Works_, p. 326.
+
+[73] _Works_, p. 328.
+
+[74] _Ibid._ p. 325.
+
+[75] Norman Lesley, Master of Rothes, eldest son of George, fifth Earl
+of Rothes, died without issue in 1554. This disposes of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's statement. The Lesleys of Findrassie themselves claimed to be
+descended from Robert, the fourth son of Earl George. See _Scotch
+Peerage Law_, by J. Riddell, p. 190.
+
+[76] _Works_, p. 379.
+
+[77] _Ibid._ p. 380.
+
+[78] One of these volumes containing the signature of our author is
+still in existence. It is a copy of Arthur Johnston's Latin poems,
+printed at Aberdeen by Raban, 1632, and is in the possession of the Rev.
+J. B. Craven, Kirkwall. It is a very fragile volume. The signature in
+this volume, and two others, attached to legal documents, are all that
+are known to be extant. We give a fac-simile of one of the latter on p.
+iv.
+
+[79] "_Apprizing_" is a legal process to which Sir Thomas several times
+refers with great horror, and it may be as well to explain to our
+readers what it was, for fortunately it is now a thing of the past. It
+was for long the only method of attaching a debtor's heritable property.
+By the Act, 1469, c. 36, when payment of a debt could not be obtained
+out of the debtor's movables (including rent), "the King's letters might
+be obtained, under which a debtor's land might be sold by the Sheriff to
+the amount of his debts, and the creditor paid out of the proceeds. If
+within six months no purchaser could be found, a portion of the land
+equal to the debt was to be apprised by thirteen men chosen by the
+sheriff, and the portion apprised by them was to be made over to the
+creditor." The debtor could redeem within seven years. This procedure at
+first took place in the head burgh of the shire, where the jury probably
+knew enough to make a fair valuation of the land. But after a time the
+proceedings often took place in Edinburgh, where the jury had no special
+knowledge, and might be packed by the creditor. So that large estates
+were sometimes carried off in payment of trifling debts. The appriser at
+once entered into possession, and was not obliged to account for the
+rents (until 1631, c. 6). It was thus a powerful engine of oppression.
+If A. wished B.'s land, and B. owned land and nothing else, it was
+possible for A., if he could only get B. as his debtor even in a small
+sum, so to work matters that for the debt he might apprise all B's land.
+Being then in right of B.'s rents, he had B. completely in his power,
+and B. had no resources for gathering together the amount of the debt
+which he must pay in order to redeem his lands within the seven years
+allowed. The law was much relaxed by the Act, 1621, c. 6, but the above
+will enable us to understand how an unscrupulous creditor might get an
+easy-going, thriftless man into his clutches, and impoverish him and his
+family.
+
+[80] _Works_, p. 382. The evident meaning of the last sentence is that
+Lesley's ways were so dark that it was highly necessary for him often to
+ask, "See ye?" Yet one cannot help feeling that this relentless creditor
+may not have been solely animated by malignant hatred of his debtor.
+Even in the above speech there seem to be claims which cannot be lightly
+brushed aside. One is again reminded of Mr Micawber, and of the sudden
+and unexpected glimpse of a better nature in his most truculent
+creditor, which was vouchsafed him when he got his discharge in
+bankruptcy. "Even the revengeful bootmaker," we are told, "declared in
+open court that he bore him [Mr M.] no malice, but that when money was
+owing to him he liked to be paid. He said he thought it was human
+nature" (_David Copperfield_, chap. xii.). An eminent American
+philosopher has said that there is a great deal of human nature in man.
+There seems at any rate to have been a great deal in Mr Lesley of
+Findrassie.
+
+[81] In one of his queer _Epigrams_, after comparing the insatiable
+demands of his creditors to those of the grave and of the sea, he closes
+with the following alliterative litany:
+
+          "Free me from Farcher, Fraser, Fendrasie."
+
+[82] "His subjects and familiars surnamed him [Esormon] ourochartost,
+that is [to] say, 'fortunate and well-beloved'" (_Works_, p. 156).
+
+[83] Rabelais, p. xv.
+
+[84] _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, vol. vii. 479, _a_, _b_.
+
+[85] The parish of Cromartie consists of the north-east portion of the
+peninsula called the Black Isle, terminating eastward in the precipice
+called the Southern Sutor, and stretches for about four miles along the
+shore of the Moray Firth on the east, and about six along that of the
+Firth of Cromartie on the north and west. To the west of the parish of
+Cromartie were situated the joint parishes of Kirkmichael and
+Cullicudden, on the southern shore of the Cromartie Firth. In Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's time these were separate parishes, but they were united in
+1662, and a new church was built at Resolis, in Kirkmichael, near the
+border of Cullicudden. The newly constituted parish bore and still bears
+the name of Resolis.
+
+[86] In his _Logopandecteision_ he speaks of the "stipauctionarie tide"
+which began to overflow the land. He thought "with sufficient bulwarks
+of good argument to have stayed the inundation thereof from two of his
+churches"; but, he says, "I was violently driven like a feather before a
+whirlewind, notwithstanding all my defences, to the sanctuary of an
+inforced patience" (_Works_, p. 352). He does not, however, appear to
+have stayed long in this sanctuary, or else the shelter it afforded was
+but imperfect. His "_stipauctionarie_" (_i.e._ stipend-increasing)
+reminds us of Mr Micawber's calling his salary his "_stipendiary
+emoluments_."
+
+[87] The attention of the reader is specially directed to the marvellous
+felicity and vigour of the above description. Sir Thomas himself has
+never written anything better in its way.
+
+[88] We fear that this is meant as a description of a presbytery.
+
+[89] The reference is to the process of "horning" described on p. 16.
+
+[90] _Works_, p. 280-282.
+
+[91] That Sir Thomas Urquhart is not exaggerating matters in speaking of
+such injunctions being given by ecclesiastical authorities, is proved by
+the following well-known passage in the memoir prefixed to the _Works_
+of Archbishop Leighton:--"It was a Question asked at [of] the Brethren,
+both in the classical and provincial Meetings of Ministers, twice in the
+Year, If they preached the Duties of the Times? And when it was found
+that _Mr Leighton_ did not, he was quarrelled [_sic_] for this Omission,
+but said, _If all the Brethern have preached to the_ TIMES, _may not one
+poor Brother be suffered to preach on_ ETERNITY?"
+
+[92] _Works_, p. 280.
+
+[93] The notice given us by Sir Thomas of Mr Anderson's preaching makes
+us desirous of knowing more about him; but, unfortunately, only a very
+few facts concerning him are known. He was born in 1597; he graduated at
+Aberdeen in 1618; was settled at Cawdor, near Nairn, some time before
+30th October, 1627; was transferred to Cromartie between 5th October,
+1641, and 11th January, 1642; died in November, 1655, and was succeeded
+in the benefice by his son Hugh (Scott's _Fasti_).
+
+[94] _Works_, p. 276.
+
+[95] _Ibid._ p. 261.
+
+[96] See p. 83.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER III
+
+ Unsuccessful Rising in the North--Sir Thomas makes his Peace with the
+     Church--Return of Charles II. to Scotland--Invasion of
+     England--Battle of Worcester--Sir Thomas a Prisoner in the
+     Tower--Makes Friends--Is liberated on Parole--Great Literary
+     Activity--Revisits Scotland--Dies--Later History of the Urquharts
+     of Cromartie--Characteristics of our Author--Glover's Portraits of
+     him.
+
+Shortly after the news of the execution of Charles I. reached Scotland,
+a rising on the part of some of the leading Cavaliers in the north took
+place, with the view of restoring the Royal Family. The most prominent
+person in this attempt was Thomas Mackenzie of Pluscardine, a younger
+brother of George, the second Earl of Seaforth, who for nearly ten years
+past had managed the affairs of the family, and was looked up to, both
+on account of his ability and also on account of the great territorial
+influence he represented. He had seen a good deal of service abroad, and
+was at one time governor of Stralsund.[97] Along with him, and only
+second to him, was our Sir Thomas Urquhart, to whom even civil war was
+scarcely more fraught with anxiety and danger than was the life he had
+been forced to lead for some time past. Together with them were
+associated eight other Royalists of good standing,--among whom Colonel
+Hugh Fraser of Belladrum and John Munro of Lemlair had a certain
+pre-eminence,--and these ten formed a kind of revolutionary committee
+for the control of the movement they had set on foot, and the government
+of the district that might become subject to them.
+
+Montrose had determined, on hearing of the execution of the King, to
+renew the war in Scotland, but Pluscardine and his associates did not
+wait for his arrival. Charles was beheaded on Tuesday, the 30th of
+January, 1649, and, by the 22nd of the next month, the Scottish
+gentlemen in the north had already taken the field, and captured
+Inverness. Four days after, on Monday, 26th February, a meeting of the
+Committee of War was held in that town, the minutes of which are still
+in existence,[98] and contain the name of our author next in order to
+that of Pluscardine himself.
+
+The Committee passed certain enactments, by which they took into their
+own hands the customs and excise of the six northern counties--Inverness,
+Sutherland, Cromartie, Caithness, Nairn, and Elgin. An inventory of all
+the ammunition of the garrison was ordered to be taken. It was also
+decided that Sir Thomas's house at Cromartie should be put in a state of
+defence, and that the work should be carried out by the tenants of Sir
+James Fraser, a bitter Parliamentarian, and opponent of the Stuarts in
+the north, and by those of our knight's old enemy, Lesley of
+Findrassie.[99] It is easy for unregenerate human nature to understand
+the pleasure with which the members of the Committee of War would give
+this last order. By another enactment, the Committee declare that they
+consider it expedient for their safety that the works and forts of
+Inverness be demolished and levelled with the ground, and they ordain
+that each person appointed to this work should complete his proportion
+of it before eight days have passed, "under pain of being quartered upon
+and until the said task be performed."
+
+On the 2nd of March, Mackenzie of Pluscardine, Sir Thomas Urquhart, and
+their associates, were proclaimed as rebels and traitors by the Estates
+of Parliament,[100]--as "wicked and malignant persouns intending so far
+as in thaine lyes, for their own base ends to lay the foundation of a
+new bloodie and unnaturall warre within the bowells of this their native
+country," etc. etc.
+
+On the 1st of March the Commissioners of the General Assembly had
+written to Pluscardine and his associates expressing their wonder and
+grief at such a rising in the interests of "the Popish, Prelaticall and
+Malignant party," and threatening the penalty of excommunication within
+ten days if they would not "desist from and repent of that horrid
+insurrection."[101] The reply to this letter came in due time, and was
+signed by the principal leader in the insurrection, and by some other
+members of the Clan Mackenzie, and is, it must be confessed, a
+distinctly prevaricating and hypocritical document. For one sentence at
+least in it our author was responsible, though he neither signs the
+letter nor is named in it. His pedantic phraseology reveals his hand in
+the construction of the reply to the Commissioners' remonstrances and
+threats.
+
+The letter is addressed "to the Honourable and Right Reverend," and
+begins as follows:--"Wee have lately received yours of the first of
+Merch, 1649, for the which and your wisdomes Christian care of ws, and
+your fatherly admonition to ws, we humbly and heartily rander yow all
+possible thanks." This lamb-like tone is maintained with admirable
+gravity all through the epistle, and is combined with a canting
+phraseology which was meant to be impressive, but which must have
+entertained any members of the Commission of the General Assembly who
+originally possessed and still retained a sense of humour. "And quheras
+[whereas]," so it goes on, "your wisdomes taks it a matter of no lesse
+wonder then [than] greife that we, being vnder the oath of God and tye
+of our Nationall Covenant, would make insurrection and take armes
+against the Lords people, certainly, if it were so, we acknowledge your
+wisdomes had reason to wonder and to be grieved. And it is no lesse
+winder and griefe to ws, being wnder the said oath and tye of Covenant,
+furthering the same with all our power and meanes, and at all occasions
+desireing nothing els then [than] the enjoying of the liberty of the
+subject, and proprietie of our goods, intended and promised in and by
+our Covenant." No one who has read any of Sir Thomas Urquhart's original
+works can doubt that the next sentence was either composed or revised by
+him. The two phrases which we have taken the liberty of putting into
+italics could scarcely have occurred to any other member of the
+Committee of War. "Yet we find, that evill willers and envyous
+vnderminers, _in a singular and proetextuous way_ aiming at our ruine,
+doe spend _the quintessence of their witts_ to find out means whereby,
+under specious pretences of the publick [good?] to extermine ws with
+povertie, and by inventing fresh occasions to make ws odious, and bring
+ws vpon fresh stages [_sic_] vnder the base name of Malignancy." It is
+unnecessary to quote the whole of the letter, but a couple of sentences,
+which describe what the insurgents had done at Inverness, deserve
+notice. "But the whole countrey of all degrees, being sensible of the
+oppression and insolency of the vnnecessary and vnprofitable garison of
+Innernes to Church or State, did heartily and vnanimously contribute to
+the demolishing thereof, which being done, all disbanded peaceablie, and
+the people retired peaceablie to their owne homes, without offence to
+any nighbour of any degree or condition.... And now, when the said
+garison is dismantled, we shall be found not only disposed to live
+peaceablie, bot also ready to obey all publick ordours for the good of
+the Kingdome." The writers ask that "the taxes and impositions," which
+pressed with special severity on the class to which they belonged,
+should be remitted, and liberty given them to lead that religious,
+peaceful life, to which both by nature and by deliberate choice, they
+seem to say, they were strongly inclined. The sting of the letter is in
+its closing words. If these "evill willers" succeed in persuading the
+Commissioners of Assembly to go on with the sentence of excommunication,
+as fully deserved, they (the writers) formally appeal against such a
+decision from the Commission to the next General Assembly.[102]
+
+The ecclesiastical court to which the above letter was sent _may_ have
+contained a goodly sprinkling of fanatics, but it is certain that in it
+there were but few, if any, imbeciles; so that the communication from
+the Committee of War did not succeed in imposing upon those to whom its
+contents were read. They did not condescend to answer it, but at once
+issued a pamphlet, entitled _A Declaration and Warning to all Members of
+this Kirk_, "to recover, if possible, the disturbers of the peace of
+God's people out of the snare of Sathan, and to prevent others from
+falling therein." The document displays very genuine indignation and
+dismay at the possibility of the negotiations which were being carried
+on for restoring Charles II. as a "covenanted king" to the throne of his
+ancestors, being defeated, and of his coming back as an arbitrary ruler
+and oppressor of the Church. Those who have any doubt about the
+deterioration of both religion and politics when they are fused
+together, should read this and other State Papers of the period, and
+their eyes would be opened. The calm assumption by the writers that
+political opponents are the enemies of God, the claim to knowledge of
+the Divine purposes and counsels, the free use of the most sacred words
+of Scripture, the dark fanaticism which inspires so many of the
+utterances, and the intense passion which makes so many of them sound
+like mere raving--all combine to make these documents very painful
+reading. A circular letter of warning and exhortation was sent to
+Presbyteries, attempts were made to persuade individuals to disconnect
+themselves from the insurrectionary movement, and a message of
+encouragement was sent to Lieutenant-General David Lesley to strengthen
+his hands in the work of putting it down by fire and sword.[103]
+
+The insurgents, after demolishing the fortifications of Inverness,
+retired before the troops sent to suppress them, and took refuge among
+the mountains of Ross-shire. Lesley advanced to Fortrose and garrisoned
+the castle there, and then proceeded to endeavour to make terms with the
+leaders of the insurrection. The only one who would listen to no
+accommodation was Mackenzie of Pluscardine. Immediately on Lesley's
+return south, he descended from the mountains, and attacked and took the
+castle of Chanonry. Our Sir Thomas Urquhart was now safely out of the
+conflict, but our readers may wish to know what became of the
+insurrectionary movement which he had such a large share in setting on
+foot, and from which he found it prudent to retire at an early stage.
+
+Mackenzie's force was brought up to eight or nine hundred men by the
+accession of his nephew, Lord Reay, with three hundred followers. Soon
+afterwards he was joined by General Middleton and Lord Ogilvie, and
+advanced into Badenoch, with the view of raising the people in that and
+the neighbouring districts. In what is called the Wardlaw MS. a very
+vivid picture is given of the behaviour of the Highlanders from the Reay
+country, when they poured into Inverness on the morning of Sunday, the
+2nd of May, 1649. "They crossed the bridge of Ness," says the Royalist
+minister of Kirkhill, "on the Lord's Day in time of divine service, and
+alarmed the people of Inverness, impeding God's worship in the town. For
+instead of bells to ring in to service I saw and heard no other than
+the noise of pipes, drums, pots, pans, kettles, and spits in the streets
+to provide them victuals in every house. And in their quarters the rude
+rascality would eat no meat at their tables until the landlord laid down
+a shilling Scots upon each trencher,[104] calling this '_airgiod
+cagainn_' (chewing-money), which every soldier got, so insolent were
+they."
+
+The campaign was a very brief one. The Royalists, joined by the Marquis
+of Huntly, attacked and took the castle of Ruthven, but, soon after,
+being hardly pressed by Lesley, they turned southwards and took up their
+quarters in Balvenie Castle. General Middleton and Mackenzie were
+despatched to treat with Lesley, but before they reached their
+destination, the troops from Fortrose, after a rapid march, surprised
+the Royalist forces at Balvenie. A fierce engagement took place, in
+which both sides suffered severely.[105] Eighty of the insurgents fell
+in defence of the castle. The Highlanders were dismissed to their homes
+on swearing never again to take up arms against the Parliament; while
+their leaders were sent as prisoners to Edinburgh, where most of them
+were set free soon after, on payment of fines, and on giving security
+that they would keep the peace. By sharp and vigorous action the
+remaining sparks of insurrection in the north were stamped out, and
+fresh bodies of troops were stationed in the principal strongholds of
+that part of the country. Thus ended a rising which would probably have
+had a very different result, if it had been postponed until the arrival
+of Montrose.
+
+The same writer[106] who gave an account of the riotous and insolent
+demeanour of the Highland soldiers in Inverness, furnishes us with a
+companion-picture--that of them on their way back to their homes after
+their defeat at Balvenie. It is as follows:--"Next twenty horse, and
+three companies of foot, were ordered to convey the captives back over
+the Spey, and through Moray to Inverness, where I saw them pass through;
+and those men who, in their former march, would hardly eat their meat
+without money, are now begging food, and, like dogs, lap the water which
+was brought them in tubs and other vessels in the open streets. Thence
+they were conducted over the bridge of Ness, and dismissed everyone
+armless and harmless to his own house. This is a matter of fact which I
+saw and heard."
+
+The profound feelings of anxiety which this abortive attempt at
+insurrection had excited in the minds of the ecclesiastical rulers of
+Scotland are very clearly indicated by the exuberance of joy with which
+the tidings of the victory at Balvenie were received by the Commission
+of Assembly.[107] They instantly decided to appoint a solemn Day of
+Thanksgiving, on the 25th of May, for "the Lord's mercifull defeat of
+the enemies of the peace of this land."[108] They tacked on a postscript
+to the above-mentioned _Declaration and Warning_, containing a
+statement of the causes of the Thanksgiving, and ordered both to be read
+from all the pulpits in Scotland. Letters of congratulation were
+despatched to the victorious officers, and to others who had been
+faithful in the recent crisis, and full particulars of what had taken
+place were sent to the Commissioners of Scotland at the Hague, who were
+engaged in the negotiations with "the young man, Charles Stuart." In the
+last-mentioned document there is a flicker of grim humour, as the
+writers send intelligence of the destruction of the hopes which news of
+the rebellion might have excited in the minds of Charles and his
+friends. The last sentence in the letter can scarcely have been written
+or read without a smile. "We have appointed," they say, "the twenty-fift
+day of Maij for a solemn thanksgiving for this and other late mercies,
+wherewith we thought good to acquaint yow, that yow manage this to the
+best advantage of the work in your hands, according as yow shall thinke
+fitt."[109] It was once said of a good man that he would have been
+better if he had had a little more of the devil in him; and one is
+inclined to think more highly of these good men for the touch of malice,
+which relieves the sombre character of their communication.[110]
+
+The threatened bolt of excommunication was not launched, but our author
+found it necessary to apply to the Commission of General Assembly in
+order to make his peace with the ecclesiastical power. Accordingly, on
+the 22nd of June, 1650, he appeared in Edinburgh before this body, and
+presented his "supplicatioun" for pardon for the guilt of taking part in
+the Northern insurrection, and of assaulting and razing the walls of
+Inverness.
+
+The Commission met, doubtless, in that "little roome of [off] the East
+Church" of St Giles, which Baillie describes as having been "verie
+handsomelie dressed for our Assemblies in all time coming,"[111] and
+from which, three years later, the English officers, under Cromwell's
+order, ejected the members of the General Assembly. The Commission on
+that day, when our author appeared before them, consisted of twenty-four
+members--the most distinguished divines and politicians in Scotland of
+the Covenanting party. The moderator, or chairman, was Robert
+Douglas,[112] "a great State preacher," who had been chaplain to the
+Scots troops in the service of Gustavus Adolphus, and had won the esteem
+of that monarch, and who in little more than six months' time would
+officiate at the coronation of Charles II., for whom Sir Thomas Urquhart
+had prematurely drawn the sword. Beside him was Samuel Rutherford, the
+Principal of St Andrews, whose fervid piety has found no lack of
+admirers in every generation since his time. Robert Baillie, the writer
+of the _Letters_ which contain so many vivid pictures of events in that
+stirring period; David Dickson, Professor of Divinity in Glasgow, whose
+name we have heard as one of the deputation to persuade the people of
+Aberdeen to take the Covenant; and James Guthrie, who died as a martyr,
+the year after the Restoration, were present there that day. The
+contrast between these grave, dignified, saintly Covenanting leaders,
+and the brilliant Cavalier, Sir Thomas Urquhart, is one which, by its
+picturesqueness, strongly impresses the imagination.
+
+The Commission, after hearing the petitioner's statements, did not,
+apparently; treat the matter as of very serious moment. The dangerous
+crisis was over, and they could afford to be merciful. They seem to have
+condoned the political offence, but referred Sir Thomas to Mr John
+Annand, minister of Inverness, one of their number, "that he might
+confer with him concerning some dangerous opinions which, as was
+informed, he had sometimes vented." If these could be explained away,
+and no further complicity in disloyal schemes were brought home to him,
+Mr Annand was empowered, acting at all times under the advice of the
+Presbytery of Inverness, to receive his public "satisfaction" in the
+church of that city. How the matter ended we do not know. But there is
+very little doubt that Sir Thomas's nebulous heterodoxy proved no bar to
+his being freed from ecclesiastical censure, and that, in due course,
+according to the custom of that time, he stood, as a penitent, before
+the congregation of the Parish Church, in that city the walls of which
+he had assisted to assault and overthrow.
+
+A fortnight after Sir Thomas Urquhart's appearance before the Commission
+of the General Assembly, Charles II. landed in Scotland, and was
+accepted, though at first not without deep misgivings, as "covenanted
+King." The party to which our author belonged was for a time excluded
+from all share in public life; and even the army, which was to defend
+the sovereign against the English sectaries, was carefully sifted, to
+remove those whose presence might bring a curse upon it. So that, though
+the land resounded with war and the rumour of war, Sir Thomas remained
+in an enforced quietude in his castle at Cromartie. The effect of the
+battle of Dunbar (3rd September) was to depress the faction which had
+excluded the Royalist partisans from the army, and kept the King himself
+in something very like bondage. Charles II., indeed, is said to have
+given thanks to God for the victory of Cromwell over the Covenanting
+forces at this battle, and the only difficulty in the way of believing
+this statement lies in the fact that he so seldom gave thanks for
+anything.
+
+The Royalist party now began to rally about their sovereign. Charles II.
+was crowned at Scone on the 1st January, 1651, and in due time an army,
+which included many of the so-called Malignants, was ready for trying
+conclusions once again with the terrible English General. And now for
+the third time our author took up arms on behalf of the Stuarts. After
+some months of endless marchings and counter-marchings, in which
+Cromwell evidently endeavoured to provoke his enemies into a repetition
+of the blunder by which they had lost the battle of Dunbar, the Scottish
+forces found an opportunity of marching into England.
+
+The latter, under David Lesley, had taken up a strong position on the
+height of the Tor Wood, between Stirling and Falkirk, from which they
+refused to be drawn out to battle; and Cromwell resolved to take up his
+post on the other side of the Royalist army. Accordingly, he crossed the
+Forth at Queensferry, and, after defeating an attempt to intercept him
+at Inverkeithing, reached and occupied Perth. The way to England was now
+open, and the Scottish army swiftly and silently entered upon it,
+resolved to stake everything upon a great battle.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart left his castle of Cromartie, and took part in this
+expedition, though apparently he held no position of command in the
+army, and was very much out of sympathy with many of those who journeyed
+with him. Indeed, his unfortunate prejudices against the Presbyterian
+and Covenanting party come out in the statement he makes, that many of
+those who started out to smite "the Midianites and Philistines," when it
+came to the push, managed to make their way home, "being loth to hazard
+their precious persons, lest they should seem to trust to the arm of
+flesh."[113] The mass of those, however, who formed the Scottish army
+were of very different mettle, and the battle in which they staked and
+lost everything was one of the fiercest in the whole of the great Civil
+War.
+
+The course of their journey southward was through Biggar and Carlisle,
+and then through Lancashire. To their disappointment, they received no
+great accession of Royalists, nor of any others who were inclined to
+join them in the attempt to overthrow the Commonwealth. "They marched,"
+says the historian, "under rigorous discipline, weary and uncheered,
+south through Lancashire; had to dispute ... the Bridge of Warrington
+with Lambert and Harrison, who attended them with horse-troops on the
+left; Cromwell with the main army steadily advancing behind. They
+carried the Bridge at Warrington; they summoned various Towns, but none
+yielded; proclaimed their King, with all force of lungs and heraldry,
+but none cried, God bless him. Summoning Shrewsbury, with the usual
+negative response, they quitted the London road; bent southward towards
+Worcester, a City of slight Garrison and loyal Mayor; there to entrench
+themselves, and repose a little."[114] Yet but slight opportunity for
+this was given them. The course taken by Cromwell was through York,
+Nottingham, Coventry, and Stratford-on-Avon, and when he arrived at
+Worcester with his army from Scotland, and with the county militias, who
+had risen at his summons, his forces numbered over thirty thousand men
+as against the enemy's sixteen thousand.
+
+Meantime Sir Thomas Urquhart had taken up his quarters in Worcester, in
+the house of a Mr Spilsbury, "a very honest sort of man, who had an
+exceeding good woman to his wife." His luggage, which was stored in an
+attic, consisted, besides "scarlet cloaks, buff suits, and arms of all
+sorts," of seven large "portmantles," three of which were filled with
+unpublished works in manuscript, and other valuable documents--the
+amount of which he gives us in quires and quinternions, but which need
+not be repeated here. "Peace hath her victories no less renowned than
+war," sang Milton in his sonnet to the Lord General Cromwell; and
+perhaps Sir Thomas Urquhart hoped, after achieving victory in war, to
+win a second set of laurels by means of the contents of the three
+"portmantles."
+
+On the evening of the 3rd September, the anniversary of the battle of
+Dunbar, and afterwards to be the date of Cromwell's own death, the
+battle of Worcester was fought, and the Royalist cause utterly
+shattered. "The fighting of the Scots," says Carlyle, "was fierce and
+desperate. 'My Lord General did exceedingly hazard himself, riding up
+and down in the midst of the fire; riding, himself in person, to the
+Enemy's foot to offer them quarter, whereto they returned no answer but
+shot.' The small Scotch Army, begirdled with overpowering force, and cut
+off from help or reasonable hope, storms forth in fiery pulses, horse
+and foot; charges now on this side of the River, now on that;--can on no
+side prevail. Cromwell recoils a little, but only to rally and return
+irresistible. The small Scotch Army is, on every side, driven in again.
+Its fiery pulsings are but the struggles of death: agonies as of a lion
+coiled in the folds of a boa. 'As stiff a contest,' says Cromwell, 'for
+four or five hours as ever I have seen.'"[115]
+
+The conquered lost six thousand men, and all their baggage and
+artillery; and Charles only with difficulty, and after many romantic
+adventures, succeeded in escaping to the Continent when the fight was
+over. Ten thousand prisoners, including eleven of the Scottish nobility,
+were taken. The sufferings of many of these brave men were severe in the
+extreme. Some perished from want of food and from gaol diseases, and
+large numbers of the survivors were shipped for the plantations, and
+sold as slaves.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart, and, apparently, more than one of his brothers,
+were among the prisoners, but appeared to have fared better than many of
+their companions in arms. The greatest of the misfortunes that fell upon
+him was, in his estimation, the sad fate that overtook his precious
+manuscripts. The whole story, related in his own inimitable style, may
+be read in Chapter VI. It is enough to say here that a party of
+marauders broke into his quarters in search of valuables, that they
+forced open the "portmantles" and turned their contents out upon the
+floor, and afterwards carried off the papers to use them for wrapping up
+articles of plunder, and for lighting their pipes. Fortunately some
+bundles of these papers were afterwards picked up in the streets and
+brought back to him, and in due time found their way to the printer's.
+
+After the battle of Worcester, Sir Thomas Urquhart and some of the other
+Scottish gentlemen who had been taken prisoners there were confined in
+the Tower of London. He seems to have speedily gained the favour of his
+captors, and to have been treated with remarkable leniency. Indeed, he
+speaks in terms of affectionate respect of various officers of the
+Parliamentary army from whom he had received kindness, and acknowledges
+courtesies extended towards him by the Lord General himself. Thus he
+places on record his indebtedness to a "most generous gentleman, Captain
+Gladmon," for speaking in his favour to the Protector. And of another,
+whom he calls the Marshal-General, in whose charge he had been placed,
+he has set down the praise in the following elaborate sentence:--"The
+kindly usage of the Marshal-General, Captain Alsop, whilst I was in his
+custody, I am bound in duty so to acknowledge, that I may without
+dissimulation avouch, for courtesies conferred on such as were within
+the verge of his authority, and fidelity to those by whom he was
+intrusted with their tuition [oversight of them] in that restraint, that
+never any could by his faithfulness to the one and loving carriage to
+the other bespeak himself more a gentleman, nor in the discharge of that
+military place acquit himself with a more universally-deserved applause
+and commendation."[116]
+
+The severity of his imprisonment was soon abated; and he was removed
+from the Tower to Windsor Castle,[117] and not long after, by the orders
+of Cromwell, was paroled _de die in diem_.[118] The comparative liberty
+he now enjoyed enabled him to repair the loss of his manuscripts after
+the battle of Worcester, and he set himself to make the best of the
+fragments he had recovered, and to prepare them for publication, as well
+as to compose new material. A paragraph in the Epilogue of one of his
+works, in which he describes his warm appreciation of the measure of
+freedom he now enjoyed, is worth quoting. "That I, whilst a prisoner,"
+he says, "was able to digest and write this Treatise, is an effect
+meerly proceeding from the courtesie of my Lord General Cromwel, by
+whose recommendation to the Councel of State my parole being taken for
+my true imprisonment, I was by their favour enlarged to the extent of
+the lines of London's communication; for had I continued as before,
+coopt up within walls, or yet been attended still by a guard, as for a
+while I was, should the house of my confinement have never been so
+pleasant, or my keepers a very paragon of discretion, and that the
+conversation of the best wits in the world, with affluence of all manner
+of books, should have been allowed me for the diversion of my minde, yet
+such all antipathie I have to any kinde of restraint wherein myself is
+not entrusted, that notwithstanding these advantages, which to some
+spirits would make a jayl seem more delicious then [than] freedom
+without them, it could not in that eclipse of liberty lie in my power to
+frame myself to the couching of one sillable, or contriving of a fancie
+worthy the labour of putting pen to paper, no more then [than] a
+nightingale can warble it in a cage, or linet in a dungeon."[119]
+
+Another friend whom Sir Thomas Urquhart found in the time of need was
+the celebrated Roger Williams, the apostle of civil and religious
+liberty, and the founder of the settlement of Providence, Rhode Island,
+and missionary to the Indians. In the Epilogue to the _Logopandecteision_
+he thus acknowledges his obligations to him: "[I cannot] forget my
+thankfulness to that reverend preacher Mr Roger Williams of Providence,
+in New England, for the manifold favours wherein I stood obliged to him
+above a whole month before either of us had so much as seen other, and
+that by his frequent and earnest solicitation in my behalf of the most
+especial members both of the Parliament and Councel of State; in doing
+whereof he appeared so truely generous, that when it was told him how I,
+having got notice of his so undeserved respect towards me, was desirous
+to embrace some sudden opportunity whereby to testifie the affection I
+did owe him, he purposely delayed the occasion of meeting with me till
+he had, as he said, performed some acceptable office worthy of my
+acquaintance; in all which, both before and after we had conversed with
+one another, and by those many worthy books set forth by him, to the
+advancement of piety and good order, with some whereof he was pleased to
+present me, he did prove himself a man of such discretion and
+inimitably-sanctified parts, that an Archangel from heaven could not
+have shown more goodness with less ostentation."[120]
+
+The years 1652 and 1653 form a period of astonishing literary activity
+on the part of our author, for no fewer than five separate works were
+then published by him, two of which were of very considerable bulk. The
+motive that had led him to bring out his two former works--the
+_Epigrams_ and _The Trissotetras_--had been a desire to benefit mankind
+and to advance the glory of his native land. But now he had to consider
+his own interests, and to exert himself to promote them. Accordingly,
+his present aim was to convince his captors of his extraordinary merits
+and gifts, and of the incomparable glory of that family which he had the
+honour of representing.
+
+In 1652 he issued his PANTOCHRONOCHANON; _or, a Peculiar Promptuary
+of Time_, of which a detailed description is given in Chapter V. The
+object of this treatise is to show the Protector and the English
+Parliament that the family of the Urquharts could be traced back, link
+by link, to the red earth out of which Adam was made, and to suggest how
+lamentable it would be, if the ruling power extinguished a race which
+had successfully resisted the scythe of Time, and was capable of
+rendering great services to the State.
+
+This small treatise was closely followed by a more important production,
+upon which Sir Thomas's fame as an author largely rests--his
+EKSKYBALAURON; _or, The Discovery of a most Exquisite Jewel_. The
+title of this work is intended to be an abbreviation of a Greek
+phrase--"_Gold from a dunghill_"--and contains an allusion to the fact
+that the first half of it was, in its manuscript form, one of the
+bundles of paper which the soldiers treated with such disrespect after
+the battle of Worcester, and which, indeed, was found next day in a
+kennel of one of the streets of that city. This book, a fuller account
+of which we give later on, consists of an introduction to a work on a
+Universal Language, to which is added a rhapsodical panegyric on the
+Scottish nation, and an account of his fellow-countrymen who had been
+famous as scholars or soldiers during the previous fifty years.
+
+In the course of the early part of 1652 Urquhart had in some way excited
+the suspicions of the Government, and in the month of May his papers
+were seized by the authorities. Nothing treasonable, however, was found
+among them, and probably the harmless character of his pursuits, which
+was thus brought to light, made a favourable impression upon the Council
+of State. For, a few weeks later, he was allowed, in answer to a
+petition which he presented to the Council, and which was referred to
+Cromwell, to return to Scotland to arrange his private affairs, and to
+be absent for five months.[121] The only condition imposed upon him was
+that during this time he should do nothing to the prejudice of the
+Commonwealth.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's creditors had been told that he had been killed
+at the battle of Worcester, and, as he says in his own characteristic
+way, "for gladness of the tidings [they] had madified [moistened] their
+nolls to some purpose with the liquor of the grape,"[122] and had
+possessed themselves of all his property. When they were assured by
+letters from himself that he was still alive, they claimed payment for
+debts which had been long discharged, under the impression that the
+receipts had perished along with other papers after the battle. They
+even plotted, we are assured, to arrest our author in London, after he
+had been liberated upon parole. By the thoughtful discretion of a
+Captain Goodwin, of Colonel Pride's regiment, the receipts in question
+had been saved out of the spoil of Worcester, and Sir Thomas Urquhart
+was able to display them to the unjust creditors. "And when," he says,
+"they saw that those their acquittances ... were produced before them,
+they then, looking as if their noses had been ableeding, could not any
+longer for shame retard my cancelling of the aforesaid bonds."[123]
+
+In the midst of so many complaints of the iniquity of creditors, it is
+gratifying to find Sir Thomas acknowledging that there was one of that
+class who treated him with forbearance and even with kindness. His
+thankfulness at discovering this green oasis in the arid desert in which
+so much of his life had been passed, is expressed in his own
+characteristic way. "But may," he says, "William Robertson of Kindeasse,
+or rather _Kindnesse_ (for so they call this worthy man), for his going
+contrary to that stream of wickedness which carryeth head-long his
+fellow-creditors to the black sea of un-christian-like dealing, enjoy a
+long life in this world, attended with health, wealth, a hopeful
+posterity, and all the happiness conducible to eternal salvation; and
+may his children after him, as heires both of his vertues and means,
+derive [transmit] his lands and riches to their sons, to continue
+successively in that line from generation to generation, so long as
+there is a hill in Scotland, or that the sea doth ebbe and flow. This
+hearty wish of mine, as chief of my kinred [kindred], I bequeath to all
+that do and are to carry the name of Urquhart, and adjure them, by the
+respect they owe to the stock whence they are descended, for my father's
+love and mine to this man, to do all manner of good offices to each one
+that bears the name of Robertson."[124]
+
+His old enemy, Lesley of Findrassie, endeavoured in vain to persuade the
+officers of the English garrison, then stationed in Urquhart's house at
+Cromartie, to arrest him as a prisoner of war, and keep him in
+confinement "till he [Lesley] were contented in all his demands."[125]
+An attempt was also made to apprehend him at Elgin; but he escaped all
+these machinations, and, after travelling in safety through many of the
+principal towns of Scotland, returned to London within the specified
+time, and gave himself up to the Council of State.
+
+In the course of the year 1653 Sir Thomas Urquhart published the last of
+his original works--his _Logopandecteision_, and the translation of the
+first two books of Rabelais, in connection with which his name is best
+known. The object of the former of these was to suggest a wonderful
+scheme for a universal language, with the idea of being restored by the
+Government to the full possession of his liberty, and of being
+reinstated in the position of power and wealth, which he maintained was
+his by hereditary right, in order to carry out the scheme. His hopes and
+anticipations of success in this appeal to the English Government were
+not daunted by the fact that to do what he required would need several
+legislative changes, a reversal of proceedings in Scottish courts of
+law, and a substantial grant from the Treasury. This, after all, he
+considered, was a very small price to pay for the benefits he would
+thereby confer upon the world. That the appeal was not successful needs
+scarcely be told. Probably in no country in the world, and at no period
+in history, could any be found more likely to turn a deaf ear to such
+requests, than such men as Cromwell, Fleetwood, and Overton. Men like
+these were too practical, and of too hard a nature, to be impressed by
+any such visionary schemes as those which their prisoner delighted in
+constructing.
+
+A veil of obscurity hangs over the closing years of our author's life.
+His last appearance before the public was in the issuing of the books
+above mentioned. The only further record of him is in the continuation
+of the Pedigree of the Urquharts, which is contained in the Edinburgh
+edition of his Tracts. In this we read that "he was confined for several
+years in the Tower of London; from whence he made his escape, and went
+beyond seas, where he died suddenly in a fit of excessive laughter, on
+being informed by his servant that the King was restored."[126] If this
+account of matters be true, it would seem that Sir Thomas had forfeited
+some of those privileges which he had won so soon after he had become a
+State prisoner. It is quite possible that this was in consequence of
+having joined in some Royalist plot against the Commonwealth and for the
+restoration of Charles II.
+
+In the preface to the second book of Rabelais, Sir Thomas promises very
+speedily to translate the three remaining books of that author, so that
+the whole "Pentateuch of Rabelais," as he calls it, might be in the
+hands of English readers. But this design was never completed. The
+translation of the third book was found among his papers, and was
+published in 1693 by Pierre Antoine Motteux, but it is probable that the
+editor himself had some share in the work as issued to the public.
+
+Sir Theodore Martin considers that there is a strong presumption against
+the truth of the above account of Sir Thomas's death, in his entire
+silence during the long period which elapsed between the publication of
+his last work and 1660, the date of the Restoration of Charles II.
+"Men," he says, "so deeply smitten with the _cacoethes scribendi_ as
+Urquhart was, do not thus readily cast the pen aside; nor was the lack
+of a publisher likely to have stood in the way of his literary career.
+His writings, if for no other cause but the number of his friends, must
+always have been a safe speculation for a printer, at a time when
+printing was cheap and readers numerous. But the imperfect state of his
+translation of Rabelais is perhaps the best evidence of the inaccuracy
+of the current belief.... Motteux says that Urquhart's version 'was too
+kindly received not to encourage him to English the three remaining
+books, or at least the third, the fourth and fifth being in a manner
+distinct, as being Pantagruel's voyage. Accordingly he translated the
+third book, and would have finished the whole, had not death prevented
+him.' This bears hard against the supposition of that event having
+occurred upwards of six years after the two first books had been given
+to the world. It is probable that he died much sooner, a victim in all
+likelihood to that fiery restlessness of spirit,
+
+    'Which o'er-informs its tenement of clay,
+    And frets the pigmy body to decay.'"[127]
+
+This conjecture is, however, improbable. A petition from our author's
+brother, Sir Alexander Urquhart, is still in existence, in which he asks
+for a new commission of hereditary Sheriffship of Cromartie to be made
+out for him, on the ground of his being the eldest surviving son of the
+Sir Thomas Urquhart who died in 1642.[128] Though this document is
+undated, it is assigned by the editor of the volume of State Papers in
+which it is to be found, to August of 1660. If this date be
+trustworthy, we may be almost sure that the traditional statement as to
+the year of our author's death is correct.
+
+The cause of his giving up his literary labours, and of omitting to
+carry through the work of translation on which he had entered, is, of
+course, unknown to us. His health, physical or mental, may have become
+seriously impaired, or his spirits may have been too much depressed by
+the misfortunes that crowded upon him, to allow him to engage in
+literary work. Indeed, the alleged cause of death from violent agitation
+of feeling caused by hearing of the Restoration of Charles II., argues
+in itself a previous condition of great physical weakness.
+
+There seems at first, a certain grotesqueness in such a fatal exuberance
+of joy in connexion with such an event as Charles II. regaining the
+crown which his father had lost, and of which in another generation all
+of his blood were to be deprived. But we have to keep in mind that Sir
+Thomas was not alone in his folly, if folly it were; for a great wave of
+exultation swept over the three kingdoms at that time. Our author had,
+like many of his fellow-Royalists, staked and lost everything he
+possessed in the defence of the House of Stuart, and one can have little
+difficulty in understanding how the announcement of the triumph of the
+cause, which was so dear to him, should have agitated him
+profoundly.[129]
+
+Sir Alexander Urquhart failed to recover possession of either the barony
+or the Sheriffship of Cromartie, and a year after the supposed date of
+his petition, he is said to have ratified his cousin's rights,[130] and
+in 1663 he formally "disponed" the estate (_i.e._ his title to it) to
+Sir John.[131] The new possessors were, however, as unfortunate as
+their immediate predecessors, for in no very long time they were
+overwhelmed by distresses like those which had burdened and embittered
+the lives of our author and his father. In 1682 the celebrated Sir
+George Mackenzie, whose name, like that of Queen Mary of England, is
+usually associated with an unenviable epithet, as that of a cruel
+persecutor,[132] "apprized" the estate from Sir John's[133] son,
+Jonathan.[134]
+
+No one who knows what this means[135] will be surprised to hear that it
+soon afterwards passed into his possession. On his elevation to the
+peerage (1685) as Viscount Tarbat, first Earl of Cromartie, he put his
+third-born son, Sir Kenneth, into possession of the estate, with the
+view of establishing a branch of his family to be known as the
+Mackenzies of Cromartie. This plan was doomed to be defeated, for Sir
+Kenneth's son George had no family, and sold the estate to Captain
+William Urquhart of Meldrum in 1741.[136] The lands were again sold to
+Patrick, Lord Elibank,[137] in 1763, and by him to George Ross of
+Pitkerrie, nine years afterwards. Mr Ross had amassed a large fortune in
+England as an army agent,[138] and part of this he expended in the
+purchase of the estate, and in the extensive improvements which he
+effected in it. One wishes he had not thought it desirable to pull down
+the picturesque old castle, which had stood on the mote-hill of
+Cromartie for three hundred years, and which had sheltered so many
+generations of the Urquhart family. Let us now, however, return to our
+author.
+
+In telling the story of Sir Thomas Urquhart's life, some of his most
+striking peculiarities have been displayed and illustrated, so that no
+one who has read the foregoing pages is altogether dependent upon what
+may now be said for forming an estimate of his character. His vanity is
+perhaps the most striking trait in it; but only a very hard-hearted
+moralist would call it a vice in his case, for it is as artless as it is
+boundless, and is combined with so much kindness of heart and generosity
+of feeling, that we are more entertained by it than indignant at it. No
+one who looks into his works can doubt the intensity of his patriotism.
+Indeed, his passionate longing after personal fame is in all cases
+combined with the wish to confer additional glory upon the land of his
+birth. His devotion to the Royalist cause[139] is of the purest and most
+heroic type, and the general tone of his character, as revealed to us in
+his books, is elevated and noble. At the same time there is an element
+of the grotesque in it, so that in his disinterested and chivalrous
+disposition he reminds us of Don Quixote,[140] while in his frequent
+allusions to struggles with pecuniary difficulties, as well as in his
+use of magniloquent language, he distinctly recalls Wilkins Micawber. A
+lively fancy, a strain of genuine erudition beneath his pedantry, and
+some sparks of insanity, are other elements in his fantastical
+character. Only a mind like his own could trace the maze of its windings
+and turnings, and fathom the depths of its eccentricity. In his thoughts
+"truth is constantly becoming interfused with fiction, possibility with
+certainty, and the hyperbolical extravagance of his style only keeps
+even pace with the prolific shootings of his imagination."[141]
+
+It is perhaps expected that one should, in a measure, apologize for the
+eccentricities of Urquhart's character and literary style, by explaining
+that he was a humourist. But, unfortunately, humour is a quality in
+which Urquhart was lacking, unless we understand by the word mere
+fantastical quaintness of thought and speech. In one passage of his
+works he speaks with contempt of "shallow-brained humourists,"[142] and
+we should wrong his ghost by putting him among those whom he abhorred.
+Not a single trace of that subtle, graceful play of fancy and of feeling
+which enters into our conception of humour is to be found in his
+works.[143] His readers may smile as they turn over his pages, but he
+is always in deadly earnest. The quality of wit he occasionally
+manifests in the form of keen sarcasm, when he gives full vent to his
+feelings of scorn and contempt; as when, for example, he describes those
+who went out to fight, "but did not hazard their precious persons, lest
+they should seem to trust to the arm of flesh."[144]
+
+He can never give a simple statement of matters of fact. Thus in his
+account of the Admirable Crichton, instead of saying that the rector of
+the university addressed a few complimentary sentences to Crichton, and
+that the latter replied in the same vein, he says: "In complements after
+this manner, _ultro citroque habitis_, tossed to and again, retorted,
+contrerisposted, backreverted, and now and then graced with a quip or a
+clinch for the better relish of the ear, being unwilling in this kind of
+straining curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a full half-hour and
+more."[145] Everything must be dressed up "with divers quaint and
+pertinent similes" before it is fit to be introduced to the reader's
+notice. To quote again from the most accomplished literary critic who
+has written upon him: "History, philosophy, science, literature are
+ransacked for illustrations of the commonest subject. His fancy is ever
+on the alert, and you are constantly surprised by some incongruous
+image, begotten in its wanton dalliance with knowledge the most
+heterogeneous. He has always an eye to effect. His own learning must be
+brought into play, rhetorical tropes must flourish through his periods,
+'suggesting to our minds two several things at once,' and, of course, as
+diverse as possible, that 'the spirits of such as are studious in
+learning may be filled with a most wonderful delight.'"[146] His style
+reacts upon and controls his thoughts, and often carries him, as
+Ariosto's Hippogriff carried Astolfo, up into the skies, whither those
+are unable to follow him who are mounted on humbler animals, or have no
+other means than those with which they were born for plodding along the
+dusty roads of earth.
+
+If we can trust the two engraved portraits of Sir Thomas Urquhart which
+have come down to us, he was a man of handsome presence, and accustomed
+to deck himself in all the splendour of costume to which so many of his
+brother-cavaliers were addicted. George Glover, the famous engraver,
+drew both the portraits of him which are extant. One of these appears as
+a frontispiece to the _Epigrams_ and to the _Trissotetras_. It is a
+small whole-length, and represents Sir Thomas in rich dress,[147]
+holding out his hand to receive from some allegorical personage a
+laurel wreath "for Armes and Artes."[148] On a table beside him are his
+hat and embroidered cloak. In the vacant spaces on each side of the
+upper part of the figure are his name and titles: "S^r Thomas Urchard,
+Knight, of Bray and Udol, etc., Baron of Ficherie and Clohorby, etc.,
+Laird Baron of Cromartie and Heritable Sheriff thereof, etc." The
+portrait is described as taken from the life, and engraved in 1641;[149]
+and beneath it is a couplet by W. S., as follows:
+
+    "Of him whose shape this Picture hath design'd,
+    Vertue and learning represent the Mind."
+
+Who W. S. was we do not know. The date forbids our identifying him with
+the Bard of Avon. He was probably one of those mysterious personages,
+who were always at hand to write epistles of commendation to works by
+Sir Thomas, and to testify on their "book-oath" to his gifts and graces.
+
+The second engraved portrait is of great rarity, and only one impression
+of it is known to be in existence. It was probably meant to be a
+frontispiece to the unpublished volume of Epigrams described on p. 116,
+the title of which was to have been _Apollo and the Muses_, but which
+never found its way into print. In this engraving Sir Thomas is depicted
+as seated with great complacency upon Mount Parnassus, in the midst of
+the Muses, seven of whom are pressing upon his attention wreaths of
+laurel of which he is worthy, "for Judgment, Learning, witt, Invention,
+sweetness, stile." At his feet is the sacred fountain of Castalia or
+Hippocrene, into the waters of which the other two Muses are sportively
+dipping "sprinklers" or asperges. One of them seems inclined to give Sir
+Thomas a sprinkling, but refrains, either because it was unnecessary or
+for fear of spoiling his nice clothes. In the background, the winged
+horse Pegasus is flying sufficiently low down to allow a woman to pluck
+a couple of feathers from his wings.[150] These are no doubt intended
+to provide pens for Sir Thomas's next literary undertaking. In the
+further distance are several feathered creatures, which are probably
+meant for poetical swans, but which bear a painful likeness to prosaic
+geese. At the foot of the picture in one corner we have Apollo, playing
+on his lyre; and on the ground in front are a half-starved dragon and a
+snake, writhing in impotent rage, as they witness the triumph of Sir
+Thomas. We can hardly be mistaken in concluding that these last are
+symbolical representations of envious and carping critics.
+
+[Illustration: The Poet surrounded by the Muses.]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[97] _Antiquarian Notes_, by C. Fraser-Mackintosh, p. 156.
+
+[98] _Antiquarian Notes_, pp. 155-158; _History of the Clan Mackenzie_,
+by Alex. Mackenzie.
+
+[99] The enactment in question runs as follows:--"It being thought
+expedient by the said Committee that the house of Cromartie be put in a
+posture of defence, and that for the doing thereof it is requisite some
+faill [turf] be cast and led, the said Committee ordains all Sir James
+Fraser's tenants within the parochins [parishes] of Cromartie and
+Cullicudden, together with those of the Laird of Findrassie, within the
+parochin of Rosemarkie, to afford from six hours in the morning to six
+hours at night, one horse out of every oxengait [= about 13 Scotch
+acres] daily for the space of four days to lead the same faill to the
+house of Cromartie." Of this enemy, Sir James Fraser, our author
+remarked at a later time with regrettable bitterness, that he knew only
+one good thing about him, and that was that he was dead.
+
+[100] _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, vi. 392.
+
+[101] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, p. 220.
+
+[102] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, pp. 249, 250.
+
+[103] _General Assembly Commission Records_, 1648-49, pp. 252-262.
+
+[104] Strangely enough, in Hope's _Anastasius_, a Tatar messenger
+travelling through Asia Minor to Constantinople is described as acting
+in the same insolent manner. "He would not," says Anastasius, "even
+after the daintiest meal in the world, forego the douceur he expected
+for what he used to call the wear and tear of his teeth" (ii. 320).
+
+[105] An account of the battle is given in a letter addressed by the
+victorious generals, Ker, Halket, and Strachan, to the Moderator of the
+Commission of Assembly, dated 9th May, 1649. In it they say: "We were in
+Innernes vpon Sunday at night, when we received intelligence that the
+enemie were come from Torespay to Balvine, presently to discusse ws
+(_sic_). We could not hear from the Livetennent-Generall [Lesley], and
+the enemy was making himselfe strong in many severall quarters in [the]
+countrie. We conceived it better to suppresse nor [than] to be
+suppressed. We in our weak maner beged the Lords direction, that His
+blissing might wait His owne and our labours, and, with great freedome
+concluded to march with all expedition to Torispay, intelligence having
+come certaine that they were lyeing in Balveine at a wood, where we
+engaged with them; and there the Lord delivered them vnto our hands. We
+were not abone six score fighting horsemen and tuelfe muskiteires. We
+had some more, but they were wearied. We have at this tyme about 800
+prisoners, betuixt 3 or 4 scoir killed, and tuo or thrie hundred fled.
+My Lord Rae and all the officers are, according to the capitulatioun,
+prisoners; the rest are to be conveyed to their countrey, after we
+receive order from the publick; and therefore we shall expect such
+further directions from you as you shall thinke fit, for securing and
+obliging, by oath, such as shall returne to their countrey" (_General
+Assembly Commission Records_, 1618-49, p. 263). There is a genuine
+Cromwellian ring about the phrases "beged the Lord's direction," and
+"the Lord delivered them vnto our hands," which we cannot help admiring;
+and there is a beauty of its own in the phrase "with great freedome" in
+the connection in which it stands.
+
+[106] Wardlaw MS.
+
+[107] The Commission of the General Assembly is each year nominated by
+that body, and is responsible to it, and is empowered to dispose of all
+items of business remitted to it, and to act in the interests of the
+Church during the months between the meeting of the Assembly which
+nominated them, and that to which they report their proceedings. They
+are authorised to meet on certain specific days, and oftener, when and
+where they think fit. The next General Assembly may reverse their
+sentences, if they have exceeded their powers, or have acted in any way
+which is considered prejudicial to the interests of the Church.
+
+[108] _General Assembly Records_, 1648-49, p. 264.
+
+[109] _General Assembly Records_, 1648-49, p. 270. The instructions
+given to the Commissioners suggest the process known to us in modern
+times as "rubbing it in" (the phrase is a technical one).
+
+[110] In March of the following year, 1650, occurred the descent of
+Montrose on the north of Scotland, which ended so disastrously for him.
+After spending a few weeks in the Orkneys, where he collected a few
+recruits, he landed in Caithness, and proceeded into Sutherland, where
+he suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Strachan and Halket, the
+generals who had successfully suppressed the insurrection in the north
+in the previous year. Montrose was taken prisoner, and was executed in
+Edinburgh, on Tuesday, 21st May, 1650.
+
+[111] Baillie's _Letters_ (Edinburgh, 1841), ii. 84.
+
+[112] Robert Douglas (1594-1674) had been chaplain to a brigade of
+Scottish auxiliaries, sent with the connivance of Charles I. to the aid
+of Gustavus Adolphus, in the Thirty Years' War. He was minister of the
+second charge of the High Church, Edinburgh, and then of the Tolbooth
+Church, and was five times Moderator of the General Assembly (1642,
+1645, 1647, 1649, and 1651). Wodrow says, "He was a great man for both
+great wit, and grace, and more than ordinary boldness and authority and
+awful majesty appearing in his very carriage and countenance." Burnet
+affirms that he had "much wisdom and thoughtfulness, but was very silent
+and of vast pride" (_Dictionary of Nat. Biog._ xv. 347).
+
+[113] _Works_, p. 279.
+
+[114] Carlyle's _Oliver Cromwell_, iii. 148.
+
+[115] Carlyle's _Oliver Cromwell_, iii. 154.
+
+[116] _Works_, p. 408.
+
+[117] _Cal. State Papers, Dom._
+
+[118] _Ibid._
+
+[119] _Works_, p. 408.
+
+[120] _Works_, p. 419. Roger Williams (c. 1600-c. 1684) was himself a
+remarkable man. He was a native of Wales, was educated at Oxford, and
+entered into holy orders; but his aversion to the government and
+discipline of the Church of England led him to seek for greater freedom
+in America. He was a strenuous asserter of religious toleration at a
+time when it was little understood and less practised anywhere. His
+liberty of thinking and speaking led to his being banished from
+Massachusetts; and, thereupon, he purchased a tract of land from the
+Indians, and founded a settlement, which he named Providence. At the
+time when he generously interceded in favour of Sir Thomas Urquhart, he
+was residing in London as the agent of the new settlement, of which he
+was afterwards chosen president. He was on intimate terms with Cromwell,
+Milton, and other leading Puritans, and consequently would be in a
+position to render great service to his friend Urquhart.
+
+[121] The leave granted was for five months from the 14th of July, 1652.
+Before the expiration of this time, Sir Thomas asked for liberty to stay
+for six weeks longer in Scotland, and this was granted (_Acts of
+Parliament_, vol. vi. pt. 2, p. 748_b_).
+
+[122] _Works_, p. 377.
+
+[123] _Ibid._ p. 378.
+
+[124] _Works_, p. 384.
+
+[125] _Ibid._ p. 380.
+
+[126] P. 37.
+
+[127] _Rabelais_, p. xiv.
+
+[128] _Cal. State Papers, Domestic_, 1660-61, p. 237.
+
+[129] In the preface to a new translation of Rabelais by W. F. Smith,
+Esq., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, some doubt is cast upon
+the above narrative of Sir Thomas's death. Mr Smith remarks, "This looks
+something like an imitation of Rabelais in his account of the death of
+Philemon." The reference is to the following passages in Rabelais, who
+alludes to the story no fewer than three times. In Book i. 10, we read:
+"Just so the heart with excessive joy is inwardly dilated, and suffereth
+a manifest resolution of the vital spirits, which may go so farre on,
+that it may thereby be deprived of its nourishment, and by consequence
+of life itself, by this Pericharie or extremity of gladnesse, as Galen
+saith ... and as it hath come to passe in former times ... to Philemon
+and others, who died with joy." In chap. xx. some more particulars are
+given of the case: "As Philemon, who, for seeing an asse eate those
+figs, which were provided for his own dinner, died with force of
+laughing." But in Book iv. 17, we are told the whole story: "[Neither
+ought you to wonder at] the death of Philomenes, whose servant, having
+got him some new figs for the first course of his dinner, whilst he went
+to fetch wine, a straggling ... ass got into the house, and, seeing the
+figs on the table, without further invitation, soberly fell to.
+Philomenes coming into the room, and nicely observing with what gravity
+the ass eat its dinner, said to his man, who was come back, 'Since thou
+hast set figs here for this reverend guest of ours to eat, methinks it
+is but reason thou also give him some of this wine to drink.' He had no
+sooner said this, but he was so excessively pleased, and fell into so
+exorbitant a fit of laughter, that the use of his spleen took that of
+his breath utterly away, and he immediately died." The story is taken
+from Lucian (makrobiui, c. 25) or from Valerius Maximus (ix. 12), in
+which in the Paris folio edition (1517) the name is given as Philomenes.
+There is undoubtedly a resemblance between the account of Philemon's
+death and that of our author, but we think it can only be accidental.
+The editor of the Edinburgh edition of the Tracts is, as I have said,
+our only authority for the story of Urquhart's death; but there is no
+adequate reason for doubting it. He seems to have been well versed in
+the history of the Urquhart family, which he brings up to date, and must
+have derived his information from some members of it. It would be
+strange if in little more than a century after our author's death, an
+utterly mythical account of it should have sprung up and found a place
+among the details of family history. According to Lowndes's
+_Bibliographer's Manual_, the editor of the volume was David Herd, the
+well-known antiquary. If this statement be correct, we have all the more
+reason to rely upon the supplementary information the volume contains,
+as Herd's acquaintance with Scottish history and biography was very
+extensive and accurate. In one of the _Notes Ambrosianae_ (_Blackwood's
+Magazine_, September, 1832), a highly extravagant version is given of
+Urquhart's death. It is intended to be humorous, but is merely flat and
+silly. Only those can smile at it who have been trained up to believe
+that the _Notes_ contain exquisite humour, and who have, therefore, been
+accustomed to welcome passages from it as mirth-inspiring. The statement
+made in this mention of Urquhart, that his death was caused by excessive
+alcoholic celebration of the happy event of the Restoration, is utterly
+baseless and offensive; and it is a pity that in Allibone's _Dictionary_
+and in the _Dictionary of National Biography_ this article in
+_Blackwood's Magazine_ should be referred to as one of the sources of
+information concerning Urquhart. The author of it had not access to any
+other account of Sir Thomas's death than that given in the
+above-mentioned edition of the Tracts.
+
+[130] _Acts of Parliament_, vii. 70.
+
+[131] _Inverness Sasines._ The date when Sir Alexander Urquhart received
+knighthood seems to be approximately fixed by the fact that in a grant
+under the Privy Seal of 5th March, 1661, he is called Alexander, and in
+a notice of him of the 29th of the same month and year he appears as Sir
+Alexander (_Acts of Parliament_, vii. 93). From the fact that in this
+year the succession to the estates and hereditary Sheriffship of
+Cromartie were entered upon by his cousin Sir John Urquhart of
+Craigfintray, it was taken for granted by the editor of the Tracts
+(Edinburgh, 1774) that Sir Alexander had died. This error is repeated by
+Hugh Miller, and by most of those who have made any reference to him. He
+was still alive in 1667, for during that year he sold his salmon
+fishings in Over-rak and the King's Water to John Gordon (see also _Acts
+of Parliament_, vii. 537). He is spoken of as _quondam_ in a charter of
+certain lands which had belonged to him, 19th June, 1668. His cousin,
+Sir John Urquhart, received knighthood about the same time; at least he
+appears in Parliament as Sir John, 1st January, 1661 (_Acts of
+Parliament_, vii. 4).
+
+[132] "There was the Bluidy Advocate Mackenyie, who, for his worldly wit
+and wisdom, had been to the rest as a god" ("Wandering Willie's Tale"
+_Redgauntlet_, chap. xi.).
+
+[133] There is said to have been some tragedy in connection with the
+death of this Sir John Urquhart. According to Wodrow, as quoted by Hugh
+Miller, after having posed as an ultra-Presbyterian, he became the
+friend and counsellor of the Earl of Middleton, Charles II.'s
+Commissioner for Scotland, under whom Presbyterianism was overturned and
+Episcopacy set up in its place (1661). Tradition says that "about eleven
+years after the passing of the Act, he fell into a deep melancholy, and
+destroyed himself with his own sword in one of the apartments of the old
+castle. The sword, it is said, was flung into a neighbouring draw-well
+by one of the domestics, and the stain left by his blood on the walls
+and floor of the apartment was distinctly visible at the time the
+building was pulled down" (_Scenes and Legends of the North of
+Scotland_, p. 111). Tradition is wrong, however, in saying eleven years
+after 1661; for on August 7th, 1677, Sir John, along with others,
+received a commission "for putting the laws against conventicles and
+other disorders into execution" (_Wodrow_, ii. p. 366).
+
+[134] On the death of Jonathan's son, Colonel James Urquhart, in 1741,
+the shadowy honour of the headship of the family passed to the Urquharts
+of Meldrum, who were descended from the Tutor of Cromartie by a third
+marriage with Elizabeth Seton, only daughter of Alexander Seton of
+Meldrum, and ultimately heiress of that estate. The last male
+representative of this line was Major Beauchamp Colclough Urquhart, who
+closed a promising career by a heroic death at the battle of Atbara, in
+the Sudan, on 8th April, 1898. His sister, Isabel Annie, is wife of
+Garden Alexander Duff, Esq., Hatton Castle, Turriff.
+
+[135] See p. 58.
+
+[136] Pococke, in his _Tour through Scotland_ (1761), says of the castle
+of Cromartie: "It has fallen into the hands of one Mr Urquhart, who had
+commanded a Spanish Gally, and died a Convert to Popery; which slip his
+son, now eighteen years old, has in some degree recovered, by conforming
+to the Church of England" (p. 176; _Scottish History Society_).
+
+[137] In the old Statistical Account of Cromartie, and in the preface to
+the Maitland Club edition of Urquhart's Works, the estate is said to
+have passed into the hands of Sir William Pulteney.
+
+[138] Mr Ross is mentioned in the _Letters_ of Junius (see those of 29th
+November and 12th December, 1769). He was succeeded by his nephew, from
+whom the present proprietor of Cromartie, Major Walter Charteris Ross,
+is descended.
+
+[139] Our Sir Thomas's memory should be cherished by defenders of the
+name and fame of Mary Queen of Scots, for he goes so far as to say that
+"ignorance, together with hypocrisie, usury, oppression, and iniquity,
+took root in these parts [Scotland], when uprightness, plain-dealing,
+and charity, with Astroea, took their flight with Queen Mary of Scotland
+into England." Probably few of her admirers would be so daring as to
+assert this, though many of them doubtless would be glad to hear the
+assertion made.
+
+[140] We take the liberty of extracting those few sentences from the
+letter of a friend, who has taken great interest in the execution of
+this work;--"Sir Thomas would have been an original character in almost
+any surroundings--a kind of literary Quixote, with what may be called a
+'parenthetical' genius, branching off at every comma into the fresh
+images furnished by a teeming imagination. He was more than a translator
+of Rabelais--he seems to have been a kind of Rabelais himself."
+
+[141] Sir Theodore Martin, _Rabelais_, p. xix.
+
+[142] See p. 28.
+
+[143] A different opinion is expressed in the preface to W. Harrison
+Ainsworth's capital novel of _Crichton_. "Sir Thomas," he says, "is a
+joyous spirit--a right Pantagruelist; and if he occasionally
+
+         'Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba,'
+
+he has an exuberance of wit and playfulness of fancy that amply redeem
+his tendency to fanfaronade." Our readers have abundance of material
+before them for coming to a decision upon this question.
+
+[144] See p. 85.
+
+[145] _Works_, p. 226.
+
+[146] Sir Theodore Martin, _Rabelais_, p. xx.
+
+[147] In Granger's _Biographical Dictionary_ (1779), this portrait is
+described erroneously, as Sir Thomas Urquhart is said in it to be
+dressed in armour. Probably the description was given from memory. In
+the second volume of Bohn's edition of _Rabelais_, the frontispiece is a
+half-length portrait of the translator, evidently reproduced from the
+above. The effect, however, is highly disagreeable, and the likeness
+must have produced an unfavourable opinion of our author in the minds of
+most of those who have looked upon it.
+
+[148] In this engraving, which is our frontispiece, the Greek
+inscription runs thus: toist se pempsasiu kai prostatasiu eicharisto, and
+means, "_I thank those who sent you and gave the order_." These words
+are, of course, addressed to the messenger who has been commissioned by
+the Muses to convey the wreath to Sir Thomas. Above the wreath itself is
+an obscure phrase--Mousary[m] stolost--which is evidently a mixture of
+Latin and Greek, musarum stolost (=apostolost?), "_messenger of the
+muses_." It may, however, be that stolost is to be taken as "_equipment_"
+or "_decoration_," as referring to the wreath. The courage with which
+Greek and LaMousary[m] stolosttin forms are mixed up, and an old word
+despatched on its way with a new meaning, of which this brief phrase
+gives evidence, is highly characteristic of Cromartian Greek. For
+further illustration of the peculiarities of this local variety or
+Hellenic speech, see p. 149.
+
+[149] Sir Thomas, therefore, claims by anticipation the titles of Baron
+and Sheriff, which were afterwards to be his.
+
+[150] This use of the quills is referred to in the following passage in
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Epigrams_ (MS.):--
+
+                   "The Invocation to Clio.
+                           Book 2.
+
+    Wench wholly martial, to whose inspiration
+    The Colophonian Poeet ow'd his skill:
+    Let my verse merit no Lesse estimation,
+    Then [than] if the point of a Pegasid quill,
+        Dip'd in the sacred fontain Caballine,
+        Character'd the Impression of each Line."
+
+The "Colophonian Poet" is--"not to put too fine a point upon it"--Homer,
+who, according to some, was born at Colophos, in Asia Minor. The phrase
+"Pegasid quill" in this passage strengthens our opinion that this second
+portrait of Sir Thomas, which we give here, was intended to be a
+frontispiece to a second volume of poems. The similarity of diction
+between this "Invocation" and the speeches of Ancient Pistol is very
+great.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER IV
+
+             EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL, AND THE
+                         TRISSOTETRAS
+
+In 1641, Sir Thomas Urquhart published his first work--a volume of
+poems, entitled "EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL,"[151] and dedicated to the
+Marquis of Hamilton. The poems are divided into three books, two of
+which contain forty-five epigrams, while the third contains forty-four.
+Most of them are in iambic pentameters, and are for the greater part
+sextets in form; but though the versification is occasionally smooth,
+these compositions do little credit to the Muse who inspired them. They
+are, without an exception, pointless; and an epigram without a point is
+about as useless and exasperating as a needle without one.[152] It is
+somewhat remarkable that in his prose compositions the imagination of
+Sir Thomas seems quite unfettered, while in his poems it is under some
+such restraining influence as a strait-waistcoat is said to exercise
+upon a certain class of patients.
+
+A wild legend, the origin of which is unknown, but which is utterly
+baseless, asserts that Urquhart "was laureated poet at Paris before he
+was three and twenty years of age."[153] We could hardly conceive of any
+responsible authorities being so far "left to themselves" as to do a
+deed like this. The story may be either the misapplication to Urquhart
+of some vague tradition of one of the feats of his hero, the Admirable
+Crichton, or of what he himself has actually recorded of the poet,
+Arthur Johnston.[154]
+
+A modern critic, who has given Urquhart a full measure of praise, finds
+himself unable to say a word in favour of his poems. "This slender
+volume," he remarks, "gives not the slightest promise of talent. Its
+stanzas are indistinguished and indistinguishable. There is no reason
+why anyone should have written them, but, on the other hand, there is no
+reason why anyone should not. They express the usual commonplaces: the
+inevitableness of death, and the worth of endeavour. A mildly Horatian
+sentiment is dressed up in the tattered rags of Shakespearianism, and
+the surprise is that the author, whose prose is restrained by no
+consideration of sound or sense, should have deemed it worth while to
+print so tame a collection of exercises."[155]
+
+A favourable specimen of the _Epigrams_ is the following from the first
+book:--
+
+     "HOW DIFFICULT A THING IT IS TO TREAD IN THE PATHES
+                          OF VERTUE.
+
+    "The way to vertue's hard, uneasie, bends
+    Aloft, being full of steep and rugged alleys;
+    For never one to a higher place ascends,
+    That always keeps the plaine, and pleasant valleyes:
+        And reason in each human breast ordaines
+        That precious things be purchased with paines."
+
+Or take this from the opposite page:--
+
+           "WHEN A TRUE FRIEND MAY BE BEST KNOWNE.
+
+    "As the glow-worme shines brightest in the darke
+    And frankincense smells sweetest in the fire;
+    So crosse adventures make us best remarke
+    A sincere friend from a dissembled lyer;
+        For some, being friends to our prosperity,
+        And not to us, when it failes, they decay."
+
+The fault of obscurity, of which the poet Browning has been accused,
+could not be laid to the charge of Sir Thomas Urquhart. Nor can it be
+said of him that he neglects truths that are obvious, and occupies
+himself in discovering and bringing forward those that are recondite.
+The sentiments to which he gives utterance seem those which
+spontaneously occur to the average mind; on reading the subject of the
+poem, as given in the title, and then the poem itself, we think
+
+               "A said whot a owt to 'a said,"
+
+and we come away without any feverish mental agitation or accelerated
+movement of pulse.[156]
+
+The sentiments which, from his own account, had, on more occasions than
+one, filled his mind, are expressed in the piece entitled "THE GENEROUS
+SPEECH OF A NOBLE CAVALLIER AFTER HE HAD DISARMED HIS ADVERSARY AT THE
+SINGLE COMBAT." They are as follows:--
+
+    "Though with my raper, for the guerdon
+    Your fault deserveth, I may pierce ye,
+    Your penitence in craving pardon,
+    Transpassions my revenge in mercy;
+        And wills me both to end this present strife,
+        And give you leave in peace t' enjoy your life."
+
+Another Epigram, which one critic regards as Urquhart's _chef d'oeuvre_
+in this kind of composition, is the following:--
+
+    "Take _man_ from _woman_, all that she can show
+    Of her own proper, is nought else but _wo_."[157]
+
+In a letter of commendation prefixed to his next work, _The
+Trissotetras_, Sir Thomas Urquhart says of himself: "This Mathematicall
+tractate doth no lesse bespeak him a good Poet and Orator, then [than]
+by his elaboured poems he hath showne himselfe already a good
+Philosopher and Mathematician." This self-criticism is all that could be
+desired. A work on mathematics that proves an author's possession of
+poetical and rhetorical gifts, and a volume of poetry which leads one to
+think that the singer is an accomplished mathematician, are gifts with
+which the world is but seldom favoured, and as it is likely that their
+merits will not instantly be observed, the zeal of the author in calling
+our attention to them is by no means unnecessary. But when he goes on to
+say, still speaking of himself in the third person, "The Muses never yet
+inspired sublimer conceptions in a more refined stile then [than] is to
+be found in the accurate strain of his most ingenious Epigrams," we feel
+that he is less felicitous. His first shot has hit the blank, but the
+second is wide of the target altogether.
+
+In his dedication of the volume to "the Marquis of Hamilton, Earle of
+Arren and Cambridge, etc.," he describes its contents as "but flashes of
+wit." A modern reader will probably, however, be inclined to think that
+this modest opinion of them is far too flattering. At times there is a
+faint suggestion of a possible gleam of brightness, but this is
+instantly followed by Egyptian darkness, and one is reminded of a
+revolving light that has somehow gone wrong.
+
+The volume closes with the somewhat liturgical formula, "Here end the
+first three Bookes of Sir Thomas Vrchard's Epigrams," and with a
+doxology, the latter being almost the only trace of matter in it to
+justify the use of "Divine" in the title. The author was evidently
+prepared to go on with more "bookes" of the kind, if he got any
+encouragement from publishers or public, but, probably, both thought it
+about time for him to stop. The fact that, in five years after this
+volume of poems had appeared, a second edition should apparently have
+been brought out, would seem at first to indicate that there must have
+been some little run upon the _Epigrams_. But the truth of the matter
+is, that one "William Leake" had evidently got the "remainder," and
+issued them in 1646 with a new title-page.
+
+In the Introductory Notice to Sir Theodore Martin's edition of Rabelais,
+some information is given concerning a folio volume of unpublished
+Epigrams by Urquhart, which is still in existence.[158] It consists of
+ten books, called after Apollo and the Muses, each containing 110
+Epigrams, except the last, which has 113. The MS. is dedicated to the
+Marquis of Hamilton; but, in addition to this, each book has a separate
+dedication to some one of the author's political associates or friends.
+The persons thus honoured are the Marquis of Huntly, the Earl of
+Arundel, the Earl of Northumberland, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of
+Dorset, the Earl of Holland, the Earl of Newcastle, the Earl of
+Stafford, Lord Craven, and Lord Gaurin (Gowran). According to the custom
+of that time, the reader finds his progress barred by several prefaces,
+respectively named, in this instance, as the "Isagoge," or
+"Introduction," the "Premonition," and the "Prolog," and cannot get away
+without a "Corollarie," an "Animadversion," several extra leaves of
+verses, "A Table for the more easie finding out of such Epigrams as
+treat of one subject," an "Index," and a "List of proper names." For one
+of these latter he has reason to be grateful to Sir Thomas, for the
+"Index" is a glossary of "the harshest and most difficult words
+contained in the preceding Epigrams."
+
+[Illustration: Fac-simile of Sir Thomas Urquhart's handwriting
+considerably reduced.]
+
+The general character of the unpublished Epigrams does not seem to be
+higher than that of those which have seen the light of day, and
+consequently there is little likelihood of any anxiety being expressed
+by the general public for a sight of them. Some of them also are of a
+sportive turn, and are more in accordance with the standard of taste and
+manners which prevailed in the middle of the seventeenth century than
+with that, of our own day. From the "Animadversion" it seems that
+Urquhart "contryved, blocked, and digested these eleven hundred epigrams
+in a thirteen weeks tyme." This surely breaks the record in the matter
+of speed in producing epigrams. Had the results been better, one would
+have had more pleasure in supporting Sir Thomas against all-comers.
+
+The second literary venture made by Sir Thomas Urquhart was the
+publication of a scientific work, entitled "THE TRISSOTETRAS"[159]--a
+treatise which professed to simplify trigonometry. Yet, notwithstanding
+the statement on the title-page that the new method of working problems
+in that department of mathematical science would be found invaluable by
+soldiers, sailors, architects, astronomers, and others, the volume seems
+to have dropped at once into the depths of oblivion, without even having
+produced a ripple upon the surface of the waters. No one is known to
+have read it or to have been able to read it. Lord Bacon, indeed, says
+that things solid and weighty are drowned in the river of time, while
+things that are light and blown-up are carried down by its current.[160]
+A very comfortable theory would this be for those of us who write books
+that are found unreadable and drop at once out of notice, if only some
+trustworthy person could be found who would certify to the truth of Lord
+Bacon's assertion.
+
+The editor of the Maitland Club edition of Sir Thomas Urquhart's Works
+has some qualms of conscience about reprinting this treatise. With a
+touch of humour, which only true Philistines will fully appreciate, he
+says that some apology may appear necessary, _even to an Antiquarian
+Club_,[161] for reprinting a work apparently so unintelligible and
+useless; and accordingly he shelters himself behind the opinion of Mr
+Wallace, the Professor of Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh at
+that time (1834). "I have," says Mr Wallace, who had been asked to
+examine the work, "looked at Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Trissotetras_, but I
+hardly know what to think of it. The book is not absolute nonsense, but
+is written in a most unintelligible way,[162] and so as never book was
+written before nor since. On this account it is truly a literary
+curiosity. There appears to have been a perverted ingenuity exercised in
+writing it, and I imagine that, with some patience, the author's plan
+might be understood, but I doubt if any man would take the trouble; for,
+after he had overcome the difficulty, there is nothing to reward his
+labour. I presume the object of the author was to fix the rules of
+Trigonometry in the memory, but no writer since his time has adopted his
+invention. Indeed, I do not observe the least mention of his book in the
+history of mathematical science. Yet, for his time, he seems not to have
+been a bad mathematician. Urquhart speaks in terms of great praise of
+Napier, yet not greater than he deserved. I infer from this that he was
+well acquainted with the subject as then known. The book in question is
+certainly a _curious_, if not a valuable relic of Scottish genius in
+the olden time, and it is a good specimen of the pedantry and fantastic
+taste of the Author. If, therefore, by reprinting his works, it be
+intended to give a true portraiture of him, _The Trissotetras_ should on
+that account, and I see no better reason, again pass through the
+press."[163]
+
+The volume is dedicated "To the right honourable and most noble lady, my
+dear and loving mother, the Lady Dowager of Cromartie." The "Epistle
+Dedicatory" is couched in the high-flown language which others would
+have had difficulty in concocting, but which seems to flow with ease
+from the lips of Sir Thomas. "Thus, Madam," he says, "unto you doe I
+totally belong; but so as that those exteriour parts of mine, which by
+birth are from your Ladiship derived, cannot be more fortunate in this
+their subjection, notwithstanding the egregious advantages of bloud and
+consanguinity thereby to them accruing, then [than] my selfe am happy,
+as from my heart I doe acknowledge it, in the just right your Ladiship
+hath to the eternall possession of the never-dying powers of my soule."
+The following passage from the same "Epistle" reminds one of the
+adulatory terms in which Sir Walter Raleigh and Spenser addressed Queen
+Elizabeth: "By vertue of your beloved society, your neighbouring
+Countesses, and other great dames of your kindred and acquaintance,
+become more illustrious in your imitation [_i.e._ in imitation of you];
+amidst whom, as Cynthia amongst the obscurer planets, your Ladiship
+shines, and darteth the angelick rayes of your matchlesse example on
+the spirits of those who by their good Genius have been brought into
+your favourable presence to be enlightened by them." The concluding
+passage in his Dedication is still more remarkable: "I will here," he
+says, "in all submission, most humbly take my leave of your Ladiship,
+and beseech Almighty God that it may please his Divine Majesty so to
+blesse your Ladiship with continuance of dayes, that the sonnes or those
+whom I have not as yet begot, may attaine to the happinesse of
+presenting unto your Ladiship a braine-babe of more sufficiencie and
+consequence."[164]
+
+The ordinary reader who looks into the volume cannot fail to be appalled
+by the new and mysterious terms with which its pages are crowded. Words
+like "proturgetick," "quadrobiquadraequation," "sindiforall,"
+"eathetobasall," "loxogonosphericall," and "zetetick," are freely used,
+and many others equally hard and thorny. Even the author himself finds
+it necessary to append to the work a glossary, containing an explanation
+of a number of the words of which he had made use. "Being certainly
+perswaded," he says, "that a great many good spirits [_i.e._ worthy
+souls] ply Trigonometry that are not versed in the learned tongues, I
+thought fit for their encouragement to subjoyne here the explication of
+the most important of those Greek and Latin termes, which for the more
+efficacy of expression I have made use of in this Treatise."[165]
+
+In some cases, however, the "explication," instead of dispelling the
+darkness, only renders it more visible, as when, _e.g._, we are told
+that "_cathetobasall_ is said of the concordances of loxogonosphericall
+moods, in the datas of the perpendicular and the base, for finding out
+of the maine quaesitum." "_Inversionall_," we are told, "is said of the
+concordances of those moods which agree in the manner of their
+inversion; that is, in placing the second and fourth termes of the
+analogy, together with their indowments, in the roomes of the first and
+third, and contrariwise." Probably only those who are able to follow the
+statement that "_oppoverticall_ is said of those moods which have a
+catheteuretick concordance in their datas of the same cathetopposites
+and verticall angles," will be qualified to give an intelligent assent
+to the statement that "_sindiforall_ is said of those moods the fourth
+terme of whose analogie is onely illatitious to the maine
+quaesitum."[166]
+
+Besides the Epistle of Dedication to the author's mother, there are two
+Epistles and some Latin verses addressed to the reader. The former of
+these last-mentioned Epistles is signed by Sir Thomas, and consists of a
+glowing tribute of respect to Napier, the inventor of logarithms. "To
+write of Trigonometry," he says, "and not make mention of the
+illustrious Lord Neper[167] of Marchiston, the inventer of Logarithms,
+were to be unmindfull of him that is our daily benefactor; these
+artificiall numbers by him first excogitated and perfected, being of
+such incomparable use,[168] that by them we may operate more in one day,
+and with lesse danger of errour, then [than] can be done without them in
+the space of a whole week; a secret which would have beene so precious
+to antiquity that Pythagoras, all the seven wise men of Greece,
+Archimedes, Socrates, Plato, Euclid, and Aristotle, had, if coaevals,
+joyntly adored him, and unanimously concurred to the deifying of the
+revealer of so great a mystery." He concludes with the splendid sentence
+that Napier's "immortall fame, in spite of time, will out-last all ages,
+and look eternity in the face."[169]
+
+The second Epistle to the reader is of a very startling kind. It
+professes to be by some one whose initials are J. A., and it is written
+in commendation of the book and its author, but there can be no doubt
+that it is the production of Sir Thomas himself. He could no more
+disguise his style of writing than Sir Piercie Shafton could lay aside
+his Euphuistic English. After reading the laudatory sentences bestowed
+upon the inventor of logarithms, it is very amusing to find J. A.
+remarking of Sir Thomas Urquhart, that "the praise he hath beene pleased
+to confer on the learned and honourable Neper, doth, without any
+diminution, in every jot as duly belong unto himselfe."[170] As all our
+author's eulogies are constructed on a vast scale, it is not surprising
+to read that the new method of measuring triangles, as compared with the
+old, is like the sea-journey between the Pillars of Hercules ("commonly
+called the Straits of Gibraltar"), as compared with the land-journey
+from the one to the other. In the one case, we have a short voyage of
+not more than six hours' sail; in the other case, a walk of some seven
+thousand long miles. The two concluding paragraphs of the Epistle are
+so extraordinary and so characteristic of our author, that we must be
+allowed to quote them at length.
+
+"The secret unfolded in the following book," says J. A., "is so
+precious, that [the author's] countrey and kindred would not have been
+more honoured by him had he purchased [procured] millions of gold, and
+severall rich territories of a great and vast extent, then [than] for
+this subtile and divine invention, which will out-last the continuance
+of any inheritance, and remaine fresh in the understandings of men of
+profound literature, when houses and possessions will change their
+owners, the wealthy become poor, and the children of the needy enjoy the
+treasures of those whose heires are impoverished. Therefore, seeing for
+the many-fold uses thereof in divers arts and sciences, in speculation
+and practice, peace and war, sport and earnest, with the admirable
+furtherances we reape by it in the knowledge of sea and land, and heaven
+and earth, it cannot be otherwise then [than] permanent, together with
+the Author's fame, so long as any of those endure; I will, God willing,
+in the ruines of all these, and when time it selfe is expired, in
+testimony of my thankfulnesse in particular for so great a benefit, if
+after the resurrection there be any complementall [complimentary]
+affability, expresse myselfe then as I doe now, The Author's most
+affectionate, and most humbly devoted servant, J.A."[171]
+
+Why our author should have resorted to this device for recommending
+himself and his book, we cannot tell. Perhaps he felt that some strong
+affirmations were needed in the case. Probably he agreed with the old
+saying that, if you wish work to be thoroughly done, you had better do
+it yourself. The moral aspect of the matter we leave in the hands of our
+readers for discussion.
+
+In five Latin elegiac couplets of a very neat and polished kind,
+Alexander Ross[172] recommends _The Trissotetras_ to the reader, and
+assures the author that Scotia, whom by his writings he was exalting to
+the stars, looked down upon him with a benignant smile. Ross himself is
+now only known to most of us from the mention made of him in _Hudibras_,
+in the well-known passage--
+
+    "There was an ancient sage philosopher
+    Who had read Alexander Ross over."
+
+It is to be feared that Alexander Ross had not performed the same feat
+with regard to Sir Thomas Urquhart's treatise; for his verses[173] would
+have been equally appropriate if the subject of them had been a
+flying-machine or a water-tricycle invented by his friend.
+
+At the end of the glossary in which the hardest words in _The
+Trissotetras_ are explained, the author addresses a word in season to
+the persons into whose hands his book may fall. He expects that "learned
+and judicious mathematicians" will welcome it, and he promises them more
+of the same kind. His dignified attitude towards carping critics is very
+impressive. "But as for such," he says, "who, either understanding it
+not, or vain-gloriously being accustomed to criticise on the works of
+others, will presume to carp therein at what they cannot amend, I pray
+God to illuminate their judgments and rectifie their wits, that they may
+know more and censure lesse; for so by forbearing detraction, the venom
+whereof must needs reflect upon themselves, they will come to approve
+better of the endeavours of those that wish them no harme."[174]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[151] "EPIGRAMS: DIVINE AND MORAL. _By Sir Thomas Urchard, Knight._
+London: Printed by Barnard Alsop and Thomas Fawcet, in the Yeare 1641."
+
+[152] It is only fair, however, to Urquhart to remember that his idea of
+an Epigram was probably different from ours. In modern times point or
+"bite" is regarded as essential to such kind of compositions. The
+original idea of them was that they should contain a single distinct
+thought, and be brief enough to serve as inscriptions.
+
+[153] Granger's _Biographical History_, iii, 160.
+
+[154] _Works_, p. 263.
+
+[155] Charles Whibley, _New Review_, July 1897.
+
+[156] A school-girl once wrote in a copy of _Moral Tales_, which she
+used for her Italian lessons, that they were "moral to the last degree."
+The same may be said of Sir Thomas Urquhart's _Moral Epigrams_.
+
+[157] This reminds one of Alice's subtraction sum. "Take a bone from a
+dog. What remains?... The dog's temper would remain" (_Through the
+Looking-Glass_, chap. ix.). A somewhat different and more sombre turn of
+thought than the above was suggested to Southey's Dr Dove by the
+resemblance between the words. "_Woman_," he says, "evidently meaning
+either _man's woe_--or abbreviated from _woe to man_, because by woman
+was woe brought into the world" (_The Doctor_, chap. ccviii.).
+
+[158] The title is as follows:--"_Ten Books of Epigrams: the Curiositie
+whereof, for Conception, stile, instruction, and Other mixtures of show
+and substance, being no lesse fruitfull then [than] pleasing to the
+diligent Peruser, are entitled_ APOLLO _and the_ MUSES. _Written by the
+Right Worshipfull_ SIR THOMAS URCHARD, _Knight_." The volume is now in
+the possession of Professor Ferguson, of Glasgow University. From it our
+specimen of his handwriting is taken.
+
+[159] The title-page, according to the custom of the time, gives a
+somewhat elaborate account of the contents of the volume. It runs as
+follows:--"THE TRISSOTETRAS; Or, _A most Exquisite Table_ for Resolving
+all manner of Triangles, whether plain or sphericall, Rectangular or
+Obliquangular, with greater facility, then [than] ever hitherto hath
+been practised: Most necessary for all such as would attaine to the
+exact knowledge of Fortification, Dyaling, Navigation, Surveying,
+Architecture, the Art of Shadowing, taking of Heights and Distances, the
+use of both the Globes, Perspective, the skill of making Maps, the
+Theory of the Planets, the calculating of their motions, and all other
+Astronomicall Computations whatsoever. Now lately invented, and
+perfected, explained, commented on, and, with all possible brevity and
+perspicuity, in the hiddest and most researched mysteries, from the very
+first grounds of the Science it selfe, proved, and convincingly
+demonstrated. By Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie, Knight. Published for
+the benefit of those that are mathematically affected. _London_, Printed
+by James Young. 1645."
+
+[160] _Advancement of Learning._
+
+[161] The italics are ours.
+
+[162] Sir Theodore Martin remarks that this conclusion nearly resembles
+that of Socrates, upon being asked his opinion of the book of Heraclitus
+the Obscure. "Those things," he said, "which I understood were
+excellent; I imagine so were those I understood not; but they require a
+diver of Delos" (_Rabelais_, p. xviii.).
+
+[163] _Works_, p. xvi.
+
+[164] _Works_, pp. 55-57.
+
+[165] _Ibid._ p. 131.
+
+[166] The author of the above sentences is one of the very few persons
+in history or fiction known to us who would have been qualified to join
+in the conversation of the pleasant company in Illyria, when they began
+"to speak of Pigrogromitus, and of the Vapians passing the equinoctial
+of Queubus" (_Twelfth Night_, Act II. Sc. iii.)--the allusion to which
+has caused so many German commentators on Shakespeare to spend sleepless
+nights in their libraries.
+
+[167] John Napier, of Merchiston (1550-1617), who published his
+invention in 1614. Our author calls him Lord Napier, but we are to
+understand the title as simply equivalent to "_laird_." He calls himself
+on one of his title-pages _Baro Merchistonii_, but that phrase is merely
+the designation of the superior of a barony, or lord of a manor. In the
+old Scottish Parliament men of this rank sat as "_lesser barons_."
+
+[168] The subject of logarithms is perhaps one of those things which the
+ordinary render might safely be presumed to know something about. In
+these days of higher education for women, it would be an act of
+impertinence to provide information on this point for that class of our
+readers. The following explanations are, therefore, intended for those
+members of the inferior sex whose education on the mathematical side has
+been neglected. The idea of logarithms arose in the mind of Napier from
+the wish to simplify the processes of multiplication and division, by
+making addition and subtraction take their place. To effect this,
+connect together a series of numbers increasing by arithmetical
+progression with a series increasing by multiplication or by
+mathematical progression.
+
+ Thus: 0.  1.    5.  32.    10.  1024.
+       1.  2.    6.  64.    11.  2048.
+       2.  4.    7. 128.    12.  4096.
+       3.  8.    8. 256.    13.  8192.
+       4. 16.    9. 512.    14. 16384.
+
+To multiply, say, 64 by 256, that is to find the products of the 6th and
+8th powers of 2, we must take the (6+8)th or 14th power, which from the
+table is 16384. To divide 8192 by 256, or the 13th power of 2 by the
+8th, we must take the (13-8)th or 5th power, which from the table is 32.
+By means of this principle calculations can by made by persons whose
+business it is to do so, and stored up apart for use. The vast saving to
+mental labour by this simple and beautiful adjustment of numbers may be
+estimated by a glance at any collection of tables of logarithms. In a
+science like astronomy, progress would be terribly impeded if
+calculations had to be conducted by the ordinary methods.
+
+[169] _Works_, p. 59.
+
+[170] _Ibid._ p. 61.
+
+[171] _Works_, p. 63.
+
+[172] Alexander Ross (1590-1654) was a believer in centaurs and
+griffins, in nations of giants and pygmies, and also, of course, in
+witches. In short, a pretty accurate statement of his intellectual creed
+might be constructed by turning into the articles of a confession of
+faith the list of "Vulgar Errors" controverted by Sir Thomas Browne. It
+is interesting to know that he was probably the last person in Scotland
+who heard the voice of the water-kelpie. "One day," he says, "travelling
+before day with some company near the river Don in Aberdeen, we heard a
+great noise and voices calling to us. I was going to answer, but was
+forbid by my company, who told me they were spirits, who never are heard
+there but before the death of somebody; which fell out too true, for the
+next day a gallant gentleman was drowned, with his horse offering to
+swim over" (Quoted in _Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen_, by J. Bruce).
+
+[173] They begin--
+
+    "Si cupis aetherios tuto peragrare meatus,
+    Et sulcare audes si vada salsa maris," etc.
+
+A friend, who knows
+
+         "Himself to sing and build the lofty rhyme,"
+
+has given me the following metrical translation of Ross's verses:--
+
+    "Wouldst thou in safety trace ethereal ways,
+    Or plough with daring keel the briny deep;
+    Shouldst thou earth's wide expanses long to span,
+    Come hither, make this learned book thine own.
+    By it, without Daedalian wings, canst fly,
+    And without Neptune, through the depths canst swim;
+    By it thou canst subdue the Lybian heat,
+    And bear the cruel cold of Scythian skies.
+    On, Thomas! Scotia, whom unto the stars
+    Thy writings raise, will yet rejoice in thee."
+
+[174] _Works_, p. 146. _N.B._--The attention of professional critics is
+respectfully directed to the above passage.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER V
+
+               PANTOCHRONOCHANON, OR THE PEDIGREE
+
+One of the most characteristic of Sir Thomas Urquhart's works is his
+PANTOCHRONOCHANON: or, A Peculiar PROMPTUARY of TIME.[175] This contains a
+complete pedigree of the Urquhart family from the creation of the world
+down to the year A.D. 1652. Prefixed to it is a letter to the reader by
+"a well-wisher," whose initials are G. P., into whose hands the pedigree
+had fallen by mere chance, and who had thought himself bound in duty to
+the public to see it safely through the press. According to the
+statements of this disinterested philanthropist, the work in question
+was but one of a large number of papers of very great importance,
+forming part of the author's baggage, which he had to abandon after the
+battle of Worcester. It is the habit, we know, of impecunious and
+importunate wayfarers to carry about with them documents of interest to
+which they solicit attention; but why a man in Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+position should have gone on a campaign, encumbered by various
+unpublished works in manuscript, it is difficult to say. Perhaps the
+simplest explanation is that he was different from other people.
+
+The soldiers of Cromwell, we were told, made but light of this portion
+of the enemy's baggage, after "the fatal blowe given to the Royal party
+at Worcester"; indeed, but for "a surpassing honest and civil officer of
+Colonel Pride's regiment," the pedigree of the Urquharts would have been
+used by "a file of musquettiers to afford smoak to their pipes of
+tobacco."[176]
+
+The fame of Sir Thomas as an author and as a soldier moved G. P., as he
+tells us, to commit this treatise to the press. With considerable
+ingenuity he remarks that, though the author is now in prison as a
+Royalist, he understands that his position is by no means "so desperate
+as that he thereby will be much endangered." If any doubt up to this
+point existed as to who G. P. might be, it is set at rest by the terms
+in which he pleads for favourable conditions being granted to the
+prisoner. "It is humbly desired," he says, "and, as I believe, from the
+hearts of all that are acquainted with him, that the greatest State in
+the world stain not their glory by being the Atropos to cut the thred of
+that which Saturne's sithe hath not been able to mow in the progress of
+all former ages, especially in the person of him whose inward abilities
+are like to produce effects conducible to the State of as long
+continuance for the future."[177] Only Sir Thomas Urquhart himself had
+the secret of what we may call the "spacious" manner of self-eulogy,
+which by its very grandeur seems lifted up above all such petty feelings
+as pride or vanity.
+
+The concluding passage in the address to the reader is also worth
+quoting, as it illustrates the magnanimous spirit in which the captive
+deprecates severity towards himself on the ground of the injury which
+would thereby redound to the State. "Considering," it says, "how
+formerly he hath been a Maecenas to the scholar, a patron to the
+souldier, a favourer of the marchant, a protector of the artificer, and
+upholder of the yeoman, it were a thousand pities that by the austerity
+of a State, which dependeth in both its _esse_ and _bene esse_ upon the
+flourishing of these worthy professions, effects so advantagious
+thereto, should, by not conferring deserved courtesies on him, be
+extinguished in the very brood."[178]
+
+In the _True Pedigree and Lineal Descent of the Most Ancient and
+Honourable Family of the Urquharts in the House of Cromartie_, we have a
+brief but surprisingly complete history of the family from the time of
+Adam[179] down to A.D. 1652. The line runs through the Sethite and not
+the Cainite branch of the human race, and, among the sons of Noah, it
+passes through Japhet. The story is told of a marginal note being found
+in the history of some ancient Highland family, to the effect that
+"about this time the Flood took place." Something like this is to be
+found in the document before us, for, under the date B.C. 2893, Sir
+Thomas adds to a mention of his ancestor Noah, a remark to the effect
+that "the Universal Deluge occurred in the six hundreth yeer compleat of
+his age."
+
+The good fortune of his ancestors in their inheritances, marriages, and
+friendships is very remarkable. To one of them, Japhet, fell the
+inheritance of "all the regions of Europe"; Japhet's grandson Penuel was
+"a most intimate friend of Nimrod, the mighty hunter and builder of
+Babel"; while his great-grandson Tycheros was chosen by "Orpah, the
+daughter of Sabatius Saga, Prince of the Armenians, to be her husband,
+because of his gallantry and good success in the wars."[180]
+
+The name Urquhart came into use at the comparatively late period of B.C.
+2139, when the family had been in existence for over eighteen hundred
+years. It was first borne by Esormon. "He," we are told, "was soveraign
+Prince of Achaia. For his fortune in the wars, and affability in
+conversation, his subjects and familiars surnamed him ourochartost, that
+is [to] say, fortunate well-beloved. After which time, his posterity
+ever since hath acknowledged him the father of all that carry the name
+of Urquhart.[181] He had for his arms, three banners, three ships, and
+three ladies, in a field _d'or_, with a picture of a young lady above
+the waste, holding in her right hand a brandished sword, and a branch of
+myrtle in the left, for crest; and for supporters, two Javanites, after
+the souldier-habit of Achaia, with this motto in the scroll of his
+coat-armour, tauta ta tria axiotheata; that is, These three are worthy to
+behold. Upon his wife Narfesia, who was soveraign of the Amazons, he
+begot Cratynter."[182]
+
+The habits of the Urquharts to form alliances and friendships with
+persons afterwards famous in sacred and secular history is very marked.
+Thus, one of them, Phrenedon Urquhart, "was in the house of the
+Patriarch Abraham at the time of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrha."
+At a later period, another, named Hypsegoras Urquhart, married a
+daughter of Herculus Lybius; while a descendant of theirs, Pamprosodos
+Urquhart, married Termuth, "who was that daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis
+which found Moses among the bulrushes, and brought him up as if he had
+been her own childe."
+
+Another ancestor, Molin Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1534), married Panthea, "the
+daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha, of whom Ovid maketh mention in the
+first of his Metamorphoses." The genealogist goes on to say that "in
+that part of Africk which, after his name, is till this hour called
+Molinea, by cunning and valour together he killed in one morning three
+lions;[183] the heads whereof, when in a basket, presented to his lady
+Panthea, so terrified her, that (being quick with childe) for putting
+her right hand to her left side, with this sudden exclamation, O
+Hercules, what is this? the impression of three lions' heads was found
+upon the left side of the childe as soon as he was born." In consequence
+of this incident, the three banners, three ships, and three ladies in
+the Urquhart arms were exchanged for three lions' heads.
+
+A century later, we find that Propetes Urquhart married Hypermnestra,
+"the choicest of Danaus' fifty daughters." This must have been some time
+after the little affair happened for which forty-nine of her sisters
+were condemned to draw water in sieves; for, as every schoolboy knows,
+the fifty daughters of Danaus were married to their cousins, the fifty
+sons of AEgyptus, and all of them, but one, at the bidding of their
+father, murdered their husbands on the evening of the marriage-day.
+Hypermnestra, however, had pity upon her cousin and husband, Lynceus,
+and spared him.[184] He must have died shortly after, probably from
+natural causes, as it is recorded in the work before us that she married
+Propetes Urquhart, and became the mother of Euplocamos Urquhart.
+
+The thought of what the family to which Hypermnestra belonged were
+capable when their blood was up, must, one would think, have cast a
+slight shadow of apprehension upon the married life of Propetes
+Urquhart. A more cheerful tone must have pervaded that of his descendant
+Cainotomos Urquhart, for he, we are told, "took to wife Thymelica, the
+daughter of Bacchus, in recompense of his having accompanied him in the
+conquest of the Indies." Further interesting particulars, which are not
+elsewhere recorded, are related of this ancestor of Sir Thomas. On his
+return from the expedition in which he assisted Bacchus to conquer
+India, he "passed through the territories of Israel, where, being
+acquainted with Debora the Judge and Prophetess, he received from her a
+very rich jewel, which afterwards by one of his succession was presented
+to Pentasilea, that Queen of the Amazons that assisted the Trojans
+against Agamemnon."
+
+Their son Rodrigo Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1295) was, we are told, invited
+over by his kindred the Clanmolinespick,[185] the principal clan in
+Ireland, and "bore rule there with much applause and good success"--the
+one solitary instance of the kind, we suppose, which is to be found in
+the history of that "most distressful country." "From him," it is said,
+"is descended the Clanrurie,[186] of which name there were twenty-six
+rulers and kings of Ireland before the days of Ferguse the first, King
+of Scots in Scotland."
+
+A slight degree of uncertainty hangs about the identity of the wife of
+Mellessen Urquhart (_c._ B.C. 1049). Her name was Nicolia, and before
+her marriage she "travelled from the remote Eastern countries to have
+experience of the wisdom of Solomon, and by many[187] is supposed to
+have been the Queen of Sheba." Her husband, however, must have
+considered that, though she loved wisdom, she had not acquired much of
+it, or, at any rate, of the kind which is needed for bringing up a young
+family; for the historian goes on to say that "Mellessen Urquhart
+nevertheless sent some of his children to Ireland and Britain, to be
+brought up with the best of his own father and mother's kindred."
+
+Amongst other celebrated persons who had the honour of being enrolled
+amongst the ancestors of Sir Thomas Urquhart are Pothina, a niece of
+Lycurgus; AEquanima, the sister of Marcus Coriolanus; Diosa, the daughter
+of Alcibiades; and Tortolina, the daughter of King Arthur. It is
+observable that for a good many generations immediately preceding the
+author's time, the ladies who figure in the genealogy are of
+comparatively lowly birth--seldom, indeed, do they reach the rank of
+an earl's daughter. Either the supply of princesses was by this time
+somewhat exhausted, or the demands of the Urquharts were less
+exorbitant. The high-spirited character of the most remarkable scion of
+the family who drew up the genealogy forbids us to think that, with the
+lapse of time, they had suffered any diminution of courage. It rather
+seems as though the world had entered upon a less heroic stage. Perhaps,
+like Sir Thomas Browne in a later age, they had concluded that "it was
+too late to be ambitious, for the great mutations of the world were
+acted."
+
+[Illustration: SCULPTURED STONE AT KINBEAKIE HOUSE]
+
+In the time of Vocompos (A.D. 775) a further change took place in the
+arms of the Urquharts, which gave them their final form. "Vocompos," we
+learn, "was the first in the world that had the bears' heads to his
+arms, being induced to exchange, by the instigation of King Solvatius,
+his arms of three lions' heads, for the three bears' heads, razed,
+because of the great exploit, in presence of the King, done by him and
+his two brothers, in killing, one morning, three wild bears, in the
+Caledonian forrest: the supporters were also changed into two
+greyhounds: the crest and impress remaining still the same as it was
+since the days of Astioremon."[188]
+
+An alleged ancestor of our author, William de Monte Alto (Mouat),[189]
+took part in the patriotic resistance of Scotland against English
+oppression which is associated with the names of Bruce and Wallace, and
+the faint local traditions of that time partly corroborate Urquhart's
+statements. "This William," he says, "caried himself so lovingly towards
+King Robert, that when almost all Scotland was possest by King Edward's
+faction, and his lands at Cromartie altogether overrun by them, and his
+house garrisoned and victualed with three yeers provision of all
+necessaries for one hundred men, he by a stratagem gained the castle,
+and with the matter of fourty men, keept it out against the forces of
+Edward for the space of seven yeers and a half, during which time all
+his lands there were totally wasted, and his woods burnt; so that,
+having nothing then he could properly call his own but the mote-hill
+onely of Cromartie, which he fiercely maintained against the enemies, he
+was agnamed _Gulielmus de Monte Alto_. At last William Wallace came to
+his relief, but, as I conceive, it was the brother's son of the renowned
+William, who in a little den [or hollow] within two miles of Cromartie,
+till this hour called Wallace Den, killed six hundred of King Edward's
+unfortunate forces. Afterwards, raising the siege from about the
+mote-hill of Cromartie by the assistance of his namesake the other
+William, the shire of Cromarty was totally purged of the enemy."[190]
+
+Tradition, according to Hugh Miller, is silent respecting the siege, but
+relates many details of the battle. The Scottish forces lay in ambuscade
+in the ravine or hollow which is still, or was until recently, called by
+Wallace's name, and attacked a large body of English troops on their way
+to join some of their countrymen, who were encamped on the peninsula of
+Easter Ross. The English were surprised and panic-struck, and left six
+hundred dead on the field of battle. The survivors were unacquainted
+with the country, and were under the impression that there was
+continuous land between them and their countrymen on the opposite shore.
+"They were only undeceived," we are told, "when, on climbing the
+southern Sutor, where it rises behind the town, they saw an arm of the
+sea more than a mile in width, and skirted by abrupt and dizzy
+precipices, opening before them. The spot is still pointed out where
+they made their final stand; and a few shapeless hillocks, that may
+still be seen among the trees, are said to have been raised above the
+bodies of those who fell; while the fugitives, for they were soon beaten
+from this position, were either driven over the neighbouring
+precipices, or perished amidst the waves of the Firth."[191]
+
+Sir Thomas does not let us off easily. After subjecting our credulity to
+a severe strain by one kind of statement, he unexpectedly increases the
+tension by another. Thus he says that an ancestor in the fifteenth
+century, Thomas Urquhart, had by his wife Helen Abernethie, daughter of
+Lord Salton, five-and-twenty sons, who grew up to manhood, and eleven
+daughters, all of whom found husbands. It would only have been kind of
+him to have reduced these numbers a little. But on one point he has
+spared us: we are not asked to believe that there were others who died
+in infancy.
+
+In a postscript Sir Thomas Urquhart explains that he has just given his
+readers a sketch of the history of his family, but hopes to furnish them
+with a complete narrative as soon as he obtains his release from his
+parole, and is at liberty to attend to this and to other matters of
+greater importance. The thought of the delightful book in store for
+mankind is so attractive to him that he cannot help dilating upon it.
+"In the great chronicle of the House of Urquhart," he continues, "the
+aforesaid Sir Thomas purposeth, by God's assistance, to make mention of
+the illustrious families from thence descended, which as yet are in
+esteem in the countries of Germany, Bohemia, Italy, France, Spain,
+England, Scotland, Ireland, and several other nations of a warmer
+climate, adjacent to that famous territory of Greece, the lovely mother
+of this most ancient and honourable stem."[192] He also intends not to
+omit the name of any family with which at any time the aforesaid house
+has contracted alliance.
+
+The concluding paragraph is very amusing; for in it our author promises
+to give proof of the statements he has made, by quoting from the works
+of respectable chroniclers of past ages, though the degree of certainty
+which the reader may thereby expect to reach falls short of that given
+by Holy writ or the works of Euclid. "And finally," he says, "for
+confirmation of the truth in deriving of his extraction from the Ionian
+race of the Prince of Achaia, and in the deduction of all the
+considerable particulars of the whole story, [the author] is resolved to
+produce testimonies of Arabick, Greek, Latin, and other writers of such
+authentick approbation, that we may boldly from thence infer
+consequences of no less infallible verity then [than] any that is not
+grounded on faith by means of a Divine illumination, as is the story of
+the Bible, or on reason, by vertue of the unavoidable inference of a
+necessary concluding demonstration, as that of the Elements of Euclid;
+which being the greatest evidence that in any narration of that kinde is
+to be expected, the judicious reader is bid farewel, from whom the
+Author for the time most humbly takes his leave."[193]
+
+It is needless to say that the scheme of filling out the sketch of the
+history of the Urquhart family was never carried out, if ever it had
+been seriously entertained by Sir Thomas; and we are left in ignorance
+of the names of the Arabic, Greek, Latin, and other authors on whose
+testimony our belief in the authenticity of the narrative was to have
+been firmly based. In the absence of this our judgment is left in
+suspense, unless, indeed, we conclude that, as the genealogy begins and
+ends with the names of actual persons,[194] the intermediate part is not
+likely to have been a mere fabrication. If the links are sound in the
+places where we can test them, it requires no very great exercise of
+credulity to believe that they are the same throughout.
+
+Matthew Arnold on one occasion laid down the principle, that a book
+should either "edify the uninstructed," or "inform the instructed." Sir
+Thomas Urquhart's "PANTOCHRONOCHANON" certainly justifies its existence
+according to this standard of judging literature; for if it does not
+serve to edify the uninstructed, it _does_ inform the instructed, since
+the information it contains is not to be found in any other
+quarter.[195]
+
+One's faith in the credibility of his narrative is, however, a little
+shaken by finding that in the second book of his favourite author,
+Rabelais, the genealogy of the giant Pantagruel is carried up to a
+period far beyond the Flood. It may be a mere coincidence, but it is one
+of those coincidences that make us very thoughtful.[196]
+
+At the time when Sir Thomas Urquhart wrote, Scotland was supposed to
+have had a dynasty of kings and a connected political history dating
+far back before the birth of Christ. The impudent fictions of Hector
+Boece, whose history of Scotland was published in 1526, had been
+accepted by the public, and were regarded as genuine facts even by such
+literary personages as Erasmus and Paulus Jovius. Perhaps Sir Thomas
+thought that a credulity which had endured the considerable strain which
+Boece had put upon it might be trusted to bear a still greater weight.
+Indeed, he interwove the story of his family with that which was current
+as the genuine history of his native land.
+
+According to the mythical history of Scotland, Gathelus, a Grecian
+prince, having quarrelled with his father Miol, took refuge in Egypt,
+and married Scota, a daughter of the Pharaoh who perished in the Red
+Sea. The young people came west and founded Portugal (_i.e._ Port of
+Gathelus), and then journeyed north to Scotland, bringing with them, as
+part of their baggage, the coronation-stone yet to be seen in
+Westminster Abbey. Their descendant Fergus, "the father of a hundred
+kings," was the founder of the Scottish monarchy. These shadowy persons
+appear again, "with the moonlight streaming through them," and play
+their parts in the genealogy of the Urquharts.
+
+Some have thought that Sir Thomas believed devoutly in the genealogy
+himself, and was the dupe of his own imagination. One would be sorry to
+form so low an opinion of his mental endowments. If the book in question
+were not an elaborate joke, it can only have been intended to impose
+upon the English people by convincing them of the extraordinary dignity
+and grandeur of their captive. If this were indeed the case, he must
+have had an humbler opinion of the intellectual faculties possessed by
+the average Englishman than even the majority of his fellow-countrymen
+entertain.
+
+A very amusing reference to this book of Sir Thomas Urquhart's is to be
+found in the Decisions of the Court of Session, under date of 23rd to
+25th January, 1706.[197] In that year an action was brought by the Earl
+of Sutherland against the Earls of Crawford, Errol, and Marischal, to
+determine the question of precedency in the rolls of Parliament. The
+pursuer asserted that he was lineally descended from an Earl of
+Sutherland living in 1275, while his opponents' ancestors were not Earls
+till about 1399. The pursuer laid stress upon the fact that, in 1630, a
+formal inquiry into this matter had been held at Inverness, and that the
+decision had been in his favour. The persons who conducted the inquiry
+were, he said, of undoubted credit, and well versed in the particulars
+investigated, and "might have had good information from old men and
+writs, which in the course of time and through accidents had long
+disappeared." The advocate for the defenders replied that the
+"Chancellor of the Inquest" had been Sir Thomas Urquhart, who might have
+traced the pursuer's descent from Noah, as he had deduced his own
+genealogy from Adam, and that the decision arrived at was of no more
+value than "his fanciful derivation of his own pedigree. For the members
+of the Inquest seemed to have sworn rashly upon matters of greater
+antiquity than they could certainly know." "It is true," was the
+pursuer's reply, "the defender in his gaiety objects against Sir Thomas
+Urquhart as an ill genealogist; and it is owned that his derivation from
+Adam and Noah was fantastic enough, and indeed but _lusus ingenii_; but,
+after all, the defender's criticism will not hinder him to pass for a
+most knowing gentleman." The case was decided in favour of the Earl of
+Sutherland, so far as some of his contentions were concerned. But it is
+somewhat curious that his advocate overlooked the fact that the Sir
+Thomas Urquhart of 1630, who had been the "Chancellor of the Inquest,"
+was not the author of the book containing the genealogy of the
+Urquharts, but that it was written by his son. It is quite possible,
+however, that it was a matter of notoriety that the elder Sir Thomas had
+been a believer in the long pedigree which his more famous son had,
+years after, elaborated and published.[198]
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[175] The full title of the work is as follows:--PANTOCHRONOCHANON: or, A
+Peculiar PROMPTUARY of TIME; Wherein (not one instant being omitted
+since the beginning of motion) is displayed A most exact DIRECTORY for
+all particular _Chronologies_ in what Family soever: And that by
+deducing the true Pedigree and Lineal descent of the most ancient and
+honourable name of the VRQVHARTS, in the house of CROMARTIE, since the
+Creation of the world, until this present yeer of God, 1652. London,
+Printed for Richard Baddeley, and are to be sold at his shop, within the
+Middle-Temple-Gate, 1652.
+
+[176] _Works_, p. 151.
+
+[177] _Works_, p. 152.
+
+[178] _Ibid._ p. 152.
+
+[179] Poor Sir Thomas thought that he was going back to the beginning
+when he traced his descent up to Adam, or, to be more exact, to the red
+earth of which the "protoplast" was made. The late Charles Darwin
+carried back the pedigree of man a prodigious length, though he lowered
+its quality. There can be little doubt that our author would have
+disdained to accept what used to be called "the lower animals" as, in
+any sense, ancestors of mankind, or, at any rate, of the dignified
+family of Urquhart.
+
+[180] _Works_, p. 156.
+
+[181] In one respect, at any rate, we have legitimate ground of triumph
+over our ancestors--we spell better than they did. Charles Lamb once
+lent a volume of the old dramatists to a friend, and asked him his
+opinion of it. The reply was that it contained a considerable amount of
+bad spelling! The name Urquhart, as thus written, occurs here in Sir
+Thomas's "Pedigree," and is, doubtless, the correct form of the name. In
+the Latinised shape of Urquhardus it occurs on the register of the
+University of Aberdeen, at which our author studied. Yet Urchard seems
+to have been
+
+      "The name our valiant Knight
+    To all his challenges did write."
+
+The unbridled licence in the matter of spelling prevalent at that period
+is still further illustrated by the historian Gordon, who wrote the
+_History of Scots Affairs_, and who gives us the name in the form of
+Wrqhward! This, one would think, was as far as it was possible to get in
+the way of bad spelling, without altogether taking leave of the sounds
+to be expressed by alphabetical signs. After it the spelling Wrwhart, as
+we find it in an Act of Parliament of 1663, seems rather poor.
+
+[182] _Works_, p. 156.
+
+[183] _Works_, p. 159.
+
+[184] Horace gives us the speech in which she told Lynceus of his
+danger, and urged him to make his escape--
+
+    "'Wake!' to her youthful spouse she cried,
+      'Wake! or you yet may sleep too well:
+    Fly--from the father of your bride,
+              Her sisters fell:
+    They, as she-lions bullocks rend,
+      Tear each her victim: I, less hard,
+    Than these, will slay you not, poor friend,
+              Nor hold in ward:
+
+    Me let my sire in fetters lay
+      For mercy to my husband shown:
+    Me let him ship from hence away,
+              To climes unknown.
+    Go; speed your flight o'er land and wave,
+      While Night and Venus shield you; go
+    Be blest: and on my tomb engrave
+              This tale of woe.'"
+
+    _Odes_, iii. 11 (Conington's Translation).
+
+Her sad forebodings concerning her own fate, it is satisfactory to know,
+were not fully realised. Perhaps she was shipped away to Cromartie, or
+Ireland, or Portugal, or Africa, or wherever it was that the head of the
+Urquhart family was then reigning. Instead of Lynceus having the
+melancholy satisfaction of putting an inscription on her tombstone, it
+is probable that she performed that office for him.
+
+[185] Clanmolinespick is, we believe, more correctly
+_clann-maol-an-easbuig_ (the last pronounced _cspick_), and means "the
+clan" or "family of the servant of the bishop." They are probably the
+Irish ancestors of the Macmillans of Knapdale in Argyleshire. The word
+"_maol_," "a tonsured servant," occurs in Malise (_maol-Josa_), "a
+servant of Jesus," a family name of the old Earls of Strathearn; and
+_easbuig_ in Gillespie or Gillespic, "a servant" or "gillie of the
+bishop."
+
+[186] Clanrurie is "the clan" or "family of Roderick." These are the
+Macrories and Fullartons, their eponym having been Rory or Roderick, one
+of the two sons of Reginald, whose father in almost prehistoric times
+was Somerled, Lord of the Isles. They settled in Bute and Arran, and
+about Ardnamurchan and the islands there.
+
+[187] This phrase--"by many"--is very delightful.
+
+[188] _Works_, p. 168. A curious stone lintel now at Kinbeakie gives a
+representation of the Urquhart coat of arms, such as it was in Sir
+Thomas's own time. It was no doubt executed at his orders and under his
+direction, for inscribed on it are the names of some of those worthies
+who appear in the above genealogical history. The representation which
+we give of this stone is from a photograph specially taken for the
+illustration of this work. As the porch in the wall of which the slab is
+set is very narrow, it was impossible, even with the use of a wide-angle
+lens, to get a more satisfactory photograph than that which is here
+reproduced. Our readers will therefore kindly excuse the distortion of
+shape which is only too apparent, and accept as a measure of
+compensation the vividness with which the details of the engraved stone
+are brought out. "This singular relic," says Hugh Miller, "which has,
+perhaps, more of character impressed upon it than any other piece of
+sandstone in the kingdom, is about five feet in length by three in
+breadth, and bears date A.M. 5612, A.C. 1651. On the lower and upper
+edges it is bordered by a plain moulding, and at the ends by belts of
+rich foliage, terminating in a chalice or vase. In the upper corner two
+knights in complete armour on horseback, and with their lances couched,
+front each other, as if in the tilt-yard. Two Sirens playing on harps
+occupy the lower. In the centre are the arms--the charge on the shield
+three bears' heads, the supporters two greyhounds leashed and collared,
+the crest a naked woman holding a dagger and palm, the helmet that of a
+knight, with the beaver partially raised, and so profusely mantled that
+the drapery occupies more space than the shield and supporters, and the
+motto MEANE WEIL, SPEAK WEIL, AND DO WEIL. Sir Thomas's initials, S. T.
+V. C., are placed separately, one letter at the outer side of each
+supporter, one in the centre of the crest, and one beneath the label;
+while the names of the more celebrated heroes of his genealogy, and the
+eras in which they flourished, occupy in the following inscription the
+space between the figures:--ANNO ASTIOREMONIS, 2226; ANNO VOCOMPOTIS,
+3892; ANNO MOLINI, 3199; ANNO RODRICI, 2958; ANNO CHARI, 2219; ANNO
+LUTORCI, 2000; ANNO ESORMONIS, 3804. It is melancholy enough that this
+singular exhibition of family pride should have been made in the same
+year in which the family received its deathblow--the year of Worcester
+battle" (_Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, chap. vii.). The
+arms of the Urquhart family in their later form, as associated with
+those of the Meldrum and Seton families, are given in the 1774 edition
+of the PANTOCHRONOCHANON, and are as follows:--"_Arms_, Or, three
+Bears-heads, erazed, gules, langued azure. _Crest_, a demy Otter issuing
+from the wreath sable, crowned with an antique Crown, or, holding
+betwixt his paws a crescent gules. _Motto_ above, _Per mare et Terras_,
+and below, _Mean, speak, and do well_. _Supporters_, two grayhounds,
+proper collared gules, and leashed." There can be no doubt that the
+Urquhart arms should be the three _bears'_ heads, though they are often
+described as three _boars'_ heads. The records of 1742 and 1760 in the
+Lyon Register make this quite certain. Probably the close resemblance
+between the two words is the principal cause of the confusion with
+regard to the matter which exists. In the sculptured coat of arms, of
+which we give a representation, the heads certainly have a superficial
+resemblance at least to those of boars. A correspondent who takes an
+interest in this question remarks, however, that "though the heads have
+tusks worthy of any boar, they (_i.e._ the heads) are set at right
+angles to the necks in a way in which no boar could be represented." On
+the other hand, the snouts of the animals have that distinctly
+_retrousse_ shape which we associate with pigs, both wild and
+domesticated. The question is, therefore, not so simple as at first
+sight it appears, and can scarcely be adequately dealt with in a mere
+footnote. Accordingly we leave our readers to discuss and settle the
+difficulty.
+
+[189] See p. 4, _supra_.
+
+[190] _Works_, p. 170.
+
+[191] _Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland_, Hugh Miller, p. 48.
+This battle is supposed to be mentioned by Blind Harry, who has
+celebrated the achievements of Wallace in the following uncouth lines:--
+
+    "Wallace raid throw the northland into playne.
+    At Crummade feill Inglismen thai slew.
+    The worthi Scottis till hym thus couth persew.
+    Raturnd agayne and come till Abirdeyn,
+    With his blith ost apon the Lammess ewyn"
+
+                              (vii. 1084-88).
+
+[192] _Works_, p. 174.
+
+[193] _Works_, p. 175.
+
+[194] The editor of the 1774 edition of the Tracts of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart says that he had compared the genealogy with the records kept
+by the Lord Lyon of Scotland, which go back as far as the reign of
+Alexander II. (A.D. 1214-1249), and had found it strictly correct from
+that period. In Appendix I., which contains the lists of names of Sir
+Thomas's ancestors, we have taken the liberty of indicating the names on
+which reliance can be placed, by printing them in italics (see p. 211).
+
+[195] Sir Thomas is said to have remarked about "_the Pedigree_," that
+by the first generation of readers it would be received with scoffs,
+that the second generation would have their doubts about it, but that
+the third generation would be heavily inclined to believe it. Time has
+moved somewhat more slowly, however, than he anticipated, and probably
+but few of us have as yet got past the second stage.
+
+[196] In the article on Crichton in the _Biographia Britannica_, Dr
+Kippis subjects our author to grave censure (see p. 158). With respect
+to Urquhart's present work he says: "Of his total disregard to truth
+there is incontestible evidence in another work of his, entitled _The
+True Pedigree_, etc. In this work it is almost incredible what a number
+of falsities he has invented, both with respect to names and facts.
+Perhaps a more flagrant instance of imposture and fiction was never
+exhibited; and the absurdity of the whole pedigree is beyond the power
+of words to express. It can only be felt by those who have perused the
+Tract itself." It is to be feared that Dr Kippis was mentally akin to
+the Irish bishop who remarked of _Gulliver's Travels_ when it appeared,
+that "all was not gospel that was in that book."
+
+Some one has said that the names of Urquhart's ancestors, at any rate on
+the male side, are very likely those of the giants and heathen in the
+_Amadis of Gaul_; and certainly Famongomadan, Cartadaque, Madanfabul,
+Arcalaus, and Basagante remind one of chiefs and heroes of the Cromartie
+line. In the female line the resemblance is much closer; for Asymbleta,
+Eromena, and Gonima distinctly recall the Darioleta, Brisena, and
+Madasima of the romance.
+
+[197] Fountainhall, _Decisions_, ii. 265 and 315; Morrison, _Dictionary
+of Decisions_, xxvii. 11304.
+
+[198] In some ways the elder Sir Thomas reminds us of the pedantic and
+undignified monarch, James VI., from whom he received knighthood. Both
+were the first Protestants of their respective houses, both were
+attached to prelacy rather than to Presbyterianism, and both were
+wasteful and slovenly in money matters. If the above conjecture be well
+founded, they had a further point of resemblance to each other, in their
+interest in fabulous genealogies. And it may be said of them both that
+they prepared a series of misfortunes for their chivalrous,
+high-spirited sons.
+
+
+
+
+                          CHAPTER VI
+
+ EKSKYBALAURON: or, THE JEWEL, and LOGOPANDECTEISION: or, THE UNIVERSAL
+     LANGUAGE.
+
+Sir Thomas Urquhart's previous excursions into literature had been of a
+somewhat tentative kind, and calculated to whet the desire of a
+judicious reader for him to enter upon more serious undertakings. He had
+appeared in the world of letters in several different aspects,--as a man
+of science, and as the representative and poet, as historian of a family
+which, for long descent and glorious achievements, could not be
+rivalled, if his statements concerning it were to be credited,--but no
+one could forecast, from what he had already published, the nature of
+his next literary exploit.
+
+The volume which followed the Pedigree of the Urquharts has the strange
+name above printed,[199] but most of those who have occasion to mention
+it more than once find it more convenient to call it "The Jewel."[200]
+Its contents are of such a character that one who had read it carefully
+would find it difficult to state off-hand or in a single sentence what
+they were. A Scottish Divinity professor of somewhat erratic habits
+began, on one occasion, a lecture in which he was to deal with several
+miscellaneous items, with the words, "Gentlemen, my subject to-day will
+be hotch-potch." This is an exact description of _The Jewel_, and those
+to whom nature has given the mental apparatus needed for appreciating
+Sir Thomas Urquhart will rejoice and not repine at the fact that the
+feeding laid before them is of a confused character. Accordingly no
+logical sequence will be allowed to mar the symmetry of this chapter in
+which _The Jewel_ is described.
+
+The main contents of the work are lists of the ancestors, male and
+female, of the Urquhart family from the beginning down to the year 1652,
+taken from the Pedigree; a narrative of the sad fate that overtook the
+author's manuscripts after the battle of Worcester; some pages of one of
+them which contained a scheme for a Universal Language; a denunciation
+of the "unjust usurpation of the Presbyterian Clergy, and the judaical
+practices of some merchants" by which discredit had been cast upon the
+Scottish name; an account of Scotsmen famous for martial exploits or for
+learning during the previous half-century; a statement of personal
+wrongs inflicted upon the author by ministers of his own parishes;
+arguments in favour of the union of Scotland and England; and apologies
+for the simple and unadorned strain in which the work is written. All
+through the volume Sir Thomas is spoken of in the third person, and the
+signature of "Christianus Presbyteromastix" is attached to the preface,
+or "the Epistle Liminary," as it is called, but there is scarcely any
+attempt made to keep up the pretence of anonymity. The object of the
+writer is to try to obtain for the prisoner of war restoration to
+complete liberty and the enjoyment of his property, and he seeks to
+correct the evil impression, which the conduct of certain persons in
+Scotland had produced upon the English people, by narrating the martial
+and literary achievements of more worthy representatives of his nation.
+
+The rapidity with which the work had been produced is described by the
+writer in the following terms. "Laying aside all other businesses," he
+says, "and cooping my self up daily for some hours together, betwixt the
+case and the printing press, I usually afforded the setter copy at the
+rate of above a whole printed sheet in the day; which, although by
+reason of the smallness of a Pica letter, and close couching thereof, it
+did amount to three full sheets of my writing; the aforesaid setter,
+nevertheless (so nimble a workman he was), would in the space of
+twenty-four hours make dispatch of the whole, and be ready for another
+sheet. He and I striving thus who should compose fastest, he with his
+hand, and I with my brain; and his uncasing of the letters, and placing
+them in the composing instrument, standing for my conception; and his
+plenishing of the gally, and imposing of the form, encountering with the
+supposed equi-value of my writing, we would almost every foot or so jump
+together in this joynt expedition, and so neerly overtake other in our
+intended course, that I was oftentimes, (to keep him doing), glad to
+tear off parcels of ten or twelve lines apeece, and give him them, till
+more were ready;[201] unto which he would so suddenly put an order,
+that almost still, before the ink of the written letters was dry, their
+representatives were, (out of their respective boxes), ranked in the
+composing-stick; by means of which great haste, I writing but upon the
+loose sheets of cording-quires, which, as I minced and tore them,
+looking like pieces of waste paper, troublesome to get rallyed, after
+such dispersive scattredness, I had not the leisure to read what I had
+written, till it came to a proof, and sometimes to a full revise. So
+that by vertue of this unanimous contest, and joint emulation betwixt
+the theoretick and practical part, which of us should overhye other in
+celerity, we in the space of fourteen working daies compleated this
+whole book, (such as it is), from the first notion of the brain to the
+last motion of the press; and that without any other help on my side,
+either of quick or dead, (for books I had none, nor possibly would I
+have made use of any, although I could have commanded them), then [than]
+what, (by the favour of God), my own judgment and fancy did suggest unto
+me."[202]
+
+The account which our author gives of the plunder of his manuscripts
+after the battle of Worcester, and of the strange series of accidents by
+which some of the documents which make up _The Jewel_ were preserved, is
+so odd and amusing that it would be a pity to deprive our readers of it,
+though it is related by Sir Thomas at great length. "No sooner," he
+says, "had the total rout of the regal party at Worcester given way to
+the taking of that city, and surrendring up of all the prisoners to the
+custody of the marshal-general and his deputies, but the liberty,
+customary at such occasions to be connived at in favours of a victorious
+army, imboldened some of the new-levied forces of the adjacent counties
+to confirm their conquest by the spoil of the captives. For the better
+atchievement of which designe, not reckoning those great many others
+that in all the other corners of the town were ferreting every room for
+plunder, a string or two of exquisite snaps and clean shavers
+[snappers-up and plunderers?] (if ever there were any), rushing into
+Master Spilsbury's house, (who is a very honest man, and hath an
+exceeding good woman to his wife), broke into an upper chamber, where
+finding, (besides scarlet cloaks, buff suits, arms of all sorts, and
+other such rich chaffer, at such an exigent escheatable to the
+prevalent soldier[203]), seven large portmantles ful of precious
+commodity; in three whereof, after a most exact search for gold, silver,
+apparel, linen, or any whatever adornments of the body, or pocket
+implements, as was seized upon in the other four, not hitting on any
+things but manuscripts in folio, to the quantity of six score and eight
+quires and a half, divided into six hundred fourty and two quinternions
+and upwards, the quinternion consisting of five sheets, and the quire of
+five and twenty; besides some writings of suits in law, and bonds, in
+both worth above three thousand pounds English, they in a trice carried
+all whatever els was in the room away save those papers, which they then
+threw down on the floor as unfit for their use; yet immediately
+thereafter, when upon carts the aforesaid baggage was put to be
+transported to the country, and that by the example of many hundreds of
+both horse and foot, whom they had loaded with spoil, they were
+assaulted with the temptation of a new booty, they apprehending how
+useful the paper might be unto them, went back for it, and bore it
+straight away; which done, to every one of those their camarads whom
+they met with in the streets, they gave as much thereof, for packeting
+up of raisins, figs, dates, almonds, caraway, and other such like dry
+confections and other ware, as was requisite; who, doing the same
+themselves, did together with others kindle pipes of tobacco with a
+great part thereof, and threw out all the remainder upon the
+streets....
+
+"Of those dispersedly-rejected bundles of paper, some were gathered up
+by grocers, druggists, chandlers, pie-makers, or such as stood in need
+of any cartapaciatory utensil, and put in present service, to the utter
+undoing of all the writing thereof, both in its matter and order. One
+quinternion, nevertheless, two days after the fight on the Friday
+morning, together with two other loose sheets more, by vertue of a
+drizelling rain, which had made it stick fast to the ground, where there
+was a heap of seven and twenty dead men lying upon one another, was by
+the command of one Master Braughton taken up by a servant of his; who,
+after he had (in the best manner he could) cleansed it from the mire and
+mud of the kennel, did forthwith present it to the perusal of his
+master; in whose hands it no sooner came, but instantly perceiving by
+the periodical couching of the discourse, marginal figures, and breaks
+here and there, according to the variety of the subject, that the whole
+purpose was destinated for the press, and by the author put into a garb
+befitting either the stationer or printer's acceptance; yet because it
+seemed imperfect, and to have relation to subsequent tractates, he made
+all the enquiry he could for trial whether there were any more such
+quinternions or no; by means whereof he got full information that above
+three thousand sheets of the like paper, written after that fashion, and
+with the same hand, were utterly lost and imbezzeled, after the manner
+aforesaid; and was so fully assured of the misfortune, that to gather up
+spilt water, comprehend the windes within his fist, and recover those
+papers again, he thought would be a work of one and the same labour and
+facility."[204]
+
+The anonymous personage who gives the above account says that he heard
+of Mr Braughton's discovery of these remarkable documents, and also of
+"the great moan made for the loss of Sir Thomas Urquhart's manuscripts,"
+and, putting the two facts together, resolved to ask Sir Thomas if the
+papers found at Worcester belonged to him. He examined them, and
+identified them as part of the preface to a grammar and lexicon of a
+Universal Language, of which he was the inventor. The loss of a work of
+such a size and of such great importance did not greatly depress him. He
+stated that if he got but encouragement and time, freedom and the
+enjoyment of his ancestral estates, he doubted not but that he could
+supply the missing sheets--the originals of which had come to such base
+uses and disastrous fate at Worcester. The papers, therefore, found by
+Mr Braughton are published in order that the readers may see the
+reasonableness of giving Sir Thomas what he asked, in view of the
+astounding benefits which he would in return confer upon them. This is
+put with great clearness and brevity in a couplet prefixed to the above
+narrative:
+
+    "He should obtain all his desires,
+    Who offers more than he requires."
+
+The fragment of the treatise concerning the Universal Language, which
+was picked up out of the gutter of Worcester streets, wiped clean, and
+presented to the public in _The Jewel_, was republished with additions
+in Sir Thomas Urquhart's next work, so that we may here pass it over
+without further notice and allude to some of the other matters treated
+of.
+
+In order to vindicate the honour of his country, Sir Thomas Urquhart
+tells at considerable length of the fame won by various compatriots of
+his in war in every part of Europe, during the earlier half of the
+seventeenth century, and he draws the attention of his readers to the
+fact that, at no battle in the period named, were all the Scots that
+fought overthrown and totally routed. The explanation of this statement
+is that there were always Scots on both sides, so that, if some were
+defeated and taken prisoners, others of that nation were victorious and
+givers of quarter. This part of the work is of great historical value,
+and, as Burton remarks, is not liable to the reproach of Urquhart's
+usual wandering profuseness of language--its leading defect, on the
+other hand, being its too great resemblance at times to a muster-roll.
+
+The choicest and most remarkable passage in Sir Thomas Urquhart's
+original works is, undoubtedly, the description he gives in _The Jewel_
+of his fellow-countryman "the Admirable Crichton," who belonged to the
+latter part of the sixteenth century. In an appendix[205] our readers
+may find a long extract from it, in which that hero's feats are related.
+But for fear of making the appendices out of all proportion to the size
+of this volume, the whole sketch might have been given. To most people
+the name of "the Admirable Crichton" is now a mere proverbial phrase to
+describe a universal genius, and whether the person who bore it is a
+historical or a mythical character, is a matter of some uncertainty. If
+any who are possessed of only this amount of information on the subject
+seek for more by reading our author's description of Crichton, the
+probability is that they will decide that he is quite mythical. The
+extraordinary flightiness, turgidity, and bombast which mark the
+narrative, in spite of its many conspicuous merits, make it seem a mere
+piece of burlesque, rather than a genuine history;[206] and yet there is
+ample evidence of an unimpeachable kind of the truthfulness of the main
+statements which it contains. Sir Thomas Urquhart's narrative was for a
+long time one of the principal sources of information concerning the
+brilliant young Scotchman, and the result was that a general disbelief
+in the whole history became prevalent.[207] As Burton says, "It was
+from the hands of Sir Thomas Urquhart that the world accepted of an idol
+which, after a period of worship, it cast down, but so hastily, as it
+was discovered, that it had again to be set up, but rather in surly
+justice than the old devout admiration."[208] Tytler, in his _Life of
+the Admirable Crichton_, gives full proof from contemporary writers that
+the accomplishments and feats ascribed to that personage are authentic.
+
+James Crichton was born in 1560, of a noble family, at Eliock, in
+Perthshire. At the age of ten he became a student at St. Andrews, then
+the most famous university in Scotland. Before he was fifteen years of
+age he graduated as Master of Arts, and stood third in order of merit
+among the students of his year. After leaving the university he spent
+three years in the pursuit of learning, devoting himself to one after
+another of the various branches of the science and philosophy of his
+time, until he had gone through nearly the whole of them; and, by force
+of natural ability, aided, no doubt, by intense application, he acquired
+the use of ten different languages.
+
+Some time probably in the year 1578 he began his foreign travels, with
+the desire not only to enlarge his experience of the world, but also to
+display the extent of his learning in those public disputations which
+were still in fashion at the continental universities. In form and
+countenance he is said to have been a perfect model of manly beauty;
+whilst in all the accomplishments of his time he was as well versed as
+in the branches of learning. He was a skilful swordsman, a bold rider, a
+graceful dancer, a sweet singer, and a cultivated musician. Soon after
+his arrival in Paris he set up, in accordance with a custom of the time,
+in various parts of the city, challenges to literary and philosophic
+disputation, and announced that he would present himself on a certain
+day at the College of Navarre, to answer any questions that might be put
+to him "in any science, liberal art, discipline, or faculty, whether
+practical or theoretic," and this in any one of twelve specified
+languages--Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French,
+Italian, English, Dutch, Flemish, or Selavonian. Our readers may find in
+the appendix a full narrative in Sir Thomas Urquhart's inimitable style
+of this extraordinary episode. Though Crichton seemed to make no
+preparation for the learned encounter, to which he had challenged the
+most scholarly men in France, he acquitted himself in such a manner as
+to astonish all beholders, and to receive the congratulations of the
+president and professors of the University of Paris. From this display
+of his intellectual powers and acquirements, as well as from the
+brilliant figure he cut at the balls and tournaments, which were such
+favourite employments of the Court of France at that time, he acquired
+the title by which he is now universally known--that of "the Admirable
+Crichton."[209]
+
+It is worth while to compare the passage in Rabelais which describes the
+similar feats of the giant Pantagruel with the account Sir Thomas
+Urquhart gives of Crichton's intellectual tournaments.[210] To us there
+seems something very ridiculous in the practice of posting up placards
+on the walls, challenging all-comers to disputation, but in the
+sixteenth century it would not necessarily appear in this light.
+Rabelais, indeed, laughed at it; but then he laughed at many things
+which the people of his time did not think absurd. John Hill Burton is
+of the opinion that Sir Thomas Urquhart, in describing the way in which
+Crichton conducted himself on the field which had witnessed Pantagruel's
+feats, had the ridicule of Rabelais in view, and that, in spite of his
+laudations, we cannot help having the impression that his tongue is all
+the time in his cheek. We think that this is unfair to Sir Thomas. There
+is no reason why those who looked on in admiration at a real tournament
+should not also enjoy seeing a burlesque one. So that it is quite
+possible that our author smiled while he translated the French satire,
+and that he glowed with honest pride and admiration as he recounted his
+fellow-countryman's exploits before the University of Paris.
+
+After serving for a couple of years in the French army, Crichton
+journeyed into Italy, and in the month of August, 1580, arrived in
+Venice. He made the acquaintance of the famous printer, Aldus Manutius,
+who introduced him to the principal men of learning and note in that
+city. Here he maintained the reputation he had acquired in Paris, and
+lives of him were written and published. From Venice he proceeded to
+Padua, and from thence to the Court of Mantua, where the adventure
+occurred with which Sir Thomas Urquhart begins the narrative of his
+celebrated fellow-countryman's exploits, namely, the defeat and death of
+the travelling bravo, whose challenge he had accepted. Sir Thomas is the
+only authority for this incident in Crichton's history. As there is no
+reason to believe that he invented it, we are at liberty to suppose that
+he found it in some one of the lives of Crichton which he met with in
+his Italian travels, but which has not come down to us, or that he heard
+of it from some of those who witnessed it. For, as Urquhart was born
+only twenty-three years after Crichton's death, he must, in the course
+of his continental travels, have met some who were his contemporaries.[211]
+
+In consequence of this achievement, and also of the brilliant reputation
+acquired by Crichton, he was appointed by the Duke of Mantua, companion
+and tutor to his son, Vincenzio de Gonzaga, a young man of some literary
+culture, but of furious temper and dissolute morals. Very soon after,
+Crichton met his death in a tragical manner. He was walking home one
+evening in the streets of Mantua, from a visit to his mistress, and was
+playing a guitar, when suddenly he was attacked by a riotous party of
+men in masks, whom, however, he speedily put to flight. He seized the
+leader of the party, overpowered him, and tore off his mask, and found
+to his horror that it was his own pupil, the son of the Duke of Mantua.
+He instantly dropped upon one knee, and, in a spirit of romantic
+devotion, took his sword by the blade, and presented its hilt to the
+prince. Vincenzio, heated with wine, irritated at his discomfiture, and
+also, it is said by some, inspired by jealousy, took the sword and
+plunged it into Crichton's heart. The brilliant young Scotsman was but
+twenty-two years of age when he thus met his fate.
+
+The narrative which Sir Thomas Urquhart gives of the death of his hero
+is marked by the same richness of description as is to be found in the
+account of his exploits as a scholar, a swordsman, and an actor. In
+language of astonishing luxuriance and frequent happiness of phrase, he
+enlarges upon the incidents of the last evening of Crichton's life, and
+depicts the tender intercourse of the lovers before the sudden and
+bloodly close of their courtship. With a minuteness which, as Tytler
+remarks, reminds one of the multitude of particulars by the enumeration
+of which Mrs Quickly sought to bring to Falstaff's remembrance his
+promise to marry her,[212] Sir Thomas Urquhart depicts the lovers in the
+"alcoranal paradise" in which they were embowered on that evening.
+"Nothing," he says, "tending to the pleasure of all the senses was
+wanting; the weather being a little chil and coldish, they on a blue
+velvet couch sate by one another towards a char-coale fire burning in a
+silver brasero, whilst in the next room adjacent thereto a pretty little
+round table of cedar wood was a covering for the supping of them two
+together; the cates prepared for them, and a week before that time
+bespoke, were of the choisest dainties and most delicious junkets that
+all the territories of Italy were able to afford, and that deservedly,
+for all the Romane Empire could not produce a completer paire to taste
+them."[213]
+
+A tragical note rings through the description of the lamentation of the
+hapless girl over her murdered lover. "She, rending her garments and
+tearing her haire, like one of the Graces possest with a Fury, spoke
+thus: 'O villains! what have you done? you vipers of men, that have thus
+basely slaine the valiant Crichtoun, the sword of his own sexe and the
+buckler of ours, the glory of this age, and restorer of the lost honour
+of the Court of Mantua: O Crichtoun, Crichtoun!'"[214]
+
+The sequel of the story is in the same vein of florid eloquence. "The
+whole court," says Sir Thomas, "wore mourning for him full three
+quarters of a yeer together. His funeral was very stately, and on his
+hearse were stuck more epitaphs, elegies, threnodies, and epicediums,
+then [than], if digested into one book, would have outbulk't all Homer's
+works; some of them being couched in such exquisite and fine Latin, that
+you would have thought great Virgil, and Baptista Mantuanus, for the
+love of their mother-city, had quit the Elysian fields to grace his
+obsequies; and other of them, besides what was done in other languages,
+composed in so neat Italian, and so purely fancied, as if Ariosto,
+Dante, Petrark, and Bembo had been purposely resuscitated, to stretch
+even to the utmost their poetick vein to the honour of this brave man;
+whose picture till this hour is to be seen in the bed-chambers or
+galleries of the most of the great men of that nation, representing him
+on horseback, with a lance in one hand and a book in the other; and most
+of the young ladies likewise, _that were anything handsome_,[215] in a
+memorial of his worth, had his effigies in a little oval tablet of gold
+hanging 'twixt their breasts, and held, for many yeers together, that
+metamazion, or intermammilary ornament, an as necessary outward pendicle
+for the better setting forth of their accoutrements, as either fan,
+watch, or stomacher. My lord Duke, upon the young lady that was
+Crichtoun's mistres and future wife, although she had good rents and
+revenues of her own by inheritance, was pleased to conferr a pension of
+five hundred ducats a yeer. The Prince also bestowed as much on her
+during all the days of his life, which was but short, for he did not
+long enjoy himself after the cross fate of so miserable an accident. The
+sweet lady, like a turtle bewailing the loss of her mate, spent all the
+rest of her time in a continual solitariness."[216]
+
+After giving a long list of his fellow-countrymen who had won fame in
+foreign lands by their valour, learning, or skill, in order to put to
+silence those who maligned his nation, Sir Thomas Urquhart takes up a
+less pleasing topic--that of contemporary politics. In the plainest and
+most forcible manner he repudiates the whole policy of the dominant
+party in Scotland, and declares that a true Royalist or Malignant like
+himself had much more in common with an Independent, than either of them
+had with a Presbyterian; and he enlarges upon the turbulent disloyalty
+with which so many of the last-named party had, in his opinion,
+conducted themselves towards their sovereigns since Queen Mary's time,
+evidently in forgetfulness for the moment that his newly-found friends,
+the Independents, had executed Charles I. and abolished monarchy.
+
+His account of the mode in which the Presbyterian or "Consistorian"
+party were in the habit of treating their kings is very amusing. "Of a
+king," he says, "they onely make use for their own ends, and so they
+will of any other supreme magistracie that is not of their own erection.
+Their kings are but as the kings of Lacedemon, whom the Ephors presumed
+to fine for any small offence; or as the puppy [puppet] kings, which,
+after children have trimmed with bits of taffata, and ends of silver
+lace, and set them upon wainscoat cupboards besides marmalade and
+sugar-cakes, are often times disposed of, even by those that did pretend
+so much respect unto them, for a two-peny custard, a pound of figs, or
+mess of cream. Verily, I think they make use of kings in their
+Consistorian State, as we do of card kings in playing at the hundred;
+any one whereof, if there be appearance of a better game without him,
+and that the exchange of him for another incoming card is like to
+conduce more for drawing of the stake, is by good gamesters without any
+ceremony discarded: or as the French on the Epiphany-day use their _Roy
+de la Febre_, or king of the bean; whom, after they have honoured with
+drinking of his health, and shouting _Le Roy boit, le Roy boit_, they
+make pay for all the reckoning; not leaving him sometimes one peny,
+rather then [than] that the exorbitancie of their debosh should not be
+satisfied to the full. They may be likewise said to use their king as
+the players at nine-pins do the middle kyle, which they call the king;
+at whose fall alone they aim, the sooner to obtain the gaining of their
+prize; or as about Christmas we do the King of Misrule, whom we invest
+with that title to no other end but to countenance the bacchanalian
+riots and preposterous disorders of the family where he is installed.
+The truth of all this appears by their demeanour to Charles the Second,
+whom they crowned their king at Sterlin, and who, though he be for
+comeliness of person, valour, affability, mercy, piety, closeness of
+counsel, veracity, foresight, knowledge, and other vertues both moral
+and intellectual, in nothing inferior to any of his hundred and ten
+predecessors, had nevertheless no more rule in effect over the
+Presbyterian Senate of Scotland, then [than] any of the six foresaid
+mock-kings had above those by whom they were dignified with the
+splendour of royal pomp."[217]
+
+The passage in _The Jewel_ which tells of the faults of the clergy, as
+illustrated by the conduct of the ministers of the parishes of which Sir
+Thomas was patron, has already been given in these pages, and therefore
+need not be repeated here; but room must be found for the paragraph in
+which he denounces those who by their covetousness had cast a slur upon
+the Scottish name. The art of writing such English perished with him,
+its inventor; and one cannot be too thankful for such a passage as the
+following. "Another thing there is," he says, "that fixeth a grievous
+scandal upon that nation in matter of philargyrie, or love of money, and
+it is this: There hath been in London, and repairing to it, for these
+many years together, a knot of Scotish bankers, collybists, or
+coine-coursers, of traffickers in merchandise to and againe, and of men
+of other professions, who by hook and crook, _fas et nefas_, slight and
+might, (all being as fish their net could catch), having feathered their
+nests to some purpose, look so idolatrously upon their Dagon of wealth,
+and so closely, (like the earth's dull center), hug all unto themselves,
+that for no respect of vertue, honour, kinred, patriotism, or whatever
+else, (be it never so recommendable), will they depart from so much as
+one single peny, whose emission doth not, without any hazard of loss, in
+a very short time superlucrate beyond all conscience an additionall
+increase to the heap of that stock which they so much adore; which
+churlish and tenacious humor hath made many that were not acquainted
+with any else of that country, to imagine all their compatriots infected
+with the same leprosie of a wretched peevishness, whereof those
+_quomodocunquizing_ clusterfists and rapacious varlets have given of
+late such cannibal-like proofs, by their inhumanity and obdurate
+carriage towards some, (whose shoe-strings they are not worthy to unty),
+that were it not that a more able pen then [than] mine will assuredly
+not faile to jerk them on all sides, in case, by their better demeanour
+for the future, they endeavour not to wipe off the blot wherewith their
+native country, by their sordid avarice and miserable baseness, hath
+been so foully stained, I would at this very instant blaze them out in
+their names and surnames, notwithstanding the vizard of Presbyterian
+zeal wherewith they maske themselves, that like so many wolves, foxes,
+or Athenian Timons, they might in all times coming be debarred the
+benefit of any honest conversation."[218]
+
+After suggesting a number of ways in which the tone of society in
+Scotland might be raised and sweetened--one of which is the
+establishment of "a free schoole and standing library in every
+parish"[219]--Sir Thomas proceeds to argue in a very sensible and
+convincing manner for complete union between Scotland and England. The
+subject is introduced by lengthy quotations from speeches by Bacon,
+delivered by him in Parliament as far back as the year 1608, in which
+the advantages of such an arrangement are set forth.
+
+The style of our author is seen at its worst in the peroration to _The
+Jewel_, in which he apologizes for the comparative simplicity, if not
+baldness, by which, in the opinion of some, it might be thought to be
+characterised. "I could truly," he says, "have enlarged this discourse
+with a choicer variety of phrase, and made it overflow the field of the
+reader's understanding, with an inundation of greater eloquence; and
+that one way, tropologetically, by metonymical, ironical, metaphorical,
+and synecdochical instruments of elocution, in all their several kinds,
+artificially affected, according to the nature of the subject, with
+emphatical expressions in things of great concernment, with
+catachrestical in matters of meaner moment; attended on each side
+respectively with an epiplectick and exegetick modification; with
+hyperbolical, either epitatically or hypocoristically, as the purpose
+required to be elated or extenuated, with qualifying metaphors, and
+accompanied by apostrophes; and lastly, with allegories of all sorts,
+whether apologal, affabulatory, parabolary, aenigmatick, or paraemial. And
+on the other part, schematologetically adorning the proposed theam with
+the most especial and chief flowers of the garden of rhetorick, and
+omitting no figure either of diction or sentence, that might contribute
+to the ear's enchantment, or perswasion of the hearer. I could have
+introduced, in case of obscurity, synonymal, exargastick, and
+palilogetick elucidations; for sweetness of phrase, antimetathetick
+commutations of epithets; for the vehement excitation of a matter,
+exclamation in the front, and epiphonemas in the reer. I could have
+used, for the promptlier stirring up of passion, apostrophal and
+prosopopoeiel diversions; and, for the appeasing and settling of them,
+some epanorthotick revocations, and aposiopetick restraines. I could
+have inserted dialogismes, displaying their interrogatory part with
+communicatively pysmatick and sustentative flourishes; or proleptically,
+with the refutative schemes of anticipation and subjection, and that
+part which concerns the responsory, with the figures of permission and
+concession. Speeches extending a matter beyond what it is, auxetically,
+digressively, transitiously, by ratiocination, aetiology, circumlocution,
+and other wayes, I could have made use of; as likewise with words
+diminishing the worth of a thing, tapinotically, periphrastically, by
+rejection, translation, and other meanes, I could have served
+myself."[220]
+
+He goes on for a long time in this strain, and is at pains to explain
+that, if the work had been written in this more elaborate manner, it
+would not necessarily have been found tedious even by young ladies. "I
+could have presented it to the imagination," he says, "in so spruce a
+garb, that spirits blest with leisure, and free from the urgency of
+serious employments, would happily have bestowed as liberally some few
+houres thereon as on the perusal of a new-coined romance, or strange
+history of love adventures. For although the figures and tropes above
+rehearsed seem in their _actu signato_, (as they signifie meer notional
+circumstances, affections, adjuncts, and dependencies on words), to be a
+little pedantical, and to the smooth touch of a delicate ear somewhat
+harsh and scabrous, yet in their exerced act, (as they suppone for
+things reduplicatively as things in the first apprehension of the minde,
+by them signified), I could, even in far abstruser purposes, have so
+fitly adjusted them with apt and proper termes, and with such
+perspicuity couched them, as would have been suitable to the capacities
+of courtiers and young ladies,[221] whose tender hearing, for the most
+part, being more taken with the insinuating harmony of a well-concerted
+period, in its isocoletick and parisonal members, then [than] with the
+never-so-pithy a fancy of a learned subject, destitute of the
+illustriousness of so pathetick ornaments, will sooner convey perswasion
+to the interior faculties from the ravishing assault of a
+well-disciplined diction, in a parade of curiously-mustered words in
+their several ranks and files then [than] by the vigour and fierceness
+of never so many powerful squadrons of a promiscuously-digested
+elocution into bare logical arguments; for the sweetness of their
+disposition is more easily gained by undermining passion then [than]
+storming reason, and by the musick and symmetry of a descourse in its
+external appurtenances, then [than] by all the puissance imaginary of
+the ditty or purpose disclosed by it."[222]
+
+The last of Sir Thomas Urquhart's original works was his
+"LOGOPANDECTEISION, or an INTRODUCTION TO THE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE," a
+portion of which, as already mentioned, had been embedded in the
+conglomerate mass of _The Jewel_. The idea of a universal language was
+not originated by Urquhart, for it is said that something of the kind
+had been planned a generation earlier by the celebrated William Bedell
+(1570-1642), the Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh, who is better known for
+promoting the translation of the Bible into the Irish tongue. We are
+told by Burnet, who wrote his life, that he had in his diocese a
+clergyman named Johnston, a man of ability, but, unfortunately, of
+"mercurial wit." In order to give him adequate employment, and to keep
+him, we suppose, out of mischief, Bedell planned out a scheme for a
+universal character, which should be understood by all nations as
+readily as the Arabic numerals or the figures in geometry, and started
+Johnston upon the task of completing it. He made, we are told,
+considerable progress with the scheme, but his labours were interrupted,
+and the results of them destroyed, by the frightful rebellion of 1641.
+
+The _Logopandecteision_[223] is divided into six books, which bear names
+of the remarkable kind which seem to come so readily to Urquhart's
+tongue, and are so hard to be compassed by the tongues of others. The
+"Epistle Dedicatorie" is an elaborate piece of writing, and is animated
+by considerable bitterness of spirit. It is addressed to Nobody--the
+person who has assisted him in his labours, pitied him in his sorrows,
+and relieved him in his penury. It is only the first book--entitled
+"Neaudethaumata, or Wonders of the New Speech"--which makes a pretence
+of dealing with the professed subject of the volume, and of laying the
+great scheme before the reader. Much to the gratification of the
+judicious student of the work, Urquhart rambles off in the remaining
+books into autobiographical details, from which we have already gleaned
+heavily in the earlier chapters of this volume, and the only connexion
+between them and the Universal Language is that they show the
+difficulties which prevented the author from carrying out his plan. The
+sources from which these difficulties arose are vaguely indicated in the
+titles of the books: thus, the second is called "Chrestasebeia, or
+Impious Dealing of Creditors"; the third, "Cleronomaporia, or the
+Intricacy of a Distressed Successor or Apparent Heir"; the fourth,
+"Chryseomystes, or the Covetous Preacher"; and the fifth,
+"Neleodicastes, or the Pitiless Judge." While the sixth book is entitled
+"Philoponauxesis, or Furtherance of Industry," and tells of the
+marvellous benefits which would accrue to all branches of trade,
+manufacture, and industry in Scotland, if the writer's demands were
+granted, and he were at liberty to carry out the multitudinous schemes
+with which his mind was filled. The volume concludes with requests or
+"proquiritations" from thirty-two distinct petitioners, who modestly
+conceal themselves from public notice under the shelter of the initial
+letters of their names, that the State would, for the various weighty
+reasons which they allege, grant the desire of Sir Thomas to be set
+free, and to be established in possession of the estates and honours
+which his family had enjoyed from time immemorial. This section of the
+work suggests failure in ingenuity on the part of the author, for few
+persons above the condition of idiocy could surely be found capable of
+believing that the reasons and initials alike were anything else than
+the concoction of Sir Thomas himself.
+
+Very slight indeed can be the notice which we are able to give of the
+proposed Universal Language, the description of which, as set forth in
+the early part of the _Logopandecteision_, is more like an incoherent
+dream than anything else. There is no evidence that Sir Thomas Urquhart
+ever really made a grammar or vocabulary of the new language. Indeed, he
+writes about it in such a manner as to lead one to think that he had
+made no way in the real working out of the scheme, but merely dreamed of
+what he was going to do. In the new tongue which was to supersede all
+others there were to be twelve parts of speech, all words would have at
+least ten synonyms, nouns and pronouns would have eleven cases and four
+numbers--singular, dual, plural, and redual--and verbs would have four
+voices, seven moods, and eleven tenses. "In this tongue," says the
+author, "there are eleven genders,[224] wherein," he truthfully adds,
+"it exceedeth all other languages." "Every word in this language," we
+are told, "signifieth as well backward as forward, and however you
+invert the letters, still shall you fall upon significant words, whereby
+a wonderful facility is obtained in making of anagrams.... Of all
+languages, this is the most compendious in complement, and consequently
+fittest for courtiers and ladies.... As its interjections are more
+numerous, so are they more emphatical in their respective expression of
+passions, then [than] that part of speech is in any other language
+whatsoever."[225] And finally Sir Thomas vouches for its conciseness in
+a hyperbole which it would be difficult to excel. "This language," he
+says, "affordeth so concise words for numbering, that the number for
+setting down, whereof would require in vulgar arithmetic more figures in
+a row then [than] there might be grains of sand containable from the
+center of the earth to the highest heavens, is in it expressed by two
+letters."[226] A considerable revenue might be secured if the rule found
+at the end of some of Grimm's _Household Tales_ were applied to this
+statement, and strictly enforced: "Whosoever does not believe this must
+pay a thaler." In a very innocent manner our author excuses himself for
+the extravagant praise he has poured out upon his own invention. "Why it
+is," he exclaims, "I should extoll the worth thereof, without the
+jeopardy of vaine glory, the reason is clear and evident, being
+necessitated ... to merchandise it for the redintegrating of an ancient
+family, it needeth not be thought strange, that in some measure I
+descend to the fashion of the shop-keepers, who, to scrue up the buyer
+to the higher price, will tell them no better can be had for mony, 'tis
+the choicest ware in England, and if any can match it, he shall have it
+for nought.... [And so] I went on in my laudatives, to procure the
+greater longing, that an ardent desire might stir up an emacity [a
+propensity to buy], to the furtherance of my proposed end." One is
+obliged sadly to assent to his further statement about such
+conduct--"whereof ... there wanteth not store of presidents
+[precedents]."[227]
+
+Hugh Miller, animated by the patriotic zeal which prompts one North
+Briton to stand by another, and with the desire to make out the best
+case possible for one who was not only a fellow-countryman, but also a
+fellow-townsman, speaks in high terms of Urquhart's inventive powers as
+displayed in the _Logopandecteision_. "The new chemical vocabulary," he
+says, "with all its philosophical ingenuity, is constructed on
+principles exactly similar to those which he divulged more than a
+hundred years prior to its invention, in the preface to his Universal
+Language."[228] This is a statement which it is rather difficult to
+understand. The only indication of the nature of the new tongue which we
+can glean from Sir Thomas's description of it, is that every letter of
+every word in it would have a meaning, so that when anyone who knew the
+principles of the language heard a word for the first time, he would
+understand it.[229] Now, of course, it is true that anyone who knows the
+principle of the nomenclature of salts, to which, we suppose, Hugh
+Miller refers, can tell a good deal about a salt from the name of it,
+say, nitrate of potassium, KNO_{3}, but it would be impossible to invent
+a systematic nomenclature of which this would not be true.
+
+The same author is also very much impressed by the fact that the new
+language was to contain the dual, and regards this, on Lord Monboddo's
+authority, as a proof of philosophical acumen on the part of the
+inventor. He does not take any notice of the "redual," which the
+language was also to contain, and which might have been taken as an
+indication of double-distilled wisdom. Lord Monboddo (1714-1799) says of
+the Greek language that if there "were nothing else to convince him of
+its being a work of philosophers and grammarians, its dual number would
+of itself be sufficient; for as certainly as the principles of body are
+the point, the line, and the surface, the principles of number are the
+monad and the duad, though philosophers only are aware of the fact." The
+idea that this venerated instrument for the expression or concealment of
+thought was the concoction of a committee of primitive sages, and that
+they deliberately invented the dual, and added it as another spike to
+the _chevaux-de-frise_ through which our young people, of both sexes,
+have to struggle[230] on their way to the Temple of Learning, is truly
+revolting. One would not like to think that the ancient Greeks were
+quite so malicious as to do a thing like that. It is more probably the
+case that, like other Aryans, they received the dual as part of the
+inheritance of the past, handed down to them, and retained it; while in
+some of the cognate languages[231] it was gradually rubbed off, very
+much in the same way as Lord Monboddo's men lost their tails, when they
+gave up their arboreal habits, and betook themselves to sedentary
+occupations.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[199] Its title-page is as follows:--EKSKYBALAURON: Or, The Discovery of
+A MOST EXQUISITE JEWEL, more precious then [than] DIAMONDS inchased in
+Gold, the like whereof was never seen in any age; found in the kennel of
+_Worcester_-streets, the day after the Fight, and six before the
+Autumnal Equinox, _anno_ 1651. Serving in this place, To Frontal a
+VINDICATION of the honour of SCOTLAND, from that Infamy, whereinto the
+Rigid _Presbyterian party_ of that Nation, out of their Covetousness and
+ambition, most dissembledly hath involved it. _Distichon ad Librum
+sequitur, quo tres ter adaequant Musarum numerum, casus et articuli._
+
+    _voc._      _nom._   1 _abl._   2 _abl._    _dat._
+      O  thou'rt  a  Book  in  truth  with  love  to  many,
+
+         3 _abl._  4 _abl. acc._                 _gen._
+      Done  by  and  for  the free'st spoke Scot  of  any.
+
+_Efficiens et finis sunt sibi invicem causae._ LONDON, Printed by Ja:
+Cottrel; and are to be sold by _Rich. Buddeley_, at the
+Middle-Temple-Gate. 1652.
+
+[200] EKSKYBALAURON is supposed to be the Greek for "_Gold out of the
+dirt_." Dr Irving, the author of a very carefully-written memoir of Sir
+Thomas Urquhart, in his _Lives of Scottish Writers_, vol. ii., is a
+little puzzled by this extraordinary name. The latter part of it was, he
+thought, perhaps connected with aurion--"to-morrow"--in allusion to the
+fact that this "exquisite Jewel" was taken out of the kennel _the
+morrow_ after the battle of Worcester. But the word is evidently
+auron--the Lat. _aurum_, "gold." In the "Postilla" to the Pedigree of
+the Urquharts, our author says that "the shire of Cromartie ... hath the
+names of its towns, villages, hamlets, dwellings, promontories,
+hillocks, temples, dens, groves, fountains, rivers, pools, lakes, stone
+heaps, akers, and so forth, of pure and perfect Greek." We need not be
+surprised that Sir Thomas's Greek has more affinity with the vernacular
+form of the language current in the Cromartie of his time than with the
+Attic of the age of Pericles,
+
+         "_For Greke of Athenes was to him unknowe._"
+
+Probably in this northern dialect of the Greek tongue ahyron was used
+instead of the more classical chrusost. Another indication of the
+difference between the Cromartian and Attic forms of speech is given by
+Sir Thomas in the same treatise in the name Alexhander, which Thucydides
+would have written Alhexandrost.
+
+[201] Sir Egerton Brydges, Bart., an author who combines a great many of
+the peculiarities of the two Sir Thomas Urquharts, the father and the
+son, and who has recorded his experiences in an _Autobiography_, lays
+stress in like manner upon this quality of speed in composition. Thus he
+says of his little novel, _Mary de Clifford_ (published in 1792), "it
+was written with a fervent rapidity, which no one seems to
+believe;--begun in October, 1791, and the sheets sent to the press by
+the post, as fast as they were scribbled." The passage in which he
+refers to the vexations to which he had been subjected is worth quoting,
+on account of its similarity to our Sir Thomas's story. "I have
+suffered," he says, "a hundred times more disappointments, and crosses,
+and insults, and wrongs, and deprivations, than Chatterton, yet my
+spirit, though bent and sunk, was never broken. I am calm and defiant,
+though not hopeful, in proportion as the storm presses me;--and what
+trials have I not undergone? I do not mean to relate all these trials;
+it would involve the conduct of obscure individuals, many of whom are
+still living" (_Autobiography_, pp. 8, 9).
+
+[202] _Works_, p. 181.
+
+[203] _I.e._ at such an extremity liable to be forfeited to the
+victorious soldier.
+
+[204] _Works_, pp. 189, 190.
+
+[205] Appendix II. p. 215.
+
+[206] "This part is written in a euphuistic, rhapsodical vein, and
+affords an indication of the saturation of Urquhart's mind with the
+style of Rabelais. It might almost be pieced together from the meeting
+of Pantagruel with the Limousin scholar, the discomfiture of Thaumast by
+Panurge, and the meeting of Pantegruel and his party with Queen
+Entelechia" (W. F. Smith's Introduction to _Rabelais_).
+
+[207] Dr Kippis, the editor of the _Biographia Britannica, or Lives of
+the Most Eminent Persons who have Flourished in Great Britain and
+Ireland_ (1789), had a bad time in writing the notice of Crichton that
+appears in it. He says that he entered upon the task with diffidence,
+and even with anxiety. On the one hand, he was desirous not to detract
+from Crichton's real merit, and, on the other, he wished to form a just
+estimate of the truth of the facts which are recorded concerning him.
+Part of his perturbation of mind was due to the indignation which he
+felt towards our author, whose narrative of Crichton's adventures he
+regarded as utterly untrustworthy. At an early stage in the article he
+remarks: "And here it must be observed that no credit can be granted to
+any facts which depend upon the sole authority of Sir Thomas
+Urquhart.... I must declare my full persuasion that Sir Thomas Urquhart
+is an author whose testimony to facts is totally unworthy of regard; and
+it is surprising that a perusal of his works does not strike every mind
+with this conviction. His productions are so inexpressibly absurd and
+extravagant, that the only rational judgment which can be pronounced
+concerning him is, that he was little, if at all, better than a madman.
+To the character of his having been a madman must be added that of his
+being a liar. Severe as this term may be thought, I apprehend that a
+diligent examination of the treatise which contains the memorials
+concerning Crichton would show that it is strictly true." The censure
+uttered by Dr Kippis _is_ very severe, but some excuse for him is easily
+found. He was anxious to make his dictionary of biography a mine of
+facts on which the public could rely with absolute confidence; and he
+saw before him the danger of quoting as an authority a writer like
+Urquhart, who so palpably elongated facts and embroidered them with
+fancies. His opinion with regard to the _Pedigree_ of the Urquharts is
+given on p. 144.
+
+[208] _The Scot Abroad_, p. 256. In the _Adventurer_, No. 81, Dr Johnson
+has reproduced Sir Thomas Urquhart's narrative of the career of
+Crichton, but has toned down its glowing colours.
+
+[209] The reader will remember that this simply meant the "Wonderful
+Crichton"--this use of the word "admire" being now archaic.
+
+[210] The passage in Rabelais is as follows:--"Pantagruel ... would one
+day make trial of his knowledge. Thereupon in all the Carrefours, that
+is, throughout all the foure quarters, streets and corners of the city,
+he set up Conclusions to the number of nine thousand seven hundred sixty
+and foure,[A] in all manner of learning, touching in them the hardest
+doubts that are in any science. And first of all, in the
+Fodder-street[B] he held disputes against all the Regents or Fellowes of
+Colledges, Artists or Masters of Arts, and Oratours, and did so
+gallantly, that he overthrew them, and set them all upon their tailes.
+He went afterwards to the Sorboune, where he maintained argument against
+all the Theologians or Divines, for the space of six weeks, from foure a
+clock in the morning until six in the evening, except an interval of two
+houres to refresh themselves, and take their repast. And at this were
+present the greatest part of the Lords of the Court, the Masters of
+Requests, Presidents, Counsellors, those of the Accompts, Secretaries,
+Advocates, and others: as also the Sheriffes of the said town, with the
+Physicians and Professors of the Canon-Law. Amongst which it is to be
+remarked, that the greatest part were stubborn jades, and in their
+opinions obstinate; but he took such course with them, that, for all
+their ergo's and fallacies, he put their backs to the wall, gravelled
+them in the deepest questions, and made it visibly appear to the world,
+that, compared to him, they were but monkies, and a knot of mufled
+calves. Whereupon everybody began to keep a bustling noise, and talk of
+his so marvellous knowledge, through all degrees of persons in both
+sexes, even to the very laundresses, brokers, rostmeat-sellers,
+penknife-makers, and others, who, when he past along in the street,
+would say, This is he! in which he took delight, as Demosthenes the
+prince of Greek oratours did when an old crouching wife, pointing at him
+with her fingers, said, That is the man"[C] (ii. chap. 10).
+
+[A] Pico della Mirandola in the winter of 1486-87 offered to maintain at
+Rome 900 theses _de omni scitili_ (W. F. S.).
+
+[B] _Rue de la Feurre_ (near the Place Maubert) was the street in Paris
+where the poorer students used to lodge. It got its name because straw
+served them for beds and furniture. Dante says in _Par._ x. 137:
+
+    "Essa e la luce eterua di Sigieri,
+    Che, leggendo nel vico degli strami,
+    Sillogizzo invidiosi veri."
+
+                             (_Ibid._)
+
+[C] Cf. "At pulchrum est, digito monstrari, et dicier: Hic est" (_Pers._
+i. 28). (_Ibid._)
+
+[211] He says in reference to the whole history of Crichton: "The verity
+of this story I have here related, concerning this incomparable
+Crichton, may be certified by above two thousand men yet living, who
+have known him" (_Works_, p. 244). There can scarcely have been so many,
+unless centenarians were much commoner then than now.
+
+[212] "Thou didst swear to me upon a parcel-gilt goblet, sitting in my
+Dolphin-chamber, at the round table, by a sea-coal fire, upon Wednesday
+in Wheeson week, when the prince broke thy head for liking his father to
+a singing-man of Windsor; thou didst swear to me then, as I was washing
+thy wound, to marry me and make me my lady thy wife. Canst thou deny it?
+Did not good-wife Keech, the butcher's wife, come in then and call me
+gossip Quickly? coming in to borrow a mess of vinegar; telling us she
+had a good dish of prawns; whereby thou didst desire to eat some;
+whereby I told thee they were ill for a green wound! And didst thou not,
+when she was gone down stairs, desire me to be no more so familiarity
+with such poor people; saying that ere long they should call me madam?
+And didst thou not kiss me, and bid me fetch thee thirty shillings? I
+put thee now to thy book-oath: deny it, if thou canst" (_2 Henry IV._
+II. i.).
+
+[213] _Works_, p. 234.
+
+[214] _Ibid._ p. 243.
+
+[215] The italics are ours.
+
+[216] _Works_, p. 224. At one of Charles Lamb's Wednesday evenings in
+Mitre Court Building, Hazlitt tells us, "the name of the Admirable
+Crichton was suddenly started as a splendid example of _waste_ talents,
+so different from the generality of his countrymen." A North Briton
+present declared himself descended from that prodigy of learning and
+accomplishment, and said he had family plate in his possession as
+vouchers for the fact, with the initials engraved upon them of A.
+C.--"Admirable Crichton!" A phrenological report upon this gentleman by
+Charles Lamb would have enlarged "the public stock of harmless
+pleasure."
+
+[217] _Works_, p. 277. The charity which "believeth all things and
+hopeth all things," or the credulity which persuades itself of the truth
+of the things which it wishes to believe, is manifest in Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's estimate of the character of Charles II. Less charitable or
+more impartial critics are probably inclined to the opinion that the
+existence in that sovereign of a number of the above-mentioned virtues
+was as mythical as that of a good many of his "hundred and ten
+predecessors." So far as "comeliness" is concerned, Charles II. at a
+later period had a much humbler view of the matter than Sir Thomas here
+expresses. For he complained that when they wished to represent a
+villain on the stage they made up a figure somewhat like himself. See
+Cibber's _Apology_, p. 111.
+
+[218] _Works_, p. 212.
+
+[219] His unhappy prejudices against the Presbyterian clergy are
+irrepressible, for immediately after suggesting "a standing library in
+custody of the minister of the parish," he adds, "with this proviso,
+that none of the books should be embezeled by him or any of his
+successors" (_Works_, p. 282).
+
+[220] We have reason to be thankful to Sir Thomas for his kindness in
+refraining from the style of composition which he here indicates, for we
+can scarcely credit his assurance that the results would have been less
+terrifying than the description of the processes by which they would
+have been reached. There is no need for an apology, for he has really
+done pretty well as it is. Mr Ruskin had once a vision of ten thousand
+school-inspectors assembled on Cader Idris. What horror would seize such
+a company, if they were treated as a class in elementary English, and
+the above passage were read out as an exercise in dictation! Nay, it is
+to be feared that even the more august assembly in Dover House, the
+Lords of Education themselves, would be panic-stricken at such a task.
+Only Macaulay's "schoolboy" would probably be found to enter upon it
+with unblenched countenance, and to accomplish it successfully.
+
+[221] This reminds us of Bottom the weaver. "I will roar that I will do
+any man's heart good to hear me.... [Yet not to frighten the ladies.] I
+will aggravate my voice so that I will roar you as gently as any sucking
+dove: I will roar you an 'twere any nightingale" (_Midsummer-Night's
+Dream_, I. ii.).
+
+[222] _Works_, pp. 292, 293.
+
+[223] _Logopandecteision_, or an INTRODUCTION to the UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE.
+Digested into these Six several Books, Neaudethaumata, Chrestasebeia,
+Cleronomaporia, Chryseomystes, Neleodicastes, and Philoponauxesis. By
+Sir Thomas Urquhart of _Cromartie_, Knight. Now lately contrived and
+published, both for his own utilie, and that of all pregnant and
+ingenious Spirits. _Credere quaerenti nonne haic justissima res est? Qui
+non plura cupit, quam ratio ipsa jubet._ _Englished thus_, To grant him
+his demands, were it not just? Who craves no more, then [than] reason
+says he must. _London._ Printed, and are to be sold by _Giles Calvert_
+at the _Black Spread Eagle_ at the west-end of _Pauls_; and by _Richard
+Tomlins_ at the Sun and Bible near Pye-corner. 1653.
+
+[224] Eleven genders seem nine more than are necessary, and the use of
+such a large number suggests to one that in Sir Thomas's Universal
+Language the distinctions in question were to receive an undue amount of
+attention. At the same time, fault has been found with our English
+language for being somewhat defective in accentuating these
+distinctions; and an attempt to correct this shortcoming, to a certain
+extent, has been made by Southey in _The Doctor_. He proposed to
+anglicise the orthography of the female garment, "which is indeed the
+sister to the shirt," and then to utilise the hint offered in its new
+form: thus _Hemise_ and _Shemise_. In letter-writing every person knows
+that male and female letters have a distinct character; they should
+therefore, he thought, be generally distinguished thus, _Hepistle_ and
+_Shepistle_. And as there is the same marked difference in the writing
+of the two sexes, he proposed _Penmanship_ and _Penwomanship_. Erroneous
+opinions in religion being promulgated in this country by women as well
+as men, the teachers of such false doctrine may be divided into
+_Heresiarchs_ and _Sheresiarchs_, so that we should speak of the
+_Heresy_ of the Quakers and the _Sheresy_ of Joanna Southcote's people.
+The troublesome affection of the diaphragm, which every one has
+experienced, is, upon the same principle, to be called, according to the
+sex of the patient, _Hecups_, or _Shecups_, which, upon the principle of
+making our language truly British, is better than the more classical
+form of _Hiccups_ and _Haecups_. In its objective use the word becomes
+Hiscups or Hercups; and in like manner Histerics should be altered into
+Herterics, the complaint never being masculine. It is perhaps a little
+surprising that this suggestion should have lain before the British
+public for half a century, and have been left unutilised.
+
+[225] _Works_, pp. 316-318.
+
+[226] _Works_, pp. 316-318.
+
+[227] _Ibid._ p. 332.
+
+[228] _Scenes and Legends_, chap. vii.
+
+[229] A somewhat similar project was described in the Marquis of
+Worcester's _Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions_
+(1663), in which the steam-engine is anticipated. The passage is as
+follows:--"32. How to compose an universal character, methodical, and
+easie to be written, yet intelligible in any language; so that if an
+Englishman write it in English, a Frenchman, Italian, Spaniard, Irish,
+Welsh, being scholars, yea, Grecian or Hebritian, shall as perfectly
+understand it in their owne Tongue, as if they were perfect English,
+distinguishing the Verbs from the Nouns, the Numbers, Tenses, Cases as
+properly expressed in their own Language as it was written in English."
+
+A writer in _Blackwood's Magazine_ in 1820 affirms that he has good
+reasons for believing that the above volume was really by Sir Thomas
+Urquhart, and was dishonestly put forth as the work of the Marquis of
+Worcester. He does not give us any of his reasons. The style of the
+little volume bears no resemblance to that of our author, and this fact
+is of itself almost conclusive proof that Sir Thomas Urquhart had
+nothing to do with it. The Scottish knight could scarcely open his lips
+without revealing his identity. It is rather difficult to believe, too,
+that a manuscript lost by Sir Thomas in the streets of Worcester should
+have been picked up by the Marquis of Worcester. The coincidence would
+be a very extraordinary one.
+
+[230] Hear Heine's angry allusions to his early scholastic experiences,
+in which he suggests another and less honourable origin of the Greek
+tongue: "Vom Griechischen will ich gar nicht sprechen--ich aergere mich
+sonst zu viel. Die Moenche im Mittelalter hatten so ganz Unrecht nicht,
+wenn sie behaupteten, dass das Griechische eine Erfindung des Teufels
+sei" (_Das Buch Le Grand_, vii.).
+
+[231] Sanskrit, Old Persian, Lithuanian, and old Slavonic have the dual
+both in declension and conjugation, and in the first of these it is used
+much more frequently than in Greek. Faint traces of it in declension are
+to be found in Teutonic speech, though in conjugation it is only in the
+Gothic that the dual is used. In old Gaelic the dual is a regular
+feature of declension, but not of conjugation.
+
+
+
+
+                         CHAPTER VII
+
+                   TRANSLATION OF RABELAIS
+
+The foundation on which Sir Thomas Urquhart's literary fame securely
+rests is his translation into English of the first three books of the
+works of Rabelais. Of these the first and second appeared in two
+separate volumes in the year 1653--exactly a century after the death of
+the great French satirist--and the third was published by Pierre Antoine
+Motteux in 1693, long after Sir Thomas's own death.[232]
+
+The difficulty, singularity, and obscurity of the writings of Rabelais
+had probably been hindrances in the way of their being presented to the
+English public in their own tongue; for, though the register of the
+Stationers' Company preserves a record of two attempts at translation,
+these seem to have been but fragmentary, and to have dropped still-born
+from the press. The works themselves are not known to be extant, and
+nothing more than the bare name of them survives.
+
+The difficulties which lie in the way of the ordinary reader who wishes
+to become acquainted with the works of Rabelais are very
+considerable.[233] The fantastical style of the satirist, his countless
+allusions to contemporary persons and events, his out-of-the-way
+learning, the care with which he conceals at such length the seriousness
+of his purpose, and the incredible grossness of manners which so often
+disfigures his pages, are obstacles which can with difficulty be
+surmounted. The last-mentioned characteristic is, indeed, a grave and
+ingrained fault, which must for ever be a slur upon the writer's fame.
+Yet we may say of him what Don Pedro says of Benedick, "The man doth
+fear God howsoever it seems not in him by some large jests he will
+make"; or what Mrs Blower in _St Ronan's Well_ says of her deceased
+husband, "He was a merry man, but he had the root of the matter in him
+for a' his light way of speaking." Coleridge--"the brother," according
+to Mr Birrell, "whose praise is throughout all the churches"--speaks of
+Rabelais in very high terms indeed; "Beyond a doubt," he says, "he was
+among the deepest, as well as boldest thinkers of his age. His
+buffoonery was not merely Brutus' rough stick, which contained a rod of
+gold: it was necessary as an amulet against the monks and legates.[234]
+Never was there a more plausible, and seldom, I am persuaded, a less
+appropriate line than the thousand times quoted
+
+            'Rabelais laughing in his easy chair'
+
+of Mr Pope. The caricature of his filth and zanyism show how fully he
+both knew and felt the danger in which he stood. I could write a
+treatise in praise of the moral elevation of Rabelais' work, which would
+make the church stare and the conventicle groan,[235] and yet would be
+truth, and nothing but the truth. I class Rabelais with the great
+creative minds of the world, Shakespeare, Dante, Cervantes, etc."
+
+Francois Rabelais was born in Touraine, according to the date usually
+given, and which there is no reason to question, in the same year as
+Luther and Raphael, A.D. 1483, and died in Paris in 1553. His father had
+a small estate, and was an apothecary (or, as some say, a tavern-keeper)
+in the town of Chinon, at the foot of the castle where, three centuries
+before, our Henry II. had died, and whither, a little more than fifty
+years before Francois was born, Joan of Arc had come with promises of
+supernatural aid to Charles VII. He was the youngest of five sons, and,
+as was often the case in those days, was provided for by being made a
+monk, while the other members of the family divided amongst them the
+paternal estate. In one passage in his works he speaks of mothers who
+"cannot bear their children nor brook them in their houses nine, nay
+often not seven years, but by putting a shirt over their robe, and by
+cutting a few hairs on the top of their head ... they transform them
+into birds," _i.e._, get rid of them as soon as possible, and thrust
+them into monasteries. This seems to have been his own sad fate.
+
+In course of time, after the schoolboy period of his life was past, he
+entered the order of Franciscan monks at the convent of
+Fontenay-le-Comte in Poitou, and took holy orders; and it was here,
+during the next fifteen years (1509-1524), that he devoted himself to
+the acquisition of everything in the shape of literature or learning,
+and laid the foundation of the astonishing erudition which his works
+display. His long residence in the monastery had inspired Rabelais with
+a deep hatred of monasticism and monks, and, after being allowed to
+exchange the Franciscan for the Benedictine order, he laid down the
+regular habit and took that of a secular priest, and left the convent
+without the sanction of his superior--a breach of ecclesiastical
+discipline which exposed him to severe censure. After wandering hither
+and thither in the pursuit of medical knowledge, he entered the
+University of Montpellier, graduated as a physician, and practised there
+with credit and success. After being Hospital Physician at Lyons, he
+spent some time in Rome, as a medical attendant upon Jean du Bellay,
+Bishop of Paris. While here he succeeded in making his peace with the
+Church, and by a papal Bull (17th January 1536) was allowed to return to
+the Benedictine order and to practise physic according to canonical
+rules, _i.e._, to charge no fees and to use neither fire nor knife. This
+release from ecclesiastical disabilities allowed him to be appointed to
+a place in the abbey of St Maur-des-Fosses, near Paris. After another
+period of exile and wandering he was nominated cure of Meudon, an office
+which he resigned after two years. Three months afterwards he died in
+Paris (9th April, 1553), and was buried in the cemetery of the parish of
+St Paul's.
+
+The publication of the satirical writings of Rabelais was spread over a
+long series of years, from 1532 or 1533, when the first installment, in
+his _Gargantua_, was brought out, down to 1564, eleven years after his
+death, when the fifth and concluding book of his _Pantagruel_ was issued
+in its entirety. The main object of his satire was what used to be
+called "the intolerance, superstition, and disgusting follies and vices
+of the Romish Church," but, incidentally, pretenders to knowledge of
+every kind come under his lash. For when imposture, folly, and humbug
+grow too rank and noisome, there arise, it can scarcely be by accident,
+men like Lucian, Rabelais, and Voltaire, whose calling it is to cut them
+down. That theirs is an ill-requited office is sufficiently plain from
+the odium which, in spite of their beneficent labours, is often
+associated with their names. "[Hast thou] only a torch for burning, no
+hammer for building?" says the somewhat wearisome Herr Teufelsdroeckh to
+the last named of these satirists, "take our thanks, then, and--thyself
+away."[236] Yet the torch for burning is as necessary as the hammer for
+building, if the site for the Temple of Truth is to be prepared. It may
+well be that burning down and rooting up are needed before building can
+be begun, and some of those who have endeavoured to benefit mankind
+have felt themselves called to the one sort of work rather than to the
+other.
+
+The form which Rabelais chooses for the frame-work of his satire is the
+burlesque adventures of the giant Gargantua, of whom many legends were
+current in Touraine, and of his son Pantagruel, sometimes spoken of as
+also a giant, and at others as a wise and virtuous prince of ordinary
+proportions. Along with the strange, tangled, and chaotic story of their
+exploits the writer from time to time enunciates admirable ideas, which
+must have seemed revolutionary to his contemporaries, and some of which
+even we have not yet realised.
+
+The translation of Rabelais by Sir Thomas Urquhart is his great literary
+achievement. "It is impossible," says Tytler, "to look into it without
+admiring the air of ease, freshness, and originality which the
+translator has so happily communicated to his performance. All those
+singular qualifications which unfitted Urquhart to succeed in serious
+composition--his extravagance, his drollery (?), his unbridled
+imagination, his burlesque and endless epithets--are in the task of
+translating Rabelais transplanted into their true field of action, and
+revel through his pages with a licence and buoyancy which is quite
+unbridled, yet quite allowable. Indeed, Urquhart and Rabelais appear, in
+many points, to have been congenial spirits, and the translator seems to
+have been born for his author."[237]
+
+As might have been expected, the translation is not marked by painful
+exactness of rendering. On the contrary, evidences of carelessness and
+inaccuracy are by no means uncommon, but yet the work is, as some one
+calls it, "one of the most perfect transfusions of an author from one
+language to another,[238] that ever man accomplished." The great merits
+of the translation consist in its preserving the very air and style of
+the original, and in the astonishing richness of vocabulary which it
+manifests. Where Rabelais invents a word, Sir Thomas invents one, or
+two, or three; and if the former has a list of twenty or thirty
+epithets, the latter has no hesitation in supplying his readers with
+forty or sixty, which seem quite as good as the original stock which he
+thus enlarges. Sometimes, too, as Mr W. F. Smith, a very distinguished
+student of Rabelais, remarks, "in translating a single word of the
+French he often empties all the synonyms given by Cotgrave into his
+version."
+
+Mr Tytler, in the above-quoted criticism on Urquhart's translation,
+speaks of the peculiarities of his style as "revelling through his pages
+with a licence and buoyancy which is quite unbridled, yet quite
+allowable." One is obliged to demur to the last adjective. A translator,
+like a compositor, should be under some obligation to adhere to the text
+before him; and, as a matter of fact, the success of Urquhart's version
+is occasionally interfered with by this same "unbridled revelling." The
+style of Rabelais is graphic and vigorous, and at times exceedingly
+graceful, and occupies a high place in French literature. Any tampering
+with it, therefore, in the way of alteration or addition, was not likely
+to be an improvement.
+
+But, even after all deductions are made, the praise bestowed upon
+Urquhart's work has been fully deserved. "The buoyancy and unembarrassed
+sweep of its general character," says Sir Theodore Martin, "which gives
+his Rabelais more the look of an original than of a translation, its
+rich and well-compacted diction, the many happy turns of phrase that are
+quite his own, have fairly earned for it the high estimation in which it
+has long been held. His task was one of extreme difficulty, and there
+have perhaps been few men besides himself that could have brought to it
+the world of omnigenous knowledge which it required. It was apparently
+Urquhart's ambition to realise in his own person the ideal of human
+accomplishment, to be at once
+
+    'Complete in feature and in mind,
+    With all good grace to grace a gentleman.'
+
+He had left no source of information unexplored, few aspects of life
+unobserved, and, in the translation of Rabelais, he found full exercise
+for his multiform attainments. Ably as the work has been completed by
+Motteux, one cannot but regret that the worthy Knight of Cromarty had
+not spared him the task."[239]
+
+The merits of the translation can scarcely be exhibited in selections
+torn from their context, and perhaps only partly intelligible; but
+perhaps the following may be welcome to the reader. Let us take these
+extracts from the graceful and charming sketch of the Abbey of Thelema,
+which was to be different from all other monastic communities, and was
+to be the home of a society of young people living together in all
+innocence and joy, free from sordid cares, and devoted to the studies,
+exercises, and accomplishments which are appropriate to refined and
+noble spirits.
+
+"'First, then,' said Gargantua, 'you must not build a wall about your
+convent, for all other abbies are strongly walled and mured about....
+Moreover, seeing there are certain convents in the world, whereof the
+custome is, if any woman come in, I mean chaste and honest women, they
+immediately sweep the ground which they have trod upon;[240] therefore
+was it ordained, that if any man or woman, entered into religious
+orders, should by chance come within this new abbey, all the roomes
+should be thoroughly washed and cleansed through which they had passed.
+And because in all other monasteries and nunneries all is compassed,
+limited, and regulated by houres, it was decreed that in this new
+structure there should be neither clock nor dial, but that, according to
+the opportunities and incident occasions, all their hours should be
+disposed of; for,' said Gargantua, 'the greatest losse of time, that I
+know, is to count the hours. What good comes of it? Nor can there be any
+greater dotage in the world then [than] for one to guide and direct his
+courses by the sound of a bell, and not by his owne judgement and
+discretion.'
+
+"Item, Because at that time they put no women into nunneries, but such
+as were either purblind, blinkards, lame, crooked, ill-favoured,
+misshapen, fooles, senselesse, spoyled, or corrupt; nor encloystered any
+men, but those that were either sickly, ill-bred lowts, simple sots, or
+peevish trouble-houses; ... therefore was it ordained, that into this
+religious order should be admitted no women that were not faire, well
+featur'd, and of a sweet disposition; nor men that were not comely,
+personable, and well conditioned.
+
+"Item, Because in the convents of women men come not but under-hand,
+privily, and by stealth, it was therefore enacted, that in this house
+there shall be no women in case there be not men, nor men in case there
+be not women.
+
+"Item, Because both men and women, that are received into religious
+orders after the expiring of their noviciat or probation-year, were
+constrained and forced perpetually to stay there all the days of their
+life, it was therefore ordered, that all whatever, men or women,
+admitted within this abbey, should have full leave to depart with peace
+and contentment, whensoever it should seem good to them so to do.
+
+"Item, for that the religious men and women did ordinarily make three
+vows, to wit, those of chastity, poverty, and obedience, it was
+therefore constituted and appointed, that in this convent they might be
+honourably married, that they might be rich, and live at liberty.
+
+"In regard of the legitimat time of the persons to be initiated, and
+years under and above which they were not capable of reception, the
+women were to be admitted from ten till fifteen, and the men from
+twelve till eighteen."[241]
+
+After an elaborate description of the magnificence of the abbey and of
+its endowments, and of the apparel worn by the members of the new order,
+we are told of "_how the Thelemites were governed, and of their manner
+of living_." "All their life," we read, "was spent not in lawes,
+statutes, or rules, but according to their own free will and pleasure.
+They rose out of their beds, when they thought good; they did eat,
+drink, labour, sleep, when they had a minde to it, and were disposed for
+it. None did awake them, none did offer to constrain them to eat, drink,
+nor to do any other thing; for so had Gargantua established it. In all
+their rule, and strictest tie of their order, there was but this one
+clause to be observed,
+
+                      DO WHAT THOU WILT;
+
+Because men that are free, well-borne, well-bred, and conversant in
+honest companies, have naturally an instinct and spurre that prompteth
+them unto vertuous actions, and withdraws them from vice, which is
+called honour. Those same men when by base subjection and constraint
+they are brought under and kept down, turn aside from that noble
+disposition, by which they formerly were inclined to vertue, to shake
+off and break that bond of servitude, wherein they are so tyrannously
+inslaved; for it is agreeable with the nature of man to long after
+things forbidden, and to desire what is denied us.[242]
+
+"By this liberty they entered into a very laudable emulation, to do all
+of them what they saw did please one. If any of the gallants or ladies
+should say, Let us drink, they would all drink. If any one of them said,
+Let us play, they all played. If one said, Let us go a-walking into the
+fields, they went all. If it were to go a-hawking or a-hunting, the
+ladies mounted upon dainty, well-paced nags, seated in a stately palfrey
+saddle,[243] carried on their lovely fists, miniardly begloved every one
+of them, either a sparhawk, or a laneret, or a marlin, and the young
+gallants carried the other kinds of hawkes. So nobly were they taught,
+that there was neither he nor she amongst them but could read, write,
+sing, play upon several musical instruments, speak five or sixe several
+languages, and compose in them all very quaintly, both in verse and
+prose. Never were seen so valiant knights, so noble and worthy, so
+dextrous and skilful both on foot and a horseback, more brisk and
+lively, more nimble and quick, or better handling all manner of weapons
+then [than] were there. Never were seene ladies so proper[244] and
+handsome, so miniard and dainty, lesse froward, or more ready with their
+hand, and with their needle, in every honest and free action belonging
+to that sexe, then [than] were there. For this reason, when the time
+came, that any man of the said abbey, either at the request of his
+parents, or for some other cause, had a minde to go out of it, he
+carried along with him one of the ladies, namely, her whom he had before
+that chosen for his mistris,[245] and [they] were married together. And
+if they had formerly in Theleme lived in good devotion and amity, they
+did continue therein and increase it to a greater height in their state
+of matrimony: and did entertaine that mutual love till the very last day
+of their life, in no lesse vigour and fervency, then [than] at the very
+day of their wedding."[246]
+
+Such is the dream which floated before the mind of Rabelais, but,
+unhappily, it is still an airy fancy, and has never received a local
+habitation and a name. Mrs Grundy, the vegetarians, the teetotallers,
+the anti-tobacco people, and the enemies of "rational costume" have up
+to the present forbidden the erection of any such building.
+
+One of the most prominent figures in the story of Pantagruel is his
+favourite, Panurge, who is a rogue, a drunkard, a coward, and a
+malicious scoundrel, but who yet, like Falstaff, in spite of all his
+moral deficiencies, manages to appear as an amusing personage. Into his
+lips is put, with a fine disregard of congruity, an eloquent speech,
+which begins in praise of debt, and ends by setting forth the
+interdependence of all things in the universe. Panurge is represented as
+having threescore and three ways of making money, and two hundred and
+fourteen of spending it, so that he is always poor, and his sovereign
+Pantagruel remonstrates with him on account of his prodigal habits.
+
+He replies as follows: "Be still indebted to somebody or other, that
+there may be somebody always to pray for you; [to pray] that the giver
+of all good things may grant unto you a blessed, long, and prosperous
+life; fearing, if fortune should deal crossly with you, that it might be
+his chance to come short of being paid by you, he will always speak good
+of you in every company, ever and anon purchase new creditors unto you;
+to the end, that through their means you may make a shift by borrowing
+from Peter to pay Paul,[247] and with other folk's earth fill up his
+ditch. When of old in the region of the Gauls, by the institution of the
+Druids,[248] the servants, slaves, and bondmen were burnt quick at the
+funerals and obsequies of their lords and masters, had not they fear
+enough, think you, that their lords and masters should die? For, per
+force, they were to die with them for company. Did not they uncessantly
+send up their supplications to their great God Mercury,[249] as likewise
+unto Dis, the Father of Wealth,[250] to lengthen out their days, and
+preserve them long in health? Were not they very careful to entertain
+them well, punctually to look unto them, and to attend them faithfully
+and circumspectly? For by those means were they to live together at
+least until the hour of death. Believe me your creditors with a more
+fervent devotion will beseech [Providence] to prolong your life, they
+being of nothing more afraid than that you should die.... I, in this
+only respect and consideration of being a debtor, esteem myself
+worshipful, reverend, and formidable. For, against the opinion of most
+philosophers, that of nothing ariseth nothing, yet, without having
+bottomed on so much as that which is called the First Matter [Primary
+Matter], did I out of nothing become such [a] maker and creator, that I
+have created--what?--a gay number of fair and jolly creditors. Nay,
+creditors, I will maintain it, even to the very fire itself
+exclusively,[251] are fair and goodly creatures. Who lendeth nothing is
+an ugly and wicked creature.... You can hardly imagine how glad I am,
+when every morning I perceive myself environed and surrounded with
+brigades of creditors,--humble, fawning, and full of their reverences.
+And whilst I remark that, as I look more favourably upon, and give a
+chearfuller countenance to one than to the other, the fellow thereupon
+buildeth a conceit that he shall be the first dispatched, and the
+foremost in the date of payment; and he valueth my smiles at the rate of
+ready money.... I have all my lifetime held debt to be as an union or
+conjunction of the heavens with the earth, and the whole cement whereby
+the race of mankind is kept together;[252] yea, of such vertue and
+efficacy, that, I say, the whole progeny of Adam would very suddenly
+perish without it."
+
+He then goes on to describe a world in which there are no debtors and no
+debts. There will be no regular course among the planets, but all will
+be in disorder. Jupiter, reckoning himself to be nothing indebted to
+Saturn, will go near to thrust him out of his place; Saturn and Mars
+will combine to promote the confusion; Mercury, being debtor to no one,
+will no longer serve any; Venus, because she shall have lent nothing,
+will no longer be venerated. "The moon," he says, "will remain bloody
+and obscure. For to what end should the sun impart unto her any of his
+light?[253] He owed her nothing. Nor yet will the sun shine upon the
+earth, nor the stars send down any good influence,[254] because the
+terrestrial globe hath desisted from sending up their wonted nourishment
+by vapours and exhalations, wherewith Heraclitus said, the Stoicks
+proved, Cicero maintained, they were cherished and alimented.... No rain
+will descend upon the earth, nor light shine thereon; no wind will blow
+there, nor will there be in it any summer or harvest.... Such a world
+without lending will be no better than a dog-kennel, a place of
+contention and wrangling.... Men will not then salute one another; it
+will be but lost labour to expect aid or succour from any, or to cry
+fire, water, murther, for none will put to their helping hand. Why? He
+lent no money, there is nothing due to him. Nobody is concerned in his
+burning, in his shipwrack, in his ruine, or in his death; and that
+because he hitherto hath lent nothing, and would never thereafter have
+lent anything. In short, Faith, Hope, and Charity would be quite
+banish'd from such a world--for men are born to relieve and assist one
+another."
+
+"But, on the contrary," he went on to say, "be pleased to represent
+unto your fancy another world, wherein every one lendeth, and everyone
+oweth, all are debtors, and all creditors. O how great will that harmony
+be, which shall thereby result from the regular motions of the heavens!
+Methinks I hear it every whit as well as ever Plato did.[255] What
+sympathy will there be amongst the elements! O how delectable then unto
+nature will be our own works and productions! Whilst Ceres appeareth
+loaden with corn, Bacchus with wines, Flora with flowers, Pomona with
+fruits, and Juno fair in a clear air, wholsom and pleasant. I lose
+myself in this high contemplation. Then will among the race of mankind,
+peace, love, benevolence, fidelity, tranquillity, rests, banquets,
+feastings, joy, gladness, gold, silver, single money [small change],
+chains, rings, with other ware, and chaffer of that nature, be found to
+trot from hand to hand. No suits at law, no wars, no strife, debate, nor
+wrangling; none will be there an usurer, none will be there a
+pinch-penny, a scrape-good wretch, or churlish hard-hearted refuser.
+Will not this be the golden age in the reign of Saturn?--the true idea
+of the Olympick regions, wherein all [other] vertues cease, charity
+alone ruleth, governeth, domineereth, and triumpheth? All will be fair
+and goodly people there, all just and vertuous. O happy world! O people
+of that world most happy! Yea, thrice and four times blessed is that
+people! I think in very deed that I am amongst them."[256]
+
+In one curious passage Sir Thomas Urquhart amplifies the text of the
+author whom he translates, and supplies his readers with an astonishing
+list of onomatopoeic words, many of which will probably be new to those
+who have not come across this passage before. Rabelais has nine of these
+words, but the translator[257] enlarges the list to seventy-one.
+Pantagruel is arguing against fasting and solitude as aids to a
+contemplative life, and quotes the authority of his father Gargantua.
+
+"He [Gargantua] gave us also," he said, "the example of the philosopher,
+who, when he thought most seriously to have withdrawn himself unto a
+solitary privacy, far from the rusling clutterments of the tumultuous
+and confused world, the better to improve his theory, to contrive,
+comment, and ratiocinate, was, notwithstanding his uttermost endeavours
+to free himself from all untoward noises, surrounded and environ'd about
+so with the barking of currs [bawling of mastiffs, bleating of sheep,
+prating of parrets, tatling of jack-daws, grunting of swine, girning of
+boars, yelping of foxes, mewing of cats, cheeping of mice, squeaking of
+weasils, croaking of frogs, crowing of cocks, kekling of hens, calling
+of partridges, chanting of swans, chattering of jays, peeping of
+chickens, singing of larks, creaking of geese, chirping of swallows,
+clucking of moorfowls, cucking of cuckos, bumling of bees, rammage of
+hawks, chirming of linots, croaking of ravens, screeching of owls,
+whicking of pigs, gushing of hogs, curring of pigeons, grumbling of
+cushet-doves, howling of panthers, curkling of quails, chirping of
+sparrows, crackling of crows, nuzzing of camels, wheening of whelps,
+buzzing of dromedaries, mumbling of rabets, cricking of ferrets, humming
+of wasps, mioling of tygers, bruzzing of bears, sussing of kitnings,
+clamring of scarfes, whimpring of fullmarts, boing of buffaloes,
+warbling of nightingales, quavering of meavises, drintling of turkies,
+coniating of storks, frantling of peacocks, clattering of mag-pyes,
+murmuring of stock-doves, crouting of cormorants, cigling of locusts,
+charming of beagles, guarring of puppies, snarling of messens, rantling
+of rats, guerieting of apes, snuttering of monkies, pioling of
+pelicanes, quecking of ducks], yelling of wolves, roaring of lions,
+neighing of horses, crying of elephants, hissing of serpents, and
+wailing of turtles, that he was much more troubled than if he had been
+in the middle of the crowd at the fair of Fontenay or Niort."[258] In
+spite of the amplification of the original text of Rabelais, two of the
+sounds are omitted--"the braying of asses," and the noise made by
+grass-hoppers (_sonnent les eigales_), which we might have called
+"chirping," if the swallows and sparrows had not taken possession of
+that term.
+
+As already stated, the first two books were all that were published in
+the lifetime of Sir Thomas Urquhart. They appeared as separate volumes
+in 1653. The unsold stock of each was reissued in 1664, in one volume,
+an additional title-page, an extra preface, and a life of Rabelais being
+prefixed to them. The volume became very scarce, and in 1693-94 Pierre
+Antoine Motteux, a Frenchman, who was master of exceedingly racy and
+idiomatic English, published an edition containing the third book. This
+was extremely inaccurate, so far as typography was concerned, and gave
+the public the version of Sir Thomas Urquhart with certain unspecified
+changes made by the editor in order to impart to it additional
+"smartness." In 1708 Motteux published a complete translation of
+Rabelais, the version of the fourth and fifth books being supplied by
+himself,[259] as supplementary to Urquhart's work. After the death of
+Motteux, a somewhat pretentious editor named Ozell[260] brought out the
+combined versions, with notes principally taken from the French of
+Duchat, and this has been reprinted time after time since its first
+appearance in 1737.
+
+At least seventeen editions of Urquhart's work, either by itself or with
+Motteux's supplementary matter, have been issued since his day, and
+there is no sign of its fame waxing dim through the lapse of time; and
+therefore the immortality after which he longed has in a measure been
+won by him. And so, once more before we take our leave of him, we look
+again into the twilight of the past, and see his striking figure--the
+soldier, the scholar, and the author--crowned with the wreath which his
+own hands have placed upon his brows, but which succeeding generations
+declare him worthy to bear.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[232] The title-page of the first book does not contain Sir Thomas
+Urquhart's name, but on it is his motto ("Mean, speak, and do well"). It
+runs as follows:--"The first Book of the Works of MR. FRANCIS RABELAIS,
+Doctor in Physick: Containing Five Books of the Lives, Heroick Deeds,
+and Sayings of GARGANTUA and his Sonne PANTAGRUEL. Together with the
+Pantagrueline Prognostication, the Oracle of the divine Bacbuc, and
+response of the bottle. Hereunto are annexed the Navigations unto the
+sounding Isle and the Isle of the Apedefts: as likewise the
+Philosophical cream with a Limosin Epistle. All done by Mr. Francis
+Rabelais, in the French Tongue, and now faithfully translated into
+English. eunoei ehyloge kai ehypratte. London, Printed for Richard
+Baddeley, within the Middle Templegate. 1653." On the title-page of the
+second book are the translator's initials, S, T. V. C. (Sir Thomas
+Urquhart of Cromartie). While on that of the third book we have his name
+in full: "Now faithfully translated into English by the unimitable pen
+of Sir Thomas Urwhart, Kt. and Bar. The Translator of the Two First
+Books. Never before Printed. London: Printed for Richard Baldwin, near
+the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, 1693." Copies of the first and second
+books of the above date are in the British Museum, but erroneously
+catalogued--not under Urquhart, but only under C., S. T. V. A second
+edition of them both seems from the Bodleian Catalogue to have been
+published in 1664. Both are very rare, it is said, owing to the
+destruction caused by the fire of London in 1666.
+
+[233] For those who are not special students, adequate information
+concerning Rabelais and extracts from his works are to be got in Sir
+Walter Besant's luminous and charming volume in the series of Foreign
+Classics for English Readers (Blackwood), and in Morley's _Universal
+Library_ (Routledge). In one of his poems Browning describes the steps
+taken by a reader to banish the memory of a dreary pedant, whose book he
+had been perusing. He says:
+
+    "Then I went indoors, brought out a loaf,
+      Half a cheese, and a bottle of Chablis;
+    Lay on the grass, and forgot the loaf
+      Over a jolly chapter of Rabelais."
+
+Some have turned over Rabelais and searched for the jolly chapter in
+vain, and have, perhaps, attributed their failure to the want of a
+bottle of Chablis.
+
+[234] This is somewhat doubtful. The Sorbonne and the Parliaments might
+have been moved by ultra-orthodox opponents to prosecute Rabelais on
+this account. The true explanation seems to be that the form of his book
+was popular, and the popular French literature of the Middle
+Ages--fableaux, farces, and burlesque romances--can hardly be exceeded
+in the matter of coarseness (_Ency. Brit._, "Rabelais").
+
+[235] This is surely an early allusion to the superior sensitiveness on
+some points of the "_Nonconformist Conscience_." The fact alluded to
+should inspire joy rather than call forth sneers, for when a conscience
+becomes sensitive on some points there are reasonable hopes of its
+becoming sensitive on others.
+
+[236] _Sartor Resartus_, chap. ix.
+
+[237] _Life of Crichton_, p. 182.
+
+[238] In addition to any aid Urquhart may have received from friends who
+were intimately acquainted with the French language, he was deeply
+indebted to Cotgrave's French Dictionary, published in 1611, and
+dedicated to "Sir William Cecil, Knight, Lord Burghley, and sonne and
+heir apparant unto the Earle of Exeter," _i.e._, the grandson of Queen
+Elizabeth's Lord Burghley.
+
+[239] _Rabelais_, p. xxi.
+
+[240] _I.e._ the Carthusians: like their impudence!
+
+[241] Book i. chap. 52.
+
+[242] "_Nitimur in vetitum, semper cupimus negata_" (Ovid, Amor. iii. 4,
+17).
+
+[243] _Avec leur palefroy guorrier_--rather, "with their prancing
+palfrey." Guorrier from Gr. gaurost--haughty.
+
+[244] Cf. Heb. xi. 23, "a proper child."
+
+[245] _Celle laquelle l'auroit prins pour son devot_--rather, "her, who
+had chosen him as her devoted servant."
+
+[246] Book i. chap. 57.
+
+[247] Fr. _faire versure_ = Lat. _facere versuram_ (Cic. Att. v. 1, Sec.
+2), to borrow money to pay another debt (F. W. S.).
+
+[248] Caes. B. G. vi. 19.
+
+[249] "_Deum maxime Mercurium colunt_" (B. G. vi. 17) (Ibid.).
+
+[250] "_Galli se omnes ab Dite patre prognatos dicunt_" (B. G. vi. 18).
+Dis is called _pere des escuz_, as identical with Plutus, the god of
+hidden wealth (_Ibid._).
+
+[251] _Exclusively_, _i.e._, "I will affirm it, but not go to the stake
+for it" (F. W. S.).
+
+[252] A fine passage in one of South's _Sermons_ was evidently suggested
+by the above chapter in Rabelais. "The World is maintained by
+Intercourse; and the whole Course of Nature is a great Exchange, in
+which one good Turn is and ought to be the stated Price of another. If
+you consider the Universe as one Body, you shall find Society and
+Conversation to supply the Office of the Blood and Spirits; and it is
+Gratitude that makes them circulate. Look over the whole Creation, and
+you shall see that the Band or Cement that holds together all the Parts
+of this great and glorious Fabric is Gratitude, or something like it:
+you may observe it in all the Elements, for does not the Air feed the
+Flame? and does not the Flame at the same time warm and enlighten the
+Air? Is not the Sea always sending forth, as well as taking in? And does
+not the Earth quit scores with all the Elements, in the noble Fruits and
+Productions that issue from it? And in all the Light and Influence that
+the Heavens bestow upon this lower World, though the lower World cannot
+equal their Benefaction, yet with a Kind of grateful Return, it reflects
+those Rays that it cannot recompense: so that there is some Return
+however, though there can be no Requital.... In short, Gratitude is the
+great Spring that sets all the Wheels of Nature agoing; and the whole
+Universe is supported by giving and returning, by Commerce and
+Commutation. And now, thou ungrateful Brute, thou Blemish to Mankind,
+and Reproach to thy Creation; what shall we say of thee, or to what
+shall we compare thee? For thou art an Exception from all the visible
+World; neither the Heavens above nor the Earth beneath afford anything
+like thee: and therefore, if thou wouldest find thy Parallel, go to
+Hell, which is both the Region and the Emblem of Ingratitude; for
+besides thyself, there is nothing but Hell that is always receiving and
+never restoring" (I. SERM. xi. "_Of the odious Sin of Ingratitude_").
+
+[253] "Nec fratris radiis obnoxia surgere Luna" (Virg. _Georg._ i. 396)
+(F. W. S.).
+
+[254] _Influence_, much used as an astrological term. Cf. Milton:
+
+                  "Taught the fix'd
+    their _influence_ malignant when to shower."
+
+                                         _Par. Lost_, x. 662.
+
+ "Bending one way their precious _influence_."
+
+                            _Hymn on the Nativity_, 71.
+                                             (_Ibid._).
+
+[255] _Plato_ never pretends that the "music of the spheres" can be
+heard. He adopts the theory to some extent from the Pythagoreans.
+Aristotle (_de Coelo_, ii. 9), that the noise caused by the movements of
+the heavenly bodies is so prodigious and continuous, that, being
+accustomed to it from our birth, we do not notice it. The only notice in
+Plato that can be construed into a statement about audible music of the
+spheres is in _Rep._ x., where he speaks of a siren standing upon each
+of the circles of the planetary system uttering one note in one tone;
+and from all the eight notes there results a single harmony (F. W. S.).
+
+[256] Book iii. chaps. 3, 4.
+
+[257] It is quite possible that Motteux, who published the third book of
+Rabelais after Urquhart's death, is responsible for some of the
+interpolations.
+
+[258] Book iii. chap 13. _Fontenay le Comte_ in Lower Poitou and _Niort_
+were noted for their busy yearly fairs. There can be doubt that the
+above passage was suggested to Rabelais by what St Jerome records of the
+experience of St Hilarion in the desert. "Sic attentuatus," he says,
+"[jejunio et vigiliis], et in tantum exeto corpore, ut ossibus vix
+haereret, quadam nocte coepit infantum audire vagitus, balatus pecorum,
+mugitus boum, planctum quasi mulierum, leonum rugitus, murmur exercitus,
+et prorsus variarum portenta vocum," etc. (_Vita Sancti Hilarionis_). In
+Burton's _Anatomy of Melancholy_ (iii. 4. 1. 2) there is the following
+reference to the same passage: "Monks, Anachorites, and the like, after
+much emptiness become melancholy, vertiginous, they think they hear
+strange noises, confer with Hob-goblins, Devils.... _Hilarion_, as
+_Hierome_ reports in his life, and _Athanasius of Antonius_, was so bare
+with fasting, _that the skin did scarce stick to the bones_; for want of
+vapours (_sic_) he could not sleep, and for want of sleep became
+idle-headed, _heard every night infants cry, Oxen low, Wolves howl,
+Lions roar (as he thought), clattering of chains, strange voices, and
+the like illusions of Devils_." It is probable also that Rabelais had
+read the following passage in the _Life of Geta_, by AElius Spartianus
+(c. A.D. 317): "Familiare illi fuit has quaestiones grammaticis
+proponere, ut dicerent, singula animalia quomodo vocem emitterent,
+velut, Agni balant, porcelli grumniunt, palumbes minurriunt, ursi
+saeviunt, leones rugiunt, leopardi rictant, elephanti barriunt, ranae
+coaxant, equi hinniunt, asini rudunt, tauri mugiunt, easque de veteribus
+approbare." Nor is it likely that Rabelais was unacquainted with the
+verses in Teofilo Folengo's (1491-1544) _Merlini Cocaii Macaronicon_,
+which run thus:
+
+    "Nam Leo rugitum mittit, Lupus ac ululatum,
+    Bos boat, et uitrescit equus, Gallusque cucullat,
+    Sgnavolat et Gattus, baiat Canis, Ursus adirat,
+    Rancagat Oca, rudit Mullus, sed raggiat Asellus;
+    Denique quodque animal propria cum voce gridabat."
+
+                                      _Macaronea_, xx.
+
+[259] In the introduction to this volume Motteux says that Sir Thomas
+Urquhart was "a learned physician." It is difficult to understand what
+could have given rise to such a statement. Sir Thomas had many projects
+for the benefit of the human race, but there is no evidence of his ever
+having cherished that of combating disease. One cannot help thinking of
+the magniloquent terms in which he would have extolled his remedies, if
+the fates had led him to the concoction of patent medicines. It is
+doubtful, however, whether he would have had what is technically known
+as "a good bed-side manner." It is quite possible that Motteux simply
+meant that Sir Thomas was well acquainted with medical science, and not
+that he was a physician by profession. Yet his words have often been
+understood as asserting the latter. Thus we find the erroneous statement
+in Granger's _Biographical Dictionary_, the Amsterdam (1741) edition of
+Rabelais, and Sir John Hawkins' _Life of Johnson_, p. 294.
+
+[260] Both Ozell and Motteux figure in Pope's _Dunciad_, in i. 296, and
+ii. 412, respectively.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDICES
+
+I. PRIMITIVE FATHERS AND MOTHERS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART.
+
+II. THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I
+
+ THE NAMES OF THE CHIEFS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART, AND OF THEIR PRIMITIVE
+     FATHERS; as by Authentick Records and Tradition they were from time
+     to time through the various Generations of that Family successively
+     conveyed, till the present yeer 1652 (p. 143).
+
+     The ancestors of Sir Thomas, for whose existence there is evidence
+     apart from his assertions, are indicated by their names being
+     printed in italics. If the editor of the _Tracts_ (1774) were to
+     believed, the italics would have to begin with George, No. 138 in
+     the list. The fact that the names in this list are more numerous
+     than those in the list which follows, is to be explained by
+     brothers succeeding each other occasionally, when there was no son
+     to inherit the dignity of chieftainship.
+
+ 1. _Adam._
+ 2. _Seth._
+ 3. _Enos._
+ 4. _Cainan._
+ 5. _Mahalaleel._
+ 6. _Jared._
+ 7. _Enoch._
+ 8. _Methusalah._
+ 9. _Lamech._
+ 10. _Noah._
+ 11. _Japhet._
+ 12. _Javan._
+ 13. Penuel.
+ 14. Tycheros.
+ 15. Pasiteles.
+ 16. Esormon.
+ 17. Cratynter.
+ 18. Thrasymedes.
+ 19. Evippos.
+ 20. Cleotinus.
+ 21. Litoboros.
+ 22. Apodemos.
+ 23. Bathybulos.
+ 24. Phrenedon.
+ 25. Zameles.
+ 26. Choronomos.
+ 27. Leptologon.
+ 28. Aglaetos.
+ 29. Megalonus.
+ 30. Evemeros.
+ 31. Callophron.
+ 32. Arthmios.
+ 33. Hypsegoras.
+ 34. Autarces.
+ 35. Evages.
+ 36. Atarbes.
+ 37. Pamprosodos.
+ 38. Gethon.
+ 39. Holocleros.
+ 40. Molin.
+ 41. Epitomon.
+ 42. Hypotyphos.
+ 43. Melobolon.
+ 44. Propetes.
+ 45. Euplocamos.
+ 46. Philophon.
+ 47. Syngenes.
+ 48. Polyphrades.
+ 49. Cainotomos.
+ 50. Rodrigo.
+ 51. Dicarches.
+ 52. Exagastos.
+ 53. Denapon.
+ 54. Artistes.
+ 55. Thymoleon.
+ 56. Eustochos.
+ 57. Bianor.
+ 58. Thryllumenos.
+ 59. Mellessen.
+ 60. Alypos.
+ 61. Anochlos.
+ 62. Homognios.
+ 63. Epsephicos.
+ 64. Eutropos.
+ 65. Coryphaeus.
+ 66. Etoimos.
+ 67. Spudaeos.
+ 68. Eumestor.
+ 69. Griphon.
+ 70. Emmenes.
+ 71. Pathomachon.
+ 72. Anepsios.
+ 73. Auloprepes.
+ 74. Corosylos.
+ 75. Detalon.
+ 76. Beltistos.
+ 77. Horicos.
+ 78. Orthophron.
+ 79. Apsicoros.
+ 80. Philaplus.
+ 81. Megaletor.
+ 82. Nomostor.
+ 83. Astioremon.
+ 84. Phronematias.
+ 85. Lutork.
+ 86. Machemos.
+ 87. Stichopaeo.
+ 88. Epelomenos.
+ 89. Tycheros (2).
+ 90. Apechon.
+ 91. Enacmes.
+ 92. Javan (2).
+ 93. Lematias.
+ 94. Prosenes.
+ 95. Sosomenos.
+ 96. Philalethes.
+ 97. Thaleros.
+ 98. Polyaenos.
+ 99. Cratesimachos.
+ 100. Eunaemon.
+ 101. Diasemos.
+ 102. Saphenus.
+ 103. Bramoso.
+ 104. Celanas.
+ 105. Vistoso.
+ 106. Polido.
+ 107. Lustroso.
+ 108. Chrestander.
+ 109. Spectabundo.
+ 110. Philodulos.
+ 111. Pallidino.
+ 112. Comicello.
+ 113. Regisato.
+ 114. Arguto.
+ 115. Nicarchos.
+ 116. Marsidalio.
+ 117. Hedumenos.
+ 118. Agenor.
+ 119. Diaprepon.
+ 120. Stragayo.
+ 121. Zeron.
+ 122. Polyteles.
+ 123. Vocompos.
+ 124. Carolo.
+ 125. Endymion.
+ 126. Sebastian.
+ 127. Lawrence.
+ 128. Olipher.
+ 129. Quintin.
+ 130. Goodwin.
+ 131. Frederick.
+ 132. Sir Jasper.
+ 133. Sir Adam.
+ 134. Edward.
+ 135. Richard.
+ 136. Sir Philip.
+ 137. Robert.
+ 138. George.
+ 139. James.
+ 140. David.
+ 141. Francis.
+ 142. William.
+ 143. _Adam._
+ 144. _John._
+ 145. _Sir William._
+ 146. _William._
+ 147. _Alexander._
+ 148. _Thomas._
+ 149. _Alexander._
+ 150. _Walter._
+ 151. _Henry._
+ 152. _Sir Thomas._
+ 153. Sir Thomas.
+
+ THE NAMES OF THE MOTHERS OF THE CHIEFS OF THE NAME OF URQUHART, AS ALSO
+     OF THE MOTHERS OF THEIR PRIMITIVE FATHERS. The authority for the
+     truth thereof being derived from the same Authentick Records and
+     Tradition on which is grounded the above-written Genealogie of
+     their male collaterals.
+
+ 1. _Eva._
+ 2. Shifka.
+ 3. Mahla.
+ 4. Bilha.
+ 5. Timnah.
+ 6. Aholima.
+ 7. Zilpa.
+ 8. Noema.
+ 9. Ada.
+ 10. Titea.
+ 11. Debora.
+ 12. Neginothi.
+ 13. Hottir.
+ 14. Orpah.
+ 15. Axa.
+ 16. Narfesia.
+ 17. Goshenni.
+ 18. Briageta.
+ 19. Andronia.
+ 20. Pusena.
+ 21. Emphaneola.
+ 22. Bonaria.
+ 23. Peninah.
+ 24. Asymbleta.
+ 25. Carissa.
+ 26. Calaglais.
+ 27. Theoglena.
+ 28. Pammerisla.
+ 29. Floridula.
+ 30. Chrysocomis.
+ 31. Arrenopas.
+ 32. Tharsalia.
+ 33. Maia.
+ 34. Roma.
+ 35. Termuth.
+ 36. Vegeta.
+ 37. Callimeris.
+ 38. Panthea.
+ 39. Gonima.
+ 40. Ganymena.
+ 41. Thespesia.
+ 42. Hypermnestra.
+ 43. Horatia.
+ 44. Philumena.
+ 45. Neopis.
+ 46. Thymelica.
+ 47. Ephamilla.
+ 48. Porrima.
+ 49. Lampedo.
+ 50. Teleclyta.
+ 51. Clarabella.
+ 52. Eromena.
+ 53. Zocallis.
+ 54. Lepida.
+ 55. Nicolia.
+ 56. Proteusa.
+ 57. Gozosa.
+ 58. Venusta.
+ 59. Prosectica.
+ 60. Delotera.
+ 61. Tracara.
+ 62. Pothina.
+ 63. Cordata.
+ 64. Aretias.
+ 65. Musurga.
+ 66. Romalia.
+ 67. Orthoiusa.
+ 68. Recatada.
+ 69. Chariestera.
+ 70. Rexenora.
+ 71. Philerga.
+ 72. Thomyris.
+ 73. Varonilla.
+ 74. Stranella.
+ 75. AEquanima.
+ 76. Barosa.
+ 77. Epimona.
+ 78. Diosa.
+ 79. Bonita.
+ 80. Aretusa.
+ 81. Bendita.
+ 82. Regalletta.
+ 83. Isumena.
+ 84. Antaxia.
+ 85. Bergola.
+ 86. Viracia.
+ 87. Dynastis.
+ 88. Dalga.
+ 89. Eutocusa.
+ 90. Corriba.
+ 91. Praecelsa.
+ 92. Plausidica.
+ 93. Donosa.
+ 94. Solicaelia.
+ 95. Bontadosa.
+ 96. Calliparia.
+ 97. Crelenca.
+ 98. Pancala.
+ 99. Dominella.
+ 100. Mundala.
+ 101. Pamphais.
+ 102. Philtrusa.
+ 103. Meliglena.
+ 104. Philetium.
+ 105. Tersa.
+ 106. Dulcicora.
+ 107. Gethosyna.
+ 108. Collabella.
+ 109. Eucnema.
+ 110. Tortolina.
+ 111. Ripulita.
+ 112. Urbana.
+ 113. Lampusa.
+ 114. Vistosa.
+ 115. Hermosina.
+ 116. Bramata.
+ 117. Zaglopis.
+ 118. Androlema.
+ 119. Trastevole.
+ 120. Suaviloqua.
+ 121. Francoline.
+ 122. Matilda.
+ 123. Allegra.
+ 124. Winnifred.
+ 125. Dorothy.
+ 126. Lawretta.
+ 127. Genivieve.
+ 128. Marjory.
+ 129. Jane.
+ 130. Anne.
+ 131. Magdalen.
+ 132. Girsel.
+ 133. Mary.
+ 134. Sophia.
+ 135. Elconore.
+ 136. Rosalind.
+ 137. Lillias.
+ 138. _Brigid._
+ 139. _Agnes._
+ 140. _Susanna._
+ 141. _Catherine._
+ 142. _Helen._
+ 143. _Beatrice._
+ 144. _Elizabeth._
+ 145. _Elizabeth._
+ 146. _Christian._
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX II
+
+THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON (p. 157).
+
+"To speak a little now of his compatriot Crichtoun, I hope will not
+offend the ingenuous reader; who may know, by what is already displayed,
+that it cannot be heterogeneal from the proposed purpose, to make report
+of that magnanimous act atchieved by him at the Duke of Mantua's court,
+to the honour not only of his own, but to the eternal renown also of the
+whole Isle of Britain; the manner whereof was thus:
+
+"A certain Italian gentleman, of a mighty, able, strong, nimble, and
+vigorous body, by nature fierce, cruell, warlike, and audacious, and in
+the gladiatory art so superlatively expert and dextrous, that all the
+most skilful teachers of Escrime, and fencing-masters of Italy, (which
+in matter of choice professors in that faculty, needed never as yet to
+yeild to any nation in the world), were by him beaten to their good
+behaviour, and by blows given in, which they could not avoid, enforced
+to acknowledge him their over comer; bethinking himself, how, after so
+great a conquest of reputation, he might by such means be very suddenly
+enriched, he projected a course of exchanging the blunt to sharp, and
+the foiles into tucks. And in this resolution providing a purse full of
+gold, worth neer upon four hundred pounds English money, traveled
+alongst the most especial and considerable parts of Spaine, France, the
+Low-Countryes, Germany, Pole, Hungary, Greece, Italy, and other places,
+where ever there was greatest probability of encountring with the
+eagerest and most atrocious duellists. And immediately after his arrival
+to any city or town that gave apparent likelihood of some one or other
+champion that would enter the lists and cope with him, he boldly
+challenged them with sound of trumpet, in the chief market-place, to
+adventure an equal sum of money against that of his, to be disputed at
+the sword's point who should have both. There failed not several brave
+men, almost of all nations, who, accepting of his cartels, were not
+afraid to hazard both their person and coine against him; but, (till he
+midled with this Crichtoun), so maine was the ascendant he had above all
+his antagonists, and so unlucky the fate of such as offered to scuffle
+with him, that all his opposing combatants, (of what state or dominion
+soever they were), who had not lost both their life and gold, were glad,
+for the preservation of their person, (though sometimes with a great
+expence of blood), to leave both their reputation and mony behind them.
+At last, returning homewards to his own country, loaded with honor and
+wealth, or rather the spoils of the reputation of those forraginers,
+whom the Italians call Tramontani, he, by the way, after his accustomed
+manner of abording other places, repaired to the city of Mautua, where
+the Duke, (according to the courtesie usually bestowed on him by other
+princes), vouchsafed him a protection and savegard for his person; he
+(as formerly he was wont to do, by beat of drum, sound of trumpet, and
+several printed papers, disclosing his designe, battered on all the
+chief gates, posts, and pillars of the town), gave all men to
+understand, that his purpose was to challenge, at the single rapier, any
+whosoever of that city or country, that durst be so bold as to fight
+with him, provided he would deposite a bag of five hundred Spanish
+pistols over against another of the same value, which he himself should
+lay down, upon this condition, that the enjoyment of both should be the
+conqueror's due. His challenge was not long unanswered, for it happened,
+at the same time, that three of the most notable cutters in the world,
+(and so highly cryed up for valour, that all the bravos of the land were
+content to give way to their domineering, how insolent soever they
+should prove, because of their former constantly obtained victories in
+the field), were all three together at the court of Mantua, who, hearing
+of such a harvest of five hundred pistols to be reaped, (as they
+expected), very soon, and with ease, had almost contested amongst
+themselves for the priority of the first encounterer, but that one of my
+Lord Duke's courtiers moved them to cast lots for who should be first,
+second, and third, in case none of the former two should prove
+victorious. Without more adoe, he whose chance it was to answer the
+cartel with the first defiance, presented himself within the barriers,
+or place appointed for the fight, where, his adversary attending him, as
+soon as the trumpet sounded a charge, they jointly fel to work; and,
+(because I am not now to amplifie the particulars of a combat), although
+the dispute was very hot for a while, yet, whose fortune it was to be
+first of the three in the field, had the disaster to be first of the
+three that was foyled; for, at last, with a thrust in the throat, he was
+killed dead upon the ground. This, nevertheless, not a whit dismayed the
+other two, for, the nixt day, he that was second in the roll gave his
+appearance after the same manner as the first had done, but with no
+better success; for he likewise was laid flat dead upon the place, by
+means of a thrust he received in the heart. The last of the three,
+finding that he was as sure of being engaged in the fight as if he had
+been the first in order, pluckt up his heart, knit his spirits
+together, and, all the day after the death of the second, most
+couragiously entering the lists, demeaned himself for a while with great
+activity and skill; but at last, his luck being the same with those that
+preceded him, by a thrust in the belly, he within four and twenty hours
+after gave up the ghost. These (you may imagine), were lamentable
+spectacles to the Duke and citie of Mantua, who, casting down their
+faces for shame, knew not what course to take for reparation of their
+honour. The conquering duellist, proud of a victory so highly tending to
+both his honour and profit, for the space of a whole fortnight, or two
+weeks together, marched daily along the streets of Mantua, (without any
+opposition or controulment), like another Romulus or Marcellus in
+triumph; which, the never too much to be admired Crichtoun perceiving,
+to wipe off the imputation of cowardise lying upon the court of Mantua,
+to which he had but even then arrived, (although formerly he had been a
+domestick thereof), he could neither eat nor drink till he had first
+sent a challenge to the conqueror, appelling him to repair with his best
+sword in his hand, by nine of the clock in the morning of the next day,
+in presence of the whole court, and in the same place where he had
+killed the other three, to fight with him upon this quarrel, that in the
+court of Mantua there were as valiant men as he; and, for his better
+encouragement to the desired undertaking, he assured him that, to the
+aforesaid five hundred pistols, he would adjoyn a thousand more, wishing
+him to do the like, that the victor, upon the point of his sword, might
+carry away the richer bootay. The challenge, with all its conditions, is
+no sooner accepted of, the time and place mutually condescended upon,
+kept accordingly, and the fifteen hundred pistols _hinc inde_ deposited,
+but of the two rapiers of equal weight, length, and goodness, each
+taking one, in presence of the Duke, Dutchess, with all the noblemen,
+ladies, magnificos, and all the choicest of men, women, and maids of
+that citie, as soon as the signal for the duel was given, by the shot of
+a great piece of ordnance of threescore and four pound ball, the
+combatants, with a lion-like animosity, made their approach to one
+another, and, being within distance, the valiant Crichtoun, to make his
+adversary spend his fury the sooner, betook himself to the defensive
+part; wherein, for a long time, he shewed such excellent dexterity in
+warding the other's blows, slighting his falsifyings, in breaking
+measure, and often, by the agility of his body, avoiding his thrust,
+that he seemed but to play, while the other was in earnest. The
+sweetness of Crichtoun's countenance, in the hotest of the assault, like
+a glance of lightning on the hearts of the spectators, brought all the
+Italian ladies on a sudden to be enamoured of him; whilst the sternness
+of the other's aspect, he looking like an enraged bear, would have
+struck terrour into wolves, and affrighted an English mastiff. Though
+they were both in their linens, (to wit, shirts and drawers, without any
+other apparel), and in all outward conveniences equally adjusted, the
+Italian, with redoubling his stroaks, foamed at the mouth with a
+cholerick heart, and fetched a pantling breath; the Scot, in sustaining
+his charge, kept himself in a pleasant temper, without passion, and made
+void his designes; he alters his wards from tierce to quart; he primes
+and seconds it, now high, now lowe, and casts his body, (like another
+Prothee), into all the shapes he can, to spie an open on his adversary,
+and lay hold of an advantage, but all in vain; for the invincible
+Crichtoun, whom no cunning was able to surprise, contrepostures his
+respective wards, and, with an incredible nimbleness of both hand and
+foot, evades the intent and frustrates the invasion. Now is it, that the
+never before conquered Italian, finding himself a little faint, enters
+into a consideration that he may be over-matched; whereupon a sad
+apprehension of danger seizing upon all his spirits, he would gladly
+have his life bestowed on him as a gift, but that, having never been
+accustomed to yield, he knows not how to beg it. Matchless Crichtoun,
+seeing it now high time to put a gallant catastrophe to that so long
+dubious combat, animated with a divinely inspired servencie to fulfil
+the expectation of the ladies, and crown the Duke's illustrious hopes,
+changeth his garb, falls to act another part, and, from defender, turn
+assailant; never did art so grace nature, nor nature second the precepts
+of art with so much liveliness, and such observancie of time, as when,
+after he had struck fire out of the steel of his enemie's sword, and
+gained the feeble thereof with the fort of his own, by angles of the
+strongest position, he did, by geometrical flourishes of straight and
+oblique lines, so practically execute the speculative part, that, as if
+there had been Remoras and secret charms in the variety of his motion,
+the fierceness of his foe was in a trice transqualified into the
+numbness of a pageant. Then was it that, to vindicate the reputation of
+the Duke's family, and expiate the blood of the three vanquished
+gentlemen, he alonged a stoccade _de pied ferme_; then recoyling, he
+advanced another thrust, and lodged it home; after which, retiring
+again, his right foot did beat the cadence of the blow that pierced the
+belly of this Italian, whose heart and throat being hit with the two
+former stroaks, these three franch bouts given in upon the back of the
+other; besides that, if lines were imagined drawn from the hand that
+livered them, to the places which were marked by them, they would
+represent a perfect isosceles triangle, with a perpendicular from the
+top angle cutting the basis in the middle; they likewise give us to
+understand, that by them he was to be made a sacrifice of atonement for
+the slaughter of the three aforesaid gentlemen, who were wounded in the
+very same parts of their bodies by other such three venees as these,
+each whereof being mortal; and his vital spirits exhaling as his blood
+gushed out, all he spoke was this, That seeing he could not live, his
+comfort in dying was, that he could not dye by the hand of a braver man;
+after the uttering of which words, he expiring, with the shril clarcens
+of trumpets, bouncing thunder of artillery, bethwacked beating of drums,
+universal clapping of hands, and loud acclamations of joy for so
+glorious a victory, the aire above them was so rarified by the extremity
+of the noise and vehement sound, dispelling the thickest and most
+condensed parts thereof, that (as Plutarch speakes of the Grecians, when
+they raised their shouts of allegress up to the very heavens at the
+hearing of the gracious proclamations of Paulus AEmilius in favour of
+their liberty), the very sparrows and other flying fowls were said to
+fall to the ground for want of aire enough to uphold them in their
+flight.
+
+"When this sudden rapture was over, and all husht into its former
+tranquility, the noble gallantry and generosity, beyond expression, of
+the inimitable Crichtoun, did transport them all againe into a new
+exstasie of ravishment, when they saw him like an angel in the shape of
+a man, or as another Mars, with the conquered enemie's sword in one
+hand, and the fifteen hundred pistols he had gained in the other,
+present the sword to the Duke as his due, and the gold to his high
+treasurer, to be disponed equally to the three widows of the three
+unfortunate gentlemen lately slaine, reserving only to himself the
+inward satisfaction he conceived, for having so opportunely discharged
+his duty to the House of Mantua.
+
+"The reader perhaps will think this wonderful; and so would I too, were
+it not that I know, (as Sir Philip Sydney sayes), that a wonder is no
+wonder in a wonderful subject, and consequently not in him, who for his
+learning, judgement, valour, eloquence, beauty, and good-fellowship was
+the perfectest result of the joynt labour of the perfect number of those
+six deities, Pallas, Apollo, Mars, Mercury, Venus, and Bacchus, that
+hath been seen since the dayes of Alcibiades; for he was reported to
+have been inriched with a memory so prodigious, that any sermon, speech,
+harangue, or other manner of discourse of an hour's continuance, he was
+able to recite without hesitation, after the same manner of gesture and
+pronuntiation in all points, wherewith it was delivered at first; and of
+so stupendious a judgment and conception, that almost naturally he
+understood quiddities of philosophy; and as for the abstrusest and most
+researched mysteries of other disciplines, arts, and faculties, the
+intentional species of them were as readily obvious to the interiour
+view and perspicacity of his mind, as those of the common visible
+colours to the external sight of him that will open his eyes to look
+upon them; of which accomplishment and Encyclopedia of knowledge, he
+gave on a time so marvelous a testimony at Paris, that the words of
+_Admirabilis Scotus_, the Wonderful Scot, in all the several tongues and
+idiomes of Europ, were, (for a great while together), by the most of the
+echos resounded to the peircing of the very clouds. To so great a hight
+and vast extent of praise did the never too much to be extolled
+reputation of the seraphick wit of that eximious man attaine, for his
+commanding to be affixed programs on all the gates of the schooles,
+halls, and colledges of that famous university, as also on all the chief
+pillars and posts standing before the houses of the most renowned men
+for literature, resident within the precinct of the walls and suburbs of
+that most populous and magnificent city, inviting them all, (or any
+whoever else versed in any kinde of scholastick faculty), to repaire at
+nine of the clock in the morning of such a day, moneth, and yeer, as by
+computation came to be just six weeks after the date of the affixes, to
+the common schoole of the colledge of Navarre,[261] where, (at the
+prefixed time), he should, (God willing), be ready to answer to what
+should be propounded to him concerning any science, liberal art,
+discipline, or faculty, practical or theoretick, not excluding the
+theological nor jurisprudential habits, though grounded but upon the
+testimonies of God and man, and that in any of these twelve
+languages,[262] Hebrew, Syriack, Arabick, Greek, Latin, Spanish, French,
+Italian, English, Dutch, Flemish, and Sclavonian, in either verse or
+prose, at the discretion of the disputant; which high enterprise and
+hardy undertaking, by way of challenge to the learndst men in the world,
+damped the wits of many able scholars to consider whether it was the
+attempt of a fanatick spirit, or lofty designe of a well-poised
+judgment; yet after a few days enquiry concerning him, when information
+was got of his incomparable endowments, all the choicest and most
+profound philosophers, mathematicians, naturalists, mediciners,
+alchymists, apothecaries, surgeons, doctors of both civil and canon law,
+and divines both for controversies and positive doctrine, together with
+the primest grammarians, rhetoricians, logicians, and others, professors
+of other arts and disciplines at Paris, plyed their studys in their
+private cels for the space of a moneth, exceeding hard, and with huge
+paines and labor set all their braines awork how to contrive the
+knurriest arguments, and most difficult questions could be devised,
+thereby to puzzle him in the resolving of them, meander him in his
+answers, put him out of his medium, and drive him to a _non plus_; nor
+did they forget to premonish the ablest there of forraign nations not to
+be unprepared to dispute with him in their own material dialects, and
+that sometimes metrically, sometimes otherwayes, _pro libitu_.[263] All
+this while the Admirable Scot, (for so from thenceforth he was called),
+minding more his hawking, hunting, tilting, vaulting, riding of
+well-managed horses, tossing of the pike, handling of the musket,
+flourishing of colours, dancing, fencing, swimming, jumping, throwing of
+the bar, playing at tennis, baloon, or long catch; and sometimes at the
+house games of dice, cards, playing at the chess, billiards, trou-madam,
+and other such like chamber sports, singing, playing on the lute and
+other musical instruments, masking, balling, reveling; and, which did
+most of all divert, or rather distract him from his speculations and
+serious employments, being more addicted to, and plying closer the
+courting of handsome ladyes, and a jovial cup in the company of
+bacchanalian blades, then [than] the forecasting how to avoid, shun, and
+escape the snares, grins [gins?], and nets of the hard, obscure, and
+hidden arguments, ridles, and demands, to be made, framed, and woven by
+the professors, doctors, and others of that thrice-renowned university.
+There arose upon him an aspersion of too great proness to such like
+debordings and youthful emancipations, which occasioned one less
+acquainted with himself then [than] his reputation, to subjoyn, (some
+two weeks before the great day appointed), to that program of his, which
+was fixed on the Sorbone gate, these words: 'If you would meet with this
+monster of perfection, to make search for him ... in the taverne ... is
+the reedyest way to finde him.' By reason of which expression, (though
+truly as I think, both scandalous and false), the eminent sparks of the
+university, (imagining that those papers of provocation had been set up
+to no other end, but to scoff and delude them, in making them waste
+their spirits upon quirks and quiddities, more then [than] was fitting),
+did resent a little of their former toyle, and slack their studyes,
+becoming almost regardless thereof, till the several peals of bells
+ringing an hour or two before the time assigned, gave warning that the
+party was not to flee the barriers, nor decline the hardship of
+academical assaults; but, on the contrary, so confident in his former
+resolution, that he would not shrink to sustaine the shock of all their
+disceptations. This sudden alarm so awaked them out of their last
+fortnight's lethargy, that, calling to minde, the best way they might,
+the fruits of the foregoing moneth's labour, they hyed to the forenamed
+schoole with all diligence; where, after all of them had, according to
+their several degrees and qualities, seated themselves, and that by
+reason of the noise occasioned through the great confluence of people,
+which so strange a novelty brought thither out of curiosity, an
+universal silence was commanded, the Orator of the University, in most
+fluent Latine, addressing his speech to Crichtoun, extolled him for his
+literature, and other good parts, and for that confident opinion he had
+of his own sufficiency, in thinking himself able to justle in matters of
+learning with the whole university of Paris, Crichtoun answering him in
+no less eloquent terms of Latine, after he had most heartily thanked him
+for his elegies, so undeservedly bestowed, and darted some high
+encomiums upon the university and the professors therein; he very
+ingeniously [ingenuously] protested that he did not emit his programs
+out of any ambition to be esteemed able to enter in competition with the
+university, but meerly to be honoured with the favour of a publick
+conference with the learned men thereof. In complements after this
+manner, _ultro citroque habitis_, tossed to and again, retorted,
+contrerisposted, backreverted, and now and then graced with a quip or a
+clinch for the better relish of the ear, being unwilling in this kind of
+straining curtesie to yeeld to other, they spent a full half hour and
+more; for he being the centre to which the innumerable diameters of the
+discourses of that circulary convention did tend, although none was to
+answer but he, any of them all, according to the order of their
+prescribed series, were permitted to reply, or commence new motions on
+any subject, in what language soever, and howsoever expressed; to all
+which, he being bound to tender himself a respondent, in matter and form
+suitable to the impugners propounding, he did first so transcendently
+acquit himself of that circumstantial kinde of oratory, that, by
+well-couched periods, and neatly running syllables, in all the twelve
+languages, both in verse and prose, he expressed to the life his
+courtship [courtliness] and civility; and afterwards, when the Rector of
+the university, (unwilling to have any more time bestowed on superficial
+rhetorick, or to have that wasted on the fondness of quaint phrases,
+which might be better employed in a reciprocacy of discussing
+scientifically the nature of substantial things), gave direction to the
+professors to fall on, each according to the dignity or precedency of
+his faculty, and that conform to the order given. Some metaphysical
+notions were set abroach, then mathematical, and of those arithmetical,
+geometrical, astronomical, musical, optical, cosmographical,
+trigonometrical, statical, and so forth through all the other branches
+of the prime and mother sciences thereof; the next bout was through all
+natural philosophy, according to Aristotle's method, from the
+acroamaticks, going along the speculation of the nature of the heavens,
+and that of the generation and corruption of sublinary things, even to
+the consideration of the soul and its faculties; in sequel hereof, they
+had a hint at chymical extractions, and spoke of the principles of
+corporeal and mixed bodies, according to the precepts of that art. After
+this, they disputed of medicine, in all its thereapeutick,
+pharmacopeutick, and chirurgical parts; and not leaving natural magick
+untouched, they had exquisite disceptations concerning the secrets
+thereof. From thence they proceeded to moral philosophy, where, debating
+of the true enumeration of all vertues and vices, they had most learned
+ratiocinations about the chief good of the life of man; and seeing the
+[that] oecumenicks and politicks are parts of that philosophy, they
+argued learnedly of all the several sorts of governments, with their
+defects and advantages; whereupon perpending, that, without an
+established law, all the duties of ruling and subjection, to the utter
+ruin of humane society, would be as often violated as the irregularity
+of passion, seconded with power, should give way thereto. The Sorbonist,
+canonical, and civilian doctors most judiciously argued with him about
+the most prudential maximes, sentences, ordinances, acts, and statutes
+for ordering all manner of persones in their consciences, bodyes,
+fortunes, and reputation; nor was there an end put to those literate
+exercitations till the grammarians, rhetoricians, poets, and logicians
+had assailed him with all the subtleties and nicest quodlibets their
+respective habits could afford. Now when, to the admiration of all that
+were there, the incomparable Crichtoun had, in all these faculties above
+written, and in any of the twelve languages wherein he was spoke to,
+whether in verse or prose, held tack to all the disputants, who were
+accounted the ablest scholars upon earth in each their own profession;
+and publickly evidenced such an universality of knowledge, and accurate
+promptness in resolving of doubts, distinguishing of obscurities,
+expressing the members of a distinction in adequate terms of art,
+explaining those compendious tearms with words of a more easie
+apprehension to the prostrating of the sublimest mysteries to any vulgar
+capacity, and with all excogitable variety of learning, (to his own
+everlasting fame), entertained, after that kinde, the nimble witted
+Parisians from nine o'clock in the morning till six at night; the Rector
+now finding it high time to give some relaxation to these worthy
+spirits, which, during such a long space, had been so intensively bent
+upon the abstrusest speculations, rose up, and saluting the divine
+Crichtoun, after he had made an elegant panegyrick, or encomiastick
+speech of half an houre's continuance, tending to nothing else but the
+extolling of him for the rare and most singular gifts wherewith God and
+nature had endowed him, he descended from his chaire, and, attended by
+three or four of the most especial professors, presented him with a
+diamond ring and a purse ful of gold, wishing him to accept thereof, if
+not, as a recompense proportional to his merit, yet as a badge of love,
+and testimony of the universitie's favour towards him. At the tender of
+which ceremony, there was so great a plaudite in the schoole, such a
+humming and clapping of hands, that all the concavities of the colledges
+there about did resound with the echo of the noise thereof.
+
+"Notwithstanding the great honor thus purchased by him for his
+literatory accomplishments, and that many excellent spirits, to obteine
+the like, would be content to postpose all other employments to the
+enjoyment of their studyes, he, nevertheless, the very next day, (to
+refresh his braines, as he said, for the toile of the former day's
+work), went to the Louvre in a buff-suit, more like a favourite of Mars
+then [than] one of the Muses' minions; where, in presence of some
+princes of the court, and great ladies, that came to behold his
+gallantry, he carryed away the ring fifteen times on end, and broke as
+many lances on the Saracen.
+
+"When for a quarter of a yeer together he after this manner had
+disported himself, (what martially, what scholastically), with the best
+qualified men in any faculty so ever, that so large a city, (which is
+called the world's abridgement), was able to afford, and now and then
+solaced these his more serious recreations, (for all was but sport to
+him), with the alluring imbellishments of the tendrer sexe, whose
+_inamorato_ that he might be, was their ambition; he on a sudden took
+resolution to leave the Court of France, and return to Italy, where he
+had been bred for many yeers together; which designe he prosecuting
+within the space of a moneth, (without troubling himself with long
+journeys), he arrived at the Court of Mantua, where immediately after
+his abord, (as hath been told already), he fought the memorable combat
+whose description is above related. Here it was that the learned and
+valiant Crichtoun was pleased to cast anchor, and fix his abode; nor
+could he almost otherwise do, without disobliging the Duke, and the
+Prince his eldest son; by either whereof he was so dearly beloved, that
+none of them would permit him by any means to leave their Court, whereof
+he was the only _privado_, the object of all men's love, and subject of
+their discourse; the example of the great ones, and wonder of the meaner
+people; the paramour of the female sexe, and paragon of his own. In the
+glory of which high estimation, having resided at that Court above two
+whole yeers, the reputation of gentlemen there was hardly otherwayes
+valued but by the measure of his acquaintance; nor were the young
+unmaryed ladies, of all the most eminent places thereabouts, any thing
+respected of one another, that had not either a lock of his hair, or
+copy of verses of his composing. Nevertheless it happening on a
+Shrove-tuesday at night, (at which time it is in Italy very customary
+for men of great sobriety, modesty, and civil behaviour all the rest of
+the yeer, to give themselves over on that day of carnavale, as they call
+it, to all manner of riot, drunkenness, and incontinency, which that
+they may do with the least imputation they can to their credit, they go
+maskt and mum'd with vizards on their faces, and in the disguise of a
+Zanni or Pantaloon, to ventilate their fopperies, and sometimes
+intolerable enormities, without suspicion of being known), that this
+ever renowned Crichtoun, (who, in the afternoon of that day, at the
+desire of my Lord Duke, the whole court striving which should exceed
+each other in foolery, and devising of the best sports to excite
+laughter, neither my Lord, the Dutchess, nor Prince, being exempted from
+acting their parts, as well as they could), upon a theater set up for
+the purpose, begun to prank it, _a la Venetiana_, with such a flourish
+of mimick and ethopoetick gestures, that all the courtiers of both
+sexes, even those that a little before were fondest of their own
+conceits, at the sight of his so inimitable a garb, from ravishing
+actors that they were before, turned them ravished spectators. O with
+how great liveliness did he represent the conditions of all manner of
+men! how naturally did he set before the eyes of the beholders the
+rogueries of all professions, from the overweening monarch to the
+peevish swaine, through all the intermediate degrees of the superficial
+courtier or proud warrior, dissembled churchman, doting old man,
+cozening lawyer, lying traveler, covetous merchant, rude seaman,
+pedantick scholar, the amourous shepheard, envious artisan, vainglorious
+master, and tricky servant; he did with such variety display the several
+humours of all these sorts of people, and with a so bewitching energy,
+that he seemed to be the original, they the counterfeit; and they the
+resemblance whereof he was the prototype. He had all the jeers, squibs,
+flouts, buls, quips, taunts, whims, jests, clinches, gybes, mokes,
+jerks, with all the several kinds of equivocations, and other
+sophistical captions, that could properly be adapted to the person by
+whose representation he intended to inveagle the company into a fit of
+mirth; and would keep in that miscelany discourse of his, (which was all
+for the splene, and nothing for the gall), such a climacterical and
+mercurially digested method, that when the fancy of the hearers was
+tickled with any rare conceit, and that the jovial blood was moved, he
+held it going with another new device upon the back of the first, and
+another, yet another, and another againe, succeeding one another for the
+promoval of what is a-stirring into a higher agitation; till in the
+closure of the luxuriant period, the decumanal wave of the oddest whimsy
+of all, enforced the charmed spirits of the auditory, (for affording
+room to its apprehension), suddenly to burst forth into a laughter,
+which commonly lasted just so long as he had leisure to withdraw behind
+the skreen, shift off, with the help of a page, the suite he had on,
+apparel himself with another, and return to the stage to act afresh; for
+by that time their transported, disparpled, and sublimated fancies, by
+the wonderfully operating engines of his solacious inventions, had from
+the hight to which the inward scrues, wheeles, and pullies of his wit
+had elevated them, descended by degrees into their wonted stations, he
+was ready for the personating of another carriage; whereof to the number
+of fourteen several kinds, (during the five hours space that at the
+Duke's desire, the solicitation of the court, and his own recreation, he
+was pleased to histrionize it), he shewed himself so natural a
+representative, that any would have thought he had been so many several
+actors, differing in all things else, save only the stature of the body;
+with this advantage above the most of other actors, whose tongue, with
+its oral implements, is the onely instrument of their minds'
+disclosing, that, besides his mouth with its appurtenances, he lodged
+almost a several oratour in every member of his body; his head, his
+eyes, his shoulder, armes, hands, fingers, thighs, legs, feet, and
+breast, being able to decipher any passion whose character he purposed
+to give.
+
+"First, he did present himself with a crown on his head, a scepter in
+his hand, being clothed in a purple robe furred with ermyne; after that,
+with a miter on his head, a crosier in his hand, and accoutred with a
+paire of lawn-sleeves; and thereafter, with a helmet on his head, the
+visiere up, a commanding stick in his hand, and arayed in a buff-suit,
+with a scarf about his middle. Then, in a rich apparel, after the newest
+fashion, did he shew himself, (like another Sejanus), with a periwig
+daubed with Cypres powder; in sequel of that, he came out with a
+three-corner'd cap on his head, some parchments in his hand, and
+writings hanging at his girdle like Chancery bills; and next to that,
+with a furred gown about him, an ingot of gold in his hand, and a bag
+full of money by his side; after all this, he appeares againe clad in a
+country-jacket, with a prong in his hand, and a Monmouth-like-cap on his
+head; then very shortly after, with a palmer's coat upon him, a bourdon
+in his hand,[264] and some few cockle-shels stuck to his hat, he look'd
+as if he had come in pilgrimage from St Michael; immediately after that,
+he domineers it in a bare unlined gown, with a pair of whips in the one
+hand, and Corderius in the other; and in suite thereof, he
+honderspondered[265] it with a pair of pannier-like breeches, a
+mountera-cap on his head, and a knife in a wooden sheath dagger-ways by
+his side; about the latter end, he comes forth again with a square in
+one hand, a rule in the other, and a leather apron before him; then very
+quickly after, with a scrip by his side, a sheep-hook in his hand, and a
+basket full of flowers to make nosegayes for his mistris; now drawing to
+a closure, he rants it first _in cuerpo_, and vapouring it with gingling
+spurs, and his armes a kenbol like a Don Diego he strouts it, and by the
+loftiness of his gate, plaies the Capitan Spavento; then in the very
+twinkling of an eye, you would have seen him againe issue forth with a
+cloak upon his arm, in a livery garment, thereby representing the
+serving-man; and lastly, at one time amongst those other, he came out
+with a long gray beard, and bucked ruff, crouching on a staff tip't,
+with the head of a barber's cithern,[266] and his gloves hanging by a
+button at his girdle.
+
+"Those fifteen several personages did he represent with such excellency
+of garb, and exquisiteness of language, that condignely to perpend the
+subtlety of the invention, the method of the disposition, the neatness
+of the elocution, the gracefulness of the action, and wonderful variety
+in the so dextrous performance of all, you would have taken it for a
+comedy of five acts, consisting of three scenes, each composed by the
+best poet in the world, and acted by fifteen of the best players that
+ever lived, as was most evidently made apparent to all the spectators in
+the fifth and last hour of his action, (which, according to our western
+account, was about six a clock at night, and by the calculation of that
+country, half an hour past three and twenty, at that time of the yeer),
+for, purposing to leave off with the setting of the sun, with an
+endeavour nevertheless to make his conclusion the master-piece of the
+work, he, to that effect, summoning all his spirits together, which
+never failed to be ready at the call of so worthy a commander, did by
+their assistance, so conglomerate, shuffle, mix, and interlace the
+gestures, inclinations, actions, and very tones of the speech of those
+fifteen several sorts of men, whose carriages he did personate into an
+inestimable _ollapodrida_ of immaterial morsels of divers kinds,
+suitable to the very ambrosian relish of the Heliconian nymphs, that, in
+the peripetia of this drammatical exercitation, by the inchanted
+transportation of the eyes and eares of its spectabundal auditorie, one
+would have sworne that they all had looked with multiplying glasses, and
+that, (like that angel in the Scripture whose voice was said to be like
+the voice of a multitude), they heard in him alone the promiscuous
+speech of fifteen several actors; by the various ravishments of the
+excellencies whereof, in the frolickness of a jocund straine beyond
+expectation, the logofascinated spirits of the beholding hearers and
+auricularie spectators, were so on a sudden seazed upon in their risible
+faculties of the soul, and all their vital motions so universally
+affected in this extremitie of agitation, that, to avoid the inevitable
+charmes of his intoxicating ejaculations, and the accumulative
+influences of so powerfull a transportation, one of my lady Dutchess'
+chief maids of honour, by the vehemencie of the shock of those
+incomprehensible raptures, burst forth into a laughter to the rupture of
+a veine in her body; and another young lady, by the irresistible
+violence of the pleasure unawares infused, where the tender
+receptibilitie of her too tickled fancie was least able to hold out, so
+unprovidedly was surprised, that, with no less impetuositie of
+ridibundal passion then [than], (as hath been told), occasioned a
+fracture in the other young ladie's modestie, she, not being able
+longer to support the well beloved burthen of so excessive delight, and
+intransing joys of such mercurial exhilations through the ineffable
+extasie of an overmastered apprehension, fell back in a swown, without
+the appearance of any other life into her then [than] what, by the most
+refined wits of theological speculators, is conceived to be exerced by
+the purest parts of the separated entelechises of blessed saints in
+their sublimest conversations with the celestial hierarchies; this
+accident procured the incoming of an apothecary with restoratives, as
+the other did that of a surgeon with consolidative medicaments.[267] The
+Admirable Crichtoun now perceiving that it was drawing somewhat late,
+and that our occidental rays of Phoebus were upon their turning oriental
+to the other hemisphere of the terrestrial globe; being withall jealous
+that the uninterrupted operation of the exuberant diversitie of his
+jovialissime entertainment, by a continuate winding up of the humours
+there present to a higher, yet higher, and still higher pitch, above the
+supremest Lydian note of the harmonie of voluptuousness, should, in such
+a case, through the too intensive stretching of the already super-elated
+strings of their imagination, with a transcendencie over-reaching Ela,
+and beyond the well concerted gain of rational equanimitie, involve the
+remainder of that illustrious companie into the sweet labyrinth and
+mellifluent anfractuosities of a lacinious delectation, productive of
+the same inconveniences which befel the two afore-named ladies; whose
+delicacie of constitution, though sooner overcome, did not argue, but
+that the same extranean causes from him proceeding of their pathetick
+alteration, might by a longer insisting in an efficacious agencie, and
+unremitted working of all the consecutively imprinted degrees that the
+capacity of the patient is able to containe, prevaile at last, and have
+the same predominancie over the dispositions of the strongest
+complexioned males of that splendid society, did, in his own ordinary
+wearing apparel, with the countenance of a Prince, and garb befitting
+the person of a so well bred gentleman and cavalier, kat exochen full of
+majestie, and repleat with all excogitable civilitie, (to the amazement
+of all that beheld his heroick gesture), present himself to epilogate
+this his almost extemporanean comedie, though of five hours continuance
+without intermission; and that with a peroration so neatly uttered, so
+distinctly pronounced, and in such elegancie of selected tearmes,
+expressed by a diction so periodically contexed with isocoly of members,
+that the matter thereof tending in all humility to beseech the
+highnesses of the Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, together with the remanent
+lords, ladies, knights, gentlemen, and others of both sexes of that
+honourable convention, to vouchsafe him the favour to excuse his that
+afternoon's escaped extravagancies, and to lay the blame of the
+indigested irregularity of his wits' excursions, and the abortive issues
+of his disordered brain, upon the customarily dispensed with priviledges
+in those Cisalpinal regions, to authorize such like impertinencies at
+Carnavalian festivals; and that, although, according to the meet
+commonly received opinion in that country, after the nature of Load-him,
+(a game at cards), where he that wins loseth, he who, at that season of
+the year, playeth the fool most egregiously, is reputed the wisest man;
+he, nevertheless, not being ambitious of the fame of enjoying good
+qualities, by vertue of the antiphrasis of the fruition of bad ones, did
+meerly undergo that emancipatorie task of a so profuse liberty, and to
+no other end embraced the practising of such roaming and exorbitant
+diversions but to give an evident, or rather infallible, demonstration
+of his eternally bound duty to the House of Mantua, and all inviolable
+testimony of his never to be altered designe, in prosecuting all the
+occasions possible to be laid hold on that can in any manner of way
+prove conducible to the advancement of, and contributing to, the
+readiest means for improving those advantages that may best promove the
+faculties of making all his choice endeavours, and utmost abilities at
+all times, effectual to the long-wished-for furtherance of his most
+cordial and endeared service to the serenissime highnesses of My Lord
+Duke, Prince, and Dutchess, and of consecrating with all addicted
+obsequiousness, and submissive devotion, his everlasting obedience to
+the illustrious shrine of their joynt commands. Then incontinently
+addressing himself to the Lords, ladies and others of that rotonda,
+(which, for his daigning to be its inmate, though but for that day,
+might be accounted in nothing inferior to the great Colisee of Rome, or
+Amphitheater of Neems), with a stately carriage, and port suitable to so
+prime a gallant, he did cast a look on all the corners thereof, so
+bewitchingly amiable and magically efficacious as if in his eys had bin
+a muster of ten thousand cupids eagerly striving who should most deeply
+pierce the hearts of the spectators with their golden darts. And truly
+so it fell out, (that there not being so much as one arrow shot in
+vain), all of them did love him, though not after the same manner, nor
+for the same end; for, as the manna of the Arabian desarts is said to
+have had in the mouths of the Egyptian Israelites, the very same tast of
+the meat they loved best, so the Princes that were there did mainly
+cherish him for his magnanimity and knowledge; his courtliness and sweet
+behaviour being that for which chiefly the noblemen did most respect
+him; for his pregnancie of wit, and chivalric in vindicating the honour
+of ladies, he was honoured by the knights, and the esquires and other
+gentlemen courted him for his affability and good fellowship; the rich
+did favour him for his judgment and ingeniosity; and for his liberality
+and munificence he was blessed by the poor; the old men affected him for
+his constancie and wisdome, and the young for his mirth and gallantry;
+the scholars were enamoured of him for his learning and eloquence, and
+the souldiers for his integrity and valour; the merchants, for his
+upright dealing and honesty, praised and extolled him, and the
+artificers for his goodness and benignity; the chastest lady of that
+place would have hugged and imbraced him for his discretion and
+ingenuity; whilst for his beauty and comeliness of person he was, at
+least in the fervency of their desires, the paramour of the less
+continent; he was dearly beloved of the fair women, because he was
+handsome, and of the fairest more dearly, because he was handsomer: in a
+word, the affections of the beholders, (like so many several diameters
+drawn from the circumference of their various intents), did all
+concenter in the point of his perfection. After a so considerable
+insinuation, and gaining of so much ground upon the hearts of the
+auditory, (though in a shorter space then [than] the time of a flash of
+lightning), he went on, (as before), in the same thred of the conclusive
+part of his discourse, with a resolution not to cut it, till the
+overabounding passions of the company, their exorbitant motions and
+discomposed gestures, through excess of joy and mirth, should be all of
+them quieted, calmed, and pacified, and every man, woman, and maid
+there, (according to their humour), resented in the same integrity they
+were at first; which when by the articulatest elocution of the most
+significant words, expressive of the choisest things that fancie could
+suggest, and, conforme to the matter's variety, elevating or depressing,
+flat or sharply accinating it, with that proportion of tone that was
+most consonant with the purpose, he had attained unto, and by his verbal
+harmony and melodious utterance, setled all their distempered pleasures,
+and brought their disorderly raised spirits into their former capsuls,
+he with a tongue tip't with silver, after the various diapasons of all
+his other expressions, and making of a leg for the spruceness of its
+courtsie, of greater decorement to him then [than] cloth of gold and
+purple, farewel'd the companie with a complement of one period so
+exquisitely delivered, and so well attended by the gracefulness of his
+hand and foot, with the quaint miniardise of the rest of his body, in
+the performance of such ceremonies as are usual at a court-like
+departing, that from the theater he had gone into a lobie, from thence
+along three spacious chambers, whence descending a back staire, he past
+through a low gallerie which led him to that outer gate, where a coach
+with six horses did attend him, before that magnificent convention of
+both sexes, (to whom that room, wherein they all were, seemed in his
+absence to be as a body without a soul), had the full leisure to
+recollect their spirits, (which, by the neatness of his so curious a
+close, were _quoquoversedly_ scattered with admiration), to advise on
+the best expediency how to dispose of themselves for the future of that
+[delightful] night."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[261] The College of Navarre was founded by Jeanne of Navarre, consort
+of Philippe the Fair, in 1305. Throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth
+centuries it was the foremost foundation of the University of Paris (F.
+W. S.).
+
+[262] John Hill Burton points out the somewhat curious fact that, among
+the hero's linguistic accomplishments, Gaelic, which must have been
+talked at his own door, does not appear.
+
+[263] In the matter of length this is surely a record sentence.
+
+[264] "_A bourdon in his hand_"--"A musical instrument resembling a
+bassoon, in use with pilgrims who visit the body of St James at
+Compostella" (Sir John Hawkins).
+
+[265] "_Honderspondered_"--_i.e._ floundered. Fr. _hondrespondres_
+(_Rab._ iii. 42)--"hundred-pounders," heavy, burly fellows.
+
+[266] "_Barber's cithern_"--"The instrument now ignorantly called a
+guitar. It was formerly part of the furniture of a barber's shop, and
+was the amusement of waiting customers" (Sir John Hawkins).
+
+[267] This incident reminds one of the effect produced upon the lawyers
+in court when "Pantagruel gave judgment upon the difference of the two
+lords." Our readers will remember that it is the author of the above
+description who is the translator of the narrative which tells of that
+wonderfully satisfactory decision. "As for the counsellors, and other
+doctors in the law that were there present, they were all so ravished
+with admiration at the more than humane wisdom of Pantagruel, which they
+did most clearly perceive to be in him, by his so accurate decision of
+this so difficult and thornie cause, that their spirits, with the
+extremity of the rapture, being elevated above the pitch of actuating
+the organs of the body, they fell into a trance and sudden extasie,
+wherein they stayed for the space of three long houres; and had been so
+as yet, in that condition, had not some good people fetched store of
+vinegar and rose water to bring them again into their former sense and
+understanding, for the which God be praised everywhere. And so be it."
+(_Rabelais_, ii. 13.)
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+ Aberdeen, 43.
+   Attitude towards covenant, 32, 36.
+
+ "Aberdeen Doctors," 37.
+
+ _Aberdeen Sasines_, 7 (note).
+
+ Aberdeen University, 19.
+   New constitution, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Abercrombie, Sir Alexander, 7 (note).
+
+ Abernethie, Helen, wife of Thomas Urquhart, 141.
+
+ Abraham, Patriarch, 133.
+
+ _Acts of the Parliament of Scotland_, 61 (note 3), 71 (note 2), 93
+   (note), 101 (notes).
+
+ Adam, 130, 146.
+
+ _Advancement of Learning_, 118 (note).
+
+ AEgyptus' sons, 134.
+
+ AEquanima, sister of Marcus Coriolanus, 136.
+
+ Agamemnon, 135.
+
+ Ainsworth, W. Harrison, _Crichton_, 105 (note 2).
+
+ "_Airgiod cagainn_" (chewing-money), 77.
+
+ Airlie, Earl of, 19 (note).
+
+ Alcibiades, 136.
+
+ Alexander of Macedon, 27, 51.
+
+ Allibone, _Dictionary_, and Urquhart, 101.
+
+ Alsop, Captain, treatment of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 89.
+
+ _Amadis of Gaul_, 144 (note 2).
+
+ _Anastasius_, quoted, 77 (note 1).
+
+ Anderson, Gilbert, minister of Cromartie, 63, 66 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Hugh, 66 (note 3).
+
+ ---- P. J., 10, 11 (notes).
+
+ _Annals of Banff_, quoted, 8 (note 2), 19 (note), 47 (note 3).
+
+ Annand, John, minister of Inverness, and Sir Thomas Urquhart, 68, 82.
+
+ _Antiquarian Notes_, 7 (note), 69 70 (note).
+
+ _Apprizing_, 58 (note).
+
+ Arcalaus, 144 (note).
+
+ Archimedes, 124.
+
+ Arduamurchan, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Ardoch farm, 55.
+
+ Argyll, Marquis of, and Covenanters, 32.
+
+ Ariosto, 166.
+   Hippogriff and Astolfo, 107.
+
+ Aristotle, 124, 202 (note).
+   _Organon, Ethics, and Politics_, 10.
+
+ Arnold, Matthew, standard for judging literature, 143.
+
+ Arran, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Arren, Earle of, 115.
+
+ Arundel, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Astioremon, 137.
+
+ Asymbleta, 144 (note).
+
+ Atbara, battle of, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Atropos, 129.
+
+ Bacchus, 202;
+   conquers India, 135.
+
+ Bacon, Lord, Solicitor-General, 8.
+   On fate of solid and weighty things, 118.
+   Rules for young travellers in _Essays, Civil and Moral_, 26.
+
+ Baddeley, Richard, 128 (note), 149 (note).
+
+ Badenoch, 76.
+
+ Baillie, Robert, _Letters_, 81 (note 1), 82.
+
+ Baldwin, Richard, 185 (note).
+
+ Balquholly Castle, 35, 39, 102 (note 3): now Hatton Castle.
+   Account of, 39 (note 1).
+
+ Balvenie, battle at, 77 (and note 2), 79.
+
+ Banff, 8, 18.
+   Entry in Court-book of Burgh, 15, 19.
+
+ Barclay, Waiter, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Barclays, 38 (note 2).
+
+ Baron, Dr Robert, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Basagante, 144 (note).
+
+ Beaten, Cardinal, 55.
+
+ Bedell, William, idea of universal language, 175.
+
+ Belladrum, 70.
+
+ Bellay, Jean du, Bishop of Paris, 188.
+
+ Bellenden, Adam, 43 (note).
+
+ Beltistos, 2.
+
+ Bembo, 166.
+
+ Berwick, 44.
+
+ Besant, Sir Walter, 185 (note 2).
+
+ Bickerstaffe, Isaac, 51 (note).
+
+ Biggar, 85.
+
+ Billing, _Baronial Antiquities_, 39 (note).
+
+ _Biographia Britannica_, quoted, 144 (note 2), 158 (note 2).
+
+ Birkenbog, 7 (note).
+
+ Birrell, A., 186.
+
+ Black Island, 62 (note 1).
+
+ _Blackwood's Magazine_, quoted, 181 (note 2).
+   (_See_ also names of subjects.)
+
+ Boece, Hector, fictions, 145.
+
+ _Book of Bon Accord_, 13 (note 1).
+
+ Bracegirdle, Mrs, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Braughton discovers Sir Thomas Urquhart's MSS., 155, 156.
+
+ Brisena, 144 (note).
+
+ Browne, Sir Thomas:
+   Phraseology, 2.
+   Quoted, 49, 137.
+   _Vulgar Errors_, 126.
+
+ Browning, Robert, 113.
+
+ Bruce, James, 126 (note 1).
+
+ ---- King David, 4.
+
+ ---- King Robert, grants Cromartie to Sir Hugh Ross, 4.
+
+ Bruklay, 7 (note).
+
+ Brydges, Sir Egerton, _Autobiography_;
+   _Mary de Clifford_, 152 (note 1).
+
+ Bullock, J. M., _History of University of Aberdeen_, quoted, 36.
+
+ Burghley, William Cecil, Lord, 191 (note).
+
+ Burnet, quoted, 82 (note), 175.
+
+ Burns, Robert, 23.
+
+ Burton, John Hill:
+   On "Aberdeen Doctors" in _History of Scotland_, 37.
+   On description of Crichton's feats, 162, 223 (note 2).
+   On Sir Thomas Urquhart's writings, 157, 159.
+   _Scot Abroad_, quoted, 159.
+
+ Burton, Robert, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, 205 (note).
+
+ Caesar, _De Bello Gallico_, 198 (note).
+
+ Caithness, 3, 70, 80 (note 2).
+
+ Calder, Campbell of, 7 (note).
+
+ _Calendar of Proceedings in Committee for Advances of Moneys-Taxes_,
+   50 (note).
+
+ Calvert, Giles, 176 (note).
+
+ Cambridge, Earl of, 115.
+
+ Cant at Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ Carberry Tower, 13 (note 3).
+
+ Carlisle, 85.
+
+ Carlyle, Thomas:
+   _Oliver Cromwell_, quoted, 86, 87.
+   _Sartor Resartus_, quoted, 189.
+
+ Cartadaque, 144 (note).
+
+ Castalia, 109.
+
+ Cawdor, 66 (note 3).
+
+ Chanonry Castle taken, 76.
+
+ Charles I.:
+   Endeavours to force Episcopacy on Scotland, 31.
+   Execution of, 69, 70, 168.
+   Letter of Protection to Sir Thomas Urquhart, senior, 15.
+   Licence to T. York, 50 (note 2).
+   On knowledge of law, 52.
+
+ Charles II., 97, 99.
+   Crowned, 84, 169.
+   Lands in Scotland, 83.
+
+ Charles VII., 187.
+
+ Chatterton, 152 (note).
+
+ Chinon, 187.
+
+ "Christianus Presbyteromastix," 150.
+
+ Cibber, _Apology_, 170 (note).
+
+ Cicero, 201; _De Officiis_, 10.
+
+ Cid, The, 27.
+
+ Clan Mackenzie, 72.
+
+ Clanmolinespick, 135 (and note).
+
+ Clanrurie, 136 (note 1).
+
+ Clare, Earl of, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Clare Street, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Clio, 109 (note).
+
+ Coleridge, on Rabelais' writings, 186.
+
+ College of Navarre, 160, 223 (note).
+
+ "Colophonian Poet," 109 (note).
+
+ Colophos, 109 (note).
+
+ Commission of General Assembly, 72, 79 (and note 1), 81.
+
+ Constantinople, 77 (note 1).
+
+ Cotgrave, _French Dictionary_, 191.
+
+ Cottrel, James, 149 (note).
+
+ Court of Session, Decisions of, 146.
+
+ Covenant signed, 47 (note 3).
+
+ Covenanting Movement, 31.
+
+ Coventry, 86.
+
+ Craig, John, 42 (note).
+
+ Craigfintray, 5, 19 (note), 60, 101 (note 2).
+
+ Cratynter, 132.
+
+ Craven, Earl of, 116.
+
+ ---- Rev. J. B., 57 (note).
+
+ Crawford, Earl of, 146.
+
+ Crichton, James (the Admirable), 157, 158 (note 2).
+   Age on entering St Andrews, 9.
+   Sketch of, 159;
+   Appendix ii, 215.
+
+ Cromartie (Crwmbawchty or Crumbathy), 3, 70.
+
+ ---- Castle, account of, 17 (and note 1), 18.
+   Library, 29.
+   Put in state of defence, 70, 71 (note 1).
+   Siege of, 139.
+
+ ---- estate, proprietors of, 103.
+
+ ---- Lady Dowager of, 120.
+
+ ---- parish, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Cromwell, Oliver, 8, 32 (note), 84, 86, 96.
+
+ Cullicudden, 62 (note 1), 63, 71 (note 1).
+
+ Culloden, 19 (note).
+
+ Cumberland's, Duke of, headquarters, 19.
+
+ Curators, 5 (note).
+
+ Danaus' daughters, 133.
+
+ Dante, 166.
+   Quoted, 161 (note).
+
+ Darioleta, 144 (note).
+
+ Darwin, Charles, 131 (note).
+
+ _David Copperfield_, quoted, 51 (note 2), 59 (note), 62 (note).
+
+ Debora, Judge and Prophetess, 135.
+
+ Delgatie, Laird of, plunders Balquholly, 39.
+
+ Delos, 119 (note).
+
+ Demosthenes, 162 (note).
+
+ Dickson, David, Professor of Divinity, Glasgow, 82.
+   At Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ _Dictionary of National Biography_, quoted, 82 (note), 101 (note).
+
+ Diosa, daughter of Alcibiades, 136.
+
+ Dis, Father of Wealth, 198.
+
+ Don river, 126 (note 1).
+
+ Don Quixote, 104 (and note 2).
+
+ Donne, Age on going to Oxford, 9.
+
+ Dorset, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Douglas, Robert, Moderator of Commission of General Assembly, 81 (and
+   note 2).
+
+ Dove, Dr, 114 (note).
+
+ Duchat, Notes on Rabelais, 206.
+
+ Duff, Garden Alexander, 39, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Isabel Annie, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Dunbar, Battle of, 83, 87.
+
+ Dunlugas in Alvah, 47 (note 1).
+
+ Edward, King, 138.
+
+ Egypt, English peer in, 27.
+
+ Elgin, 4 (note), 70, 95.
+
+ Elibank, Patrick, Lord, buys Cromartie estate, 103.
+
+ Eliock, Perthshire, 159.
+
+ Elphinstone, Alexander, Lord, 6, 13 (and note 3).
+
+ ---- Lady Christian, 6, 7 (note).
+
+ Englishman abroad, 22.
+
+ Entelechia, Queen, 158 (note).
+
+ Episcopacy in Scotland, 32, 102 (note 2).
+
+ Erasmus, 143.
+
+ Eromena, 144 (note).
+
+ Errol, Earl of, 146.
+
+ Esormon, Prince of Achaia, 131.
+
+ Euclid, 124, 142.
+
+ Falkirk, 84.
+
+ Famongomadan, 144 (note).
+
+ Farquhar, Sir Robert of Mounie, and Cromartie creditors, 60.
+
+ Fergus, King of Scots, 136, 145.
+
+ Findlay, Andrew, 43.
+
+ Findrassie. (_See_ Lesley, Robert.)
+
+ Firth of Cromartie, 62 (note 1).
+
+ ---- of Forth, 38.
+
+ Fisherie, Barony of, 4, 8 (and note 1), 19 (note).
+
+ Fleetwood, 96.
+
+ Florence, 28.
+
+ Folengo, T., _Macaronea_, 205 (note).
+
+ Fontenay-le-Comte, 188, 204 (note).
+
+ Forbes, Alexander, 15, 41 (note 2).
+
+ ---- Arthur, of Blacktown, 40.
+
+ ---- Dr John, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Forestalling, 15 (note 2).
+
+ Fortrose Castle garrisoned, 76.
+
+ Fountainhall, _Decisions_, 146 (note).
+
+ Fraser, (Colonel) Hugh, of Belladrum, and Rising in North, 70.
+
+ ---- (Sir) James, 71 (note 1).
+
+ ---- Lord, garrisons Towie-Barclay Castle, 39.
+
+ ---- Sir William:
+   _Earls of Cromartie_, quoted, 3 (note 2).
+   _The Lords Elphinstone_, quoted, 7 (note), 13 (note 3).
+
+ G. P., 128.
+
+ Gardenstoun Papers, 7 (note).
+
+ Gargantua, 190, 193.
+
+ Gathelus, 145.
+
+ Gaurin (Gowran), Earl of, 116.
+
+ _General Assembly Commission Records_, 72 (note), 74 (note), 75 (note),
+   78 (note), 79 (note 2), 80 (note).
+
+ Genoa, 28.
+
+ Gight, Laird of, 40.
+
+ Gladmon, Captain, 88.
+
+ Glasgow, General Assembly in, 35.
+
+ Glenkindie, 7 (note).
+
+ Glover, George, portraits of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 107.
+
+ Gonima, 144 (note).
+
+ Gonzaga, Vincenzio de, 164.
+
+ Goodwin, Captain, 94.
+
+ Gordon, James, _History of Scots Affairs_, 35 (notes), 41 (note 2),
+   132 (note).
+
+ ---- (Sir) James, of Lesmoir, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- John, 101 (note 3).
+
+ Granada, 27.
+
+ Granger, _Biographical Dictionary_, 107 (note 2), 112 (note 1), 206
+   (note 1).
+
+ Grimm, _Household Tales_, 180.
+
+ Guild, Dr William, 13 (note 1), 19 (note).
+   Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 12.
+
+ _Gulliver's Travels_, 144 (note 2).
+
+ Gustavus Adolphus, 81 (note 2).
+
+ Guthrie, James, 82.
+
+ Halket, General, 77 (note 2), 81 (note).
+
+ Hatton Castle. (_See_ Balquholly.)
+
+ Hamilton, Marquis of, 111, 115.
+   At Berwick, 44.
+
+ Harrison, 85.
+
+ Hawkins, Sir John, 232, 233 (notes).
+   _Life of Johnson_, 206 (note).
+
+ Hazlitt, quoted, 167 (note).
+
+ Heine, _Das Buch Le Grand_, 182 (note).
+
+ Henderson at Aberdeen, 36.
+
+ Henry II., 187.
+
+ Henry, Prince, 8.
+
+ Heraclitus the Obscure, 119(note), 201.
+
+ Herbert of Cherbury, Lord, _Autobiography_, 25 (note 1).
+
+ Hercules Lybius, 133.
+
+ Herd, David, 101 (note).
+
+ Highland soldiers in Inverness, 76, 79.
+
+ Hippocrene, 109.
+
+ History of Clan Mackenzie, 70 (note).
+
+ _History of Scotland._ (_See_ under Burton, J. H.)
+
+ _History of Scots Affairs._ (_See_ Gordon, James.)
+
+ Holland, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Holles, Gervase, 50 (note 2).
+
+ ---- John, Earl of Clare, 51 (and note 1).
+
+ Homer, Birthplace of, 109.
+   Works, 166.
+
+ Hope, _Anastasius_, quoted, 77(note).
+
+ Horace, _Odes_, quoted, 134 (note 1).
+
+ Houghton, in Nottingham, 51 (note 1).
+
+ _Hudibras_, Alexander Ross mentioned in, 126.
+
+ Huntly, Second Marquis of, 116.
+   Covenanters and, 33.
+   Family name (Gordon), 41 (note 2).
+   Taken prisoner, 38.
+
+ ---- Third Marquis of, takes Ruthven Castle, 77.
+
+ Hypermnestra, 133, 134.
+
+ Innes, Alexander, 43 (note).
+
+ Inverkeithing, 84.
+
+ Inverness, 2, 32.
+   Capture of, 68, 70, 81.
+   Fortifications destroyed, 76.
+   Highland soldiers at, 76, 78.
+   _Sasines_, 101 (note 3).
+
+ Irving, Dr:
+   Account of Sir Thomas Urquhart leaving Scotland, 43.
+   _Lives of Scottish Writers_, 44 (note), 149 (note).
+
+ ---- John, of Bruklay, 7 (note).
+
+ J. A., 124.
+
+ James III.:
+   Act of, 54.
+   Grant of Motehill of Cromartie to William Urquhart, 17.
+
+ James VI., 7, 147 (note).
+
+ Japhet, 131.
+
+ Jericho, 55.
+
+ Joan of Arc, 187.
+
+ Johnson, Dr, on--
+   Crichton in _Adventurer_, 159 (note 1).
+   Traveller in Egypt, 27.
+
+ Johnston and Mr Bedell, 175.
+
+ ---- Arthur, 112.
+   Latin Poems, 57 (note).
+
+ Jonson, Ben, _Catiline_, 8.
+
+ Jovius, Panlus, 145.
+
+ Julius Caesar, 27.
+
+ Ker, General, 77 (note 2).
+
+ Kinbeakie, Stone lintel at, 137 (note).
+
+ King-Edward, Aberdeenshire, 4, 8 (note 2), 19 (note).
+
+ _King's College: Officers and Graduates_, 10 (note).
+
+ King's Covenant, Account of, 42 (note 1).
+
+ Kippis, Dr, 158 (note 2).
+   On Urquhart's pedigree, 144 (note 2).
+
+ Kirkhill, 76.
+
+ Kirkmichael, 62 (note 1), 63.
+
+ Lamb, Charles, 132 (note), 167 (note).
+
+ Lambert, 85.
+
+ Laud, Archbishop, 32.
+
+ Leake, William, 116.
+
+ Leighton, Archbishop, 66 (note 1).
+
+ Lemlair, 70.
+
+ Lesley, Lieut.-General David, 32 (note).
+   March to England, 84.
+   Message of encouragement to, 75.
+   Takes Castle of Chanonry, 76.
+
+ ---- Norman, 55 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- Robert, of Findrassie, 59 (note), 71 (note 1).
+   Conduct towards Sir Thomas Urquhart, 55, 95.
+   Mortgage on Cromartie estate, 46.
+
+ ---- Dr William, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 12 (and note 2), 37
+   (note 2).
+
+ _Letters of Junius_, 103 (note 3).
+
+ _Lives of Eminent Men of Aberdeen_, quoted, 126 (note 1).
+
+ _Lives of Scottish Writers._ (_See_ under Irving, Dr.)
+
+ Logarithms, 123 (and note).
+
+ Lowndes, _Bibliographer's Manual_, 101 (note).
+
+ Lucian, 100 (note), 189.
+
+ Lumphanan, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Lunan, Alexander, 11 (note).
+
+ Luther, Martin, 187.
+
+ Lynceus, 134.
+
+ Macaulay, 174 (note).
+   _History of England_, quoted, 23.
+
+ Macbeth's titles, 3.
+
+ Macduff, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Mackenzie. Alexander, 70 (note).
+
+ ---- (Sir) George, 102.
+
+ ---- George, sells estate to Capt. W. Urquhart, 103.
+
+ ---- (Sir) Kenneth, 103.
+
+ ---- Thomas, of Pluscardine.
+   Enters Inverness, 76.
+   Proclaimed rebel and traitor, 71.
+   Rising in North and, 69, 70, 76.
+
+ Mackintosh, C. Fraser, (_See Antiquarian Notes._)
+
+ Macmillans of Knapdale, 135 (n.).
+
+ Madanfabul, 144 (note).
+
+ Madasima, 114 (note).
+
+ Madrid, 27.
+
+ M'Farlane, Genealogical Collections, 16 (note 1).
+
+ Maitland, on date of Sir Thomas Urquhart's birth, 6.
+
+ Mantua, 163.
+
+ Mantua, Duke of, 164, 215 _seqq._
+
+ Mantuanus, Baptista, 166.
+
+ Marischal College, 11 (note).
+
+ Marischal, Earl, 36, 146.
+   Enters Aberdeen, 43.
+
+ Martin, Sir Theodore, on--
+   _Trissotetras_, 119 (note).
+   Unpublished Epigrams of Sir Thomas Urquhart, 116.
+   Urquhart's account of his misfortunes, 61.
+     Death, 97.
+     Translation of Rabelais, 192.
+
+ Mary Queen of Scots, 104 (note 1).
+
+ Maubert, Place, 161 (note).
+
+ Meldrum arms, 139 (note).
+
+ Melville, Andrew, assists to remodel University education, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Mercury, 198.
+
+ Messina, 27.
+
+ Micawber, Wilkins. (_See David Copperfield._)
+
+ Middleton, General, 32 (note).
+   Joins Mackenzie's force, 76.
+
+ ---- Earl of, 102 (note 2).
+
+ Miller, Hugh, 102 (note 2).
+   Description of Cromartie Castle, 18.
+   On siege of Cromartie Castle, 140.
+   On stone lintel at Kinbeakie, 138.
+   On Urquhart's inventive powers, 180.
+   Reference to Sir Alexander Urquhart, 101 (note 3).
+   (_See_ also _Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland_.)
+
+ Milton, John, 8, 30, 91.
+   _Hymn on Nativity_, quoted, 201 (note 2).
+   _Paradise Lost_, quoted, 201 (n. 2).
+   Sonnet to Cromwell, quoted, 86.
+
+ Miol, 145.
+
+ Mitchell, Thomas, minister of Turriff, 41 (note 2), 42.
+
+ Molinea, 133.
+
+ Monboddo, Lord, on dual number, 182.
+
+ Montaigne, age on completing collegiate course, 9.
+
+ Montrose, Earl of, 36, 38, 78, 80 (note 2).
+
+ _Moral Tales_, 113 (note).
+
+ Moray, 3, 4 (note).
+
+ Moray Firth, 32, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Morley, _Universal Library_, 185 (note 2).
+
+ Morrison, _Dictionary of Decisions_, 146 (note).
+
+ Motteux, Pierre A., 97, 184, 203 (note 2).
+   Completes Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 192, 206 (and note 1).
+   On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 98.
+
+ Monat (de Monte Alto) family in Cromartie, 4 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- William, takes part of King Robert Bruce, 138.
+
+ Mounie, 60.
+
+ Mucholles, Lord, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Munro, John, of Lemlair, and rising in North, 70.
+
+ ---- Colonel Robert, Mission to Marquis of Huntly, 34.
+
+ Nairn, 70.
+
+ Napier, John, of Merchiston, 119, 122 (and note 2), 124.
+
+ Naples, 28.
+
+ Narfesia, Sovereign of the Amazons, 132.
+
+ National Covenant, quoted, 31.
+
+ Newcastle, Earl of, 116.
+
+ _Nicholas Nickleby_, quoted, 11 (note).
+
+ Nicolia, 136.
+
+ Nimrod, 131.
+
+ Niort, 204 (note).
+
+ Nisbet, on Urquhart's property, 2.
+   _System of Heraldry_, 3 (note 1).
+
+ Noah, 131, 146.
+
+ _Noctes Ambrosianae_ (Blackwood), version of Urquhart's death, 101 (note).
+
+ "Nonconformist Conscience," 187.
+
+ Northumberland, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Nottingham, 86.
+
+ Ogilvie, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, 76.
+
+ Old Machar, 10.
+
+ Orkneys, 80 (note 2).
+
+ Orpah, 131.
+
+ Overton, 96.
+
+ Ovid, 195 (note).
+   _Metamorphosis_, 133.
+
+ Ozell, edition of Rabelais, 206.
+
+ Padua, 163.
+
+ Pantagruel, 158 (note), 161, 190.
+   (_See_ also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
+
+ Panthea, daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha, 133.
+
+ Panurge, 158 (note), 197. (_See_ also Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation
+   of Rabelais.)
+
+ Pape, Charles, Minister of Cullicudden, 63.
+
+ Paris, 28.
+
+ Parnassus, Mount, 44, 109.
+
+ Pegasus, 109.
+
+ Pembroke, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Pentasilea, Queen of the Amazons, 135.
+
+ Penuel, 131.
+
+ Pericles, 149 (note).
+
+ Persius, 8 (note 2); quoted, 162.
+
+ Perth, 84.
+
+ Petrarch, 166.
+
+ Petric, James, 8 (note 2).
+
+ Pharaoh Amenophis, 133.
+
+ Philemon (Philomenes), death of, 100 (note).
+
+ Pillars of Hercules, 124.
+
+ Pistol, Ancient, 2, 109 (note).
+
+ Pitkerrie, 103.
+
+ Plato, 124, 202 (and note).
+
+ Pliny, 52 (note 2).
+
+ Pluscardine. (_See_ Mackenzie, Thomas.)
+
+ Plutus, 52, 198 (note).
+
+ Pococke's _Tour_, 17 (note 2), 103 (note 1).
+
+ Pope, Alexander--
+   _Dunciad_, 206 (note 2).
+   On Rabelais, 186.
+
+ Portia, 22, 25.
+
+ Portugal founded, 145.
+
+ Pothina, niece of Lycurgus, 136.
+
+ Prott, David, killed at Towie-Barclay, 40.
+
+ Providence, Rhode Island, 90.
+
+ Pulteney, Sir William, 103 (note 2).
+
+ Pythagoras, 124, 202.
+
+ Queen Elizabeth, 120.
+
+ ---- Mary, of England, 102.
+
+ ---- Mary, of Scotland, 104 (note 1), 168.
+
+ Queensferry, 84.
+
+ Raban, printer, Aberdeen, 57 (n.).
+
+ _Rabelais_, 107 (note 2), 119 (note), 185 (and note 2), 192 (note),
+   235 (note).
+
+ Rabelais, Francois, sketch of, 187.
+   _Gargantua_ and _Pantagruel_, 189.
+   (_See_ Urquhart, Sir Thomas, Translation of Rabelais.)
+
+ Raleigh, Sir Walter, 120.
+   _History of the World_, 8.
+
+ Raphael, 187.
+
+ Reay, Lord, joins Mackenzie's force, 76, 78 (note).
+
+ _Records of Court of Justiciary_, 16 (note 2).
+
+ _Redgauntlet_, quoted, 102 (note 1).
+
+ Resolis, 62 (note 1).
+
+ Riddell, J., _Scotch Peerage Law_, 55 (note).
+
+ Rising of Cavaliers in North, 69.
+
+ Robertson, William, of Kindeasse, Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 94.
+
+ Rolland, Catharine, 13 (note 1).
+
+ Rome, 28.
+
+ Ross, Alexander (1), minister in Aberdeen, 37 (note 2).
+
+ ---- Alexander (2), 126 (note 1).
+   Recommends _Trissotetras_, 126.
+   Verses, 126, 127 (note).
+
+ ---- George, of Pitkerrie, buys Cromartie estate, 17, 103.
+
+ ---- (Sir) Hugh, owns Cromartie, 4.
+
+ ---- (Major) Walter Charteris, of Cromartie, 103 (note 3).
+
+ ---- William, Earl of, 4.
+
+ Rothes, Earls of, 55 (note).
+
+ Rothiemay, Banffshire, 35 (note 1), 43 (note).
+
+ Row, _Historie of Kirk of Scotland_, 42 (note).
+
+ Royalists escape to England, 43 (note 1).
+
+ Ruskin, John, 173 (note).
+
+ Rutherford, Samuel, Principal of St Andrews, 82.
+
+ Ruthven Castle taken by Marquis of Huntly, 77.
+
+ St Andrews, 82.
+
+ St Hilarion, 204 (note).
+
+ St Jerome, _Vita Sancti Hilarionis_, 204 (note).
+
+ _St Ronan's Well_, quoted, 186.
+
+ Salton, Lord, 141.
+
+ Saragossa, 27.
+
+ _Scenes and Legends of North of Scotland_, quoted, 18, 102 (note 2),
+   139 (note), 141 (note).
+
+ Scota, daughter of Pharaoh, 145.
+
+ Scotch army marches into England, 84.
+
+ _Scotch Peerage Law._ (_See_ Riddell, J.)
+
+ Scotchman abroad, 24.
+
+ Scotland:
+   Episcopacy in, 32, 102 (note 2).
+   Four armies in, 32, (note 1).
+   Mythical history of, 145.
+   University education in, 9. (_See_ also Aberdeen University.)
+
+ Scrogie, Dr Alexander, 37 (note 2), 43 (note).
+
+ Seaforth, George, Earl of, 69.
+
+ Seaton, Dr, in Paris, 28.
+
+ ---- John, 11 (note).
+
+ ---- William, 11 (note).
+   Sir Thomas Urquhart's account of, 13.
+
+ Seton, Alexander, of Meldrum, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- arms, 139 (note).
+
+ ---- Elizabeth, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Shafton, Sir Piercie, 124.
+
+ Shakespeare, William:
+   _Henry IV._, 165 (note).
+   _Merchant of Venice_, 25.
+   _Midsummer Night's Dream_, 174 (note).
+   _Twelfth Night_, 122 (note).
+   _Winter's Tale_, 8.
+
+ Shephard, Jack, 51 (note).
+
+ Shrewsbury, 86.
+
+ Sibbald, Dr James, 37 (note 2).
+
+ Smith, Sidney, "preaching to death by wild curates," 66.
+
+ ---- W. F., Translation of Rabelais, 158 (note 1), 99 (note 1), 191.
+
+ Socrates, 119 (note), 124.
+
+ Sodom and Gomorrha, 133.
+
+ Solvatius, King, 137.
+
+ Somerled, Lord of the Isles, 136 (note 1).
+
+ South, _Sermons_, 199 (note).
+
+ Southcote, Joanna, 179 (note).
+
+ Southey, _Dr Dove_, 114 (note), 178 (note).
+
+ Spalding, mentions Sir Thomas Urquhart, 38.
+   _Memorials_, quoted, 40, 43 (note).
+
+ Spartianus, AElius, _Life of Geta_, 205 (note).
+
+ Spenser, 120.
+
+ Spilsbury, Sir Thomas Urquhart stays with, 86, 153.
+
+ Stacker, James, 41 (note 2).
+
+ Steele, Richard, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Stirling, 84.
+
+ Strachan, General, 77 (note 2), 81 (note).
+
+ Strafford, Earl of, 116.
+
+ Stralsund, 69.
+
+ Stratford-on-Avon, 86.
+
+ Strathbogie, 34.
+
+ Strathearn, Earls of, family name, 135 (note).
+
+ Sutherland, Earl of, action against Earls of Crawford, Errol, and
+   Marischal, 146.
+
+ ---- James, "Tutor of Duffus," 56.
+
+ Tamerlane, 67.
+
+ Tarbat, Viscount, First Earl of Cromartie, 103.
+
+ Termuth, daughter of Pharaoh Amenophis, 133.
+
+ Thaumast, 158 (note).
+
+ _The Lords Elphinstone_, quoted, 7 (note), 13 (note 3).
+
+ The Tables and Aberdeen, 35, 37.
+
+ Thelema, Abbey of, 193 _seqq._
+
+ Thelemites, 195 _seqq._
+
+ _Through the Looking-Glass_, quoted, 114 (note).
+
+ Thucydides, 149 (note).
+
+ Thymelica, daughter of Bacchus, 135.
+
+ Toledo, 27.
+
+ Torespay, 77 (note).
+
+ Tor Wood, 84.
+
+ Tomlius, Richard, 176 (note).
+
+ Towie-Barclay Castle, 38 (note 2).
+
+ ---- laird of, plunders Balquholly, 39.
+
+ _Tristram Shandy_, quoted, 47 (note 3).
+
+ Trot of Turriff, 41 (and note 2).
+
+ Turriff, 38.
+   Inhabitants subscribe King's Covenant, 42.
+
+ "Tutor," Meaning of, 5 (note 1).
+
+ Tycheros, 131.
+
+ Tytler, Patrick F.:
+   _Life of the Admirable Crichton_, 159, 165, 190.
+   On Urquhart's Translation of Rabelais, 190.
+
+ University of Aberdeen, New Constitution, 10, 11 (note).
+
+ Urquhart, Adam of, owns Cromartie, 4.
+
+ ---- Sir Alexander, 16.
+   Petition for compensation for losses, 61.
+   Petition for Sheriffship of Cromartie, 98, 100.
+
+ ---- Annas, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- arms, 132, 133, 137 (and note 1).
+
+ ---- (Major) Beauchamp Colclough, 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Cainotomos, 135.
+
+ ---- Euplocamos, 134.
+
+ ---- family, descent of, 130 _seqq._
+
+ ---- George, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Helen, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Henry, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Hypsegoras, 133.
+
+ ---- Colonel James, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Urquhart, Jane, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- John, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Sir John, of Craigfintray, 101 (note 2).
+   Hereditary Sheriff of Cromartie, 60.
+   Death, 102 (note 2).
+
+ ---- John, of Craigfintray, "the Tutor of Cromartie," 5 (and note 1),
+   6 (and note 1), 19 (note), 102 (note 3).
+
+ ---- Jonathan, 102.
+
+ ---- Margaret, 7 (note).
+
+ ---- Mellessen, 136.
+
+ ---- Molin, 133.
+
+ ---- Names of Chiefs and Primitive Fathers, Appendix i. 211.
+   Names of Mothers of Chiefs, Appendix i. 213.
+
+ ---- (de Vrquhartt), origin of name, 4 (note 2), 132 (note 1).
+
+ ---- Pamprosodos, 133.
+
+ ---- Phrenedon, 133.
+
+ ---- Propetes, 133.
+
+ ---- Rodrigo, 135.
+
+ ---- SIR THOMAS (Urchard, Urquhardus, Wrqhward, Wrwhart), 132 (note).
+   Account of Aberdeen and eminent men, 12.
+   Account of Admirable Crichton, 157.
+   Account of impoverished estates, 45.
+   Ancestry, 2.
+   At Worcester, 86, 129.
+   Birth, 6.
+   Birthplace unknown, 8.
+   Book-hunting, 29.
+   Characteristics, 53, 104 (and notes 1, 2), 105, 130, 144 (note 2).
+   Conduct of creditors, 94.
+   Death, 97, 99 (note 1).
+   Description of his father's character, 14.
+   Enters University of Aberdeen, 9 (and note 1).
+   Escapes to England, 43.
+   Foreign Travel, 22, 25, 27.
+   Knighted, 44.
+   Lesley and, 55.
+   Liberated on parole, 89.
+   Literary achievements, 2, 148.
+   Lives at Cromartie--financial difficulties, 51.
+   Loses ancestral domains and jurisdiction, 60.
+   MS. of unpublished Poems quoted, 5 (note 2); described, 116.
+   MSS. lost after Worcester, 88, 129, 154.
+   On G. Anderson's preaching, 63, 66.
+   Papers seized, 93.
+   Portraits, 107.
+   Praise of "the Tutor of Cromartie," 5 (and note 2).
+   Prepares MSS. for publication, 89.
+   Prisoner in the Tower, 88.
+   Proclaimed rebel and traitor, 71.
+   Relations with Ministers of Church, 61.
+   Religious belief, 67.
+   Reminiscence of his youth, 20.
+   Rental, 51.
+   Reply to Commissioners' remonstrances, 72.
+   Resides in London, 50 (and note 2).
+   Returns home, 30.
+   Rising in North and, 69.
+   Schemes and inventions, 53.
+   Speed in composition, 117, 151.
+   Succeeds to estates, 47.
+   "Supplication" for pardon, 81.
+   Takes up arms for Stuarts, 38, 69, 84.
+   Vanity, 24 (note 3).
+   Works:--
+     EKSKYBALAURON: or, Discovery of a most exquisite Jewel, 92.
+       Account of, 148 _seqq._ (and note 1).
+       Description of Admirable Crichton, 157 _seqq._
+     In contemporary politics, 168.
+     On fame of Scots in battle, 157.
+     Quoted, 67, 153, 165, 168, 170, 172, 174.
+   _Epigrams_: Divine and Moral, 44.
+     Account of, 111 _seqq._
+     Dedication, 111, 115.
+     Quoted, 60 (note), 113, 114.
+     MS., quoted, 109 (note).
+   _Logopandecteision_; or, An Introduction to the Universal Language:
+     Account of, 175 _seqq._
+     Published, 96.
+     Quoted, 48, 57, 62 (note 2), 90.
+   PANTOCHRONOCHANON: Peculiar Promptuary of Time, 92.
+     Account of, 128 seqq.
+   Translation of Rabelais, 2, 96, 97, 161, 205.
+     Account of, 184, 190 _seqq._
+     Exploits of Pantagruel, 161 (note 2).
+     Genealogy of Pantagruel, 144.
+     Interpolations, 203.
+     Panurge, Sketch of, 197.
+     Sketch of Abbey of Thelema, 193.
+     Various editions, 206.
+   _Trissotetras_, 92, 114.
+     Account of, 117 (and note 1).
+   Unpublished Epigrams, Dedications of, 116.
+
+ ---- Thomas, marries Helen Abernethie, their family, 141.
+
+ ---- Sir Thomas, senior--
+   Action against his sons, 16.
+   Becomes caution for Alexander Forbes, 15.
+   Believes in long pedigree, 147.
+   Death, 47 (and note 3).
+   "Desk" or Pew in Banff Church, 19 (and note 1).
+   Episcopalian, 30, 33, 35.
+   Marriage-contract, 7 (and note 1).
+   Pecuniary difficulties, 13, 15, 45.
+   Residence in Banff, 18 (and note 2).
+   Sketch of, 5, 6.
+
+ ---- (Captain) William, of Meldrum, buys Cromartie estate, 103.
+
+ ---- William, receives grant of Motehill of Cromartie, 17.
+
+ Urquharts of Meldrum, 102 (note 3).
+
+ Valerius Maximus, 100 (note).
+
+ Venice, 28, 163.
+
+ Virgil, 166, 201 (note 1).
+
+ Vocompos, arms of, 137.
+
+ Voltaire, 189.
+
+ Wallace, Professor of Mathematics, Edinburgh, on _Trissotetras_, 119.
+
+ ---- William, and William Mouat, 139.
+
+ Wardlaw MS., 76, 78 (note).
+
+ Warrington Bridge, 85.
+
+ Westminster Abbey, 145.
+
+ Whibley, Charles, _New Review_, quoted, 112.
+
+ Williams, Roger, Missionary to Indians, 90, 91 (note 1).
+
+ Williamson, Robert, Minister of Kirkmichael, 63.
+
+ Windsor Castle, Sir Thomas Urquhart removed to, 89.
+
+ Wodrow, quoted, 81 (note 2), 102 (note 2).
+
+ Worcester, 86.
+   Battle of, 87.
+
+ ---- Marquis of, _Century of the Names and Scantling of ... Inventions_,
+   181 (note 2).
+
+ Worldly Wiseman, 34.
+
+ Wyntown's _Cronykil_, quoted, 3 (note 2).
+
+ Yares of Udoll, 56.
+
+ York, 86.
+
+ ---- Thomas, 50 (note 2).
+
+ Young, James, 118 (note).
+
+
+
+
+                     BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
+
+    Second Thousand. In Fcap. 8vo, 174 pp. Cloth, 2s. 6d.
+
+          _A Shetland Minister of the 18th Century._
+
+      Being Passages in the Life of the Rev. John Mill.
+
+
+                    NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
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+
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+
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+
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+striking and interesting character and phase of life."--_British
+Weekly._
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+in Scotland and her past."--_Liverpool Daily Post._
+
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+readers."--_Life and Work._
+
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+of Mill's diary, which seems incredibly old-fashioned and
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+
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+century."--_Orkney Herald._
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+
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+
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+volume furnishes interesting reading from beginning to end."--_Shetland
+News._
+
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+there in its pages."--_Shetland Times._
+
+_To be had from_
+
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+
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+
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+contribution to Scottish literary history."--_British Weekly._
+
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+
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+
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+picture of this greatest of the Scots."--_Aberdeen Journal._
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+Motherwell, and Thom.
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+Transcriber's Notes: Hyphenation has been standardized, for instance,
+"footnote" rather than "foot-note". Spelling has not been standardized,
+for instance "Lieutenant-General" and "Lieutenant-Generall", or
+"falsehood" and "falshood". The period following a royal's roman number
+belongs, for instance, "King Charles. is".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromartie,
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