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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara
+River, by Barlow Cumberland
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River
+
+Author: Barlow Cumberland
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2012 [EBook #38542]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAIL, STEAM ON NIAGARA RIVER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Barlow Cumberland]
+
+
+
+
+A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River
+
+By Barlow Cumberland
+
+
+TORONTO:
+THE MUSSON BOOK COMPANY
+LIMITED
+
+COPYRIGHTED
+IN CANADA
+1913
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHERS' NOTE.
+
+
+Although the book is published about two months after the author's death,
+it will be gratifying to many readers to know that all the final proofs
+were passed by Mr. Cumberland himself. Therefore the volume in detail has
+the author's complete sanction. We have added to the illustrations a
+portrait of the author.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+This narrative is not, nor does it purport to be one of general navigation
+upon Lake Ontario, but solely of the vessels and steamers which plyed
+during its century to the ports of the Niagara River, and particularly of
+the rise of the Niagara Navigation Co., to which it is largely devoted.
+
+Considerable detail has, however been given to the history of the steamers
+"Frontenac" and "Ontario" because the latter has hitherto been reported to
+have been the first to be launched, and the credit of being the first to
+introduce steam navigation upon Lake Ontario has erroneously been given to
+the American shipping.
+
+Successive eras of trading on the River tell of strenuous competitions.
+Sail is overpassed by steam. The new method of propulsion wins for this
+water route the supremacy of passenger travel, rising to a splendid climax
+when the application of steam to transportation on land and the
+introduction of railways brought such decadence to the River that all its
+steamers but one had disappeared.
+
+The transfer of the second "City of Toronto" and of steamboating investment
+from the Niagara River to the undeveloped routes of the Upper Lakes leads
+to a diversion of the narration as bringing the initiation of another era
+on the Niagara River and explaining how the steamer, which formed its
+centre, came to be brought to the River service.
+
+The closing 35 years of the century form the era of the Niagara Navigation
+Co., in which the period of decadence was converted into one of intense
+activity and splendid success.
+
+Our steam boating coterie had been promised by Mr. Chas. Gildersleeve,
+General Manager of the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Co., that he would
+write up the navigation history of the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River
+sections upon which he and his forbears had been foremost leaders.
+Unfortunately he passed away somewhat suddenly, before being able to do
+this, and they pressed upon me to produce the Niagara section which had
+been alloted to myself.
+
+The narration has been completed during the intervals between serious
+illness and is sent out in fulfilment of a promise, but yet in hope that it
+may be found acceptable to transportation men and with its local historical
+notes interesting to the travelling public.
+
+Thanks are given to Mr. J. Ross Robertson, for the reproduction of some
+cuts of early steamers, and particularly to Mr. Frederick J. Shepard, of
+the Buffalo Public Library, who has been invaluable in tracing up and
+confirming data in the United States.
+
+Dr. A. G. Dougaty, C.M.G., Archivist of Canada, Mr. Frank Severance, of the
+Buffalo Historical Society, and Mr. Locke, Public Librarian, Toronto, have
+been good enough to give much assistance which is warmly acknowledged.
+
+                                    BARLOW CUMBERLAND.
+
+                                    Dunain, Port Hope.
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF SAIL AND STEAM ON THE NIAGARA RIVER.
+
+
+Chap. I.--The First Eras of Canoe and Sail                      9
+
+Chap. II.--The First Steamboats on the River and Lake
+Ontario                                                        17
+
+Chap. III.--More Steamboats and Early Water Routes. The
+River the Centre of Through Travel East and West.              25
+
+Chap. IV.--Expansion and Decline of Traffic on the River. A
+Final Flash, and a Move to the North                           36
+
+Chap. V.--On the Upper Lakes With the Wolseley Expedition
+and Lord Dufferin                                              47
+
+Chap. VI.--A Novel Idea and a New Venture. Buffalo in
+Sailing Ship Days. A Risky Passage                             58
+
+Chap. VII.--Down Through the Welland. The Miseries of
+Horse-towing Times. Port Dalhousie and a Lake Veteran. The
+Problem Solved. Toronto at Last                                68
+
+Chap. VIII.--The Niagara Portal. Old Times and Old Names at
+Newark and Niagara. A Winter of Changes. A New Rivalry Begun   80
+
+Chap. IX.--The First Season of The Niagara Navigation
+Company. A Hot Competition. Steamboat Manoeuvres               94
+
+Chap. X.--Change Partners Rate-cutting and Racing. Hanlan
+and Toronto Waterside. Passenger Limitation Introduced        109
+
+Chap. XI.--Niagara Camps Formed. More Changes and
+Competition. Beginnings of Railroads in New York State.
+Early Passenger Men and Ways                                  119
+
+Chap. XII.--First Railways to Lewiston. Expansion Required.
+The Renown of the Let-Her-B. A Critic of Plimsoll             134
+
+Chap. XIII.--Winter and Whisky in Scotland. Rail Arrives at
+Lewiston Dock. How _Cibola_ got Her Name. On the U. E.
+Loyalist Route. _Ongiara_ Added                               143
+
+Chap. XIV.--Running the Blockade on the Let-Her-B. as Told
+by Her Captain-owner 156
+
+Chap. XV.--The Canadian Electric Railway to Queenston. An
+Old Portage Route Revived. The Trek to the Western States.
+_Chippewa_ Arrives. Railway Chief                             165
+
+Chap. XVI.--_Cibola_ Goes, _Corona_ Comes. The Gorge
+Electric Railway Opens to Lewiston. How the Falls Cut Their
+Way Back Through the Rocks. Royal Visitors. The Decisiveness
+of Israel Tarte.                                              178
+
+Chap. XVII.--_Cayuga_ Adds Her Name. Niagara and Hamilton
+Rejoined. Ice Jams on the River. The Niagara Ferry
+Completed. Once More the United Management From "Niagara to
+the Sea"                                                      189
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+A.
+
+_Accommodation_, Steamer 17
+
+Advertising, N. Y. C. 175
+
+_Alaska_, S.S. 145
+
+_Alberta_, Steamer 121
+
+Albany Northern Railroad 42
+
+_Alciope_, Steamer 29
+
+_Algoma_, Steamer 35, 44, 121
+
+Algoma, qualifications of electors 46
+
+American Civil War 43
+
+American Colonists under James II 81
+
+American Constitution Compared 47
+
+American Express Line 37
+
+American Prisoners from Queenston Heights 14
+
+_Arabian_, Steamer 37
+
+_Armenia_, Steamer 126
+
+_Asia_, Steamer 78
+
+_Assiniboia_, Steamer   121
+
+
+B.
+
+Barre, Chevalier de la 81
+
+Barrie, R. N., Commodore 29, 30
+
+Baldwin, Dr. 15
+
+Bankruptcy of Steamers on River 43
+
+_Bay State_, Steamer 37, 105
+
+Baxter, Alderman John 152
+
+Beatty, Jas, Jr., Mayor 114
+
+Bell, Mr. David 64
+
+Benson, Judge 33
+
+Benson, Capt 33
+
+Blockade-Running 160
+
+Bolton, Col. R. E. 48
+
+Book Tickets Introduced 132
+
+Boswell, A. R 114
+
+Bouchette, Commodore 13
+
+Bowes, Mayor J. G. 38
+
+Boynton, Capt. George B. 156
+
+Brampton, Mills 42
+
+_Britannia_, Steamer 33
+
+Brock, General 15, 33, 169
+
+Brock's Monument, Imitation of 33
+
+_Brooklyn_, Steamer    48
+
+Bruce Mines 44
+
+Buffalo & Niagara Falls Railroad   31
+
+Buffalo Dry Dock Co.   63
+
+Buffalo in Sailing Days   64
+
+Buffalo & Niagara Falls _Burlington_, Steamer 32
+
+Butler, Col. 84
+
+Butlersberg Begun 84
+
+
+C.
+
+Callaway, W. R. 123
+
+_Caldwell_, Warships 13
+
+_Caledonia_, Schooner 15
+
+Caledonian Society 97
+
+Caledonian S. S. Co. 140
+
+_Canada_, Steamer 26, 28
+
+Canadian Through Line    37
+
+Canadian Constitution Compared 47
+
+Canada Coasting Law Suspended 49
+
+Canada Railway News Co. 93
+
+Canadian Pacific Railway Terminals 51
+
+_Campana_, Steamer   120
+
+Campbell, Capt. Alexander, Selects Queenston portage 170
+
+_Captain Conn's Coffin_, Schooner 14
+
+Captain, position of, high importance     27
+
+Cannochan, Miss Janet 119
+
+_Cataract_, Steamer 37, 105
+
+Cayuga Creek 10
+
+Cayuga, 112 ways of spelling 189
+
+_Cayuga_, Steamer, launched, speed trials 190
+
+Century, the close of a 198
+
+_Campion_, Steamer 37
+
+Charleston, S. C. 159
+
+Charles II. Adventurers 45
+
+_Chicora_, Steamer--
+  With Woolesly 47
+  History name 148
+  Renown 138
+
+_Chicora_, Steamer, decision to build partner 136
+
+_Chief Justice Robinson_, Steamer 34, 39, 41
+
+Chief Deseronto 152
+
+Chief Brant 152
+
+Chippawa River 9
+
+_Chippewa, Steamer_--
+  Name 173
+  Launched 174
+
+_Cibola_, Steamer--
+  Burned 17
+  Built 145
+  History of Name 148
+
+_City of Toronto_, 1st Steamer 25
+
+_City of Toronto_, 2nd Steamer 35
+  Rebuilt as Algoma 44
+  Transferred to Upper Lakes 45
+
+_City of Toronto_, 3rd Steamer 35
+  Goes ashore 123
+  Burned 125
+
+_Clermont_, Steamer 17
+
+Collingwood-Lake Superior Line 109
+
+_Columba_, Steamer 141
+
+_Commodore Barrie_, Steamer 30
+
+Connaught, H.R.H. Duke of 51
+
+Conn, Capt. 14
+
+_Corona_, Steamer--
+  Named 179
+  Launched 179
+
+Cornell, Mr. George 89, 102
+
+Cross raised at Fort Niagara 81
+
+Cross raised at Quebec by Cartier 81
+
+Cumberland, Col. F. W., M.P. 48, 49, 53, 62, 78, 121
+
+Cumberland, Barlow-- 61, 109, 120, 172, 198
+
+Cumberland, Mrs. Seraphina 122
+
+Cumberland, Miss Mildred-- 174, 179
+
+Cumberland, Miss Constance 150
+
+_Cumberland_, Steamer 63
+
+Currie, James C. Neil 36
+
+
+D.
+
+Daniels, Geo. H. 176
+
+Dawson Road 44, 48
+
+Dennis, Joseph 14, 26
+
+Denison, Lt.-Col. Robert 154
+
+Denonville, Marquis de 82
+
+Demary, J. G. 73
+
+Dick, Capt. Thomas 30, 44
+
+Dick, Capt. Jas. 44
+
+Doctors prescribe Niagara Line 132
+
+Docks purchased--
+  Queenston 91
+  Youngstown 166
+  Niagara-on-Lake 181
+  Lewiston 191
+  Toronto 195
+
+Dongan, Col. Thomas 81
+
+Donaldson, Capt. William 110
+
+Don Francesco de Chicora 149
+
+Dorchester, Lord 13
+
+Dorchester, Lady 13
+
+_Dove_, Schooner 14
+
+_Dragon_, H. M. S.   30
+
+Dufferin, Lord 52
+   Tour through Upper Lakes 53
+
+Dufferin, Countess of 54
+
+_Duke of Richmond_, Packet 15
+
+Duke and Duchess of York 183
+
+Dunbarton, Scotland 38
+
+
+E.
+
+Early Steamer Routes and Rates 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 134
+
+Early Passenger Schedules--
+  Albany and Bugalo 128
+
+Early Passenger Agents 131
+
+Early Closing Movement 185
+
+Eckford, David 18
+
+Electrical Traction, Infancy of 167
+
+_Emerald_, Steamer 32
+
+_Empress of India_, Steamer-- 114, 126
+
+Engineer Corps of U. S. A. 193
+
+Erie Canal 36, 40
+
+Erie & Ontario Railway 38
+
+Ernestown 18
+
+Esquesing, Mills 42
+
+Estes, Capt. Andrew 28
+
+Evolution of the Niagara Gorge 180
+
+Exclusive Rights for Navigation by Steam 18
+
+Excursion, Queen's Birthday 94
+
+Expansion of Niagara Navigation Co. 194
+
+Exposition, Buffalo 182
+
+
+F.
+
+Fast Time to Niagara 26-31
+
+_Filgate_, Steamer 114
+
+Finkle's Point 18, 19, 25
+
+First Vessel on Lake Erie 10
+
+First Navies On Lake Ontario 17
+
+First Company to Build Steamer for Lake Ontario 17
+
+First Steamer on Lake U & First Steamer on Hudson River 17
+
+First Steamer on St. Lawrence 17
+
+First Steamer on Lake Ontario 19
+
+First Steamers on Lake Ontario, dimensions of 22
+
+First Board of Directors N. N. Co. 197
+
+First Steamer to Run the Rapids 121
+
+First Niagara Camp 119
+
+First Twin-screw Steamer on Upper Lakes 121
+
+First Canoe Route to Upper Lakes 9, 45
+
+First Name of Niagara 155
+
+First Iron Steamers 36
+
+First Railroads in New York State 127
+
+First Sleeping Cars 129
+
+First Electric Railway to Niagara River 167
+
+First U. E. Loyalists 153
+
+First Suspension Bridge over Niagara 171
+
+Flour Rates (1855) to New York 41
+
+Flour via Lewiston to Montreal 42
+
+Folger, Mr. B. W. 186
+
+Fort William 45
+
+Fort Garry 44
+
+Fort George 83, 120
+
+Fort York--Toronto 154
+
+Fort Missasauga 80
+
+Fort Niagara, contests for possession of 12
+
+Fort Niagara--
+  Established by French 81
+  Evacuated 83
+  Captured by British 83
+  Never captured 3
+  Americans 83
+
+Formalities on Early Steamers 26
+
+Four Track Series 176
+
+Foy, Hon. J. J. 184, 198
+
+Foy, John 62, 109, 132, 188
+
+Foy, Mr. A. 150
+
+Foy, Miss Clara 179
+
+French River 9, 45
+
+French Pioneers, Trail of 11
+
+French Encompass British 12
+
+Friendly Hand Excursions 100
+
+Frontenac, Count 10
+
+_Frontenac_, Steamer, commenced 23, 24, 28
+
+Frontenac Lake 12
+
+Frontier House, Lewiston 146
+
+Fulton, Robert 17
+
+
+G.
+
+Gallinee, Pere 81
+
+Gibraltar, Point 14
+
+Gilbert, Abner 84
+
+Gildersleeve Family Record 15
+
+Gildersleeve, H. 25
+
+_Gildersleeve_, Steamer 33
+
+Gilkison, Robert 30, 31
+
+Glasgow, Winter in 143
+
+Gordon, L. B., Purser Peerless 41, 136
+
+_Gore_, Steamer 30
+
+Gorge Electric Railway 179
+
+_Governor Simcoe_, Schooner 13
+
+Grand Trunk Railway, opened 42
+
+_Great Britain_, Steamer 29
+
+Great Western Railway 42, 60
+
+Great Trek to Western States 171
+
+_Griffon_, Sloop 10, 81
+
+Grimsby 32
+
+Gunn, J. W. 37
+
+Gzowski, Mr. Casimir 64
+
+
+H.
+
+Hall, Capt. 76
+
+Hamilton, Hon. Robert 25, 29, 170
+
+Hamilton, Hon. John 29, 36
+
+Hamilton Steamboat Co. purchased 114
+
+Hanlan, Edward, reception of 114
+
+Harbottle, Capt. Thomas 36, 92
+
+Harbour Regulations, Toronto, 1851 37-38
+
+_Hastings_, Steamer 150
+
+Hayter, Mr. Ross 152
+
+Head of Navigation Portages 170
+
+Hendrie, Geo. H. 173
+
+Hendrie, Hon. J. S. 197
+
+Hendrie, William 173
+
+Hennepin, Father 10
+
+Heron, Capt. 34
+
+_Highlander_, Steamer 37
+
+Historical Society, Buffalo 20
+
+Horse Canalling through Welland 68
+
+Hudson River Railroad 41
+
+Hudson's Bay Fort 50
+
+
+I.
+
+Ice Jams on River 191-194
+
+Irea, A Novel 59
+
+Immigrants by Chippawa River 171
+
+Indiana Excursions 99
+
+Interest, Points of 101
+
+Iroquois Cap 11
+
+Irwin, C. W. 88
+
+Isle Royale 11, 63
+
+Israel Tarte's Decisiveness 184
+
+
+J.
+
+_J. T. Robb_, Tug 62
+
+_Jean Baptiste_, Steamer 114
+
+Johnson, Sir William 12, 83
+
+Jonquiere 83
+
+
+K.
+
+Kaministiqua River 45
+
+_Kathleen_, Steamer 150
+
+Kendrick, Mr. D. M. 175
+
+Kent, H. R. H. Duke of 13
+
+Kerr, Capt. Robert 32, 87
+
+Kingston Gazette 19
+
+Kingston Dockyard 29
+
+Kirby, Mr. Frank 173
+
+
+L.
+
+La Salle 10
+
+_Lady Dorchester_, Schooner 13
+
+_Lady Washington_, Schooner 13
+
+_Lahn_, S.S. 138
+
+Lake Superior 44
+
+Lake Ontario Steamboat
+Co. 20
+
+Lake Nipissing 81
+
+Leach, Capt. Thomas 43, 62, 125
+
+Leach, Alexander 62, 103
+
+Legislature, Provincial 46
+
+Lewiston 12, 20, 89
+
+Lewiston, Railway Development 134
+
+Liancourt, Duke de 85
+
+Ligneris 12
+
+Limitation of Passengers 116-118
+
+_Limnale_, Warship 13
+
+Livingston 18
+
+Long Point Bay 14
+
+_Lord of the Isles_, Steamer 141
+
+Lunt, Mr. R. C. 88, 110, 111, 118
+
+Lusher 19
+
+
+M.
+
+Mackinac 57
+
+Macdonald, Bruce 198
+
+Macklem, Oliver T. 38
+
+_Magnet_, Steamer 37
+
+_Maid of the Mist_, Steamer 121
+
+Maitland, Lady 26
+
+Maitland, Sir Peregrine 26
+
+Mallahy, U. S. N. Capt. Francis 22
+
+Manchester 31
+
+Manitoulin Island 44
+
+Manson, Capt. William 62, 70, 78
+
+_Maple Leaf_, Steamer 37
+
+Marine Dept., United States 63
+
+Marine Insurance Anomalies 66
+
+Mariner, An Ancient 73
+
+Marks, Thomas 51
+
+_Martha Ogden_, Steamer 20, 28, 29
+
+Matthews, W. D. 198
+
+Maude, John 85
+
+_Maxwell_, Steamer 114
+
+_Mayflower_, Steamer 37
+
+McBride, R. H. 62, 78, 198
+
+McCorquodale, Capt. 130, 152, 187
+
+McGiffin, Capt. 152, 180
+
+McKenzie, R.N. Capt. James 23, 29
+
+McLean, Capt. 48
+
+McLure, General, Retreats from Newark 86
+
+McNab, Capt. 56
+
+Meeker, Mr. C. B. 127
+
+Mellish, John 85
+
+Milloy, Capt. Duncan 38, 43
+
+Milloy, N. & Co. 47
+
+Milloy Estate, Arrangements with 87
+
+Milloy, Donald 88, 110, 122
+
+Milloy, Capt. Wm. Assumes Control 122
+
+_Minerva_, Packet 15
+
+Missassag River 45
+
+Mississippi River 11
+
+_Mohawk_, Sloop 13
+
+_Moira_, Warship 15
+
+Molson, Hon. John 17
+
+Monett, Mr. Henry 175
+
+Moore, George, Chief Engineer 93
+
+Morton, Mr. Robert 142
+
+Mowats Dock 124
+
+Murdock, William 51
+
+Muir's Dry Dock 59
+
+Muir, Mr. W. K. 60
+
+Muir, Capt. D. 72
+
+Mull, Y. Cantire 144
+
+Murney, Captain 15
+
+Murphy, Steve 130
+
+Myers, Capt. 14
+
+
+N.
+
+Names for Steamers, why chosen 147, 155, 173, 179, 188
+
+Navigation, Upper Lakes, Permitive 52
+
+Navy Hall 13, 120
+
+Nepigon River 45
+
+Newark 84
+  Seat of Government, burned by Americans, rises from ashes 85, 86
+
+New Orleans 11
+
+_New Era_, Steamer 37
+
+New York Central Railway 40, 127, 128, 172
+
+New York to Buffalo in 1847 172
+
+Niagara River, Gateway of West 11-12
+
+Niagara River Steamers in 1826 28
+
+_Niagara_, Steamer 28, 29
+
+Niagara Navigation Co.--
+  Formed 61
+  First Directors 61-62
+
+Niagara Dock Co. 30
+
+Niagara Falls & Ontario Railway 40
+
+Niagara Escarpment, View from 70, 168
+
+Niagara-on-the-Lake 80
+
+Niagara Portal 80
+
+Niagara-on-Lake, Changes in Name 86
+
+Niagara River Line 95
+
+Niagara Dock 104
+
+Niagara Historical Society 119
+
+Niagara Line, Final Supremacy 126
+
+Niagara Falls & Ontario R. K. 135
+
+Niagara River Navigation Co., U. S. A. 166
+
+Niagara Falls Park and River Railway 167
+
+Niagara to the Sea 196-197
+
+Niles Weekly Register 20, 21
+
+North-West Company 13
+
+_Northerner_, Steamer 37
+
+Notable Day (1840) on River 33
+
+Notable Passages to Niagara 187
+
+
+O.
+
+Oakville, Mills 42
+
+Oakville Church 95
+
+Oates, Commander Edward 16
+
+Observation Cars 151
+
+Ogdensburgh 29
+
+Ohio River 11
+
+Onandaga Salt Wells 35
+
+_Ongiara_, Steamer 155
+
+_Ontario_, Steamer--
+  Commenced 14
+  Launched 21, 22, 24
+
+Ontario Steamboat Co. 19, 20
+
+_Orion_, Schooner 49
+
+Orr, Capt. James C. 55
+
+Osler, Mr. E. B. 173, 188, 198
+
+Osler, F. Gordon 198
+
+Osler, Miss Niary 174
+
+Oskwego Lake 9
+
+_Ottawa_, Steamer 30
+
+Ottawa River 9
+
+_Ozone_, Steamer 141
+
+
+P.
+
+_Pandora_, Schooner 49
+
+Parry Sound 53, 56
+
+Parry, W. H. 177
+
+_Passport_, Steamer 36
+
+_Peerless_, Steamer 38
+
+Pellatt, C.V.O., Sir Henry   198
+
+Penobscot, Maine 30
+
+Phelan, T. P. 93
+
+Pioneers of France 11
+
+Plimsoll's Legislation 139
+
+Point Aux Pins 48
+
+Point Ahina 67
+
+Pollard, Capt. & Adjt. 119
+
+Port Dalhousie 32, 72
+
+Port Colborne 62, 63
+
+Port Credit, Mills 42
+
+Port Arthur 51
+
+Pouchot 12
+
+_Powhatan_, Warship, U. S. 158
+
+_Prince Edward_, Sloop 13
+
+Prince Arthur's Landing 50
+  Origin of Name 51
+
+Prince Arthur of Connaught 51
+
+Presquile 11, 14
+
+Puchot, Capt. 83
+
+
+Q.
+
+Quebec 12
+
+Quebec Gazette 20
+
+Queenston Heights 10
+
+Queenston Heights, Battle of 169
+
+_Queenston_, Steamer 25, 28, 29
+
+_Queen Victoria_, Steamer 30, 32
+
+Queen Anne, Communion Service 152
+
+Queen Victoria Niagara Park 151
+
+_Queen Charlotte_, Steamer 25
+
+_Queen City_, Steamer 42
+
+Quinte, Bay of 18
+
+
+R.
+
+Racing, Protest Against 111
+
+Rainy River 11
+
+Rankin, Blackmore & Co. 142
+
+Rathbun, E. W. 145, 151
+
+_Red Jacket_, Steamer 31
+
+Red River 45
+
+_Reindeer_, Schooner 14
+
+Richards, Mr. E. J. 129
+
+Richardson, Capt. James 14
+
+Richardson, Capt. Hugh 26, 37
+
+Richardson, Capt. Hugh, Jr. 34
+
+Riel Rebellion 47
+
+_Rochester_, Steamer 35
+
+_Rothsay Castle_, Steamer 43
+
+_Rothesay_, Steamer 88, 92, 118
+
+Rouge River 26
+
+Route Hudson Bay & North-West Co. 45
+
+Royal Mail Line 37,196
+
+Ruggles, A. W. 177
+
+Running the Blockade on the "Let Her B" 156
+
+_Rupert_, Steamer 125
+
+Russell, Governor 85
+
+
+S.
+
+Sackett's Harbour 18
+
+Sailing Era Closed 16
+
+Salter, Rev. G. 172
+
+Sault Canal 48
+
+Scott, General Winfield 15
+
+Second Canoe Route to Upper Lakes 11
+
+_Seneca_, Warship 13
+
+_Shickluna_, Steamer 49
+
+Shipbuilding at Niagara 30-38
+
+_Simcoe_, Sloop 14
+
+Simcoe, Lieut.-Gov. 84, 85
+
+Sinclair, Capt. James 30
+
+Six Nation Indians 152
+
+Smith, Hon. Frank, afterward Sir 61, 78, 92, 109, 183
+
+Smyth, Charles 18, 20
+
+Solmes, W. H., Capt. 67
+
+Sorel 78
+
+_Southern Belle_, Steamer 43, 59
+
+_Speedy_, Schooner 14
+
+St. Clair Lake 10, 11
+
+St. Louis 11
+
+_St. Nicholas_, Steamer 42
+
+St. Catharines 32, 60, 71
+
+St. Catharines & Toronto Line 126
+
+Stages to Lewiston 25, 171
+
+Steamboating Era Begins 17
+
+Stoney Point 29
+
+Sutherland, Capt. J. 37
+
+Sullivan, J. M. 197
+
+Sydenham, Lord, Gov.-Genl. 33
+
+
+T.
+
+Teabout & Chapman 18, 25
+
+Tea in Canada 144
+
+The Old Portage 168
+
+Through the Last Lock 74, 76
+
+Thunder Bay 47
+
+Tillingharst, Mr. 92
+
+Tinning's Wharf 43
+
+_Toronto_, Schooner 14
+
+Toronto citizens given to water sports 114
+
+Toronto Field Battery 119
+
+Tour, Lord Dufferin 53
+
+Towed Across Lake Erie 66, 77
+
+Transfer Coaches at Lewiston 146
+
+_Transit_, Steamer 30, 34
+
+_Traveller_, Steamer 30
+
+Trickett, Edward 114
+
+Troyes, Pierre de 82
+
+_Turbinia_, Steamer Competes 190
+
+Twohey, Capt. H. 36
+
+
+U.
+
+Underwood, Mr. 177
+
+_United Kingdom_, Steamer 29
+
+_United States_, Steamer 30
+
+
+V.
+
+Van Cleve, Capt. 20, 21, 28, 29, 146
+
+Vancouver 30
+
+Vanderbilt, Commodore 127
+
+_Victoria_, Steamer 31
+
+Vrooman's Bay 105
+
+
+W.
+
+Wabash District 99
+
+Washago, Laying Corner Stone 53-54
+
+Wauhuno Channel 56
+
+_Waubuno_, Steamer 56, 57
+
+Weather Bureau, United States 65
+
+Weekes, E. J. 176
+
+Welland Canal 58, 60, 68
+
+Western Railroad 41
+
+West Niagara 84
+
+Whalen, J., Foreman 145
+
+Where the Falls Once Were 181
+
+Whiskey in Scotland 144
+
+White, W. 136
+
+Whitehead, M. F. 15
+
+Whitney, Capt. Joseph 29
+
+_William IV._, Steamer 30, 31
+
+Wilson, Joseph 49
+
+Winter Mail Services 34, 39, 40, 42
+
+Wolseley Expedition 47
+  American Obstacles to 50
+
+Wolseley, Col. Garnet 50
+  Names Prince Arthur's Landing 51
+
+Woodward, M. D. 60
+
+Wyatt, Capt. Thomas 88
+
+
+Y.
+
+_York_, Schooner 13
+
+York 37, 85
+
+Youngstown 28, 29, 135
+
+
+Z.
+
+_Zimmerman_, Steamer 38
+
+[Illustration: QUEENSTOWN. The NIAGARA RIVER from Queenston Heights. (page
+169) LEWISTON.]
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF SAIL AND STEAM ON THE NIAGARA RIVER
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE FIRST ERAS OF CANOE AND SAIL.
+
+
+Since ever the changes of season have come, when grasses grow green, and
+open waters flow, the courses of the Niagara River, above and below the
+great Falls, have been the central route, for voyaging between the far
+inland countries on this continent, and the waters of the Atlantic shores.
+
+Here the Indian of prehistoric days, unmolested by the intruding white,
+roamed at will in migration from one of his hunting-grounds to another,
+making his portage and passing in his canoe between Lake Erie and Lake
+Oskwego (Ontario). In later days, when the French had established
+themselves at Quebec and Montreal, access to Lake Huron and the upper lakes
+was at first sought by their voyageurs along the nearer route of the Ottawa
+and French Rivers, a route involving many difficulties in surmounting
+rapids, heavy labour on numberless portages, and exceeding delay.
+Information had filtered down gradually through Indian sources of the
+existence of this Niagara River Route, on which there was but one portage
+of but fourteen miles to be passed from lake to lake, and only nine miles
+if the canoes entered the water again at the little river (Chippawa) above
+the Falls.
+
+On learning the fact the French turned their attention to this new
+waterway, but for many a weary decade were unable to establish themselves
+upon it. In 1678 Father Hennepin, with an expedition sent out by Sieur La
+Salle sailed from Cataraqui (Kingston) to the Niagara River, the name
+"Hennepin Rock" having come down in tradition as a reminiscence of their
+first landing below what is now Queenston Heights. Passing over the
+"Carrying Place," they reached Lake Erie. Here, at the outlet of the Cayuga
+Creek, on the south shore, they built a small two-masted vessel rigged with
+equipment which they brought up for the purpose from Cataraqui, in the
+following year.
+
+This vessel, launched in 1679, and named the "Griffon" in recognition of
+the crest on the coat of arms of Count Frontenac, the Governor of Canada,
+was the first vessel built by Europeans to sail upon the upper waters. In
+size she so much exceeded that of any of their own craft, with her white
+sails billowing like an apparition, and of novel and unusual appearance,
+that intensest excitement was created among the Indian tribes as she passed
+along their shores.
+
+Her life was brief, and the history of her movements scanty; the report
+being that after sailing through Lake St. Clair she reached Michilimakinac
+and Green Bay, on Lake Michigan, but passed out of sight on Lake Huron on
+the return journey, and was never heard of afterwards.
+
+Tiny though this vessel was and sailing slow upon the Upper Lakes, yet a
+great epoch had been opened up, for she was the progenitor of all the
+myriad ships which ply upon these waters at the present day. It was the
+entrance of the white man, with his consuming trade energy, into the red
+man's realm, the death knell of the Indian race.
+
+With greatly increased frequency of travelling and the more bulky
+requirements of freightage this "one portage" route was more increasingly
+sought, and as the result of their voyagings these early French pioneers
+have marked their names along the waterways as ever remaining records of
+their prowess--such as Presquile (almost an island); Detroit (the narrow
+place); Lac Sainte Clair; Sault Ste Marie (Rapids of St. Mary River); Cap
+Iroquois; Isle Royale; Rainy River (after Ren� de Varennes); Duluth (after
+Sieur du Luth, of Montreal); Fond du Lac (Head of Lake Superior).
+
+From here mounting up the St. Croix River, seeking the expansion of that
+New France to whose glory they so ungrudgingly devoted their lives, these
+intrepid adventurers reached over to the Mississippi, and sweeping down its
+waters still further marked their way at St. Louis (after their King) and
+New Orleans (after his capital), annexing all the adjacent territories to
+their Sovereign's domains.
+
+The Niagara River Route then became the motive centre of a mighty
+circum-vallation by which the early French encompassed within its circle
+the English Colonies then skirting along the Atlantic.
+
+What a magnificent conception it was of these intrepid French to envelope
+the British settlements and strengthened by alliances with the Indian
+tribes and fortified by a line of outposts established along the routes of
+the Ohio and the Mississippi, to hem their competitors in from expansion to
+the great interior country of the centre and the west. Standing astride the
+continent with one foot on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at Quebec, and the
+other at New Orleans, on the Gulf of Mexico, the interior lines of commerce
+and of trade were in their hands. They hoped that Canada, their New France,
+on this side of the ocean, was to absorb all the continent excepting the
+colonies along the shores of the sea. So matters remained for a century.
+
+Meanwhile the English colonies had expanded to the south shores of the
+Lakes Oswego and Frontenac, and in 1758 we read of an English Navy of eight
+schooners and three brigs sailing on Lake Ontario under the red cross of
+St. George and manned by sailors of the colonies.
+
+In 1759, came the great struggle for the possession of the St. Lawrence and
+connecting lines of the waterways. Fort Niagara, whose large central stone
+"castle," built in 1726, still remains, passed from the French under
+Pouchot, to the British under Sir William Johnson; a great flotilla of
+canoes conveying the Indian warriors under Ligneris to the aid of the Fort,
+had come down from the Upper Lakes, to the Niagara River, but upon it being
+proved to them that they were too late, for the Fort had fallen, they
+re-entered their canoes and re-traced their way up the rivers back to their
+Western homes.
+
+Next followed the fall of Quebec, and with the cession of Montreal in 1760
+the "New France" of old from the St. Lawrence to the Mexican Gulf became
+merged in the "New England" of British Canada.
+
+The control of the great central waterway, of which this Niagara River was
+the gateway, had passed into other hands.
+
+For another fifty years only sailing vessels navigated the lakes to
+Niagara, and these, and batteaux, pushed along the shores and up the river
+by poles, made their way to the foot of the rapids at Lewiston with
+difficulty. These vessels were mainly small schooners with some cabin
+accommodation.
+
+After the cession of Canada, by the French, the British Government began
+the establishment of a small navy on Lake Ontario. An official return
+called for by Lord Dorchester, Governor-General of Canada, gives the
+Government vessels as being in 1787, _Limnale_, 220 tons, 10 guns.
+_Seneca_, 130 tons, 18 guns. _Caldwell_, 37 tons, 2 guns, and two schooners
+of 100 tons each being built. As there was at that time but one merchant
+vessel, the schooner _Lady Dorchester_, 80 tons, sailing on the lake, and a
+few smaller craft the property of settlers, transport for passengers
+between the principal ports was mainly afforded by the Government vessels.
+As an instance of their voyaging may be given that of _H.M.S. Caldwell_,
+which in 1793, carrying Lady Dorchester, the wife of the Governor-General,
+is reported to have made "an agreeable passage of thirty-six hours from
+Kingston to Niagara."
+
+In this same year H.R.H. the Duke of Kent [afterwards father of Her Majesty
+Queen Victoria] is reported as having proceeded from Kingston up Lake
+Ontario to Navy Hall on the Niagara River in the King's ship _Mohawk_
+commanded by Commodore Bouchette.
+
+Further additions to the merchant schooners were the _York_, built on the
+Niagara River in 1792, and the _Governor Simcoe_, in 1797, for the
+North-West Company's use in their trading services on Lake Ontario. Another
+reported in 1797--the _Washington_--built at Erie, Pa., was bought by
+Canadians, portaged around the Falls and run on the British register from
+Queenston to Kingston as the _Lady Washington_.
+
+The forests of those days existed in all their primeval condition, so that
+the choicest woods were used in the construction of the vessels. We read in
+1798 of the _Prince Edward_, built of red cedar, under Captain Murney of
+Belleville, and capable of carrying seven hundred barrels of flour, and of
+another "good sloop" upon the stocks at Long Point Bay, near Kingston,
+being built of black walnut. A schooner, "The Toronto," built in 1799, a
+little way up the Humber, by Mr. Joseph Dennis, is described as "one of
+the handsomest vessels, and bids fair to be the swiftest sailing vessel on
+the lake, and is admirably calculated for the reception of passengers."
+This vessel, often mentioned as "The Toronto Yacht," was evidently a great
+favorite, being patronized by the Lieutenant-Governor and the Archbishop,
+and after a successful and appreciated career, finished her course abruptly
+by going ashore on Gibraltar Point in 1811. The loss of the Government
+schooner _Speedy_ was one of the tragic events of the times. The Judge of
+the District Court, the Solicitor General and several lawyers who were
+proceeding from York to hold the Assizes in the Newcastle District,
+together with the High Constable of York, and an Indian prisoner whom they
+were to try for murder, were all lost when the vessel foundered off
+Presquile in an exceptional gale on 7th October, 1804.
+
+Two sailing vessels, the schooners _Dove_ and the _Reindeer_, (Capt. Myers)
+are reported in 1809 as plying between York and Niagara. A third, commanded
+by Capt. Conn, is mentioned by Caniff, but no name has come down of this
+vessel, but only her nickname of "_Captain Conn's Coffin_." This _j'eu
+d'esprit_ may have been due to some peculiarity in her shape, but as no
+disaster is reported as having occurred to her she may have been more
+seaworthy than the nickname would have indicated.
+
+Of other events of sailing vessels was the memorable trip from Queenston to
+York in October, 1812, of the sloop _Simcoe_, owned and commended by Capt.
+James Richardson.
+
+After the battle of Queenston Heights, on October 13th, she had been laden
+with American prisoners, among them General Winfield Scott, afterwards the
+conqueror in Mexico, to be forwarded at once to Kingston. The _Moira_ of
+the royal navy was then lying off the port of York and on her Mr.
+Richardson, a son of the Captain, was serving as sailing master.
+
+As the _Simcoe_ approached she was recognized by young Richardson, who,
+putting off in a small boat, met her out in the lake and was much surprised
+at seeing the crowded state of her decks and at the equipment of his
+father, who, somewhat unusually for him, was wearing a sword.
+
+The first words from the ship brought great joy--a great battle had been
+fought on Queenston Heights--the enemy had been beaten. The _Simcoe_ was
+full of prisoners of war to be transported at once to the _Moira_ for
+conveyance to Kingston. Then came the mournful statement, "General Brock
+has been killed." The rapture of victory was overwhelmed by the sense of
+irreparable loss. In such way was the sad news carried in those sailing
+days to York.
+
+The _Minerva_, "Packet," owner and built by Henry Gildersleeve, at Finkle's
+Point in 1817, held high repute. Richard Gildersleeve emigrated from
+Hertfordshire, England, in 1635, and settled in Connecticut. His
+great-great-grandson, Obadiah, established a successful shipbuilding yard
+at "Gildersleeve," Conn. Henry Gildersleeve, his grandson, here learned his
+business and coming to Finkle's Point in 1816 assisted on the _Frontenac_,
+and continuing in shipbuilding, married Mrs. Finkle. When _Minerva_ arrived
+at Kingston she was declared by Capt. Murray, R.N., to be in her
+construction and lines the best yet turned out, as she proved when plying
+as a "Packet" between Toronto and Niagara.
+
+Many sailing vessels meeting with varying success, were plying between all
+the ports on the lake. The voyages were not always of the speediest. "The
+Caledonia," schooner, is reported to have taken six days from Prescott to
+York. Mr. M. F. Whitehead, of Port Hope, crossed from Niagara to York in
+1818, the passage occupying two and a half days. In a letter of his
+describing the trip he enters:--"Fortunately, Dr. Baldwin had thoughtfully
+provided a leg of lamb, a loaf of bread, and a bottle of porter; all our
+fare for the two days and a half."
+
+These vessels seem to have sailed somewhat intermittently, but regular
+connection on every other day with the Niagara River was established by
+"The Duke of Richmond" packet, a sloop of one hundred tons built at York in
+1820, under Commander Edward Oates.
+
+His advertisements announced her to "leave York Monday, Wednesday and
+Friday at 9 a.m. Leave Niagara on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 10
+a.m., between July and September," after that "according to notice." The
+rates of passage were:--"After Cabin ten shillings; Fore Cabin 6s. 6.;
+sixty lbs. of baggage allowed for each passenger, but over that 9d. per
+cwt. or 2s. per barrel bulk."
+
+The standard of measurement was a homely one, but no doubt well understood
+at that time, and easily ascertained. In the expansion of the size of
+ladies' trunks in these present days it is not beyond possibility that a
+measurement system such as used in the early part of the last century might
+not be inadvisable.
+
+The reports of the "packet" describe her as being comfortable and
+weatherly, and very regular in keeping up her time-table. She performed her
+services successfully on the route until 1823, when she succumbed to the
+competition of the steamboats which had shortly before been introduced.
+With the introduction upon the lakes of this new method of propulsion the
+carrying of passengers on sailing vessels quickly ceased.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE FIRST STEAMBOATS ON LAKE ONTARIO AND THE NIAGARA RIVER.
+
+
+The era of steamboating had now arrived. The _Clermont_, built by Robert
+Fulton, and furnished with English engines by Boulton & Watts, of
+Birmingham, had made her first trip on the Hudson from New York to Albany
+in August, 1807, and was afterwards continuing to run on the river.
+
+In 1809 the _Accommodation_, built by the Hon. John Molson at Montreal, and
+fitted with engines made in that city, was running successfully between
+Montreal and Quebec, being the first steamer on the St. Lawrence and in
+Canada.
+
+The experience of both of these vessels had shown that the new system of
+propulsion of vessels by steam power was commercially profitable, and as it
+had been proved successful upon the river water, it was but reasonable that
+its application to the more open waters of the lakes should next obtain
+consideration.
+
+The war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, accompanied by
+its constant invasions of Canada, had interrupted any immediate expansion
+in steamboating enterprises.
+
+Peace having been declared in February, 1815, the projects were immediately
+revived and in the spring of that year a British company was formed with
+shareholders in Kingston, Niagara, York, and Prescott, to build a
+steamboat to ply on Lake Ontario. A site suitable for its construction was
+selected on the beaches on _Finkle's Point_, at _Ernestown_, 18 miles up
+the lake from Kingston, on one of the reaches of the Bay of Quinte.
+
+A contract was let to Henry Teabout and James Chapman, two young men who
+had been foremen under David Eckford, the master shipbuilder of New York,
+who during the war had constructed the warships for the United States
+Government at its dockyard at Sackett's Harbor. Construction was commenced
+at Finkle's Point in October, 1815, and with considerable delays caused in
+selection of the timbers, was continued during the winter.
+(Canniff--Settlement of Upper Canada). The steamer was launched with great
+eclat on 7th September, 1816, and named the _Frontenac_, after the County
+of Frontenac in which she had been built.
+
+A similar wave of enterprise had arisen also on the United States side and
+it becomes of much interest to search up the annals of over a hundred years
+ago and ascertain to which side of the lake is to be accorded the palm for
+placing the first steamboat on Lake Ontario. Especially as opinions have
+varied on the subject, and owing to a statement made, as we shall find,
+erroneously, in a distant press the precedence has usually been given to an
+American steamer.
+
+The first record of the steamboat on the American side is an agreement
+dated January 2, 1816, executed between the Robert Fulton heirs and
+Livingston, of Clermont, granting to Charles Smyth and others an exclusive
+right to navigate boats and vessels by steam on Lake Ontario.
+
+These exclusive rights for the navigation on American waters "by steam or
+fire" had previously been granted to the Fulton partnership by the
+Legislature of the State of New York.
+
+The terms of the agreement set out that the grantees were to pay annually
+to the grantors one-half of all the net profits in excess of a dividend of
+12 per cent. upon the investment. On the 16th of the next month a bill was
+passed in the Legislature of New York incorporating the "Ontario Steamboat
+Co.," but in consequence of the too early adjournment of the Legislature
+did not become law.
+
+At this time, (February, 1816) the construction of the Canadian boat at
+Ernestown was well under way.
+
+By an assignment dated August 16th, 1816, Lusher and others became partners
+with Smyth, and as a result it is stated (Hough--History of Jefferson
+County, N.Y.) "a boat was commenced at Sackett's Harbor the same summer."
+
+Three weeks after the date of this commencing of the boat on the American
+side, or Sackett's Harbour, the Frontenac, on the Canadian side, was
+launched on the 7th September, 1816, at Finkle's Point.
+
+In the description of this launch of the _Frontenac_ given in the September
+issue of the Kingston Gazette, the details of her size are stated. "Length,
+170 feet; beam, 32 feet; two paddle wheels with circumference about 40
+feet. Registered tonnage, 700 tons." Further statements made are, "Good
+judges have pronounced this to be the best piece of naval architecture of
+the kind yet produced in America." "The machinery for this valuable boat
+was imported from England and is said to be an excellent structure. It is
+expected that she will be finished and ready for use in a few weeks."
+
+Having been launched with engines on board in early September the
+_Frontenac_ then sailed down the lake from Ernestown to Kingston to lay up
+in the port.
+
+In another part of this same September issue of the Kingston Gazette an
+item is given: "A steamboat was lately launched at Sackett's Harbor."
+
+No name is given of the steamer, nor the date of the launch, but this item
+has been considered to have referred to the steamer named _Ontario_, built
+at Sackett's Harbor and in consequence of its having apparently been
+launched first, precedence has been claimed for the United States vessel.
+
+This item, "_A steamboat was lately launched at Sackett's Harbor_,"
+develops, on further search, to have first appeared as a paragraph under
+the reading chronicles in "Niles Weekly Register," published far south in
+the United States at Baltimore, Maryland. From here it was copied verbatim
+as above by the Kingston Gazette, and afterwards by the Quebec Gazette of
+26th Sept., 1816.
+
+Further enquiry, however, nearer the scene of construction indicates that
+an error had been made in the wording of the item, which had apparently
+been copied into the other papers without verification.
+
+In the library of the Historical Society at Buffalo is deposited the
+manuscript diary of Capt. Van Cleve, who sailed as clerk and as captain on
+the _Martha Ogden_, the next steamboat to be built at Sackett's Harbor six
+years after the _Ontario_. In this he writes, "the construction of the
+_Ontario_ was begun at Sackett's Harbor in August, 1816." He also gives a
+drawing, from which all subsequent illustrations of the _Ontario_ have been
+taken. Further information of the American steamer is given in an
+application for incorporation of the "Lake Ontario Steam Boat Co." made in
+December, 1816, by Charles Smyth and others, of Sackett's Harbor, who
+stated in their petition that they had "lately constructed a steam boat at
+Sackett's Harbor"--"the Navy Department of the United States have
+generously delivered a sufficiency of timber for the construction of the
+vessel for a reasonable sum of money"--"the boat is now built"--"the cost
+so far exceeds the means which mercantile men can generally command that
+they are unable to build any further"--"the English in the Province of
+Upper Canada have constructed a steam boat of seven hundred tons burthen
+avowedly for the purpose of engrossing the business on both sides of the
+lake."
+
+All this indicates that the American boat had not been launched and in
+December was still under construction.
+
+It is more reasonable to accept the statements of Capt. Van Cleve and
+others close to the scene of operations rather than to base conclusions
+upon the single item in the publication issued at so far a distance and
+without definite details.
+
+It is quite evident that the item in Niles Register should have read "was
+lately _commenced_," instead of "was lately _launched_." The change of this
+one word would bring it into complete agreement with all the other
+evidences of the period and into accord with the facts.
+
+No absolute date for the launching of the _Ontario_ or of the giving of her
+name has been ascertainable, but as she was not commenced until August it
+certainly could not have been until after that of the _Frontenac_ on Sept.
+7th, 1816. The first boat launched was, therefore, on the Canadian side.
+
+The movements of the steamers in the spring of 1817 are more easily traced.
+Niles Register, 29th March, 1817, notes, "The steamboat _Ontario_ is
+prepared for the lake," and Capt. Van Cleve says, "The first enrollment of
+the _Ontario_ in the customs office was made on 11th April," and "She made
+her first trip in April."
+
+The data of the dimensions of the _Ontario_ are recorded, being only about
+one-third the capacity of the _Frontenac_, which would account for the
+shorter time in which she was constructed. The relative sizes were:
+
+                                    Capacity,
+                    Length.   Beam.   tons.
+      _Frontenac_    170       32     700
+      _Ontario_      110       24     240
+
+No drawing of the _Frontenac_ is extant, but she has been described as
+having guards only at the paddle wheels, the hull painted black, and as
+having three masts, but no yards. The _Ontario_ had two masts, as shown in
+the drawing by Van Cleve.
+
+No distinctive date is given for the first trip in April of the _Ontario_,
+on which it is reported (Beers History of the Great Lakes) "The waves
+lifted the paddle wheels off their bearings, tearing away the wooden
+coverings. After making the repairs the shaft was securely held in place."
+
+Afterwards under the command of Capt. Francis Mallaby, U. S. N., weekly
+trips between Ogdensburgh and Lewiston were attempted, but after this
+interruption by advertisement of 1st July, 1817, the time had to be
+extended to once in ten days. The speed of the steamer was found to seldom
+exceed five miles per hour. (History of Jefferson County. Hough).
+
+The _Ontario_ ran for some years, but does not seem to have met with much
+success and, having gone out of commission, was broken up at Oswego in
+1832.
+
+In the spring of 1817 the first mention of the _Frontenac_ is in Kingston
+of her having moved over on 23rd May to the Government dock at Point
+Frederick, "for putting in a suction pipe," the Kingston Gazette further
+describing that "she moved with majestic grandeur against a strong wind."
+On 30th May the Gazette reports her as "leaving this port for the purpose
+of taking in wood at the Bay Quinte. A fresh breeze was blowing into the
+harbor against which she proceeded swiftly and steadily to the admiration
+of a great number of spectators. We congratulate the managers and
+proprietors of this elegant boat, upon the prospect she affords of
+facilitating the navigation of Lake Ontario in furnishing an expeditious
+and certain mode of conveyance to its various ports."
+
+It can well be imagined with what wonder the movements of this first
+steam-driven vessel were witnessed.
+
+In the Kingston Gazette of June 7, 1817, entry is made, "The _Frontenac_
+left this port on Thursday, 5th, on her first trip for the head of the
+lake."
+
+The opening route of the _Frontenac_, commanded by Capt. James McKenzie, a
+retired officer of the royal navy, was between Kingston and Queenston,
+calling at York and Niagara and other intermediate ports. The venture of a
+steamer plying on the open lakes, where the paddle wheels would be
+subjected to wave action, was a new one, so for the opening trips her
+captain announced, with the proverbial caution of a Scotchman, that the
+calls at the ports would be made "_with as much punctuality as the nature
+of lake navigation will admit of_." Later, the steamer, having proved her
+capacity by two round trips, the advertisements of June, 1817, state the
+time-table of the steamer as "leaving Kingston for York on the 1st, 11th,
+and 23rd days," and "York for Queenston on 3rd, 13th, and 25th days of each
+month, calling at all intermediate ports." "Passenger fares, Kingston to
+Ernestown, 5s; Prescott, �1.10.0; Newcastle, �1.15.0; York and Niagara,
+�2.0.0; Burlington, �3.15.0; York to Niagara, �1.0.0." Further excerpts
+are: "A book is kept for the entering of the names of the passengers and
+the berths which they choose, at which time the passage money must be
+paid." "Gentlemen's servants cannot eat or sleep in the cabin." "Deck
+passengers will pay fifteen shillings, and may either bring their own
+provisions or be furnished by the steward." "For each dog brought on board,
+five shillings." "All applications for passage to be made to Capt. McKenzie
+on board." After having run regularly each season on Lake Ontario and the
+Niagara River her career was closed in 1827 when, while on the Niagara
+River, she was set on fire, it was said, by incendiaries, for whose
+discovery her owners, the Messrs. Hamilton, offered a reward of �100, but
+without result. Being seriously damaged, she was shortly afterwards broken
+up.
+
+Such were the careers of the first two steamers which sailed upon Lake
+Ontario and the Niagara River, and from the data it is apparent that the
+_Frontenac_ on the British side was the first steamboat placed on Lake
+Ontario, and that the _Ontario_, on the United States side, had been the
+first to make a trip up lake, having priority in this over her rival by
+perhaps a week or two, but not preceding her in the entering into and
+performance of a regular service.
+
+With them began the new method for travel, far exceeding in speed and
+facilities any previously existing, so that the stage lines and sailing
+vessels were quickly eliminated.
+
+This practical monopoly the steamers enjoyed for a period of fifty years,
+when their Nemesis in turn arrived and the era of rail competition began.
+
+[Illustration: The ONTARIO. 1817. The second Steamer on Lake Ontario.
+
+From the original drawing by Capt. VAN CLEVE page 21]
+
+[Illustration: The GREAT BRITAIN. 1830.
+
+By courtesy of Mr. John Ross Robertson reproduced from his "Landmarks of
+Toronto." page 29]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+MORE STEAMBOATS AND EARLY WATER ROUTES.
+
+THE RIVER THE CENTRE OF THROUGH TRAVEL.
+
+
+The _Frontenac_ was followed by the _Queen Charlotte_, built in the same
+yards at Finkle's Point, by Teabout and Chapman, and launched on 22nd
+April, 1818, for H. Gildersleeve, the progenitor of that family which has
+ever since been foremost in the ranks of steamboating in Canada. He sailed
+her for twenty years as captain and purser, her first route being a round
+trip every ten days between Kingston, York and Queenston. The passage rates
+at this time were from Kingston to York and Niagara �3 ($12.00), from York
+to Niagara �1 ($4.00).
+
+In 1824 appeared the first "City of Toronto," of 350 tons, built in the
+harbor of York at the foot of Church Street. Her life was neither long nor
+successful, she being sold by auction "with all her furniture" in December,
+1830, and broken up.
+
+Passenger traffic was now so much increasing that steamers began to follow
+more quickly. The Lewiston "Sentinel" in 1824, in a paragraph eulogizing
+their then rising town, says:--"Travel is rapidly increasing, regular lines
+of stages excelled by none, run daily by the Ridge Road to Lockport, and on
+Fridays weekly to Buffalo. The steamboats are increasing in business and
+affording every facility to the traveller." The Hon. Robert Hamilton, who
+for so many years afterwards was dominantly interested in steamboating,
+launched the "Queenston" in 1825 at Queenston. His fine residence, from
+which he could watch the movements of his own and other steamers, still
+stands on the edge of the high bank overlooking the Queenston dock.
+
+In 1826 there was added the "Canada," built at the mouth of the Rouge River
+by Mr. Joseph Dennis and brought to York to have the engines installed,
+which had been constructed by Hess and Wards, of Montreal. Under the charge
+of Captain Hugh Richardson, her captain and managing owner, she had a long
+and notable career. The contemporary annals describe her as "a fast boat,"
+and as making the trip from York to Niagara "in four hours and some
+minutes."
+
+Her Captain was a seaman of the old school, dominant, and watchful of the
+proprieties on the quarter deck.
+
+On one occasion in 1828, when Sir Peregrine Maitland, the
+Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, and Lady Maitland, had taken passage
+with him from York to Queenston en route to Stamford, a newspaper item had
+accused him of undue exclusiveness on the "Canada" to the annoyance of
+other passengers.
+
+To this the doughty "Captain and Managing Owner" replied by a letter in
+which he denied the accusation and added: "As long as I command the
+"Canada" and have a rag of colour to hoist, my proudest day will be when it
+floats at the masthead indicative of the presence and commands of the
+representative of my King."
+
+The departure of his steamer from port was announced in an exceptional
+manner, as stated in the concluding words of his advertisement to the
+public: "N.B. A gun will be fired and colours hoisted twenty-five minutes
+before starting."
+
+In another controversy, which arose from the contract for carrying the
+mails on the Niagara route having been withdrawn from the steamer "Canada,"
+it was developed that while the pay to the steamer was only 1s. 3d. per
+trip, the Government postage between York and Niagara was 7d. on each
+letter. This charge the captain considered excessive, but as the postmaster
+at Niagara now refused to receive any letters from his steamer he regretted
+he had to make public announcement that he was obliged (in future) to
+decline to accept any more letters to be taken across the lake.
+
+The captain-commander of a lake steamboat in those days was a person of
+importance and repute. Unquestioned ruler on his "ship," he represented the
+honour of his Flag and obedience to his Country's laws.
+
+Most of them had been officers of the Royal Navy and had served during the
+1812 War, having been trained in the discipline and conventions of His
+Majesty's service, and similarly on the American boats had served in the
+United States Navy.
+
+At the present day on our Muskoka and inland lakes, the advent of the daily
+steamer is a crowning event, bringing all the neighbourhood down to the
+waterside dock, in curiosity or in welcome. Still more so it was in those
+early times when the mode of steam progression was novel and a source of
+wonder, and the days of call so much more infrequent.
+
+The captain was no doubt the bearer of letters to be delivered into the
+hands of friends, certainly the medium of the latest news (and gossip) from
+the other ports on the lake, and was sought for tidings from the outside,
+as well as in welcome to himself. In particular evidence of the confidence
+reposed in him and in his gallantry, he was the honored Guardian of ladies
+and children, travelling alone, who were with much empressment confided to
+his care. Being usually a part owner his attentions were gracious
+hospitalities, so that a seat at the commander's table was not only a
+privilege, but an appreciated acknowledgement of social position.
+
+These were the halcyon days of Officers on the lakes, when the increased
+speed of the new method was enjoyed and appreciated, but the congenialities
+of a pleasant passage, were not lost in impatient haste for its earlier
+termination.
+
+There were in 1826 five steamers running on the Niagara River Route. The
+"Niagara" and "Queenston" from Prescott; "Frontenac" from Kingston; "Martha
+Ogden," an American steamer from the south shore ports and Ogdensburg, and
+the "Canada" to York and "head of the lake," presumably near Burlington,
+and return.
+
+On this "Martha Ogden," built at Sackett's Harbour, in 1824, Captain Van
+Cleve, of Lewiston, served for many years as clerk, and afterwards as
+captain. In a manuscript left by him many interesting events in her history
+are narrated. In 1826 she ran under the command of Captain Andrew Estes
+between Youngstown and York. Youngstown was then a port of much importance.
+It was the shipping place of a very considerable hardwood timbering
+business the trees being brought in from the surrounding country. Its
+docks, situated close to the lake on an eddy separated from the rapid flow
+of the river, formed an easily accessible centre for the batteaux and
+sailing craft which communicated with the Eastern ports on Lake Ontario.
+
+A considerable quantity of grain was also at that time raised in the
+district, providing material for the stone flour mill built in 1840. This
+mill, grinding two hundred barrels per day, was in those days considered a
+marvel of enterprise. Though many years ago disused for such purpose it is
+still to be seen just a little above the Niagara Navigation Company's
+Youngstown dock.
+
+In the way of the nomenclature of steamers, that of the "Alciope," built at
+Niagara in 1828 for Mr. Robert Hamilton, and first commanded by Captain
+McKenzie, late of the "Frontenac," is unusual. This name in appearance
+would appear to be that of some ancient goddess, but is understood to be
+taken from a technical term in abstract zoology. Possibly it may at the
+time have attracted attention, but was evidently not considered
+satisfactory as it was changed in 1832 to the more suitable one of "United
+Kingdom."
+
+More steamers come now in quick succession. The Hon. John Hamilton in 1830
+brought out the "Great Britain" (Captain Joseph Whitney), of 700 tons, with
+two funnels, and spacious awning deck.
+
+The route of the "Martha Ogden" had reverted back to the lake trip between
+Lewiston and Ogdensburgh. It was her ill luck to run ashore in 1830 and
+having sought repairs in the British Government naval establishment at
+Kingston, Captain Van Cleve mentions, with much satisfaction the cordial
+reception given to the American crew by Commodore Barrie, and the efficient
+work done for the ship in the Royal Dockyard. The "Martha Ogden" closed her
+days in 1832 by being lost off Stoney Point, Lake Ontario.
+
+The sailing times of the through boats from the river at this time are
+given as "the steamer _Great Britain_ leaves Niagara every five days, the
+_Alciope_, every Saturday evening, the _Niagara_ every Monday evening at 6
+o'clock, and the _Queenston_ every Tuesday morning at 9 o'clock for
+Kingston, Brockville and Prescott (board included) $8.00."
+
+On the American side the _United States_ and _Oswego_ made a semi-weekly
+line between Lewiston and Ogdensburg, calling at all intermediate ports.
+
+In 1832 added "William IV.," an unusual looking craft with four funnels;
+1834 "Commodore Barrie," built at Kingston by the Gildersleeves, and sailed
+by Captain James Sinclair between (as the advertisement stated) "Prescott,
+Toronto (late York) and Niagara." Commodore Barrie, after whom the steamer
+was named, had a long and creditable naval career. As lieutenant he had
+been with Vancouver on the Pacific in 1792, served at Copenhagen in 1807,
+and as captain of "H.M.S. Dragon," 74 guns, had taken part in the
+successful expedition at Penobscot Maine in 1814. In 1830 he had been
+appointed to the command of the Royal Navy Yard at Kingston.
+
+Ship building on the lake began now to take a more definite and established
+position. The "Niagara Dock Company" was formed in 1835. Robert Gilkison, a
+Canadian, of Queenston, who had been educated in shipbuilding at "Port
+Glasgow, Scotland," returned to Canada and was appointed designer and
+superintendent of the works at Niagara.
+
+A number of ships were built under his charge. The first steamer was the
+"Traveller," 145 feet long, 23.6 beam, with speed of 11 to 12 miles
+followed by the "Transit," "Gore," and the "Queen Victoria," 130 feet long,
+23.6 beam, with 50 horse power, a stated speed of 12 miles, and described
+as having been "fitted in elegant style." This steamer, launched in April,
+1838, and commanded by Captain Thomas Dick, introduces a family which for
+many years was connected with steamboating on the Niagara River Route.
+
+In her first season Robert Gilkinson, her builder, noted in his diary, June
+29th: "On the celebration of Her Majesty's coronation the _Victoria_, with
+a party of sixty ladies and gentlemen, made her first trip to Toronto,
+making the distance from Niagara to Toronto in 3 hours and 7 minutes, a
+rate scarcely met by any other boat."
+
+"July 2. Commenced trips leaving Niagara 7 a.m., Toronto 11 a.m., and
+Hamilton 4 p.m., arrived here (Niagara) 8 p.m. Accomplished the 121 miles
+in ten and a half hours, a rate not exceeded by any boat on the lake."
+
+The advertisements of the running times as then given in the press are
+interesting.
+
+"The 'Queen Victoria' leaves Lewiston and Queenston 8 o'clock a.m. and
+Niagara 8.30 o'clock for Toronto. The boat will return each day, leaving
+Toronto for these places at 2 o'clock p.m."
+
+A further enlargement of the running connections of this steamer on the
+route in 1839 stated:
+
+"Passengers will on Monday and Thursday arrive at Toronto in time for the
+"William IV." steamer for Kingston and Prescott. Returning. On arrival at
+Lewiston, railroad cars will leave for the Falls. On arrival at Queenston
+stages will leave for the Falls, whence the passengers can leave next day
+by the steamer "Red Jacket" from Chippawa to Buffalo, or by the railroad
+cars for Manchester."
+
+The "Railroad Cars" were those of the "Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad"
+opened in 1836, then running two trains a day each way between Buffalo and
+the Falls, leaving Buffalo at nine in the morning and five in the
+afternoon. Manchester was the name of the town laid out in the
+neighborhood of the Falls, where, from the abundance of water power it was
+expected a great manufacturing centre would be established.
+
+An advertisement in a later year (1844) mentions the steamer "Emerald" to
+"leave Buffalo at 9 a.m. for Chippawa, arrive by cars at Queenston for
+steamer for Toronto, Oswego, Rochester, Kingston and Montreal."
+
+The "cars" at Queenston were those of a horse railroad which had been
+constructed along the main road from Chippewa to Queenston, of which some
+traces still remain. The rails were long wooden sleepers faced with strap
+iron.
+
+During one season the "Queen Victoria" was chartered as a gunboat for Lake
+Ontario, being manned by officers and men from the Royal Navy. She
+presented a fine appearance and was received with great acceptance at the
+lake ports as she visited them.
+
+A more direct route from this distributing point at the foot of the rapids
+on the Niagara River direct to the head of Lake Ontario and the country
+beyond, instead of crossing first to Toronto, was evidently sought. In 1840
+the steamer "Burlington"--Captain Robert Kerr--is advertised to "Leave
+Lewiston 7 a.m., Niagara 7.30 a.m., landing (weather permitting) at Port
+Dalhousie (near St. Catherines, from which place a carriage will meet the
+boat regularly); Grimsby, and arrive at Hamilton about noon. Returning will
+leave at 3 p.m., and making the same calls, weather permitting, arrive at
+Lewiston in the evening."
+
+The 30th July, 1841, was a memorable day in steamboating on the Niagara
+River. A great public meeting was held that day on Queenston Heights to
+arrange for the building of a new monument in memory of General Brock to
+replace the one which had been blown up by some dastard on 17th April,
+1840.
+
+Deputations from the military and the patriotic associations in all parts
+of the province attended.
+
+Four steamers left Toronto together about 7.30 in the morning. The
+"Traveller"--Captain Sandown, R.N., with His Excellency the
+Governor-General, Lord Sydenham, on board; "Transit"--Captain Hugh
+Richardson; "Queen Victoria"--Captain Richardson, Jr.; "Gore"--Captain
+Thomas Dick. At the mouth of the Niagara River these were joined by the
+"Burlington"--Captain Robert Kerr, and "Britannia" from Hamilton and the
+head of the lake, and by the "Gildersleeve" and "Cobourg" from the Eastern
+ports and Kingston.
+
+Amidst utmost enthusiasm, and with all flags flying, the eight steamers
+assembled at Niagara and marshalled in the following order, proceeded up
+the river to Queenston:--
+
+    TRAVELLER.
+    GILDERSLEEVE.
+    COBOURG.
+    BURLINGTON.
+    GORE.
+    BRITANNIA.
+    QUEEN.
+    TRANSIT.
+
+The sight of this fleet of eight steamers must have been impressive as with
+flying colours they made up the stream.
+
+Judge Benson, of Port Hope, says that his father, Capt. Benson, of the 3rd
+Incorporated Militia, was then occupying the "Lang House" in Niagara,
+overlooking the river, and that he and his brother were lifted up to the
+window to see the flotilla pass by, a reminiscence of loyal fervor which
+has been vividly retained through a long life. Is it not a sufficient
+justification and an actual value resulting from special meetings and
+pageants that they not only serve to revivify the enthusiasm of the elders
+in annals of past days, but yet more to bring to the minds of youth actual
+and abiding touch with the historic events which are being celebrated?
+
+The meeting was held upon the field of the battle, the memories of the
+struggle revived and honour done to the fallen.
+
+The present monument was the result of the enterprise then begun.
+
+Much rivalry existed between the steamers as to which would open the season
+first, as the boat which got into Niagara first before 1st March was free
+of port dues for the season. In this the "Transit" excelled and sometimes
+landed her passengers on the ice.
+
+The Niagara Dock Company in 1842 turned out the "Chief Justice Robinson"
+commanded by Captain Hugh Richardson, Jr.
+
+This steamer, largely owned by Captain Heron and the Richardsons, was
+specially designed to continue during the winter the daily connection by
+water to Toronto, and so avoid the long stage journey around the head of
+the lake. For this purpose her prow at and below the water line was
+projected forward like a double furrowed plough, to cut through the ice and
+throw it outwards on each side.
+
+This winter service she maintained for ten seasons with commendable
+regularity between the outer end of the Queen's Wharf at Toronto (where she
+had sometimes to land passengers on the ice) and Niagara. On one occasion,
+in a snowstorm, she went ashore just outside the harbour at Toronto, and
+was also occasionally frozen in at both ends of the route, but each time
+managed to extricate herself. After refitting in the spring she divided the
+daily Lewiston-Toronto Route after 1850 with the second _City of Toronto_,
+a steamer with two separate engines, with two walking beams built at
+Toronto in 1840, which had been running in the Royal Mail Line, but in 1850
+passed into the complete ownership of Captain Thomas Dick.
+
+The steamer "Rochester" is also recorded as running between Lewiston and
+Hamilton in 1843 to 1849.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+EXPANSION OF STEAMBOATING ON THE NIAGARA--ITS DECLINE--A FINAL FLASH AND A
+MOVE TO THE NORTH.
+
+
+During this decade the Niagara River was more increasingly traversed by
+many steamers, and became the main line of travel between the Western and
+Centre States by steamer to Buffalo, and thence, via the Niagara River to
+Boston and New York via Ogdensburg and Albany, or by Montreal and Lake
+Champlain to the Hudson.
+
+Lewiston had become a place of much importance, being the transhipping
+point for a great through freighting business. Until the opening of the
+Erie Canal all the salt used in the Western States and Canada was brought
+here by water from Oswego, in thousands of barrels, from the Onandaga Salt
+Wells. Business in the opposite direction was greatly active, report being
+made of the passing of a consignment of 900 barrels of "Mississippi sugar,"
+and 200 hogsheads of molasses for Eastern points in the United States and
+Canada.
+
+In addition to the sailing craft five different steamers left the docks
+every day for other ports on the lake.
+
+A new era was opened in 1847 by the introduction with great eclat and
+enterprise of the first iron steamers. The "Passport," commanded first by
+Captain H. Twohey and afterwards by Captain Thomas Harbottle, was
+constructed for the Hon. John Hamilton, the iron plates being moulded on
+the Clyde and put together at the Niagara shipyard by James and Neil
+Currie. The plates for the "Magnet" were similarly brought out from
+England and put together for J. W. Gunn, of Hamilton, the principal
+stockholder, with Captain J. Sutherland her captain. Both these steamers in
+their long service proved the reliability of metal vessels in our fresh
+water. Both formed part of the Royal Mail Line leaving Toronto on the
+arrival of the river steamers.
+
+In the early "fifties" the "American Express Line," running from Lewiston
+to Toronto, Rochester, Oswego and Ogdensburg, consisted of the fine upper
+cabin steamers "Cataract," "Bay State," "Ontario," and "Northerner."
+
+The "New Through Line," a Canadian organization, was comprised of six
+steamers: the "Maple Leaf," "Arabian," "New Era," "Champion," "Highlander,"
+"Mayflower." The route they followed was: "Leave Hamilton 7 a.m.; leave
+Lewiston and Queenston about half past 8 p.m., calling at all north shore
+Ontario ports between Darlington and Prescott to Ogdensburgh and Montreal
+without transhipment. Returning via the north shore to Toronto and Hamilton
+direct." The through time down to Montreal was stated in the advertisement
+to be "from Hamilton 33 hours, from the Niagara River 25 hours."
+
+A good instance of the frequency of the entrances of the steamers into the
+harbours is afforded by an amusing suggestion which was in 1851, made by
+Captain Hugh Richardson, who had become Harbour Master at Toronto.
+
+The steamers running into the port seem to have called sometimes at one
+dock first, sometimes at another, according, probably, to the freight which
+may have been on board to be delivered. Much trouble was thus caused to
+cabmen and citizens running up and down the water front from one dock to
+another.
+
+The captain, whose views with respect to the flying, and the distinctive
+meanings, of flags, we have already seen, proposed that all vessels when
+entering the harbour should designate the dock at which they intended to
+stop by the Following signals:--
+
+    For Gorrie's Wharf--Union Jack at Bowsprit end.
+    For Browne's Wharf--Union Jack at Masthead.
+    For Maitland's Wharf--Union Jack at Staff aft.
+    For Tinnings Wharf--Union Jack in fore rigging.
+    For Helliwells Wharf--Union Jack over wheel-house.
+
+It is to be remembered that in those days the "Western" was the only
+entrance to the harbour and Front Street without any buildings on its south
+side, followed the line of the high bank above the water so that the
+signals on the steamers could be easily seen by all. The proposal was
+publicly endorsed by the Mayor, Mr. J. G. Bowes, but there is no record of
+its having been adopted.
+
+In 1853 there was built at Niagara for Mr. Oliver T. Macklem the steamer
+"Zimmerman," certainly the finest and reputed to be the fastest steamer
+which up to that time sailed the river. She was named after Mr. Samuel
+Zimmerman, the railway magnate, and ran in connection with the Erie and
+Ontario Railway from Fort Erie to Niagara, which he had promoted, and was
+sailed by Captain D. Milloy.
+
+In this same year there was sailed regularly from Niagara another iron
+steamer, the "Peerless," owned by Captain Dick and Andrew Heron, of
+Niagara. This steamer was first put together at Dunbarton, Scotland, then
+taken apart, and the pieces (said to be five thousand in number) sent out
+to Canada, and put together again at the Niagara dockyard. These two
+steamers thereafter divided the services in competition on the Niagara
+Route to Toronto.
+
+These years were the zenith period for steamboating on Lake Ontario and the
+Niagara River, a constant succession of steamers passing to and fro between
+the ports. Progress in the Western States and in Upper Canada had been
+unexampled. Expansion in every line of business was active, population fast
+coming in, and the construction of railways, which was then being begun,
+creating large expenditures and distribution of money. The steamers on the
+water were then the only method for speedy travel, so their accommodation
+was in fullest use, and their earnings at the largest.
+
+The stage routes around the shores of the lakes in those days were tedious
+and trying in summer, and in winter accompanied by privations. The services
+of the steamers in the winter were greatly appreciated and maintained with
+the utmost vigour every year, particularly for the carriage of mails
+between Toronto, Niagara, Queenston and Lewiston, for which the steamer
+received in winter �3 for each actual running day, and between Toronto and
+Hamilton, for which the recompense was �2 for service per day performed.
+
+In 1851 the _Chief Justice Robinson_ is recorded (Gordon's Letter Books) as
+having run on the Niagara River during 11 months of the year. The remaining
+portion, while she was refitting, was filled by the second _City of
+Toronto_.
+
+It is mentioned that at one time she went to Oswego to be hauled out on the
+marine cradle there at a charge of 25 cents per ton.
+
+In 1852-53 the services were performed by the same steamers. In 1854 the
+_Peerless_ made two trips daily during ten months, the _Chief Justice
+Robinson_ taking the balance of this service and also filling in during the
+other months, with the second _City of Toronto_ on the Hamilton Route.
+
+The winter service to the Niagara River for 1855 was commenced by the
+_Chief Justice Robinson_ on 1st January, the steamer crossing the lake on
+22 days in that month. February was somewhat interrupted by ice, but the
+full service between the shores was performed on 23 days in the month of
+March.
+
+So soon as the inner water in the harbour of Toronto was frozen up all
+these services were performed from the outer extremity of the Queen's
+Wharf, and in the mid-winter months mostly from the edges of the ice
+further out, the sleighs driving out alongside with their passengers and
+freight. It seems difficult for us, in these days of luxury in travel, to
+comprehend the difficulties under which the early travellers laboured and
+thrived.
+
+There was a wonderful and final exploit in the winter business of the
+Niagara River Route.
+
+The "_Niagara Falls and Ontario Railway_" was opened as far as Lewiston in
+1854 and by its connection at the Falls with the _New York Central Railway_
+brought during its first winter of 1854-55 great activity to the Niagara
+steamers.
+
+The Crimean War was in progress and food products for the armies in the
+field were being eagerly sought from all places of world-supply and from
+America. Shipments were accordingly sought from Upper Canada. In summer the
+route would be by the Erie Canal to Albany or by the St. Lawrence and
+Montreal, but both routes were closed in winter.
+
+The _New York Central_ had been connected as a complete rail route as far
+as Albany, where, as there was no bridge across the Hudson, transportation
+was made by a ferry to the _Hudson River Railroad_, on the opposite shore
+for New York, or to the _Western Railroad_ for Boston.
+
+[Illustration: The WILLIAM IV. 1832.
+
+From the "Landmarks of Toronto." page 30]
+
+[Illustration: The CHIEF JUSTICE ROBINSON. 1841.
+
+From the "Landmarks of Toronto." page 84]
+
+There was, at that time, no railroad around the head of Lake Ontario so a
+Freight Route by steamer across the lake was opened to Lewiston, from where
+rail connection could be made to the Atlantic.
+
+In January, 1855, large shipments of flour made from Upper Canada mills
+along the north shore of Lake Ontario began to be collected. The
+enterprising agent of the _Peerless_ (Mr. L. B. Gordon) wrote to the
+Central that he hoped to "make the consignment up to 10,000 barrels before
+the canal and river opens." This being a reference to the competing
+all-water route via the Erie Canal and Hudson River.
+
+The first winter shipment of a consignment of 3,400 barrels was begun by
+the _Chief Justice Robinson_ from the Queen's Wharf on 17th January.
+
+The through rates of freight, as recorded in Mr. Gordon's books, are in
+these modern days of low rates, remarkable. Not the less interesting are
+the proportions accepted by each of the carriers concerned for their
+portion of the service, which were as follows:
+
+          Flour, per barrel, Toronto to New York--
+
+      Steamer--Queen's Wharf to Lewiston         12-1/2c
+      Wharfage and teaming (Cornell)              6
+      New York Central, Lewiston to Albany       60
+      Ferry at Albany                             3
+      Hudson River Railroad to New York          37-1/2
+                                               -----
+      Through to New York                      $1.19
+
+What would the Railway Commissioners and the public of the present think of
+such rates!
+
+The shipments were largely from the products of the mills at the _Credit_,
+_Oakville_, _Brampton_, _Esquesing_, and _Georgetown_, being teamed to the
+docks at _Oakville_ and _Port Credit_, from where they were brought by the
+steamers _Queen City_ and _Chief Justice Robinson_ at 5c per bbl. to the
+Queen's Wharf, Toronto, and from there taken across the lake by the _Chief
+Justice Robinson_ and the _Peerless_.
+
+The propeller _St. Nicholas_ took a direct load of 3,000 barrels from Port
+Credit to Lewiston on Feb. 2nd. Shipments were also sent to Boston at
+$1,24-1/2 per bbl., on which the proportion of the "New York Central" was
+68c, and the "Western Railroad" received 35c per bbl. as their share.
+
+Nearly the whole consignment expected was obtained.
+
+Another novel route was also opened. Consignments of flour for local use
+were sent to Montreal during this winter by the _New York Central_,
+Lewiston to Albany, and thence by the "_Albany Northern Railroad_" to the
+south side of the St. Lawrence River, whence they were most probably teamed
+across the ice to the main city.
+
+Northbound shipments were also worked up and received at Lewiston for
+Toronto--principally teas and tobaccos--consignments of "English Bonded
+Goods" were rated at "second-class, same as domestic sheetings" and carried
+at 63c per 100 pounds from New York to Lewiston.
+
+It was a winter of unexampled activity, but it was the closing effort of
+the steamers against the entrance of the railways into their
+all-the-year-round trade.
+
+Immediately upon the opening of the Great Western Railway from Niagara
+Falls to Hamilton in 1855 and to Toronto in 1856, and of the Grand Trunk
+Railway from Montreal in 1856, the steamboating interests suffered still
+further and great decay. In the financial crisis of 1857 many steamers were
+laid up. In 1858 all the American Line steamers were in bankruptcy, and in
+1860 the _Zimmerman_ abandoned the Niagara River to the _Peerless_, the one
+steamer being sufficient.
+
+The opening of the American Civil War in 1860 opened a new career for the
+Lake Ontario steamers, as the Northern Government were short of steamers
+with which to blockade the Southern ports.
+
+The "Peerless" was purchased by the American Government in 1861 and left
+for New York under command of Captain Robert Kerr, and by 1863 all the
+American Line steamers had been sold in the same direction and gone down
+the rapids to Montreal, and thence to the Atlantic. A general clearance had
+been affected.
+
+The "Zimmerman" returned from the Hamilton Route to the Niagara River,
+which had been left vacant by the removal of the "Peerless," but, taking
+fire alongside the dock at Niagara in 1863, became a total loss. During the
+winter the third "_City of Toronto_" was built by Captain Duncan Milloy, of
+Niagara, and began her service on the river in 1864 and thereafter had the
+route to herself. In 1866 the "Rothsay Castle" brought up by Captain Thomas
+Leach from Halifax, ran for one season in competition, but the business was
+not sufficient for two steamers so she was returned to the Atlantic. The
+"City" then had the route alone until 1877, when the "Southern Belle,"
+being the reconstructed "Rothsay Castle," re-entered upon the scene and
+again ran from Tinnings Wharf in connection with the Canada Southern
+Railway to Niagara.
+
+Such had been the courses of navigation and steamboating on the Niagara
+River from its earliest days--the rise to the zenith of prosperity and
+then the immeasurable fall due to the encircling of the lakes by the
+increasing railways. The old time passenger business had been diverted from
+the water, the docks had fallen into decay, only one steamer remained on
+the Niagara River Route, but it was fair to consider that with more vigor
+and improved equipment a new era might be begun.
+
+The decadence of trade had been so great, and the prospects of the Niagara
+River presenting so little hope that Captain Thomas Dick had turned his
+thoughts and energies into the direction of the North Shore of Lake Huron,
+where mining and lumbering were beginning, and to Lake Superior, where the
+construction of the Dawson Road, as a connection through Canadian
+territory, to Fort Garry was commenced. He had several years previously
+transferred the second _City of Toronto_ to these Upper Lake waters, and
+after being reboilered and rebuilt, her name had been changed to _Algoma_,
+commanded at first by his half brother, Capt. Jas. Dick, and in 1863 he had
+obtained the contract for carrying the mails for the Manitoulin Island and
+Lake Huron Shore to Sault Ste. Marie.
+
+If ever there was a steamer which deserved the name of "_Pathfinder_," it
+was this steamer "Algoma." It was said that all the officers, pilots and
+captains of later days had been trained on her, and that she had found out
+for them every shoal along her route by actual contact. Being a staunchily
+built wooden boat with double "walking beam" engines, working
+independently, one on each wheel, she always got herself off with little
+trouble or damage. One trip is personally remembered. Coming out from Bruce
+Mines the _Algoma_ went over a boulder on a shoal in such way as to open up
+a plank in the bottom, just in front of the boilers. Looking down the
+forward hatch the water could be watched as it boiled up into the
+fire-hold, but as long as the wheels were kept turning the pumps could keep
+the in-rush from gaining, so the steamer after backing off was continued on
+her journey.
+
+When calling at docks the engines were never stopped, one going ahead the
+other reversed, until after Sault Ste. Marie had been reached and the
+balance of the cargo unloaded, when the steamer, with the men in the
+fire-hold working up to their ankles in water, set off on her run of 400
+miles to Detroit, where was then the only dry dock into which she could be
+put.
+
+After a long and successful career the brave boat died a quiet death
+alongside a dock, worn out as a lumber barge.
+
+This transference of Captain Dick's interests to the Upper Lakes was,
+strangely enough, the precursor to the events which led to the creation of
+another era in navigation on the Niagara River. This "North Shore" route,
+although for long centuries occupied by the outposts of the Hudson Bay and
+North West fur companies, was so far as immigration and mercantile
+interests were concerned, an undeveloped territory. Along its shores was
+the traditional canoe and batteaux route from French River to Fort William
+on the Kaministiqua River for trade with the great prairies by the
+interlacing waterways to Lake Manitoba and the Red River. At intervals,
+such as at Spanish River, Missassaga, Garden River, Michipicoten and
+Nepigon River, were the outlets for the canoe and portage routes, north to
+the Hudson Bay and great interior fur preserves. This ancient rival to the
+Niagara River route had remained little varied from the era of canoe and
+sail. The secrets of its natural products, other than fur, being as well
+kept as were those of the fertility of the soil of the "great Lone Land,"
+under the perennial control of the same adventurers of Charles II.
+
+The creation of the "Dominion of Canada" and of the "Province of Ontario"
+under Confederation in 1867 and its establishment as the "District of
+Algoma" brought it political representation in the Provincial Legislature
+and a development of its unoccupied possibilities.
+
+The size of the constituency was phenomenal. Its first representative in
+the Legislature of Ontario used quizzically to describe it: "Where is my
+constituency? Sir, Algoma, is the greatest constituency on earth, and
+larger than many an Empire in Europe. On the east it is bounded by the
+French River, on the south by all the waters of Lakes Huron and Lake
+Superior, on the west by Manitoba, with an undecided boundary, and on the
+north by the North Pole, and the Lord knows where."
+
+Its permanent voters were few and sparsely spread along a line of nigh 500
+miles. By the Act of Confederation, Algoma was given a special
+qualification for its voters being for every male British subject of 21 or
+over, being a householder. Thus it has sometimes been averred that during
+hotly contested elections the migratory Indians for a while ceased to
+wander, that "shack towns" suddenly arose in the neighborhood of the saw
+mills, composed of small "slab" sided dwellings in which dusky voters lived
+until election day was over. It may be from these early seedlings that the
+several constituencies which have since been carved out from their great
+progenitor, have not been unremarkable for eccentricities in methods of
+ballot and in varieties of voters.
+
+Further diversion of vessel interests from the Niagara Route to the Upper
+Lakes, and the circumstances which, within personal knowledge, accompanied
+it, are a part of the history, and a prelude to the return to the river.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+ON THE UPPER LAKES WITH THE WOLSELEY EXPEDITION AND LORD DUFFERIN.
+
+
+The way having been opened by the _Algoma_ between Georgian Bay and the
+Sault, with sundry extra trips beyond, N. Milloy & Co., of Niagara, brought
+up from Halifax, in 1868, the even then celebrated steamer _Chicora_ to
+increase the service to Lake Superior. No finer steamer was there on the
+Upper Lakes than the _Chicora_, and none whether American or Canadian, that
+could approach her in speed; she could trail out a tow line to any
+competitor. She had arrived opportunely and had greatly increased her
+renown by carrying the Wolseley Expedition, in 1870, from Collingwood to
+the place on the shores of the Thunder Bay where the expedition for the
+suppression of the Riel Rebellion at Fort Garry was landed.
+
+It was in the arrangements for the movement of this Wolseley Expedition
+that some difficulties arose which were due to a want of harmony between
+the local government of the State and that of the National Cabinet of the
+Federal Government at Washington, a condition which is liable to occur at
+any time under the peculiar provisions of the American Constitution.
+
+Having been compiled in the time of stress for the avoidance of an
+autocracy and for the development of the individual rights of the several
+component States, the relations between States and Federal authority were
+strongly drawn. While in the Canadian Constitution any power which has not
+been specifically allotted to the Provinces remains in the Dominion
+Government, which is thus the centre of all power, in the United States the
+reverse condition exists.
+
+Speedy dealings with foreign nations are thus somewhat hampered on the part
+of the United States Federal Government.
+
+The only canal lock at that time at the Sault by which the rapids of the
+Sault River could be overcome and the level of Lake Superior be reached
+from that of Lake Huron, was on the Michigan side, and owned and controlled
+by the State of Michigan. As an armed force could not be sent by rail
+through the United States, it was necessary that all supplies and the men
+of the Canadian forces for Fort Garry should be forwarded by this water
+route to the head of Lake Superior, from where they were to take the
+"Dawson Route" of mixed road and river transit to Lake Winnipeg and the
+scene of action. A cargo of boats, wagons, and general supplies for use by
+the troops had been sent up by the "Chicora" (Captain McLean), leaving
+Collingwood on the 7th May, but the steamer was not permitted by the
+Michigan authorities to pass through the Sault Canal. Owing to this action
+immediate steps were imperatively necessary, pending negotiations, to
+obtain additional tonnage to carry forward the expedition.
+
+Col. Cumberland, A.D.C., M.P.P., was sent on a secret duty to Detroit,
+where he succeeded in chartering the American steamer _Brooklyn_, which was
+at once sent off with instructions to report for orders above the canal at
+Point Aux Pins, to Col. Bolton, R.A., Deputy Adjutant General. Being passed
+up the canal, without obstacle, the difficulty was immediately relieved.
+Fortunately the "Algoma" was at the upper end of the route and on Lake
+Superior. The supplies and stores were accordingly unloaded from the
+_Chicora_ at the Canadian Sault, portaged across by the twelve miles road
+to the wharf at Point Aux Pins, on the Canadian side above the Rapids, and
+sent on up Lake Superior by the "Algoma," and "Brooklyn."
+
+A similar course was obliged to be adopted with the cargoes of supplies for
+the expedition brought up on the Canadian steam barge _Shickluna_, and on
+the schooners _Orion_ and _Pandora_ towed by her.
+
+This was in other ways a remarkable event, as being one in which the
+"Coasting Laws of Canada" were for a time, cancelled by the action of a
+citizen. The "Brooklyn" being an American boat could not legally carry
+cargo between two Canadian ports, such as Point Aux Pins and the Landing,
+so Col. Cumberland gave Captain Davis a letter[1] to Mr. Joseph Wilson, the
+Collector of Customs at the Canadian Sault, authorizing him to permit the
+American vessel to trade between Canadian ports. As Mr. Cumberland was
+member of Parliament for the district, the local authorities gave immediate
+attention, especially as everyone on the Canadian side was ready to run all
+risks and do everything in their power to help the expedition along.
+
+Returning to Collingwood the "Chicora" left again on the 14th May with two
+companies of the Ontario Contingest recruited from the Volunteer Militia of
+the Province, twenty-four horses and more arms and stores. Refusal was
+again given and the same portaging took place as before, the men during the
+transfer being encamped near the old Hudson's Bay Fort. Urgent
+representations had been made to the local State authorities, pointing out
+that the expedition was pressed for time, much loss might be occasioned,
+and the rebellion spread if the troops were delayed. The British Minister
+at Washington was using every endeavor to obtain the necessary permission,
+but without avail. The "Chicora" returned to Collingwood and left again on
+21st May with Col. Garnet Wolseley (afterwards Viscount Wolseley), a
+detachment of the "60th Rifles" of the Regulars (the Regiment of H.R.H.
+Prince Arthur) and the balance of the expedition. In the absence of the
+expected permission the same procedure was again followed, and when
+everything on board had been unloaded the _Chicora_ was passed empty
+through the canal, and reloading the soldiers and all the equipment at the
+Point aux Pins proceeded up the lake to her destination.
+
+Canada has since then, for her self control and the protection of her
+trade, built a great canal on her own side, through which ever since it was
+constructed the United States vessels have been freely allowed to pass upon
+exactly the same terms as her own.
+
+Navigation upon the Upper Lakes was in those years in the most primitive
+condition.
+
+When the "Chicora" landed the Wolseley Expedition at Prince Arthur's
+Landing there was no wharf large enough for her to be moored to, so she
+had to anchor off the shore, and the men and cargo were landed in small
+boats.
+
+As Col. Wolseley came ashore in a rowboat he was met by Mr. Thomas Marks, a
+principal merchant, and Mr. William Murdock, C.E., who was then in conduct
+of the Government Railway Exploration Surveys from the shores of Thunder
+Bay to Fort Garry for what afterwards became the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+The Colonel, finding on enquiry that the place had no particular name
+beyond that of "The Landing," proposed that it should be called "Prince
+Arthur's Landing." This was to be in honour of Prince Arthur, Duke of
+Connaught, who was then serving in his battalion of the Rifle Brigade at
+that time stationed in Montreal. The name was immediately adopted and was
+kept unchanged until 1883, when, to mark the eastern end of the Canadian
+Pacific and to correspond with "Port Moody," the then accepted terminus at
+the western end, it was changed to "Port Arthur." The name and reminiscence
+of the Royal Prince is in this way still happily retained.
+
+Rivalries had begun between the long established hamlet clustered around
+Fort William, the ancient post of the Hudson Bay Company on the banks at
+the mouth of the Kanistiqua River, and the newly created village on the
+shores of the Lake at the "Landing." To appease the vociferous claimants of
+both, the expedition was divided, one part being sent up by the lower river
+from "Fort William," the other by waggon on land from the "Landing," to
+join together again at a point on the Kaministiquia above the Falls, from
+where they proceeded together by the mixed transport of water and waggon on
+the "Dawson Route" to Fort Garry.
+
+There were then few lighthouses on the lakes, and no buoys in the channels.
+When a steamer left the shores of Georgian Bay nothing was heard of her
+until she came in sight again on her return after being away ten days, for
+there were no telegraphs on the North Shore nor even at the Sault.
+
+The hamlets were few and far spread, being mainly small fishing villages.
+Bruce Mines with its copper mines, then in full operation, was perhaps the
+most important place, with a population of 2,500. The Sault had perhaps
+500, Silver Islet, with its mysterious silver mine, 1,500, and Prince
+Arthur's Landing about 200 residents, with whatever importance was given by
+its position at the head of the lake, and as being the starting place of
+the Dawson Road to Fort Garry, and the supply point for the developing
+mines of the interior.
+
+Whatever meat, flour, or vegetable foods the people ate had to be carried
+up to them from the Ontario ports. Westwards the decks were filled with
+cattle, hogs, and all kinds of merchandise, but there was little freight to
+bring back east except fish and some small quantities of highly
+concentrated ores from the mines.
+
+The business had not developed as had been expected, and the "Chicora" was
+found to be too good for the Lake Superior route as it then existed. Her
+freight-carrying capacity was light, cabin accommodation in excess of
+requirements, and her speed and expenses far beyond what was there needed.
+So the boat had to be withdrawn from service, dismantled, and laid up
+alongside the docks at Collingwood in the season of 1873.
+
+One splendid and closing charter there had been in the season of 1874, when
+the "Chicora" was chartered for the months of July and August to be a
+special yacht for the progress of the Governor-General, Lord Dufferin, and
+his suite, through what were then the northern districts of Ontario and
+through the Upper Lakes.
+
+Col. F. W. Cumberland, M.P., General Manager of the Northern Railway, was
+also Provincial Aide-de-Camp to the Governor-General and thus in general
+charge of the arrangements for the tour, particularly on the Northern
+Railway, through whose districts the party was then travelling. The further
+portions of the tour were through the district of Algoma, comprising all
+the country along the north shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, which Col.
+Cumberland then represented in the Provincial Parliament, being the first
+Member for Algoma.
+
+Washago, at the first crossing of the Severn River, was then the "head of
+the track" of the "Muskoka Branch," which was under construction from
+Barrie. Beyond this point the party were to proceed through the byways and
+villages of Muskoka by mixed conveyance of boats on the lakes and carriages
+over the bush roads to Parry Sound, where they were to join the "Chicora."
+
+Every minute of the way had been carefully planned out to satisfactorily
+arrange for the reception en route, stopping places for meals and rest,
+stays over night, and allowance for all possible contingencies, for the
+Governor-General insisted that he should make his arrival, at each place on
+the way, with royal precision.
+
+There was therefore no room for the insertion of the many special demands
+for additional functions and time, which increasingly arose as the days
+drew near, for the fervor of the welcome became tumultuous.
+
+The Presbyterian clergyman at Washago had been particularly insistent and
+had called to his aid every local influence of shipper and politician to
+obtain consent that the Governor-General should lay the corner-stone of
+the new church which the adherents of the "Auld Kirk" were erecting at the
+village. The ceremony was whittled down until it was at last agreed that it
+should be sandwiched into the arrangements on condition that everything
+should be in readiness, and that the proceedings should not exceed fifteen
+minutes, for there was a long and rocky drive ahead of fourteen miles to
+Gravenhurst, where an important afternoon gathering from all the
+countryside and a reception by His Excellency and the Countess of Dufferin
+had been arranged.
+
+The Municipal and the local Society receptions at the Washage station had
+been safely got through when the Governor and party walked over the granite
+knolls to where the church was to be erected. The location of the village,
+which is situated between two arms of the Muskoka River, is on the
+unrelieved outcrop of the Muskoka granite, which, scarred and rounded by
+the glacier action of geological ages, is everywhere in evidence.
+
+On the knoll, more level than the others, was the church party expectant.
+At their feet, perched upon a little cemented foundation about a foot and a
+half in diameter, built on the solid granite, was the "corner stone," a
+cube of granite some three inches square. A miniature silver trowel, little
+larger than a teaspoon, was handed to the Governor, who, holding it in his
+fingers smoothed down the morsel of mortar and the corner stone was duly
+laid.
+
+The Minister then announced "Let us engage in prayer," and raising his
+hands and closing his eyes he at once began.
+
+It was a burning hot noon-day in July. Having got fairly started the
+minister seemed to be in no way disposed to stop. At five minutes a chair
+and umbrella were brought for Lady Dufferin. At ten minutes motions were
+made to pluck the minister's coat tails, but no one dared. The fervid
+appeal covering all possible contingencies, and meandering into varied "We
+give Thee thanks also" still continued so the Governor and Lady Dufferin
+and their Suite quietly slipped away from the group and going to the
+carriages, which were waiting in readiness near by, drove away.
+
+Shortly afterwards the minister ceased and, opening his eyes, took in the
+situation.
+
+He at least had succeeded in having his corner-stone laid by a
+Governor-General and was satisfied, even though he had lost that portion of
+his audience. There were others also who were satisfied as one of the
+devout congregation who said as we walked away, "Wasn't the Meenester
+powerful in prayer?"
+
+Lord Dufferin's private secretary and myself, having seen our duties to
+this point satisfactorily completed, returned to the cars and proceeded
+back by the special train to Collingwood, where the outfit and arrangements
+of the "Chicora" for the long cruise were being completed, and active
+operations had for some time been going on.
+
+The ship was a picture, resplendent in brightened brasses, new paint and
+decorations. The staterooms had been re-arranged and enlarged so that they
+could be used in suites with separate dining and reception rooms arranged
+for various occasions. Strings of flags of all varieties, and ensigns for
+every occasion were provided, including His Excellency the
+Governor-General's special flag, to be raised the moment he came on board.
+Captain James C. Orr, his officers, and the picked crew were all in naval
+uniform, and naval discipline was to be maintained.
+
+About ten o'clock one night we sailed out of Collingwood to make an easy
+night run across the Georgian Bay and arrive in the morning at Parry Sound,
+where the Governor-General was to join the steamer in the afternoon.
+
+We were naturally anxious that nothing should occur on our part to mar the
+arrangements for the much heralded tour, and so I turned out early in the
+morning, called up by some indistinct premonition. Of all the evils that
+can befall a ship's captain it is that of a too supreme confidence in his
+own powers; a confidence which leads him to take unnecessary risks and so
+incur dangers which a little longer waiting would avoid. Of this we now met
+a most striking instance.
+
+There are two routes from Collingwood to Parry Sound. The outer passage,
+outside the islands, longer but through open lake and safe, the other the
+inner passage winding through an archipelago of islands, tortuous and
+narrow. This latter was also known as the "Waubuno Channel," from its being
+the route of the steamer of that name, a vessel of 140 feet and the largest
+passing through it. As a scenic route for tourists it is unsurpassable,
+threading its way amid many islands with abrupt and thrilling turns.
+
+Captain McNab, one of the most experienced and oldest navigators of the
+Upper Lakes, had been engaged as pilot for the tour of the "Chicora."
+
+In the early morning, instead of being as had been expected, out in the
+open lake, we were heading into a bay with the shore line expanding far on
+each side both east and west.
+
+[Illustration: The ALGOMA. 1862.
+
+The 2nd CITY OF TORONTO. 1840. Rebuilt. page 44]
+
+[Illustration: The 3rd CITY OF TORONTO. 1864.
+
+From an old drawing. page 123]
+
+Going forward, Captain McNab, in reply to questions, said he intended going
+through the Waubuno Channel, and admitted that he had never taken a boat as
+large as the "Chicora" through the channel, but was sure he could. Amiable
+suggestions that he might like to bet $10,000 that he could, being promptly
+declined, he accepted instructions and the steamer was at once turned
+around to go by the outer channel for which there was plenty of time. He
+might have done it, but there was a doubt in it, and supposing he had not,
+what then? It is better for a captain to be sure, than to be sorry.
+
+The tour was a great success. Wherever the bonnie boat went, whether in
+Canadian waters around the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior at
+Sault Ste. Marie, Nepigon, Prince Arthur's Landing, or in American waters,
+at Mackinac, Lake Michigan and Chicago, her trim appearance, beautiful
+lines, and easy speed, won continued admiration.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1]
+                                         Detroit, 18th May, 1870.
+Sir:
+
+The Steamer _Brooklyn_ proceeds to Point Aux Pins on special service.
+
+In case you may not have been advised by the head of your department, I am
+authorised to inform you that she is to have free access to all Canadian
+Ports on Lake Superior, moving under orders from Col. Bolton.
+
+                                       I am, etc.,
+                                      (Signed) F. W. CUMBERLAND.
+
+                                       Jos. Wilson, Collector of Customs,
+                                       Saulte Ste Marie, Ont.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+A NOVEL IDEA AND A NEW VENTURE--BUFFALO IN SAILINGSHIP DAYS--A RISKY
+PASSAGE.
+
+
+After the tour with Lord Dufferin had been concluded the "Chicora" was
+returned to Collingwood and laid up again to rest her reputation great and
+widespread as it was before, having been still more enhanced. At last early
+on a gray morning of August, 1877, under tow of a wrecking tug, there stole
+gently away from Collingwood the steamer which had been the greatest glory
+of the port, her red paddles trailing lifeless in the water like the feet
+of a wounded duck.
+
+Where was she being taken to? What had taken place? It was the beginning of
+a bold and sporting venture.
+
+As General Freight and Passenger Agent (Oct., 1873 to Jan., 1878) of the
+Northern Railway of Canada, the "Chicora" as she lay at Collingwood was
+much under my notice, and in travelling to Buffalo on railway business the
+water route by the Niagara River was most frequently taken. There was no
+route on the Upper Lakes upon which the "Chicora" could be successfully
+employed. It was considered that she could not be returned to the Lower
+Lakes because it was said that having been brought up the canals from
+Montreal, the "guards" added at Buffalo, which made her width fifty feet at
+the main deck could not be removed without serious damage in order to
+reduce her to the then Welland canal width of only 26 feet. As under the
+then trade conditions she could neither be profitably run nor be returned
+to the Lower Lakes, the steamer was of little worth to her owners, and
+could be readily purchased. It had for some time appeared to me that there
+was an opening for a good boat upon the Niagara River route. The "City of
+Toronto" plying to Lewiston and the New York Central was getting
+insufficient and out of date in equipment. The Canada Southern Railway at
+Niagara-on-the-Lake was not satisfied with the "Southern Belle." Why not
+get the "Chicora" and strike out for a career of one's own? So I started to
+study the position having always had a mechanical turn and had practical
+experience in railway and machine construction.
+
+Keeping one's ideas to one's self the boat was examined and careful
+scrutiny ascertained that the "guards" could be removed and replaced
+without interference with the hull, so that this first obstacle to her
+being brought to the Lower Lakes could be overcome.
+
+But there were other obstacles which cropped up. To begin with, a pier of
+one of the smaller locks in the Welland (150 � 26) was said to have
+inclined inwards so that there was not sufficient width even after the
+"guards" had been removed, for the 26-ft. hull to pass through.
+
+Again, _Chicora_ was 230 feet long. If the vessel was brought down in two
+pieces through all the locks to Lake Ontario, there was no dry dock on the
+lake of sufficient length into which she could be placed so that these
+parts might be put together again. A further obstacle and a fatal one. The
+only place where the two parts could be put together again her full length
+of 230 feet long was Muir's dry dock, at Port Dalhousie, but that was above
+the last lock of the canal, which required to be passed to get down to Lake
+Ontario, and _this lock was only 200 feet long!_
+
+The game was apparently impracticable. It was not more impossible to put a
+quart into a pint bottle, than it was to put the full-sized 230-foot
+_Chicora_ into the 200-foot Dalhousie lock and lower her to Lake Ontario.
+No wonder other people had given the job up, and the steamer could be
+easily bought.
+
+Just about this time I noticed an announcement in the press that in order
+to provide for the construction of the lower locks at the Ontario end of
+the new Welland Canal, the Canadian Government intended, after the close of
+navigation the next autumn, to draw off the whole of the water in the
+five-mile level above the Port Dalhousie lock between there and St.
+Catharines.
+
+The idea at once arose, why not put the _Chicora_ into the 200-foot lock
+with the upper gate open, so that although she would extend 30 feet beyond
+the regular lock, she would then be in a total actual lock of five miles
+long.
+
+Going over again to Port Dalhousie, the whole position was carefully
+surveyed. It was found that on the troublesome lock there was
+three-quarters of an inch to spare, so that trick could be turned
+successfully. Closer investigation developed that the 200-foot lock problem
+at Port Dalhousie was, as will be stated later, more capable of being
+solved than appeared on the surface. It was now evident that the practical
+part of the work could be done successfully. The next thing was to provide
+for connecting support. My first railway service had been in that of the
+Great Western Railway in 1872-73 in the divisional office at London, and
+afterwards in charge of the terminal yard and car ferries at Windsor, under
+Mr. M. D. Woodward, Superintendent.
+
+During that time the General Manager was Mr. W. K. Muir, who had
+transferred, and was now General Manager of the Canada Southern Railway,
+operating the branch line between Buffalo and Niagara. Enquiry led to an
+understanding that a contract could be made for a full service by a
+first-class steamer between Toronto and Niagara-on-the-Lake in connection
+with the route to the Falls and Buffalo, as the size of the _Southern
+Belle_ was not satisfactory.
+
+Armed with all this information, and having made up the estimates of cost
+and possible earnings, the whole matter was laid before the Hon. Frank
+Smith, who then had a part interest in the _Chicora_. The proposition was
+that we should buy out the other owners, bring the _Chicora_ through the
+canal and put her on the Niagara Route, where she could earn good money.
+
+One was to do the work and the other to find the backing for the funds
+required. In this way for him a dead loss would be revived and a good
+future investment found, while the junior would enter into a work in which
+with energy he would be able to secure a lasting reward for his enterprise
+and ability in transportation business. He agreed and we proceeded to carry
+out the project. The purchase was made early in 1877, the original
+purchasers and registered owners of the steamer being Hon. Frank Smith and
+Barlow Cumberland.
+
+In this way began a partnership which lasted through life. Sir Frank
+(knighted in 1874) was a man of quick decision, of great courage, and
+indomitable will. Every company with which he became identified felt the
+influence of his virile hand. A charter for the Niagara Navigation Company,
+Limited, with a capital of $500,000, was obtained from the Dominion
+Government.
+
+The first issue of the stock of the Company was entirely subscribed by the
+Frank Smith and Cumberland representatives and the transfer of the boat to
+the new company made in 1878. The first Board of Directors were: President,
+Hon. Frank Smith; Vice-President, Barlow Cumberland; Directors, Col. Fred.
+W. Cumberland, John Foy, and R. H. McBride; Barlow Cumberland, Manager;
+John Foy, Secretary. Preliminary work had been actively in progress at
+Collingwood in dismantling the steamer and preparing her for a long and
+eventful journey. As the engines had been laid up and would not be required
+until after the reconstruction at Toronto, they were not again set up, but
+the tug, J. T. Robb, was brought up from Port Colborne to tow the vessel to
+Buffalo.
+
+Here began the closing era of this century of steam navigation in the
+Niagara River. The story of the next and final thirty-five years is the
+story of the rise and expansion of the Niagara Navigation Company, its
+vicissitudes and competitions, and the final success of the enterprise.
+Reminiscence of the series of hot competitions which were worked through
+and of the men and methods of the period are set out as matters of record
+of an eventful series of years on the route.
+
+The long cabins on the upper deck were removed and parts sent to Toronto,
+where they now are the upper drawing room of the _Chicora_.
+
+The cabins on the main deck were left undisturbed to be used by the crew,
+while coming through the canals.
+
+Captain Thomas Leach was in charge of the voyage to Buffalo, where Captain
+William Manson, of Collingwood, took charge of the crew with some
+carpenters and the engineers. Mr. Alexander Leach was purser and
+confidential agent. A more faithful officer and devoted servant never was
+found. He had been purser of the steamer _Cumberland_ until she was
+wrecked on Isle Royale, Lake Superior, 5 August, 1876.
+
+The tow from Collingwood was uneventful and the steamer arrived at Buffalo
+and was placed in the Buffalo Dry Dock Company's Works, they having put her
+together when brought up from Halifax. Two barges were purchased and put
+alongside the guards, unriveted and lowered upon the barges in single
+pieces.
+
+The paddle boxes were removed, the wheels taken to pieces, numbered, and
+put on the barges, and everything stripped off the sides of the hull, so
+that she was reduced to her narrowest width, cleared of everything, to go
+through the canal. The steamer was then put into dry dock, cut in two and
+the parts slid apart.
+
+It was intended to take the steamer across Lake Erie to Port Colborne as a
+single tow. Two long sixteen-inch square elm timbers were placed on deck
+across the opening and strongly chained to smaller timbers; timbers were
+also put fore and aft to take the pull and keep the two parts of hull from
+coming together. It all reads easily, but took much consideration and time
+in working out the problems. And as the enterprise was unusual and not
+likely to be repeated the details are given as matters of interesting
+record. It was a strange looking craft that came out of dock. Two parts
+held far apart from one another by the big timbers, and the water washing
+free to and fro in the opening between. It was a tender craft to moor in a
+narrow river where heavily laden vessels coming and going banged heedlessly
+against one another. We were fortunate, however, in obtaining the
+permission of the United States Marine Department that we might lie
+unmolested and alone alongside Government wharf on the west side of the
+river while waiting for weather. A great deal of public interest was being
+taken in the venture and on every hand we received cheerful and ready
+assistance. Mr. David Bell, whose daughter had married Mr. Casimir Gzowski,
+of Toronto, was especially helpful, doing good work for us in the foundry
+and machine shops. The Dry Dock Companies seemed like old friends, the
+curious public often visited us, and the enterprising newspaper reporters
+kept us well in the readers' view. So we towed out of dock, dropped down
+the river and tied up at our allotted berth. The barges with their
+strange-looking cargo had been sent separately across to the canal to Port
+Colborne at the first opportunity.
+
+It was the beginning of October when the weather was uncertain, the water
+restless, and we had to be very careful in selecting a day to take such a
+crazy craft as a steamer thus separated in two parts across the thirty-four
+miles of the open lake.
+
+Buffalo in the seventies was a very different place from what it is at
+present. The lower city alongside the river and Canal Street, crowded with
+cheap boarding houses for sailors and dock gangs, reeked in ribaldry and
+every phase of dissolute excitements. The vessels frequenting the ports in
+those days were mainly sailing vessels, the era of great steam freighters
+not having come. The stay of the vessels was much longer, their crews more
+numerous, and being less permanent, were easy victims to the harpies and
+the drink shops which surrounded and beset them. The waterside locality of
+Buffalo had then a reputation and an aroma peculiarly of its own.
+
+Crazy horse cars jangled down the main Main Street to the docks. The
+terminus of the Niagara Falls Railway operated by the New York Central, was
+at the Ferry Station, the cross-town connection to the Terrace and
+Exchange Street not having been put in. The Mansion House was the
+principal hotel of the city, and its lower storey on the street level,
+entirely occupied by the ticket offices of all the principal railway and
+steamship companies of the United States. The business centre of the town
+was in the vicinity.
+
+Arrangements had been established with the United States Weather Bureau,
+whose office was well up town, to give us earliest advice of when they
+thought there would be from six to eight hours of fair weather ahead. Many
+a messenger trotted between, and many an hour was spent in their office,
+waiting for news, for there were no telephones to convey information.
+
+The elements seemed against us. For a fortnight we had a succession of
+blows from almost every direction, one following the other without giving a
+sufficiently calm interval between. It was wonderful to see how quickly the
+water rose and fell in the harbour. A steady blow from the west would pile
+the water up at this east end of the lake and we would rise six feet
+alongside the wharf in a few hours, to fall again as the wind went down or
+changed, the outgoing water creating quite a rapid current as it ran out of
+the river.
+
+It was during this waiting time an incident occurred which came within an
+ace of putting an end to one career. The last thing in the evening a visit
+was always made from the hotel to the boat to see that all was well. In
+front of the face of the Government Wharf there was a continuous line of
+"spring piles" for its protection, with the heads cut off to the level of
+the dock. One dark and rainy night, when stepping from the deck of the
+steamer, mistaking the opening in the darkness for the edge of the wharf
+the next step put the leader into the opening and he dropped through into
+the river. Soon Manson's voice was heard calling, "Are you there, Mr.
+Cumberland?" A lamp was lowered; the distance from the floor of the dock to
+the water was some six or eight feet, and many iron spikes projected
+through the piles.
+
+A storm was subsiding and the water running out fast, but by holding on to
+the spikes a way was worked up until a hand was reached by Manson and the
+adventurer was hauled up to the top. Sitting on the edge of the wharf with
+dripping legs dangling in the opening Manson's exclamation was heard,
+"Sakes alive; he's got his pipe in his mouth still!" They say the reply
+was, "Do you suppose I'd open my mouth when I went under?" It was a close
+call, and Mrs. Cumberland was always anxious until at last we got the
+_Chicora_ safely to Toronto.
+
+At length advice was received from the Bureau that we could start, so the
+tug was called and about 6 a.m. we were under way. We had tried to get some
+insurance for the run across, but the rate asked was excessive that we
+determined to go without any, a determination which added zest to the
+enterprise. We didn't want to lose the boat and wouldn't have taken any the
+less care or precaution even if the insurance companies would have carried
+the risk for nothing. In this connection it is open to consideration
+whether the moral hazard of a marine risk is not of more importance even
+than the rating of the vessel, and that good owners are surely entitled to
+better rates than simply the "tariff schedule" which their vessel's rating
+calls for. The prevailing inconsistent system is very much like that of the
+credit tailor whose solvent customers pay for his losses on those who fail
+to pay their bills.
+
+The morning was cold and calm. We made down the river and rounded out into
+the lake, on which there still remained some motion from previous gales. It
+was curious to stand on the edge of the deck and see the chips and
+floating debris carried along in the wide opening between the two parts.
+
+We had come by a slanting course down and across the lake, reaching in
+under Point Abino in good shape and were rejoicing that the larger portion
+of the crossing was well over. As we rounded from under the lee of the
+Point and passing it, changed our course for Port Colborne, a nasty sea
+come down from the northwest with an increasing breeze. We were soon in
+trouble, the bow-part began to roll and jump on its own account at a
+different rate than the more staid and heavy after-part, sometimes rising
+up on end and then seeming to try and take a dive, but held from going away
+by the long elm timbers which writhed while their chains squealed and rang
+under the strain.
+
+The worst sensation was when the seas, coming in on the quarter, swept
+through the opening between the two parts, swishing between the plates and
+dashing against the after bulkhead made it resound like a drum, sending the
+spray up over the deck while they coursed through the rower side. It was
+very exciting, but not at all comfortable. The pace of the tug seemed to
+get slower and slower, but all we on board could do was to keep the long
+timbers and their fastenings in their places, see that the bulkheads held
+their own, and stand by and watch the contest with the waves.
+
+At length, as we got more under the lee of the land, the waves subsided,
+the pace increased, and at last we were safe between the piers at Port
+Colborne.
+
+Making all arrangements for the next few days, the leader hurried home,
+fagged out, but exultant, for the worst part of the journey was over and we
+had put the rest of the way fairly under our own control.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+DOWN THROUGH THE WELLAND--THE MISERIES OF HORSE TOWING TIMES--PORT
+DALHOUSIE AND A LAKE VETERAN--THE PROBLEM SOLVED--TORONTO AT LAST.
+
+
+The barges with the "guards" on them had been sent down through the canal
+as soon as they had crossed the lake, and were now safely moored at the
+Ontario level in the outer harbour at Port Dalhousie, there to await the
+arrival of the united boat. The men in charge returning up the canal to
+join the main expedition.
+
+Starting from Port Colborne, the two parts of the steamer were separated to
+go down the canal. The bow part was kept in the lead, but both as near one
+another as possible, so that the crews could take their meals on the after
+part, on which they also passed the nights. The stern part was taken down
+the long upper level by a small tug, but teams were employed in towing for
+all the remaining portions of the canalling. Memories of things as they
+then existed on the old Welland are in striking contrast to the conditions
+obtaining at the present day.
+
+The miseries of human slaves on the "middle passage" of the Atlantic have
+been dilated upon until sympathy with their sufferings has abounded, but it
+is doubtful if they were in any way worse than those of the miserable
+beings then struggling on the canal passage between Lakes Erie and Ontario.
+
+The canal bank and tow paths were a sticky mush, which in those autumn
+months was churned and stamped into a continuous condition of soft red mud
+and splashing pools. From two to six double teams were employed to haul
+each passing vessel, dependent upon whether it was light or was loaded, but
+in either case there was the same dull, heavy, continuous pull against the
+slow-moving mass, a hopeless constant tug into the collars, bringing raw
+and calloused shoulders.
+
+Poor beasts, there was every description of horse, pony, or mule forced
+into the service, but an all-prevailing similarity of lean sides and
+projecting bones, of staring unkempt coats, gradually approaching similar
+colour as the red mud dried upon their hides. Rest! they had in their
+traces when mercifully for a few moments the vessel was in a lock, or when
+awaiting her turn at night they lay out on the bank where she happened to
+stop. It was the rest of despair.
+
+The poor devils of "drivers," boys or men, who tramped along the canal bank
+behind each tottering gang, were little better off than their beasts.
+Heavy-footed, wearied with lifting their boots out of the sucking slush,
+they trudged along, staggering and half asleep, until aroused by the sounds
+of a sagging tow line, with quickened stride and volley of hot-shot
+expletives, they closed upon their luckless four-footed companions. What an
+electric wince went through the piteous brutes as the stinging whip left
+wales upon their sides! A sudden forward motion brought up by the twang of
+the tow line as it came taut, sweeping them off their legs, until they
+settled down once more into the sidling crablike movement caused by the
+angle of the hawser from the bow to the tow path.
+
+The new Welland, with its larger size and tug boats, has done away with
+this method of torturing human and horse flesh. One wonders whether it is
+the ghosts of these departed equines, that, revisiting the scenes of their
+torture, make the moanings along the valley, and the whistlings on the
+hills, as they sniff and whinny in the winds along the canal.
+
+We had a good deal of difficulty at first in our canalling, especially in
+meeting and passing vessels. The after-part took every inch of the locks,
+and was unhandy in shape. However, by dint of rope fenders, long poles and
+a plentiful and willing crew we got along without hurting anyone else or
+ourselves.
+
+It was in one of these sudden emergencies which sometimes arise that
+Captain Manson was thought to have got a strain which developed into
+trouble later on. He was a splendidly-built fellow, over six feet in
+height, in the plenitude of youth, handsome, laughing, active, and of
+uncommon strength, the sort of man who jumps in when there is something to
+be done, throws in his whole force and saves the situation.
+
+The bow-part, being short and light, went merrily on, its crew chaffing the
+other for their slower speed, for which there was much excuse.
+
+One day on a course in the canal below Thorold we rounded the corner of the
+height above the mountain tier of locks. It was a wondrous sight to see
+laid out before us the wide landscape of tableland and valley spread out
+below, through which we were to navigate and drop down 340 feet on the next
+four and one-quarter miles. To the left was the series of locks which
+circled, in gray stone structures, like a succession of great steps, down
+the mountain side. These were separated one from the other by small ponds
+or reservoirs with waste weirs, whose little waterfalls tinkled, foaming
+and glinting in the sun. Directly in front, and below us, were the houses
+and factories of Merritton, with trains of the Great Western and the
+Welland Railways spurting white columns of steam and smoke as the engines
+panted up the grade to the heights of the Niagara Escarpment from which we
+were about to descend.
+
+Beyond these came glimpses of the canal as it wound its way toward St.
+Catharines. Still lower down the Escarpment, spires and towers of the city
+itself, and yet lower and still further away lay on the horizon the blue
+waters of Lake Ontario. How beautiful and hopeful it was!
+
+As the Greeks when emerging from the strife and struggles of their long and
+painful homeward march, hailed the sea with shouts of happy acclaim, for
+beyond those waters they knew lay home and rest. So, too, it might have
+been for us, or at least for one of us, for another link had been gained in
+our long and trying voyage. Far away, from the height, we could see Lake
+Ontario, the goal of the expedition, the ardently sought terminus of our
+labours, and on the other side of its waters lay Toronto and the future for
+the bonnie ship. But times to-day are more prosaic, so, taking a hasty but
+satisfying look, we turned to negotiate the next lock.
+
+That night at the bottom of the tier, the stern part moored in one pond and
+the bow in the next below, a "jubilation" was held in the after-cabin by
+the combined crews. We had safely got down all the steps, and had passed
+the large boat safely through, so that we might well rejoice.
+
+Beyond this day there was not much that occurred; the way was simple and we
+had got the "hang" of things. At St. Catharines half the city came out to
+see the strange looking hulk wending its way down the canal, and through
+the locks, close to the town.
+
+At length we came down through the five mile level where the "Canadian
+Henley" is now held, with its floating tow path to carry the teams, and
+arrived at Muir's Dock, just above the final lock at Port Dalhousie, after
+five days occupied in coming through the Canal. The two parts were moored
+alongside the gate while waiting for the dock to be made ready for our turn
+to enter.
+
+The position of the village now known as Port Dalhousie was originally, in
+1812 days, being called "Twelve Mile Creek." The creeks, or river openings
+being then named according to their distances in miles from the Niagara
+River. This name was afterwards changed to "Port Dalhousie," in honour of
+Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General at the time the first canal was
+constructed. The "Port" in those days of the horse canal when we arrived at
+it was mainly a turning place for the canal crews. Its one principal street
+facing the canal basin, had houses on one side only, mostly drink shops,
+with or without license, with a few junk and supply stores intervening. Its
+immediate inhabitants, a nomad collection of sailors and towing gangs,
+waiting for another job. Around and in its neighborhood there was a happy
+district prolific of fruit and flowers, but in itself, with its vagrant
+crews culled from the world over, it was a little haven not far from the
+realm of Dante's imaginations. Times, methods and circumstances have all
+since changed.
+
+[Illustration: OLD WELLAND CANAL
+
+LOCK 1
+
+_Plan of Lock at Port Dalhousie with Upper Gate closed, only 200 ft. long_
+
+_The Lock at Port Dalhousie with Upper Gate open--233 ft. 6 in. long._
+
+_"Chicora" 230 ft. long as placed in Lock and lowered to Lake Ontario
+Level._ page 74]
+
+Capt. D. Muir, the proprietor of the Dry Dock, with whom both now and later
+many a pleasant hour was spent, was a fine old character, and although then
+on the far side of sixty he held himself with square-set shoulders upright
+and sprightly. He had sailed the lakes until his face had taken on a
+permanent tan; eyes a deep blue with shaggy overhanging brows, a strong
+mouth and imperturbable countenance. He was not greatly given to
+conversation and had a dry, pawky humour which gave much point to his
+slowly spoken words, but when, as sometimes, he was in narrative mood, he
+would string off incidents of early sailing days on the lakes the while he
+chewed or turned from side to side, some sliver of wood which was
+invariably held between his teeth. He had no fancy for metal vessels, or
+"tin-pots," as he called them. "Give me," said he, "good sound wooden
+vessels, built right," (as he said this you would glean from his emphasis
+he meant "as I build them.") "If ye hit against anything in the Canawl, ye
+don't dint; if ye go ashore ye don't punch holes in your bottom, and ye ken
+pull yer hardest without enny fear uv rippin' it out."
+
+There is this to be said that whatever work was done in his dock, was well
+done.
+
+As soon as possible the two parts were put into the dock, the bulkheads
+taken out, the parts drawn together on launching ways (very cleverly done
+by Muir's men), and the plates and beams rivetted together again by
+rivetters brought down from Buffalo. The hull, both inside and out, was
+diligently scraped in every part and thoroughly oiled and painted. The main
+deck was relaid and _Chicora_ was a ship again.
+
+While all this was going on, Mr. J. G. Demary, the "Overseer" of this
+section of the canal, and I, had been carefully looking over the canal lock
+and arranging the procedure for putting the boat in for the final lowering
+down to Lake Ontario level.
+
+Close examination had proved that the conditions of the Port Dalhousie
+lock, under water, were much more favorable than appeared on the surface.
+The lock had been built about thirty years previously and there was very
+little local knowledge about it.
+
+The lock itself was 200 feet on full inside measurement, with both gates
+closed. The upper gates opening to the upper level, instead of being half
+the height of the lower gates, were of the same height, and the lock itself
+was continued at its full size and depth for 33 feet further beyond these
+upper gates until it came to the "breast wall" of the upper level. With the
+upper gates open and pressed against the sides, there was thus created an
+unobstructed length of 233 feet, into which to place and lower the 230-foot
+steamer, as is shown in the accompanying drawing. It was a very welcome and
+satisfactory solution which investigation below the water level disclosed.
+
+Like many other problems, it all seems very simple when once the unknown
+has been studied out and the results revealed, and so it was in this case.
+The project and the plan of the whole enterprise of bringing the _Chicora_
+down had been created by close search into conditions, by the adapting of a
+sudden opportunity which happened to become available, and thus rendered
+practicable that which all others had considered to be, and was,
+impossible.
+
+It was a trying risk and worthy of a good reward.
+
+In an undertaking so exceptional as this was it was unavoidable that
+unexpected difficulties should from time to time arise, as they often did,
+yet only to be overcome by decision and pertinacity. Another, at this
+stage, cropped up which for a time looked most unpleasant and caused much
+anxiety.
+
+The 230-foot steamer was to be placed in the 233-foot lock, and the water
+run off so as to bring her to the Lake Ontario level, or 11 feet 6 inches
+below the upper canal level. It was now found, when trying out every inch
+of the proposition, that under the water in front of the breast wall there
+was a big boom, or beam, extending across the lock from side to side.
+
+Demary did not know how it was held in position, for it had been there
+before he came into the service, but he understood it had been intended to
+stop vessels laden too deeply from coming up the canal and striking and
+damaging the stonework of the breast wall.
+
+Enquiry at the Canal Office at St. Catharines resulted in learning that
+there were no records of it, although Mr. E. V. Bodwell, who was then the
+Canal Superintendent, gave us every aid. That beam had to be got out of the
+way or difficulty might be caused, so permission was obtained from Ottawa
+for its removal at our own expense.
+
+First we thought we would saw it through, but soon found that it was
+sheeted from end to end with plates of iron, so we had to begin the long
+job of cutting the iron under water. Many a pipe was smoked while watching
+the progress, when one day it was noticed that heads of the round rods
+which held up the beam in the grooves were square, suggesting screws on the
+lower end. So huge wrenches were forged, blocks and tackle rigged up, and
+after an afternoon's work with a team and striking blows with sledge
+hammers, we succeeded in getting the screws moving and, happy moment, the
+beam dropped to the bottom of the lock, where, no doubt, it still remains.
+So another kink had been untwisted.
+
+Navigation ceased for the year, the canal was closed for the passage of
+vessels and the upper gates of the lock were opened and firmly secured. The
+_Chicora_ was brought from her mooring, and placed in the lock with her bow
+up-stream. The water in the lock was now the same level as that of the
+upper level. On the 5th December, 1877, the process of drawing off the
+water of the five-mile level was begun, unwatering the canal as far as St.
+Catharines. It took ten days or so before the wider areas of the drowned
+lands were uncovered.
+
+We watched the waters falling lower and lower until at length the steamer
+began lowering into the lock. Being fully secured, she was held in position
+clear of all obstacles. All was going well, but slowly, the time taken for
+the last few feet seeming to be interminable. At last suspense was over and
+on the 20th December we opened the lower gate and _Chicora_ floated out
+into the harbour at the Lake Ontario level! The barges were quickly brought
+alongside, the guards were jacked up and fastened back into place to be
+completed after we reached Toronto, and the material which had been brought
+along in the expedition collected and loaded.
+
+Arrangement had been made with Capt. Hall to keep the tug _Robb_ in
+commission to be ready to tow us over. Being telegraphed for the tug duly
+arrived, and about noon on 24th December, started out from Port Dalhousie
+with _Chicora_ in tow.
+
+Navigation had long been closed and we were the only boats out on the lake.
+
+The air was cold but clear, and we had a fine passage, delighting greatly
+when the buildings of Toronto came clearly into view--soon we would enter
+the haven where we fain would be. As we crossed the lake a smart and
+increasing breeze rose behind. As we came abreast of the shoal near the New
+Fort (now called Stanley Barracks), and rounded up to make for the entrance
+to the harbour, suddenly the _Robb_ _stopped_. Something had evidently gone
+wrong with the engine. Carried on by our way we swung broadside to the
+shore under our lee. A quarter of an hour, half an hour, three-quarters of
+an hour passed as we were steadily drifted by the breeze nearer and nearer
+to the beach. We could not do anything for ourselves--still there was no
+movement from the tug--would she never start again? A little nearer and we
+would go aground among the sand and boulders, to stick there perhaps
+through the whole of the winter which was so close at hand. After working
+out our enterprise so far, were we to be wrecked just when safety was less
+than a mile away? It seemed hard lines to be so helpless at such a stage.
+But fortune had not abandoned her adventurers, for just in the nick of time
+we saw the tug moving, the engine had started again and in half an hour the
+_Chicora_ was inside the harbour, tied up alongside the old Northern
+Railway Dock, her journey from Collingwood ended on this the afternoon of
+the day before Christmas Day.
+
+Capt Hall, who was on his tug, had suffered as much from anxiety as had we,
+for he knew that every other tug on the lake had been laid up, so there
+would have been nothing left to pull the _Robb_ off had she, as well as we,
+been carried upon the bouldered shore.
+
+The _Robb_ was the largest Canadian wrecking tug then on the lakes. She had
+done service in the Fenian Raid of 1866 at the time of the engagement at
+Fort Erie between the Welland Battery and the Fenians, some of the bullet
+marks still remaining on her wheel-house. After a long and honourable
+career she was grounded at Victoria Park, where her hull was used to form a
+portion of the landing pier, and where some of her timbers may still
+remain.
+
+What a happy relief it was to be back on old familiar ground again, to meet
+the cheery greetings and congratulations of the "Old Northerners" of the
+yards and machine shops who took the utmost interest in this enterprise of
+their President, Hon. Frank Smith, and their General Manager, Mr. F. W.
+Cumberland, and formed an affection for the _Chicora_ which is lasting and
+vivid to the present day.
+
+Christmas was a happy and well-earned rest. We had completed the first part
+of the undertaking, but not for unmeasured wealth would the experience be
+repeated. Youth is energetic and looks forward in roseate hope, so the
+anxieties and risks were soon forgotten, and all nerves turned toward the
+business engagements and profits, which, now that we had her safe in hand,
+the boat was to be set to earn.
+
+The balance of that winter, and the spring of 1878 were fully occupied in
+rebuilding the upper works of the steamer in their new form adapted to her
+service as a day boat and in overhauling and setting up the engine after
+their long rest. Not long after our arrival, Captain Manson developed a
+severe inflammation, which confined him to his room in the Richmond House.
+Here, bright and cheerful to the last, he died on 29th February and was
+buried in Collingwood on March 2nd, deeply regretted by all sailorfolk and
+particularly by our crew. Five others of that crew, lost with the _Wabuno_
+and _Asia_, found watery graves in the waters of the Georgian Bay. The
+writer is now the sole survivor, and Mr. R. H. M. McBride, and he the only
+remaining members of the original company.
+
+For the interior work a party of experienced French-Canadian ship joiners
+were brought up from Sorel, no centre of ship carpentering existing in
+Ontario at that time.
+
+The comely main stairway which gives such adornment to the entrance hall
+was then erected in all its grace of re-entrant curves, ornate pillars, and
+flowing sweep of head-rail and balustrade. When one thinks of the
+unnumbered thousands of travellers who have passed up and down its
+convenient steps, ones admiration and respect are raised for the
+French-Canadian Foreman who designed its form and executed it with such
+honest and capable workmanship, that to-day it still displays its lines of
+beauty without a creak or strain.
+
+The octagonal wheel-house of the upper lakes which had been brought by rail
+from Collingwood was re-erected with its columned sides and graceful
+curving cornice under which was again hung the little blockade-running
+bell, lettered "Let Her B."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE NIAGARA PORTAL--HISTORY OF NAMES AT NEWARK AND NIAGARA--A WINTER OF
+CHANGES--A NEW RIVALRY BEGUN.
+
+
+On the south side of Lake Ontario, opposite Toronto, is the Niagara Portal,
+where the mouth of the Niagara River, with high banks on either hand, makes
+its entrance into the lake, forming the only uninterrupted deep water
+harbour on that shore.
+
+Here the rapid waters, outfall of all the gatherings of the inland Upper
+Lakes, pour out in fullest volume, enabling entrance even in winter, when
+all other harbours are closed in the grasp of ice. It is worthy of its
+mighty source, the product of the greatest Fresh Water Lakes in all the
+world.
+
+Over the west bank floats the Union Jack on Fort Missasuaga, and over the
+east on Fort Niagara, the Stars and Stripes, each the emblem of the British
+and United States nationalities, between whose possessions the river forms
+the boundary line.
+
+The first port of call on the Canadian side at the mouth of the river, now
+known as Niagara-on-the-Lake, had in olden times an importance and a past,
+which much belies its present outlook of quiet and placidity. Once it was
+the principal and most noted place in the Province of Upper Canada, and the
+centre of legislative power, making its surrounding neighborhood full of
+reminiscence.
+
+The successive changes in the name of this ancient lakeside town, as also
+those of the settlement on the opposite shore, are interesting, as in
+themselves they form footprints in the paths of history.
+
+The French had entered the St. Lawrence in 1534, and, as we have seen, had
+fully established their first route of connection to the Upper Lakes and
+the inner fur-trading districts, via the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing. The
+Niagara River route, via Lake Erie, had been learned of by them in 1669
+under Pere Gallinee, and followed by the enterprise of the _Griffon_ in
+1678, but then, and for long after, was too fiercely occupied by hostile
+Indian tribes to be greatly available for commercial use. A first advance
+from Montreal intending to occupy the route, under Chevalier de la Barre,
+was intercepted by the Indians at Frontenac (Kingston) and driven back to
+Montreal.
+
+In 1687 another advance for possession of the river succeeded in creating a
+foothold and the French erected a wooden fort and palisade upon the
+projecting point on the east bank of the river at its junction point with
+the lake. This outpost they named Fort Niagara, the name by which the place
+has ever since continued to be known.
+
+The little garrison was not long able to keep its foothold. Beset by
+Indians and cut off by the failure of food supplies expected from their
+compatriots in the east, they were in dire straits, but yet boldly holding
+out in hopes that relief might yet arrive. At this juncture, Col. Thomas
+Dongan, Governor of the English Colony of New York, then loyal subjects of
+James II., made demand that the French should evacuate the fort, as it was
+in British territory. The British colonists of New York and New Jersey had
+recently joined hands with the Colonies of New England, in a British union,
+for united defence against the French. Upon the English Home Government
+having indicated to the French authorities its support of the Colonial
+demand, the Marquis de Denonville, Governor of Canada, ordered the garrison
+to retire. This they reluctantly did, but before leaving raised in the
+centre of the fort, under the influence of Pere Millet, their Jesuit
+Missionary, a great wooden cross 18 feet in height, upon which they cut in
+large letters:
+
+    , "REGN: VINC: IMP: CHRS:"
+    _Regnat_; _Vincit_; _Imperat_; _Christus_;
+    (Christ Reigns, Conquers, Rules.)
+
+The place was being for a while abandoned as a military post, but by this
+they left notice that it was still held as on outpost of their religion.
+
+Here again at Niagara an episode was being repeated exceedingly similar to
+that which had been developed at Quebec a century and a half before.
+
+Jacques Cartier and his explorers had entered the St. Lawrence and endured
+their first winter at Stadacona (Quebec). Decimated by scurvy and
+privations, and in extreme danger from the hostility of the Indians, he
+determined to return to France, taking with him the remnants of his
+expedition. On 3rd May, 1536, three days before leaving, he raised upon the
+river bank a cross 35 feet in height, on which was a shield bearing the
+Lilies of France, and an inscription:
+
+"_Franciscus Primus Dei Gratia Francorum Regnat._"
+
+As Cartier had returned and established their strong-hold at tidewater,
+near Quebec, so the survivors of the party of Pierre de Troyes at Niagara,
+in 1688, hoped they, too, might again return and repossess for their nation
+this centre from which they were so reluctantly retiring. These two events
+so far separated in time, are striking evidences of the constancy with
+which these pioneers of France, even when seemingly overcome, showed their
+hopeful fidelity to King and to their religion.
+
+The French in 1721 were, according to Charlevoix, once more in occupation.
+
+The position of Fort Niagara, commanding the route to their series of forts
+on the lines of the Ohio and Mississippi, was considered by the French as
+second in importance only to that of Quebec, and consequently great store
+laid upon its possession. Under Jonquiere they added four bastions to the
+fort and erected a stone storehouse, called "The Castle," which is still to
+be seen. Further strengthenings were added by Capt. Puchot, of the
+Battalion of Bearne.
+
+In 1759, notwithstanding Puchot's gallant defence, the fort was captured by
+the British, under Sir William Johnson, and thus both sides of the river
+came under British rule.
+
+Three nationalities in succession had striven for its possession, the
+Indians, the French and the British, from whom it was never again taken by
+assault.
+
+At the conclusion of the War of the Revolution the forts along the northern
+frontier were, by the Treaty of Paris, 1783, to be transferred to the
+United States. Fort Niagara, with some others, was held in hostage for the
+fulfillment of the reparations promised by the Federal Government of the
+United States to be made by the several States to the United Empire, and
+other Loyalists who had stood by the King during the Rebellion.
+
+These reparations were never made, but after the guns had been removed to
+Fort George, on the Canadian side, the Union Jack was hauled down, and the
+fort handed over on 11th July, 1796.
+
+The Stars and Stripes then remained in possession until the War of 1812,
+when in retaliation for the burning of Newark, the fort was assaulted and
+taken by storm by the British under Col. Murray on the night of 18th
+December, 1813, and the Union Jack was once more raised above it.
+
+Matters remained in this position until in February, 1814, under the Treaty
+of Ghent, Fort Niagara was once more gracefully given over and again, and
+in peace, the Stars and Stripes took the place of the Red Cross Jack.
+
+The name Niagara appears during the opening period of the British
+occupation to have been used generally for all parts of the neighborhood,
+but applied particularly to the old village on the east bank close under
+the walls of the old French fort.
+
+Population now began to cross the river to the western side, and Abner
+Gilbert reports in 1761, the beginning of a village called Butlersberg, on
+the west shore, named after Colonel Butler, the Commander of the celebrated
+"Butler's Rangers" of the Revolutionary War, and which was afterwards
+largely settled by United Empire Loyalists.
+
+This name was early changed to West Niagara in order to distinguish it from
+Fort Niagara.
+
+At the advent of Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, in 1791, and presumably at his
+instance, a new name Newark, after a town in Nottinghamshire, England, was
+given to this town on the west bank, and in 1792, by royal proclamation,
+the name Niagara was officially transferred from the town to the
+surrounding township.
+
+Newark then became the seat of Government, and Capital of the Province of
+Upper Canada, and the place of residence of the Lieutenant-Governor. This
+distinction and advantage it enjoyed unrestrictedly until 1793, when
+Governor Simcoe removed his personal headquarters to the north side of the
+lake at Toronto, where he again indulged his fancy for changing names, by
+changing the then original name of Toronto, to that of York, in honor of a
+recent victory of H.R.H. the Duke of York in Flanders. Although Governor
+Simcoe had himself removed his residence to York, he received and
+entertained the Duc de Liancourt in 1795, at Newark. The Parliaments of
+Upper Canada continued to hold their sessions at Newark, and the town to be
+the official centre of the Province, until 1796, when Governor Russell, the
+successor of Governor Simcoe, finally removed the Provincial headquarters
+to York.
+
+The loss of its prestige and official importance so incensed the
+inhabitants that they refused to continue the new name imposed upon them by
+Governor Simcoe and reverted at once to the name of West Niagara. The
+official _Niagara Gazette_, which had hitherto been dated from Newark,
+changed its heading to West Niagara, and so continued until October, 1789,
+when it was first published from York. Finally in 1798 an Act of Parliament
+was obtained by the municipality restoring to the town its old name of
+Niagara.
+
+Old names die hard, so we find John Maude, in 1800, mentioning the name of
+West Niagara, late Newark. Common usage seems to have generally retained
+the name of Newark, at all events as used by strangers. John Mellish,
+writing in 1811, says "I came down the opposite side of the river, the wind
+was blowing so hard that I could not cross to Newark."
+
+On the 10th December, 1813, when every house in the town, except one, was
+burned by the American troops, who had obtained possession in the previous
+spring, but were now retreating from it in consequence of the advance of
+the British troops under Col. Murray; the American General writing on the
+spot to the United States Secretary of War at Washington and describing in
+his official report of the position of affairs writes: "The village of
+Newark is now in flames." This destruction and the infliction of great
+privations upon the inhabitants and children, in the midst of a severe
+winter may have been justified under the plea of military exigency, but has
+always been considered inhuman. General McLure and his forces, however,
+retired so precipately across the river to the United States side that they
+left the whole 200 tents of their encampment at Fort George standing, and
+the new barracks which they had just completed untouched, so that we may
+hope that some of the women and children were not without temporary
+shelter.
+
+With this total destruction in 1813 seems also to have passed away the name
+Newark, and the town arose from its ashes as Niagara.
+
+In after times, as the towns and villages in this Niagara district
+increased in number, not a few difficulties were occasioned by a similarity
+of names, such as Niagara Falls, Niagara Falls Centre, Niagara South,
+Niagara, etc. In 1900 the name of Niagara-on-the-Lake was introduced as
+being a geographical and distinctive name, appropriate to the lakeside
+position. This, while not at first accepted by some of the older citizens,
+yet having been authorized by the Post Office Department, is now the
+correct address. The name is certainly one expressing the individuality of
+the town and its unexampled position as an interesting place of resort, and
+perhaps is better than that of Old Niagara, which some people still use in
+speaking of it.
+
+It was into this Niagara River Realm, with all its historic past and
+passenger possibilities that we were about to enter.
+
+Negotiations for the running arrangements had been continued during the
+winter months. The _Chicora_ having been brought to Lake Ontario, and
+accepted as satisfactory for the Canadian Southern Railway, a term of years
+contract for the performance of the service in its combined rail and water
+route between Buffalo, Niagara and Toronto was negotiated, and after much
+debate and consideration had been drafted and settled with the officers and
+engrossed for final execution. An arrangement was also made by Hon. Frank
+Smith with the representatives of the Milloy Estate, the owners of the
+_City of Toronto_, that the two steamers, the _City_ and the _Chicora_
+should run in concert, dividing the business between them and avoiding
+competition.
+
+Everything looked well. The steamer herself as she approached completion
+increased in approbation, and the details for the traffic working had been
+satisfactorily arranged.
+
+The writer resigned his position as General Freight and Passenger Agent of
+the Northern Railway of Canada, and received appointment (26th April,
+1878), as Manager of the Niagara Navigation Company. In the preceding year
+Mr. Robert Kerr had been promoted from the charge of the through grain
+traffic to be Assistant General Freight and Passenger Agent of the
+Northern, and now succeeded to the full office, a position which he held
+with increasing satisfaction until 1884, when he transferred and entered
+into the service of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+
+A ticket office was opened by Mr. Cumberland for the Niagara route and the
+Upper Lakes, with Captain Thomas Wyatt of the Inman Line, and C. W. Irwin,
+Customs Broker, at 35 Yonge street, under the then American Hotel on the
+north-east corner of Front and Yonge streets, now covered by the building
+of the Toronto Board of Trade. The agencies of all the ocean and inland
+steamship companies were at that time located either on Front or on Yonge
+streets, in this neighborhood. Donald Milloy, the agent of the Richelieu
+and Royal Mail Lines and the _City of Toronto_ was on the Front street side
+of the American Hotel, while this for Upper Lakes and the _Chicora_ was on
+the Yonge street front.
+
+In the beginning of May came a bolt from the blue. The opportunities for
+another steamer in the Niagara River route had evidently attracted the
+attention of other people as well as ourselves. There had been rumors that
+Mr. R. G. Lunt, of Fredericton, New Brunswick, might bring his fast river
+steamer the _Rothesay_ up to Lake Ontario, or the St. Lawrence River. His
+route on the St. John River between Fredericton and St. John had been
+spoiled by recent railway construction; he was thus open for a new route.
+Mr. Donald Macdonald of Toronto was his brother-in-law, so that he was not
+without local advice and influence. The announcement was now made that an
+arrangement had been come to between the _City of Toronto_ and the
+_Rothesay_ to run together on the Niagara route. The Hon. Frank Smith at
+once sent for Mr. Donald Milloy and was surprised to be told that the
+undertaking which had been made to run the _City of Toronto_ in connection
+with the _Chicora_, would not be fulfilled and that it was not binding on
+the owners of the steamer. Needless to say Mr. Smith was enraged, and
+bringing his hand down with a decisive smash declared that he would see
+them through various places for their perfidy.
+
+[Illustration: The CHICORA on Lake Ontario page 94]
+
+Mr. Donald Milloy was then leaseholder from the Freeland Bros. of the Yonge
+street dock, Toronto, and refused to allow us to have a berth in it. The
+Milloy Estate owned the dock at Niagara, and at first would not let us in
+but satisfactory arrangements were made.
+
+Here we were within six weeks of the opening of business without either
+dock or partner.
+
+Arrangements for our connection at Lewiston were next sought. The only dock
+was owned by Mr. George Cornell. This was the connecting point with the New
+York Central Railway whose station was in the Upper Town about a mile
+distant from the landing; the passengers and baggage being transferred in
+the bus line run by Mr. Cornell. The _City_ had the exclusive rights of
+this dock at its upper end, close to the staircase, up and down which
+connection was made between the busses on the upper level and the steamers.
+
+Cornell was not disinclined to favour the increased business which the new
+steamer would no doubt bring to his hotel and busses. We were thus enabled
+to lease the lower end of the dock, which was at once repaired and
+replenished, it not having been in use for many years--in fact, not since
+1864-65, when all the large lake steamers were withdrawn and run down the
+rapids to be employed in service during the American Civil War.
+
+Then began a permanent and friendly relation with the Cornells, father and
+son, which has been continued without a hitch or interruption through all
+these intervening years.
+
+At Toronto, Mr. Donald Milloy still refused to allow us to run from his
+Yonge Street dock in connection with the other steamers, although we would
+have been very glad to do so. This dock is in many ways a much superior
+boating point than any other, but as the next best place we secured entry
+at the west side of Yonge Street at "Mowat's Dock," afterwards called
+"Geddes' Dock," and now the "City Dock," our berth being along the face
+fronting the bay.
+
+Another bolt was now to come. All the details of our contract with the
+Canada Southern had been settled early in the spring, the documents drawn
+and requiring only the signature of the President. Unfortunately at this
+juncture a change of control came and the Canada Southern passed into the
+hands of the Michigan Central, and under another President, who, on being
+interviewed at Cleveland, was quite pleasant, sent for the contract, read
+it over, but said decisively that it had not been signed and there would be
+no contract! In his opinion it was not desirable to make a term of years
+contract, tying his company to any one boat, but under the special
+circumstances, agreed to give us a connection. I pointed out that we had
+gone to all the risk and expense and had brought the _Chicora_ down on the
+faith of that contract, but as he said he wouldn't adopt it, he was at once
+assured that we would work just as hard for expansion of the traffic and
+would earn and win his company's support, so we parted on friendly terms.
+
+There was nothing else for it. We might just as well take it pleasantly for
+it was good to have even half a connection with one of the railways on the
+river. It certainly felt a disappointment not to have contract control of
+that section of the traffic, but one is disposed to think that it was for
+the best, and indeed has so proved. We have built our way up by providing,
+at the instance of the railways, all the requirements that that water
+traffic needs. It is better to deserve a route and hold it by efficient
+service for mutual advantage, trusting to just and amicable endeavor on
+both sides, rather than to the rigid terms of a formal contract.
+
+The importance of the ownership of landing places had been so impressed by
+the recent events that I availed of an opportunity, which offered to
+purchase the dock and water lot at Queenston, although the traffic at that
+point was then so light that it could scarcely be considered a port of
+call.
+
+This British port at the head of Lake Ontario navigation at this upper end
+of "Queen's-ton" was the loyally-named co-relative and partner of "King's
+Ton" at the lower end. Its glory had been great, but had long departed,
+leaving little but the noted "Queenston Spring," whose pure and running
+waters still pour perennially from the side of the bank alongside the dock.
+
+The purchase did not at that time receive much approval by some, but fully
+justified itself later on, and was the first step in that policy of
+acquiring the wharf properties at all points on our route, which has ever
+since been consistently followed by the company.
+
+As we had expected that our intended partner would provide us with railway
+connections on the river and with ticketing arrangements for foreign
+business, we had not done much except in local preparations. The "City"
+refused to present us to the railway companies and tendered the "Rothesay"
+as her partner, as the railway companies loyally stood by their old
+connection, we were left out to do the best we could on our own account.
+
+We had now to prepare all these matters for ourselves, a pretty
+considerable work of organization, but with energy and much overtime it was
+at length pushed through. The main difficulty was in the railway
+connection via Lewiston, and beyond Buffalo, where the railways would
+neither accept tickets for us, nor issue tickets over us. The New York
+Central authorities determined to stand by their old connections with the
+"City," and would not have any dealings with us. The Hon. Frank Smith
+interviewed Mr. Tillinghart, who was Superintendent and in charge of the
+Central interests in this district, placing before him the position which
+had been anticipated but had been disrupted, with the "City," but to no
+avail. It was a serious position and seemed well night unsurmountable. Some
+would have quailed and laid down.
+
+The _Rothesay_ arrived. She proved to be quite an impressive looking boat,
+about 180 feet in length, good beam, very roomy decks and central cabin; a
+more commodious boat than the _City_. She was particularly well arranged as
+a "day" boat and was reputed to have a high rate of speed, as she soon
+proved she had. The _Chicora_ shortly afterwards moved down the bay from
+the Northern docks to her station. The contrast between the two steamers
+was most noticeable, the _Rothesay_ with high walking beam engine and broad
+skimming dish appearance, with the sea-going ability, and double red
+funnels of the _Chicora_. It was evident that the main contest would be
+between these two boats.
+
+The _City of Toronto_, as had for many years been usual, a custom coming
+down from the time when there were no railways around the head of the lake,
+opened the season on April 18th, leaving Toronto at 7 a.m., making only the
+one morning trip.
+
+We had made our appointments in March, Captain Thomas Harbottle, the
+leading favorite of the Royal Mail Line, was placed in command. A
+ruddy-faced, jovial personage, with flowing Dundreary whiskers, inclining
+to grey, cordial manners, a good seaman, who held with ever-increasing
+respect and confidence the good-will of the Royal Mail Company and of the
+travelling public. Mr. J. Ellis, who had a good connection in Toronto and
+held full marine certificates, as captain on both Atlantic and Inland
+lakes, was appointed First Officer, and George Moore Chief Engineer. Alex.
+Leach continued as Purser.
+
+The bookstand and lunch counter on the steamer were leased to a young man
+then in the employ of Chisholm Brothers, the proprietors of the similar
+privileges on the Richelieu & Ontario, and River St. Lawrence steamers.
+
+As steamers were added by us, T. P. Phelan grew with the line. Subsequently
+he was entrusted with all the catering for the company. From this he
+advanced to similar business at all the refreshment stations of the Grand
+Trunk and Grand Trunk Pacific Railways, so that now the Canada Railway News
+Co. (which is T. P. Phelan) is the largest news and catering company in
+Canada.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+FIRST SEASON OF THE NIAGARA NAVIGATION CO.--A HOT COMPETITION--STEAMBOAT
+MANOEUVRES.
+
+
+The work of preparation had been completed and we drifted down to record
+the opening day of our first season. Our hats were in the ring.
+
+A complimentary excursion to Niagara, leaving at 2.30 p.m., was given by
+the company on May 10th to a large list of guests, an introduction of the
+steamer which was much appreciated and approved.
+
+The boat race in Toronto Bay between Hanlan and Ross on 15th May was
+availed of for an excursion to view the race.
+
+We were still solving the problems on the Niagara River so our first
+business operation was in another direction, and it is somewhat interesting
+that this first trip was to Hamilton, being introduced by the following
+advertisement:
+
+
+    QUEEN'S BIRTHDAY
+
+    24th May, 1878
+
+    GRAND EXCURSION TO HAMILTON
+
+    Magnificent Steamer
+
+    CHICORA
+
+     Will leave Mowart's dock at 7 a.m. and 3 p.m. Returning
+     will leave Hamilton at 10.15 a.m. and 6.15 p.m.,
+     calling at Ocean House, Burlington Beach, each way.
+
+     Splendid Band of the Royal Engineer's Artillery
+     Battalion.
+
+     For the convenience of passengers the Steamer will call
+     at Queen's Wharf on the outward trip in the morning.
+     Single Return Tickets 75c. Double Return Tickets $1.00.
+
+    Barlow Cumberland, Agent, 35 Yonge Street.
+
+    GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.
+
+
+The results were highly satisfactory, the public being anxious to see the
+steamer and interested in its progress. Another charter which was declined
+may be mentioned as being the establishing of a principle which was not
+departed from. A new Roman Catholic Church had been erected at Oakville,
+which was to be consecrated and opened with much eclat on a Sunday. At that
+time there were no trains run on Sundays on the Hamilton and Toronto Branch
+of the Great Western Railway, and the only way by which any very large
+contingent from Toronto could be expected to join in the ceremonies would
+be by making arrangements for an excursion by water. There would have been
+no legal objection to this, as the rigidity of Sunday legislation had not
+then been introduced. The Oakville authorities made application to charter
+the _Chicora_, and as the President of the company was a Roman Catholic,
+and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Toronto strongly supported the
+application, they felt assured of compliance. A goodly offer was made for a
+trip on the Sunday afternoon from Toronto to Oakville and back. The matter
+was considered by the Board and it was unanimously resolved that the
+Chicora would not be run on Sundays. One will not say that this decision
+was entirely due to religious considerations, although these, no doubt,
+were not without weight, but it was also settled upon plain business
+principles.
+
+The steamer was entering a considerable contest and would need every care.
+In a competition with two steamers we needed to have our men and the boat
+keyed up to the highest efficiency. This could not be done if we ran the
+steamer across the lake on every day of the week. The maintenance of the
+regularity of the steamers and the reputation of the Niagara River Line has
+without doubt been considerably gained by confining the running to "week
+days only." The increasing requirements for through connections,
+particularly from the American Railways on the south shore, where Sunday
+trains have greatly increased, may some day bring about a change.
+
+On Saturday, 1st June, _Chicora_ left Toronto dock at 2.30 p.m. for a first
+regular afternoon excursion to Niagara, and on Monday, June 3rd, began her
+regular double trip service leaving at 7.05 a.m. and 2.05 p.m.
+
+As matters on the Niagara River were still in process of organization we
+did not at first run beyond Niagara except on Wednesday and Saturday
+afternoons, when the full trip up the river to Lewiston was made.
+
+It was very early found that the trip up the river is the main attraction
+to the route, giving, as it does, scenery unusual and without compare, a
+respite from the open lake and allowing a stroll on shore, either at
+Niagara or Lewiston, while awaiting the return journey.
+
+From the very beginning the competition was a whirlwind. Mr. Lunt was an
+adept at steamboat competition and it was our business to go him one
+better, and also to have our steamer and facilities made as widely known as
+possible to the travelling public.
+
+At Toronto the entrances to the two docks, alongside one another on the
+Esplanade, were trimmed with "speilers," who finally expanded up Yonge
+Street to Front, and even to King Street. One thing insisted on, so far as
+our men were concerned, was that there should be no decrying of the
+character or condition of the rival boats.
+
+Our tickets were put into the hands of every Ticket Office, Broker,
+Insurance or Real Estate Agent in Toronto, whether up-town or down-town,
+who would take them in, provided one thing only, that he had an office
+opening on the street. Every hotel porter, with his sisters, his cousins,
+and his aunts, was created a friend, and the itinerant cab was just as
+welcome as the official bus. We were out to get business from every
+quarter.
+
+The _City_ in previous years had issued a ticket at $10 to members of one
+family for ten round trips on any afternoon. We put a general rate on of
+$1.00 without any restrictions, and by gradual reductions it reached 50
+cents on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. This was a round trip rate
+which had been introduced by the _Southern Belle_ in 1877 for the
+afternoons of Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday on her route from York Street
+(Tinning's Wharf) to Niagara and return. We now extended it to Lewiston and
+return, giving a view of the really splendid scenery of the river which had
+never previously been opened at reduced rates. The public quickly took in
+the idea and gave us business. In addition to general business, we
+energetically worked up the Society and Church excursions, becoming an
+unpleasant thorn in the sides of those who had so summarily thrown us over
+and whom we were now obliged to attack. It was in this season that the
+Caledonian Society made their first excursion with us, a connection and
+comradeship which in all the thirty-four years has never once been
+interrupted.
+
+Matters on the other side of the lake were somewhat different. We had no
+railway connections to issue tickets over us or direct passengers to our
+boat. We had to provide for this entirely of ourselves, having thus to
+promote business on both sides of the route. Printer's ink was extensively
+used by newspaper advertisements, descriptive folders, dodgers and
+timetables. A large and excellent framed colored lithograph of the Steamer
+was issued with the lettering:
+
+    THE NIAGARA NAVIGATION COMPANY'S STEAMER
+
+    CHICORA
+
+    PLYING BETWEEN
+
+    TORONTO--NIAGARA--LEWISTON.
+
+    HON. FRANK SMITH, BARLOW CUMBERLAND,
+       President.          Manager.
+
+These being largely distributed to the hotels and ticket offices introduced
+the steamer in her new conditions. There was no use running the boat unless
+we fully advised the public of herself and movements, but all this
+advertising, and introduction, cost much expense in money and energy.
+
+The ticketing arrangements on the south shore were somewhat difficult.
+Passenger business thirty years ago was conducted under very different
+conditions from such as exist at present. There were no official
+regulations, no State or Inter-State, Authorized Tariffs, no Railway
+Commissioners. Each railway and each passenger department was a law unto
+itself to be guided and regulated by whatever conditions or rates might at
+the time be considered most desirable for the promotion of its own business
+by the officers in charge.
+
+Ticket "scalping" abounded, being looked upon by the public as a protection
+against the uncontrolled ratings by the railways, and a promoter of
+competition where combination might otherwise be effectual. There were
+several Associations of "Ticket Scalpers," some of much power and
+reliability, but all were equally denounced by the railways. Yet there were
+in fact not a few instances where the regular issues of some of the (for
+the time-favoured) railway companies might be found in an under drawer of
+some of these unauthorized servants of the public. These energetic workers
+were our opportunity. All the principal Scalping Offices between Cleveland,
+Pittsburgh, New York, Albany, Rochester, and Lewiston, were stocked with
+books of tickets reading over our steamer, or to Toronto and return. The
+rates were, of course, such that they could obtain both profit and
+business. There was no use mincing matters, we were in the fight to win
+out. Through these sources we managed to get quite a business, being
+represented in each town by from two to four scalp offices, in large cities
+even more, and, tell it not in Gath, with very friendly arrangements in
+some of the regular offices as well.
+
+The amount of personal travelling and introduction was laborious, but was
+pleasant, in renewing acquaintanceships and connections formed as General
+Passenger Agent of the Northern Railway when working up the new Couchiching
+and Muskoka tourist business introduced in the several preceding years.
+
+It was in this season of 1878 that the converging railways in the districts
+spreading from the south and southwest towards Buffalo, began a system of
+huge excursions for three days to Niagara Falls and return, on special
+trains both ways, and at rates for the round trip not far from, and often
+less, than single fare. Most of these separate railways have since been
+merged into some one or other of the main Trunk Lines, but then they were
+independent and each sending in its quota on its own account to make up a
+"Through Special." The most successful excursions of these were the series
+which came every week from the then Wabash District, from Indiana and the
+southwest, and were known as the "Friendly Hand" excursions. The name arose
+from a special trade mark which appeared in all the Wabash folders and
+announcements, of an outstretched hand with the thumb and fingers spread,
+on each of which was shown the line and principal stations of each one of
+the contributing railways that fed their excursions into the main stem. The
+excursionists were energetic, and although the "Falls" was the focus of
+their route, we induced large numbers of them to cross over to Toronto. A
+prevailing slogan was:
+
+    "One day to Falls,
+    One day to stay,
+    Next day Toronto
+    And then 'get away.'"
+
+When the long special excursion train slowly came down the curve from the
+town station at Niagara to the dock to join the steamers, it was gall and
+wormwood to the _City_ or the _Rothesay_, lying in waiting, to see the
+crowd of linen duster tourists as they poured out of the train make
+straight for the _Chicora_, "The boat with the two red funnels." We got
+them all, for we had many and right good friends.
+
+In those early days, before the "Park Commissioners" on both sides of the
+river had taken public possession of the surroundings, there were few
+places at the Falls from which either the river or the rapids could be seen
+without paying a fee. The proprietors of these places issued tickets in
+little books, containing coupons for admittance to all, or to a selection,
+of these "points of interest," and put them all in the hands of the
+managers of the excursions. The advertisement "dodgers" announced:
+
+      Special Inducement for this Excursion to the Falls
+
+                           { Suspension Bridge and Return 25c.
+      The regular prices   { Prospect Park                25c.
+      for Admission are to { Art Gallery                  25c.
+                           { Museum and Operators         50c.
+                           { Garden of Living Animals     25c.
+
+One ticket purchased on the train for $1.00
+Admits the Holder to all these regular prices.
+
+A good round commission on these sales was a helpful "find" or "side cut"
+to the energetic young railway men who personally accompanied these
+excursions, through their trains, on the way to the Falls, carrying large
+satchels with their selections of "Points of Interest" and other tickets,
+and answering the multitude of enquiries made by their tourist patrons. An
+extension ticket to "Toronto and Return" was a pleasant addition to their
+wares, and a satisfactory introduction to us. Some of these travelling
+passenger men, by their energy and successful handling of these excursions,
+brought themselves into notice, and afterwards rose to be heads of
+Passenger Departments, and even into Presidents of Railways! As a reminder
+of their trip each tourist was given by us a souvenir of Toronto, and even
+if excursionists struck a rough day and rendered up their tributes to Lake
+Ontario, it was of novel interest to many who had never before seen a lake
+wide enough to have been "out of sight of land," and sailing over waves big
+enough to make a large steamer rock.
+
+In this way began what has since been so greatly developed, the Reduced
+Rate Excursions to Toronto, via the Niagara River, and the making known of
+the features of the City as a Summer Resort by this advocacy, and the
+thousands of dollars which the Niagara Navigation Company has devoted to
+its advertising in all parts of the United States.
+
+At Lewiston we took everyone on board that wanted to come; in fact, our
+"runners" strenuously invited them. The moment the dusty two-horse "stages"
+from the New York Central station unloaded their still more dusty
+travellers in front of Cornell's Hotel at the top of the bank at the
+staircase, they were appealed to by the rival touts of the competing
+steamers, either to take the "black funnel" steamer at the foot of the
+staircase, or the _Chicora_, with the red funnels further down the dock. It
+was a little bit of pandemonium.
+
+No tickets were collected by us at the gangway--it was "come right on
+board," the tickets being collected while crossing the lake after leaving
+Niagara.
+
+If the traveller had no ticket, we collected fare from him at full tariff;
+if he had a ticket over the other boats we accepted it and graciously
+carried him across free; if he had one of our own tickets we almost
+embraced him. What difference did it make to us whether the tickets reading
+over the other boats were cashed to us or not, we had the more ample space
+and better accommodation on ours. Perhaps the passenger might esteem the
+compliment and be a paying traveller over us on some other day. Besides,
+people like following the crowd, and the larger number helps to make a
+show. Times have been known in competitions on the Upper Lakes where the
+central cabins prevent both sides of the steamer being seen at once, when
+in addition to the available passengers, everyone possible of waiters and
+crew have been spread out on the passing side of the upper cabin, when
+meeting a rival boat. It gives an appearance of prosperity and suggests the
+approval of the public.
+
+Just here let me bear testimony to the ability and fidelity of Purser Aleck
+Leach, who had been purser with me on the _Cumberland_, and had now been
+transferred to the _Chicora_. Kindly and courteous, yet firm, he never
+dissatisfied a passenger. Untiring, accurate, faithful, he never divulged
+anything of the company's business, and won and enjoyed the confidence and
+good-will of every member of the Board and Staff. A condition which was
+only severed by his death. At no time were these abilities more displayed
+than in this first strenuous year on this route.
+
+The competition grew hotter as the season progressed. The odds were greatly
+in favour of two boats with an established connection against a single boat
+without any, yet _Chicora_ was gaining, and every point in the passenger
+ticketing game was being played against them by her management.
+
+The acrimony and the rivalry of the contest is fairly indicated by an
+advertisement in "The Globe" on 5th August, 1878:
+
+     TORONTO, NIAGARA AND BUFFALO STEAMBOAT LINE.
+
+     The Public are warned that spent checks of the Steamers
+     _City of Toronto_ and _Rothesay_ of their line,
+     collected and issued by the Steamer _Chicora_, will not
+     be accepted for passage on either of the steamers of
+     this Line.
+
+     Passengers going over by the _Chicora_ on Saturday last
+     were furnished with such by the _Chicora_, and were
+     consequently deceived, as these checks were refused by
+     this Line.
+
+                         D. MILLOY, AGENT.
+
+The galled jade was wincing and inventing stories, for they could not and
+did not afterwards refuse their unused tickets whenever we found it
+advisable to use them.
+
+As the months passed _Chicora_ improved herself in the good-will of the
+travelling public, being admirably handled by Captain Harbottle.
+
+At Niagara it was a ticklish job to get into and away from the lower dock.
+The _Rothesay_ always moved down in order to get as close as she could,
+frequently we had to warn her to keep further away.
+
+When coming into the river _Chicora_ had to be driven sharp across from the
+point at the Fort, on the United States side, to the dock on the Niagara
+side, to be brought up, all standing, with her bow only a few feet below
+the _Rothesay's_ stern. Often it looked as though she must run into the
+other before the way could be stopped, and that a collision must take
+place.
+
+Coming down the river it was a less dangerous, but a more difficult
+manoeuvre. The steamers always move swiftly in the quick current which
+sweeps past Fort George to the docks. As on or each day, both the other
+steamers lay at the same time in front of their dock, their hulls extended
+far out into the stream, and _Chicora_ coming down had to make a double
+curve, like an S, to get her place at the lower dock. It was a pretty thing
+to see, but Harbottle always managed it by just skimming, but not touching,
+the other boats' side. The harmony between him on the bridge and Monroe in
+the engine room apparently being complete, and besides, _Chicora_ steers
+like a yacht.
+
+At Lewiston things went easier, yet even here the _Rothesay_ would edge
+back down the front.
+
+[Illustration: Niagara Navigation Co. Steamer "spinning" in the Rapids
+below Queenston Heights. Page 105]
+
+In order to avoid all possibility of touching the steamer ahead when he was
+leaving Lewiston dock, Captain Harbottle, instead of going up-stream and
+afterwards turning down-stream, always sprung the stern of his steamer out
+from the dock and backed over towards Vroomen's Bay on the opposite side of
+the river.
+
+It was from the upper point in this bay that the British battery played
+with much success upon the American boats as they crossed the river to
+attack Queenston on 13th October, 1812.
+
+From here he turned and went down stream. It is said that this was the
+course which had been adopted in olden days by the large steamers
+_Cataract_ and _Bay State_ when leaving this Lewiston dock.
+
+Another manoeuvre introduced by Captain Harbottle is still continued. After
+making a first call at Queenston the steamer on leaving the dock moves
+further up the river keeping in the eddy which here runs up along the shore
+to the foot of the Queenston Heights. When close under the Heights, the
+steamer turns quickly outward towards the centre of the river and the
+engines are stopped. Forging slowly ahead the bow enters into the whitened
+boilings and swirls of the surging currents of the rapids pouring out from
+the Gorge. The bow is caught by the current and the steamer then rapidly
+"spun round" by its swiftness, almost as though on a teetotum, the engines
+meanwhile backing up. Just as soon as the bow heads down the river the
+engines are at once sent ahead again and the steamer sweeps at an express
+train rate past the jutting points of the shore, and makes her landing at
+Lewiston. It is a very pretty manoeuvre and surprising to see the rapidity
+with which the stern circles round.
+
+On the open lake _Chicora_ by degrees won her way. Being much the faster
+boat she could hold or pass the _City of Toronto_ at any time or in any
+weather--with _Rothesay_ it was different. On a fine smooth day there was
+little between them; on a hot, sultry day, without any wind to assist a
+draught for the fires, the _Rothesay_ could beat the _Chicora_ by one, to
+one and a half minutes Toronto to Niagara, but if there was even the
+slightest motion, _Chicora_ could walk by her, and on a rough day
+_Rothesay_ couldn't run at all. She was a very light tamarac hull, built
+purely for enclosed river service in perfectly smooth water, and therefore
+in no way fitted for outside wave action. We set out by starting behind the
+time of the other steamers. When running a competition, it is not a bad
+thing to let the other boat get away first. It makes the fellow in front
+uneasy. He doesn't know when the boat behind may be going to have a dash at
+him, it makes him fretful and it is hard to tell how fast he is going. Both
+engineers and firemen feel the strain.
+
+Boats often run better on some days than they do on others; it may be the
+character of the coal, the direction of the wind, or the disposition of the
+firemen, thus the boat behind can choose her own day for a spin. Watches
+are sometimes different, yet from all one hears the fastest trips of boats
+are generally made when there is no other boat near. We had determined, and
+had given instruction, that there was to be no racing done by _Chicora_. We
+were aiming at regularity of service. One presumes the rule as to speed was
+kept, but the public generally fancies a race whether there is one on or
+not.
+
+One breathless Saturday afternoon trip is remembered. Instead of, as on
+most days, giving us a wide berth, on this one being such as suited her,
+the _Rothesay_ came over close alongside. For some time it was neck and
+neck between the boats but gradually the _Rothesay_ began gaining an inch
+or two and, and after see-sawing back and forwards for a while growing to a
+foot or more. Sitting in the after deck among the passengers, listening to
+Marcicano's orchestra, one could not help noting the relative positions, as
+marked by the lines of the stanchions. Just then a little knot of men came
+over and one of them bringing out a roll of bank bills said:--"Mr.
+Cumberland, we know there is no racing, but if you're keeping down the
+speed for sake of the price of coal, we'd like to pay for an extra ton or
+two." Of course the kindly offer was declined with thanks, but with much
+appreciation. Whether they were more successful on the lower deck where the
+firemen cool off, or whether it was a little riffle that sprang up, that
+made the difference, I do not know, one cannot say, but the _Chicora_ that
+afternoon entered the river first.
+
+So the season waxed and waned. _Chicora_ did her work well and winning, it
+might almost be said, the affection of the travelling public. Her
+appointments so far exceeded those of any other steamer at that time as to
+make her a specialty, but it was through her sea-going qualities which won
+their favor.
+
+The regular "pat-pat" of her feathered paddles almost framed themselves
+into rhythmic melody with the full mellowed tone of her whistle whose clear
+resonance carried its sound for miles through the city every evening, with
+such regularity as almost to be accepted in the homes as the signal for the
+children's bedtime.
+
+When rough days came the _Rothesay_ stopped in port and the _City_
+completed her trips, while the _Chicora's_ fine qualities as a seaboat,
+easy on herself, grew more and more into acceptance.
+
+At length the season closed and we made our last trip on 29th September,
+having maintained the two trips per day throughout without any cessation.
+
+Every one concerned in the competitive boats, no doubt, glad when the
+season's contest was over. It had been, for us, one of intense activity,
+and never ending labor and anxiety. A whole system, both within the
+steamer, and for outside solicitation, and ticketing arrangements, had been
+devised and installed, as well as the sufficient work of the daily running
+duties.
+
+A new company had to be introduced on an old route. We had fairly succeeded
+in getting into it, but it had been at a pretty expense. The _Chicora_ was
+laid up at the Northern Railway docks, and accounts for the year were made
+up. What the competition had cost the others one does not know, but
+_Chicora_ was a long way on the wrong side as the result of the season.
+This was a very serious thing for one of the undertakers, for instalments
+had to be paid up on the investment and at the same time the losses met.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+CHANGE PARTNER--RATE CUTTING AND RACING--HANLAN AND TORONTO
+WATERSIDE--PASSENGER LIMITATION INTRODUCED.
+
+
+During the winter of 1878-79, changes came. The _City of Toronto_ had tired
+of her partner. The railway companies had recognised the value to their
+route of the steamer of the Niagara Navigation Company, and the ability of
+its organizers to promote additional business.
+
+Thus in the new negotiation the _Rothesay_ was dropped by the _City_ and
+the line for 1879 was to be the _City of Toronto_ and the _Chicora_. We had
+lost money but had won our way into the route.
+
+To enable obligations to be fulfilled monies had to be earned elsewhere, so
+another position was sought and obtained as General Traffic Manager of the
+"Collingwood-Lake Superior Line" to Sault Ste. Marie and Lake Superior, at
+the same time continuing the General Ticket and Freight Agency, at 35 Yonge
+street. In April, Mr. Cumberland resigned his position as manager of the
+Niagara Company, retaining the original position and salary as
+vice-president and assistant in passenger and executive work and Mr. John
+Foy, the secretary and son-in-law of Sir Frank Smith, was appointed manager
+as well as secretary. Sir Frank Smith, recognizing the good work done, in
+bringing the steamer down, the organization of the company, and in the
+strenuous contest which unexpectedly had been forced on us, but had been
+won by active ability, carried the liabilities created, which in course of
+time were duly shared and met.
+
+Mr. John Foy, who hereafter gave his whole time to the company, although
+not technically educated in the passenger business, had very many excellent
+qualities and a genial personality which did much in subsequent years for
+the advancement of the company's interests, and in the new connections
+which arose. As each new connection developed, he was able to enlist their
+good-will, and so harmonize and satisfy them by effective service.
+
+The season of 1879 was a comparatively easy one, so far as executive work
+was concerned, for with _City of Toronto_ as a partner we were included in
+direct connection with all the railway companies, who therefore provided
+all the passenger requirements, and in the regular route with her from the
+Yonge street dock, the trips being divided between the steamers, and each
+taking its own earnings.
+
+The time tables for the season 1879 were:--May 16, _Chicora_ 7 a.m., single
+trips. June 9, _Chicora_ 7 a.m., 2 p.m. June 16, _Chicora_, or _City of
+Toronto_, 7 a.m., 1.45 p.m., 3 p.m.
+
+The steamers in summer time tables alternated, the one leaving at 3 p.m.,
+remaining over night and making the early trip from the river in the
+following morning.
+
+The _Rothesay_ having been dropped by the _City_ still continued running to
+Lewiston, but afterwards only to Niagara and Youngstown, communicating with
+Lewiston by a small river steamer. Captain Wm. Donaldson was in command;
+she sailed at 7 a.m. and 2 p.m. from Yonge street dock, the same dock as
+the other two steamers, a concession in her favor made by Mr. D. Milloy as
+lessee.
+
+From the very beginning Mr. Lunt adopted a policy of rate-cutting, and
+created a lively excitement in passenger prices. His opening rates were:--
+
+In books good for all regular trips.
+
+    20 round trips    $ 5.00
+    50 round trips     11.00
+    100 round trips    20.00
+
+These tickets were unrestricted and were available to any holder.
+
+To this policy of unremunerative prices was developed that of annoyance, by
+too close proximity of the steamers both at the docks or when running,
+which had in some degree been introduced in the previous season.
+
+So noticeable and dangerous did this become that the directors of the
+Niagara Company felt it necessary to make public protest and the following
+announcement was published in the Toronto morning papers of August 6th,
+1879:
+
+     STEAMER CHICORA.
+
+     EFFORTS OF HER OWNERS TO PREVENT RACING AND AVOID
+     COLLISION.
+
+     Minutes of a meeting of the directors of the Niagara
+     Navigation Company, held Monday, August 4th, 1879:
+
+     President, Hon. F. Smith; Col. F. W. Cumberland, Barlow
+     Cumberland, John Foy.
+
+     (1) Captain Harbottle made a full report respecting the
+     occurrence of Saturday, August 2nd, and of the
+     circumstances in which the _Rothesay_ twice crossed the
+     course and bow of the _Chicora_.
+
+     That in the first occasion he was obliged to slow the
+     engine, and in the second he stopped in order to
+     prevent collision.
+
+     (2) That before the season opened Capt. Harbottle
+     proposed to Mr. Lunt, the owner of the _Rothesay_,
+     that in order to prevent all possibility of racing the
+     first steamer clear of the Queen's Wharf, or Niagara
+     river should be allowed to keep her place across the
+     lake, but this Mr. Lunt declined.
+
+     (3) That as there seemed to be a determination on the
+     part of the _Rothesay_ to provoke racing, the above
+     offer was repeated by the directors in a letter dated
+     16th June, and then Mr. Lunt in his reply dated 19th
+     June, again declined to accept the proposition.
+
+     (4) That under all the circumstances the solicitor be
+     instructed to take all known and possible proceedings
+     at law to put an end to the dangers arising from the
+     action of the captain and the owners of the _Rothesay_.
+
+     (5) That the thanks of the Board are due to Capt.
+     Harbottle for the care and skill he has exercised in
+     avoiding the _Rothesay_, and that he be requested to
+     continue on the principle that safety is the first
+     consideration.
+
+     (6) That these orders of the Board be published for the
+     information of the public.
+
+     (Sgd) John Foy   Frank Smith,
+           Manager     President.
+
+It is to be remembered that the present eastern channel from the harbor did
+not at that time exist, but that the western channel, by the Queen's Wharf,
+was the only one which was open, and was not then wide enough for two
+steamers to pass out together. The proposition was that the first through
+this channel should hold its lead.
+
+Toronto had then a population of only 70,000. There were very few steamers
+running out of the harbor, lake excursion business may be said to have
+been only in its introduction and infancy, so that very much personal and
+family interest was taken in the several steamers on the routes, thus
+accounting for the public announcement of the regulations proposed.
+
+The publication had the desired effect of preventing the _Rothesay_ from
+coming into too close proximity, but did not reduce the monetary
+competition, in fact only increased it.
+
+The _City_ and _Chicora_ were running three trips daily, 7 a.m., 1.45 p.m.,
+3 p.m., and on Saturdays four trips, the advertisements announcing "_No
+overcrowding, as both steamers return in the evening_." On the four trips
+being made the alternating steamer left at 8.30 p.m. for Niagara to make
+the first trip from there at 8 a.m. on Monday. While other rates were
+maintained, a special excursion rate of 25 cents was made for round trip on
+Saturday afternoon.
+
+In early August _Rothesay_ put on a return rate at 25c. for every
+afternoon, heading its announcements "_Keep down the rates_." The Milloys
+were averse to reduction and favored holding up the rates, considering that
+better equipment deserved better money. In this mid-summer season the
+_Rothesay_ was getting a pretty good batch of passengers every afternoon, a
+process which would help her to continue the competition. She was then
+running from the Yonge street slip on the west side of Milloy's dock, the
+_City_ and _Chicora_ both being on the east side out of sight behind the
+buildings. We had the next move under consideration. The Hon. Frank Smith
+came down on the dock one hot afternoon when the people were swarming down
+the street for the 2 p.m. steamers. We were standing and watching the
+streams dividing to go on board the two steamers, the _Chicora_ and the
+_Rothesay_, the latter being in sight in the Yonge street slip, the other
+further down the dock and behind the buildings.
+
+There was quite a stream taking the _Rothesay_. "By heavens," said the Hon.
+Frank, suddenly and decidedly, "there's one of the men from my own
+warehouse going on board the _Rothesay_, he's holding down his umbrella, so
+that I shan't see his face, but _I know his legs_."
+
+We forthwith called and held a joint meeting with the Milloys in the office
+on the dock, when the round trip rate of 25c. for every afternoon was at
+once adopted, and all other rates were thereafter to be the same at the
+_Rothesay_.
+
+One of the most eventful days in this season was the reception given to
+Edward Hanlan on his return from winning the sculling championship of
+England from Edward Trickett on the Thames in July, 1879, thus becoming the
+champion oarsman of Canada, the United States and England. Many champions
+have since been welcomed but never such a welcome as this, for it was the
+city's first offence, her first World's Champion.
+
+The Civic Committee headed by Mayor Jas. Beatty, Jr., Ald. A. R. Boswell
+chairman Reception Committee and the members of the Hanlan Club, a coterie
+of men of standing and sporting instincts, who financed and managed
+Hanlan's early career, met the Champion at Lewiston, on July 15th. It was
+one of the most wonderful scenes ever occurring on Toronto Bay. The
+_Chicora_ had been specially chartered to bring the _Champion_ into Toronto
+at 5 p.m.
+
+We were met outside the harbor by a fleet of steamers, _Filgate_, _Empress
+of India_, _Maxwell_, _Jean Baptiste_, and many others, crammed with
+excited and shouting people. Headed by _Chicora_, the procession entered
+the bay, which was covered by a crowded mass of boats of every
+description, sailing, rowing or steam, making it necessary to bring the
+steamer down to dead slow. Hanlan was put by himself on the top of the
+pilot house, where he stood, easily seen, holding one hand on the pinnacle
+and waving a return to the enthusiastic greeting of his fellow citizens.
+Never was there such a din of welcome. Every steam whistle on the boat and
+on shore that could speak, shrilled its acclaim, bells rang, guns fired,
+the city, half of which was afloat, hailed its Island born son and Champion
+who had brought laurels and renown to both himself and them.
+
+The citizens of Toronto had always been partial to boating and taking their
+pleasure in water sports, but these victories of Hanlan gave a renown to
+the city and a zest to rowing which greatly increased that interest in
+boating and rowing races which has ever since been a dominant feature in
+the sports of the city and the pleasurings of its young people.
+
+Yet it is open to question whether in these later and more mechanical days,
+the leisure-rowing and paddling section is not somewhat on the wane, under
+the influence of the puffing, stench-spreading and lazy-luxury motor boat.
+At the same time it is a matter of congratulation that the competitor in
+the racing shells and canoes become still more numerous, and in every way
+energetic as of yore, mainly under the splendid influences of the Argonaut,
+Don, and other amateur boating clubs.
+
+The _Rothesay_ held on through the season. Mr. Lunt being an energetic and
+capable opponent, apt in attack and with much experience in the ways of
+steamboat competition. He was hard to shake off and while making no money
+himself he prevented others from making any. The managers of the _City_
+were now reaping the reward of their broken faith and their having
+introduced him to the route. Her owners were obliged to make an assignment
+toward the close of the season and _Chicora_ finished alone on October
+18th.
+
+Competitions such as was this, carried on with intention, only, of doing
+damage to an opponent's investment, and without any regard as to the number
+of passengers who might be induced by low rates to go on board the steamer
+cannot be conducted at other than with greatest risk. This was further
+intensified by the fact that the Government inspection limited itself to
+inspection of engines and boilers and no discrimination was exercised as to
+the service in which a boat was to be employed.
+
+Such a condition would seem strange in these present days when all routes
+are specified and regulated, but in those days it was different. Once
+physical inspection was passed it made no difference as to the passenger
+service in which the boat was to be run, whether on the open lake or in
+river service, nor was there any limitation upon the number of passengers
+who might be taken on board.
+
+This condition was not a fair one, either for the Public, who are not
+always discriminating and look mostly at the lowness of the rate, or for
+the Owners, who were not being given any consideration for their larger
+expenditures in producing steamers fit for the routes upon which they were
+to be employed. This gave the _Rothesay_ a good handicap and one which
+enabled her to longer continue a contest.
+
+Movements were, therefore, initiated by us for the introduction of
+regulations for the limitation of numbers, and restriction of steamers to
+appointed routes, but it took much time to bring about any result.
+
+The season of 1886 found the _City of Toronto_ under Capt. Donaldson and
+_Chicora_ under Capt. Harbottle, still running together between Milloys
+wharf and Lewiston; the _Chicora_ opening the season on 4th May.
+
+The _Rothesay_ opened her season with renewed vigor on the 24th May, 1880.
+Mr. Lunt announced:
+
+     "The Steamer _Rothesay_ having been thoroughly refitted
+     will on and after Monday the 24th leave Yonge street
+     wharf at 7.15 a.m., and 2.30 p.m. for Niagara
+     connecting with the Canada Southern Railway for Falls,
+     New York and all points.
+
+     "_Quick Time._--Five hours at Falls and return same
+     day, arriving at Toronto 7.15 p.m.
+
+     "Picnic parties will be taken by train to Niagara
+     Grove. Tickets on sale by W. A. Geddes, Custom House
+     Wharf, and Charles Morgan, 64 Yonge street."
+
+In addition to running to Niagara, _Rothesay_ this year dropped over to
+Youngstown on the American side, from where connection was made to Lewiston
+by a small American steamer. She also worked up an excellent excursion
+business for the Youngstown and Fort Niagara Park.
+
+The _City_ and _Chicora_ divided the route as previously with one trip and
+a half each, all trips being run the full length of the river to the foot
+of the rapids at Queenston and Lewiston.
+
+During this season an opportunity offered for the purchase of a dock
+frontage alongside the Lewiston dock. The New York Central had not then
+been extended from its upper station to the edge of the river above the
+dock, and it was also under consideration whether the railway would make a
+new move to reach the bank of the river at Lewiston nearer to the
+steamers, or would replace the rails and again operate its seven miles
+extension branch to Youngstown. If they should resume this latter route to
+the mouth of the river, conditions at Lewiston would be changed. It was,
+therefore, considered best to await further developments before making any
+purchase.
+
+The strain of the competition was beginning to tell. The Steamer _City of
+Toronto_ was in August advertised for sale at Niagara, "thoroughly
+equipped, handsomely furnished and inspected ready for sea."
+
+_Rothesay_ ended her season on 15th of September, and _Chicora_ on the 8th
+of October, having run the latter part alone and kept up the connections
+for the railways. The public had enjoyed the pleasures of lake travel to
+the utmost, but the steamers were none the better off, for the magnitude of
+steamboat business is not to be gauged by the crowds carried on the boats,
+but by the net results in the purser's accounts.
+
+During the winter 1880-1881 the negotiations for limitation were continued
+and met with success, and as the _Rothesay_, in the spring of 1881, could
+only get a certificate for "river" work, for which she had been constructed
+and was well adapted, she was withdrawn to the St. Lawrence River, where
+she ran between Kingston and the Thousand Islands until in 1882 she
+grounded and was abandoned.
+
+At length our competitor was gone, having made no money for himself and
+having caused much loss to others, including his first partners who had
+introduced him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+NIAGARA CAMPS FORMED--MORE CHANGES AND COMPETITION--BEGINNINGS OF RAILROADS
+IN NEW YORK STATE--EARLY PASSENGER MEN AND PASSENGER WAYS.
+
+
+The _Chicora_ opened the season of 1881 on May 21st, connections being made
+with both Canada Southern, and New York Central Railways.
+
+During this season the first "Niagara Camp" was held. On the 5th of June,
+the _Chicora_ took over on the morning trip the Toronto Field Battery,
+Mayor Gray, Lieut. Beatty, Surgeon McDonald, sixty-five non-commission
+officers and men, twenty-seven horses, four guns and five companies of the
+31st Battalion, Col. Brown, Major Cameron, Capt. and Adjt. Pollard and
+Surgeon Barnhart.
+
+From modest beginnings began this annual gathering of the volunteer militia
+of Ontario, which has since assumed such considerable proportions and
+greatly extended in its sphere of operations. It has been found by
+experience that the attraction of a visit to the "Falls," which is possible
+while at this camp, brings more willing recruits, and the coming into
+actual touch with the battle fields of the defence of Canada in 1812,
+creates a sense of duty and of fervour which is very helpful to the
+service. Many lessons are learned from the remarkable collection of relics
+of early days, and of stirring times, contained in the Museum of the
+Niagara Historical Society.[2] Recently the acreage of the camp has been
+largely added to and Fort George the embanked ancient fortress, just above
+the steamboat dock has been repaired and renewed.
+
+Just below the ramparts is to be seen a long one story wooden building--the
+last remaining portion of the old "Navy Hall," the headquarters of
+Lieut.-Governor Simcoe, where the meetings of the first Parliament of Upper
+Canada were held in 1792 and where he entertained the Duc de Liancourt in
+1795. The other buildings of the group, as shown in the drawings of Mrs.
+Simcoe, were destroyed or removed in the construction of the Erie & Ontario
+Railway.
+
+The business on the Collingwood Line had so much increased to Lake Superior
+that another steamer was now needed, and the Steamer _Campana_ was
+purchased in England. Her career had been a romantic one. While running on
+the River Plate in Brazil, she had been chartered to take a cargo of 700
+mules to South Africa for the Kaffir War of 1878. The mules were landed at
+Capetown, but the supercargo, or purser, who was in charge, collected the
+purchase money and the freight earnings and then disappeared. The steamer
+was summarily sold to pay the wages of the crew and was then brought to the
+Thames, where she was purchased by Mr. A. M. Smith, President of the
+company, and brought out to Montreal. As the _Campana_ was 225 feet long,
+45 ft. beam, with tonnage of 2000, and all the lower St. Lawrence canals
+had not been completed to Welland Canal size, four being still of the old
+length of 180 ft. only, Mr. Cumberland was engaged to superintend her
+cutting in two and bring up the two sections.
+
+[Illustration: The CIBOLA in the Niagara River off Queenston. page 153]
+
+With a vessel of such size this entailed great difficulties, she being the
+largest ship that had been up till then brought up the canals and rapids,
+but the novel problems were solved and the way paved for the Canadian
+Pacific Steamers, _Alberta_, _Algoma_, _Assiniboia_, built in Scotland,
+which next followed on the same methods.
+
+_Campana_ was the first twin-screw iron passenger and freight steamship to
+ply on the Upper Lakes, and introduced the system of making a round trip a
+week between Ontario ports and Lake Superior.
+
+In this year the _Maid of the Mist_, 72 ft. long, 17 beam, depth 8 ft.,
+startled the vessel world. Her business from the elevator stairways to the
+foot of the Horse Shoe Falls had fallen off. It was said that behind was
+the sheriff, in front the Whirlpool Rapids and beyond on reaching Lake
+Ontario a satisfactory sale. Capt. Robinson determined to run the risk and
+on 15th June started down the river. The first huge wave of the rapids
+threw the boat on her beam ends sending the smoke stack overboard, almost
+submerged by the next she righted, and by a quick turn evading the
+whirlpool emerged from the Gorge in little over ten minutes. The watchful
+collector at Queenston seized the opportunity for fees and had the _Maid_
+enter with him the Customs, the first and probably the last steamer ever to
+register as having come _down_ from above the Rapids.
+
+In August we met our first loss by the death of Col. F. W. Cumberland,
+General Manager of the Northern & Northern Western Railways, and our senior
+director. Having taken the utmost interest in the enterprise, his technical
+knowledge, energy and judgment had been throughout of infinite value, and
+his hearty personality was greatly missed not only in business but in
+comradeship. He was a man who had the forceful faculty of engaging the
+affection and loyalty of men who worked with or under him; severe but
+just, exacting yet encouraging, good service was sure to be noted by him
+and to receive his approval and reward.
+
+After his death the employees of the Northern and North-Western Railway,
+since absorbed by the Grand Trunk Railway, erected a monument to his memory
+at the Junction station at Allandale, presenting an excellent likeness in
+bronze of their late chief.
+
+Mrs. Seraphina Cumberland, wife of the Vice President, was appointed to the
+vacancy on the Board.
+
+During the winter of 1881-82 further changes took place in the ownership of
+the _City_, whereby Mr. Donald Milloy, who had been in charge of her up to
+this time, ceased to be her managing agent, and Mr. William Milloy and his
+mother, Mrs. Duncan Milloy, of Niagara, came into control.
+
+The new management declined to renew the previous arrangement and
+determined to run on their own and separate account on a new arrangement
+made with the Canada Southern.
+
+On May 20th, 1882 the _City_ with Mr. William Milloy as captain, opened the
+season with regular trips--"_Leaving Niagara on the arrival of the Canada
+Southern train 9.45; returning leave Toronto 3 p.m., connecting with Canada
+Southern at 5.30 p.m. Tickets from D. Milloy, Agent, 8 Front street,
+East._"
+
+On Monday 22nd May, 1882, _Chicora_ resumed the usual trips from Toronto at
+7 a.m. and 2 p.m., connecting at Niagara with Canada Southern and at
+Lewiston with New York Central Railway.--"_Tickets from W. R. Callaway, 20
+King street, East, and 25 York street, or Barlow Cumberland, 35 Yonge
+street, and 24 York street._"
+
+Mr. Callaway then represented the Credit Valley Railway in Toronto, and on
+their company being absorbed by the Canadian Pacific Railway as part of a
+through line from Windsor to Montreal, he became its Western Passenger
+Agent. His wonderful faculty for attractive advertising and catching
+phrases had immediate effect in creating the company's passenger business
+against its older rival, and when the "Soo" road was added to the C.P.R.,
+Mr. Callaway's genius for developing traffic was transferred to
+Minneapolis, where he achieved similar results. The ticket offices at York
+street were principally for steerage, and Italian business. Passenger
+business toward the west was at that time exceedingly active. The Canadian
+Pacific then under active construction around the north shore of Lake
+Superior, and to the further west, called for large importations of
+laboring men, making the beginning of our Italian population. Manitoba and
+our North-West were attracting much attention and the railways beyond
+Chicago, not having been merged into large corporations but working
+independently, were offering large ticket commissions, each acting on its
+own account.
+
+The contest across the lake now created was not pleasant, there being an
+introduction of a certain amount of local rivalry which was undesirable.
+The season was a rough one and towards its close the _City_ grounded on the
+boulders at the entrance to the Niagara River, and was successfully pulled
+off, but did not finish out the season. Notices were inserted in the public
+papers that the _City of Toronto_ "would be rebuilt for next season and
+that work would commence directly navigation closed." _Chicora_ therefore
+finished the season alone.
+
+The season of 1883 found the steamers running in the same manner--_Chicora_
+under Capt. Harbottle to Niagara and Lewiston: the _City_, Capt. W. Milloy
+to Niagara only. The season was an unfruitful one, weather cool and
+disagreeable.
+
+For sake of notoriety the steamers under the leadership of the _City_ were
+often sent across the lake on days when they had better have remained in
+port and saved money. It was this mistaken course which led to close of the
+competition.
+
+A heavy storm from the east was blowing, toward the end of September. The
+seas were running heavily on the Island, and even sweeping up on the dock
+fronts in the harbor, no business offering and weather cold with sheets of
+rain and sleet at intervals. The _City_ had come across from Niagara but
+_Chicora_ had not been sent out for the morning trip, nor had we any
+intention of sending her out for the afternoon.
+
+About 3 o'clock it was noticed that the _City_ appeared to be firing up. I
+was at the time in charge and had given instruction that if the _City_ went
+out _Chicora_ was to follow but on no account to pass her. Capt. Harbottle
+and self were walking up and down the front of Mowat's dock, where the
+_Chicora_ lay, watching the other steamer which was lying at Milloy's Yonge
+street dock, from which we had for the third time been ousted at the
+beginning of the season. "By the Lord," said the captain, "she's moving;
+I'm off."
+
+There were few or no passengers to go, but the _City_ started out down the
+bay followed by _Chicora_.
+
+They had a very rough passage and when about two miles out from the river
+the _City_ rolled out her mast and was otherwise damaged, but managed to
+make her way into port.
+
+This was her end, for she was sent to Port Dalhousie for repairs, and while
+lying up in the dock she was burned at 9 p.m., 31st October, 1883, and so
+closed a long and eventful career.
+
+1884 found us without any further partners and alone on the route. It had
+been a long strife. No wonder we had loved the _Chicora_ for like a good
+lass she had always cheerfully responded to whatever she was called upon to
+do.
+
+Her seaworthiness gained the confidence of the public to such an extent
+that there were not a few families in the city who preferred the rough days
+for their outings, and some men, among others, Mr. Wilson of the Bank of
+Montreal, who always had notices sent to them when "there was a real heavy
+sea on," so that they might make the afternoon 2 p.m. excursion.
+
+Capt. Harbottle having been appointed to a position on shore in the Marine
+Department, his place on the _Chicora_ was given to Capt. Thomas Leach, of
+Halifax. It was he who in 1866 had brought up the blockade runner _Rothesay
+Castle_ and had run her between Toronto and Niagara in competition with the
+_City_ under arrangements with the Canada Southern.
+
+The season of 1884 had barely begun before we learned of another intended
+competitor. The steamer _Rupert_ was being brought up to run in connection
+with the Canada Southern at Niagara-on-the-Lake.
+
+This steamer duly arrived at Milloy's dock and was found a good-looking
+sizable boat, with much deck accommodation for many travellers. Going on
+board the sand barrels on the broad deck seemed somewhat numerous. One of
+these was held at midship at blocks. Taking out the wedge and turning the
+barrel a kick set it rolling toward the ship side. As it went the boat
+keeled over to it. Without saying or seeing anything more, the
+investigator walked off and going up to the office told Mr. Foy, "John, you
+needn't be afraid of the _Rupert_. She'll frighten her passengers some day,
+she's crank,"--and so she was.
+
+The competition did not last the whole season, but business was increasing
+on the route, so the small steamer _Armenia_ was chartered to make an early
+morning trip from the Niagara River to Toronto. It was not a success, but
+she was useful when the fruit season opened.
+
+This year 1884 began also another route in competition. The Welland Railway
+had passed into the hands of the Grand Trunk, and the _Empress of India_
+was engaged to make the lake service between Port Dalhousie and Toronto in
+connection with a fast train from Buffalo and Niagara Falls. No doubt this
+diverted some business from the through route, but the principal earnings
+were from its own local district. With the superlative attractions of the
+scenery of the Niagara River, this Port Dalhousie route will never
+successfully compete for through or excursion travel with the Niagara River
+route, but it has the City of St. Catharines and an aggregate of thriving
+towns which will give a fine local and paying business with Toronto.
+
+In 1885 we were at last in sole possession, having won the established
+connection with both the railways, at Niagara with the Michigan Central,
+which had absorbed the Canada Southern, and at Lewiston with the New York
+Central.
+
+It had been eight long years of anxious and intense application of wits,
+energy and expense. One year in bringing the steamer down, and seven in
+constant competition, in wearing out competitors and winning the route.
+
+We were now able to turn all our energies to the more pleasant work of
+development. The officials of the railways had learned to have confidence
+in us and appreciated that we were not only ready to give good service, but
+to add to it, and to improve as the traffic needs of the route showed to be
+requisite.
+
+When we entered upon the route, Mr. C. B. Meeker was General Passenger
+Agent of the New York Central--a man patterned after the old Commodore's
+taste, namely, that there was only one railroad in the world and that was
+the New York Central. This faith permeated not a few of the minor
+officials, so that in their opinions, to be permitted to travel on the
+N.Y.C., was to be considered by a passenger as a high privilege, and the
+utmost courtesy was to be used toward the immaculate and superior
+conductor, who honored him by taking up his ticket. Yet there was some
+reason for it. It was the beginning of great things in railway enterprise
+and service, for out of a series of small separated local roads it had been
+from between 1853-55, gathered together under a master hand and thereafter
+was continuing to be built up into a great and united system, giving the
+travelling public facilities they had never dreamed of, advantages which
+would have been impossible without the combination.
+
+In the earlier days of steam railroad enterprize, there was little thought
+of the possibility of creating communication between far distant centres,
+as was afterwards found practicable, when the working of the steam engine
+became better understood. Building short local railroads by local
+subscriptions joining neighboring towns, appears to have been the method
+most prevalent. These railroads were in fact only improved stage routes.
+Some idea of the then conditions is afforded by the list of railroads
+opened or under construction in 1836 in the State of New York, given in
+Tanner's American Traveller, 1836:--"Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad,
+14 miles; Mohawk & Hudson Railroad, from Albany to Schnectady, 16 miles;
+Schnectady & Sartoga Railroad, 20 miles; Ithaca & Oswego Railroad, 20
+miles; Rochester Railroad (now in progress) from Rochester to a point below
+the Falls of Geneva; Schnectady and Utica Railroad (now in progress), 80
+miles: Rochester & Batavia Railroad (in progress), 28 miles; Troy &
+Ballston Railroad (now in progress), 22 miles. Several other railroads are
+proposed."
+
+These and others were gradually brought into combination, in the one
+Central System for their mutual advantage and the convenience of the
+public.[3]
+
+It seems strange to think that in the sixties there had been no sleeping
+cars and no through trains between Buffalo and New York. The trains stopped
+and started at Albany, where the passengers either laid over at an hotel
+for the night, or leaving the cars walked along the station platforms to
+the decks of a large ferry steamer, on which they were taken across the
+river to join the connecting trains on the other side. On reaching the
+outskirts of New York the railway cars were uncoupled, and then each drawn
+separately by six horse teams some miles down Sixth Avenue on the horse car
+tracks to the terminus at Twenty-Second street, then only a simple
+two-storey brick building. With the construction of the railway bridge at
+Albany in 1870, the railway had sprung up at once into a great through
+route, the only one landing its passengers in the City of New York, and
+thus over-passing and over-topping all its competitors. It is not
+surprising, therefore that there was some pride and self esteem in those
+employed upon it.
+
+When sleeping cars were first introduced on the New York Central it was in
+the most primitive fashion. The cars were the same coaches in which the
+passengers rode during the day. The whole of one corner was occupied by a
+great pile of mattresses and blankets and a number of posts and cross bars.
+When sleeping time came the posts were brought out, the berths built up and
+bolted together before the eyes of the passengers. It can be well
+understood how these improvised constructions creaked and groaned during
+the night. They supplied a need, but were soon supplanted by the Pullman
+inventions.
+
+With Mr. Meeker we had the most personally pleasant relations, but when we
+had made our application to him for a connection, he was staunch to the old
+steamboat connections of his company and would only deal with us through
+them, even if he did think we had been hardly treated, but when we had won
+and deserved our way into an official connection he was equally staunch
+toward us; recognizing the continuous interest which the steamboat lines
+have in the mutual business which they have aided the rail in building up.
+To him succeeded in May, 1883, Mr. E. J. Richards, his highly efficient and
+much younger assistant, whose knowledge of the passenger business of his
+railway was unsurpassed by any. From this time began an association with
+the principal officers of the New York Central, which has widened and
+deepened with years.
+
+This year, 1885, Capt. McCorquodale was appointed to the _Chicora_,
+succeeded Capt. T. Leach, whose business engagements rendered it necessary
+for him to return to Halifax.
+
+Having come into assured position the railway officers willingly
+co-operated with us when we spent considerable time and money in sending
+out travelling representatives and distributing advertising matter
+respecting the route and Toronto, to all parts of the United States. Mr.
+Steve Murphy being the efficient Travelling Passenger Agent since 1888. I
+question very much whether the City and the Citizens of Toronto have any
+conception of the wealth of advocacy in advertisement and expense which the
+Niagara Navigation Company has given to the City and its attractions, and
+particularly to its "Exhibition" during the past twenty-five years.
+
+One after another the, then separate, railways were induced to put lines of
+tickets on sale reading over the Niagara River Line to Toronto, the list of
+these having been added to each year. In mentioning this it is to be
+remembered that in these early years, in the "eighties," there were a very
+large number of minor railways operating on their own and separate account.
+The great consolidations into the fewer hands and control of the main trunk
+lines had not then been effected, and yet more, the system of general
+traffic associations, joint rate meetings and combined agreed traffic
+associations had not been devised.
+
+The officers of each railway did what each thought was best for the
+interests of his own line, and were controlled only by their being open to
+the possibility of adverse competition from some other line.
+
+The grand field day was the _Spring Meeting_ usually held in Buffalo, to
+consider "Summer Excursion Rates." As there were many more independent
+roads the attendance was considerably greater and perhaps there was more of
+conviviality and social intercourse than in the more staid and business
+meetings of these subsequent days. Moreover it was a battle of wits between
+the newer and weaker roads striving to create and attract business from
+their more longly established competitors.
+
+Will anyone who was present at them, forget the mental activity and agility
+of the General Passenger Agent of the Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain
+Railway, then a little one "on its own," striking into the middle of its
+great competitors; a menace, ambitious, and played with a free hand. Its
+able representative was like a little terrier snapping in the midst of a
+surrounding crowd, and he frequently got his way.
+
+The claims for "differentials" by some roads not so well established as
+others, or where representatives thought their earnings might be thus
+increased, were perennial, and the demands for more Special Excursions at
+"cut rates" voluminous. The discussions were lively and well worth hearing.
+
+In the hours of relaxation of this annual gathering which brought men of
+the fraternity from distant places into friendly contact, there were men
+who since have risen into the restraining influence and stateliness of
+highest offices, but who in those younger days did not disdain to dance a
+can can in a night shirt, or snap fingers in a Highland fling, with an
+elderly but active steamboater from Montreal. All could sing in a chorus or
+join in a rout. The foundations of the present great lines of passenger
+trade were laid in those days, but the railway world to-day does not find
+quite so much fun in its work as it used.
+
+The days of individuality of minor roads have gone, and for all railway
+officers those of over pressure against increasing costs of expenses have
+come. The demand of the public of the day is not only for lower rates but
+for greater facilities, so that the increasing strain of business needs
+absorbs all time and attention, although at the same time much pleasant
+intercourse prevails.
+
+Gradually the scope of our courses of traffic leading to the Niagara River
+were thus widened but not with ease; what in these present days can be done
+in a single joint meeting, or by the issue of a single joint rate sheet,
+required in those days, years of work, visiting the distant parts, and much
+personal address. It was in these last that Mr. John Foy particularly
+shone. He had a happy way of gaining and keeping new friends and allies.
+
+In our own local and home city sphere we began working for new business.
+"Book Tickets" for families, with coupons for the trips, were introduced,
+an entirely new development, enabling citizens of Toronto to live at home
+during the summer and yet give their families lake travel and fresh air at
+remarkably cheap rates.
+
+In this we received the aid of the medical profession. One doctor is
+remembered as putting it this way: "I tell my people," said he, "that when
+they want to wash their hands clean they must use clean water, and
+similarly if they require, as I wish them, to clear out their lungs, they
+must get fresh air where the clearest and freshest air is to be got, by
+crossing the lake on your steamers to Niagara."
+
+Another doctor with a large family practice said: "When I find the
+digestion of the children of any of my families getting out of order I
+prescribe a 'book ticket on the Niagara route.' It provides in such cases
+a splendid natural emetic." There is many a well grown citizen in Toronto
+whose vigor has been promoted or life saved in infant days by the pure air
+gained by these trips across the lake. Excursions by societies, Sunday
+schools, national and benevolent bodies were sought out and encouraged to
+devote their energies to providing outings for their associations and
+friends. Every possible method was employed to get new business. We
+certainly needed it, as we certainly had not, so far, a very profitable
+time.
+
+Gradually the business on the route showed signs of growth until we saw
+that if we were to deserve our position with the railway companies and meet
+the increasing traffic we must add to our equipment. The railway officials
+had also expressed their opinion that another steamer would soon be needed
+and stated that in adding it the Navigation Company would receive the
+continued support of their companies. The first year of peace closed
+satisfactorily, and 1885 was marked in white upon the milestones of our
+progress.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] Which in itself is a monument to the energy and years of faithful
+service of Miss Janet Carnochan, the valued Historian of the District.
+
+[3] Passenger Train Schedules--
+
+                _Local Railways, 1843._
+         Albany.         Syracuse.          Buffalo.
+    Lv. 6.00 a.m.    Arr. 5.15 p.m.    Arr. 7.00 a.m.
+        1.30 p.m.         2.00 a.m.         3.00 p.m.
+        7.30 p.m.         8.00 a.m.         9.00 p.m.
+
+               _New York Central, 1855._
+         Albany.         Syracuse.          Buffalo.
+    Lv. 6.30 a.m.   Arr. 12.00 noon.   Arr. 7.00 p.m.
+        7.30 a.m.         1.25 p.m.         7.00 p.m.
+        9.00 a.m.         3.50 p.m.         1.00 a.m.
+        6.00 p.m.        12.30 a.m.         6.30 a.m.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+FIRST RAILWAYS AT LEWISTON--EXPANSION REQUIRED--THE RENOWN OF THE "LET HER
+B"--A CRITIC OF PLIMSOLL.
+
+
+The original terminus of the Lewiston branch, after it had emerged from the
+cuttings in the Gorge, was at the upper end of the town, about a mile and a
+half from the steamboat dock at the shore of the river. During the season
+of 1886 the New York Central began again to consider the advisability of
+extending their rails so that the trains might be brought to the steamer's
+side.
+
+This location had been a relic from the earliest travelling days. The rills
+of travel from all parts of the West converged at Niagara Falls and then
+passed on to join the steamboats for Lake Ontario.
+
+Davison's "Travellers' Guide," published at Saratoga Springs in 1834,
+says:--"A stage leaves Buffalo every morning at 6 o'clock, passing through
+the village of Black Rock, 3 miles; Tonawanda, 9 miles; Niagara Falls, 11
+miles. Fare $1.60. This line, after giving passengers an opportunity of
+witnessing the Falls for two or three hours, proceeds to Youngstown, or
+Fort Niagara, passing through Lewiston."
+
+The _Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad_ had been organized and surveyed,
+and the first steam trains commenced running in 1836 with a speed of 15
+miles per hour, a rate which was considered notable. The track was laid on
+wooden sills faced with scrap iron, and during the first winter was so
+heaved by the frost, that the steam engines had to be taken off, and horses
+used to haul the cars, these being only little ones with four wheels each,
+modeled largely after the stage coaches of the period. In 1839, this
+railway having been equipped with all-iron rails, had grown to two steam
+trains per day each way, between Buffalo and Niagara Falls.
+
+A further extension followed when another small railway company, the
+_Niagara Falls and Ontario R.R._ was organized in 1852 to build a railway
+of 14 miles from the Falls to the shores of the Lake at _Youngstown_, where
+the steamers would be joined. Benj. Pringle, president; John Porter, vice
+president; Bradley B. Davis, secretary. The company, at an expense
+relatively much greater in those days than at the present, excavated the
+rock cuttings and cut the shelf in the side of the cliff upon which the New
+York Central Railway now runs through the Gorge, alongside the courses of
+the Niagara River, and the railway was graded and opened to Lewiston in
+1854. Construction was continued further to Youngstown and the track laid
+in 1855, but only one train was run down to the lower port. It has been
+said that this was necessary in order to complete the terms of the charter,
+and appears to have been a final effort. The means of the company were no
+doubt impaired, so that shortly afterward all further work on this
+extension was suspended, the track taken up, and thus in 1855 the balance
+of the line being leased to the New York Central, the Lewiston station had
+become the terminus of the railroad, where it had ever since remained. As
+the transfer to the steamers was originally intended to be made at
+Youngstown, there had been no need, at that time, for the station at
+Lewiston being constructed any nearer to the River bank.
+
+From the very first the break in connection between train and boat had been
+found inconvenient, and in the fall of 1855, Mr. Gordon, of the steamer
+_Peerless_ wrote to the superintendent of the New York Central Railway,
+saying:--"You must get the road down alongside the water at once."
+
+This unpleasant transfer of passengers and their baggage in both directions
+by road and bus had existed all these years. The extension now proposed,
+would, it was expected, certainly be of advantage both to railway and to
+steamboat, as facilitating travel. It would mean a considerable expenditure
+to the New York Central Railway, yet they stated that if we would undertake
+to put on another boat, they would build the extension. The Michigan
+Central at Niagara-on-the-Lake, which had now become one of the New York
+Central lines, had had quite enough trial of their "any boat" arrangement
+and now desired a permanent service, which the putting on of another boat
+would supply.
+
+Decisions had, therefore, to be come to by both parties. "The first thing
+for us to decide," said the Hon. Frank, "is whether _Chicora_ is good
+enough to build a partner for her. This settled, we will then do our share
+on the water, for advancing the traffic of the route while the railways do
+theirs on the land."
+
+[Illustration: The CORONA leaving N. N. Co. Dock at Toronto. page 178]
+
+Immediately on the season closing in October, 1886 the steamer was put into
+Muir's dry dock at Port Dalhousie and every atom of lining in her hull
+removed so that the plates could be seen from the inside as well as from
+the outside. The Government hull inspector, and W. White of Montreal,
+shipbuilder, were brought over to make the inspection. From the beginning
+and throughout as well as assisting in traffic matters the charge of the
+hulls and engines had been my particular care. Led by Webster, the chief
+engineer of _Chicora_, we entered the hull. Webster was a quiet sort of
+fellow, sometimes nervous and at times excitable, perhaps a bit
+over-intense in his work. He was lean and with a loose waistcoat. It has
+been said by some that a steamboat engineer, to be successful, should have
+a decent sized stomach to help steady him through the changing conditions
+in his running days. The suggestion is well founded.
+
+We went under deck. Webster was striking somewhat lightly on a plate which
+showed some signs of inner scale when White broke out at him. "Mon ar' ye
+feart o' goin' through? Gie ma t-hammer." Whereupon he rained his forceful
+blows upon the plate with such vigor as to make the din ring. "Hoot," said
+he as he stopped, "I'd 'a got through gin 'a could, but 'a couldn't."
+
+At the end of the afternoon the inspecting party came out. "Well, White,"
+was asked, "what's the verdict?"
+
+Wiping the sweat off his forehead with the sleeve of his shirt he answered:
+"Wull, ye may tell Mr. Smith that when he, and I, and you are 'a in our
+graves _Chicora_ will still be runnin' gin ye keep her off the rocks."
+
+We therefore accepted the position set out by the railway companies and
+undertook to build a new steamer to be ready for the season of '88, and run
+the risk of profit on the investment while waiting for more traffic to grow
+up. We determined that speed was the essential requisite. First to perform
+the service with ease and regularity. Second to meet any competition which
+might afterwards arise.
+
+There were then in Canada no builders of fast marine engines of the size we
+required. These were only to be found on the Clyde, so Mr. John Foy and I
+sailed the next week on the _Lahn_ of the North German Lloyd for
+Southampton.
+
+We inspected the principal day boats on the lower Thames, and English
+Channel, making notes and enquiries. Thence to Liverpool for Isle of Man
+steamers. Here we called on the head office of "Lairds," the builders of
+the _Chicora_, and made enquiries of her from the manager. "Chicora:
+Chicora, I don't remember any steamer of that name--Ah: did you say the
+_Let Her B_? Yes, she was the best ship of her class we ever built. There
+she is," and raising his hand he pointed to the model of the _Let Her B_,
+still hanging on the wall. He said they had built several steamers for
+service in blockade running into the ports of the Confederate States during
+the American Civil War. Three of these were named _Let Her Go_, _Let Her
+Rip_, _Let Her B_. Of all the steamers which they had built the last named
+and the last turned out was the most successful. Fast, seaworthy, of a
+model which was a thing of beauty, she had not been surpassed. He was quite
+enthusiastic about her and added "She had a stronger frame than usual, so
+that she would be worth replating should it ever be desirable.[4]" He gave
+us every attention and much information and for the requirements which we
+detailed to him, advised us to go to the Clyde, giving us letters to some
+of the best yards there.
+
+In travelling one makes strange acquaintances. On the day express between
+Liverpool and Glasgow when we were running at high speed down the grades
+into Carlisle and the carriage was banging from side to side a gentleman,
+the only other occupant with us, who had never said a word since we started
+suddenly broke into speech, at the same time throwing his feet up on the
+seat opposite to him. "Pit yer legs up! Quick!" The necessity for doing
+this he explained by adding "Gin we leave the line yer legs might be cut
+off by the seats comin' tegither." A good laugh at his fears and
+earnestness dispelled the silence which had previously reigned. He was a
+Scotch shipowner, and finding we were in the same line became
+communicative.
+
+How earnestly he blamed Plimsoll for his legislation in putting his "mark"
+for load line on British ships but leaving the foreigner free, with all the
+privileges of trading between British ports, and of loading as deeply as he
+pleased. The effect, he said, on the British coasting trade was, that as
+the foreigner could load as far as he liked, and therefore carry larger
+cargoes, he could accept lower rates. Many British vessels were in
+consequence of this competition sold out, and transferred to foreign
+ownership.
+
+"I suppose he thinks it's not his business to keep the furriner from bein'
+drooned, yet he ties our hands and helps him take our trade, and noo he's
+at it agin."
+
+Mr. Plimsoll was just then introducing a new Bill into the House of Commons
+at Westminster, proposing to make it illegal for Marine insurance companies
+to insure the hulls of vessels for more than two-thirds of their value.
+
+With this legislation our Scotch friend was very irate.
+
+"Does the man think I want to lose my vessels. I'm in the business as my
+fayther was, and I want to stay in the business. As things are I can insure
+for full value. If I meet an accident either I get my vessel back again,
+fit for her service, or I get the money and build a new and larger one. If
+every time I have a total loss I am to be docked of one-third of my
+capital, then it wouldn't be long before I'd be out of business. Ye never
+can keep up the British merchant marine that way."
+
+But wouldn't it be better for the insurance companies?
+
+"No, not at all. The insurance companies make their money, not on the
+ships' hulls, but on the cargoes which the ships carry. A single ship in
+one season will carry dozens of cargoes. We are the shuttles which carry
+backwards and forwards the cargo values on which the companies earn their
+rates. In fact, we help to earn their money for them. Where would be the
+cargoes without the ships? 'Gin Plimsoll had his way he'd wipe all the
+British ships off the seas, but we're no so bad as he wad paint us."
+
+There was a good deal of truth in what he said, for given that the repute
+and moral hazard is good, it matters little so far as the owners exercise
+of care for the avoiding of loss is concerned, whether the insurance
+carried is for total value or only partial.
+
+Needless to say the Plimsoll Bill did not carry. As evidence of our faith I
+may mention that in the early days, when the Niagara company was simply a
+family ownership, we insured only against fire and collision, carrying the
+whole of the marine risk ourselves. But we watched with infinite closeness
+the ships and our men, as is equally done now when the company insures for
+a portion of the value.
+
+November in Glasgow! A mixture of smoke, fogs and grime. Never was such
+gloomy weather experienced. A soot of blue murkiness seemed to pervade the
+atmosphere. We visited and consulted with the builders of the fast steamers
+particularly the Fairfield Co. at Govan and the Denny's of Dunbarton.
+Nothing could exceed the freedom with which the fullest information was
+laid before us.
+
+We also inspected the fast day steamers of the David Mactryne and the
+Caledonian S.S. companies among them the _Columba_ and _Lord of the
+Isles_, whose repute as day steamers for speed and equipment stood on the
+highest scale and are still (1912) performing their regular service.
+
+While there was much to admire in them, yet we found they were lacking in
+many things in both exterior and interior fittings which our summer lake
+passengers would consider important.
+
+For instance--in making a trip one day on one of these steamers there was a
+nasty drizzling rain. It dribbled down the main stairway which was open to
+the sky, and there were no awnings or coverings over the upper deck. As a
+result the passengers, who wished to have fresh air, sat along the deck
+seats, either huddled together under umbrellas, or wrapped up in the Scotch
+plaids with which almost everybody seemed to be supplied.
+
+"What for why?" said the captain in reply to a suggestion that a deck
+awning might be a good thing. "To keep off the rain," was the reply. "Ah
+mon," said he, "it wad keep aff the sun."
+
+Perhaps in the contrast between the Scotch climate and ours in Canada, he
+was right, for they cannot spare any of the glimpses of the sun so
+sparingly vouchsafed to them.
+
+After fullest enquiry and consideration, we came to the conclusion that the
+best thing we could do was to repeat a highly successful day passenger
+paddle steamer, the _Ozone_ which had been built on the Clyde, and sent out
+to Australia a year and a half previously, and had there obtained a
+splendid record for speed and commercial success.
+
+She was just the size we wanted, 250 feet long, 28' 6" beam in hull, or 52
+feet over guards, draft 6 ft. 6 in. Compound engines with two cylinders of
+47 inches, and 87 inches, developing 2000 horse power, and sending the
+steamer at the officially certified speed of 20 miles per hour on the
+Scotch trials on the Clyde between the _Cloch_ and the _Cumbrae_.
+
+This would be a step larger and a step faster than _Chicora_. We arranged
+with Mr. Robert Morton, the designer and supervisor of the _Ozone_, for a
+set of plans and specifications for the hull, which, constructed of Dalzell
+steel, would be put together on the shores of Lake Ontario, where the upper
+cabin works would be added according to our own requirements.
+
+They offered to deliver a fully completed steamer at Montreal in four
+months, but we would have had to cut her and take off one of the guards to
+get her up through the canals. For my part, I had had quite enough of
+bringing steamers in parts up the St. Lawrence River on which the smaller
+canals were still incompleted, so we decided to erect our new steamer on
+the shores of Lake Ontario.
+
+The engines would be built by Rankin, Blackmore & Co., of Greenrock, from
+whose shops had come some of the fastest engines on the Clyde. These would
+be a repetition of the engines which had been so successfully built by them
+for the _Ozone_ and would be shipped out in parts to Montreal by the first
+steamer in the spring.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] _Chicora_ was put in dry dock at Kingston in the winter of 1904 and
+largely replated at an expense of $37,000.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+WINTER AND WHISKEY IN SCOTLAND--RAIL AND STEAMER ALONGSIDE AT LEWISTON--HOW
+"CIBOLA" GOT HER NAME--ON THE ROUTE--THE U.E. LOYALISTS ONGIARA ADDED.
+
+
+After decisions had been made it still took some time for the arranging of
+tenders and completion of contracts.
+
+During this wait we whiled away the time by seeing football played in seas
+of mud, and half lost in fogs, women by the thousands with heads uncovered
+except when they pulled their shawls over them, and children innumerable
+with feet entirely bare. Poor kiddies how they suffered when on one day
+there was a fall of snow. Such snow, damp, heavy clots, which moistened as
+they touched anything, exuding cold, and slobbering over the stone
+pavements.
+
+The children wrapped their red frosted feet with rags, or bits of carpet,
+to keep them off the stones, while their elders hunched themselves together
+and shivered. No wonder these people feared the snow and cold of Canada,
+for they thought that if they felt such suffering in a temperature only
+just at the freezing point, what must it be when the thermometer went below
+zero.
+
+Yet did they only know it, as many have since learned, the dry salt-like
+winter snow of Canada is pleasant for the children to play in, and the
+sensation of cold not to be measured by the figures on the thermometer. It
+is the dampness which brings the suffering, which, needing to be met by
+heat from within, inclines to the suggestion, expressed by some, that
+whiskey is a natural beverage for Scotland. That it is a usual one I
+learned in actual experience.
+
+In our "steamboat samplings" we had made a trip through the "Kyles of Bute"
+and to Tarbert, where we took carriage across the Mull of Cantire to the
+outer sea. Stopping for lunch at a neat little inn about half way across.
+The mid-day meal was being served in a large room with one long table down
+the centre. At this all the company sat, one, apparently a commercial
+traveller, occupying the seat at the head and doing the carving. A large
+open fireplace with glowing fire gave comfort and pleasant radiance.
+
+The one maid, a cheery looking young girl, did all the serving and was busy
+in her attentions to the guests. When she had got them all served I asked
+her, as she passed by, if she would please get me a cup of tea. Pausing for
+a moment she gave me a searching look and then without speaking passed on.
+A little while later I again caught her attention and suggesting that
+perhaps she had not understood me, said that I would like to have a cup of
+tea. Bending forward over me with a puckering of the forehead she said
+abruptly, "Where do ye coom frae?" "From Canada," I answered.
+
+"Dye ye hae tea 'i the noon in Canada?" "Yes," said I in my most pleasing
+tone, "we have tea three times in the day in Canada--at morning, mid-day
+and evening."
+
+With a sniff she retorted, "Wull, y're no in Canada the noo, y're in
+Scotland. Y' cannot hae tea i' the middle o' the day in Scotland--ye can
+hae whiskey."
+
+I didn't so I'm afraid Canada fell greatly in her estimation.
+
+[Illustration: Sir Thomas Lipton on CHICORA. page 175]
+
+[Illustration: H.R.H. the Duke and Duchess of York going on board CORONA.
+page 183]
+
+The contracts were at length completed and we hastened for home, taking the
+Guion Line _Alaska_ as the fastest ship on the Atlantic. She held the
+"record" for the then fastest passage, 6 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes from
+Queenston to New York.
+
+We had a frightful passage, during one 24 hours making only 52 miles. When
+the captain of a first-class Atlantic liner enters on his log, as ours did
+next day, "_dangerous sea_," one may feel satisfied that something unusual
+had been going on.
+
+Instead of not over eight days, as had been expected, we took twelve days,
+much to the alarm of our families, and reached Toronto only three days
+before Christmas.
+
+So _Chicora_ and her successor had twice run the home-coming festival
+pretty close.
+
+In 1887 the services were opened by _Chicora_ alone, with Capt.
+McCorquodale in command.
+
+Construction of the new steamer was begun early in April in the yards of
+the E. W. Rathbun Company, at Deseronto on the Bay of Quinte, there being
+then no other shipyard on the shores of Lake Ontario. The facilities here
+were excellent, in convenience of access by rail to the waterside, and in
+complete iron and wood-working factories for the cabin construction.
+
+The hull was erected by W. C. White, of Montreal, who also had built the
+steamer _Filgate_, and the wood-work done by ourselves and the Rathbuns
+under the charge of our foreman carpenter, Mr. J. Whalen.
+
+The engines arrived in good shape and were erected in the hull by Rankin,
+Blackmore & Co., who sent out men for this purpose.
+
+The cabin work was being made in sections in the workshops, so that it
+could be erected as soon as the decks were ready.
+
+In the early part of the season of 1887 the New York Central completed the
+extension of its tracks to the shore line at Lewiston, just above the
+steamer dock. The relief to the traffic was welcome and immediate. The
+passengers were saved the weary jolting for the mile and a half transfer
+through enveloping dust, or of red bespattering mud, according to the
+varying conditions of the weather, and the through time between Niagara
+Falls and the steamer was also much shortened.
+
+Ever since the branch railway had emerged from the Gorge this trial of
+temper and nerves had continued just in the same state as it had when
+Lewiston was the focus centre for the quickest routes to Rochester,
+Ogdensburgh, and to Albany and New York, via Lake Champlain, and the only
+route to Toronto, Kingston and Montreal.
+
+At length, after a meritorious service of so many years, their duty being
+over, the lumbering old Transfer Coaches, which looked as though they had
+never felt another coat of paint since their first, were consigned to the
+retirement of broken bottles and old tins. No traces of them are now to be
+found. There are, however, some notable memorials still left in the old
+town of its earliest days of tourist and travel activities.
+
+On the old road between Lewiston and the dock, once traversed by the
+transfer coaches, and part of the main road from Bataira when the village
+was known as "Lewis-Town," is the "Frontier House," built in 1825, and for
+many years considered the "finest hotel west of Albany." It was once the
+stopping place of many early celebrities, and with its broad stoop and
+great pillars is still a very prominent building. The residence of Captain
+Van Cleve, one of the earliest navigators on the lakes, and who sailed
+from the port on the _Martha Ogden_, is on the hillside not far from the
+present terminus of the railway.
+
+At last the railway and the steamers had been brought alongside. This
+facility of interchange, and the shortening of the schedule time much
+improved the volume of traffic in both directions and a start was made
+which indicated that, when made more fully known to the general public,
+would justify the expenditures being made by both the railway and the
+steamer interests.
+
+A new era was being opened for the Niagara River route. We had brought
+about the first steps, had taken part in the bringing of the railways and
+the river together, and now were to add the new steamer.
+
+Consideration of what should be the name of the new addition was much
+occupying the attention not only of ourselves but of many others.
+
+It was conceded that the name must begin with a "C," and end with "A," and
+not exceeding eight letters in length, so that proper balance in
+advertising display might be preserved. A good deal of public interest was
+taken in the matter and many names suggested.
+
+A number of these were selected, and a somewhat novel method adopted for
+coming to the final decision.
+
+The members, both male and female, of the two families interested in the
+company, were invited by Hon. Frank Smith, to dine at "Rivermount," his
+residence on Bloor street. We sat down about twenty-five in number, being
+all the adult members of the Frank Smith, Foy and Cumberland connections,
+and at a splendid repast good fortune to the new steamer was heartily
+toasted.
+
+I had had some twenty posters printed in the same size and wording as we
+then used for street advertising purposes. On each of these was displayed
+the name _Chicora_ together with one of the new names which had been
+suggested. These posters were then set in a line along one side of the
+spacious hall, so that the exact effect of the contiguity of the two names
+could be seen.
+
+After dinner a sort of Dutch auction was held. The adherents of each name
+stated the reasons for their preference, promoting some amusing discussion.
+Each of the posters was then voted on in succession and with varying
+majorities ordered down until finally the one with _Chicora_ and _Cibola_
+gained the preference.
+
+There would seem good reason for this selection, for in addition to the
+suitability in appearance and emphony of the two names, a very interesting
+historical connection between them had been unearthed in the archives and
+annals in the beginning of Spanish-American history, after following up the
+exploits of Pizzaro in South America.
+
+The early Spaniards had made a foothold in the island of Cuba.
+Ponce-de-Leon had visited the shores of Florida, but it was not until 1539
+that Hermando-de-Soto, heading an expedition from the Island, established
+the first permanent occupation upon the mainland for the Spanish nation.
+
+A settlement was formed and a fortress built at Ste. Augustine. Spanish
+influence thereafter gradually extended around the northern shores of the
+Gulf of Mexico toward the Mississippi and inland through the intervening
+Indian country which was then called the _Chicora Country_--"_The land of
+pretty flowers_."
+
+Beyond this and on the other side of the far shores of the Mississippi lay
+the widespread grazing territories where the Spanish adventurers conceived
+would be opportunity for further exploits.
+
+Somewhere about the year 1580 a coterie of these venturesome ones carried
+over with them to Spain a party of the native Indians including among them
+the principal Chief of the Chicora Indians, the occupants of the country
+between Florida and the river. These they presented at their sovereign's
+court as visible evidences of their travellings and enterprises.
+
+In those early days of discovery on this Western hemisphere, and for long
+years afterwards, it is noticeable in how lordly a manner the Sovereigns
+and Magnates of Europe parcelled out the new found territories, making
+wholesale grants of land to their own followers with or out the leave of
+the original Indian occupants. In this case the representative Chief was
+present. The King created him "Don Francisco de Chicora," and a grant was
+confirmed to his introducers of all the country lying adjacent to the Gulf
+of Mexico, on the far side of the Mississippi.
+
+Returning with this authority the Spaniards extended their enterprises to
+their new opportunities. As they advanced westward they found on the
+terraces of the great plains, and on the foothills of the mountain ranges,
+the countless "Cibolos," or Buffalo, ranging in mighty bands over the
+nature pastures.
+
+It was in consequence of this that when giving a name to the new Province
+which was being added to their previous domain, they named it "_Cibola_,"
+"the Buffalo coun_try_." This name is still preserved by a ranching hamlet
+in a part of that territory now in the State of Texas.
+
+As another steamer was to be added in partnership with _Chicora_ "the
+pretty flower," what more appropriate name could we give to her than that
+of "Cibola," "the Buffalo," in reminiscence of the old time territorial
+expansion.
+
+So _Cibola_ it was to be. There was also a further propriety in the
+selection that this "Buffalo boat" was to be one of the line of steamers
+which were to form the greatly improved connection between Toronto, and the
+great and modern city of Buffalo.
+
+On 1st of November the steamer was successfully launched in the presence of
+a large party brought down by special train from Toronto, the name _Cibola_
+being given, and the traditional bottle of champagne smashingly broken on
+the bow, by Miss Constance Cumberland, the youngest sister of the
+Vice-President, and who subsequently married Mr. A. Foy, a brother of the
+Manager.
+
+The firms engaged on the construction were:--Designer, Robert Morton,
+Glasgow; steel hull, Dalzell Co., Dalzell, Scotland; erection of hull, W.
+White & Co., Montreal; marine engines, Rankin Blackmore & Co., Greenock;
+wood-work, Rathbun Co., Deseronto; interior mahogany and decoration, Wm.
+Wright & Co., Detroit; electric lighting, Edison Co., New York.
+
+The _Chicora_ season of 1887 had been exceedingly active. The opening of
+the New York Central to the bank of the river largely increased the
+facilities and the movement of traffic.
+
+The steamer _Hastings_ was chartered to make the early trips from Niagara
+and late from Toronto, and to carry the increasing fruit business. We had
+acquired the rights of the International Ferry between Queenston and
+Lewiston and chartered the small steamer _Kathleen_ to perform the service
+and to transfer passengers to the main line steamers.
+
+A new excursion feature in connection with the extension of their line was
+introduced by the New York Central by "shuttle trains" with _observation
+cars_ run frequently between the Falls and Lewiston. These cars were open
+on the side next the river and the passenger seats set length-wise, facing
+the view, were raised in tiers one above the other, securing an unimpeded
+view of the scenery of the wonderful rapids and Niagara Gorge.
+
+The Kathleen ran in connection with these trains, giving the tourists the
+full length of the Lower River to Niagara and also calling at Youngstown
+for the Fort and Town passengers.
+
+Business at Queenston, where we had improved the dock, was much increased,
+due to our working up the excursions which were rendered more attractive by
+the great improvements made by the Queen Victoria Niagara Park
+Commissioners in the park upon the Queenston Heights and around Brock's
+Monument.
+
+An excellent season closed without further incident.
+
+During the winter of 1887-88 the cabin work had proceeded assiduously on
+_Cibola_. During this period we came much into personal contact with Mr. E.
+W. Rathbun, the head of the Rathbun Co., and, one might say, the physical
+embodiment of Deseronto and of everything within its borders. In the prime
+of life, genial, incisive, he was the focus centre of vibrant energies.
+
+It seemed to be his ambition that no by-product in his enterprises should
+escape undeveloped.
+
+He was interested in every public and benevolent project in the vicinity
+and although not himself entering into parliamentary duties, his opinion
+was much sought and valued in political development. With intense devotion
+to his work, and much continuous strain on his energies it was not to be
+wondered that his years were not many.
+
+At length the spring of 1888 had come. The work was well advanced but, as
+usual, the carpenters and painters lingered on in possession.
+
+_Chicora_ had opened the season and it was absolutely necessary that
+_Cibola_ should be on hand to take part in moving the troops to Niagara
+Camp on 10th June.
+
+The only thing to do was to bring the whole working force away with the
+steamer. Capt. McCorquodale was in command, Capt. McGiffin having been
+appointed to the _Chicora_.
+
+A small party of friends had come down for the trip up, among them Alderman
+John Baxter, of Toronto a genial soul, whose girth was not far from
+equalling his height, he was the very embodiment of merriment and was a
+most excellent singer. As the most elderly member we dubbed him The
+Chaplain, although perhaps he was not the most sedate. Mr. Ross Hayter, a
+Tea Planter cousin, lately Come from Assam, and who was the first to
+introduce Indian package tea to Canada, was installed as the Doctor, and
+Mr. Gus Foy, brother of Mr. John Foy, ably acted as Steward.
+
+We left in the morning with the decks encumbered by every description of
+material for all trades.
+
+As each rounded point, and changing turn of this island-studded channel
+came in view one could not but recall that along these waters once came
+from Montreal, and Cataraqui, the fleet of canoes carrying the families of
+the Six Nations Indians to the new homes, which had been given them by the
+British Government, to replace those in the State of New York, which they
+had lost by their loyal adherence to the King's cause during the War of the
+Revolution. One party under Chief Deseronto had determined to stop at a
+reservation which had been selected on the shores of the Bay of Quinte.
+Before leaving _Cataraqui_, the communion service which had been given to
+their ancestors by Queen Anne in 1712, for their chapel in the Mohawk
+Valley in the Colony of New York, had been divided between the bands, the
+larger share being given to the more numerous party under Chief Brant,
+which separating from their Deseronto companions went onward up Lake
+Ontario to their reservation upon the banks of the Grand River.
+
+[Illustration: The CHIPPEWA in Toronto Harbour. page 174]
+
+These reservations are still occupied by their descendants, who are ardent
+militia men, serving with intense activity in the Indian companies of the
+37th Haldimand Rifles, one of the most efficient in the Canadian Militia.
+All Canadians, should remember that these quiet featured men are the lineal
+descendants of those steadfast ancestors, who gave up their homes and all
+for the British cause, and were the first United Empire Loyalists to come
+to Canada.
+
+Later after 1783, other migrations came up these inner channels.
+
+These were the United Empire Loyalists, descendants of the British pioneers
+and settlers who had founded the English colonies in America, but who
+having fought on the King's side in the Revolution were driven out of their
+homes and their property confiscated, but who chose, rather than foreswear
+their allegiance, to come north into the forests of Canada where they could
+live beneath the British flag under which they and their fathers had been
+born.
+
+It was a meeting, too, with the first steamboat ventures of Upper Canada,
+for on "Finkle's Point," which we passed, the _Frontenac_, the first
+steamer to sail on Lake Ontario, had been built in 1815.
+
+_Chicora_ and _Cibola_ together carried the troops to camp and performed
+the services of the route for 1888. The leaving times from Toronto were 7
+a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m., 4.45 p.m., the _Chicora_ taking the morning trip
+from Lewiston.
+
+This was a very considerable increase, being in fact a doubling of the
+previous service, and although the traffic did not at first justify it, the
+trade soon began to show signs of building up, the new steamer proving
+herself a valuable addition by her higher speed, larger capacity for
+passengers and with running expenses practically the same.
+
+The arrangements for the militia at the camp at Niagara in these early days
+were in the charge of Lt.-Col. Robert Denison, one of the Denison family,
+who have taken so large a part in the military annals of the country, and
+an uncle of Lt.-Col. George T. Denison.
+
+Col. "Bob" as he was most frequently called, was the Brigade Major for the
+Western District with his headquarters in the "_Old Fort_" at Toronto in
+the original "Officers Quarters" building which had been military
+headquarters for the Province since 1813. This old building is still in
+existence and is to be preserved as part of the restoration of the Old
+Fort.
+
+Unconventional and breezy in his ways, he used, referring to the fact that
+he had entirely lost one eye, to say that he "had a single eye to Her
+Majesty's Service," and sitting straddled, as was his habit, on a
+four-legged saddle shaped sort of seat that "he was always in the saddle,
+ready for a call to action."
+
+In 1889 _Cibola_ and _Chicora_, continued their usual services with
+satisfaction and regularity.
+
+The Observation Train service of the New York Central Railway increased
+much in importance as also the transfer between Lewiston and Queenston. A
+smart little steamer was purchased to specially fill these services.
+
+Following our habit we searched for some name which would be appropriate to
+the conditions.
+
+The "Relations des Jesuits" are the reports sent back to France between
+1616 and 1672 by the devoted Jesuit priests who had come over in the early
+French Regime and worked among the Indians for their Christianization. Much
+information is given in these conditions among the tribes, and concerning
+the geography of the country.
+
+One of these, _Pere Lallement_, reports that in 1642 an "_Onguiaara_" tribe
+of Indians were living between the two lower lakes on a river bearing the
+same name as the tribe. Later on the Great Falls on this river are
+mentioned as the "_Ongiara Cataractes_." This name of _Ongiara_, which was
+the earliest by which the river was known among the Indians, has since been
+transmuted by the whites into its present name Niagara.
+
+We therefore named the little steamer _Ongiara_ as being appropriate to the
+history of her surroundings, and to her duties between the original portage
+routes of Indian and historic periods at the landings at Lewiston and
+Queenston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+RUNNING THE BLOCKADE ON THE LET HER B.--AS TOLD BY HER CAPTAIN-OWNER.
+
+
+During 1889 we had the pleasure of a visit from Captain George B. Boynton,
+the former owner of _Chicora_ in her blockade running days, who was
+delighted to renew acquaintance with his early ally. He gave us many
+reminiscenses of that stirring period, the narration of them cannot be done
+better than by giving extract by courteous permission of the publisher from
+his narrative as afterwards contained[5] under the heading "Looking for
+Trouble." Copyright, 1911, by _Adventure Magazine_, the Ridgway Company.
+
+After giving an account of his earlier life and share in the American Civil
+War, and of a project to join some adventures in Cuba he says, "While I was
+wondering how I could get into communication with Cespedes, my interest was
+aroused by a newspaper story of the new blockade runner _Let Her B._ The
+_Let Her B._, whose name was a play on words, was a long, powerful,
+schooner-rigged steamship, built by Lairds on the Mersey. Though classed as
+a fifteen-knot ship she could do sixteen or seventeen knots (19 miles)
+which was fast going at that time. There was so much money in
+blockade-running that the owners of one could well afford to lose her after
+she had made three successful trips.
+
+"In five minutes I decided to become a blockade-runner and to buy the new
+and already famous ship, if she was to be had at any price within reason. I
+bought a letter of credit and took the next ship for Bermuda. On my arrival
+there I found that the _Let Her B._ had been expected in for several days
+from her second trip and that there was considerable anxiety about her. A
+fresh cargo of munitions of war was awaiting the _Let Her B_, and a ship
+was ready to take to England the cotton she would bring.
+
+"I got acquainted with the agent for the blockade-runner, and offered to
+buy her and take the chance that she might never come in. He wanted me to
+wait until the arrival of her owner, Joseph Berry, who was expected daily
+from England.
+
+"After waiting several days I said to him one morning, "It looks as though
+your ship had been captured or sunk. I'll take a gambler's chance that she
+hasn't and will give you $50,000 for her and $25,000 for the cargo that is
+waiting for her; you to take the cargo she brings in. I'll give you three
+hours to think it over."
+
+"It looked as though I was taking a long chance, but I had a "hunch" that
+she was all right, and I never have had a well-defined "hunch" steer me in
+anything but a safe course, wherefore I invariably heed them. At the
+expiration of the time limit there was not a sign of smoke in any direction
+and the agent accepted my proposition. In half an hour I had a bill of sale
+for the ship and the warehouse receipts for the cargo of war-supplies.
+
+"At sunset that day a ship came in from England with her former owner. He
+criticized his agent sharptly at first, but when two more days passed with
+no sign of the anxiously-looked-for ship, Mr. Berry concluded that he had
+all the best of the bargain, and complimented his agent on his shrewdness.
+
+"On the third day the _Let Her B._ came tearing in, pursued at long range
+by the U.S.S. Powhatan, which proceeded to stand guard over the harbour,
+keeping well off shore on account of the reefs and shoals that were under
+her lee.
+
+"The _Let Her B._ discharged a full cargo of cotton and was turned over to
+me. I went over her carefully while her cargo of arms was going in and
+found her in excellent condition. She was unloaded in twelve hours, and all
+her cargo was safely stowed in another forty-eight hours. I took command of
+her, with John B. Williams, her old captain, as sailing master, and
+determined to put to sea at once.
+
+"I knew the Powhatan would not be looking for us so soon, and planned to
+catch her off her guard. There was then no man-of-war entrance to the
+harbor and it was necessary to enter and leave by daylight. With the sun
+just high enough to let us get clear of the reefs before dark, and with the
+Powhatan well off shore and at the farthest end of the course she was
+lazily patrolling, we put to sea.
+
+"The Powhatan saw us sooner than I had expected, and started but she was
+not quick enough. The moment she swung around I increased our speed to a
+point which the pilot loudly swore would pile us up on the rocks. But it
+didn't and when we cleared the passage we were all of four miles in the
+lead. As I had figured, the Powhatan did not suppose we would come out for
+at least a week, and was cruising slowly about with fires banked, so it
+took her some time to get up a full head of steam. She fired three or four
+shots at us, but they fell far short.
+
+"At sunrise we had the ocean to ourselves.
+
+"I started in at once to master practical navigation, the theory of which I
+knew, and to familiarize myself with the handling of a ship. I stood at the
+wheel for hours at a time and almost wore out the instruments taking
+reckonings by the sun and stars. Navigation came to me naturally, for I
+loved it, and in three days I would have been willing to undertake a cruise
+around the world with a Chinese crew.
+
+"We arrived off Charleston late in the afternoon and steamed up close
+inshore until we could make out the smoke of the blockading fleet, which
+was standing well out, in a semi-circle. Then we dropped back a bit and
+anchored. All of the conditions shaped themselves to favor us. It was a
+murky night, with a hard blow, which came up late in the afternoon, and
+when we got under way at midnight a good bit of a sea was running.
+
+"With the engines held down to only about half speed, but ready to do their
+best in a twinkling, we headed for the harbor, standing as close inshore as
+we dared go. We passed so close to the blockading-ship stationed at the
+lower end of the crescent that she could not have depressed her guns enough
+to hit us even if we had been discovered in time. But she did not see us
+until we had passed her. Then she let go at us with her bow guns and, while
+they did no damage, we were at such close quarters that their flash gave
+the other ships a glimpse of us as we darted away.
+
+"They immediately opened on us, but after the first minute or two it was a
+case of haphazard shooting with all of them. The first shells exploded
+close around us, and some of the fragments came aboard, but no one was
+injured. When I saw where they were firing I threw my ship farther over
+toward Sullivan's Island, where she could go on account of her light
+draft, and sailed quietly along into the harbor at reduced speed. At
+daylight we went up to the dock and were warmly welcomed.
+
+"Before the second night was half over we had everything out of her and a
+full cargo of cotton aboard, and we steamed out at once. I knew the
+blockaders would not expect us for at least four days, and we surprised
+them just as we had surprised the Powhatan at Bermuda. It was a thick
+night, and we sailed right through the fleet at half speed, but prepared to
+break and run for it at the crack of a gun. Not a shot was fired or an
+extra light shown.
+
+"As soon as we were clear of the line we put on full speed and three days
+later we were safe at Turk's Island, the most southerly and easterly of the
+Bahama Islands, off the coast of Florida, which I had selected as a base of
+operations. These islands were a haven and a clearing-house for the
+outsiders who were actively aiding the Confederacy for a very substantial
+consideration.
+
+"Most of the blockade-runners, including the _Banshee_, _Siren_, _Robert E.
+Lee_, _Lady Sterling_, and other famous ships, were operating out of
+Nassau, which had the advantage of closer proximity to the chief Southern
+posts, being within 600 miles of Charleston and Wilmington, while Turk's
+Island was 900 miles away, but I never have believed in following the
+crowd. It is my rule to do things alone and in my own way, as must be the
+practice of every man who expects to succeed in any dangerous business. The
+popularity of Nassau caused it to be closely watched by the Federal
+cruisers that patrolled the Gulf Stream, while the less important islands
+to the south and east were practically unguarded.
+
+"Though precarious for the men who made them so, those were plenteous days
+for the Bahamas, compared with which the rich tourist toll since levied on
+the Yankees is but small change. The fortunes yielded by blockade-running
+seemed made by magic, so quick was the process. Cotton that was bought in
+Charleston or Wilmington for ten cents a pound sold for ten times as much
+in the Bahamas, and there were enormous profits in the return cargoes or
+military supplies. The captains and crews shared in the proceeds and the
+health of the Confederacy was drunk continuously and often riotously.
+
+"By the time I projected myself temporarily into this golden atmosphere of
+abnormal activity, running the blockade had become more of a business and
+less of a romance than it was in the reckless early days of the war.
+
+"Before leaving Bermuda I had ordered a cargo of munitions of war sent to
+Turk's Island. We had to wait nearly a month for this shipment to arrive,
+but the time was well spent in overhauling the engines and putting the _Let
+Her B_ in perfect condition.
+
+"My second trip to Charleston furnished a degree of excitement that exalted
+my soul. While we were held up at Turk's Island the blockading fleet had
+been strengthened and supplemented by several small and fast boats which
+cruised around outside of the line. Without knowing this I had decided--it
+must have been in response to a "hunch"--to make a dash straight through
+the line and into the harbor. And it was fortunate that we followed this
+plan, for they were expecting us to come up from the south, hugging the
+shore as we had done before, and if we had taken that course they certainly
+would have sunk us or forced us aground.
+
+"We were proceeding cautiously, but did not think we were close to the
+danger zone, when suddenly one of the patrol ships picked us up and opened
+fire. Her guns were no better than pea-shooters, but they gave the signal
+to the fleet, and instantly lights popped up all along the line ahead.
+
+"In the flashing lights ahead I saw all of the excitement that I had been
+longing for, and with an exultant yell to the helmsman to "Tell the
+engineer to give her ----l," I pushed him aside and seized the wheel. I
+fondled the spokes lovingly and leaned over them in a tumult of joy. It was
+the great moment of which I had dreamed from boyhood.
+
+"I had anticipated that when it came I would be considerably excited and
+forgetful of all of my carefully-thought-out plans for meeting an
+emergency, but to my surprise I found that I was as cool as though we had
+been riding at anchor in New York Bay. The opening gun cleared my mind of
+all its anxieties and intensified its action. I remember that I took time
+to analyze my feelings to make sure that I was calm and collected and not
+stunned and stolid and that I was silent from choice and not through
+anything of fear.
+
+"As though spurred by a human impulse, the little ship sprang forward as
+she felt the full force of her engines and never did she make such a race
+as she did that night. In the sea that was running and at the speed that we
+were going we would ordinarily have had two men at the wheel, but I found
+it so easy and so delightful to handle the ship alone that I declined the
+assistance of Captain Williams, who stood behind me.
+
+"Though I am not tall, being not much over five feet and eight inches,
+nature was kind in giving me a well-set-up frame and a powerful
+constitution, devoid of nerves but with muscles of steel, and with a
+reserve supply of strength that made me marvel at its source.
+
+"The widest opening in the already closing line was, luckily directly in
+front of us, and I headed for it. The sparks from our smokestack gave the
+blockaders our course as plainly as though it had been noon-day, and they
+closed in from both sides to head us off. Shot and shell screamed and sang
+all around the undaunted _Let Her B._
+
+"First the mainmast and then the foremast came down with a crash, littering
+the decks with their gear. A shell carried death into the forecastle. One
+shot tore away the two forward stanchions of the pilot-house, and another
+one smashed through the roof, but neither Captain Williams nor I was
+injured. All of our boats and most of our upper works were literally shot
+to pieces.
+
+"From first to last we must have been under the terrific fire for half an
+hour, but it seemed not more than a few minutes, and it really was with
+something of regret that I found the shots were falling astern. When we got
+up to the dock we found that five of our men had been killed and a dozen
+more or less injured. The ship had not been damaged at all, so far as speed
+and seaworthiness in ordinary weather were concerned, though she looked a
+wreck.
+
+"The blockaders expected we would be laid up for a month. Consequently when
+we steamed out on the fourth night, after making only temporary repairs,
+they were not looking for us and we got through their line without much
+trouble.
+
+"We refitted at Turk's Island, where we laid up for three weeks.
+
+"I made two more trips to Charleston without any very exciting experiences,
+though we were fired on both times, and then sold the ship to an
+enterprising Englishman at Turk's Island. I made a comfortable fortune with
+her and sold her for more than I paid for her."
+
+The _Let Her B._ was never captured, but the war closed the year after her
+arrival and upon its conclusion she was brought North and registered as a
+Canadian vessel at the Port of Pictou, Nova Scotia, and her name at the
+same time changed to _Chicora_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] "Adventure Magazine," New York, Jan. 1911.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+THE CANADIAN ELECTRIC TO QUEENSTON--AN OLD PORTAGE ROUTE REVIVED--HISTORY
+OF THE TWO PORTAGES--THE TREK TO THE WESTERN STATES--CHIPPEWA
+ARRIVES--NOTABLE PASSENGER MEN.
+
+
+No wonder that after his recital of her prowess, much as we had esteemed
+the bonnie ship, we now thought all the more of her, for as ill the times
+of her previous owners, so now in ours, there appeared to be a sort of
+living sprite within her frames, evidencing a spirit of life, and
+consciousness, as that of a fond friend, as well as a faithful servant.
+Perhaps it is this very affection which arises between a man and his ship
+that has led to all vessels being spoken of in the feminine, and familiarly
+as "she." Perhaps, however it may be that it comes from their kittenish
+"kittly-cattly" ways, for you never know what a vessel will do, until you
+have tried her.
+
+1890 brought us still further on the way to success. The business was fast
+increasing, under the more frequent services and the spread of advertising,
+and solicitation. So much was this the case that the possibility of placing
+another steamer on the route began to be debated, not only by ourselves,
+but by other people who were looking on.
+
+A small American steamer had been running between Lewiston and Youngstown,
+and there was some talk of putting on another. Rumors also spoke of an
+electric line to be built between these points to more closely connect the
+troops of the American Garrison at Fort Niagara with the forces of the
+State of New York. We thought, therefore, it would be as well to obtain the
+dock at Youngstown, to which rail connections could be made, and also to
+create an American company, under which American steamers could be owned
+and operated by us, should it at any time be thought well to do so.
+
+The "Niagara River Navigation Co., Limited," was then formed under a
+charter obtained from the State of New York, and the stock subscribed and
+paid up by members of the Niagara Navigation Co. families, the Board
+being,--John Foy, President; Barlow Cumberland, Vice-President, and three
+gentlemen of Buffalo, directors.
+
+The Youngstown Dock, which had been privately purchased, and is the dock
+down to which the railway track of 1885 ran, was taken over by this
+American company, and some people, whom it had been suggested might put on
+American steamers to run in competition with the Niagara Navigation
+Company, were informed that we were empowered, and quite ready to meet them
+under their own condition, so they drew in their horns and nothing more was
+heard of the matter.
+
+A policy was formulated which has ever since been maintained, of adding
+steamers as the traffic, and new developments showed might be required and
+to add them even in advance of actual requirements.
+
+From the position of its ports, and the variable requirements of the
+connecting lines, the Niagara River Line can be best handled by one stable
+company, in full control of docks at all the landing places, and with a
+number of steamers sufficient to meet all possible emergencies of sudden
+demands of travel as they arrive at different times on the several railway
+connections on both sides of the lake. The very flexibility of the service
+ensures adequate provision to keep the largest excursion business moving
+without delay, and with convenience from whatever quarter or connection it
+may at any hour come.
+
+In 1891 Captain McGiffin was promoted to command of _Cibola_ in succession
+to Captain McCorquodale, who after having given fullest satisfaction and
+faithful service, had died during the previous season. Captain W. H.
+Solmes, of Picton, was now appointed to _Chicora_.
+
+In this year began the project for the construction of the _Niagara Falls
+Park and River Railway_ on the Canadian side, following the bank of the
+river from Niagara Falls to Queenston and being the first electric railway
+to be built in this vicinity on either side of the river.
+
+Electrical traction was then in its infancy. No better evidence of this can
+be given than the fact that although the Canadian Electric Railway Company
+had ample surplus power in their development at the Horseshoe Falls, yet
+the electrical engineers of the day, reported that the cost of wiring and
+the loss in transmission of power for the only seven miles to Queenston,
+would be prohibitive to commercial economy. An additional equipment for
+development of electricity by steam was therefore installed on the river
+side at Queenston to help the power current from the Falls in operating the
+cars up the zig-zag to the top of the Queenston Heights.
+
+This power house is shown in the view taken from the Heights and continued
+to be used until 1898, when the improvements in electrical transmission
+enabled it to be abandoned and full power brought from the company's water
+power house at the Falls.
+
+The zig-zag series of curves by which the double track railway winds its
+way up the face of the Niagara escarpment from the dock to the summit at
+Brock's Monument is considered one of the achievements of Mr. Jennings,
+who was the engineer for the construction of this Canadian Power and
+Electrical R.R. Company, and had previously done some notable work for the
+Canadian Pacific Railway on the Fraser River and Rocky Mountain sections.
+As the cars wind up and approach the summit, a splendid and far distant
+landscape is opened to the view, one which the Duke of Argyle considered to
+be one of the "_worthy views of the world_." Below are the terraces and
+color-chequered fields of the vineyards, the peach and fruit orchards of
+this "Garden of Canada." Through these variegated levels the Niagara River
+curves in its silvered sheen to Lake Ontario where the blue waters close in
+the far horizon.
+
+From Queenston Heights this electric railway skirts the edges of the cliffs
+above the great gulf in the depths of which the Niagara rapids toss and
+foam, and then circling around the sullen swirlings of the fatal Whirlpool,
+lands the tourist within the spray of the great Cataract itself.
+
+Our ownership of the dock and the waterfront at Queenston, purchased so
+many years before, now proved its foresight and facilitated the making of
+arrangements with the new Electric Railway for an interchange of business.
+As a result it was now determined that a fourth steamer should be added to
+the Niagara River Line, and thus provision was made for the new connection
+and the increased business which would arise from its introduction.
+
+This new connection apparently to the river was, after all, but the revival
+of the old _Portage Route_ on the Canadian side, which had so long existed
+between Chippawa and the head of navigation at this point, but not exactly
+on the same location and had passed away upon the diversion of business to
+other routes.
+
+[Illustration: The CHIPPEWA in Drydock at Kingston, Bow. (page 184)]
+
+[Illustration: The CHIPPEWA in Drydock at Kingston, Stern.]
+
+As the steamer lies at the Queenston Dock, the eye naturally sweeps upward
+over the cedar clad slopes of the Niagara escarpment toward the striking
+monument which crowns its heights. The reminiscences are those of martial
+strife, when on the 13th of October, 1812, contestants met in mortal
+conflict. In fancy we can see the foemen moving upon the slopes, the
+American forces gain the Heights, the heroic General Brock leads his men in
+bold attack to regain possession, and falls at their head mortally wounded.
+Reinforcements under General Sheaffe come from the west along the summit of
+the cliffs, the contest is renewed; Indians are seen gleaming among the
+trees, they drive the invaders over the brink to fall into the rapids
+below, and at length the American forces with two Generals and seven
+hundred men lay down their arms and are taken prisoners. But there are
+other phases much more ancient of this head of navigation and its portages.
+
+Under the hill there can be discerned beneath the shadow of the Height the
+old road leading up from the lower level of the dock to the upper level
+upon which, what is left of the Town of Queenston stands. It is marked and
+scarred with the ruts of many decades and full of memories. Upon these
+slopes the Indian made his way to the waterside at the Chippewa creek. Here
+came the trappers with their bales of furs brought down from the far
+North-West. Here came the _voyageur traders_ of France with beads and
+gew-gaws for barter with the Indians, and later the English with blankets
+and firearms.
+
+In the earliest days two portages were available, one on each side of the
+river, but during the French period and for long, long after the one on the
+past side from Lewiston was mainly used, its terminus at Lake Erie being
+called _Petite Niagara_ as distinctive from the great _Fort Niagara_ at
+its lower end.
+
+With the end of the war of the Revolution, Capt. Alexander Campbell of the
+12th Regiment, was sent by Lord Dorchester to report on the portages. In
+reporting in 1794 he mentions that the American portage was at a steep bank
+just below the rapids, to the foot of which the batteaux were poled with
+difficulty and the contents raised by winch and hawser to the upper level
+some 60 feet above. On the Canadian side at Queenston the eddy was more
+favorable and there were, he said, four vessels waiting to be unloaded and
+sixty waggons working on the portage. In consideration of the expected
+transfer of Fort Niagara he thought it would be better to improve the mouth
+of the Chippewa Creek and adopt the all-Canadian side instead of sending up
+supplies on the Fort Niagara side to _Schlosser_ to be boated across to
+_Fort Erie_.
+
+Mr. Robert Hamilton, afterwards Hon. Robert, sized up the situation and
+built a new dock and storehouse on what afterwards turned out to be
+Government property at the _Chippaway River_. He had early appreciated the
+value of the portage and had established a large transfer business across
+it. Becoming the chief personage of the neighborhood he had in 1789 changed
+the name of its northern terminus to _Queenston_ instead of the _West
+Landing_ by which it had previously been known.
+
+With these increased facilities and to his own great profit he in time
+secured the bulk of the portage trade.
+
+In 1800 John Maude mentions that three schooners and 14 teams were lying at
+the dock at Queenston on one day, and that from 50 to 60 teams a day passed
+over the Portage, the rate for freight being 20 pence New York currency per
+hundred pounds between Queenston and Chippewa.
+
+When the great _trek_ from Maine and Massachusetts began to the Western
+States of Michigan and Illinois, this Queenston road was mostly taken by
+the wandering land seekers, it being adopted by them then as the short cut
+across the Peninsula to the Detroit River instead of the long detour along
+the south shores of Lake Erie, just as at present the Michigan Central,
+Wabash and Grand Trunk Railways cross from the Falls on this shortest route
+to the west.
+
+The waggons with their horses, having come to Lewiston from Albany and
+Rochester by the Ridge Road, were placed upon the batteaux to cross the
+river, and although at first carried far down by the current on the eastern
+side were easily taken by the eddy up the west shore to the landing place
+at Queenston. Up this inclined road to the upper tier, in imagination one
+can see the lines of immigrants, with their teams and canvas topped wagons,
+in long extended line seeking the far West for their new homes and great
+adventures.
+
+So great was the traffic in this direction that, in 1836 a "horse boat" was
+employed on the ferry and the first Suspension Bridge at Queenston was
+promoted in 1839 to accommodate the movement from the East towards the
+West. At present except when a Niagara Navigation Co. steamer is alongside,
+all is so quiet it seems scarcely possible that this landing place could at
+one time have been the centre of such busy movement.
+
+The re-opening revived also the memories of an oft told narrative of a
+little family, which years before had arrived over the portage route, at
+this same dock at Queenston, and made their first acquaintance with the
+Niagara River and its navigation.
+
+Mr. Fred W. Cumberland, our late Director, and his wife had come to the
+opinion that the position which the held on the Engineering Staff, in Her
+Majesty's dockyard at Portsmouth, did not represent such a future as they
+would desire, and therefore they determined to emigrate to Canada. In the
+spring of 1847 they took passage on a sailing ship, bringing with them
+their ten-months-old baby. After a voyage of six weeks they reached New
+York, from where they came by Hudson River steamer to Albany, where they
+spent the night. From here they came by steam railroad at the unexpected
+speed of "twenty miles an hour." And again, as was usual, for there were no
+night trains, broke their journey and stayed over night at Syracuse, 171
+miles, where there was a fine large hotel, and the following day leaving
+8.00 a.m., arrived at Buffalo at 9.00 p.m. Leaving Buffalo next morning
+they came by steamer down the Niagara River to Chippawa, where they took
+the "horse railroad" for Queenston to join the steamer for Toronto.
+
+The terminus at Queenston of the horse railroad was at the end of the
+"stone road," near the hotel above the road leading down to the steamer.
+Just when arrived at this, the car went off the track, and while Mr.
+Cumberland was endeavoring to extract their belongings, Mrs. Cumberland,
+the baby, and a young clergyman, the Rev. G. Salter, who had crossed the
+Atlantic on the same ship with them, were carried off on the steamer for
+Toronto, and the father was left behind. It was amusingly told, how, after
+they had landed at the foot of Church Street, and were walking up into the
+town, Mr. Salter, who had been consigned to an appointment under the Rev.
+Dr. John Strachan, then Bishop of Toronto, wondered what his Bishop would
+say if he should chance to meet his new curate with another man's wife and
+carrying a baby as he entered his Diocese. The baby was Barlow Cumberland,
+who then made his first steamboating on the Niagara River, on which he was
+afterwards to be so actively engaged.
+
+It was determined that the new steamer should be a further advance in size
+and equipment to prepare for the increased traffic now to be fed from both
+sides of the river. Additional capital was therefore required, of which
+part was provided by the Niagara Company, and part by the introduction of
+new stockholders, including Mr. E. B. Osler, and Mr. William Hendrie.
+
+Here, in 1892, the purely family relationship of the first members of the
+Company closed, the stock holdings being more widely spread and the Board
+increased from five members to seven.
+
+The services of Mr. Frank Kirby, of Detroit, the most accomplished designer
+of passenger steamers, were engaged, the plans made, the tenders of the
+Hamilton Bridge & Shipbuilding Co. accepted for the hull, boilers and
+upper-works, and the engines contracted for with W. Fletcher Co., of New
+York, the builders of the fastest marine engines on the Hudson and the
+Upper Lakes. Mr. Geo. H. Hendrie left the next day for Scotland to arrange
+for the materials.
+
+_Cibola_, Capt. McGiffin, and _Chicora_, Capt. Solmes, conducted the season
+1892 with good success. Work on the new steamer was commenced at Hamilton.
+
+Again the question of a new name arose, and this time it was considered
+that the name should still be Indian, but of Canadian origin. Thus the name
+_Chippewa_ was selected as that of a renowned Canadian tribe of Indians
+which had flourished in the Niagara River District, and also as a renewal
+of the name of H.M. sloop _Chippewa_, upon which General Brock had sailed
+on Lake Erie. It will be noted that the name is not that of the village
+and postoffice of Chippawa, but is spelled with an "e," being that of the
+Indian tribe. A fine carving of a Chippewa Chieftain's head, taken from
+Catlin's collection of Indian portraits, is placed on the centre of each
+paddle box, similarly as a rampant Buffalo had previously been placed on
+those of the _Cibola_. On 2nd May, 1893, the steamer was successfully
+launched in the presence of many of the citi-townsman, Mr. William Hendrie,
+and of a number of visitors from Buffalo, Toronto and Montreal. The name
+was given and the bottle gallantly broken by Miss Mary Osler, daughter of
+Mr. E. B. Osler, and Miss Mildred Cumberland, daughter of Mr. Barlow
+Cumberland. _Chippewa_, the _Indian Chief_, was the first of our vessels to
+be constructed of steel. Her tonnage is 1,574 tons. Length, 311 feet; beam,
+36, and is authorized to carry 2,000 passengers in lake service. The
+interior arrangements were more convenient and spacious than any
+previously, and an innovation was the addition of a hurricane deck, upon
+which ample space for passengers is provided. The _Chippewa_ had
+satisfactorily passed through her trial trips, and in May, 1894, the
+steamer, completed in every respect, sailed from Hamilton to take up her
+station on the Niagara Route. A goodly number of railway and steamboating
+officials and friends were on board under the leadership of Sir Frank
+Smith.
+
+Our steamers were that year running from Geddes' (now the City) Dock, as we
+had again, for the fourth time, been turned out of Milloys. Mr. William
+Fletcher, the builder of the engines, had come up from New York and was in
+charge of the motive department. It was a Saturday afternoon. _Chicora_ was
+occupying the face of the dock, so _Chippewa_ had to come in on the west
+side. By some mischance she was not stopped soon enough and made her entry
+into Toronto by driving her nose some five or six feet into the wooden
+timber of the side of the Esplanade. The steamer seemed scarcely in motion,
+yet cut into the heavy timbers as though they had been matches. When backed
+out no damage was done excepting the loss of a little paint on the bow. The
+party landed, the Buffalo and New York visitors with Mr. Fletcher going off
+on _Chicora_ amid hearty exchange of greetings.
+
+The introduction of a third boat on the Main Line made an exceeding
+difference in the frequency of the services, and again was at first a good
+deal in excess of the demand, or of business offering.
+
+A new trip was introduced by the _Chicora_ leaving Toronto at 9 a.m.,
+staying over at Lewiston and returning in the afternoon, making one round
+trip. The whole departure being five trips; 7.00 a.m., 9.00 a.m., 11.00
+a.m., 2.00 p.m., 4.45 p.m. This 9.00 a.m. trip was not a success during its
+early years, but gradually gained in importance.
+
+_Chippewa_ (Capt. McGiffin), _Cibola_ (Capt. W. H. Solmes), _Chicora_
+(Capt. Jas. Harbottle), closed the season of 1894, in which much more
+activity was produced, and good evidences given of growth to be expected in
+the future.
+
+In effecting its growth the route continued to be exceedingly assisted by
+the energies and assistance of the connecting Railway Company's officers.
+_Mr. D. M. Kendrick_ had succeeded Mr. Meeker, and he in turn, in 1887,
+followed by _Mr. Henry Monett_. A most notable advance was begun during
+this regime, an entirely new idea being evolved. The reputation of the New
+York Central Railway for the regularity and character of its trains and
+service had been well created, but up to that time the Erie Railway, by
+persistent advertising, had been established in the minds of the public as
+"_the only scenic_" route between Buffalo and New York. Mr. Monett
+instituted a series of descriptive and illustrative announcements
+developing the _Mohawk Valley_, through which the New York Central runs, as
+being "_the really most beautiful_" route, passing through the scenery of
+the romantic valley of the Mohawk and the mountain heights of the Hudson
+with all the advantages of _"a water-level line" following the coursings of
+the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers_, and so giving a perfect night's rest.
+
+It was a novelty and an inducement which caught the public idea, and added
+attraction to efficient service.
+
+Owing to the early death of Mr. Monett in 1888, _Mr. E. J. Richards_
+followed as Acting General Passenger Agent to 1889, with his intimate
+knowledge of the passenger requirements he gathered in and secured the
+business which Mr. Monett's methods had begun to attract. During his period
+_Cibola_ was added to our line.
+
+With the career of his successor _Mr. George H. Daniels_, (1889 to 1905)
+there was a still further expansion of the advertising method of attracting
+business to the great railway, whose train service was of the highest
+development. The celebrated pamphlets known as the "_Four Track_" series
+under Mr. Daniels led the way in railway advertising publications,
+introducing methods which since then have been so extensively followed and
+applied by all the principal railways. As an instance of widespread
+advertisement, no less than four millions of the one issue of the "Four
+Track" series which contained "_The Message to Garcia_" were distributed to
+the public, the demand for copies exhausting edition after edition.
+_Chippewa_ and _Corona_ were both added during Mr. Daniel's term.
+
+During the later changes in the Head Offices the local passenger
+representation in the Buffalo and Western district had been held in
+succession by _Mr. E. J. Weekes_ and _Mr. H. Parry_. No railway was ever
+better served, nor its patrons more firmly secured in friendship.
+
+Equally successful assistance was given by _Mr. A. W. Ruggles_ and _Mr.
+Underwood_ of the Michigan Central Railway, which with its quickest route
+to Buffalo direct from Niagara-in-the-Lake was specially developed.
+
+Thus in a series of years, steamer after steamer had been added, each of
+the highest capacity, so that by mutual energy the good reputation of the
+route had been advanced and traffic gradually created, for, as each steamer
+was put on it created at first a surplus of accommodation, and an increase
+of running expenses until later the passenger trade had again worked up to
+the capacity. It is beyond question that the character and satisfaction of
+the steamers provided on a combined rail and water route have more to do
+with the attracting of business than even the land facilities on the
+railways. It is to produce this result that the railway companies steadily
+support the established steamboat lines in private ownership which have
+been developed in connection with them, as being the best way to secure
+fullest facilities for the public, and efficient service for themselves.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+"CIBOLA" GOES; "CORONA" COMES--THE GORGE ELECTRIC RAILWAY OPENS TO
+LEWISTON--HOW THE FALLS CUT THEIR WAY BACK THROUGH THE ROCKS--ROYAL
+VISITORS--THE DECISIVENESS OF ISRAEL TARTE.
+
+
+With three "Line" steamers and five trips a day, the route kept on steadily
+developing, the service being attractive, and the line kept well before the
+public, but the season's traffic produced nothing of particular notice.
+
+During 1895 came a set-back, and unfortunate loss, by _Cibola_ taking fire
+one night when lying alongside the dock at Lewiston. The upper works were
+entirely burned off and the hull, having been set adrift, floated down the
+river as far as Youngstown, where it was secured and brought to the dock.
+_Cibola_ during her career had proved herself an efficient steamer, fast,
+economical, and satisfactory in all weathers.
+
+Business had not so greatly increased that the remaining two main line
+steamers could not continue to sufficiently meet the service, so far as it
+then required, but immediate steps were taken to replace her loss and make
+ready for the requirements of the new electric railway then contemplated on
+the American side from the Falls to Lewiston. Mr. Angstrom, who had already
+done some excellent work as a marine architect, made the new design, and a
+contract was let to the Bertram Engine and Shipbuilding Company, Toronto,
+for a steamer 272 feet in length, 32 ft. 6 inches beam, 2,000 horse-power,
+with a capacity for 2,000 passengers, being larger than the _Cibola_. There
+was not this time so much difficulty in the selection of a name, as that of
+_Corona_ suggested by Lady Smith, was readily adopted. This name was all
+the more appropriate from the fact that the "halo of bright rays" which are
+shot out and appear on a total eclipse of the sun is called the "Corona of
+the Sun." In this instance the new steamer _Corona_ was succeeding the
+eclipse of the _Cibola_, and represented the hopes and new conditions of
+the "_bright sun ray_."
+
+The steamer was successfully launched at the yards at the foot of Bathurst
+street, on the 25th May, 1896, the sponsors being Miss Mildred Cumberland,
+daughter of the Vice-President, and Miss Clara Foy, daughter of the General
+Manager.
+
+The season of 1897 with three steamers all making double trips brought the
+introduction of the six trips a day, a service which fully provided for the
+new connection then opened, and for the increases which gradually came in
+several subsequent years.
+
+The _Niagara Falls Park Electric Railway_, then already in operation on the
+Canadian side between the Falls and Queenston running on the upper level
+follows the river banks of the Gorge, overlooking it from these heights and
+adding views of the far vistas of the surrounding country and up and down
+the river.
+
+The new Electric Railway, on the American side, put into full working
+operation in this year, and known as the _Gorge Line_, was constructed far
+down in the Gorge, just a little above the waters edge, following the
+curvings of the river, beneath the cliffs, and giving opportunity for
+coming into immediate proximity with the tossing rapids on this lower part
+of its torrents.
+
+The construction of this railway from the Falls to Lewiston was the work of
+Messrs. Brinker & Smith, of Buffalo, and in boldness of conception, and
+overcoming of intense difficulties in construction, is a record of great
+determination and ability.
+
+[Illustration: How the FALLS have cut through the GORGE.]
+
+A round trip on both these lines, going up on one and returning by the
+other, and crossing the river on the cars at the Upper Bridge, reveals all
+the glorious scenery of the Niagara River between the Falls where they now
+are and the Niagara Escarpment at Queenston Heights, where the geologists
+tell us the Falls once fell over the cliffs to the lower level. It is
+estimated that from this place of beginning of the chasm which they have
+cut out of the strata of the intervening rocks, from 16,000 to 25,000
+years, according to different views, have been spent in reaching to their
+present position and they are still continuing to cut their way back
+further up the river.
+
+The process by which this has been done can be clearly seen by noticing on
+the sides of the cliffs that the several layers of limestone strata lie
+flat above one another, with large softer layers and deposits between each.
+The waters of the river at the upper level pour over the edge of the
+topmost rock ledge, and the reverberations and spray then wash out the
+intervening sand and softer layers, so that the rock strata becoming
+unsupported break off, and fall down into the gulf. In this way the chasm
+has year after year been bitten back.
+
+When leaving the dock on the Niagara River Line steamers at Lewiston, or
+coming up the river from Niagara-on-the-Lake, it is enthralling to look up
+at these great cliffs, and in imagination casting the mind back into the
+centuries, see the mighty river as it once poured its torrents direct in
+one concentrated mass from the edge of these heights into the open river
+lying at their feet.
+
+What a stupendous spectacle it must have been; yet, though wondrous, not
+more beautiful than the distant glimpses now gleaming through the shadowed
+portal between the cliff-sides clad with verdure and cedar, dominated by
+the shaft of the monument to the heroes of the _Queenston Heights_.
+
+The acquiring of landing terminals on the Niagara River was further
+expanded in 1899, by the purchase from the Duncan Milloy Estate of the
+docks at _Niagara-on-the-Lake_. In addition to the wharves this property
+includes the shipyard of the old-time Niagara Dock Company, whose
+launching slips for the many steamers which they constructed are still in
+evidence. On the doors of the large warehouse alongside the wharf, there
+were then still to be traced the faint remains of the names of some of the
+vessels, which of old time used to ply to the port. The ground floor of the
+building appears to have been divided into sections, in which space for the
+freightage or equipment of each of the several vessels was allotted. Over
+the door of each section were the names for the occupants, as originally
+painted.
+
+_Schooners--Canada_, _Commr. Barrie_, _Cobourg_, _United Kingdom_, _St.
+George_, _William IV._, _Great Britain_.
+
+These names were now carefully restored. The steamers which ran regularly
+on the Niagara route have already been mentioned, these others used the
+port as convenient for laying up for the winter, with the advantage of the
+proximity of the dockyard for repairs. The _Cobourg_ built at Gananoque in
+1833, ran between Toronto and Kingston, with Lieutenant Elmsley, R.N. in
+command. The _St. George_ was built in Kingston in 1834, and was mainly
+occupied between lake ports on the North Shore Route.
+
+These doorways and the names now easily read above them bring us into
+immediate contact with the early enterprises on the river and form
+connecting links between the navigation interests under the opening
+conditions and those of the present time. The route has the charm of a
+constant unravelling of history.
+
+Another wraith there is in connection with this Niagara dock which cannot
+be omitted. For many years a passenger on the incoming steamers would see a
+man in conductor's uniform standing on the dock watching the arrival. This
+was Mr. Miles, conductor of the Mail Express train, which ran on the Erie
+and Niagara branch between Buffalo and Niagara-on-the-Lake twice each day;
+on which with never failing regularity he made his double round trip each
+day for almost twenty years. Through three changes of ownership and several
+passenger agents "Paddy" Miles, as he was generally called, held his
+position and so dominated conditions that the train came to be known as
+"Paddy Miles' train," and the Branch as "Miles' Railway." He was
+superintendent, train dispatcher, and general passenger agent, in his own
+opinion, all moulded into one, and acted accordingly. As he stood on the
+dock with hands thrust deep into his breeches pockets and a scowl upon his
+forehead, he seemed to consider it was rank treason for anyone to pass up
+the river and not get off and use his train. Yet this was only on the
+surface, for Paddy was at heart a good soul, who took a very personal
+interest in the earnings of his Branch.
+
+The _Buffalo Exposition_ of 1900, bringing together as it did tourist
+business from all parts of the continent and of the world, threw
+exceptional business over the line. It may be said with certainty that
+every tourist who visits the American continent visits without fail the
+Niagara Falls, as one of the great wonders of the world. With the expanded
+facilities which have been given him, a very large proportion also visit
+the Niagara River and its water attractions, and cross the lake to Canada
+at Toronto. This was clearly evidenced at the Buffalo Exposition, and the
+largely increasing traffic then arising, all of which was satisfactorily
+dealt with, without any shortcomings or mishap.
+
+In January, 1901, Sir Frank Smith died, being the second of the original
+Board to pass away. His judgment, forceful determination, and large
+capital, had been main-springs in the creation and establishment of the
+line of steamers whose beginnings he had promoted. Mr. J. J. Foy was
+elected President in his place.
+
+It was during this year, (1901) that their Royal Highnesses the _Duke and
+Duchess of York_ (now King George V. and Queen Mary) made their remarkable
+tour through the overseas part of the British Empire. One portion of their
+visit to Canada included the Niagara district, and a rest of several days
+in privacy and quiet at Niagara-on-the-Lake, the _Queen's Royal_ being
+specially set apart for their use. On October 10th, they visited the
+Queenston Heights, Brock's Monument, and the Niagara Falls, by special cars
+of the Niagara Falls Park Electric Railway. The _Corona_ was used by the
+Royal visitors as a private yacht from Niagara-on-the-Lake to Queenston and
+return.
+
+It is a fact worthy of noting that both here and during the whole of their
+nine months of travel around the world, their Royal Highnesses never placed
+foot on any other than British ship or British soil.
+
+During the time the _Chippewa_ was under construction in 1891, the Dominion
+Government had become proprietors of the dry dock at Kingston, and were
+making considerable improvements. The attention of the department was drawn
+to the fact that if completed as then designed, the dock would not be of
+sufficient length to take in the _Chippewa_, which would, when launched, be
+the largest steamer on Lake Ontario. Further construction had therefore
+been made, by which the pontoon gate which closed the entrance, could be
+moved fifteen feet further out when required, to enable the steamer to be
+taken in.
+
+[Illustration: The CAYUGA in Niagara River off Youngstown. page 188]
+
+In the spring of 1902 the time had come for the _Chippewa_ to be placed in
+dock for the usual inspection. It was then found that the outer place for
+the gate had never been used, the local authorities stated that they could
+not change its position and that, therefore, the _Chippewa_ could not be
+taken into the dock. This was a poser for the steamer was too long for the
+dock as it existed. With Captain McGiffin I visited Ottawa to see if any
+influence could be brought up on the local authorities to get them to
+furnish us with the full length. We here met with a reception which was a
+specially valued reminiscence of an able parliamentarian. The Hon. Israel
+Tarte, a French-Canadian, had recently been appointed to be Minister of
+Public Works, and here he fully sustained the wide reputation he had
+elsewhere acquired for quick decision and immediate instruction. We
+suggested that if the gate could not be moved back, a space could be cut
+out of the stone steps at the inner end of the dock, so as to enable the
+prow of the _Chippewa_ to extent between them.
+
+On hearing our request, Mr. Tarte called in his Chief, asked if it could be
+done, being assured that it could added "_Can you go to Kingston to-night
+and arrange for it?_" The next morning work was begun in the dock so that
+the steamer could be taken in. Vessel men who had been accustomed to the
+slow and deliberate methods which had previously existed, greatly
+appreciated the changes which for the improvement of our local business
+from the City of Toronto.
+
+It has often been noted that a Saturday half holiday is almost universally
+taken by the citizens of Toronto. In fact not a few of the travelling men
+from the United States have said that there is no use coming to Toronto to
+do business on Saturday, as everyone is closing up for their afternoon
+trip. In the attaining of this condition the Niagara Navigation Company has
+had much to do, as the result of persistent advocacy.
+
+With the increasing steamers we had abundant deck room which we desired to
+fill, particularly for the afternoon trip. This might be effected by
+getting the employers of some of the specific lines of business to close
+their establishments at 1 o'clock on Saturdays.
+
+An "_Early closing movement_" was quietly inaugurated, groups engaging in
+the same business were canvassed and agreements arranged for simultaneous
+closing. The retail music stores were the first to put up the notices, and
+were followed by other lines of trade, as the public took gladly to the
+idea, until in four or five years the practice became well nigh universal
+and a "_Saturday afternoon for Recreation, Sunday for rest_" had been
+obtained. That it has been a boon to many is without doubt, and the City is
+the better for the many outings which are now available for the Saturday
+afternoon holiday.
+
+Thus do great things from little movements grow.
+
+Mr. John Foy was appointed President in February, 1902, and Mr. B. W.
+Folger, who had done splendid service in the steamboating interests in the
+Thousand Islands and St. Lawrence River was appointed General Manager. With
+him began a whole series of improvements and of expansion, which has
+continued with increasingly good results.
+
+The regularity with which the steamers of the Niagara Line have made their
+passages has always been proverbial, contributed to by the seaworthiness of
+the vessels and the seamanship of their officers. From earliest days, but
+since somewhat modified, we had adopted the principle learned from the
+_Kingston_ and _Holyhead_ mail steamers, whose route was somewhat analogous
+to ours, a quick run across open water with a narrow entrance at each end,
+that it was best to run the steamer at a regular gait and even in fog
+except in the vicinity of other vessels to hold her course, and when off
+the port to stop until certain.
+
+Sometimes there have been longish passages. One Saturday morning in August,
+1903, the _Chippewa_ left Toronto at 7 a.m. during a strong gale with a
+heavy sea from the east. A thick fog was found enveloping the south shore
+extending some five miles out. On gaining the Bell Buoy off Niagara and not
+being able to see anything, Captain McGiffin, rather than run any risk,
+determined to keep close to the buoy ready to run in should the fog lift.
+Here during all day and evening he remained within sound of the bell,
+coming up to and dropping away again under the heavy sea, until at last the
+lights on the land could be seen and _Chippewa_ came alongside the dock at
+11.50 p.m., 16 hours from Toronto! No other steamer was on the Lake that
+day. McGiffin kept his passengers well fed and for his carefulness and
+judgment was advanced to position of "Commodore."
+
+A similar episode of carefulness had taken place in 1886, on the _Cibola_
+under Captain McCorquodale, when he similarly held his place off the port
+in a fog from 6 p.m. to 3 a.m. Both considered it was better to be sure
+than to be sorry.
+
+In those early days the engines of the Michigan Central, would in emergency
+be placed with their head lights facing out on the river, and their
+whistles blown to guide the steamers in, but since then the large range
+lights have been installed by the Government, and made entrance easier.
+
+It was under the leadership of such men as these that the officers of the
+company were trained up, its rules and traditions formed, and stability of
+service encouraged. There are not a few officers and men who have been
+from ten to twenty years in the service, earnest in their profession,
+careful of the public and loyal to the company, which from the time of its
+inception has endeavored to treat them as members of a family gathering.
+
+On the death of Mr. John Foy in December, 1904, he was succeeded in the
+Presidency by Mr. E. B. Osler (knighted 1913), who ever since he had
+entered the company, had always taken a very active interest in its
+progress and hereafter took a still more intimate share in directing its
+policy and development.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+CAYUGA ADDS HER NAME--NIAGARA AND HAMILTON JOINED--THE NIAGARA FERRY
+COMPLETED--ICE JAMS ON THE RIVER--ONCE MORE THE UNITED MANAGEMENT FROM
+"NIAGARA TO THE SEA."
+
+
+Under virile management the business on the route kept fast increasing and
+it became evident that more accommodation should be supplied even before it
+might become absolutely necessary. It was therefore determined to build
+another steamer, which in speed and size would be a still further step
+forward and would be ready for any adverse competitors should any happen to
+arise. Mr. Folger visited Great Britain to make inquiries and on his return
+Mr. Angstrom was again engaged to prepare the designs for the new steamer.
+Contracts were let to the Canadian Ship Building Co., of Toronto, for a
+steamer 317 feet long, 36 feet beam, 4,300 horse-power to carry 2,500
+passengers.
+
+We were again faced with the necessity of a choice of a new name. Requests
+were made for suggestions, and "Book Tickets" offered as a prize to those
+who might send in the name which might be accepted. Two hundred and
+thirty-three names beginning with "C" and ending with "A" were contributed
+to us by letters and through the public press. Out of these names the name
+_Cayuga_ was selected in recognition of the Indian tribes on the south
+shore of Lake Ontario, the district of the inner American lakes, in the
+State of New York, one of which bears the name of Lake Cayuga.
+
+It is also the name of an old and flourishing town in Ontario, near the
+shores of Lake Erie, adjacent to the land reserved for the Mohawks under
+Brant, and still occupied by their descendants. A very interesting annal
+was at that time exhumed, being the record kept by the first Postmaster of
+this town of _Cayuga_, of the spellings of the name of his post office as
+actually written upon letters received there by him during a period of some
+twenty-five years. The list is curious. It seems strange that there could
+have been such diversity of spelling, but it is to be remembered that in
+the "thirties" there were not many schools, and by applying a phonetic
+pronunciation to the names in this list, and particularly by giving a K
+sound to the C and splitting the word into six syllables and pronouncing
+each by itself, some appreciation may be acquired of a similarity in sound,
+although the spelling is so exceedingly varied. The adherents of spelling
+reform will perhaps be heartened by the result of everyone spelling as they
+please.
+
+    List of Mr. Isaac Fry, the Postmaster at Cayuga, in the
+    County of Haldimand, giving 112 ways of spelling
+    Cayuga, "everyone of which" he wrote "have been
+    received on letters at this office."
+
+    Cyuca
+    Cuba
+    Cayagua
+    Cuga
+    Kauguge
+    Cayga
+    Keugue
+    Cayega
+    Esquga
+    Cayhuga
+    Ceaugy
+    Ciyuga
+    Cayaga
+    Cayuhoga
+    Cayua
+    Cauaga
+    Gaugoke
+    Ciuga
+    Cajaga
+    Caiuga
+    Cyega
+    Kukey
+    Cuygey
+    Caucy
+    Cugga
+    Caugy
+    Cayago
+    Chaugy
+    Caugh
+    Cayugia
+    Caughe
+    Cauguay
+    Kiucky
+    Cayoha
+    Canuga
+    Kikuwa
+    Cayuago
+    Caugey
+    Cauyga
+    Cayueg
+    Kajuke
+    Cajuka
+    Payuga
+    Caugia
+    Cayuag
+    Cajauga
+    Kajuka
+    Cauguga
+    Kaucky
+    Cayaga
+    Cogugar
+    Cayuage
+    Caugua
+    Couga
+    Cuyahja
+    Cahucia
+    Cayuga
+    Kayuga
+    Keyuka
+    Cayuge
+    Cyuga
+    Cayug
+    Caoga
+    Ceuaga
+    Canugua
+    Caygua
+    Cayauga
+    Cuagua
+    Caouga
+    Gayuga
+    Caguga
+    Kiuga
+    Caugga
+    Kayga
+    Caiuka
+    Cayuka
+    Kugogue
+    Cycuga
+    Cayeugo
+    Couga
+    Caugay
+    Cayyuga
+    Cayugay
+    Kauga
+    Ceuga
+    Cayouga
+    Caluga
+    Cyug
+    Cayhaigue
+    Keugey
+    Keugeageh
+    Cuyuga
+    Cyugiah
+    Kyuga
+    Cayuah
+    Cauga
+    Cyuga
+    Chaquga
+    Cayugu
+    Caugy
+    Cayugua
+    Cayega
+    Cayugo
+    Ceauga
+    Cayugga
+    Cuyugo
+    Cayuig
+    Cahuga
+
+The steamer was successfully launched in the company's yards at the foot of
+Bathurst street, Toronto, on the 3rd of March, 1906. Miss Mary Osler,
+daughter of the President, conferring the name.
+
+After the completion of the steamer, the speed trials which were of a most
+interesting and important character, were engaged in. The contract was that
+the steamer, under the usual conditions for regular service, should make
+the run between Toronto and Charlotte, and return, a distance of
+ninety-four miles each way, at an average speed of 21-1/2 miles per hour. A
+further condition was to make a thirty-mile run, being the distance between
+Toronto and Niagara, at a maintained speed of 22-1/2 miles per hour. Both
+conditions were exceeded, greatly to the credit of the designer and of the
+contractors.
+
+When put upon the route in 1907, the _Cayuga_ received the commendation of
+the travelling public, her weatherly capacity and speed enabling the
+leaving hour to be changed from 7 a.m. to 7.30.
+
+A competition which had been anticipated now developed itself, and the fast
+and able steamer _Turbinia_ was in 1908 placed by her owners upon the
+Lewiston-Toronto route, making two trips per day. She put up a gallant
+fight, but, against a company making six sailings at each end of the route
+per day, there was no room left into which she could squeeze without
+finding a competitor alongside. It was found, too, that although her speed
+was greater than that of any of the other steamers on the lake, she was
+exceeded in speed by the _Cayuga_. Her attack upon the route was met, as
+the Niagara Navigation Company intended it should be, by frequency of
+sailings and strict fulfillment of service, leaving no room for any
+competitor to find an opening, and by the high average speed maintained by
+all its steamers and particularly the new one. After keeping up a gallant
+struggle until the end of the mid-summer season, the _Turbinia_ retired to
+her previous route between Toronto and Hamilton.
+
+Another addition to our dock properties was now effected. We had for many
+years been lessees of the dock at Lewiston, but now, in 1908, became its
+full owners by purchasing the whole frontage from Mr. Cornell, our lessor,
+with whom we had for so many years been in cordial working. The dock had
+fallen somewhat out of repair and very considerable improvements were
+requisite for the convenience of the increasing numbers of our passengers
+and for their comfort. Fortunately the larger part of these improvements
+were postponed to the next season, for during the winter 1908-09, which was
+exceptionally severe, an extraordinary freshet and piling up of ice on the
+river occurred.
+
+The lower Niagara River rarely freezes over in all places, much running
+water being left in evidence and as a rule the ice which has anywhere been
+formed during the winter goes out into the lake in the spring without any
+trouble. There are records of two great "Ice Jams" which had happened
+during the previous history of the river. The earliest of these was in
+1825. During this winter the steamer _Queenston_ was under construction in
+the ravine on the Canadian side which opens up from the river just below
+the Queenston dock. In the spring the preparations were being made ready
+for the launching when an exceptional ice jam suddenly formed, causing the
+waters of the river to rise. The pressure of the floes which were now
+carried by the water up against the steamer became so great and dangerous
+that it was necessary to block her up and by extending the ways inland to
+move her further back into the gully, from here, after the waters had
+subsided, she was successfully launched.
+
+[Illustration: The ICE JAM. 1906, at Lewiston. page 192]
+
+[Illustration: The ICE JAM. 1906, at Niagara-on-Lake. page 193]
+
+Another instance was in 1883, when the waters and ice rose exceptionally,
+but beyond sweeping the sheds off the Lewiston docks no exceptional damage
+was done.
+
+This latest ice jam of 1908-09, was according to past records, and the
+traditions of the oldest inhabitants, the worst that had ever been
+experienced. The winter had been severe and much ice had formed in Lake
+Erie and on the upper river. This was brought down in successive rushes in
+the spring during alternating frosts and thaws, so that, the river between
+Lewiston and the mouth had become jammed from bank to bank with huge floes
+of ice, heaving and heaping up on one another, and binding together with
+_serracs_, and _crevasses_ much like the ice river of an Avalanche. As the
+successive ice runs came down they were driven under the floes until at
+length the masses grounded on the shallows at the mouths below
+Niagara-on-the-Lake.
+
+The river being now blocked up, the waters gradually rose fully twenty feet
+higher than usual bringing the ice floes with them. With the exception of a
+few places where small sections of water could be seen, the whole Rapids
+from the Whirlpool to the outlet of the Gorge at Lewiston was packed with
+ice and the rapids eliminated, a condition never previously known. As the
+spring thaws came, the ice mounds, being unable to get exit below, mounted
+still higher with mighty heavings and struggles, rounding up in the centre
+of the river, as had been noticed to some extent in 1883, and pushing and
+piling up on the banks but not making any progress down the river, until it
+became evident that Nature was unable to break the barrier and immense
+injury was likely to occur.
+
+At that juncture the Engineer Corps of the United States Regular Army, at
+Buffalo, initiated a series of explosions of dynamite, by electric mines,
+in the main blockade down near the river mouth opposite Fort Niagara. After
+several days of very difficult and dangerous work, as much as 4,000 lbs. of
+dynamite being exploded at one time, the blockade was broken, the seven
+miles of ice began to move in alternate rushes and haltings, until at
+length the river was clear.
+
+The situation had been at times alarming. At Lewiston the docks were
+completely engulfed under 60 feet of ice, the ice pinnacles sweeping up
+high above the level of the swollen water and carrying away a portion of
+the gallery of the hotel. On the Queenston side a mark has been placed
+about thirty feet above the usual water level showing the height to which
+the ice hummocks rose. At Niagara-on-the-Lake the ice mounted high above
+the level of the dock, but by happy fortune a good sized iceberg had
+grounded in the channel at the end of the dock leading into the inner
+basin. Here it held out as a buffer outside the line of the "piling" along
+the bank, withstanding all the attacks from above, and thrusting the floes
+out into the stream, thus preserving the dock, lighthouse and buildings
+from destruction.
+
+When the waters subsided the shores of the river for twenty to thirty feet
+above the usual level were found to have been swept clear of every bush and
+tree from the rapids to the lake, a condition from which they have
+scarcely yet recovered. It was not until the end of May that the river was
+entirely free from ice. In reconstructing the dock we were able to
+introduce new improvements which would not have been previously possible.
+
+1909 brought no further changes in the steamers, but a gradual increase in
+the travelling due to increased energy in the cultivation of new business
+and careful attention to the convenience and comfort of passengers by the
+management and efficient staff.
+
+For many years, from time to time, the company has been endeavoring to
+purchase the Toronto docks which were the Northern terminal of their
+system. Four times we had been turned out of its occupation and obliged to
+find landing berths elsewhere. The necessity of holding their Toronto
+terminal was constantly before the Company and was the only and complete
+sequence of the holding of the several terminals at the ports upon the
+Niagara River. At last, in 1910, the opportunity of purchase arose and was
+immediately availed of. With this purchase the Company completed the policy
+which had been initiated from its very beginning. This Yonge Street dock
+property, extending from Yonge Street to Scott Street, has ever been the
+steamshipping centre of the city, for traffic to all ports on the lake. Its
+facilities can be still more expanded so that, for the convenience of the
+public, all the lake passenger lines can be concentrated at its wharves to
+the mutual advantage of all, a policy which the Niagara Company desired to
+promote and which has been contributed to by the purchase and concentration
+of the steamers of the Hamilton Line. This, effected in 1911, concentrates
+into one management an important passenger business and brings direct
+connection, as of old, between Hamilton, the Head of the Lake, and the
+Niagara River. These, together with the opening of a new route to the south
+shore by service between Toronto and Olcott, in connection with the
+International Electric Railway, will open a new era of contributing
+traffic.
+
+Beginning with one steamer, the "_Mother of the Fleet_," the Line from one
+trip a day has, in its 35 years of endeavour, grown to be nothing short of
+"The Niagara Ferry," served by swift steamers, of increasing size, making
+six trips from each side, leaving every two hours during the day, and by
+persistent advertising and increasingly reputable service, the Company has
+made the "_Niagara River Line_" known throughout the travelling world, and
+created a business and carrying capacity which has risen on heavy excursion
+days to no less than 20,000 to 26,000 passengers moved on one day. What the
+"_Kyles of Bute_" route is to the tourist public of Great Britain and
+Europe, the _Niagara River Line_ is to the tourist public of America.
+Toronto has trebled its population and in great industrial enterprises is
+forging ahead of all other cities in Ontario. Niagara Falls, with its
+wonderfully increasing factories created by the concentration of the
+electric power in its midst, has grown from being solely a summer hotel
+town to a great manufacturing community. Buffalo, with a population at
+present of 500,000, is expanding marvelously. The Richelieu & Ontario
+Company, for which the Niagara Company collects the passenger business of
+the south shore through the gateway of the Niagara and places it for them
+in Toronto, has exceedingly increased their accommodation and made known
+their service as a contributor to the route from the St. Lawrence to the
+ocean.
+
+Whatever success there has been in the past, the prospects of the future
+shine brighter still.
+
+In 1912, while these pages were being written, has come the final phase.
+
+It will be remembered that in the early days the steamers for Montreal
+sailed direct from the Niagara River and that the guiding minds of the
+Royal Mail Line were at Queenston in 1847 and for subsequent decades.
+
+In the slump of steamboat traffic and the decadence of the river business
+the Montreal steamers had shortened their route, and had made Hamilton, for
+some time, and afterwards Toronto, the starting point for their steamers
+for Montreal.
+
+The introduction of the Niagara Navigation Company had produced a change of
+conditions on the river, and by energy and bold investment, had created an
+effective local organization, as has been detailed in this narrative.
+
+Gradually passenger business had been attracted and centralized until
+Niagara Falls had been created in their Annual Rates Meetings by the
+Railway Companies as the starting point of all "Summer Rates Excursions,"
+and "The Niagara Portal" as the nucleus basing route for all summer tours.
+
+At the same time the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Co., which succeeded to
+the Royal Mail Line, has grown in scope and equipment to be the premier
+steamboat organization of Canada, the controller of the passenger lines of
+the St. Lawrence system of river, lakes and rapids, and operating the
+longest continuous route of any Inland Navigation Company in the world. In
+all, this interval of years its old advertising heading of "_Niagara to the
+Sea_" had been continuously maintained, it was not unreasonable therefore
+that there should be a desire to make the old caption a present fact and by
+acquiring the local organization restore the old-time conditions.
+
+Negotiations had for some time been in progress and at length in June,
+1913, at a Board meeting, presided over (in the absence of the President,
+Sir Edmund Osler in England) by Vice-President Cumberland, the originator
+of the company, and its continuous Vice-President during all its existence,
+the Niagara Navigation Co. was formally transferred as a working enterprise
+in full operation to the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Co. The directors
+of the company at this time and for several years previously were:
+President, Sir Edmund Osler; Vice-President, Barlow Cumberland;
+Directors--Hon. J. J. Foy, K.C.; Hon. J. S. Hendrie, C.V.O.; W. D.
+Matthews, F. Gordon Osler, J. Bruce Macdonald. These in succession
+transferred their seats to the nominees of the new owners and Sir Henry
+Pellatt, C.V.O., became President of the company.
+
+The two systems were thus joined into one. The Company operating the St.
+Lawrence system came back to its old starting point at the head of
+navigation on the Niagara River. With this is completed the century and
+this story of the early days of passenger movement on the river, and of the
+origin, rise and establishment of the Niagara Navigation Company in its
+contribution to the records of sail and steam on the Niagara River.
+
+Another cycle of steamboat navigation has passed, another era has closed
+and a new one has begun, and once again there is one Company and one
+Management under the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Company for the Niagara
+River and the St. Lawrence Route, from _Niagara to the Sea_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Century of Sail and Steam on the
+Niagara River, by Barlow Cumberland
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAIL, STEAM ON NIAGARA RIVER ***
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Century Of Sail And Steam On The Niagara River, by Barlow Cumberland.
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara
+River, by Barlow Cumberland
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River
+
+Author: Barlow Cumberland
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2012 [EBook #38542]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAIL, STEAM ON NIAGARA RIVER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image001.jpg" width="450" height="650" alt="Barlow Cumberland" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Barlow Cumberland</span>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River</h1>
+
+<h2>By Barlow Cumberland</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center">
+TORONTO:<br />
+<span class="smcap">The Musson Book Company<br />
+Limited</span><br />
+<br />
+COPYRIGHTED<br />
+IN CANADA<br />
+1913<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>PUBLISHERS' NOTE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>Although the book is published about two months after the author's death,
+it will be gratifying to many readers to know that all the final proofs
+were passed by Mr. Cumberland himself. Therefore the volume in detail has
+the author's complete sanction. We have added to the illustrations a
+portrait of the author.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>FOREWORD.</h2>
+
+
+<p>This narrative is not, nor does it purport to be one of general navigation
+upon Lake Ontario, but solely of the vessels and steamers which plyed
+during its century to the ports of the Niagara River, and particularly of
+the rise of the Niagara Navigation Co., to which it is largely devoted.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable detail has, however been given to the history of the steamers
+"Frontenac" and "Ontario" because the latter has hitherto been reported to
+have been the first to be launched, and the credit of being the first to
+introduce steam navigation upon Lake Ontario has erroneously been given to
+the American shipping.</p>
+
+<p>Successive eras of trading on the River tell of strenuous competitions.
+Sail is overpassed by steam. The new method of propulsion wins for this
+water route the supremacy of passenger travel, rising to a splendid climax
+when the application of steam to transportation on land and the
+introduction of railways brought such decadence to the River that all its
+steamers but one had disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>The transfer of the second "City of Toronto" and of steamboating investment
+from the Niagara River to the undeveloped routes of the Upper Lakes leads
+to a diversion of the narration as bringing the initiation of another era
+on the Niagara River and explaining how the steamer, which formed its
+centre, came to be brought to the River service.</p>
+
+<p>The closing 35 years of the century form the era of the Niagara Navigation
+Co., in which the period of decadence was converted into one of intense
+activity and splendid success.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Our steam boating coterie had been promised by Mr. Chas. Gildersleeve,
+General Manager of the Richelieu &amp; Ontario Navigation Co., that he would
+write up the navigation history of the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River
+sections upon which he and his forbears had been foremost leaders.
+Unfortunately he passed away somewhat suddenly, before being able to do
+this, and they pressed upon me to produce the Niagara section which had
+been alloted to myself.</p>
+
+<p>The narration has been completed during the intervals between serious
+illness and is sent out in fulfilment of a promise, but yet in hope that it
+may be found acceptable to transportation men and with its local historical
+notes interesting to the travelling public.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks are given to Mr. J. Ross Robertson, for the reproduction of some
+cuts of early steamers, and particularly to Mr. Frederick J. Shepard, of
+the Buffalo Public Library, who has been invaluable in tracing up and
+confirming data in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. A. G. Dougaty, C.M.G., Archivist of Canada, Mr. Frank Severance, of the
+Buffalo Historical Society, and Mr. Locke, Public Librarian, Toronto, have
+been good enough to give much assistance which is warmly acknowledged.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">Barlow Cumberland.</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>Dunain, Port Hope.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A CENTURY OF SAIL AND STEAM ON THE NIAGARA RIVER.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+Chap. I.&mdash;The First Eras of Canoe and Sail     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. II.&mdash;The First Steamboats on the River and Lake Ontario     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_17'>17</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. III.&mdash;More Steamboats and Early Water Routes.
+The River the Centre of Through Travel East and
+West.     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. IV.&mdash;Expansion and Decline of Traffic on the
+River. A Final Flash, and a Move to the North     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_36'>36</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. V.&mdash;On the Upper Lakes With the Wolseley
+Expedition and Lord Dufferin     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_47'>47</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. VI.&mdash;A Novel Idea and a New Venture. Buffalo
+in Sailing Ship Days. A Risky Passage     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_58'>58</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. VII.&mdash;Down Through the Welland. The
+Miseries of Horse-towing Times. Port Dalhousie
+and a Lake Veteran. The Problem Solved.
+Toronto at Last     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_68'>68</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. VIII.&mdash;The Niagara Portal. Old Times and Old
+Names at Newark and Niagara. A Winter of
+Changes. A New Rivalry Begun     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_80'>80</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. IX.&mdash;The First Season of The Niagara Navigation
+Company. A Hot Competition. Steamboat
+Manoeuvres     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_94'>94</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. X.&mdash;Change Partners Rate-cutting and Racing.
+Hanlan and Toronto Waterside. Passenger Limitation
+Introduced     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_109'>109</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. XI.&mdash;Niagara Camps Formed. More Changes
+and Competition. Beginnings of Railroads in
+New York State. Early Passenger Men and
+Ways     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_119'>119</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. XII.&mdash;First Railways to Lewiston. Expansion
+Required. The Renown of the Let-Her-B. A
+Critic of Plimsoll     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_134'>134</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. XIII.&mdash;Winter and Whisky in Scotland. Rail
+Arrives at Lewiston Dock. How <i>Cibola</i> got Her
+Name. On the U. E. Loyalist Route. <i>Ongiara</i>
+Added     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_143'>143</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. XIV.&mdash;Running the Blockade on the Let-Her-B.
+as Told by Her Captain-owner     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_156'>156</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. XV.&mdash;The Canadian Electric Railway to Queenston.
+An Old Portage Route Revived. The Trek
+to the Western States. <i>Chippewa</i> Arrives. Railway
+Chief     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_165'>165</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. XVI.&mdash;<i>Cibola</i> Goes, <i>Corona</i> Comes. The Gorge
+Electric Railway Opens to Lewiston. How the
+Falls Cut Their Way Back Through the Rocks.
+Royal Visitors. The Decisiveness of Israel Tarte.     <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_178'>178</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Chap. XVII.&mdash;<i>Cayuga</i> Adds Her Name. Niagara and
+Hamilton Rejoined. Ice Jams on the River. The
+Niagara Ferry Completed. Once More the United
+Management From "Niagara to the Sea"       <span class="tocnum"><a href='#Page_189'>189</a></span><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p>
+<h2>INDEX.</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+A.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Accommodation</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+Advertising, N. Y. C. <a href='#Page_175'>175</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Alaska</i>, S.S.  <a href='#Page_145'>145</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Alberta</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_121'>121</a><br />
+<br />
+Albany Northern Railroad <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Alciope</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Algoma</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a><br />
+<br />
+Algoma, qualifications of electors <a href='#Page_46'>46</a><br />
+<br />
+American Civil War <a href='#Page_43'>43</a><br />
+<br />
+American Colonists under James II <a href='#Page_81'>81</a><br />
+<br />
+American Constitution Compared <a href='#Page_47'>47</a><br />
+<br />
+American Express Line <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+American Prisoners from Queenston Heights <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Arabian</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Armenia</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_126'>126</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Asia</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_78'>78</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Assiniboia</i>, Steamer   <a href='#Page_121'>121</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+B.<br />
+<br />
+Barre, Chevalier de la <a href='#Page_81'>81</a><br />
+<br />
+Barrie, R. N., Commodore <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Baldwin, Dr. <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Bankruptcy of Steamers on River  <a href='#Page_43'>43</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Bay State</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a><br />
+<br />
+Baxter, Alderman John  <a href='#Page_152'>152</a><br />
+<br />
+Beatty, Jas, Jr., Mayor <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+Bell, Mr. David  <a href='#Page_64'>64</a><br />
+<br />
+Benson, Judge <a href='#Page_33'>33</a><br />
+<br />
+Benson, Capt <a href='#Page_33'>33</a><br />
+<br />
+Blockade-Running <a href='#Page_160'>160</a><br />
+<br />
+Bolton, Col. R. E. <a href='#Page_48'>48</a><br />
+<br />
+Book Tickets Introduced <a href='#Page_132'>132</a><br />
+<br />
+Boswell, A. R <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+Bouchette, Commodore  <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+Bowes, Mayor J. G.  <a href='#Page_38'>38</a><br />
+<br />
+Boynton, Capt. George B.  <a href='#Page_156'>156</a><br />
+<br />
+Brampton, Mills  <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Britannia</i>, Steamer  <a href='#Page_33'>33</a><br />
+<br />
+Brock, General  <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_169'>169</a><br />
+<br />
+Brock's Monument, Imitation of <a href='#Page_33'>33</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Brooklyn</i>, Steamer    <a href='#Page_48'>48</a><br />
+<br />
+Bruce Mines <a href='#Page_44'>44</a><br />
+<br />
+Buffalo &amp; Niagara Falls Railroad   <a href='#Page_31'>31</a><br />
+<br />
+Buffalo Dry Dock Co.   <a href='#Page_63'>63</a><br />
+<br />
+Buffalo in Sailing Days   <a href='#Page_64'>64</a><br />
+<br />
+Buffalo &amp; Niagara Falls <i>Burlington</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_32'>32</a><br />
+<br />
+Butler, Col. <a href='#Page_84'>84</a><br />
+<br />
+Butlersberg Begun  <a href='#Page_84'>84</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+C.<br />
+<br />
+Callaway, W. R. <a href='#Page_123'>123</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Caldwell</i>, Warships <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Caledonia</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Caledonian Society <a href='#Page_97'>97</a><br />
+<br />
+Caledonian S. S. Co. <a href='#Page_140'>140</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Canada</i>, Steamer  <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a><br />
+<br />
+Canadian Through Line    <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+Canadian Constitution Compared <a href='#Page_47'>47</a><br />
+<br />
+Canada Coasting Law Suspended <a href='#Page_49'>49</a><br />
+<br />
+Canada Railway News Co. <a href='#Page_93'>93</a><br />
+<br />
+Canadian Pacific Railway Terminals <a href='#Page_51'>51</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Campana</i>, Steamer   <a href='#Page_120'>120</a><br />
+<br />
+Campbell, Capt. Alexander, Selects Queenston portage <a href='#Page_170'>170</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Captain Conn's Coffin</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+Captain, position of, high importance     <a href='#Page_27'>27</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>Cannochan, Miss Janet <a href='#Page_119'>119</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Cataract</i>, Steamer  <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a><br />
+<br />
+Cayuga Creek <a href='#Page_10'>10</a><br />
+<br />
+Cayuga, <a href='#Page_112'>112</a> ways of spelling <a href='#Page_189'>189</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Cayuga</i>, Steamer, launched, speed trials <a href='#Page_190'>190</a><br />
+<br />
+Century, the close of a <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Campion</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+Charleston, S. C.  <a href='#Page_159'>159</a><br />
+<br />
+Charles II. Adventurers  <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Chicora</i>, Steamer&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">With Woolesly   <a href='#Page_47'>47</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History name   <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Renown   <a href='#Page_138'>138</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Chicora</i>, Steamer, decision to build partner <a href='#Page_136'>136</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Chief Justice Robinson</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a><br />
+<br />
+Chief Deseronto <a href='#Page_152'>152</a><br />
+<br />
+Chief Brant <a href='#Page_152'>152</a><br />
+<br />
+Chippawa River <a href='#Page_9'>9</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Chippewa, Steamer</i>&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Name   <a href='#Page_173'>173</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Launched   <a href='#Page_174'>174</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Cibola</i>, Steamer&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burned   <a href='#Page_17'>17</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Built   <a href='#Page_145'>145</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">History of Name   <a href='#Page_148'>148</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>City of Toronto</i>, 1st Steamer <a href='#Page_25'>25</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>City of Toronto</i>, 2nd Steamer <a href='#Page_35'>35</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rebuilt as Algoma   <a href='#Page_44'>44</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Transferred to Upper Lakes    <a href='#Page_45'>45</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>City of Toronto</i>, 3rd Steamer <a href='#Page_35'>35</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Goes ashore   <a href='#Page_123'>123</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burned   <a href='#Page_125'>125</a></span><br />
+<br />
+<i>Clermont</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+Collingwood-Lake Superior Line <a href='#Page_109'>109</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Columba</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_141'>141</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Commodore Barrie</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Connaught, H.R.H. Duke of <a href='#Page_51'>51</a><br />
+<br />
+Conn, Capt. <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Corona</i>, Steamer&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Named   <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Launched   <a href='#Page_179'>179</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Cornell, Mr. George <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a><br />
+<br />
+Cross raised at Fort Niagara <a href='#Page_81'>81</a><br />
+<br />
+Cross raised at Quebec by Cartier <a href='#Page_81'>81</a><br />
+<br />
+Cumberland, Col. F. W., M.P. <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a><br />
+<br />
+Cumberland, Barlow&mdash; <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+Cumberland, Mrs. Seraphina <a href='#Page_122'>122</a><br />
+<br />
+Cumberland, Miss Mildred&mdash; <a href='#Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a><br />
+<br />
+Cumberland, Miss Constance <a href='#Page_150'>150</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Cumberland</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_63'>63</a><br />
+<br />
+Currie, James C. Neil <a href='#Page_36'>36</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+D.<br />
+<br />
+Daniels, Geo. H. <a href='#Page_176'>176</a><br />
+<br />
+Dawson Road <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a><br />
+<br />
+Dennis, Joseph <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a><br />
+<br />
+Denison, Lt.-Col. Robert <a href='#Page_154'>154</a><br />
+<br />
+Denonville, Marquis de <a href='#Page_82'>82</a><br />
+<br />
+Demary, J. G. <a href='#Page_73'>73</a><br />
+<br />
+Dick, Capt. Thomas <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a><br />
+<br />
+Dick, Capt. Jas. <a href='#Page_44'>44</a><br />
+<br />
+Doctors prescribe Niagara Line <a href='#Page_132'>132</a><br />
+<br />
+Docks purchased&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queenston   <a href='#Page_91'>91</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Youngstown   <a href='#Page_166'>166</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niagara-on-Lake   <a href='#Page_181'>181</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lewiston   <a href='#Page_191'>191</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Toronto   <a href='#Page_195'>195</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dongan, Col. Thomas <a href='#Page_81'>81</a><br />
+<br />
+Donaldson, Capt. William <a href='#Page_110'>110</a><br />
+<br />
+Don Francesco de Chicora <a href='#Page_149'>149</a><br />
+<br />
+Dorchester, Lord <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+Dorchester, Lady <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Dove</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Dragon</i>, H. M. S.   <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Dufferin, Lord <a href='#Page_52'>52</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Tour through Upper Lakes   <a href='#Page_53'>53</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Dufferin, Countess of <a href='#Page_54'>54</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Duke of Richmond</i>, Packet <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Duke and Duchess of York <a href='#Page_183'>183</a><br />
+<br />
+Dunbarton, Scotland <a href='#Page_38'>38</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+E.<br />
+<br />
+Early Steamer Routes and Rates <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_134'>134</a><br />
+<br />
+Early Passenger Schedules&mdash;<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albany and Bugalo   <a href='#Page_128'>128</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Early Passenger Agents <a href='#Page_131'>131</a><br />
+<br />
+Early Closing Movement <a href='#Page_185'>185</a><br />
+<br />
+Eckford, David <a href='#Page_18'>18</a><br />
+<br />
+Electrical Traction, Infancy of <a href='#Page_167'>167</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Emerald</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_32'>32</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Empress of India</i>, Steamer&mdash; <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a><br />
+<br />
+Engineer Corps of U. S. A. <a href='#Page_193'>193</a><br />
+<br />
+Erie Canal <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a><br />
+<br />
+Erie &amp; Ontario Railway <a href='#Page_38'>38</a><br />
+<br />
+Ernestown <a href='#Page_18'>18</a><br />
+<br />
+Esquesing, Mills <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+Estes, Capt. Andrew <a href='#Page_28'>28</a><br />
+<br />
+Evolution of the Niagara Gorge <a href='#Page_180'>180</a><br />
+<br />
+Exclusive Rights for Navigation by Steam  <a href='#Page_18'>18</a><br />
+<br />
+Excursion, Queen's Birthday <a href='#Page_94'>94</a><br />
+<br />
+Expansion of Niagara Navigation Co. <a href='#Page_194'>194</a><br />
+<br />
+Exposition, Buffalo <a href='#Page_182'>182</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+F.<br />
+<br />
+Fast Time to Niagara <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>-31<br />
+<br />
+<i>Filgate</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+Finkle's Point <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a><br />
+<br />
+First Vessel on Lake Erie <a href='#Page_10'>10</a><br />
+<br />
+First Navies On Lake Ontario <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+First Company to Build Steamer for Lake Ontario <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+First Steamer on Lake U &amp; First Steamer on Hudson River <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+First Steamer on St. Lawrence <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+First Steamer on Lake Ontario <a href='#Page_19'>19</a><br />
+<br />
+First Steamers on Lake Ontario, dimensions of <a href='#Page_22'>22</a><br />
+<br />
+First Board of Directors N. N. Co. <a href='#Page_197'>197</a><br />
+<br />
+First Steamer to Run the Rapids <a href='#Page_121'>121</a><br />
+<br />
+First Niagara Camp <a href='#Page_119'>119</a><br />
+<br />
+First Twin-screw Steamer on Upper Lakes <a href='#Page_121'>121</a><br />
+<br />
+First Canoe Route to Upper Lakes <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+First Name of Niagara <a href='#Page_155'>155</a><br />
+<br />
+First Iron Steamers <a href='#Page_36'>36</a><br />
+<br />
+First Railroads in New York State <a href='#Page_127'>127</a><br />
+<br />
+First Sleeping Cars <a href='#Page_129'>129</a><br />
+<br />
+First Electric Railway to Niagara River <a href='#Page_167'>167</a><br />
+<br />
+First U. E. Loyalists <a href='#Page_153'>153</a><br />
+<br />
+First Suspension Bridge over Niagara <a href='#Page_171'>171</a><br />
+<br />
+Flour Rates (1855) to New York <a href='#Page_41'>41</a><br />
+<br />
+Flour via Lewiston to Montreal <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+Folger, Mr. B. W. <a href='#Page_186'>186</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort William <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Garry <a href='#Page_44'>44</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort George <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort York&mdash;Toronto <a href='#Page_154'>154</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Missasauga <a href='#Page_80'>80</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Niagara, contests for possession of <a href='#Page_12'>12</a><br />
+<br />
+Fort Niagara&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Established by French   <a href='#Page_81'>81</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Evacuated   <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Captured by British   <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Never captured   <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Americans   <a href='#Page_83'>83</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Formalities on Early Steamers <a href='#Page_26'>26</a><br />
+<br />
+Four Track Series <a href='#Page_176'>176</a><br />
+<br />
+Foy, Hon. J. J. <a href='#Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+Foy, John <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a><br />
+<br />
+Foy, Mr. A. <a href='#Page_150'>150</a><br />
+<br />
+Foy, Miss Clara <a href='#Page_179'>179</a><br />
+<br />
+French River <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+French Pioneers, Trail of <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+French Encompass British <a href='#Page_12'>12</a><br />
+<br />
+Friendly Hand Excursions <a href='#Page_100'>100</a><br />
+<br />
+Frontenac, Count <a href='#Page_10'>10</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Frontenac</i>, Steamer, commenced <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a><br />
+<br />
+Frontenac Lake <a href='#Page_12'>12</a><br />
+<br />
+Frontier House, Lewiston <a href='#Page_146'>146</a><br />
+<br />
+Fulton, Robert <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+G.<br />
+<br />
+Gallinee, Pere <a href='#Page_81'>81</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span>Gibraltar, Point <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+Gilbert, Abner <a href='#Page_84'>84</a><br />
+<br />
+Gildersleeve Family Record <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Gildersleeve, H. <a href='#Page_25'>25</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Gildersleeve</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_33'>33</a><br />
+<br />
+Gilkison, Robert <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a><br />
+<br />
+Glasgow, Winter in <a href='#Page_143'>143</a><br />
+<br />
+Gordon, L. B., Purser Peerless <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_136'>136</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Gore</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Gorge Electric Railway <a href='#Page_179'>179</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Governor Simcoe</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+Grand Trunk Railway, opened <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Great Britain</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+Great Western Railway <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a><br />
+<br />
+Great Trek to Western States <a href='#Page_171'>171</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Griffon</i>, Sloop <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a><br />
+<br />
+Grimsby <a href='#Page_32'>32</a><br />
+<br />
+Gunn, J. W. <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+Gzowski, Mr. Casimir <a href='#Page_64'>64</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+H.<br />
+<br />
+Hall, Capt. <a href='#Page_76'>76</a><br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Hon. Robert <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_170'>170</a><br />
+<br />
+Hamilton, Hon. John <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a><br />
+<br />
+Hamilton Steamboat Co. purchased <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+Hanlan, Edward, reception of <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+Harbottle, Capt. Thomas <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a><br />
+<br />
+Harbour Regulations, Toronto, 1851 <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>-38<br />
+<br />
+<i>Hastings</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_150'>150</a><br />
+<br />
+Hayter, Mr. Ross <a href='#Page_152'>152</a><br />
+<br />
+Head of Navigation Portages <a href='#Page_170'>170</a><br />
+<br />
+Hendrie, Geo. H. <a href='#Page_173'>173</a><br />
+<br />
+Hendrie, Hon. J. S. <a href='#Page_197'>197</a><br />
+<br />
+Hendrie, William <a href='#Page_173'>173</a><br />
+<br />
+Hennepin, Father <a href='#Page_10'>10</a><br />
+<br />
+Heron, Capt. <a href='#Page_34'>34</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Highlander</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+Historical Society, Buffalo <a href='#Page_20'>20</a><br />
+<br />
+Horse Canalling through Welland <a href='#Page_68'>68</a><br />
+<br />
+Hudson River Railroad <a href='#Page_41'>41</a><br />
+<br />
+Hudson's Bay Fort <a href='#Page_50'>50</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+I.<br />
+<br />
+Ice Jams on River <a href='#Page_191'>191</a>-194<br />
+<br />
+Irea, A Novel <a href='#Page_59'>59</a><br />
+<br />
+Immigrants by Chippawa River <a href='#Page_171'>171</a><br />
+<br />
+Indiana Excursions <a href='#Page_99'>99</a><br />
+<br />
+Interest, Points of <a href='#Page_101'>101</a><br />
+<br />
+Iroquois Cap <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+Irwin, C. W. <a href='#Page_88'>88</a><br />
+<br />
+Isle Royale <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a><br />
+<br />
+Israel Tarte's Decisiveness <a href='#Page_184'>184</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+J.<br />
+<br />
+<i>J. T. Robb</i>, Tug <a href='#Page_62'>62</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Jean Baptiste</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+Johnson, Sir William <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a><br />
+<br />
+Jonquiere <a href='#Page_83'>83</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+K.<br />
+<br />
+Kaministiqua River <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Kathleen</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_150'>150</a><br />
+<br />
+Kendrick, Mr. D. M. <a href='#Page_175'>175</a><br />
+<br />
+Kent, H. R. H. Duke of <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+Kerr, Capt. Robert <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a><br />
+<br />
+Kingston Gazette <a href='#Page_19'>19</a><br />
+<br />
+Kingston Dockyard <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+Kirby, Mr. Frank <a href='#Page_173'>173</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+L.<br />
+<br />
+La Salle <a href='#Page_10'>10</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Lady Dorchester</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Lady Washington</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Lahn</i>, S.S. <a href='#Page_138'>138</a><br />
+<br />
+Lake Superior <a href='#Page_44'>44</a><br />
+<br />
+Lake Ontario Steamboat Co. <a href='#Page_20'>20</a><br />
+<br />
+Lake Nipissing <a href='#Page_81'>81</a><br />
+<br />
+Leach, Capt. Thomas <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_125'>125</a><br />
+<br />
+Leach, Alexander <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a><br />
+<br />
+Legislature, Provincial <a href='#Page_46'>46</a><br />
+<br />
+Lewiston <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a><br />
+<br />
+Lewiston, Railway Development <a href='#Page_134'>134</a><br />
+<br />
+Liancourt, Duke de <a href='#Page_85'>85</a><br />
+<br />
+Ligneris <a href='#Page_12'>12</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>Limitation of Passengers <a href='#Page_116'>116</a>-118<br />
+<br />
+<i>Limnale</i>, Warship <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+Livingston <a href='#Page_18'>18</a><br />
+<br />
+Long Point Bay <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Lord of the Isles</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_141'>141</a><br />
+<br />
+Lunt, Mr. R. C. <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_111'>111</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a><br />
+<br />
+Lusher <a href='#Page_19'>19</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+M.<br />
+<br />
+Mackinac <a href='#Page_57'>57</a><br />
+<br />
+Macdonald, Bruce <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+Macklem, Oliver T. <a href='#Page_38'>38</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Magnet</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Maid of the Mist</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_121'>121</a><br />
+<br />
+Maitland, Lady <a href='#Page_26'>26</a><br />
+<br />
+Maitland, Sir Peregrine <a href='#Page_26'>26</a><br />
+<br />
+Mallahy, U. S. N. Capt. Francis <a href='#Page_22'>22</a><br />
+<br />
+Manchester <a href='#Page_31'>31</a><br />
+<br />
+Manitoulin Island <a href='#Page_44'>44</a><br />
+<br />
+Manson, Capt. William <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Maple Leaf</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+Marine Dept., United States <a href='#Page_63'>63</a><br />
+<br />
+Marine Insurance Anomalies <a href='#Page_66'>66</a><br />
+<br />
+Mariner, An Ancient <a href='#Page_73'>73</a><br />
+<br />
+Marks, Thomas <a href='#Page_51'>51</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Martha Ogden</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+Matthews, W. D. <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+Maude, John <a href='#Page_85'>85</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Maxwell</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Mayflower</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+McBride, R. H. <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+McCorquodale, Capt. <a href='#Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_187'>187</a><br />
+<br />
+McGiffin, Capt. <a href='#Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#Page_180'>180</a><br />
+<br />
+McKenzie, R.N. Capt. James <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+McLean, Capt. <a href='#Page_48'>48</a><br />
+<br />
+McLure, General, Retreats from Newark <a href='#Page_86'>86</a><br />
+<br />
+McNab, Capt. <a href='#Page_56'>56</a><br />
+<br />
+Meeker, Mr. C. B. <a href='#Page_127'>127</a><br />
+<br />
+Mellish, John <a href='#Page_85'>85</a><br />
+<br />
+Milloy, Capt. Duncan <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a><br />
+<br />
+Milloy, N. &amp; Co. <a href='#Page_47'>47</a><br />
+<br />
+Milloy Estate, Arrangements with <a href='#Page_87'>87</a><br />
+<br />
+Milloy, Donald <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a><br />
+<br />
+Milloy, Capt. Wm. Assumes Control <a href='#Page_122'>122</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Minerva</i>, Packet <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Missassag River <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+Mississippi River <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Mohawk</i>, Sloop <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Moira</i>, Warship <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Molson, Hon. John <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+Monett, Mr. Henry <a href='#Page_175'>175</a><br />
+<br />
+Moore, George, Chief Engineer <a href='#Page_93'>93</a><br />
+<br />
+Morton, Mr. Robert <a href='#Page_142'>142</a><br />
+<br />
+Mowats Dock <a href='#Page_124'>124</a><br />
+<br />
+Murdock, William <a href='#Page_51'>51</a><br />
+<br />
+Muir's Dry Dock <a href='#Page_59'>59</a><br />
+<br />
+Muir, Mr. W. K. <a href='#Page_60'>60</a><br />
+<br />
+Muir, Capt. D. <a href='#Page_72'>72</a><br />
+<br />
+Mull, Y. Cantire <a href='#Page_144'>144</a><br />
+<br />
+Murney, Captain <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Murphy, Steve <a href='#Page_130'>130</a><br />
+<br />
+Myers, Capt. <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+N.<br />
+<br />
+Names for Steamers, why chosen <a href='#Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a><br />
+<br />
+Navigation, Upper Lakes, Permitive <a href='#Page_52'>52</a><br />
+<br />
+Navy Hall <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a><br />
+<br />
+Nepigon River <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+Newark <a href='#Page_84'>84</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seat of Government, burned by Americans, rises from ashes   <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a></span><br />
+<br />
+New Orleans <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>New Era</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+New York Central Railway <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#Page_172'>172</a><br />
+<br />
+New York to Buffalo in 1847 <a href='#Page_172'>172</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara River, Gateway of West <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>-12<br />
+<br />
+Niagara River Steamers in 1826 <a href='#Page_28'>28</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Niagara</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Navigation Co.&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Formed   <a href='#Page_61'>61</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Directors   <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>-62</span><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>Niagara Dock Co. <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Falls &amp; Ontario Railway <a href='#Page_40'>40</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Escarpment, View from <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_168'>168</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara-on-the-Lake <a href='#Page_80'>80</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Portal <a href='#Page_80'>80</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara-on-Lake, Changes in Name <a href='#Page_86'>86</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara River Line <a href='#Page_95'>95</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Dock <a href='#Page_104'>104</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Historical Society <a href='#Page_119'>119</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Line, Final Supremacy <a href='#Page_126'>126</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Falls &amp; Ontario R. K. <a href='#Page_135'>135</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara River Navigation Co., U. S. A. <a href='#Page_166'>166</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara Falls Park and River Railway <a href='#Page_167'>167</a><br />
+<br />
+Niagara to the Sea <a href='#Page_196'>196</a>-197<br />
+<br />
+Niles Weekly Register <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a><br />
+<br />
+North-West Company <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Northerner</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+Notable Day (1840) on River <a href='#Page_33'>33</a><br />
+<br />
+Notable Passages to Niagara <a href='#Page_187'>187</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+O.<br />
+<br />
+Oakville, Mills <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+Oakville Church <a href='#Page_95'>95</a><br />
+<br />
+Oates, Commander Edward <a href='#Page_16'>16</a><br />
+<br />
+Observation Cars <a href='#Page_151'>151</a><br />
+<br />
+Ogdensburgh <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+Ohio River <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+Onandaga Salt Wells <a href='#Page_35'>35</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ongiara</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_155'>155</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ontario</i>, Steamer&mdash;<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commenced   <a href='#Page_14'>14</a></span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Launched   <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_24'>24</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Ontario Steamboat Co. <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Orion</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_49'>49</a><br />
+<br />
+Orr, Capt. James C. <a href='#Page_55'>55</a><br />
+<br />
+Osler, Mr. E. B. <a href='#Page_173'>173</a>, <a href='#Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+Osler, F. Gordon <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+Osler, Miss Niary <a href='#Page_174'>174</a><br />
+<br />
+Oskwego Lake <a href='#Page_9'>9</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ottawa</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Ottawa River <a href='#Page_9'>9</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Ozone</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_141'>141</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+P.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Pandora</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_49'>49</a><br />
+<br />
+Parry Sound <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a><br />
+<br />
+Parry, W. H. <a href='#Page_177'>177</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Passport</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_36'>36</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Peerless</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_38'>38</a><br />
+<br />
+Pellatt, C.V.O., Sir Henry   <a href='#Page_198'>198</a><br />
+<br />
+Penobscot, Maine <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Phelan, T. P. <a href='#Page_93'>93</a><br />
+<br />
+Pioneers of France <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+Plimsoll's Legislation <a href='#Page_139'>139</a><br />
+<br />
+Point Aux Pins <a href='#Page_48'>48</a><br />
+<br />
+Point Ahina <a href='#Page_67'>67</a><br />
+<br />
+Pollard, Capt. &amp; Adjt. <a href='#Page_119'>119</a><br />
+<br />
+Port Dalhousie <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a><br />
+<br />
+Port Colborne <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a><br />
+<br />
+Port Credit, Mills <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+Port Arthur <a href='#Page_51'>51</a><br />
+<br />
+Pouchot <a href='#Page_12'>12</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Powhatan</i>, Warship, U. S. <a href='#Page_158'>158</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Prince Edward</i>, Sloop <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+Prince Arthur's Landing <a href='#Page_50'>50</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Origin of Name   <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Prince Arthur of Connaught <a href='#Page_51'>51</a><br />
+<br />
+Presquile <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+Puchot, Capt. <a href='#Page_83'>83</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Q.<br />
+<br />
+Quebec <a href='#Page_12'>12</a><br />
+<br />
+Quebec Gazette <a href='#Page_20'>20</a><br />
+<br />
+Queenston Heights <a href='#Page_10'>10</a><br />
+<br />
+Queenston Heights, Battle of <a href='#Page_169'>169</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Queenston</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Queen Victoria</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a><br />
+<br />
+Queen Anne, Communion Service <a href='#Page_152'>152</a><br />
+<br />
+Queen Victoria Niagara Park <a href='#Page_151'>151</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Queen Charlotte</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_25'>25</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Queen City</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+Quinte, Bay of <a href='#Page_18'>18</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+R.<br />
+<br />
+Racing, Protest Against <a href='#Page_111'>111</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>Rainy River <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+Rankin, Blackmore &amp; Co. <a href='#Page_142'>142</a><br />
+<br />
+Rathbun, E. W. <a href='#Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#Page_151'>151</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Red Jacket</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_31'>31</a><br />
+<br />
+Red River <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Reindeer</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+Richards, Mr. E. J. <a href='#Page_129'>129</a><br />
+<br />
+Richardson, Capt. James <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+Richardson, Capt. Hugh <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+Richardson, Capt. Hugh, Jr. <a href='#Page_34'>34</a><br />
+<br />
+Riel Rebellion <a href='#Page_47'>47</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Rochester</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_35'>35</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Rothsay Castle</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_43'>43</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Rothesay</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a><br />
+<br />
+Rouge River <a href='#Page_26'>26</a><br />
+<br />
+Route Hudson Bay &amp; North-West Co. <a href='#Page_45'>45</a><br />
+<br />
+Royal Mail Line <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>,196<br />
+<br />
+Ruggles, A. W. <a href='#Page_177'>177</a><br />
+<br />
+Running the Blockade on the "Let Her B" <a href='#Page_156'>156</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Rupert</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_125'>125</a><br />
+<br />
+Russell, Governor <a href='#Page_85'>85</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+S.<br />
+<br />
+Sackett's Harbour <a href='#Page_18'>18</a><br />
+<br />
+Sailing Era Closed <a href='#Page_16'>16</a><br />
+<br />
+Salter, Rev. G. <a href='#Page_172'>172</a><br />
+<br />
+Sault Canal <a href='#Page_48'>48</a><br />
+<br />
+Scott, General Winfield <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Second Canoe Route to Upper Lakes <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Seneca</i>, Warship <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Shickluna</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_49'>49</a><br />
+<br />
+Shipbuilding at Niagara <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>-38<br />
+<br />
+<i>Simcoe</i>, Sloop <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+Simcoe, Lieut.-Gov. <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a><br />
+<br />
+Sinclair, Capt. James <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Six Nation Indians <a href='#Page_152'>152</a><br />
+<br />
+Smith, Hon. Frank, afterward Sir <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>, <a href='#Page_183'>183</a><br />
+<br />
+Smyth, Charles <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a><br />
+<br />
+Solmes, W. H., Capt. <a href='#Page_67'>67</a><br />
+<br />
+Sorel <a href='#Page_78'>78</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Southern Belle</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>, <a href='#Page_59'>59</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Speedy</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Clair Lake <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Louis <a href='#Page_11'>11</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>St. Nicholas</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Catharines <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_71'>71</a><br />
+<br />
+St. Catharines &amp; Toronto Line <a href='#Page_126'>126</a><br />
+<br />
+Stages to Lewiston <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_171'>171</a><br />
+<br />
+Steamboating Era Begins <a href='#Page_17'>17</a><br />
+<br />
+Stoney Point <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+Sutherland, Capt. J. <a href='#Page_37'>37</a><br />
+<br />
+Sullivan, J. M. <a href='#Page_197'>197</a><br />
+<br />
+Sydenham, Lord, Gov.-Genl. <a href='#Page_33'>33</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+T.<br />
+<br />
+Teabout &amp; Chapman <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a><br />
+<br />
+Tea in Canada <a href='#Page_144'>144</a><br />
+<br />
+The Old Portage <a href='#Page_168'>168</a><br />
+<br />
+Through the Last Lock <a href='#Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#Page_76'>76</a><br />
+<br />
+Thunder Bay <a href='#Page_47'>47</a><br />
+<br />
+Tillingharst, Mr. <a href='#Page_92'>92</a><br />
+<br />
+Tinning's Wharf <a href='#Page_43'>43</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Toronto</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_14'>14</a><br />
+<br />
+Toronto citizens given to water sports <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+Toronto Field Battery <a href='#Page_119'>119</a><br />
+<br />
+Tour, Lord Dufferin <a href='#Page_53'>53</a><br />
+<br />
+Towed Across Lake Erie <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_77'>77</a><br />
+<br />
+Transfer Coaches at Lewiston <a href='#Page_146'>146</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Transit</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Traveller</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Trickett, Edward <a href='#Page_114'>114</a><br />
+<br />
+Troyes, Pierre de <a href='#Page_82'>82</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Turbinia</i>, Steamer Competes <a href='#Page_190'>190</a><br />
+<br />
+Twohey, Capt. H. <a href='#Page_36'>36</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+U.<br />
+<br />
+Underwood, Mr. <a href='#Page_177'>177</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>United Kingdom</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>United States</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+V.<br />
+<br />
+Van Cleve, Capt. <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_146'>146</a><br />
+<br />
+Vancouver <a href='#Page_30'>30</a><br />
+<br />
+Vanderbilt, Commodore <a href='#Page_127'>127</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Victoria</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_31'>31</a><br />
+<br />
+Vrooman's Bay <a href='#Page_105'>105</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+W.<br />
+<br />
+Wabash District <a href='#Page_99'>99</a><br />
+<br />
+<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a></span>Washago, Laying Corner Stone <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>-54<br />
+<br />
+Wauhuno Channel <a href='#Page_56'>56</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>Waubuno</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a><br />
+<br />
+Weather Bureau, United States <a href='#Page_65'>65</a><br />
+<br />
+Weekes, E. J. <a href='#Page_176'>176</a><br />
+<br />
+Welland Canal <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a><br />
+<br />
+Western Railroad <a href='#Page_41'>41</a><br />
+<br />
+West Niagara <a href='#Page_84'>84</a><br />
+<br />
+Whalen, J., Foreman <a href='#Page_145'>145</a><br />
+<br />
+Where the Falls Once Were <a href='#Page_181'>181</a><br />
+<br />
+Whiskey in Scotland <a href='#Page_144'>144</a><br />
+<br />
+White, W. <a href='#Page_136'>136</a><br />
+<br />
+Whitehead, M. F. <a href='#Page_15'>15</a><br />
+<br />
+Whitney, Capt. Joseph <a href='#Page_29'>29</a><br />
+<br />
+<i>William IV.</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a><br />
+<br />
+Wilson, Joseph <a href='#Page_49'>49</a><br />
+<br />
+Winter Mail Services <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>, <a href='#Page_40'>40</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a><br />
+<br />
+Wolseley Expedition <a href='#Page_47'>47</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American Obstacles to   <a href='#Page_50'>50</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Wolseley, Col. Garnet <a href='#Page_50'>50</a><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Names Prince Arthur's Landing   <a href='#Page_51'>51</a></span><br />
+<br />
+Woodward, M. D. <a href='#Page_60'>60</a><br />
+<br />
+Wyatt, Capt. Thomas <a href='#Page_88'>88</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Y.<br />
+<br />
+<i>York</i>, Schooner <a href='#Page_13'>13</a><br />
+<br />
+York <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a><br />
+<br />
+Youngstown <a href='#Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_135'>135</a><br />
+<br />
+<br />
+Z.<br />
+<br />
+<i>Zimmerman</i>, Steamer <a href='#Page_38'>38</a><br />
+</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="650" height="401" alt="Queenstown. The NIAGARA RIVER from Queenston Heights. (page
+169) Lewiston." title="" />
+<span class="caption">Queenstown. The NIAGARA RIVER from Queenston Heights. (<a href="#Page_169">page
+169</a>) Lewiston.</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+<h2>A CENTURY OF SAIL AND STEAM ON THE NIAGARA RIVER</h2>
+
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The First Eras of Canoe and Sail.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>Since ever the changes of season have come, when grasses grow green, and
+open waters flow, the courses of the Niagara River, above and below the
+great Falls, have been the central route, for voyaging between the far
+inland countries on this continent, and the waters of the Atlantic shores.</p>
+
+<p>Here the Indian of prehistoric days, unmolested by the intruding white,
+roamed at will in migration from one of his hunting-grounds to another,
+making his portage and passing in his canoe between Lake Erie and Lake
+Oskwego (Ontario). In later days, when the French had established
+themselves at Quebec and Montreal, access to Lake Huron and the upper lakes
+was at first sought by their voyageurs along the nearer route of the Ottawa
+and French Rivers, a route involving many difficulties in surmounting
+rapids, heavy labour on numberless portages, and exceeding delay.
+Information had filtered down gradually through Indian sources of the
+existence of this Niagara River Route, on which there was but one portage
+of but fourteen miles to be passed from lake to lake, and only nine miles
+if the canoes entered the water again at the little river (Chippawa) above
+the Falls.</p>
+
+<p>On learning the fact the French turned their attention to this new
+waterway, but for many a weary decade were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> unable to establish themselves
+upon it. In 1678 Father Hennepin, with an expedition sent out by Sieur La
+Salle sailed from Cataraqui (Kingston) to the Niagara River, the name
+"Hennepin Rock" having come down in tradition as a reminiscence of their
+first landing below what is now Queenston Heights. Passing over the
+"Carrying Place," they reached Lake Erie. Here, at the outlet of the Cayuga
+Creek, on the south shore, they built a small two-masted vessel rigged with
+equipment which they brought up for the purpose from Cataraqui, in the
+following year.</p>
+
+<p>This vessel, launched in 1679, and named the "Griffon" in recognition of
+the crest on the coat of arms of Count Frontenac, the Governor of Canada,
+was the first vessel built by Europeans to sail upon the upper waters. In
+size she so much exceeded that of any of their own craft, with her white
+sails billowing like an apparition, and of novel and unusual appearance,
+that intensest excitement was created among the Indian tribes as she passed
+along their shores.</p>
+
+<p>Her life was brief, and the history of her movements scanty; the report
+being that after sailing through Lake St. Clair she reached Michilimakinac
+and Green Bay, on Lake Michigan, but passed out of sight on Lake Huron on
+the return journey, and was never heard of afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>Tiny though this vessel was and sailing slow upon the Upper Lakes, yet a
+great epoch had been opened up, for she was the progenitor of all the
+myriad ships which ply upon these waters at the present day. It was the
+entrance of the white man, with his consuming trade energy, into the red
+man's realm, the death knell of the Indian race.</p>
+
+<p>With greatly increased frequency of travelling and the more bulky
+requirements of freightage this "one portage" route was more increasingly
+sought, and as the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> result of their voyagings these early French pioneers
+have marked their names along the waterways as ever remaining records of
+their prowess&mdash;such as Presquile (almost an island); Detroit (the narrow
+place); Lac Sainte Clair; Sault Ste Marie (Rapids of St. Mary River); Cap
+Iroquois; Isle Royale; Rainy River (after Ren&eacute; de Varennes); Duluth (after
+Sieur du Luth, of Montreal); Fond du Lac (Head of Lake Superior).</p>
+
+<p>From here mounting up the St. Croix River, seeking the expansion of that
+New France to whose glory they so ungrudgingly devoted their lives, these
+intrepid adventurers reached over to the Mississippi, and sweeping down its
+waters still further marked their way at St. Louis (after their King) and
+New Orleans (after his capital), annexing all the adjacent territories to
+their Sovereign's domains.</p>
+
+<p>The Niagara River Route then became the motive centre of a mighty
+circum-vallation by which the early French encompassed within its circle
+the English Colonies then skirting along the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p>What a magnificent conception it was of these intrepid French to envelope
+the British settlements and strengthened by alliances with the Indian
+tribes and fortified by a line of outposts established along the routes of
+the Ohio and the Mississippi, to hem their competitors in from expansion to
+the great interior country of the centre and the west. Standing astride the
+continent with one foot on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at Quebec, and the
+other at New Orleans, on the Gulf of Mexico, the interior lines of commerce
+and of trade were in their hands. They hoped that Canada, their New France,
+on this side of the ocean, was to absorb all the continent excepting the
+colonies along the shores of the sea. So matters remained for a century.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the English colonies had expanded to the south shores of the
+Lakes Oswego and Frontenac, and in 1758 we read of an English Navy of eight
+schooners and three brigs sailing on Lake Ontario under the red cross of
+St. George and manned by sailors of the colonies.</p>
+
+<p>In 1759, came the great struggle for the possession of the St. Lawrence and
+connecting lines of the waterways. Fort Niagara, whose large central stone
+"castle," built in 1726, still remains, passed from the French under
+Pouchot, to the British under Sir William Johnson; a great flotilla of
+canoes conveying the Indian warriors under Ligneris to the aid of the Fort,
+had come down from the Upper Lakes, to the Niagara River, but upon it being
+proved to them that they were too late, for the Fort had fallen, they
+re-entered their canoes and re-traced their way up the rivers back to their
+Western homes.</p>
+
+<p>Next followed the fall of Quebec, and with the cession of Montreal in 1760
+the "New France" of old from the St. Lawrence to the Mexican Gulf became
+merged in the "New England" of British Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The control of the great central waterway, of which this Niagara River was
+the gateway, had passed into other hands.</p>
+
+<p>For another fifty years only sailing vessels navigated the lakes to
+Niagara, and these, and batteaux, pushed along the shores and up the river
+by poles, made their way to the foot of the rapids at Lewiston with
+difficulty. These vessels were mainly small schooners with some cabin
+accommodation.</p>
+
+<p>After the cession of Canada, by the French, the British Government began
+the establishment of a small navy on Lake Ontario. An official return
+called for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> by Lord Dorchester, Governor-General of Canada, gives the
+Government vessels as being in 1787, <i>Limnale</i>, 220 tons, 10 guns.
+<i>Seneca</i>, 130 tons, 18 guns. <i>Caldwell</i>, 37 tons, 2 guns, and two schooners
+of 100 tons each being built. As there was at that time but one merchant
+vessel, the schooner <i>Lady Dorchester</i>, 80 tons, sailing on the lake, and a
+few smaller craft the property of settlers, transport for passengers
+between the principal ports was mainly afforded by the Government vessels.
+As an instance of their voyaging may be given that of <i>H.M.S. Caldwell</i>,
+which in 1793, carrying Lady Dorchester, the wife of the Governor-General,
+is reported to have made "an agreeable passage of thirty-six hours from
+Kingston to Niagara."</p>
+
+<p>In this same year H.R.H. the Duke of Kent [afterwards father of Her Majesty
+Queen Victoria] is reported as having proceeded from Kingston up Lake
+Ontario to Navy Hall on the Niagara River in the King's ship <i>Mohawk</i>
+commanded by Commodore Bouchette.</p>
+
+<p>Further additions to the merchant schooners were the <i>York</i>, built on the
+Niagara River in 1792, and the <i>Governor Simcoe</i>, in 1797, for the
+North-West Company's use in their trading services on Lake Ontario. Another
+reported in 1797&mdash;the <i>Washington</i>&mdash;built at Erie, Pa., was bought by
+Canadians, portaged around the Falls and run on the British register from
+Queenston to Kingston as the <i>Lady Washington</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The forests of those days existed in all their primeval condition, so that
+the choicest woods were used in the construction of the vessels. We read in
+1798 of the <i>Prince Edward</i>, built of red cedar, under Captain Murney of
+Belleville, and capable of carrying seven hundred barrels of flour, and of
+another "good sloop" upon the stocks at Long Point Bay, near Kingston,
+being built of black walnut. A schooner, "The Toronto," built in 1799, a
+little<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> way up the Humber, by Mr. Joseph Dennis, is described as "one of
+the handsomest vessels, and bids fair to be the swiftest sailing vessel on
+the lake, and is admirably calculated for the reception of passengers."
+This vessel, often mentioned as "The Toronto Yacht," was evidently a great
+favorite, being patronized by the Lieutenant-Governor and the Archbishop,
+and after a successful and appreciated career, finished her course abruptly
+by going ashore on Gibraltar Point in 1811. The loss of the Government
+schooner <i>Speedy</i> was one of the tragic events of the times. The Judge of
+the District Court, the Solicitor General and several lawyers who were
+proceeding from York to hold the Assizes in the Newcastle District,
+together with the High Constable of York, and an Indian prisoner whom they
+were to try for murder, were all lost when the vessel foundered off
+Presquile in an exceptional gale on 7th October, 1804.</p>
+
+<p>Two sailing vessels, the schooners <i>Dove</i> and the <i>Reindeer</i>, (Capt. Myers)
+are reported in 1809 as plying between York and Niagara. A third, commanded
+by Capt. Conn, is mentioned by Caniff, but no name has come down of this
+vessel, but only her nickname of "<i>Captain Conn's Coffin</i>." This <i>j'eu
+d'esprit</i> may have been due to some peculiarity in her shape, but as no
+disaster is reported as having occurred to her she may have been more
+seaworthy than the nickname would have indicated.</p>
+
+<p>Of other events of sailing vessels was the memorable trip from Queenston to
+York in October, 1812, of the sloop <i>Simcoe</i>, owned and commended by Capt.
+James Richardson.</p>
+
+<p>After the battle of Queenston Heights, on October 13th, she had been laden
+with American prisoners, among them General Winfield Scott, afterwards the
+conqueror in Mexico, to be forwarded at once to Kingston. The <i>Moira</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> of
+the royal navy was then lying off the port of York and on her Mr.
+Richardson, a son of the Captain, was serving as sailing master.</p>
+
+<p>As the <i>Simcoe</i> approached she was recognized by young Richardson, who,
+putting off in a small boat, met her out in the lake and was much surprised
+at seeing the crowded state of her decks and at the equipment of his
+father, who, somewhat unusually for him, was wearing a sword.</p>
+
+<p>The first words from the ship brought great joy&mdash;a great battle had been
+fought on Queenston Heights&mdash;the enemy had been beaten. The <i>Simcoe</i> was
+full of prisoners of war to be transported at once to the <i>Moira</i> for
+conveyance to Kingston. Then came the mournful statement, "General Brock
+has been killed." The rapture of victory was overwhelmed by the sense of
+irreparable loss. In such way was the sad news carried in those sailing
+days to York.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Minerva</i>, "Packet," owner and built by Henry Gildersleeve, at Finkle's
+Point in 1817, held high repute. Richard Gildersleeve emigrated from
+Hertfordshire, England, in 1635, and settled in Connecticut. His
+great-great-grandson, Obadiah, established a successful shipbuilding yard
+at "Gildersleeve," Conn. Henry Gildersleeve, his grandson, here learned his
+business and coming to Finkle's Point in 1816 assisted on the <i>Frontenac</i>,
+and continuing in shipbuilding, married Mrs. Finkle. When <i>Minerva</i> arrived
+at Kingston she was declared by Capt. Murray, R.N., to be in her
+construction and lines the best yet turned out, as she proved when plying
+as a "Packet" between Toronto and Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>Many sailing vessels meeting with varying success, were plying between all
+the ports on the lake. The voyages were not always of the speediest. "The
+Caledonia,"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> schooner, is reported to have taken six days from Prescott to
+York. Mr. M. F. Whitehead, of Port Hope, crossed from Niagara to York in
+1818, the passage occupying two and a half days. In a letter of his
+describing the trip he enters:&mdash;"Fortunately, Dr. Baldwin had thoughtfully
+provided a leg of lamb, a loaf of bread, and a bottle of porter; all our
+fare for the two days and a half."</p>
+
+<p>These vessels seem to have sailed somewhat intermittently, but regular
+connection on every other day with the Niagara River was established by
+"The Duke of Richmond" packet, a sloop of one hundred tons built at York in
+1820, under Commander Edward Oates.</p>
+
+<p>His advertisements announced her to "leave York Monday, Wednesday and
+Friday at 9 a.m. Leave Niagara on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 10
+a.m., between July and September," after that "according to notice." The
+rates of passage were:&mdash;"After Cabin ten shillings; Fore Cabin 6s. 6.;
+sixty lbs. of baggage allowed for each passenger, but over that 9d. per
+cwt. or 2s. per barrel bulk."</p>
+
+<p>The standard of measurement was a homely one, but no doubt well understood
+at that time, and easily ascertained. In the expansion of the size of
+ladies' trunks in these present days it is not beyond possibility that a
+measurement system such as used in the early part of the last century might
+not be inadvisable.</p>
+
+<p>The reports of the "packet" describe her as being comfortable and
+weatherly, and very regular in keeping up her time-table. She performed her
+services successfully on the route until 1823, when she succumbed to the
+competition of the steamboats which had shortly before been introduced.
+With the introduction upon the lakes of this new method of propulsion the
+carrying of passengers on sailing vessels quickly ceased.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The First Steamboats on Lake Ontario and the Niagara River.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The era of steamboating had now arrived. The <i>Clermont</i>, built by Robert
+Fulton, and furnished with English engines by Boulton &amp; Watts, of
+Birmingham, had made her first trip on the Hudson from New York to Albany
+in August, 1807, and was afterwards continuing to run on the river.</p>
+
+<p>In 1809 the <i>Accommodation</i>, built by the Hon. John Molson at Montreal, and
+fitted with engines made in that city, was running successfully between
+Montreal and Quebec, being the first steamer on the St. Lawrence and in
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>The experience of both of these vessels had shown that the new system of
+propulsion of vessels by steam power was commercially profitable, and as it
+had been proved successful upon the river water, it was but reasonable that
+its application to the more open waters of the lakes should next obtain
+consideration.</p>
+
+<p>The war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, accompanied by
+its constant invasions of Canada, had interrupted any immediate expansion
+in steamboating enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>Peace having been declared in February, 1815, the projects were immediately
+revived and in the spring of that year a British company was formed with
+shareholders in Kingston, Niagara, York, and Prescott, to build a
+steamboat<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> to ply on Lake Ontario. A site suitable for its construction was
+selected on the beaches on <i>Finkle's Point</i>, at <i>Ernestown</i>, 18 miles up
+the lake from Kingston, on one of the reaches of the Bay of Quinte.</p>
+
+<p>A contract was let to Henry Teabout and James Chapman, two young men who
+had been foremen under David Eckford, the master shipbuilder of New York,
+who during the war had constructed the warships for the United States
+Government at its dockyard at Sackett's Harbor. Construction was commenced
+at Finkle's Point in October, 1815, and with considerable delays caused in
+selection of the timbers, was continued during the winter.
+(Canniff&mdash;Settlement of Upper Canada). The steamer was launched with great
+eclat on 7th September, 1816, and named the <i>Frontenac</i>, after the County
+of Frontenac in which she had been built.</p>
+
+<p>A similar wave of enterprise had arisen also on the United States side and
+it becomes of much interest to search up the annals of over a hundred years
+ago and ascertain to which side of the lake is to be accorded the palm for
+placing the first steamboat on Lake Ontario. Especially as opinions have
+varied on the subject, and owing to a statement made, as we shall find,
+erroneously, in a distant press the precedence has usually been given to an
+American steamer.</p>
+
+<p>The first record of the steamboat on the American side is an agreement
+dated January 2, 1816, executed between the Robert Fulton heirs and
+Livingston, of Clermont, granting to Charles Smyth and others an exclusive
+right to navigate boats and vessels by steam on Lake Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>These exclusive rights for the navigation on American waters "by steam or
+fire" had previously been granted to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> the Fulton partnership by the
+Legislature of the State of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The terms of the agreement set out that the grantees were to pay annually
+to the grantors one-half of all the net profits in excess of a dividend of
+12 per cent. upon the investment. On the 16th of the next month a bill was
+passed in the Legislature of New York incorporating the "Ontario Steamboat
+Co.," but in consequence of the too early adjournment of the Legislature
+did not become law.</p>
+
+<p>At this time, (February, 1816) the construction of the Canadian boat at
+Ernestown was well under way.</p>
+
+<p>By an assignment dated August 16th, 1816, Lusher and others became partners
+with Smyth, and as a result it is stated (Hough&mdash;History of Jefferson
+County, N.Y.) "a boat was commenced at Sackett's Harbor the same summer."</p>
+
+<p>Three weeks after the date of this commencing of the boat on the American
+side, or Sackett's Harbour, the Frontenac, on the Canadian side, was
+launched on the 7th September, 1816, at Finkle's Point.</p>
+
+<p>In the description of this launch of the <i>Frontenac</i> given in the September
+issue of the Kingston Gazette, the details of her size are stated. "Length,
+170 feet; beam, 32 feet; two paddle wheels with circumference about 40
+feet. Registered tonnage, 700 tons." Further statements made are, "Good
+judges have pronounced this to be the best piece of naval architecture of
+the kind yet produced in America." "The machinery for this valuable boat
+was imported from England and is said to be an excellent structure. It is
+expected that she will be finished and ready for use in a few weeks."</p>
+
+<p>Having been launched with engines on board in early September the
+<i>Frontenac</i> then sailed down the lake from Ernestown to Kingston to lay up
+in the port.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In another part of this same September issue of the Kingston Gazette an
+item is given: "A steamboat was lately launched at Sackett's Harbor."</p>
+
+<p>No name is given of the steamer, nor the date of the launch, but this item
+has been considered to have referred to the steamer named <i>Ontario</i>, built
+at Sackett's Harbor and in consequence of its having apparently been
+launched first, precedence has been claimed for the United States vessel.</p>
+
+<p>This item, "<i>A steamboat was lately launched at Sackett's Harbor</i>,"
+develops, on further search, to have first appeared as a paragraph under
+the reading chronicles in "Niles Weekly Register," published far south in
+the United States at Baltimore, Maryland. From here it was copied verbatim
+as above by the Kingston Gazette, and afterwards by the Quebec Gazette of
+26th Sept., 1816.</p>
+
+<p>Further enquiry, however, nearer the scene of construction indicates that
+an error had been made in the wording of the item, which had apparently
+been copied into the other papers without verification.</p>
+
+<p>In the library of the Historical Society at Buffalo is deposited the
+manuscript diary of Capt. Van Cleve, who sailed as clerk and as captain on
+the <i>Martha Ogden</i>, the next steamboat to be built at Sackett's Harbor six
+years after the <i>Ontario</i>. In this he writes, "the construction of the
+<i>Ontario</i> was begun at Sackett's Harbor in August, 1816." He also gives a
+drawing, from which all subsequent illustrations of the <i>Ontario</i> have been
+taken. Further information of the American steamer is given in an
+application for incorporation of the "Lake Ontario Steam Boat Co." made in
+December, 1816, by Charles Smyth and others, of Sackett's Harbor, who
+stated in their petition that they had "lately constructed a steam boat at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+Sackett's Harbor"&mdash;"the Navy Department of the United States have
+generously delivered a sufficiency of timber for the construction of the
+vessel for a reasonable sum of money"&mdash;"the boat is now built"&mdash;"the cost
+so far exceeds the means which mercantile men can generally command that
+they are unable to build any further"&mdash;"the English in the Province of
+Upper Canada have constructed a steam boat of seven hundred tons burthen
+avowedly for the purpose of engrossing the business on both sides of the
+lake."</p>
+
+<p>All this indicates that the American boat had not been launched and in
+December was still under construction.</p>
+
+<p>It is more reasonable to accept the statements of Capt. Van Cleve and
+others close to the scene of operations rather than to base conclusions
+upon the single item in the publication issued at so far a distance and
+without definite details.</p>
+
+<p>It is quite evident that the item in Niles Register should have read "was
+lately <i>commenced</i>," instead of "was lately <i>launched</i>." The change of this
+one word would bring it into complete agreement with all the other
+evidences of the period and into accord with the facts.</p>
+
+<p>No absolute date for the launching of the <i>Ontario</i> or of the giving of her
+name has been ascertainable, but as she was not commenced until August it
+certainly could not have been until after that of the <i>Frontenac</i> on Sept.
+7th, 1816. The first boat launched was, therefore, on the Canadian side.</p>
+
+<p>The movements of the steamers in the spring of 1817 are more easily traced.
+Niles Register, 29th March, 1817, notes, "The steamboat <i>Ontario</i> is
+prepared for the lake," and Capt. Van Cleve says, "The first enrollment of
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> <i>Ontario</i> in the customs office was made on 11th April," and "She made
+her first trip in April."</p>
+
+<p>The data of the dimensions of the <i>Ontario</i> are recorded, being only about
+one-third the capacity of the <i>Frontenac</i>, which would account for the
+shorter time in which she was constructed. The relative sizes were:</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>Length.</td><td align='left'>Beam.</td><td align='left'>Capacity, tons.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Frontenac</i></td><td align='left'>170</td><td align='left'>32</td><td align='left'>700</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'><i>Ontario</i></td><td align='left'>110</td><td align='left'>24</td><td align='left'>240</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p>No drawing of the <i>Frontenac</i> is extant, but she has been described as
+having guards only at the paddle wheels, the hull painted black, and as
+having three masts, but no yards. The <i>Ontario</i> had two masts, as shown in
+the drawing by Van Cleve.</p>
+
+<p>No distinctive date is given for the first trip in April of the <i>Ontario</i>,
+on which it is reported (Beers History of the Great Lakes) "The waves
+lifted the paddle wheels off their bearings, tearing away the wooden
+coverings. After making the repairs the shaft was securely held in place."</p>
+
+<p>Afterwards under the command of Capt. Francis Mallaby, U. S. N., weekly
+trips between Ogdensburgh and Lewiston were attempted, but after this
+interruption by advertisement of 1st July, 1817, the time had to be
+extended to once in ten days. The speed of the steamer was found to seldom
+exceed five miles per hour. (History of Jefferson County. Hough).</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Ontario</i> ran for some years, but does not seem to have met with much
+success and, having gone out of commission, was broken up at Oswego in
+1832.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1817 the first mention of the <i>Frontenac</i> is in Kingston
+of her having moved over on 23rd<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> May to the Government dock at Point
+Frederick, "for putting in a suction pipe," the Kingston Gazette further
+describing that "she moved with majestic grandeur against a strong wind."
+On 30th May the Gazette reports her as "leaving this port for the purpose
+of taking in wood at the Bay Quinte. A fresh breeze was blowing into the
+harbor against which she proceeded swiftly and steadily to the admiration
+of a great number of spectators. We congratulate the managers and
+proprietors of this elegant boat, upon the prospect she affords of
+facilitating the navigation of Lake Ontario in furnishing an expeditious
+and certain mode of conveyance to its various ports."</p>
+
+<p>It can well be imagined with what wonder the movements of this first
+steam-driven vessel were witnessed.</p>
+
+<p>In the Kingston Gazette of June 7, 1817, entry is made, "The <i>Frontenac</i>
+left this port on Thursday, 5th, on her first trip for the head of the
+lake."</p>
+
+<p>The opening route of the <i>Frontenac</i>, commanded by Capt. James McKenzie, a
+retired officer of the royal navy, was between Kingston and Queenston,
+calling at York and Niagara and other intermediate ports. The venture of a
+steamer plying on the open lakes, where the paddle wheels would be
+subjected to wave action, was a new one, so for the opening trips her
+captain announced, with the proverbial caution of a Scotchman, that the
+calls at the ports would be made "<i>with as much punctuality as the nature
+of lake navigation will admit of</i>." Later, the steamer, having proved her
+capacity by two round trips, the advertisements of June, 1817, state the
+time-table of the steamer as "leaving Kingston for York on the 1st, 11th,
+and 23rd days," and "York for Queenston on 3rd, 13th, and 25th days of each
+month, calling at all intermediate ports." "Passenger fares, Kingston to
+Ernestown,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> 5s; Prescott, &pound;1.10.0; Newcastle, &pound;1.15.0; York and Niagara,
+&pound;2.0.0; Burlington, &pound;3.15.0; York to Niagara, &pound;1.0.0." Further excerpts
+are: "A book is kept for the entering of the names of the passengers and
+the berths which they choose, at which time the passage money must be
+paid." "Gentlemen's servants cannot eat or sleep in the cabin." "Deck
+passengers will pay fifteen shillings, and may either bring their own
+provisions or be furnished by the steward." "For each dog brought on board,
+five shillings." "All applications for passage to be made to Capt. McKenzie
+on board." After having run regularly each season on Lake Ontario and the
+Niagara River her career was closed in 1827 when, while on the Niagara
+River, she was set on fire, it was said, by incendiaries, for whose
+discovery her owners, the Messrs. Hamilton, offered a reward of &pound;100, but
+without result. Being seriously damaged, she was shortly afterwards broken
+up.</p>
+
+<p>Such were the careers of the first two steamers which sailed upon Lake
+Ontario and the Niagara River, and from the data it is apparent that the
+<i>Frontenac</i> on the British side was the first steamboat placed on Lake
+Ontario, and that the <i>Ontario</i>, on the United States side, had been the
+first to make a trip up lake, having priority in this over her rival by
+perhaps a week or two, but not preceding her in the entering into and
+performance of a regular service.</p>
+
+<p>With them began the new method for travel, far exceeding in speed and
+facilities any previously existing, so that the stage lines and sailing
+vessels were quickly eliminated.</p>
+
+<p>This practical monopoly the steamers enjoyed for a period of fifty years,
+when their Nemesis in turn arrived and the era of rail competition began.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image003.jpg" width="450" height="272" alt="The ONTARIO. 1817. The second Steamer on Lake Ontario.
+
+From the original drawing by Capt. Van Cleve page 21" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The ONTARIO. 1817. The second Steamer on Lake Ontario.<br />
+
+From the original drawing by Capt. Van Cleve <a href="#Page_21">page 21</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image003a.jpg" width="450" height="266" alt="The GREAT BRITAIN. 1830.
+
+By courtesy of Mr. John Ross Robertson reproduced from his &quot;Landmarks of
+Toronto.&quot; page 29" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The GREAT BRITAIN. 1830.<br />
+
+By courtesy of Mr. John Ross Robertson reproduced from his &quot;Landmarks of
+Toronto.&quot; <a href="#Page_29">page 29</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">More Steamboats and Early Water Routes.</span></h3>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The River the Centre of Through Travel.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The <i>Frontenac</i> was followed by the <i>Queen Charlotte</i>, built in the same
+yards at Finkle's Point, by Teabout and Chapman, and launched on 22nd
+April, 1818, for H. Gildersleeve, the progenitor of that family which has
+ever since been foremost in the ranks of steamboating in Canada. He sailed
+her for twenty years as captain and purser, her first route being a round
+trip every ten days between Kingston, York and Queenston. The passage rates
+at this time were from Kingston to York and Niagara &pound;3 ($12.00), from York
+to Niagara &pound;1 ($4.00).</p>
+
+<p>In 1824 appeared the first "City of Toronto," of 350 tons, built in the
+harbor of York at the foot of Church Street. Her life was neither long nor
+successful, she being sold by auction "with all her furniture" in December,
+1830, and broken up.</p>
+
+<p>Passenger traffic was now so much increasing that steamers began to follow
+more quickly. The Lewiston "Sentinel" in 1824, in a paragraph eulogizing
+their then rising town, says:&mdash;"Travel is rapidly increasing, regular lines
+of stages excelled by none, run daily by the Ridge Road to Lockport, and on
+Fridays weekly to Buffalo. The steamboats are increasing in business and
+affording every facility to the traveller." The Hon. Robert Hamilton, who
+for so many years afterwards was dominantly interested in steamboating,
+launched the "Queenston" in 1825<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> at Queenston. His fine residence, from
+which he could watch the movements of his own and other steamers, still
+stands on the edge of the high bank overlooking the Queenston dock.</p>
+
+<p>In 1826 there was added the "Canada," built at the mouth of the Rouge River
+by Mr. Joseph Dennis and brought to York to have the engines installed,
+which had been constructed by Hess and Wards, of Montreal. Under the charge
+of Captain Hugh Richardson, her captain and managing owner, she had a long
+and notable career. The contemporary annals describe her as "a fast boat,"
+and as making the trip from York to Niagara "in four hours and some
+minutes."</p>
+
+<p>Her Captain was a seaman of the old school, dominant, and watchful of the
+proprieties on the quarter deck.</p>
+
+<p>On one occasion in 1828, when Sir Peregrine Maitland, the
+Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, and Lady Maitland, had taken passage
+with him from York to Queenston en route to Stamford, a newspaper item had
+accused him of undue exclusiveness on the "Canada" to the annoyance of
+other passengers.</p>
+
+<p>To this the doughty "Captain and Managing Owner" replied by a letter in
+which he denied the accusation and added: "As long as I command the
+"Canada" and have a rag of colour to hoist, my proudest day will be when it
+floats at the masthead indicative of the presence and commands of the
+representative of my King."</p>
+
+<p>The departure of his steamer from port was announced in an exceptional
+manner, as stated in the concluding words of his advertisement to the
+public: "N.B. A gun will be fired and colours hoisted twenty-five minutes
+before starting."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In another controversy, which arose from the contract for carrying the
+mails on the Niagara route having been withdrawn from the steamer "Canada,"
+it was developed that while the pay to the steamer was only 1s. 3d. per
+trip, the Government postage between York and Niagara was 7d. on each
+letter. This charge the captain considered excessive, but as the postmaster
+at Niagara now refused to receive any letters from his steamer he regretted
+he had to make public announcement that he was obliged (in future) to
+decline to accept any more letters to be taken across the lake.</p>
+
+<p>The captain-commander of a lake steamboat in those days was a person of
+importance and repute. Unquestioned ruler on his "ship," he represented the
+honour of his Flag and obedience to his Country's laws.</p>
+
+<p>Most of them had been officers of the Royal Navy and had served during the
+1812 War, having been trained in the discipline and conventions of His
+Majesty's service, and similarly on the American boats had served in the
+United States Navy.</p>
+
+<p>At the present day on our Muskoka and inland lakes, the advent of the daily
+steamer is a crowning event, bringing all the neighbourhood down to the
+waterside dock, in curiosity or in welcome. Still more so it was in those
+early times when the mode of steam progression was novel and a source of
+wonder, and the days of call so much more infrequent.</p>
+
+<p>The captain was no doubt the bearer of letters to be delivered into the
+hands of friends, certainly the medium of the latest news (and gossip) from
+the other ports on the lake, and was sought for tidings from the outside,
+as well as in welcome to himself. In particular evidence of the confidence
+reposed in him and in his gallantry, he was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> the honored Guardian of ladies
+and children, travelling alone, who were with much empressment confided to
+his care. Being usually a part owner his attentions were gracious
+hospitalities, so that a seat at the commander's table was not only a
+privilege, but an appreciated acknowledgement of social position.</p>
+
+<p>These were the halcyon days of Officers on the lakes, when the increased
+speed of the new method was enjoyed and appreciated, but the congenialities
+of a pleasant passage, were not lost in impatient haste for its earlier
+termination.</p>
+
+<p>There were in 1826 five steamers running on the Niagara River Route. The
+"Niagara" and "Queenston" from Prescott; "Frontenac" from Kingston; "Martha
+Ogden," an American steamer from the south shore ports and Ogdensburg, and
+the "Canada" to York and "head of the lake," presumably near Burlington,
+and return.</p>
+
+<p>On this "Martha Ogden," built at Sackett's Harbour, in 1824, Captain Van
+Cleve, of Lewiston, served for many years as clerk, and afterwards as
+captain. In a manuscript left by him many interesting events in her history
+are narrated. In 1826 she ran under the command of Captain Andrew Estes
+between Youngstown and York. Youngstown was then a port of much importance.
+It was the shipping place of a very considerable hardwood timbering
+business the trees being brought in from the surrounding country. Its
+docks, situated close to the lake on an eddy separated from the rapid flow
+of the river, formed an easily accessible centre for the batteaux and
+sailing craft which communicated with the Eastern ports on Lake Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>A considerable quantity of grain was also at that time raised in the
+district, providing material for the stone<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> flour mill built in 1840. This
+mill, grinding two hundred barrels per day, was in those days considered a
+marvel of enterprise. Though many years ago disused for such purpose it is
+still to be seen just a little above the Niagara Navigation Company's
+Youngstown dock.</p>
+
+<p>In the way of the nomenclature of steamers, that of the "Alciope," built at
+Niagara in 1828 for Mr. Robert Hamilton, and first commanded by Captain
+McKenzie, late of the "Frontenac," is unusual. This name in appearance
+would appear to be that of some ancient goddess, but is understood to be
+taken from a technical term in abstract zoology. Possibly it may at the
+time have attracted attention, but was evidently not considered
+satisfactory as it was changed in 1832 to the more suitable one of "United
+Kingdom."</p>
+
+<p>More steamers come now in quick succession. The Hon. John Hamilton in 1830
+brought out the "Great Britain" (Captain Joseph Whitney), of 700 tons, with
+two funnels, and spacious awning deck.</p>
+
+<p>The route of the "Martha Ogden" had reverted back to the lake trip between
+Lewiston and Ogdensburgh. It was her ill luck to run ashore in 1830 and
+having sought repairs in the British Government naval establishment at
+Kingston, Captain Van Cleve mentions, with much satisfaction the cordial
+reception given to the American crew by Commodore Barrie, and the efficient
+work done for the ship in the Royal Dockyard. The "Martha Ogden" closed her
+days in 1832 by being lost off Stoney Point, Lake Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>The sailing times of the through boats from the river at this time are
+given as "the steamer <i>Great Britain</i> leaves Niagara every five days, the
+<i>Alciope</i>, every Saturday evening, the <i>Niagara</i> every Monday evening at 6
+o'clock, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> the <i>Queenston</i> every Tuesday morning at 9 o'clock for
+Kingston, Brockville and Prescott (board included) $8.00."</p>
+
+<p>On the American side the <i>United States</i> and <i>Oswego</i> made a semi-weekly
+line between Lewiston and Ogdensburg, calling at all intermediate ports.</p>
+
+<p>In 1832 added "William IV.," an unusual looking craft with four funnels;
+1834 "Commodore Barrie," built at Kingston by the Gildersleeves, and sailed
+by Captain James Sinclair between (as the advertisement stated) "Prescott,
+Toronto (late York) and Niagara." Commodore Barrie, after whom the steamer
+was named, had a long and creditable naval career. As lieutenant he had
+been with Vancouver on the Pacific in 1792, served at Copenhagen in 1807,
+and as captain of "H.M.S. Dragon," 74 guns, had taken part in the
+successful expedition at Penobscot Maine in 1814. In 1830 he had been
+appointed to the command of the Royal Navy Yard at Kingston.</p>
+
+<p>Ship building on the lake began now to take a more definite and established
+position. The "Niagara Dock Company" was formed in 1835. Robert Gilkison, a
+Canadian, of Queenston, who had been educated in shipbuilding at "Port
+Glasgow, Scotland," returned to Canada and was appointed designer and
+superintendent of the works at Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>A number of ships were built under his charge. The first steamer was the
+"Traveller," 145 feet long, 23.6 beam, with speed of 11 to 12 miles
+followed by the "Transit," "Gore," and the "Queen Victoria," 130 feet long,
+23.6 beam, with 50 horse power, a stated speed of 12 miles, and described
+as having been "fitted in elegant style." This steamer, launched in April,
+1838, and commanded by Captain Thomas Dick, introduces a family which for
+many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> years was connected with steamboating on the Niagara River Route.</p>
+
+<p>In her first season Robert Gilkinson, her builder, noted in his diary, June
+29th: "On the celebration of Her Majesty's coronation the <i>Victoria</i>, with
+a party of sixty ladies and gentlemen, made her first trip to Toronto,
+making the distance from Niagara to Toronto in 3 hours and 7 minutes, a
+rate scarcely met by any other boat."</p>
+
+<p>"July 2. Commenced trips leaving Niagara 7 a.m., Toronto 11 a.m., and
+Hamilton 4 p.m., arrived here (Niagara) 8 p.m. Accomplished the 121 miles
+in ten and a half hours, a rate not exceeded by any boat on the lake."</p>
+
+<p>The advertisements of the running times as then given in the press are
+interesting.</p>
+
+<p>"The 'Queen Victoria' leaves Lewiston and Queenston 8 o'clock a.m. and
+Niagara 8.30 o'clock for Toronto. The boat will return each day, leaving
+Toronto for these places at 2 o'clock p.m."</p>
+
+<p>A further enlargement of the running connections of this steamer on the
+route in 1839 stated:</p>
+
+<p>"Passengers will on Monday and Thursday arrive at Toronto in time for the
+"William IV." steamer for Kingston and Prescott. Returning. On arrival at
+Lewiston, railroad cars will leave for the Falls. On arrival at Queenston
+stages will leave for the Falls, whence the passengers can leave next day
+by the steamer "Red Jacket" from Chippawa to Buffalo, or by the railroad
+cars for Manchester."</p>
+
+<p>The "Railroad Cars" were those of the "Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad"
+opened in 1836, then running two trains a day each way between Buffalo and
+the Falls, leaving Buffalo at nine in the morning and five in the
+afternoon. Manchester was the name of the town laid out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> in the
+neighborhood of the Falls, where, from the abundance of water power it was
+expected a great manufacturing centre would be established.</p>
+
+<p>An advertisement in a later year (1844) mentions the steamer "Emerald" to
+"leave Buffalo at 9 a.m. for Chippawa, arrive by cars at Queenston for
+steamer for Toronto, Oswego, Rochester, Kingston and Montreal."</p>
+
+<p>The "cars" at Queenston were those of a horse railroad which had been
+constructed along the main road from Chippewa to Queenston, of which some
+traces still remain. The rails were long wooden sleepers faced with strap
+iron.</p>
+
+<p>During one season the "Queen Victoria" was chartered as a gunboat for Lake
+Ontario, being manned by officers and men from the Royal Navy. She
+presented a fine appearance and was received with great acceptance at the
+lake ports as she visited them.</p>
+
+<p>A more direct route from this distributing point at the foot of the rapids
+on the Niagara River direct to the head of Lake Ontario and the country
+beyond, instead of crossing first to Toronto, was evidently sought. In 1840
+the steamer "Burlington"&mdash;Captain Robert Kerr&mdash;is advertised to "Leave
+Lewiston 7 a.m., Niagara 7.30 a.m., landing (weather permitting) at Port
+Dalhousie (near St. Catherines, from which place a carriage will meet the
+boat regularly); Grimsby, and arrive at Hamilton about noon. Returning will
+leave at 3 p.m., and making the same calls, weather permitting, arrive at
+Lewiston in the evening."</p>
+
+<p>The 30th July, 1841, was a memorable day in steamboating on the Niagara
+River. A great public meeting was held that day on Queenston Heights to
+arrange for the building of a new monument in memory of General<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> Brock to
+replace the one which had been blown up by some dastard on 17th April,
+1840.</p>
+
+<p>Deputations from the military and the patriotic associations in all parts
+of the province attended.</p>
+
+<p>Four steamers left Toronto together about 7.30 in the morning. The
+"Traveller"&mdash;Captain Sandown, R.N., with His Excellency the
+Governor-General, Lord Sydenham, on board; "Transit"&mdash;Captain Hugh
+Richardson; "Queen Victoria"&mdash;Captain Richardson, Jr.; "Gore"&mdash;Captain
+Thomas Dick. At the mouth of the Niagara River these were joined by the
+"Burlington"&mdash;Captain Robert Kerr, and "Britannia" from Hamilton and the
+head of the lake, and by the "Gildersleeve" and "Cobourg" from the Eastern
+ports and Kingston.</p>
+
+<p>Amidst utmost enthusiasm, and with all flags flying, the eight steamers
+assembled at Niagara and marshalled in the following order, proceeded up
+the river to Queenston:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">TRAVELLER.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">GILDERSLEEVE.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">COBOURG.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">BURLINGTON.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">GORE.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">BRITANNIA.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">QUEEN.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">TRANSIT.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The sight of this fleet of eight steamers must have been impressive as with
+flying colours they made up the stream.</p>
+
+<p>Judge Benson, of Port Hope, says that his father, Capt. Benson, of the 3rd
+Incorporated Militia, was then occupying the "Lang House" in Niagara,
+overlooking the river, and that he and his brother were lifted up to the
+window to see the flotilla pass by, a reminiscence of loyal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> fervor which
+has been vividly retained through a long life. Is it not a sufficient
+justification and an actual value resulting from special meetings and
+pageants that they not only serve to revivify the enthusiasm of the elders
+in annals of past days, but yet more to bring to the minds of youth actual
+and abiding touch with the historic events which are being celebrated?</p>
+
+<p>The meeting was held upon the field of the battle, the memories of the
+struggle revived and honour done to the fallen.</p>
+
+<p>The present monument was the result of the enterprise then begun.</p>
+
+<p>Much rivalry existed between the steamers as to which would open the season
+first, as the boat which got into Niagara first before 1st March was free
+of port dues for the season. In this the "Transit" excelled and sometimes
+landed her passengers on the ice.</p>
+
+<p>The Niagara Dock Company in 1842 turned out the "Chief Justice Robinson"
+commanded by Captain Hugh Richardson, Jr.</p>
+
+<p>This steamer, largely owned by Captain Heron and the Richardsons, was
+specially designed to continue during the winter the daily connection by
+water to Toronto, and so avoid the long stage journey around the head of
+the lake. For this purpose her prow at and below the water line was
+projected forward like a double furrowed plough, to cut through the ice and
+throw it outwards on each side.</p>
+
+<p>This winter service she maintained for ten seasons with commendable
+regularity between the outer end of the Queen's Wharf at Toronto (where she
+had sometimes to land passengers on the ice) and Niagara. On one occasion,
+in a snowstorm, she went ashore just outside the harbour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> at Toronto, and
+was also occasionally frozen in at both ends of the route, but each time
+managed to extricate herself. After refitting in the spring she divided the
+daily Lewiston-Toronto Route after 1850 with the second <i>City of Toronto</i>,
+a steamer with two separate engines, with two walking beams built at
+Toronto in 1840, which had been running in the Royal Mail Line, but in 1850
+passed into the complete ownership of Captain Thomas Dick.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer "Rochester" is also recorded as running between Lewiston and
+Hamilton in 1843 to 1849.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Expansion of Steamboating on the Niagara&mdash;its Decline&mdash;a Final Flash and a
+Move To the North</span>.</h3>
+
+
+<p>During this decade the Niagara River was more increasingly traversed by
+many steamers, and became the main line of travel between the Western and
+Centre States by steamer to Buffalo, and thence, via the Niagara River to
+Boston and New York via Ogdensburg and Albany, or by Montreal and Lake
+Champlain to the Hudson.</p>
+
+<p>Lewiston had become a place of much importance, being the transhipping
+point for a great through freighting business. Until the opening of the
+Erie Canal all the salt used in the Western States and Canada was brought
+here by water from Oswego, in thousands of barrels, from the Onandaga Salt
+Wells. Business in the opposite direction was greatly active, report being
+made of the passing of a consignment of 900 barrels of "Mississippi sugar,"
+and 200 hogsheads of molasses for Eastern points in the United States and
+Canada.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the sailing craft five different steamers left the docks
+every day for other ports on the lake.</p>
+
+<p>A new era was opened in 1847 by the introduction with great eclat and
+enterprise of the first iron steamers. The "Passport," commanded first by
+Captain H. Twohey and afterwards by Captain Thomas Harbottle, was
+constructed for the Hon. John Hamilton, the iron plates being moulded on
+the Clyde and put together at the Niagara shipyard by James and Neil
+Currie. The plates for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> the "Magnet" were similarly brought out from
+England and put together for J. W. Gunn, of Hamilton, the principal
+stockholder, with Captain J. Sutherland her captain. Both these steamers in
+their long service proved the reliability of metal vessels in our fresh
+water. Both formed part of the Royal Mail Line leaving Toronto on the
+arrival of the river steamers.</p>
+
+<p>In the early "fifties" the "American Express Line," running from Lewiston
+to Toronto, Rochester, Oswego and Ogdensburg, consisted of the fine upper
+cabin steamers "Cataract," "Bay State," "Ontario," and "Northerner."</p>
+
+<p>The "New Through Line," a Canadian organization, was comprised of six
+steamers: the "Maple Leaf," "Arabian," "New Era," "Champion," "Highlander,"
+"Mayflower." The route they followed was: "Leave Hamilton 7 a.m.; leave
+Lewiston and Queenston about half past 8 p.m., calling at all north shore
+Ontario ports between Darlington and Prescott to Ogdensburgh and Montreal
+without transhipment. Returning via the north shore to Toronto and Hamilton
+direct." The through time down to Montreal was stated in the advertisement
+to be "from Hamilton 33 hours, from the Niagara River 25 hours."</p>
+
+<p>A good instance of the frequency of the entrances of the steamers into the
+harbours is afforded by an amusing suggestion which was in 1851, made by
+Captain Hugh Richardson, who had become Harbour Master at Toronto.</p>
+
+<p>The steamers running into the port seem to have called sometimes at one
+dock first, sometimes at another, according, probably, to the freight which
+may have been on board to be delivered. Much trouble was thus caused to
+cabmen and citizens running up and down the water front from one dock to
+another.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The captain, whose views with respect to the flying, and the distinctive
+meanings, of flags, we have already seen, proposed that all vessels when
+entering the harbour should designate the dock at which they intended to
+stop by the Following signals:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">For Gorrie's Wharf&mdash;Union Jack at Bowsprit end.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For Browne's Wharf&mdash;Union Jack at Masthead.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For Maitland's Wharf&mdash;Union Jack at Staff aft.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For Tinnings Wharf&mdash;Union Jack in fore rigging.<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">For Helliwells Wharf&mdash;Union Jack over wheel-house.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>It is to be remembered that in those days the "Western" was the only
+entrance to the harbour and Front Street without any buildings on its south
+side, followed the line of the high bank above the water so that the
+signals on the steamers could be easily seen by all. The proposal was
+publicly endorsed by the Mayor, Mr. J. G. Bowes, but there is no record of
+its having been adopted.</p>
+
+<p>In 1853 there was built at Niagara for Mr. Oliver T. Macklem the steamer
+"Zimmerman," certainly the finest and reputed to be the fastest steamer
+which up to that time sailed the river. She was named after Mr. Samuel
+Zimmerman, the railway magnate, and ran in connection with the Erie and
+Ontario Railway from Fort Erie to Niagara, which he had promoted, and was
+sailed by Captain D. Milloy.</p>
+
+<p>In this same year there was sailed regularly from Niagara another iron
+steamer, the "Peerless," owned by Captain Dick and Andrew Heron, of
+Niagara. This steamer was first put together at Dunbarton, Scotland, then
+taken apart, and the pieces (said to be five thousand in number) sent out
+to Canada, and put together again at the Niagara dockyard. These two
+steamers thereafter divided the services in competition on the Niagara
+Route to Toronto.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These years were the zenith period for steamboating on Lake Ontario and the
+Niagara River, a constant succession of steamers passing to and fro between
+the ports. Progress in the Western States and in Upper Canada had been
+unexampled. Expansion in every line of business was active, population fast
+coming in, and the construction of railways, which was then being begun,
+creating large expenditures and distribution of money. The steamers on the
+water were then the only method for speedy travel, so their accommodation
+was in fullest use, and their earnings at the largest.</p>
+
+<p>The stage routes around the shores of the lakes in those days were tedious
+and trying in summer, and in winter accompanied by privations. The services
+of the steamers in the winter were greatly appreciated and maintained with
+the utmost vigour every year, particularly for the carriage of mails
+between Toronto, Niagara, Queenston and Lewiston, for which the steamer
+received in winter &pound;3 for each actual running day, and between Toronto and
+Hamilton, for which the recompense was &pound;2 for service per day performed.</p>
+
+<p>In 1851 the <i>Chief Justice Robinson</i> is recorded (Gordon's Letter Books) as
+having run on the Niagara River during 11 months of the year. The remaining
+portion, while she was refitting, was filled by the second <i>City of
+Toronto</i>.</p>
+
+<p>It is mentioned that at one time she went to Oswego to be hauled out on the
+marine cradle there at a charge of 25 cents per ton.</p>
+
+<p>In 1852-53 the services were performed by the same steamers. In 1854 the
+<i>Peerless</i> made two trips daily during ten months, the <i>Chief Justice
+Robinson</i> taking the balance of this service and also filling in during the
+other<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> months, with the second <i>City of Toronto</i> on the Hamilton Route.</p>
+
+<p>The winter service to the Niagara River for 1855 was commenced by the
+<i>Chief Justice Robinson</i> on 1st January, the steamer crossing the lake on
+22 days in that month. February was somewhat interrupted by ice, but the
+full service between the shores was performed on 23 days in the month of
+March.</p>
+
+<p>So soon as the inner water in the harbour of Toronto was frozen up all
+these services were performed from the outer extremity of the Queen's
+Wharf, and in the mid-winter months mostly from the edges of the ice
+further out, the sleighs driving out alongside with their passengers and
+freight. It seems difficult for us, in these days of luxury in travel, to
+comprehend the difficulties under which the early travellers laboured and
+thrived.</p>
+
+<p>There was a wonderful and final exploit in the winter business of the
+Niagara River Route.</p>
+
+<p>The "<i>Niagara Falls and Ontario Railway</i>" was opened as far as Lewiston in
+1854 and by its connection at the Falls with the <i>New York Central Railway</i>
+brought during its first winter of 1854-55 great activity to the Niagara
+steamers.</p>
+
+<p>The Crimean War was in progress and food products for the armies in the
+field were being eagerly sought from all places of world-supply and from
+America. Shipments were accordingly sought from Upper Canada. In summer the
+route would be by the Erie Canal to Albany or by the St. Lawrence and
+Montreal, but both routes were closed in winter.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>New York Central</i> had been connected as a complete rail route as far
+as Albany, where, as there was no bridge across the Hudson, transportation
+was made by a ferry to the <i>Hudson River Railroad</i>, on the opposite shore
+for New York, or to the <i>Western Railroad</i> for Boston.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image004.jpg" width="450" height="270" alt="The WILLIAM IV. 1832.
+
+From the &quot;Landmarks of Toronto.&quot; page 30" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The WILLIAM IV. 1832.<br />
+
+From the &quot;Landmarks of Toronto.&quot; <a href="#Page_30">page 30</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image004a.jpg" width="450" height="242" alt="The CHIEF JUSTICE ROBINSON. 1841." title="" />
+<span class="caption">The CHIEF JUSTICE ROBINSON. 1841.<br />
+
+From the &quot;Landmarks of Toronto.&quot; <a href="#Page_84">page 84</a></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There was, at that time, no railroad around the head of Lake Ontario so a
+Freight Route by steamer across the lake was opened to Lewiston, from where
+rail connection could be made to the Atlantic.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1855, large shipments of flour made from Upper Canada mills
+along the north shore of Lake Ontario began to be collected. The
+enterprising agent of the <i>Peerless</i> (Mr. L. B. Gordon) wrote to the
+Central that he hoped to "make the consignment up to 10,000 barrels before
+the canal and river opens." This being a reference to the competing
+all-water route via the Erie Canal and Hudson River.</p>
+
+<p>The first winter shipment of a consignment of 3,400 barrels was begun by
+the <i>Chief Justice Robinson</i> from the Queen's Wharf on 17th January.</p>
+
+<p>The through rates of freight, as recorded in Mr. Gordon's books, are in
+these modern days of low rates, remarkable. Not the less interesting are
+the proportions accepted by each of the carriers concerned for their
+portion of the service, which were as follows:</p>
+
+
+<h4>Flour, per barrel, Toronto to New York&mdash;</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>Steamer&mdash;Queen's Wharf to Lewiston</td><td align='left'>12-1/2c</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Wharfage and teaming (Cornell)</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;6</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>New York Central, Lewiston to Albany</td><td align='left'>60</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Ferry at Albany</td><td align='left'>&nbsp;&nbsp;3</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Hudson River Railroad to New York</td><td align='left'>37-1/2</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>&mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Through to New York</td><td align='left'>$1.19</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+
+<p>What would the Railway Commissioners and the public of the present think of
+such rates!<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The shipments were largely from the products of the mills at the <i>Credit</i>,
+<i>Oakville</i>, <i>Brampton</i>, <i>Esquesing</i>, and <i>Georgetown</i>, being teamed to the
+docks at <i>Oakville</i> and <i>Port Credit</i>, from where they were brought by the
+steamers <i>Queen City</i> and <i>Chief Justice Robinson</i> at 5c per bbl. to the
+Queen's Wharf, Toronto, and from there taken across the lake by the <i>Chief
+Justice Robinson</i> and the <i>Peerless</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The propeller <i>St. Nicholas</i> took a direct load of 3,000 barrels from Port
+Credit to Lewiston on Feb. 2nd. Shipments were also sent to Boston at
+$1,24-1/2 per bbl., on which the proportion of the "New York Central" was
+68c, and the "Western Railroad" received 35c per bbl. as their share.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly the whole consignment expected was obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Another novel route was also opened. Consignments of flour for local use
+were sent to Montreal during this winter by the <i>New York Central</i>,
+Lewiston to Albany, and thence by the "<i>Albany Northern Railroad</i>" to the
+south side of the St. Lawrence River, whence they were most probably teamed
+across the ice to the main city.</p>
+
+<p>Northbound shipments were also worked up and received at Lewiston for
+Toronto&mdash;principally teas and tobaccos&mdash;consignments of "English Bonded
+Goods" were rated at "second-class, same as domestic sheetings" and carried
+at 63c per 100 pounds from New York to Lewiston.</p>
+
+<p>It was a winter of unexampled activity, but it was the closing effort of
+the steamers against the entrance of the railways into their
+all-the-year-round trade.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately upon the opening of the Great Western Railway from Niagara
+Falls to Hamilton in 1855 and to Toronto in 1856, and of the Grand Trunk
+Railway from Montreal in 1856, the steamboating interests suffered still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+further and great decay. In the financial crisis of 1857 many steamers were
+laid up. In 1858 all the American Line steamers were in bankruptcy, and in
+1860 the <i>Zimmerman</i> abandoned the Niagara River to the <i>Peerless</i>, the one
+steamer being sufficient.</p>
+
+<p>The opening of the American Civil War in 1860 opened a new career for the
+Lake Ontario steamers, as the Northern Government were short of steamers
+with which to blockade the Southern ports.</p>
+
+<p>The "Peerless" was purchased by the American Government in 1861 and left
+for New York under command of Captain Robert Kerr, and by 1863 all the
+American Line steamers had been sold in the same direction and gone down
+the rapids to Montreal, and thence to the Atlantic. A general clearance had
+been affected.</p>
+
+<p>The "Zimmerman" returned from the Hamilton Route to the Niagara River,
+which had been left vacant by the removal of the "Peerless," but, taking
+fire alongside the dock at Niagara in 1863, became a total loss. During the
+winter the third "<i>City of Toronto</i>" was built by Captain Duncan Milloy, of
+Niagara, and began her service on the river in 1864 and thereafter had the
+route to herself. In 1866 the "Rothsay Castle" brought up by Captain Thomas
+Leach from Halifax, ran for one season in competition, but the business was
+not sufficient for two steamers so she was returned to the Atlantic. The
+"City" then had the route alone until 1877, when the "Southern Belle,"
+being the reconstructed "Rothsay Castle," re-entered upon the scene and
+again ran from Tinnings Wharf in connection with the Canada Southern
+Railway to Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>Such had been the courses of navigation and steamboating on the Niagara
+River from its earliest days&mdash;the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> rise to the zenith of prosperity and
+then the immeasurable fall due to the encircling of the lakes by the
+increasing railways. The old time passenger business had been diverted from
+the water, the docks had fallen into decay, only one steamer remained on
+the Niagara River Route, but it was fair to consider that with more vigor
+and improved equipment a new era might be begun.</p>
+
+<p>The decadence of trade had been so great, and the prospects of the Niagara
+River presenting so little hope that Captain Thomas Dick had turned his
+thoughts and energies into the direction of the North Shore of Lake Huron,
+where mining and lumbering were beginning, and to Lake Superior, where the
+construction of the Dawson Road, as a connection through Canadian
+territory, to Fort Garry was commenced. He had several years previously
+transferred the second <i>City of Toronto</i> to these Upper Lake waters, and
+after being reboilered and rebuilt, her name had been changed to <i>Algoma</i>,
+commanded at first by his half brother, Capt. Jas. Dick, and in 1863 he had
+obtained the contract for carrying the mails for the Manitoulin Island and
+Lake Huron Shore to Sault Ste. Marie.</p>
+
+<p>If ever there was a steamer which deserved the name of "<i>Pathfinder</i>," it
+was this steamer "Algoma." It was said that all the officers, pilots and
+captains of later days had been trained on her, and that she had found out
+for them every shoal along her route by actual contact. Being a staunchily
+built wooden boat with double "walking beam" engines, working
+independently, one on each wheel, she always got herself off with little
+trouble or damage. One trip is personally remembered. Coming out from Bruce
+Mines the <i>Algoma</i> went over a boulder on a shoal in such way as to open up
+a plank in the bottom, just in front of the boilers. Looking down the
+forward hatch the water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> could be watched as it boiled up into the
+fire-hold, but as long as the wheels were kept turning the pumps could keep
+the in-rush from gaining, so the steamer after backing off was continued on
+her journey.</p>
+
+<p>When calling at docks the engines were never stopped, one going ahead the
+other reversed, until after Sault Ste. Marie had been reached and the
+balance of the cargo unloaded, when the steamer, with the men in the
+fire-hold working up to their ankles in water, set off on her run of 400
+miles to Detroit, where was then the only dry dock into which she could be
+put.</p>
+
+<p>After a long and successful career the brave boat died a quiet death
+alongside a dock, worn out as a lumber barge.</p>
+
+<p>This transference of Captain Dick's interests to the Upper Lakes was,
+strangely enough, the precursor to the events which led to the creation of
+another era in navigation on the Niagara River. This "North Shore" route,
+although for long centuries occupied by the outposts of the Hudson Bay and
+North West fur companies, was so far as immigration and mercantile
+interests were concerned, an undeveloped territory. Along its shores was
+the traditional canoe and batteaux route from French River to Fort William
+on the Kaministiqua River for trade with the great prairies by the
+interlacing waterways to Lake Manitoba and the Red River. At intervals,
+such as at Spanish River, Missassaga, Garden River, Michipicoten and
+Nepigon River, were the outlets for the canoe and portage routes, north to
+the Hudson Bay and great interior fur preserves. This ancient rival to the
+Niagara River route had remained little varied from the era of canoe and
+sail. The secrets of its natural products, other than fur, being as well
+kept as were those of the fertility of the soil of the "great Lone Land,"
+under the perennial control of the same adventurers of Charles II.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The creation of the "Dominion of Canada" and of the "Province of Ontario"
+under Confederation in 1867 and its establishment as the "District of
+Algoma" brought it political representation in the Provincial Legislature
+and a development of its unoccupied possibilities.</p>
+
+<p>The size of the constituency was phenomenal. Its first representative in
+the Legislature of Ontario used quizzically to describe it: "Where is my
+constituency? Sir, Algoma, is the greatest constituency on earth, and
+larger than many an Empire in Europe. On the east it is bounded by the
+French River, on the south by all the waters of Lakes Huron and Lake
+Superior, on the west by Manitoba, with an undecided boundary, and on the
+north by the North Pole, and the Lord knows where."</p>
+
+<p>Its permanent voters were few and sparsely spread along a line of nigh 500
+miles. By the Act of Confederation, Algoma was given a special
+qualification for its voters being for every male British subject of 21 or
+over, being a householder. Thus it has sometimes been averred that during
+hotly contested elections the migratory Indians for a while ceased to
+wander, that "shack towns" suddenly arose in the neighborhood of the saw
+mills, composed of small "slab" sided dwellings in which dusky voters lived
+until election day was over. It may be from these early seedlings that the
+several constituencies which have since been carved out from their great
+progenitor, have not been unremarkable for eccentricities in methods of
+ballot and in varieties of voters.</p>
+
+<p>Further diversion of vessel interests from the Niagara Route to the Upper
+Lakes, and the circumstances which, within personal knowledge, accompanied
+it, are a part of the history, and a prelude to the return to the river.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">On the Upper Lakes With the Wolseley Expedition and Lord Dufferin.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The way having been opened by the <i>Algoma</i> between Georgian Bay and the
+Sault, with sundry extra trips beyond, N. Milloy &amp; Co., of Niagara, brought
+up from Halifax, in 1868, the even then celebrated steamer <i>Chicora</i> to
+increase the service to Lake Superior. No finer steamer was there on the
+Upper Lakes than the <i>Chicora</i>, and none whether American or Canadian, that
+could approach her in speed; she could trail out a tow line to any
+competitor. She had arrived opportunely and had greatly increased her
+renown by carrying the Wolseley Expedition, in 1870, from Collingwood to
+the place on the shores of the Thunder Bay where the expedition for the
+suppression of the Riel Rebellion at Fort Garry was landed.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the arrangements for the movement of this Wolseley Expedition
+that some difficulties arose which were due to a want of harmony between
+the local government of the State and that of the National Cabinet of the
+Federal Government at Washington, a condition which is liable to occur at
+any time under the peculiar provisions of the American Constitution.</p>
+
+<p>Having been compiled in the time of stress for the avoidance of an
+autocracy and for the development of the individual rights of the several
+component States, the relations between States and Federal authority were
+strongly drawn. While in the Canadian Constitution any power<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> which has not
+been specifically allotted to the Provinces remains in the Dominion
+Government, which is thus the centre of all power, in the United States the
+reverse condition exists.</p>
+
+<p>Speedy dealings with foreign nations are thus somewhat hampered on the part
+of the United States Federal Government.</p>
+
+<p>The only canal lock at that time at the Sault by which the rapids of the
+Sault River could be overcome and the level of Lake Superior be reached
+from that of Lake Huron, was on the Michigan side, and owned and controlled
+by the State of Michigan. As an armed force could not be sent by rail
+through the United States, it was necessary that all supplies and the men
+of the Canadian forces for Fort Garry should be forwarded by this water
+route to the head of Lake Superior, from where they were to take the
+"Dawson Route" of mixed road and river transit to Lake Winnipeg and the
+scene of action. A cargo of boats, wagons, and general supplies for use by
+the troops had been sent up by the "Chicora" (Captain McLean), leaving
+Collingwood on the 7th May, but the steamer was not permitted by the
+Michigan authorities to pass through the Sault Canal. Owing to this action
+immediate steps were imperatively necessary, pending negotiations, to
+obtain additional tonnage to carry forward the expedition.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Cumberland, A.D.C., M.P.P., was sent on a secret duty to Detroit,
+where he succeeded in chartering the American steamer <i>Brooklyn</i>, which was
+at once sent off with instructions to report for orders above the canal at
+Point Aux Pins, to Col. Bolton, R.A., Deputy Adjutant General. Being passed
+up the canal, without obstacle, the difficulty was immediately relieved.
+Fortunately the "Algoma"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> was at the upper end of the route and on Lake
+Superior. The supplies and stores were accordingly unloaded from the
+<i>Chicora</i> at the Canadian Sault, portaged across by the twelve miles road
+to the wharf at Point Aux Pins, on the Canadian side above the Rapids, and
+sent on up Lake Superior by the "Algoma," and "Brooklyn."</p>
+
+<p>A similar course was obliged to be adopted with the cargoes of supplies for
+the expedition brought up on the Canadian steam barge <i>Shickluna</i>, and on
+the schooners <i>Orion</i> and <i>Pandora</i> towed by her.</p>
+
+<p>This was in other ways a remarkable event, as being one in which the
+"Coasting Laws of Canada" were for a time, cancelled by the action of a
+citizen. The "Brooklyn" being an American boat could not legally carry
+cargo between two Canadian ports, such as Point Aux Pins and the Landing,
+so Col. Cumberland gave Captain Davis a letter<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> to Mr. Joseph Wilson, the
+Collector of Customs at the Canadian Sault, authorizing him to permit the
+American vessel to trade between Canadian ports. As Mr. Cumberland was
+member of Parliament for the district, the local authorities gave immediate
+attention, especially as everyone on the Canadian side was ready to run all
+risks and do everything in their power to help the expedition along.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p>
+<p>Returning to Collingwood the "Chicora" left again on the 14th May with two
+companies of the Ontario Contingest recruited from the Volunteer Militia of
+the Province, twenty-four horses and more arms and stores. Refusal was
+again given and the same portaging took place as before, the men during the
+transfer being encamped near the old Hudson's Bay Fort. Urgent
+representations had been made to the local State authorities, pointing out
+that the expedition was pressed for time, much loss might be occasioned,
+and the rebellion spread if the troops were delayed. The British Minister
+at Washington was using every endeavor to obtain the necessary permission,
+but without avail. The "Chicora" returned to Collingwood and left again on
+21st May with Col. Garnet Wolseley (afterwards Viscount Wolseley), a
+detachment of the "60th Rifles" of the Regulars (the Regiment of H.R.H.
+Prince Arthur) and the balance of the expedition. In the absence of the
+expected permission the same procedure was again followed, and when
+everything on board had been unloaded the <i>Chicora</i> was passed empty
+through the canal, and reloading the soldiers and all the equipment at the
+Point aux Pins proceeded up the lake to her destination.</p>
+
+<p>Canada has since then, for her self control and the protection of her
+trade, built a great canal on her own side, through which ever since it was
+constructed the United States vessels have been freely allowed to pass upon
+exactly the same terms as her own.</p>
+
+<p>Navigation upon the Upper Lakes was in those years in the most primitive
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>When the "Chicora" landed the Wolseley Expedition at Prince Arthur's
+Landing there was no wharf large enough<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> for her to be moored to, so she
+had to anchor off the shore, and the men and cargo were landed in small
+boats.</p>
+
+<p>As Col. Wolseley came ashore in a rowboat he was met by Mr. Thomas Marks, a
+principal merchant, and Mr. William Murdock, C.E., who was then in conduct
+of the Government Railway Exploration Surveys from the shores of Thunder
+Bay to Fort Garry for what afterwards became the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+The Colonel, finding on enquiry that the place had no particular name
+beyond that of "The Landing," proposed that it should be called "Prince
+Arthur's Landing." This was to be in honour of Prince Arthur, Duke of
+Connaught, who was then serving in his battalion of the Rifle Brigade at
+that time stationed in Montreal. The name was immediately adopted and was
+kept unchanged until 1883, when, to mark the eastern end of the Canadian
+Pacific and to correspond with "Port Moody," the then accepted terminus at
+the western end, it was changed to "Port Arthur." The name and reminiscence
+of the Royal Prince is in this way still happily retained.</p>
+
+<p>Rivalries had begun between the long established hamlet clustered around
+Fort William, the ancient post of the Hudson Bay Company on the banks at
+the mouth of the Kanistiqua River, and the newly created village on the
+shores of the Lake at the "Landing." To appease the vociferous claimants of
+both, the expedition was divided, one part being sent up by the lower river
+from "Fort William," the other by waggon on land from the "Landing," to
+join together again at a point on the Kaministiquia above the Falls, from
+where they proceeded together by the mixed transport of water and waggon on
+the "Dawson Route" to Fort Garry.</p>
+
+<p>There were then few lighthouses on the lakes, and no buoys in the channels.
+When a steamer left the shores of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> Georgian Bay nothing was heard of her
+until she came in sight again on her return after being away ten days, for
+there were no telegraphs on the North Shore nor even at the Sault.</p>
+
+<p>The hamlets were few and far spread, being mainly small fishing villages.
+Bruce Mines with its copper mines, then in full operation, was perhaps the
+most important place, with a population of 2,500. The Sault had perhaps
+500, Silver Islet, with its mysterious silver mine, 1,500, and Prince
+Arthur's Landing about 200 residents, with whatever importance was given by
+its position at the head of the lake, and as being the starting place of
+the Dawson Road to Fort Garry, and the supply point for the developing
+mines of the interior.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever meat, flour, or vegetable foods the people ate had to be carried
+up to them from the Ontario ports. Westwards the decks were filled with
+cattle, hogs, and all kinds of merchandise, but there was little freight to
+bring back east except fish and some small quantities of highly
+concentrated ores from the mines.</p>
+
+<p>The business had not developed as had been expected, and the "Chicora" was
+found to be too good for the Lake Superior route as it then existed. Her
+freight-carrying capacity was light, cabin accommodation in excess of
+requirements, and her speed and expenses far beyond what was there needed.
+So the boat had to be withdrawn from service, dismantled, and laid up
+alongside the docks at Collingwood in the season of 1873.</p>
+
+<p>One splendid and closing charter there had been in the season of 1874, when
+the "Chicora" was chartered for the months of July and August to be a
+special yacht for the progress of the Governor-General, Lord Dufferin, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+his suite, through what were then the northern districts of Ontario and
+through the Upper Lakes.</p>
+
+<p>Col. F. W. Cumberland, M.P., General Manager of the Northern Railway, was
+also Provincial Aide-de-Camp to the Governor-General and thus in general
+charge of the arrangements for the tour, particularly on the Northern
+Railway, through whose districts the party was then travelling. The further
+portions of the tour were through the district of Algoma, comprising all
+the country along the north shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, which Col.
+Cumberland then represented in the Provincial Parliament, being the first
+Member for Algoma.</p>
+
+<p>Washago, at the first crossing of the Severn River, was then the "head of
+the track" of the "Muskoka Branch," which was under construction from
+Barrie. Beyond this point the party were to proceed through the byways and
+villages of Muskoka by mixed conveyance of boats on the lakes and carriages
+over the bush roads to Parry Sound, where they were to join the "Chicora."</p>
+
+<p>Every minute of the way had been carefully planned out to satisfactorily
+arrange for the reception en route, stopping places for meals and rest,
+stays over night, and allowance for all possible contingencies, for the
+Governor-General insisted that he should make his arrival, at each place on
+the way, with royal precision.</p>
+
+<p>There was therefore no room for the insertion of the many special demands
+for additional functions and time, which increasingly arose as the days
+drew near, for the fervor of the welcome became tumultuous.</p>
+
+<p>The Presbyterian clergyman at Washago had been particularly insistent and
+had called to his aid every local influence of shipper and politician to
+obtain consent that the Governor-General should lay the corner-stone of
+the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> new church which the adherents of the "Auld Kirk" were erecting at the
+village. The ceremony was whittled down until it was at last agreed that it
+should be sandwiched into the arrangements on condition that everything
+should be in readiness, and that the proceedings should not exceed fifteen
+minutes, for there was a long and rocky drive ahead of fourteen miles to
+Gravenhurst, where an important afternoon gathering from all the
+countryside and a reception by His Excellency and the Countess of Dufferin
+had been arranged.</p>
+
+<p>The Municipal and the local Society receptions at the Washage station had
+been safely got through when the Governor and party walked over the granite
+knolls to where the church was to be erected. The location of the village,
+which is situated between two arms of the Muskoka River, is on the
+unrelieved outcrop of the Muskoka granite, which, scarred and rounded by
+the glacier action of geological ages, is everywhere in evidence.</p>
+
+<p>On the knoll, more level than the others, was the church party expectant.
+At their feet, perched upon a little cemented foundation about a foot and a
+half in diameter, built on the solid granite, was the "corner stone," a
+cube of granite some three inches square. A miniature silver trowel, little
+larger than a teaspoon, was handed to the Governor, who, holding it in his
+fingers smoothed down the morsel of mortar and the corner stone was duly
+laid.</p>
+
+<p>The Minister then announced "Let us engage in prayer," and raising his
+hands and closing his eyes he at once began.</p>
+
+<p>It was a burning hot noon-day in July. Having got fairly started the
+minister seemed to be in no way disposed to stop. At five minutes a chair
+and umbrella were brought for Lady Dufferin. At ten minutes motions were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+made to pluck the minister's coat tails, but no one dared. The fervid
+appeal covering all possible contingencies, and meandering into varied "We
+give Thee thanks also" still continued so the Governor and Lady Dufferin
+and their Suite quietly slipped away from the group and going to the
+carriages, which were waiting in readiness near by, drove away.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly afterwards the minister ceased and, opening his eyes, took in the
+situation.</p>
+
+<p>He at least had succeeded in having his corner-stone laid by a
+Governor-General and was satisfied, even though he had lost that portion of
+his audience. There were others also who were satisfied as one of the
+devout congregation who said as we walked away, "Wasn't the Meenester
+powerful in prayer?"</p>
+
+<p>Lord Dufferin's private secretary and myself, having seen our duties to
+this point satisfactorily completed, returned to the cars and proceeded
+back by the special train to Collingwood, where the outfit and arrangements
+of the "Chicora" for the long cruise were being completed, and active
+operations had for some time been going on.</p>
+
+<p>The ship was a picture, resplendent in brightened brasses, new paint and
+decorations. The staterooms had been re-arranged and enlarged so that they
+could be used in suites with separate dining and reception rooms arranged
+for various occasions. Strings of flags of all varieties, and ensigns for
+every occasion were provided, including His Excellency the
+Governor-General's special flag, to be raised the moment he came on board.
+Captain James C. Orr, his officers, and the picked crew were all in naval
+uniform, and naval discipline was to be maintained.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>About ten o'clock one night we sailed out of Collingwood to make an easy
+night run across the Georgian Bay and arrive in the morning at Parry Sound,
+where the Governor-General was to join the steamer in the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>We were naturally anxious that nothing should occur on our part to mar the
+arrangements for the much heralded tour, and so I turned out early in the
+morning, called up by some indistinct premonition. Of all the evils that
+can befall a ship's captain it is that of a too supreme confidence in his
+own powers; a confidence which leads him to take unnecessary risks and so
+incur dangers which a little longer waiting would avoid. Of this we now met
+a most striking instance.</p>
+
+<p>There are two routes from Collingwood to Parry Sound. The outer passage,
+outside the islands, longer but through open lake and safe, the other the
+inner passage winding through an archipelago of islands, tortuous and
+narrow. This latter was also known as the "Waubuno Channel," from its being
+the route of the steamer of that name, a vessel of 140 feet and the largest
+passing through it. As a scenic route for tourists it is unsurpassable,
+threading its way amid many islands with abrupt and thrilling turns.</p>
+
+<p>Captain McNab, one of the most experienced and oldest navigators of the
+Upper Lakes, had been engaged as pilot for the tour of the "Chicora."</p>
+
+<p>In the early morning, instead of being as had been expected, out in the
+open lake, we were heading into a bay with the shore line expanding far on
+each side both east and west.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image005.jpg" width="450" height="336" alt="The ALGOMA. 1862.
+
+The 2nd CITY OF TORONTO. 1840. Rebuilt. page 44" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The ALGOMA. 1862.<br />
+
+The 2nd CITY OF TORONTO. 1840. Rebuilt. <a href="#Page_44">page 44</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image005a.jpg" width="450" height="336" alt="The 3rd CITY OF TORONTO. 1864.
+
+From an old drawing. page 123" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The 3rd CITY OF TORONTO. 1864.<br />
+
+From an old drawing. <a href="#Page_123">page 123</a></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Going forward, Captain McNab, in reply to questions, said he intended going
+through the Waubuno Channel, and admitted that he had never taken a boat as
+large as the "Chicora" through the channel, but was sure he could. Amiable
+suggestions that he might like to bet $10,000 that he could, being promptly
+declined, he accepted instructions and the steamer was at once turned
+around to go by the outer channel for which there was plenty of time. He
+might have done it, but there was a doubt in it, and supposing he had not,
+what then? It is better for a captain to be sure, than to be sorry.</p>
+
+<p>The tour was a great success. Wherever the bonnie boat went, whether in
+Canadian waters around the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior at
+Sault Ste. Marie, Nepigon, Prince Arthur's Landing, or in American waters,
+at Mackinac, Lake Michigan and Chicago, her trim appearance, beautiful
+lines, and easy speed, won continued admiration.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>
+</p><p class="right"><br />
+Detroit, 18th May, 1870.</p>
+<p>
+Sir:
+</p><p>
+The Steamer <i>Brooklyn</i> proceeds to Point Aux Pins on special service.
+</p><p>
+In case you may not have been advised by the head of your department, I am
+authorised to inform you that she is to have free access to all Canadian
+Ports on Lake Superior, moving under orders from Col. Bolton.
+</p>
+<p class="right">
+I am, etc.,<br />
+(Signed) F. W. <span class="smcap">Cumberland</span>.<br />
+</p><p>Jos. Wilson, Collector of Customs,<br />
+Saulte Ste Marie, Ont.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">A Novel Idea and a New Venture&mdash;Buffalo in Sailingship Days&mdash;A Risky
+Passage.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>After the tour with Lord Dufferin had been concluded the "Chicora" was
+returned to Collingwood and laid up again to rest her reputation great and
+widespread as it was before, having been still more enhanced. At last early
+on a gray morning of August, 1877, under tow of a wrecking tug, there stole
+gently away from Collingwood the steamer which had been the greatest glory
+of the port, her red paddles trailing lifeless in the water like the feet
+of a wounded duck.</p>
+
+<p>Where was she being taken to? What had taken place? It was the beginning of
+a bold and sporting venture.</p>
+
+<p>As General Freight and Passenger Agent (Oct., 1873 to Jan., 1878) of the
+Northern Railway of Canada, the "Chicora" as she lay at Collingwood was
+much under my notice, and in travelling to Buffalo on railway business the
+water route by the Niagara River was most frequently taken. There was no
+route on the Upper Lakes upon which the "Chicora" could be successfully
+employed. It was considered that she could not be returned to the Lower
+Lakes because it was said that having been brought up the canals from
+Montreal, the "guards" added at Buffalo, which made her width fifty feet at
+the main deck could not be removed without serious damage in order to
+reduce her to the then Welland canal width of only 26 feet. As under the
+then trade conditions she could neither be profitably<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> run nor be returned
+to the Lower Lakes, the steamer was of little worth to her owners, and
+could be readily purchased. It had for some time appeared to me that there
+was an opening for a good boat upon the Niagara River route. The "City of
+Toronto" plying to Lewiston and the New York Central was getting
+insufficient and out of date in equipment. The Canada Southern Railway at
+Niagara-on-the-Lake was not satisfied with the "Southern Belle." Why not
+get the "Chicora" and strike out for a career of one's own? So I started to
+study the position having always had a mechanical turn and had practical
+experience in railway and machine construction.</p>
+
+<p>Keeping one's ideas to one's self the boat was examined and careful
+scrutiny ascertained that the "guards" could be removed and replaced
+without interference with the hull, so that this first obstacle to her
+being brought to the Lower Lakes could be overcome.</p>
+
+<p>But there were other obstacles which cropped up. To begin with, a pier of
+one of the smaller locks in the Welland (150 &times; 26) was said to have
+inclined inwards so that there was not sufficient width even after the
+"guards" had been removed, for the 26-ft. hull to pass through.</p>
+
+<p>Again, <i>Chicora</i> was 230 feet long. If the vessel was brought down in two
+pieces through all the locks to Lake Ontario, there was no dry dock on the
+lake of sufficient length into which she could be placed so that these
+parts might be put together again. A further obstacle and a fatal one. The
+only place where the two parts could be put together again her full length
+of 230 feet long was Muir's dry dock, at Port Dalhousie, but that was above
+the last lock of the canal, which required to be passed to get down to Lake
+Ontario, and <i>this lock was only 200 feet long!</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The game was apparently impracticable. It was not more impossible to put a
+quart into a pint bottle, than it was to put the full-sized 230-foot
+<i>Chicora</i> into the 200-foot Dalhousie lock and lower her to Lake Ontario.
+No wonder other people had given the job up, and the steamer could be
+easily bought.</p>
+
+<p>Just about this time I noticed an announcement in the press that in order
+to provide for the construction of the lower locks at the Ontario end of
+the new Welland Canal, the Canadian Government intended, after the close of
+navigation the next autumn, to draw off the whole of the water in the
+five-mile level above the Port Dalhousie lock between there and St.
+Catharines.</p>
+
+<p>The idea at once arose, why not put the <i>Chicora</i> into the 200-foot lock
+with the upper gate open, so that although she would extend 30 feet beyond
+the regular lock, she would then be in a total actual lock of five miles
+long.</p>
+
+<p>Going over again to Port Dalhousie, the whole position was carefully
+surveyed. It was found that on the troublesome lock there was
+three-quarters of an inch to spare, so that trick could be turned
+successfully. Closer investigation developed that the 200-foot lock problem
+at Port Dalhousie was, as will be stated later, more capable of being
+solved than appeared on the surface. It was now evident that the practical
+part of the work could be done successfully. The next thing was to provide
+for connecting support. My first railway service had been in that of the
+Great Western Railway in 1872-73 in the divisional office at London, and
+afterwards in charge of the terminal yard and car ferries at Windsor, under
+Mr. M. D. Woodward, Superintendent.</p>
+
+<p>During that time the General Manager was Mr. W. K. Muir, who had
+transferred, and was now General Manager<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> of the Canada Southern Railway,
+operating the branch line between Buffalo and Niagara. Enquiry led to an
+understanding that a contract could be made for a full service by a
+first-class steamer between Toronto and Niagara-on-the-Lake in connection
+with the route to the Falls and Buffalo, as the size of the <i>Southern
+Belle</i> was not satisfactory.</p>
+
+<p>Armed with all this information, and having made up the estimates of cost
+and possible earnings, the whole matter was laid before the Hon. Frank
+Smith, who then had a part interest in the <i>Chicora</i>. The proposition was
+that we should buy out the other owners, bring the <i>Chicora</i> through the
+canal and put her on the Niagara Route, where she could earn good money.</p>
+
+<p>One was to do the work and the other to find the backing for the funds
+required. In this way for him a dead loss would be revived and a good
+future investment found, while the junior would enter into a work in which
+with energy he would be able to secure a lasting reward for his enterprise
+and ability in transportation business. He agreed and we proceeded to carry
+out the project. The purchase was made early in 1877, the original
+purchasers and registered owners of the steamer being Hon. Frank Smith and
+Barlow Cumberland.</p>
+
+<p>In this way began a partnership which lasted through life. Sir Frank
+(knighted in 1874) was a man of quick decision, of great courage, and
+indomitable will. Every company with which he became identified felt the
+influence of his virile hand. A charter for the Niagara Navigation Company,
+Limited, with a capital of $500,000, was obtained from the Dominion
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>The first issue of the stock of the Company was entirely subscribed by the
+Frank Smith and Cumberland representatives<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> and the transfer of the boat to
+the new company made in 1878. The first Board of Directors were: President,
+Hon. Frank Smith; Vice-President, Barlow Cumberland; Directors, Col. Fred.
+W. Cumberland, John Foy, and R. H. McBride; Barlow Cumberland, Manager;
+John Foy, Secretary. Preliminary work had been actively in progress at
+Collingwood in dismantling the steamer and preparing her for a long and
+eventful journey. As the engines had been laid up and would not be required
+until after the reconstruction at Toronto, they were not again set up, but
+the tug, J. T. Robb, was brought up from Port Colborne to tow the vessel to
+Buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>Here began the closing era of this century of steam navigation in the
+Niagara River. The story of the next and final thirty-five years is the
+story of the rise and expansion of the Niagara Navigation Company, its
+vicissitudes and competitions, and the final success of the enterprise.
+Reminiscence of the series of hot competitions which were worked through
+and of the men and methods of the period are set out as matters of record
+of an eventful series of years on the route.</p>
+
+<p>The long cabins on the upper deck were removed and parts sent to Toronto,
+where they now are the upper drawing room of the <i>Chicora</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The cabins on the main deck were left undisturbed to be used by the crew,
+while coming through the canals.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Thomas Leach was in charge of the voyage to Buffalo, where Captain
+William Manson, of Collingwood, took charge of the crew with some
+carpenters and the engineers. Mr. Alexander Leach was purser and
+confidential agent. A more faithful officer and devoted servant never was
+found. He had been purser of the steamer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> <i>Cumberland</i> until she was
+wrecked on Isle Royale, Lake Superior, 5 August, 1876.</p>
+
+<p>The tow from Collingwood was uneventful and the steamer arrived at Buffalo
+and was placed in the Buffalo Dry Dock Company's Works, they having put her
+together when brought up from Halifax. Two barges were purchased and put
+alongside the guards, unriveted and lowered upon the barges in single
+pieces.</p>
+
+<p>The paddle boxes were removed, the wheels taken to pieces, numbered, and
+put on the barges, and everything stripped off the sides of the hull, so
+that she was reduced to her narrowest width, cleared of everything, to go
+through the canal. The steamer was then put into dry dock, cut in two and
+the parts slid apart.</p>
+
+<p>It was intended to take the steamer across Lake Erie to Port Colborne as a
+single tow. Two long sixteen-inch square elm timbers were placed on deck
+across the opening and strongly chained to smaller timbers; timbers were
+also put fore and aft to take the pull and keep the two parts of hull from
+coming together. It all reads easily, but took much consideration and time
+in working out the problems. And as the enterprise was unusual and not
+likely to be repeated the details are given as matters of interesting
+record. It was a strange looking craft that came out of dock. Two parts
+held far apart from one another by the big timbers, and the water washing
+free to and fro in the opening between. It was a tender craft to moor in a
+narrow river where heavily laden vessels coming and going banged heedlessly
+against one another. We were fortunate, however, in obtaining the
+permission of the United States Marine Department that we might lie
+unmolested and alone alongside Government wharf on the west side of the
+river while waiting for weather. A<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> great deal of public interest was being
+taken in the venture and on every hand we received cheerful and ready
+assistance. Mr. David Bell, whose daughter had married Mr. Casimir Gzowski,
+of Toronto, was especially helpful, doing good work for us in the foundry
+and machine shops. The Dry Dock Companies seemed like old friends, the
+curious public often visited us, and the enterprising newspaper reporters
+kept us well in the readers' view. So we towed out of dock, dropped down
+the river and tied up at our allotted berth. The barges with their
+strange-looking cargo had been sent separately across to the canal to Port
+Colborne at the first opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>It was the beginning of October when the weather was uncertain, the water
+restless, and we had to be very careful in selecting a day to take such a
+crazy craft as a steamer thus separated in two parts across the thirty-four
+miles of the open lake.</p>
+
+<p>Buffalo in the seventies was a very different place from what it is at
+present. The lower city alongside the river and Canal Street, crowded with
+cheap boarding houses for sailors and dock gangs, reeked in ribaldry and
+every phase of dissolute excitements. The vessels frequenting the ports in
+those days were mainly sailing vessels, the era of great steam freighters
+not having come. The stay of the vessels was much longer, their crews more
+numerous, and being less permanent, were easy victims to the harpies and
+the drink shops which surrounded and beset them. The waterside locality of
+Buffalo had then a reputation and an aroma peculiarly of its own.</p>
+
+<p>Crazy horse cars jangled down the main Main Street to the docks. The
+terminus of the Niagara Falls Railway operated by the New York Central, was
+at the Ferry Station, the cross-town connection to the Terrace and
+Exchange<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> Street not having been put in. The Mansion House was the
+principal hotel of the city, and its lower storey on the street level,
+entirely occupied by the ticket offices of all the principal railway and
+steamship companies of the United States. The business centre of the town
+was in the vicinity.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements had been established with the United States Weather Bureau,
+whose office was well up town, to give us earliest advice of when they
+thought there would be from six to eight hours of fair weather ahead. Many
+a messenger trotted between, and many an hour was spent in their office,
+waiting for news, for there were no telephones to convey information.</p>
+
+<p>The elements seemed against us. For a fortnight we had a succession of
+blows from almost every direction, one following the other without giving a
+sufficiently calm interval between. It was wonderful to see how quickly the
+water rose and fell in the harbour. A steady blow from the west would pile
+the water up at this east end of the lake and we would rise six feet
+alongside the wharf in a few hours, to fall again as the wind went down or
+changed, the outgoing water creating quite a rapid current as it ran out of
+the river.</p>
+
+<p>It was during this waiting time an incident occurred which came within an
+ace of putting an end to one career. The last thing in the evening a visit
+was always made from the hotel to the boat to see that all was well. In
+front of the face of the Government Wharf there was a continuous line of
+"spring piles" for its protection, with the heads cut off to the level of
+the dock. One dark and rainy night, when stepping from the deck of the
+steamer, mistaking the opening in the darkness for the edge of the wharf
+the next step put the leader into the opening and he dropped through into
+the river. Soon Manson's voice<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> was heard calling, "Are you there, Mr.
+Cumberland?" A lamp was lowered; the distance from the floor of the dock to
+the water was some six or eight feet, and many iron spikes projected
+through the piles.</p>
+
+<p>A storm was subsiding and the water running out fast, but by holding on to
+the spikes a way was worked up until a hand was reached by Manson and the
+adventurer was hauled up to the top. Sitting on the edge of the wharf with
+dripping legs dangling in the opening Manson's exclamation was heard,
+"Sakes alive; he's got his pipe in his mouth still!" They say the reply
+was, "Do you suppose I'd open my mouth when I went under?" It was a close
+call, and Mrs. Cumberland was always anxious until at last we got the
+<i>Chicora</i> safely to Toronto.</p>
+
+<p>At length advice was received from the Bureau that we could start, so the
+tug was called and about 6 a.m. we were under way. We had tried to get some
+insurance for the run across, but the rate asked was excessive that we
+determined to go without any, a determination which added zest to the
+enterprise. We didn't want to lose the boat and wouldn't have taken any the
+less care or precaution even if the insurance companies would have carried
+the risk for nothing. In this connection it is open to consideration
+whether the moral hazard of a marine risk is not of more importance even
+than the rating of the vessel, and that good owners are surely entitled to
+better rates than simply the "tariff schedule" which their vessel's rating
+calls for. The prevailing inconsistent system is very much like that of the
+credit tailor whose solvent customers pay for his losses on those who fail
+to pay their bills.</p>
+
+<p>The morning was cold and calm. We made down the river and rounded out into
+the lake, on which there still remained some motion from previous gales. It
+was curious<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> to stand on the edge of the deck and see the chips and
+floating debris carried along in the wide opening between the two parts.</p>
+
+<p>We had come by a slanting course down and across the lake, reaching in
+under Point Abino in good shape and were rejoicing that the larger portion
+of the crossing was well over. As we rounded from under the lee of the
+Point and passing it, changed our course for Port Colborne, a nasty sea
+come down from the northwest with an increasing breeze. We were soon in
+trouble, the bow-part began to roll and jump on its own account at a
+different rate than the more staid and heavy after-part, sometimes rising
+up on end and then seeming to try and take a dive, but held from going away
+by the long elm timbers which writhed while their chains squealed and rang
+under the strain.</p>
+
+<p>The worst sensation was when the seas, coming in on the quarter, swept
+through the opening between the two parts, swishing between the plates and
+dashing against the after bulkhead made it resound like a drum, sending the
+spray up over the deck while they coursed through the rower side. It was
+very exciting, but not at all comfortable. The pace of the tug seemed to
+get slower and slower, but all we on board could do was to keep the long
+timbers and their fastenings in their places, see that the bulkheads held
+their own, and stand by and watch the contest with the waves.</p>
+
+<p>At length, as we got more under the lee of the land, the waves subsided,
+the pace increased, and at last we were safe between the piers at Port
+Colborne.</p>
+
+<p>Making all arrangements for the next few days, the leader hurried home,
+fagged out, but exultant, for the worst part of the journey was over and we
+had put the rest of the way fairly under our own control.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Down Through the Welland&mdash;The Miseries of Horse Towing Times&mdash;Port
+Dalhousie and a Lake Veteran&mdash;The Problem Solved&mdash;Toronto at Last.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The barges with the "guards" on them had been sent down through the canal
+as soon as they had crossed the lake, and were now safely moored at the
+Ontario level in the outer harbour at Port Dalhousie, there to await the
+arrival of the united boat. The men in charge returning up the canal to
+join the main expedition.</p>
+
+<p>Starting from Port Colborne, the two parts of the steamer were separated to
+go down the canal. The bow part was kept in the lead, but both as near one
+another as possible, so that the crews could take their meals on the after
+part, on which they also passed the nights. The stern part was taken down
+the long upper level by a small tug, but teams were employed in towing for
+all the remaining portions of the canalling. Memories of things as they
+then existed on the old Welland are in striking contrast to the conditions
+obtaining at the present day.</p>
+
+<p>The miseries of human slaves on the "middle passage" of the Atlantic have
+been dilated upon until sympathy with their sufferings has abounded, but it
+is doubtful if they were in any way worse than those of the miserable
+beings then struggling on the canal passage between Lakes Erie and Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>The canal bank and tow paths were a sticky mush, which in those autumn
+months was churned and stamped<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> into a continuous condition of soft red mud
+and splashing pools. From two to six double teams were employed to haul
+each passing vessel, dependent upon whether it was light or was loaded, but
+in either case there was the same dull, heavy, continuous pull against the
+slow-moving mass, a hopeless constant tug into the collars, bringing raw
+and calloused shoulders.</p>
+
+<p>Poor beasts, there was every description of horse, pony, or mule forced
+into the service, but an all-prevailing similarity of lean sides and
+projecting bones, of staring unkempt coats, gradually approaching similar
+colour as the red mud dried upon their hides. Rest! they had in their
+traces when mercifully for a few moments the vessel was in a lock, or when
+awaiting her turn at night they lay out on the bank where she happened to
+stop. It was the rest of despair.</p>
+
+<p>The poor devils of "drivers," boys or men, who tramped along the canal bank
+behind each tottering gang, were little better off than their beasts.
+Heavy-footed, wearied with lifting their boots out of the sucking slush,
+they trudged along, staggering and half asleep, until aroused by the sounds
+of a sagging tow line, with quickened stride and volley of hot-shot
+expletives, they closed upon their luckless four-footed companions. What an
+electric wince went through the piteous brutes as the stinging whip left
+wales upon their sides! A sudden forward motion brought up by the twang of
+the tow line as it came taut, sweeping them off their legs, until they
+settled down once more into the sidling crablike movement caused by the
+angle of the hawser from the bow to the tow path.</p>
+
+<p>The new Welland, with its larger size and tug boats, has done away with
+this method of torturing human and horse flesh. One wonders whether it is
+the ghosts of these<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> departed equines, that, revisiting the scenes of their
+torture, make the moanings along the valley, and the whistlings on the
+hills, as they sniff and whinny in the winds along the canal.</p>
+
+<p>We had a good deal of difficulty at first in our canalling, especially in
+meeting and passing vessels. The after-part took every inch of the locks,
+and was unhandy in shape. However, by dint of rope fenders, long poles and
+a plentiful and willing crew we got along without hurting anyone else or
+ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>It was in one of these sudden emergencies which sometimes arise that
+Captain Manson was thought to have got a strain which developed into
+trouble later on. He was a splendidly-built fellow, over six feet in
+height, in the plenitude of youth, handsome, laughing, active, and of
+uncommon strength, the sort of man who jumps in when there is something to
+be done, throws in his whole force and saves the situation.</p>
+
+<p>The bow-part, being short and light, went merrily on, its crew chaffing the
+other for their slower speed, for which there was much excuse.</p>
+
+<p>One day on a course in the canal below Thorold we rounded the corner of the
+height above the mountain tier of locks. It was a wondrous sight to see
+laid out before us the wide landscape of tableland and valley spread out
+below, through which we were to navigate and drop down 340 feet on the next
+four and one-quarter miles. To the left was the series of locks which
+circled, in gray stone structures, like a succession of great steps, down
+the mountain side. These were separated one from the other by small ponds
+or reservoirs with waste weirs, whose little waterfalls tinkled, foaming
+and glinting in the sun. Directly in front, and below us, were the houses
+and factories of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> Merritton, with trains of the Great Western and the
+Welland Railways spurting white columns of steam and smoke as the engines
+panted up the grade to the heights of the Niagara Escarpment from which we
+were about to descend.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond these came glimpses of the canal as it wound its way toward St.
+Catharines. Still lower down the Escarpment, spires and towers of the city
+itself, and yet lower and still further away lay on the horizon the blue
+waters of Lake Ontario. How beautiful and hopeful it was!</p>
+
+<p>As the Greeks when emerging from the strife and struggles of their long and
+painful homeward march, hailed the sea with shouts of happy acclaim, for
+beyond those waters they knew lay home and rest. So, too, it might have
+been for us, or at least for one of us, for another link had been gained in
+our long and trying voyage. Far away, from the height, we could see Lake
+Ontario, the goal of the expedition, the ardently sought terminus of our
+labours, and on the other side of its waters lay Toronto and the future for
+the bonnie ship. But times to-day are more prosaic, so, taking a hasty but
+satisfying look, we turned to negotiate the next lock.</p>
+
+<p>That night at the bottom of the tier, the stern part moored in one pond and
+the bow in the next below, a "jubilation" was held in the after-cabin by
+the combined crews. We had safely got down all the steps, and had passed
+the large boat safely through, so that we might well rejoice.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this day there was not much that occurred; the way was simple and we
+had got the "hang" of things. At St. Catharines half the city came out to
+see the strange<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> looking hulk wending its way down the canal, and through
+the locks, close to the town.</p>
+
+<p>At length we came down through the five mile level where the "Canadian
+Henley" is now held, with its floating tow path to carry the teams, and
+arrived at Muir's Dock, just above the final lock at Port Dalhousie, after
+five days occupied in coming through the Canal. The two parts were moored
+alongside the gate while waiting for the dock to be made ready for our turn
+to enter.</p>
+
+<p>The position of the village now known as Port Dalhousie was originally, in
+1812 days, being called "Twelve Mile Creek." The creeks, or river openings
+being then named according to their distances in miles from the Niagara
+River. This name was afterwards changed to "Port Dalhousie," in honour of
+Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General at the time the first canal was
+constructed. The "Port" in those days of the horse canal when we arrived at
+it was mainly a turning place for the canal crews. Its one principal street
+facing the canal basin, had houses on one side only, mostly drink shops,
+with or without license, with a few junk and supply stores intervening. Its
+immediate inhabitants, a nomad collection of sailors and towing gangs,
+waiting for another job. Around and in its neighborhood there was a happy
+district prolific of fruit and flowers, but in itself, with its vagrant
+crews culled from the world over, it was a little haven not far from the
+realm of Dante's imaginations. Times, methods and circumstances have all
+since changed.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/image006.jpg" width="650" height="305" alt="OLD WELLAND CANAL
+LOCK 1
+Plan of Lock at Port Dalhousie with Upper Gate closed, only 200 ft. long
+The Lock at Port Dalhousie with Upper Gate open&mdash;233 ft. 6 in. long.
+&quot;Chicora&quot; 230 ft. long as placed in Lock and lowered to Lake Ontario
+Level. page 74" title="" />
+<span class="caption">
+Plan of Lock at Port Dalhousie with Upper Gate closed, only 200 ft. long<br />
+The Lock at Port Dalhousie with Upper Gate open&mdash;233 ft. 6 in. long.<br />
+&quot;Chicora&quot; 230 ft. long as placed in Lock and lowered to Lake Ontario
+Level. <a href="#Page_74">page 74</a></span>
+</div>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Capt. D. Muir, the proprietor of the Dry Dock, with whom both now and later
+many a pleasant hour was spent, was a fine old character, and although then
+on the far side of sixty he held himself with square-set shoulders upright
+and sprightly. He had sailed the lakes until his face had taken on a
+permanent tan; eyes a deep blue with shaggy overhanging brows, a strong
+mouth and imperturbable countenance. He was not greatly given to
+conversation and had a dry, pawky humour which gave much point to his
+slowly spoken words, but when, as sometimes, he was in narrative mood, he
+would string off incidents of early sailing days on the lakes the while he
+chewed or turned from side to side, some sliver of wood which was
+invariably held between his teeth. He had no fancy for metal vessels, or
+"tin-pots," as he called them. "Give me," said he, "good sound wooden
+vessels, built right," (as he said this you would glean from his emphasis
+he meant "as I build them.") "If ye hit against anything in the Canawl, ye
+don't dint; if ye go ashore ye don't punch holes in your bottom, and ye ken
+pull yer hardest without enny fear uv rippin' it out."</p>
+
+<p>There is this to be said that whatever work was done in his dock, was well
+done.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as possible the two parts were put into the dock, the bulkheads
+taken out, the parts drawn together on launching ways (very cleverly done
+by Muir's men), and the plates and beams rivetted together again by
+rivetters brought down from Buffalo. The hull, both inside and out, was
+diligently scraped in every part and thoroughly oiled and painted. The main
+deck was relaid and <i>Chicora</i> was a ship again.</p>
+
+<p>While all this was going on, Mr. J. G. Demary, the "Overseer" of this
+section of the canal, and I, had been carefully looking over the canal lock
+and arranging the procedure for putting the boat in for the final lowering
+down to Lake Ontario level.</p>
+
+<p>Close examination had proved that the conditions of the Port Dalhousie
+lock, under water, were much more<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> favorable than appeared on the surface.
+The lock had been built about thirty years previously and there was very
+little local knowledge about it.</p>
+
+<p>The lock itself was 200 feet on full inside measurement, with both gates
+closed. The upper gates opening to the upper level, instead of being half
+the height of the lower gates, were of the same height, and the lock itself
+was continued at its full size and depth for 33 feet further beyond these
+upper gates until it came to the "breast wall" of the upper level. With the
+upper gates open and pressed against the sides, there was thus created an
+unobstructed length of 233 feet, into which to place and lower the 230-foot
+steamer, as is shown in the accompanying drawing. It was a very welcome and
+satisfactory solution which investigation below the water level disclosed.</p>
+
+<p>Like many other problems, it all seems very simple when once the unknown
+has been studied out and the results revealed, and so it was in this case.
+The project and the plan of the whole enterprise of bringing the <i>Chicora</i>
+down had been created by close search into conditions, by the adapting of a
+sudden opportunity which happened to become available, and thus rendered
+practicable that which all others had considered to be, and was,
+impossible.</p>
+
+<p>It was a trying risk and worthy of a good reward.</p>
+
+<p>In an undertaking so exceptional as this was it was unavoidable that
+unexpected difficulties should from time to time arise, as they often did,
+yet only to be overcome by decision and pertinacity. Another, at this
+stage, cropped up which for a time looked most unpleasant and caused much
+anxiety.</p>
+
+<p>The 230-foot steamer was to be placed in the 233-foot lock, and the water
+run off so as to bring her to the Lake Ontario level, or 11 feet 6 inches
+below the upper canal<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> level. It was now found, when trying out every inch
+of the proposition, that under the water in front of the breast wall there
+was a big boom, or beam, extending across the lock from side to side.</p>
+
+<p>Demary did not know how it was held in position, for it had been there
+before he came into the service, but he understood it had been intended to
+stop vessels laden too deeply from coming up the canal and striking and
+damaging the stonework of the breast wall.</p>
+
+<p>Enquiry at the Canal Office at St. Catharines resulted in learning that
+there were no records of it, although Mr. E. V. Bodwell, who was then the
+Canal Superintendent, gave us every aid. That beam had to be got out of the
+way or difficulty might be caused, so permission was obtained from Ottawa
+for its removal at our own expense.</p>
+
+<p>First we thought we would saw it through, but soon found that it was
+sheeted from end to end with plates of iron, so we had to begin the long
+job of cutting the iron under water. Many a pipe was smoked while watching
+the progress, when one day it was noticed that heads of the round rods
+which held up the beam in the grooves were square, suggesting screws on the
+lower end. So huge wrenches were forged, blocks and tackle rigged up, and
+after an afternoon's work with a team and striking blows with sledge
+hammers, we succeeded in getting the screws moving and, happy moment, the
+beam dropped to the bottom of the lock, where, no doubt, it still remains.
+So another kink had been untwisted.</p>
+
+<p>Navigation ceased for the year, the canal was closed for the passage of
+vessels and the upper gates of the lock were opened and firmly secured. The
+<i>Chicora</i> was brought from her mooring, and placed in the lock with her bow
+up-stream. The water in the lock was now the same level<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> as that of the
+upper level. On the 5th December, 1877, the process of drawing off the
+water of the five-mile level was begun, unwatering the canal as far as St.
+Catharines. It took ten days or so before the wider areas of the drowned
+lands were uncovered.</p>
+
+<p>We watched the waters falling lower and lower until at length the steamer
+began lowering into the lock. Being fully secured, she was held in position
+clear of all obstacles. All was going well, but slowly, the time taken for
+the last few feet seeming to be interminable. At last suspense was over and
+on the 20th December we opened the lower gate and <i>Chicora</i> floated out
+into the harbour at the Lake Ontario level! The barges were quickly brought
+alongside, the guards were jacked up and fastened back into place to be
+completed after we reached Toronto, and the material which had been brought
+along in the expedition collected and loaded.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangement had been made with Capt. Hall to keep the tug <i>Robb</i> in
+commission to be ready to tow us over. Being telegraphed for the tug duly
+arrived, and about noon on 24th December, started out from Port Dalhousie
+with <i>Chicora</i> in tow.</p>
+
+<p>Navigation had long been closed and we were the only boats out on the lake.</p>
+
+<p>The air was cold but clear, and we had a fine passage, delighting greatly
+when the buildings of Toronto came clearly into view&mdash;soon we would enter
+the haven where we fain would be. As we crossed the lake a smart and
+increasing breeze rose behind. As we came abreast of the shoal near the New
+Fort (now called Stanley Barracks), and rounded up to make for the entrance
+to the harbour, suddenly the <i>Robb</i> <i>stopped</i>. Something had evidently gone
+wrong with the engine. Carried on by our way we swung<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> broadside to the
+shore under our lee. A quarter of an hour, half an hour, three-quarters of
+an hour passed as we were steadily drifted by the breeze nearer and nearer
+to the beach. We could not do anything for ourselves&mdash;still there was no
+movement from the tug&mdash;would she never start again? A little nearer and we
+would go aground among the sand and boulders, to stick there perhaps
+through the whole of the winter which was so close at hand. After working
+out our enterprise so far, were we to be wrecked just when safety was less
+than a mile away? It seemed hard lines to be so helpless at such a stage.
+But fortune had not abandoned her adventurers, for just in the nick of time
+we saw the tug moving, the engine had started again and in half an hour the
+<i>Chicora</i> was inside the harbour, tied up alongside the old Northern
+Railway Dock, her journey from Collingwood ended on this the afternoon of
+the day before Christmas Day.</p>
+
+<p>Capt Hall, who was on his tug, had suffered as much from anxiety as had we,
+for he knew that every other tug on the lake had been laid up, so there
+would have been nothing left to pull the <i>Robb</i> off had she, as well as we,
+been carried upon the bouldered shore.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Robb</i> was the largest Canadian wrecking tug then on the lakes. She had
+done service in the Fenian Raid of 1866 at the time of the engagement at
+Fort Erie between the Welland Battery and the Fenians, some of the bullet
+marks still remaining on her wheel-house. After a long and honourable
+career she was grounded at Victoria Park, where her hull was used to form a
+portion of the landing pier, and where some of her timbers may still
+remain.</p>
+
+<p>What a happy relief it was to be back on old familiar ground again, to meet
+the cheery greetings and congratulations of the "Old Northerners" of the
+yards and machine<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> shops who took the utmost interest in this enterprise of
+their President, Hon. Frank Smith, and their General Manager, Mr. F. W.
+Cumberland, and formed an affection for the <i>Chicora</i> which is lasting and
+vivid to the present day.</p>
+
+<p>Christmas was a happy and well-earned rest. We had completed the first part
+of the undertaking, but not for unmeasured wealth would the experience be
+repeated. Youth is energetic and looks forward in roseate hope, so the
+anxieties and risks were soon forgotten, and all nerves turned toward the
+business engagements and profits, which, now that we had her safe in hand,
+the boat was to be set to earn.</p>
+
+<p>The balance of that winter, and the spring of 1878 were fully occupied in
+rebuilding the upper works of the steamer in their new form adapted to her
+service as a day boat and in overhauling and setting up the engine after
+their long rest. Not long after our arrival, Captain Manson developed a
+severe inflammation, which confined him to his room in the Richmond House.
+Here, bright and cheerful to the last, he died on 29th February and was
+buried in Collingwood on March 2nd, deeply regretted by all sailorfolk and
+particularly by our crew. Five others of that crew, lost with the <i>Wabuno</i>
+and <i>Asia</i>, found watery graves in the waters of the Georgian Bay. The
+writer is now the sole survivor, and Mr. R. H. M. McBride, and he the only
+remaining members of the original company.</p>
+
+<p>For the interior work a party of experienced French-Canadian ship joiners
+were brought up from Sorel, no centre of ship carpentering existing in
+Ontario at that time.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The comely main stairway which gives such adornment to the entrance hall
+was then erected in all its grace of re-entrant curves, ornate pillars, and
+flowing sweep of head-rail and balustrade. When one thinks of the
+unnumbered thousands of travellers who have passed up and down its
+convenient steps, ones admiration and respect are raised for the
+French-Canadian Foreman who designed its form and executed it with such
+honest and capable workmanship, that to-day it still displays its lines of
+beauty without a creak or strain.</p>
+
+<p>The octagonal wheel-house of the upper lakes which had been brought by rail
+from Collingwood was re-erected with its columned sides and graceful
+curving cornice under which was again hung the little blockade-running
+bell, lettered "Let Her B."</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Niagara Portal&mdash;History of Names at Newark and Niagara&mdash;A Winter of
+Changes&mdash;A New Rivalry Begun.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>On the south side of Lake Ontario, opposite Toronto, is the Niagara Portal,
+where the mouth of the Niagara River, with high banks on either hand, makes
+its entrance into the lake, forming the only uninterrupted deep water
+harbour on that shore.</p>
+
+<p>Here the rapid waters, outfall of all the gatherings of the inland Upper
+Lakes, pour out in fullest volume, enabling entrance even in winter, when
+all other harbours are closed in the grasp of ice. It is worthy of its
+mighty source, the product of the greatest Fresh Water Lakes in all the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>Over the west bank floats the Union Jack on Fort Missasuaga, and over the
+east on Fort Niagara, the Stars and Stripes, each the emblem of the British
+and United States nationalities, between whose possessions the river forms
+the boundary line.</p>
+
+<p>The first port of call on the Canadian side at the mouth of the river, now
+known as Niagara-on-the-Lake, had in olden times an importance and a past,
+which much belies its present outlook of quiet and placidity. Once it was
+the principal and most noted place in the Province of Upper Canada, and the
+centre of legislative power, making its surrounding neighborhood full of
+reminiscence.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The successive changes in the name of this ancient lakeside town, as also
+those of the settlement on the opposite shore, are interesting, as in
+themselves they form footprints in the paths of history.</p>
+
+<p>The French had entered the St. Lawrence in 1534, and, as we have seen, had
+fully established their first route of connection to the Upper Lakes and
+the inner fur-trading districts, via the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing. The
+Niagara River route, via Lake Erie, had been learned of by them in 1669
+under Pere Gallinee, and followed by the enterprise of the <i>Griffon</i> in
+1678, but then, and for long after, was too fiercely occupied by hostile
+Indian tribes to be greatly available for commercial use. A first advance
+from Montreal intending to occupy the route, under Chevalier de la Barre,
+was intercepted by the Indians at Frontenac (Kingston) and driven back to
+Montreal.</p>
+
+<p>In 1687 another advance for possession of the river succeeded in creating a
+foothold and the French erected a wooden fort and palisade upon the
+projecting point on the east bank of the river at its junction point with
+the lake. This outpost they named Fort Niagara, the name by which the place
+has ever since continued to be known.</p>
+
+<p>The little garrison was not long able to keep its foothold. Beset by
+Indians and cut off by the failure of food supplies expected from their
+compatriots in the east, they were in dire straits, but yet boldly holding
+out in hopes that relief might yet arrive. At this juncture, Col. Thomas
+Dongan, Governor of the English Colony of New York, then loyal subjects of
+James II., made demand that the French should evacuate the fort, as it was
+in British territory. The British colonists of New York and New Jersey had
+recently joined hands with the Colonies of New England, in a British union,
+for united defence against<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> the French. Upon the English Home Government
+having indicated to the French authorities its support of the Colonial
+demand, the Marquis de Denonville, Governor of Canada, ordered the garrison
+to retire. This they reluctantly did, but before leaving raised in the
+centre of the fort, under the influence of Pere Millet, their Jesuit
+Missionary, a great wooden cross 18 feet in height, upon which they cut in
+large letters:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">, "REGN: VINC: IMP: CHRS:"<br /></span>
+<span class="i0"><i>Regnat</i>; <i>Vincit</i>; <i>Imperat</i>; <i>Christus</i>;<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">(Christ Reigns, Conquers, Rules.)<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>The place was being for a while abandoned as a military post, but by this
+they left notice that it was still held as on outpost of their religion.</p>
+
+<p>Here again at Niagara an episode was being repeated exceedingly similar to
+that which had been developed at Quebec a century and a half before.</p>
+
+<p>Jacques Cartier and his explorers had entered the St. Lawrence and endured
+their first winter at Stadacona (Quebec). Decimated by scurvy and
+privations, and in extreme danger from the hostility of the Indians, he
+determined to return to France, taking with him the remnants of his
+expedition. On 3rd May, 1536, three days before leaving, he raised upon the
+river bank a cross 35 feet in height, on which was a shield bearing the
+Lilies of France, and an inscription:</p>
+
+<p class="center">"<i>Franciscus Primus Dei Gratia Francorum Regnat.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>As Cartier had returned and established their strong-hold at tidewater,
+near Quebec, so the survivors of the party of Pierre de Troyes at Niagara,
+in 1688, hoped they, too, might again return and repossess for their nation
+this centre from which they were so reluctantly retiring. These two events
+so far separated in time, are striking evidences<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> of the constancy with
+which these pioneers of France, even when seemingly overcome, showed their
+hopeful fidelity to King and to their religion.</p>
+
+<p>The French in 1721 were, according to Charlevoix, once more in occupation.</p>
+
+<p>The position of Fort Niagara, commanding the route to their series of forts
+on the lines of the Ohio and Mississippi, was considered by the French as
+second in importance only to that of Quebec, and consequently great store
+laid upon its possession. Under Jonquiere they added four bastions to the
+fort and erected a stone storehouse, called "The Castle," which is still to
+be seen. Further strengthenings were added by Capt. Puchot, of the
+Battalion of Bearne.</p>
+
+<p>In 1759, notwithstanding Puchot's gallant defence, the fort was captured by
+the British, under Sir William Johnson, and thus both sides of the river
+came under British rule.</p>
+
+<p>Three nationalities in succession had striven for its possession, the
+Indians, the French and the British, from whom it was never again taken by
+assault.</p>
+
+<p>At the conclusion of the War of the Revolution the forts along the northern
+frontier were, by the Treaty of Paris, 1783, to be transferred to the
+United States. Fort Niagara, with some others, was held in hostage for the
+fulfillment of the reparations promised by the Federal Government of the
+United States to be made by the several States to the United Empire, and
+other Loyalists who had stood by the King during the Rebellion.</p>
+
+<p>These reparations were never made, but after the guns had been removed to
+Fort George, on the Canadian side, the Union Jack was hauled down, and the
+fort handed over on 11th July, 1796.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Stars and Stripes then remained in possession until the War of 1812,
+when in retaliation for the burning of Newark, the fort was assaulted and
+taken by storm by the British under Col. Murray on the night of 18th
+December, 1813, and the Union Jack was once more raised above it.</p>
+
+<p>Matters remained in this position until in February, 1814, under the Treaty
+of Ghent, Fort Niagara was once more gracefully given over and again, and
+in peace, the Stars and Stripes took the place of the Red Cross Jack.</p>
+
+<p>The name Niagara appears during the opening period of the British
+occupation to have been used generally for all parts of the neighborhood,
+but applied particularly to the old village on the east bank close under
+the walls of the old French fort.</p>
+
+<p>Population now began to cross the river to the western side, and Abner
+Gilbert reports in 1761, the beginning of a village called Butlersberg, on
+the west shore, named after Colonel Butler, the Commander of the celebrated
+"Butler's Rangers" of the Revolutionary War, and which was afterwards
+largely settled by United Empire Loyalists.</p>
+
+<p>This name was early changed to West Niagara in order to distinguish it from
+Fort Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>At the advent of Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, in 1791, and presumably at his
+instance, a new name Newark, after a town in Nottinghamshire, England, was
+given to this town on the west bank, and in 1792, by royal proclamation,
+the name Niagara was officially transferred from the town to the
+surrounding township.</p>
+
+<p>Newark then became the seat of Government, and Capital of the Province of
+Upper Canada, and the place of residence of the Lieutenant-Governor. This
+distinction and advantage it enjoyed unrestrictedly until 1793, when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+Governor Simcoe removed his personal headquarters to the north side of the
+lake at Toronto, where he again indulged his fancy for changing names, by
+changing the then original name of Toronto, to that of York, in honor of a
+recent victory of H.R.H. the Duke of York in Flanders. Although Governor
+Simcoe had himself removed his residence to York, he received and
+entertained the Duc de Liancourt in 1795, at Newark. The Parliaments of
+Upper Canada continued to hold their sessions at Newark, and the town to be
+the official centre of the Province, until 1796, when Governor Russell, the
+successor of Governor Simcoe, finally removed the Provincial headquarters
+to York.</p>
+
+<p>The loss of its prestige and official importance so incensed the
+inhabitants that they refused to continue the new name imposed upon them by
+Governor Simcoe and reverted at once to the name of West Niagara. The
+official <i>Niagara Gazette</i>, which had hitherto been dated from Newark,
+changed its heading to West Niagara, and so continued until October, 1789,
+when it was first published from York. Finally in 1798 an Act of Parliament
+was obtained by the municipality restoring to the town its old name of
+Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>Old names die hard, so we find John Maude, in 1800, mentioning the name of
+West Niagara, late Newark. Common usage seems to have generally retained
+the name of Newark, at all events as used by strangers. John Mellish,
+writing in 1811, says "I came down the opposite side of the river, the wind
+was blowing so hard that I could not cross to Newark."</p>
+
+<p>On the 10th December, 1813, when every house in the town, except one, was
+burned by the American troops, who had obtained possession in the previous
+spring, but were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> now retreating from it in consequence of the advance of
+the British troops under Col. Murray; the American General writing on the
+spot to the United States Secretary of War at Washington and describing in
+his official report of the position of affairs writes: "The village of
+Newark is now in flames." This destruction and the infliction of great
+privations upon the inhabitants and children, in the midst of a severe
+winter may have been justified under the plea of military exigency, but has
+always been considered inhuman. General McLure and his forces, however,
+retired so precipately across the river to the United States side that they
+left the whole 200 tents of their encampment at Fort George standing, and
+the new barracks which they had just completed untouched, so that we may
+hope that some of the women and children were not without temporary
+shelter.</p>
+
+<p>With this total destruction in 1813 seems also to have passed away the name
+Newark, and the town arose from its ashes as Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>In after times, as the towns and villages in this Niagara district
+increased in number, not a few difficulties were occasioned by a similarity
+of names, such as Niagara Falls, Niagara Falls Centre, Niagara South,
+Niagara, etc. In 1900 the name of Niagara-on-the-Lake was introduced as
+being a geographical and distinctive name, appropriate to the lakeside
+position. This, while not at first accepted by some of the older citizens,
+yet having been authorized by the Post Office Department, is now the
+correct address. The name is certainly one expressing the individuality of
+the town and its unexampled position as an interesting place of resort, and
+perhaps is better than that of Old Niagara, which some people still use in
+speaking of it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was into this Niagara River Realm, with all its historic past and
+passenger possibilities that we were about to enter.</p>
+
+<p>Negotiations for the running arrangements had been continued during the
+winter months. The <i>Chicora</i> having been brought to Lake Ontario, and
+accepted as satisfactory for the Canadian Southern Railway, a term of years
+contract for the performance of the service in its combined rail and water
+route between Buffalo, Niagara and Toronto was negotiated, and after much
+debate and consideration had been drafted and settled with the officers and
+engrossed for final execution. An arrangement was also made by Hon. Frank
+Smith with the representatives of the Milloy Estate, the owners of the
+<i>City of Toronto</i>, that the two steamers, the <i>City</i> and the <i>Chicora</i>
+should run in concert, dividing the business between them and avoiding
+competition.</p>
+
+<p>Everything looked well. The steamer herself as she approached completion
+increased in approbation, and the details for the traffic working had been
+satisfactorily arranged.</p>
+
+<p>The writer resigned his position as General Freight and Passenger Agent of
+the Northern Railway of Canada, and received appointment (26th April,
+1878), as Manager of the Niagara Navigation Company. In the preceding year
+Mr. Robert Kerr had been promoted from the charge of the through grain
+traffic to be Assistant General Freight and Passenger Agent of the
+Northern, and now succeeded to the full office, a position which he held
+with increasing satisfaction until 1884, when he transferred and entered
+into the service of the Canadian Pacific Railway.</p>
+
+<p>A ticket office was opened by Mr. Cumberland for the Niagara route and the
+Upper Lakes, with Captain Thomas<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> Wyatt of the Inman Line, and C. W. Irwin,
+Customs Broker, at 35 Yonge street, under the then American Hotel on the
+north-east corner of Front and Yonge streets, now covered by the building
+of the Toronto Board of Trade. The agencies of all the ocean and inland
+steamship companies were at that time located either on Front or on Yonge
+streets, in this neighborhood. Donald Milloy, the agent of the Richelieu
+and Royal Mail Lines and the <i>City of Toronto</i> was on the Front street side
+of the American Hotel, while this for Upper Lakes and the <i>Chicora</i> was on
+the Yonge street front.</p>
+
+<p>In the beginning of May came a bolt from the blue. The opportunities for
+another steamer in the Niagara River route had evidently attracted the
+attention of other people as well as ourselves. There had been rumors that
+Mr. R. G. Lunt, of Fredericton, New Brunswick, might bring his fast river
+steamer the <i>Rothesay</i> up to Lake Ontario, or the St. Lawrence River. His
+route on the St. John River between Fredericton and St. John had been
+spoiled by recent railway construction; he was thus open for a new route.
+Mr. Donald Macdonald of Toronto was his brother-in-law, so that he was not
+without local advice and influence. The announcement was now made that an
+arrangement had been come to between the <i>City of Toronto</i> and the
+<i>Rothesay</i> to run together on the Niagara route. The Hon. Frank Smith at
+once sent for Mr. Donald Milloy and was surprised to be told that the
+undertaking which had been made to run the <i>City of Toronto</i> in connection
+with the <i>Chicora</i>, would not be fulfilled and that it was not binding on
+the owners of the steamer. Needless to say Mr. Smith was enraged, and
+bringing his hand down with a decisive smash declared that he would see
+them through various places for their perfidy.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/image007.jpg" width="650" height="301" alt="The CHICORA on Lake Ontario page 94" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The CHICORA on Lake Ontario page 94</span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Donald Milloy was then leaseholder from the Freeland Bros. of the Yonge
+street dock, Toronto, and refused to allow us to have a berth in it. The
+Milloy Estate owned the dock at Niagara, and at first would not let us in
+but satisfactory arrangements were made.</p>
+
+<p>Here we were within six weeks of the opening of business without either
+dock or partner.</p>
+
+<p>Arrangements for our connection at Lewiston were next sought. The only dock
+was owned by Mr. George Cornell. This was the connecting point with the New
+York Central Railway whose station was in the Upper Town about a mile
+distant from the landing; the passengers and baggage being transferred in
+the bus line run by Mr. Cornell. The <i>City</i> had the exclusive rights of
+this dock at its upper end, close to the staircase, up and down which
+connection was made between the busses on the upper level and the steamers.</p>
+
+<p>Cornell was not disinclined to favour the increased business which the new
+steamer would no doubt bring to his hotel and busses. We were thus enabled
+to lease the lower end of the dock, which was at once repaired and
+replenished, it not having been in use for many years&mdash;in fact, not since
+1864-65, when all the large lake steamers were withdrawn and run down the
+rapids to be employed in service during the American Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>Then began a permanent and friendly relation with the Cornells, father and
+son, which has been continued without a hitch or interruption through all
+these intervening years.</p>
+
+<p>At Toronto, Mr. Donald Milloy still refused to allow us to run from his
+Yonge Street dock in connection with the other steamers, although we would
+have been very glad to do so. This dock is in many ways a much superior<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+boating point than any other, but as the next best place we secured entry
+at the west side of Yonge Street at "Mowat's Dock," afterwards called
+"Geddes' Dock," and now the "City Dock," our berth being along the face
+fronting the bay.</p>
+
+<p>Another bolt was now to come. All the details of our contract with the
+Canada Southern had been settled early in the spring, the documents drawn
+and requiring only the signature of the President. Unfortunately at this
+juncture a change of control came and the Canada Southern passed into the
+hands of the Michigan Central, and under another President, who, on being
+interviewed at Cleveland, was quite pleasant, sent for the contract, read
+it over, but said decisively that it had not been signed and there would be
+no contract! In his opinion it was not desirable to make a term of years
+contract, tying his company to any one boat, but under the special
+circumstances, agreed to give us a connection. I pointed out that we had
+gone to all the risk and expense and had brought the <i>Chicora</i> down on the
+faith of that contract, but as he said he wouldn't adopt it, he was at once
+assured that we would work just as hard for expansion of the traffic and
+would earn and win his company's support, so we parted on friendly terms.</p>
+
+<p>There was nothing else for it. We might just as well take it pleasantly for
+it was good to have even half a connection with one of the railways on the
+river. It certainly felt a disappointment not to have contract control of
+that section of the traffic, but one is disposed to think that it was for
+the best, and indeed has so proved. We have built our way up by providing,
+at the instance of the railways, all the requirements that that water
+traffic needs. It is better to deserve a route and hold it by efficient
+service for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> mutual advantage, trusting to just and amicable endeavor on
+both sides, rather than to the rigid terms of a formal contract.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of the ownership of landing places had been so impressed by
+the recent events that I availed of an opportunity, which offered to
+purchase the dock and water lot at Queenston, although the traffic at that
+point was then so light that it could scarcely be considered a port of
+call.</p>
+
+<p>This British port at the head of Lake Ontario navigation at this upper end
+of "Queen's-ton" was the loyally-named co-relative and partner of "King's
+Ton" at the lower end. Its glory had been great, but had long departed,
+leaving little but the noted "Queenston Spring," whose pure and running
+waters still pour perennially from the side of the bank alongside the dock.</p>
+
+<p>The purchase did not at that time receive much approval by some, but fully
+justified itself later on, and was the first step in that policy of
+acquiring the wharf properties at all points on our route, which has ever
+since been consistently followed by the company.</p>
+
+<p>As we had expected that our intended partner would provide us with railway
+connections on the river and with ticketing arrangements for foreign
+business, we had not done much except in local preparations. The "City"
+refused to present us to the railway companies and tendered the "Rothesay"
+as her partner, as the railway companies loyally stood by their old
+connection, we were left out to do the best we could on our own account.</p>
+
+<p>We had now to prepare all these matters for ourselves, a pretty
+considerable work of organization, but with energy and much overtime it was
+at length pushed through. The main difficulty was in the railway
+connection<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> via Lewiston, and beyond Buffalo, where the railways would
+neither accept tickets for us, nor issue tickets over us. The New York
+Central authorities determined to stand by their old connections with the
+"City," and would not have any dealings with us. The Hon. Frank Smith
+interviewed Mr. Tillinghart, who was Superintendent and in charge of the
+Central interests in this district, placing before him the position which
+had been anticipated but had been disrupted, with the "City," but to no
+avail. It was a serious position and seemed well night unsurmountable. Some
+would have quailed and laid down.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Rothesay</i> arrived. She proved to be quite an impressive looking boat,
+about 180 feet in length, good beam, very roomy decks and central cabin; a
+more commodious boat than the <i>City</i>. She was particularly well arranged as
+a "day" boat and was reputed to have a high rate of speed, as she soon
+proved she had. The <i>Chicora</i> shortly afterwards moved down the bay from
+the Northern docks to her station. The contrast between the two steamers
+was most noticeable, the <i>Rothesay</i> with high walking beam engine and broad
+skimming dish appearance, with the sea-going ability, and double red
+funnels of the <i>Chicora</i>. It was evident that the main contest would be
+between these two boats.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>City of Toronto</i>, as had for many years been usual, a custom coming
+down from the time when there were no railways around the head of the lake,
+opened the season on April 18th, leaving Toronto at 7 a.m., making only the
+one morning trip.</p>
+
+<p>We had made our appointments in March, Captain Thomas Harbottle, the
+leading favorite of the Royal Mail Line, was placed in command. A
+ruddy-faced, jovial personage, with flowing Dundreary whiskers, inclining
+to grey,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> cordial manners, a good seaman, who held with ever-increasing
+respect and confidence the good-will of the Royal Mail Company and of the
+travelling public. Mr. J. Ellis, who had a good connection in Toronto and
+held full marine certificates, as captain on both Atlantic and Inland
+lakes, was appointed First Officer, and George Moore Chief Engineer. Alex.
+Leach continued as Purser.</p>
+
+<p>The bookstand and lunch counter on the steamer were leased to a young man
+then in the employ of Chisholm Brothers, the proprietors of the similar
+privileges on the Richelieu &amp; Ontario, and River St. Lawrence steamers.</p>
+
+<p>As steamers were added by us, T. P. Phelan grew with the line. Subsequently
+he was entrusted with all the catering for the company. From this he
+advanced to similar business at all the refreshment stations of the Grand
+Trunk and Grand Trunk Pacific Railways, so that now the Canada Railway News
+Co. (which is T. P. Phelan) is the largest news and catering company in
+Canada.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">First Season of the Niagara Navigation Co.&mdash;A Hot Competition&mdash;Steamboat
+Manoeuvres.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The work of preparation had been completed and we drifted down to record
+the opening day of our first season. Our hats were in the ring.</p>
+
+<p>A complimentary excursion to Niagara, leaving at 2.30 p.m., was given by
+the company on May 10th to a large list of guests, an introduction of the
+steamer which was much appreciated and approved.</p>
+
+<p>The boat race in Toronto Bay between Hanlan and Ross on 15th May was
+availed of for an excursion to view the race.</p>
+
+<p>We were still solving the problems on the Niagara River so our first
+business operation was in another direction, and it is somewhat interesting
+that this first trip was to Hamilton, being introduced by the following
+advertisement:</p>
+
+<p class="center">QUEEN'S BIRTHDAY<br />
+
+24th May, 1878<br />
+
+GRAND EXCURSION TO HAMILTON<br />
+
+Magnificent Steamer<br />
+
+CHICORA</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Will leave Mowart's dock at 7 a.m. and 3 p.m. Returning
+will leave Hamilton at 10.15 a.m. and 6.15 p.m.,
+calling at Ocean House, Burlington Beach, each way.</p>
+
+<p>Splendid Band of the Royal Engineer's Artillery
+Battalion.</p>
+
+<p>For the convenience of passengers the Steamer will call
+at Queen's Wharf on the outward trip in the morning.
+Single Return Tickets 75c. Double Return Tickets $1.00.</p></div>
+
+
+<p class="center">Barlow Cumberland, Agent, 35 Yonge Street.<br />
+
+GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.</p>
+
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The results were highly satisfactory, the public being anxious to see the
+steamer and interested in its progress. Another charter which was declined
+may be mentioned as being the establishing of a principle which was not
+departed from. A new Roman Catholic Church had been erected at Oakville,
+which was to be consecrated and opened with much eclat on a Sunday. At that
+time there were no trains run on Sundays on the Hamilton and Toronto Branch
+of the Great Western Railway, and the only way by which any very large
+contingent from Toronto could be expected to join in the ceremonies would
+be by making arrangements for an excursion by water. There would have been
+no legal objection to this, as the rigidity of Sunday legislation had not
+then been introduced. The Oakville authorities made application to charter
+the <i>Chicora</i>, and as the President of the company was a Roman Catholic,
+and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Toronto strongly supported the
+application, they felt assured of compliance. A goodly offer was made for a
+trip on the Sunday afternoon from Toronto to Oakville and back. The matter
+was considered by the Board and it was unanimously resolved that the
+Chicora would not be run on Sundays. One will not say that this decision
+was entirely due to religious considerations, although these, no doubt,
+were not without weight, but it was also settled upon plain business
+principles.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer was entering a considerable contest and would need every care.
+In a competition with two steamers we needed to have our men and the boat
+keyed up to the highest efficiency. This could not be done if we ran the
+steamer across the lake on every day of the week. The maintenance of the
+regularity of the steamers and the reputation of the Niagara River Line has
+without doubt been considerably gained by confining the running to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> "week
+days only." The increasing requirements for through connections,
+particularly from the American Railways on the south shore, where Sunday
+trains have greatly increased, may some day bring about a change.</p>
+
+<p>On Saturday, 1st June, <i>Chicora</i> left Toronto dock at 2.30 p.m. for a first
+regular afternoon excursion to Niagara, and on Monday, June 3rd, began her
+regular double trip service leaving at 7.05 a.m. and 2.05 p.m.</p>
+
+<p>As matters on the Niagara River were still in process of organization we
+did not at first run beyond Niagara except on Wednesday and Saturday
+afternoons, when the full trip up the river to Lewiston was made.</p>
+
+<p>It was very early found that the trip up the river is the main attraction
+to the route, giving, as it does, scenery unusual and without compare, a
+respite from the open lake and allowing a stroll on shore, either at
+Niagara or Lewiston, while awaiting the return journey.</p>
+
+<p>From the very beginning the competition was a whirlwind. Mr. Lunt was an
+adept at steamboat competition and it was our business to go him one
+better, and also to have our steamer and facilities made as widely known as
+possible to the travelling public.</p>
+
+<p>At Toronto the entrances to the two docks, alongside one another on the
+Esplanade, were trimmed with "speilers," who finally expanded up Yonge
+Street to Front, and even to King Street. One thing insisted on, so far as
+our men were concerned, was that there should be no decrying of the
+character or condition of the rival boats.</p>
+
+<p>Our tickets were put into the hands of every Ticket Office, Broker,
+Insurance or Real Estate Agent in Toronto, whether up-town or down-town,
+who would take them in, provided one thing only, that he had an office
+opening on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> the street. Every hotel porter, with his sisters, his cousins,
+and his aunts, was created a friend, and the itinerant cab was just as
+welcome as the official bus. We were out to get business from every
+quarter.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>City</i> in previous years had issued a ticket at $10 to members of one
+family for ten round trips on any afternoon. We put a general rate on of
+$1.00 without any restrictions, and by gradual reductions it reached 50
+cents on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. This was a round trip rate
+which had been introduced by the <i>Southern Belle</i> in 1877 for the
+afternoons of Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday on her route from York Street
+(Tinning's Wharf) to Niagara and return. We now extended it to Lewiston and
+return, giving a view of the really splendid scenery of the river which had
+never previously been opened at reduced rates. The public quickly took in
+the idea and gave us business. In addition to general business, we
+energetically worked up the Society and Church excursions, becoming an
+unpleasant thorn in the sides of those who had so summarily thrown us over
+and whom we were now obliged to attack. It was in this season that the
+Caledonian Society made their first excursion with us, a connection and
+comradeship which in all the thirty-four years has never once been
+interrupted.</p>
+
+<p>Matters on the other side of the lake were somewhat different. We had no
+railway connections to issue tickets over us or direct passengers to our
+boat. We had to provide for this entirely of ourselves, having thus to
+promote business on both sides of the route. Printer's ink was extensively
+used by newspaper advertisements, descriptive folders, dodgers and
+timetables. A large and excellent framed colored lithograph of the Steamer
+was issued with the lettering:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">THE NIAGARA NAVIGATION COMPANY'S<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">STEAMER<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">CHICORA<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">PLYING BETWEEN<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">TORONTO&mdash;NIAGARA&mdash;LEWISTON.<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">HON. FRANK SMITH,&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; BARLOW CUMBERLAND,<br /></span>
+<span class="i3">President.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Manager.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>These being largely distributed to the hotels and ticket offices introduced
+the steamer in her new conditions. There was no use running the boat unless
+we fully advised the public of herself and movements, but all this
+advertising, and introduction, cost much expense in money and energy.</p>
+
+<p>The ticketing arrangements on the south shore were somewhat difficult.
+Passenger business thirty years ago was conducted under very different
+conditions from such as exist at present. There were no official
+regulations, no State or Inter-State, Authorized Tariffs, no Railway
+Commissioners. Each railway and each passenger department was a law unto
+itself to be guided and regulated by whatever conditions or rates might at
+the time be considered most desirable for the promotion of its own business
+by the officers in charge.</p>
+
+<p>Ticket "scalping" abounded, being looked upon by the public as a protection
+against the uncontrolled ratings by the railways, and a promoter of
+competition where combination might otherwise be effectual. There were
+several Associations of "Ticket Scalpers," some of much power and
+reliability, but all were equally denounced by the railways. Yet there were
+in fact not a few instances where the regular issues of some of the (for
+the time-favoured)<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> railway companies might be found in an under drawer of
+some of these unauthorized servants of the public. These energetic workers
+were our opportunity. All the principal Scalping Offices between Cleveland,
+Pittsburgh, New York, Albany, Rochester, and Lewiston, were stocked with
+books of tickets reading over our steamer, or to Toronto and return. The
+rates were, of course, such that they could obtain both profit and
+business. There was no use mincing matters, we were in the fight to win
+out. Through these sources we managed to get quite a business, being
+represented in each town by from two to four scalp offices, in large cities
+even more, and, tell it not in Gath, with very friendly arrangements in
+some of the regular offices as well.</p>
+
+<p>The amount of personal travelling and introduction was laborious, but was
+pleasant, in renewing acquaintanceships and connections formed as General
+Passenger Agent of the Northern Railway when working up the new Couchiching
+and Muskoka tourist business introduced in the several preceding years.</p>
+
+<p>It was in this season of 1878 that the converging railways in the districts
+spreading from the south and southwest towards Buffalo, began a system of
+huge excursions for three days to Niagara Falls and return, on special
+trains both ways, and at rates for the round trip not far from, and often
+less, than single fare. Most of these separate railways have since been
+merged into some one or other of the main Trunk Lines, but then they were
+independent and each sending in its quota on its own account to make up a
+"Through Special." The most successful excursions of these were the series
+which came every week from the then Wabash District, from Indiana and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+southwest, and were known as the "Friendly Hand" excursions. The name arose
+from a special trade mark which appeared in all the Wabash folders and
+announcements, of an outstretched hand with the thumb and fingers spread,
+on each of which was shown the line and principal stations of each one of
+the contributing railways that fed their excursions into the main stem. The
+excursionists were energetic, and although the "Falls" was the focus of
+their route, we induced large numbers of them to cross over to Toronto. A
+prevailing slogan was:</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">"One day to Falls,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">One day to stay,<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Next day Toronto<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">And then 'get away.'"<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>When the long special excursion train slowly came down the curve from the
+town station at Niagara to the dock to join the steamers, it was gall and
+wormwood to the <i>City</i> or the <i>Rothesay</i>, lying in waiting, to see the
+crowd of linen duster tourists as they poured out of the train make
+straight for the <i>Chicora</i>, "The boat with the two red funnels." We got
+them all, for we had many and right good friends.</p>
+
+<p>In those early days, before the "Park Commissioners" on both sides of the
+river had taken public possession of the surroundings, there were few
+places at the Falls from which either the river or the rapids could be seen
+without paying a fee. The proprietors of these places issued tickets in
+little books, containing coupons for admittance to all, or to a selection,
+of these "points of interest," and put them all in the hands of the
+managers of the excursions. The advertisement "dodgers" announced:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h4>Special Inducement for this <br />Excursion to the Falls</h4>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{Suspension Bridge and Return</td><td align='left'>25c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>The regular prices</td><td align='left'>{Prospect Park</td><td align='left'>25c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>for Admission are to</td><td align='left'>{Art Gallery</td><td align='left'>25c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{Museum and Operators</td><td align='left'>50c.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>{Garden of Living Animals</td><td align='left'>25c.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+
+<p class="center">One ticket purchased on the train for $1.00<br />
+Admits the Holder to all these regular prices.</p>
+
+
+<p>A good round commission on these sales was a helpful "find" or "side cut"
+to the energetic young railway men who personally accompanied these
+excursions, through their trains, on the way to the Falls, carrying large
+satchels with their selections of "Points of Interest" and other tickets,
+and answering the multitude of enquiries made by their tourist patrons. An
+extension ticket to "Toronto and Return" was a pleasant addition to their
+wares, and a satisfactory introduction to us. Some of these travelling
+passenger men, by their energy and successful handling of these excursions,
+brought themselves into notice, and afterwards rose to be heads of
+Passenger Departments, and even into Presidents of Railways! As a reminder
+of their trip each tourist was given by us a souvenir of Toronto, and even
+if excursionists struck a rough day and rendered up their tributes to Lake
+Ontario, it was of novel interest to many who had never before seen a lake
+wide enough to have been "out of sight of land," and sailing over waves big
+enough to make a large steamer rock.</p>
+
+<p>In this way began what has since been so greatly developed, the Reduced
+Rate Excursions to Toronto, via the Niagara River, and the making known of
+the features of the City as a Summer Resort by this advocacy, and the
+thousands of dollars which the Niagara Navigation Company<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> has devoted to
+its advertising in all parts of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>At Lewiston we took everyone on board that wanted to come; in fact, our
+"runners" strenuously invited them. The moment the dusty two-horse "stages"
+from the New York Central station unloaded their still more dusty
+travellers in front of Cornell's Hotel at the top of the bank at the
+staircase, they were appealed to by the rival touts of the competing
+steamers, either to take the "black funnel" steamer at the foot of the
+staircase, or the <i>Chicora</i>, with the red funnels further down the dock. It
+was a little bit of pandemonium.</p>
+
+<p>No tickets were collected by us at the gangway&mdash;it was "come right on
+board," the tickets being collected while crossing the lake after leaving
+Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>If the traveller had no ticket, we collected fare from him at full tariff;
+if he had a ticket over the other boats we accepted it and graciously
+carried him across free; if he had one of our own tickets we almost
+embraced him. What difference did it make to us whether the tickets reading
+over the other boats were cashed to us or not, we had the more ample space
+and better accommodation on ours. Perhaps the passenger might esteem the
+compliment and be a paying traveller over us on some other day. Besides,
+people like following the crowd, and the larger number helps to make a
+show. Times have been known in competitions on the Upper Lakes where the
+central cabins prevent both sides of the steamer being seen at once, when
+in addition to the available passengers, everyone possible of waiters and
+crew have been spread out on the passing side of the upper cabin, when
+meeting a rival boat. It gives an appearance of prosperity and suggests the
+approval of the public.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Just here let me bear testimony to the ability and fidelity of Purser Aleck
+Leach, who had been purser with me on the <i>Cumberland</i>, and had now been
+transferred to the <i>Chicora</i>. Kindly and courteous, yet firm, he never
+dissatisfied a passenger. Untiring, accurate, faithful, he never divulged
+anything of the company's business, and won and enjoyed the confidence and
+good-will of every member of the Board and Staff. A condition which was
+only severed by his death. At no time were these abilities more displayed
+than in this first strenuous year on this route.</p>
+
+<p>The competition grew hotter as the season progressed. The odds were greatly
+in favour of two boats with an established connection against a single boat
+without any, yet <i>Chicora</i> was gaining, and every point in the passenger
+ticketing game was being played against them by her management.</p>
+
+<p>The acrimony and the rivalry of the contest is fairly indicated by an
+advertisement in "The Globe" on 5th August, 1878:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><h4>TORONTO, NIAGARA AND BUFFALO STEAMBOAT LINE.</h4>
+
+<p>The Public are warned that spent checks of the Steamers
+<i>City of Toronto</i> and <i>Rothesay</i> of their line,
+collected and issued by the Steamer <i>Chicora</i>, will not
+be accepted for passage on either of the steamers of
+this Line.</p>
+
+<p>Passengers going over by the <i>Chicora</i> on Saturday last
+were furnished with such by the <i>Chicora</i>, and were
+consequently deceived, as these checks were refused by
+this Line.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span class="smcap">D. Milloy, Agent.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The galled jade was wincing and inventing stories, for they could not and
+did not afterwards refuse their unused tickets whenever we found it
+advisable to use them.</p>
+
+<p>As the months passed <i>Chicora</i> improved herself in the good-will of the
+travelling public, being admirably handled by Captain Harbottle.</p>
+
+<p>At Niagara it was a ticklish job to get into and away from the lower dock.
+The <i>Rothesay</i> always moved down in order to get as close as she could,
+frequently we had to warn her to keep further away.</p>
+
+<p>When coming into the river <i>Chicora</i> had to be driven sharp across from the
+point at the Fort, on the United States side, to the dock on the Niagara
+side, to be brought up, all standing, with her bow only a few feet below
+the <i>Rothesay's</i> stern. Often it looked as though she must run into the
+other before the way could be stopped, and that a collision must take
+place.</p>
+
+<p>Coming down the river it was a less dangerous, but a more difficult
+manoeuvre. The steamers always move swiftly in the quick current which
+sweeps past Fort George to the docks. As on or each day, both the other
+steamers lay at the same time in front of their dock, their hulls extended
+far out into the stream, and <i>Chicora</i> coming down had to make a double
+curve, like an S, to get her place at the lower dock. It was a pretty thing
+to see, but Harbottle always managed it by just skimming, but not touching,
+the other boats' side. The harmony between him on the bridge and Monroe in
+the engine room apparently being complete, and besides, <i>Chicora</i> steers
+like a yacht.</p>
+
+<p>At Lewiston things went easier, yet even here the <i>Rothesay</i> would edge
+back down the front.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/image008.jpg" width="650" height="395" alt="Niagara Navigation Co. Steamer &quot;spinning&quot; in the Rapids
+below Queenston Heights. Page 105" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Niagara Navigation Co. Steamer &quot;spinning&quot; in the Rapids
+below Queenston Heights. <a href="#Page_105">Page 105</a></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In order to avoid all possibility of touching the steamer ahead when he was
+leaving Lewiston dock, Captain Harbottle, instead of going up-stream and
+afterwards turning down-stream, always sprung the stern of his steamer out
+from the dock and backed over towards Vroomen's Bay on the opposite side of
+the river.</p>
+
+<p>It was from the upper point in this bay that the British battery played
+with much success upon the American boats as they crossed the river to
+attack Queenston on 13th October, 1812.</p>
+
+<p>From here he turned and went down stream. It is said that this was the
+course which had been adopted in olden days by the large steamers
+<i>Cataract</i> and <i>Bay State</i> when leaving this Lewiston dock.</p>
+
+<p>Another manoeuvre introduced by Captain Harbottle is still continued. After
+making a first call at Queenston the steamer on leaving the dock moves
+further up the river keeping in the eddy which here runs up along the shore
+to the foot of the Queenston Heights. When close under the Heights, the
+steamer turns quickly outward towards the centre of the river and the
+engines are stopped. Forging slowly ahead the bow enters into the whitened
+boilings and swirls of the surging currents of the rapids pouring out from
+the Gorge. The bow is caught by the current and the steamer then rapidly
+"spun round" by its swiftness, almost as though on a teetotum, the engines
+meanwhile backing up. Just as soon as the bow heads down the river the
+engines are at once sent ahead again and the steamer sweeps at an express
+train rate past the jutting points of the shore, and makes her landing at
+Lewiston. It is a very pretty manoeuvre and surprising to see the rapidity
+with which the stern circles round.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>On the open lake <i>Chicora</i> by degrees won her way. Being much the faster
+boat she could hold or pass the <i>City of Toronto</i> at any time or in any
+weather&mdash;with <i>Rothesay</i> it was different. On a fine smooth day there was
+little between them; on a hot, sultry day, without any wind to assist a
+draught for the fires, the <i>Rothesay</i> could beat the <i>Chicora</i> by one, to
+one and a half minutes Toronto to Niagara, but if there was even the
+slightest motion, <i>Chicora</i> could walk by her, and on a rough day
+<i>Rothesay</i> couldn't run at all. She was a very light tamarac hull, built
+purely for enclosed river service in perfectly smooth water, and therefore
+in no way fitted for outside wave action. We set out by starting behind the
+time of the other steamers. When running a competition, it is not a bad
+thing to let the other boat get away first. It makes the fellow in front
+uneasy. He doesn't know when the boat behind may be going to have a dash at
+him, it makes him fretful and it is hard to tell how fast he is going. Both
+engineers and firemen feel the strain.</p>
+
+<p>Boats often run better on some days than they do on others; it may be the
+character of the coal, the direction of the wind, or the disposition of the
+firemen, thus the boat behind can choose her own day for a spin. Watches
+are sometimes different, yet from all one hears the fastest trips of boats
+are generally made when there is no other boat near. We had determined, and
+had given instruction, that there was to be no racing done by <i>Chicora</i>. We
+were aiming at regularity of service. One presumes the rule as to speed was
+kept, but the public generally fancies a race whether there is one on or
+not.</p>
+
+<p>One breathless Saturday afternoon trip is remembered. Instead of, as on
+most days, giving us a wide berth, on this one being such as suited her,
+the <i>Rothesay</i> came over<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> close alongside. For some time it was neck and
+neck between the boats but gradually the <i>Rothesay</i> began gaining an inch
+or two and, and after see-sawing back and forwards for a while growing to a
+foot or more. Sitting in the after deck among the passengers, listening to
+Marcicano's orchestra, one could not help noting the relative positions, as
+marked by the lines of the stanchions. Just then a little knot of men came
+over and one of them bringing out a roll of bank bills said:&mdash;"Mr.
+Cumberland, we know there is no racing, but if you're keeping down the
+speed for sake of the price of coal, we'd like to pay for an extra ton or
+two." Of course the kindly offer was declined with thanks, but with much
+appreciation. Whether they were more successful on the lower deck where the
+firemen cool off, or whether it was a little riffle that sprang up, that
+made the difference, I do not know, one cannot say, but the <i>Chicora</i> that
+afternoon entered the river first.</p>
+
+<p>So the season waxed and waned. <i>Chicora</i> did her work well and winning, it
+might almost be said, the affection of the travelling public. Her
+appointments so far exceeded those of any other steamer at that time as to
+make her a specialty, but it was through her sea-going qualities which won
+their favor.</p>
+
+<p>The regular "pat-pat" of her feathered paddles almost framed themselves
+into rhythmic melody with the full mellowed tone of her whistle whose clear
+resonance carried its sound for miles through the city every evening, with
+such regularity as almost to be accepted in the homes as the signal for the
+children's bedtime.</p>
+
+<p>When rough days came the <i>Rothesay</i> stopped in port and the <i>City</i>
+completed her trips, while the <i>Chicora's</i> fine qualities as a seaboat,
+easy on herself, grew more and more into acceptance.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>At length the season closed and we made our last trip on 29th September,
+having maintained the two trips per day throughout without any cessation.</p>
+
+<p>Every one concerned in the competitive boats, no doubt, glad when the
+season's contest was over. It had been, for us, one of intense activity,
+and never ending labor and anxiety. A whole system, both within the
+steamer, and for outside solicitation, and ticketing arrangements, had been
+devised and installed, as well as the sufficient work of the daily running
+duties.</p>
+
+<p>A new company had to be introduced on an old route. We had fairly succeeded
+in getting into it, but it had been at a pretty expense. The <i>Chicora</i> was
+laid up at the Northern Railway docks, and accounts for the year were made
+up. What the competition had cost the others one does not know, but
+<i>Chicora</i> was a long way on the wrong side as the result of the season.
+This was a very serious thing for one of the undertakers, for instalments
+had to be paid up on the investment and at the same time the losses met.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Change Partner&mdash;Rate Cutting and Racing&mdash;Hanlan and Toronto
+Waterside&mdash;Passenger Limitation Introduced.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>During the winter of 1878-79, changes came. The <i>City of Toronto</i> had tired
+of her partner. The railway companies had recognised the value to their
+route of the steamer of the Niagara Navigation Company, and the ability of
+its organizers to promote additional business.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in the new negotiation the <i>Rothesay</i> was dropped by the <i>City</i> and
+the line for 1879 was to be the <i>City of Toronto</i> and the <i>Chicora</i>. We had
+lost money but had won our way into the route.</p>
+
+<p>To enable obligations to be fulfilled monies had to be earned elsewhere, so
+another position was sought and obtained as General Traffic Manager of the
+"Collingwood-Lake Superior Line" to Sault Ste. Marie and Lake Superior, at
+the same time continuing the General Ticket and Freight Agency, at 35 Yonge
+street. In April, Mr. Cumberland resigned his position as manager of the
+Niagara Company, retaining the original position and salary as
+vice-president and assistant in passenger and executive work and Mr. John
+Foy, the secretary and son-in-law of Sir Frank Smith, was appointed manager
+as well as secretary. Sir Frank Smith, recognizing the good work done, in
+bringing the steamer down, the organization of the company, and in the
+strenuous contest which unexpectedly had been forced on us, but had been
+won by active ability,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> carried the liabilities created, which in course of
+time were duly shared and met.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Foy, who hereafter gave his whole time to the company, although
+not technically educated in the passenger business, had very many excellent
+qualities and a genial personality which did much in subsequent years for
+the advancement of the company's interests, and in the new connections
+which arose. As each new connection developed, he was able to enlist their
+good-will, and so harmonize and satisfy them by effective service.</p>
+
+<p>The season of 1879 was a comparatively easy one, so far as executive work
+was concerned, for with <i>City of Toronto</i> as a partner we were included in
+direct connection with all the railway companies, who therefore provided
+all the passenger requirements, and in the regular route with her from the
+Yonge street dock, the trips being divided between the steamers, and each
+taking its own earnings.</p>
+
+<p>The time tables for the season 1879 were:&mdash;May 16, <i>Chicora</i> 7 a.m., single
+trips. June 9, <i>Chicora</i> 7 a.m., 2 p.m. June 16, <i>Chicora</i>, or <i>City of
+Toronto</i>, 7 a.m., 1.45 p.m., 3 p.m.</p>
+
+<p>The steamers in summer time tables alternated, the one leaving at 3 p.m.,
+remaining over night and making the early trip from the river in the
+following morning.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Rothesay</i> having been dropped by the <i>City</i> still continued running to
+Lewiston, but afterwards only to Niagara and Youngstown, communicating with
+Lewiston by a small river steamer. Captain Wm. Donaldson was in command;
+she sailed at 7 a.m. and 2 p.m. from Yonge street dock, the same dock as
+the other two steamers, a concession in her favor made by Mr. D. Milloy as
+lessee.</p>
+
+<p>From the very beginning Mr. Lunt adopted a policy of rate-cutting, and
+created a lively excitement in passenger prices. His opening rates were:<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>In books good for all regular trips.</p>
+
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td align='left'>20 round trips</td><td align='left'>$ 5.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>50 round trips</td><td align='left'>11.00</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>100 round trips</td><td align='left'>20.00</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+<p>These tickets were unrestricted and were available to any holder.</p>
+
+<p>To this policy of unremunerative prices was developed that of annoyance, by
+too close proximity of the steamers both at the docks or when running,
+which had in some degree been introduced in the previous season.</p>
+
+<p>So noticeable and dangerous did this become that the directors of the
+Niagara Company felt it necessary to make public protest and the following
+announcement was published in the Toronto morning papers of August 6th,
+1879:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>STEAMER CHICORA.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Efforts of Her Owners To Prevent Racing and Avoid
+Collision.</span></p>
+
+<p>Minutes of a meeting of the directors of the Niagara
+Navigation Company, held Monday, August 4th, 1879:</p>
+
+<p>President, Hon. F. Smith; Col. F. W. Cumberland, Barlow
+Cumberland, John Foy.</p>
+
+<p>(1) Captain Harbottle made a full report respecting the
+occurrence of Saturday, August 2nd, and of the
+circumstances in which the <i>Rothesay</i> twice crossed the
+course and bow of the <i>Chicora</i>.</p>
+
+<p>That in the first occasion he was obliged to slow the
+engine, and in the second he stopped in order to
+prevent collision.</p>
+
+<p>(2) That before the season opened Capt. Harbottle
+proposed to Mr. Lunt, the owner of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> <i>Rothesay</i>,
+that in order to prevent all possibility of racing the
+first steamer clear of the Queen's Wharf, or Niagara
+river should be allowed to keep her place across the
+lake, but this Mr. Lunt declined.</p>
+
+<p>(3) That as there seemed to be a determination on the
+part of the <i>Rothesay</i> to provoke racing, the above
+offer was repeated by the directors in a letter dated
+16th June, and then Mr. Lunt in his reply dated 19th
+June, again declined to accept the proposition.</p>
+
+<p>(4) That under all the circumstances the solicitor be
+instructed to take all known and possible proceedings
+at law to put an end to the dangers arising from the
+action of the captain and the owners of the <i>Rothesay</i>.</p>
+
+<p>(5) That the thanks of the Board are due to Capt.
+Harbottle for the care and skill he has exercised in
+avoiding the <i>Rothesay</i>, and that he be requested to
+continue on the principle that safety is the first
+consideration.</p>
+
+<p>(6) That these orders of the Board be published for the
+information of the public.</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">(Sgd) John Foy   Frank Smith,<br /></span>
+<span class="i6">Manager     President.<br /></span>
+</div></div></div>
+
+<p>It is to be remembered that the present eastern channel from the harbor did
+not at that time exist, but that the western channel, by the Queen's Wharf,
+was the only one which was open, and was not then wide enough for two
+steamers to pass out together. The proposition was that the first through
+this channel should hold its lead.</p>
+
+<p>Toronto had then a population of only 70,000. There were very few steamers
+running out of the harbor, lake<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> excursion business may be said to have
+been only in its introduction and infancy, so that very much personal and
+family interest was taken in the several steamers on the routes, thus
+accounting for the public announcement of the regulations proposed.</p>
+
+<p>The publication had the desired effect of preventing the <i>Rothesay</i> from
+coming into too close proximity, but did not reduce the monetary
+competition, in fact only increased it.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>City</i> and <i>Chicora</i> were running three trips daily, 7 a.m., 1.45 p.m.,
+3 p.m., and on Saturdays four trips, the advertisements announcing "<i>No
+overcrowding, as both steamers return in the evening</i>." On the four trips
+being made the alternating steamer left at 8.30 p.m. for Niagara to make
+the first trip from there at 8 a.m. on Monday. While other rates were
+maintained, a special excursion rate of 25 cents was made for round trip on
+Saturday afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>In early August <i>Rothesay</i> put on a return rate at 25c. for every
+afternoon, heading its announcements "<i>Keep down the rates</i>." The Milloys
+were averse to reduction and favored holding up the rates, considering that
+better equipment deserved better money. In this mid-summer season the
+<i>Rothesay</i> was getting a pretty good batch of passengers every afternoon, a
+process which would help her to continue the competition. She was then
+running from the Yonge street slip on the west side of Milloy's dock, the
+<i>City</i> and <i>Chicora</i> both being on the east side out of sight behind the
+buildings. We had the next move under consideration. The Hon. Frank Smith
+came down on the dock one hot afternoon when the people were swarming down
+the street for the 2 p.m. steamers. We were standing and watching the
+streams dividing to go on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> board the two steamers, the <i>Chicora</i> and the
+<i>Rothesay</i>, the latter being in sight in the Yonge street slip, the other
+further down the dock and behind the buildings.</p>
+
+<p>There was quite a stream taking the <i>Rothesay</i>. "By heavens," said the Hon.
+Frank, suddenly and decidedly, "there's one of the men from my own
+warehouse going on board the <i>Rothesay</i>, he's holding down his umbrella, so
+that I shan't see his face, but <i>I know his legs</i>."</p>
+
+<p>We forthwith called and held a joint meeting with the Milloys in the office
+on the dock, when the round trip rate of 25c. for every afternoon was at
+once adopted, and all other rates were thereafter to be the same at the
+<i>Rothesay</i>.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most eventful days in this season was the reception given to
+Edward Hanlan on his return from winning the sculling championship of
+England from Edward Trickett on the Thames in July, 1879, thus becoming the
+champion oarsman of Canada, the United States and England. Many champions
+have since been welcomed but never such a welcome as this, for it was the
+city's first offence, her first World's Champion.</p>
+
+<p>The Civic Committee headed by Mayor Jas. Beatty, Jr., Ald. A. R. Boswell
+chairman Reception Committee and the members of the Hanlan Club, a coterie
+of men of standing and sporting instincts, who financed and managed
+Hanlan's early career, met the Champion at Lewiston, on July 15th. It was
+one of the most wonderful scenes ever occurring on Toronto Bay. The
+<i>Chicora</i> had been specially chartered to bring the <i>Champion</i> into Toronto
+at 5 p.m.</p>
+
+<p>We were met outside the harbor by a fleet of steamers, <i>Filgate</i>, <i>Empress
+of India</i>, <i>Maxwell</i>, <i>Jean Baptiste</i>, and many others, crammed with
+excited and shouting people. Headed by <i>Chicora</i>, the procession entered
+the bay, which was covered by a crowded mass of boats of every
+description,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> sailing, rowing or steam, making it necessary to bring the
+steamer down to dead slow. Hanlan was put by himself on the top of the
+pilot house, where he stood, easily seen, holding one hand on the pinnacle
+and waving a return to the enthusiastic greeting of his fellow citizens.
+Never was there such a din of welcome. Every steam whistle on the boat and
+on shore that could speak, shrilled its acclaim, bells rang, guns fired,
+the city, half of which was afloat, hailed its Island born son and Champion
+who had brought laurels and renown to both himself and them.</p>
+
+<p>The citizens of Toronto had always been partial to boating and taking their
+pleasure in water sports, but these victories of Hanlan gave a renown to
+the city and a zest to rowing which greatly increased that interest in
+boating and rowing races which has ever since been a dominant feature in
+the sports of the city and the pleasurings of its young people.</p>
+
+<p>Yet it is open to question whether in these later and more mechanical days,
+the leisure-rowing and paddling section is not somewhat on the wane, under
+the influence of the puffing, stench-spreading and lazy-luxury motor boat.
+At the same time it is a matter of congratulation that the competitor in
+the racing shells and canoes become still more numerous, and in every way
+energetic as of yore, mainly under the splendid influences of the Argonaut,
+Don, and other amateur boating clubs.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Rothesay</i> held on through the season. Mr. Lunt being an energetic and
+capable opponent, apt in attack and with much experience in the ways of
+steamboat competition. He was hard to shake off and while making no money
+himself he prevented others from making any. The managers of the <i>City</i>
+were now reaping the reward of their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> broken faith and their having
+introduced him to the route. Her owners were obliged to make an assignment
+toward the close of the season and <i>Chicora</i> finished alone on October
+18th.</p>
+
+<p>Competitions such as was this, carried on with intention, only, of doing
+damage to an opponent's investment, and without any regard as to the number
+of passengers who might be induced by low rates to go on board the steamer
+cannot be conducted at other than with greatest risk. This was further
+intensified by the fact that the Government inspection limited itself to
+inspection of engines and boilers and no discrimination was exercised as to
+the service in which a boat was to be employed.</p>
+
+<p>Such a condition would seem strange in these present days when all routes
+are specified and regulated, but in those days it was different. Once
+physical inspection was passed it made no difference as to the passenger
+service in which the boat was to be run, whether on the open lake or in
+river service, nor was there any limitation upon the number of passengers
+who might be taken on board.</p>
+
+<p>This condition was not a fair one, either for the Public, who are not
+always discriminating and look mostly at the lowness of the rate, or for
+the Owners, who were not being given any consideration for their larger
+expenditures in producing steamers fit for the routes upon which they were
+to be employed. This gave the <i>Rothesay</i> a good handicap and one which
+enabled her to longer continue a contest.</p>
+
+<p>Movements were, therefore, initiated by us for the introduction of
+regulations for the limitation of numbers, and restriction of steamers to
+appointed routes, but it took much time to bring about any result.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The season of 1886 found the <i>City of Toronto</i> under Capt. Donaldson and
+<i>Chicora</i> under Capt. Harbottle, still running together between Milloys
+wharf and Lewiston; the <i>Chicora</i> opening the season on 4th May.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Rothesay</i> opened her season with renewed vigor on the 24th May, 1880.
+Mr. Lunt announced:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>"The Steamer <i>Rothesay</i> having been thoroughly refitted
+will on and after Monday the 24th leave Yonge street
+wharf at 7.15 a.m., and 2.30 p.m. for Niagara
+connecting with the Canada Southern Railway for Falls,
+New York and all points.</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Quick Time.</i>&mdash;Five hours at Falls and return same
+day, arriving at Toronto 7.15 p.m.</p>
+
+<p>"Picnic parties will be taken by train to Niagara
+Grove. Tickets on sale by W. A. Geddes, Custom House
+Wharf, and Charles Morgan, 64 Yonge street."</p></div>
+
+<p>In addition to running to Niagara, <i>Rothesay</i> this year dropped over to
+Youngstown on the American side, from where connection was made to Lewiston
+by a small American steamer. She also worked up an excellent excursion
+business for the Youngstown and Fort Niagara Park.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>City</i> and <i>Chicora</i> divided the route as previously with one trip and
+a half each, all trips being run the full length of the river to the foot
+of the rapids at Queenston and Lewiston.</p>
+
+<p>During this season an opportunity offered for the purchase of a dock
+frontage alongside the Lewiston dock. The New York Central had not then
+been extended from its upper station to the edge of the river above the
+dock, and it was also under consideration whether the railway would make a
+new move to reach the bank of the river at Lewiston<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> nearer to the
+steamers, or would replace the rails and again operate its seven miles
+extension branch to Youngstown. If they should resume this latter route to
+the mouth of the river, conditions at Lewiston would be changed. It was,
+therefore, considered best to await further developments before making any
+purchase.</p>
+
+<p>The strain of the competition was beginning to tell. The Steamer <i>City of
+Toronto</i> was in August advertised for sale at Niagara, "thoroughly
+equipped, handsomely furnished and inspected ready for sea."</p>
+
+<p><i>Rothesay</i> ended her season on 15th of September, and <i>Chicora</i> on the 8th
+of October, having run the latter part alone and kept up the connections
+for the railways. The public had enjoyed the pleasures of lake travel to
+the utmost, but the steamers were none the better off, for the magnitude of
+steamboat business is not to be gauged by the crowds carried on the boats,
+but by the net results in the purser's accounts.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter 1880-1881 the negotiations for limitation were continued
+and met with success, and as the <i>Rothesay</i>, in the spring of 1881, could
+only get a certificate for "river" work, for which she had been constructed
+and was well adapted, she was withdrawn to the St. Lawrence River, where
+she ran between Kingston and the Thousand Islands until in 1882 she
+grounded and was abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>At length our competitor was gone, having made no money for himself and
+having caused much loss to others, including his first partners who had
+introduced him.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Niagara Camps Formed&mdash;more Changes and Competition&mdash;Beginnings of Railroads
+in New York State&mdash;Early Passenger Men and Passenger Ways.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The <i>Chicora</i> opened the season of 1881 on May 21st, connections being made
+with both Canada Southern, and New York Central Railways.</p>
+
+<p>During this season the first "Niagara Camp" was held. On the 5th of June,
+the <i>Chicora</i> took over on the morning trip the Toronto Field Battery,
+Mayor Gray, Lieut. Beatty, Surgeon McDonald, sixty-five non-commission
+officers and men, twenty-seven horses, four guns and five companies of the
+31st Battalion, Col. Brown, Major Cameron, Capt. and Adjt. Pollard and
+Surgeon Barnhart.</p>
+
+<p>From modest beginnings began this annual gathering of the volunteer militia
+of Ontario, which has since assumed such considerable proportions and
+greatly extended in its sphere of operations. It has been found by
+experience that the attraction of a visit to the "Falls," which is possible
+while at this camp, brings more willing recruits, and the coming into
+actual touch with the battle fields of the defence of Canada in 1812,
+creates a sense of duty and of fervour which is very helpful to the
+service. Many lessons are learned from the remarkable collection of relics
+of early days, and of stirring times, contained in the Museum of the
+Niagara Historical Society.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> Recently the acreage of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> the camp has been
+largely added to and Fort George the embanked ancient fortress, just above
+the steamboat dock has been repaired and renewed.</p>
+
+<p>Just below the ramparts is to be seen a long one story wooden building&mdash;the
+last remaining portion of the old "Navy Hall," the headquarters of
+Lieut.-Governor Simcoe, where the meetings of the first Parliament of Upper
+Canada were held in 1792 and where he entertained the Duc de Liancourt in
+1795. The other buildings of the group, as shown in the drawings of Mrs.
+Simcoe, were destroyed or removed in the construction of the Erie &amp; Ontario
+Railway.</p>
+
+<p>The business on the Collingwood Line had so much increased to Lake Superior
+that another steamer was now needed, and the Steamer <i>Campana</i> was
+purchased in England. Her career had been a romantic one. While running on
+the River Plate in Brazil, she had been chartered to take a cargo of 700
+mules to South Africa for the Kaffir War of 1878. The mules were landed at
+Capetown, but the supercargo, or purser, who was in charge, collected the
+purchase money and the freight earnings and then disappeared. The steamer
+was summarily sold to pay the wages of the crew and was then brought to the
+Thames, where she was purchased by Mr. A. M. Smith, President of the
+company, and brought out to Montreal. As the <i>Campana</i> was 225 feet long,
+45 ft. beam, with tonnage of 2000, and all the lower St. Lawrence canals
+had not been completed to Welland Canal size, four being still of the old
+length of 180 ft. only, Mr. Cumberland was engaged to superintend her
+cutting in two and bring up the two sections.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/image009.jpg" width="650" height="268" alt="The CIBOLA in the Niagara River off Queenston. page 153" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The CIBOLA in the Niagara River off Queenston. <a href="#Page_153">page 153</a></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With a vessel of such size this entailed great difficulties, she being the
+largest ship that had been up till then brought up the canals and rapids,
+but the novel problems were solved and the way paved for the Canadian
+Pacific Steamers, <i>Alberta</i>, <i>Algoma</i>, <i>Assiniboia</i>, built in Scotland,
+which next followed on the same methods.</p>
+
+<p><i>Campana</i> was the first twin-screw iron passenger and freight steamship to
+ply on the Upper Lakes, and introduced the system of making a round trip a
+week between Ontario ports and Lake Superior.</p>
+
+<p>In this year the <i>Maid of the Mist</i>, 72 ft. long, 17 beam, depth 8 ft.,
+startled the vessel world. Her business from the elevator stairways to the
+foot of the Horse Shoe Falls had fallen off. It was said that behind was
+the sheriff, in front the Whirlpool Rapids and beyond on reaching Lake
+Ontario a satisfactory sale. Capt. Robinson determined to run the risk and
+on 15th June started down the river. The first huge wave of the rapids
+threw the boat on her beam ends sending the smoke stack overboard, almost
+submerged by the next she righted, and by a quick turn evading the
+whirlpool emerged from the Gorge in little over ten minutes. The watchful
+collector at Queenston seized the opportunity for fees and had the <i>Maid</i>
+enter with him the Customs, the first and probably the last steamer ever to
+register as having come <i>down</i> from above the Rapids.</p>
+
+<p>In August we met our first loss by the death of Col. F. W. Cumberland,
+General Manager of the Northern &amp; Northern Western Railways, and our senior
+director. Having taken the utmost interest in the enterprise, his technical
+knowledge, energy and judgment had been throughout of infinite value, and
+his hearty personality was greatly missed not only in business but in
+comradeship. He was a man who had the forceful faculty of engaging the
+affection and loyalty of men who worked with or under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> him; severe but
+just, exacting yet encouraging, good service was sure to be noted by him
+and to receive his approval and reward.</p>
+
+<p>After his death the employees of the Northern and North-Western Railway,
+since absorbed by the Grand Trunk Railway, erected a monument to his memory
+at the Junction station at Allandale, presenting an excellent likeness in
+bronze of their late chief.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Seraphina Cumberland, wife of the Vice President, was appointed to the
+vacancy on the Board.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1881-82 further changes took place in the ownership of
+the <i>City</i>, whereby Mr. Donald Milloy, who had been in charge of her up to
+this time, ceased to be her managing agent, and Mr. William Milloy and his
+mother, Mrs. Duncan Milloy, of Niagara, came into control.</p>
+
+<p>The new management declined to renew the previous arrangement and
+determined to run on their own and separate account on a new arrangement
+made with the Canada Southern.</p>
+
+<p>On May 20th, 1882 the <i>City</i> with Mr. William Milloy as captain, opened the
+season with regular trips&mdash;"<i>Leaving Niagara on the arrival of the Canada
+Southern train 9.45; returning leave Toronto 3 p.m., connecting with Canada
+Southern at 5.30 p.m. Tickets from D. Milloy, Agent, 8 Front street,
+East.</i>"</p>
+
+<p>On Monday 22nd May, 1882, <i>Chicora</i> resumed the usual trips from Toronto at
+7 a.m. and 2 p.m., connecting at Niagara with Canada Southern and at
+Lewiston with New York Central Railway.&mdash;"<i>Tickets from W. R. Callaway, 20
+King street, East, and 25 York street, or Barlow Cumberland, 35 Yonge
+street, and 24 York street.</i>"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Callaway then represented the Credit Valley Railway in Toronto, and on
+their company being absorbed by the Canadian Pacific Railway as part of a
+through line from Windsor to Montreal, he became its Western Passenger
+Agent. His wonderful faculty for attractive advertising and catching
+phrases had immediate effect in creating the company's passenger business
+against its older rival, and when the "Soo" road was added to the C.P.R.,
+Mr. Callaway's genius for developing traffic was transferred to
+Minneapolis, where he achieved similar results. The ticket offices at York
+street were principally for steerage, and Italian business. Passenger
+business toward the west was at that time exceedingly active. The Canadian
+Pacific then under active construction around the north shore of Lake
+Superior, and to the further west, called for large importations of
+laboring men, making the beginning of our Italian population. Manitoba and
+our North-West were attracting much attention and the railways beyond
+Chicago, not having been merged into large corporations but working
+independently, were offering large ticket commissions, each acting on its
+own account.</p>
+
+<p>The contest across the lake now created was not pleasant, there being an
+introduction of a certain amount of local rivalry which was undesirable.
+The season was a rough one and towards its close the <i>City</i> grounded on the
+boulders at the entrance to the Niagara River, and was successfully pulled
+off, but did not finish out the season. Notices were inserted in the public
+papers that the <i>City of Toronto</i> "would be rebuilt for next season and
+that work would commence directly navigation closed." <i>Chicora</i> therefore
+finished the season alone.</p>
+
+<p>The season of 1883 found the steamers running in the same manner&mdash;<i>Chicora</i>
+under Capt. Harbottle to Niagara<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> and Lewiston: the <i>City</i>, Capt. W. Milloy
+to Niagara only. The season was an unfruitful one, weather cool and
+disagreeable.</p>
+
+<p>For sake of notoriety the steamers under the leadership of the <i>City</i> were
+often sent across the lake on days when they had better have remained in
+port and saved money. It was this mistaken course which led to close of the
+competition.</p>
+
+<p>A heavy storm from the east was blowing, toward the end of September. The
+seas were running heavily on the Island, and even sweeping up on the dock
+fronts in the harbor, no business offering and weather cold with sheets of
+rain and sleet at intervals. The <i>City</i> had come across from Niagara but
+<i>Chicora</i> had not been sent out for the morning trip, nor had we any
+intention of sending her out for the afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>About 3 o'clock it was noticed that the <i>City</i> appeared to be firing up. I
+was at the time in charge and had given instruction that if the <i>City</i> went
+out <i>Chicora</i> was to follow but on no account to pass her. Capt. Harbottle
+and self were walking up and down the front of Mowat's dock, where the
+<i>Chicora</i> lay, watching the other steamer which was lying at Milloy's Yonge
+street dock, from which we had for the third time been ousted at the
+beginning of the season. "By the Lord," said the captain, "she's moving;
+I'm off."</p>
+
+<p>There were few or no passengers to go, but the <i>City</i> started out down the
+bay followed by <i>Chicora</i>.</p>
+
+<p>They had a very rough passage and when about two miles out from the river
+the <i>City</i> rolled out her mast and was otherwise damaged, but managed to
+make her way into port.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This was her end, for she was sent to Port Dalhousie for repairs, and while
+lying up in the dock she was burned at 9 p.m., 31st October, 1883, and so
+closed a long and eventful career.</p>
+
+<p>1884 found us without any further partners and alone on the route. It had
+been a long strife. No wonder we had loved the <i>Chicora</i> for like a good
+lass she had always cheerfully responded to whatever she was called upon to
+do.</p>
+
+<p>Her seaworthiness gained the confidence of the public to such an extent
+that there were not a few families in the city who preferred the rough days
+for their outings, and some men, among others, Mr. Wilson of the Bank of
+Montreal, who always had notices sent to them when "there was a real heavy
+sea on," so that they might make the afternoon 2 p.m. excursion.</p>
+
+<p>Capt. Harbottle having been appointed to a position on shore in the Marine
+Department, his place on the <i>Chicora</i> was given to Capt. Thomas Leach, of
+Halifax. It was he who in 1866 had brought up the blockade runner <i>Rothesay
+Castle</i> and had run her between Toronto and Niagara in competition with the
+<i>City</i> under arrangements with the Canada Southern.</p>
+
+<p>The season of 1884 had barely begun before we learned of another intended
+competitor. The steamer <i>Rupert</i> was being brought up to run in connection
+with the Canada Southern at Niagara-on-the-Lake.</p>
+
+<p>This steamer duly arrived at Milloy's dock and was found a good-looking
+sizable boat, with much deck accommodation for many travellers. Going on
+board the sand barrels on the broad deck seemed somewhat numerous. One of
+these was held at midship at blocks. Taking out the wedge and turning the
+barrel a kick set it rolling toward the ship side. As it went the boat
+keeled over to it.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> Without saying or seeing anything more, the
+investigator walked off and going up to the office told Mr. Foy, "John, you
+needn't be afraid of the <i>Rupert</i>. She'll frighten her passengers some day,
+she's crank,"&mdash;and so she was.</p>
+
+<p>The competition did not last the whole season, but business was increasing
+on the route, so the small steamer <i>Armenia</i> was chartered to make an early
+morning trip from the Niagara River to Toronto. It was not a success, but
+she was useful when the fruit season opened.</p>
+
+<p>This year 1884 began also another route in competition. The Welland Railway
+had passed into the hands of the Grand Trunk, and the <i>Empress of India</i>
+was engaged to make the lake service between Port Dalhousie and Toronto in
+connection with a fast train from Buffalo and Niagara Falls. No doubt this
+diverted some business from the through route, but the principal earnings
+were from its own local district. With the superlative attractions of the
+scenery of the Niagara River, this Port Dalhousie route will never
+successfully compete for through or excursion travel with the Niagara River
+route, but it has the City of St. Catharines and an aggregate of thriving
+towns which will give a fine local and paying business with Toronto.</p>
+
+<p>In 1885 we were at last in sole possession, having won the established
+connection with both the railways, at Niagara with the Michigan Central,
+which had absorbed the Canada Southern, and at Lewiston with the New York
+Central.</p>
+
+<p>It had been eight long years of anxious and intense application of wits,
+energy and expense. One year in bringing the steamer down, and seven in
+constant competition, in wearing out competitors and winning the route.</p>
+
+<p>We were now able to turn all our energies to the more pleasant work of
+development. The officials of the railways<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> had learned to have confidence
+in us and appreciated that we were not only ready to give good service, but
+to add to it, and to improve as the traffic needs of the route showed to be
+requisite.</p>
+
+<p>When we entered upon the route, Mr. C. B. Meeker was General Passenger
+Agent of the New York Central&mdash;a man patterned after the old Commodore's
+taste, namely, that there was only one railroad in the world and that was
+the New York Central. This faith permeated not a few of the minor
+officials, so that in their opinions, to be permitted to travel on the
+N.Y.C., was to be considered by a passenger as a high privilege, and the
+utmost courtesy was to be used toward the immaculate and superior
+conductor, who honored him by taking up his ticket. Yet there was some
+reason for it. It was the beginning of great things in railway enterprise
+and service, for out of a series of small separated local roads it had been
+from between 1853-55, gathered together under a master hand and thereafter
+was continuing to be built up into a great and united system, giving the
+travelling public facilities they had never dreamed of, advantages which
+would have been impossible without the combination.</p>
+
+<p>In the earlier days of steam railroad enterprize, there was little thought
+of the possibility of creating communication between far distant centres,
+as was afterwards found practicable, when the working of the steam engine
+became better understood. Building short local railroads by local
+subscriptions joining neighboring towns, appears to have been the method
+most prevalent. These railroads were in fact only improved stage routes.
+Some idea of the then conditions is afforded by the list of railroads
+opened or under construction in 1836 in the State of New York, given in
+Tanner's American Traveller, 1836:&mdash;"Buffalo and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> Niagara Falls Railroad,
+14 miles; Mohawk &amp; Hudson Railroad, from Albany to Schnectady, 16 miles;
+Schnectady &amp; Sartoga Railroad, 20 miles; Ithaca &amp; Oswego Railroad, 20
+miles; Rochester Railroad (now in progress) from Rochester to a point below
+the Falls of Geneva; Schnectady and Utica Railroad (now in progress), 80
+miles: Rochester &amp; Batavia Railroad (in progress), 28 miles; Troy &amp;
+Ballston Railroad (now in progress), 22 miles. Several other railroads are
+proposed."</p>
+
+<p>These and others were gradually brought into combination, in the one
+Central System for their mutual advantage and the convenience of the
+public.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>It seems strange to think that in the sixties there had been no sleeping
+cars and no through trains between Buffalo and New York. The trains stopped
+and started at Albany, where the passengers either laid over at an hotel
+for the night, or leaving the cars walked along the station platforms to
+the decks of a large ferry steamer, on which they were taken across the
+river to join the connecting trains on the other side. On reaching the
+outskirts of New York the railway cars were uncoupled, and then each drawn
+separately by six horse teams some miles down Sixth Avenue on the horse car
+tracks to the terminus at Twenty-Second street, then only a simple
+two-storey brick building.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> With the construction of the railway bridge at
+Albany in 1870, the railway had sprung up at once into a great through
+route, the only one landing its passengers in the City of New York, and
+thus over-passing and over-topping all its competitors. It is not
+surprising, therefore that there was some pride and self esteem in those
+employed upon it.</p>
+
+<p>When sleeping cars were first introduced on the New York Central it was in
+the most primitive fashion. The cars were the same coaches in which the
+passengers rode during the day. The whole of one corner was occupied by a
+great pile of mattresses and blankets and a number of posts and cross bars.
+When sleeping time came the posts were brought out, the berths built up and
+bolted together before the eyes of the passengers. It can be well
+understood how these improvised constructions creaked and groaned during
+the night. They supplied a need, but were soon supplanted by the Pullman
+inventions.</p>
+
+<p>With Mr. Meeker we had the most personally pleasant relations, but when we
+had made our application to him for a connection, he was staunch to the old
+steamboat connections of his company and would only deal with us through
+them, even if he did think we had been hardly treated, but when we had won
+and deserved our way into an official connection he was equally staunch
+toward us; recognizing the continuous interest which the steamboat lines
+have in the mutual business which they have aided the rail in building up.
+To him succeeded in May, 1883, Mr. E. J. Richards, his highly efficient and
+much younger assistant, whose knowledge of the passenger business of his
+railway was unsurpassed by any. From this time began an association with
+the principal officers of the New York Central, which has widened and
+deepened with years.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This year, 1885, Capt. McCorquodale was appointed to the <i>Chicora</i>,
+succeeded Capt. T. Leach, whose business engagements rendered it necessary
+for him to return to Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>Having come into assured position the railway officers willingly
+co-operated with us when we spent considerable time and money in sending
+out travelling representatives and distributing advertising matter
+respecting the route and Toronto, to all parts of the United States. Mr.
+Steve Murphy being the efficient Travelling Passenger Agent since 1888. I
+question very much whether the City and the Citizens of Toronto have any
+conception of the wealth of advocacy in advertisement and expense which the
+Niagara Navigation Company has given to the City and its attractions, and
+particularly to its "Exhibition" during the past twenty-five years.</p>
+
+<p>One after another the, then separate, railways were induced to put lines of
+tickets on sale reading over the Niagara River Line to Toronto, the list of
+these having been added to each year. In mentioning this it is to be
+remembered that in these early years, in the "eighties," there were a very
+large number of minor railways operating on their own and separate account.
+The great consolidations into the fewer hands and control of the main trunk
+lines had not then been effected, and yet more, the system of general
+traffic associations, joint rate meetings and combined agreed traffic
+associations had not been devised.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of each railway did what each thought was best for the
+interests of his own line, and were controlled only by their being open to
+the possibility of adverse competition from some other line.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The grand field day was the <i>Spring Meeting</i> usually held in Buffalo, to
+consider "Summer Excursion Rates." As there were many more independent
+roads the attendance was considerably greater and perhaps there was more of
+conviviality and social intercourse than in the more staid and business
+meetings of these subsequent days. Moreover it was a battle of wits between
+the newer and weaker roads striving to create and attract business from
+their more longly established competitors.</p>
+
+<p>Will anyone who was present at them, forget the mental activity and agility
+of the General Passenger Agent of the Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain
+Railway, then a little one "on its own," striking into the middle of its
+great competitors; a menace, ambitious, and played with a free hand. Its
+able representative was like a little terrier snapping in the midst of a
+surrounding crowd, and he frequently got his way.</p>
+
+<p>The claims for "differentials" by some roads not so well established as
+others, or where representatives thought their earnings might be thus
+increased, were perennial, and the demands for more Special Excursions at
+"cut rates" voluminous. The discussions were lively and well worth hearing.</p>
+
+<p>In the hours of relaxation of this annual gathering which brought men of
+the fraternity from distant places into friendly contact, there were men
+who since have risen into the restraining influence and stateliness of
+highest offices, but who in those younger days did not disdain to dance a
+can can in a night shirt, or snap fingers in a Highland fling, with an
+elderly but active steamboater from Montreal. All could sing in a chorus or
+join in a rout. The foundations of the present great lines of passenger
+trade were laid in those days, but the railway world<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> to-day does not find
+quite so much fun in its work as it used.</p>
+
+<p>The days of individuality of minor roads have gone, and for all railway
+officers those of over pressure against increasing costs of expenses have
+come. The demand of the public of the day is not only for lower rates but
+for greater facilities, so that the increasing strain of business needs
+absorbs all time and attention, although at the same time much pleasant
+intercourse prevails.</p>
+
+<p>Gradually the scope of our courses of traffic leading to the Niagara River
+were thus widened but not with ease; what in these present days can be done
+in a single joint meeting, or by the issue of a single joint rate sheet,
+required in those days, years of work, visiting the distant parts, and much
+personal address. It was in these last that Mr. John Foy particularly
+shone. He had a happy way of gaining and keeping new friends and allies.</p>
+
+<p>In our own local and home city sphere we began working for new business.
+"Book Tickets" for families, with coupons for the trips, were introduced,
+an entirely new development, enabling citizens of Toronto to live at home
+during the summer and yet give their families lake travel and fresh air at
+remarkably cheap rates.</p>
+
+<p>In this we received the aid of the medical profession. One doctor is
+remembered as putting it this way: "I tell my people," said he, "that when
+they want to wash their hands clean they must use clean water, and
+similarly if they require, as I wish them, to clear out their lungs, they
+must get fresh air where the clearest and freshest air is to be got, by
+crossing the lake on your steamers to Niagara."</p>
+
+<p>Another doctor with a large family practice said: "When I find the
+digestion of the children of any of my families getting out of order I
+prescribe a 'book ticket on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> the Niagara route.' It provides in such cases
+a splendid natural emetic." There is many a well grown citizen in Toronto
+whose vigor has been promoted or life saved in infant days by the pure air
+gained by these trips across the lake. Excursions by societies, Sunday
+schools, national and benevolent bodies were sought out and encouraged to
+devote their energies to providing outings for their associations and
+friends. Every possible method was employed to get new business. We
+certainly needed it, as we certainly had not, so far, a very profitable
+time.</p>
+
+<p>Gradually the business on the route showed signs of growth until we saw
+that if we were to deserve our position with the railway companies and meet
+the increasing traffic we must add to our equipment. The railway officials
+had also expressed their opinion that another steamer would soon be needed
+and stated that in adding it the Navigation Company would receive the
+continued support of their companies. The first year of peace closed
+satisfactorily, and 1885 was marked in white upon the milestones of our
+progress.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Which in itself is a monument to the energy and years of
+faithful service of Miss Janet Carnochan, the valued Historian of the
+District.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Passenger Train Schedules&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='center'>
+<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
+<tr><td colspan="3"><i>Local Railways, 1843.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Albany.</td><td align='left'>Syracuse.</td><td align='left'>Buffalo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lv. 6.00 a.m.</td><td align='left'>Arr. 5.15 p.m.</td><td align='left'>Arr. 7.00 a.m.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>1.30 p.m.</td><td align='left'>2.00 a.m.</td><td align='left'>3.00 p.m.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7.30 p.m.</td><td align='left'>8.00 a.m.</td><td align='left'>9.00 p.m.</td></tr>
+<tr><td colspan="3"><i>New York Central, 1855.</i></td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Albany.</td><td align='left'>Syracuse.</td><td align='left'>Buffalo.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>Lv. 6.30 a.m.</td><td align='left'>Arr. 12.00 noon.</td><td align='left'>Arr. 7.00 p.m.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>7.30 a.m.</td><td align='left'>1.25 p.m.</td><td align='left'>7.00 p.m.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>9.00 a.m.</td><td align='left'>3.50 p.m.</td><td align='left'>1.00 a.m.</td></tr>
+<tr><td align='left'>6.00 p.m.</td><td align='left'>12.30 a.m.</td><td align='left'>6.30 a.m.</td></tr>
+</table></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">First Railways at Lewiston&mdash;expansion Required&mdash;The Renown of the "Let Her
+B"&mdash;A Critic of Plimsoll.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>The original terminus of the Lewiston branch, after it had emerged from the
+cuttings in the Gorge, was at the upper end of the town, about a mile and a
+half from the steamboat dock at the shore of the river. During the season
+of 1886 the New York Central began again to consider the advisability of
+extending their rails so that the trains might be brought to the steamer's
+side.</p>
+
+<p>This location had been a relic from the earliest travelling days. The rills
+of travel from all parts of the West converged at Niagara Falls and then
+passed on to join the steamboats for Lake Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>Davison's "Travellers' Guide," published at Saratoga Springs in 1834,
+says:&mdash;"A stage leaves Buffalo every morning at 6 o'clock, passing through
+the village of Black Rock, 3 miles; Tonawanda, 9 miles; Niagara Falls, 11
+miles. Fare $1.60. This line, after giving passengers an opportunity of
+witnessing the Falls for two or three hours, proceeds to Youngstown, or
+Fort Niagara, passing through Lewiston."</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad</i> had been organized and surveyed,
+and the first steam trains commenced running in 1836 with a speed of 15
+miles per hour, a rate which was considered notable. The track was laid on
+wooden sills faced with scrap iron, and during the first<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> winter was so
+heaved by the frost, that the steam engines had to be taken off, and horses
+used to haul the cars, these being only little ones with four wheels each,
+modeled largely after the stage coaches of the period. In 1839, this
+railway having been equipped with all-iron rails, had grown to two steam
+trains per day each way, between Buffalo and Niagara Falls.</p>
+
+<p>A further extension followed when another small railway company, the
+<i>Niagara Falls and Ontario R.R.</i> was organized in 1852 to build a railway
+of 14 miles from the Falls to the shores of the Lake at <i>Youngstown</i>, where
+the steamers would be joined. Benj. Pringle, president; John Porter, vice
+president; Bradley B. Davis, secretary. The company, at an expense
+relatively much greater in those days than at the present, excavated the
+rock cuttings and cut the shelf in the side of the cliff upon which the New
+York Central Railway now runs through the Gorge, alongside the courses of
+the Niagara River, and the railway was graded and opened to Lewiston in
+1854. Construction was continued further to Youngstown and the track laid
+in 1855, but only one train was run down to the lower port. It has been
+said that this was necessary in order to complete the terms of the charter,
+and appears to have been a final effort. The means of the company were no
+doubt impaired, so that shortly afterward all further work on this
+extension was suspended, the track taken up, and thus in 1855 the balance
+of the line being leased to the New York Central, the Lewiston station had
+become the terminus of the railroad, where it had ever since remained. As
+the transfer to the steamers was originally intended to be made at
+Youngstown, there had been no need, at that time, for the station at
+Lewiston being constructed any nearer to the River bank.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>From the very first the break in connection between train and boat had been
+found inconvenient, and in the fall of 1855, Mr. Gordon, of the steamer
+<i>Peerless</i> wrote to the superintendent of the New York Central Railway,
+saying:&mdash;"You must get the road down alongside the water at once."</p>
+
+<p>This unpleasant transfer of passengers and their baggage in both directions
+by road and bus had existed all these years. The extension now proposed,
+would, it was expected, certainly be of advantage both to railway and to
+steamboat, as facilitating travel. It would mean a considerable expenditure
+to the New York Central Railway, yet they stated that if we would undertake
+to put on another boat, they would build the extension. The Michigan
+Central at Niagara-on-the-Lake, which had now become one of the New York
+Central lines, had had quite enough trial of their "any boat" arrangement
+and now desired a permanent service, which the putting on of another boat
+would supply.</p>
+
+<p>Decisions had, therefore, to be come to by both parties. "The first thing
+for us to decide," said the Hon. Frank, "is whether <i>Chicora</i> is good
+enough to build a partner for her. This settled, we will then do our share
+on the water, for advancing the traffic of the route while the railways do
+theirs on the land."</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/image010.jpg" width="650" height="298" alt="The CORONA leaving N. N. Co. Dock at Toronto. page 178" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The CORONA leaving N. N. Co. Dock at Toronto. <a href="#Page_178">page 178</a></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Immediately on the season closing in October, 1886 the steamer was put into
+Muir's dry dock at Port Dalhousie and every atom of lining in her hull
+removed so that the plates could be seen from the inside as well as from
+the outside. The Government hull inspector, and W. White of Montreal,
+shipbuilder, were brought over to make the inspection. From the beginning
+and throughout as well as assisting in traffic matters the charge of the
+hulls and engines had been my particular care. Led by Webster, the chief
+engineer of <i>Chicora</i>, we entered the hull. Webster was a quiet sort of
+fellow, sometimes nervous and at times excitable, perhaps a bit
+over-intense in his work. He was lean and with a loose waistcoat. It has
+been said by some that a steamboat engineer, to be successful, should have
+a decent sized stomach to help steady him through the changing conditions
+in his running days. The suggestion is well founded.</p>
+
+<p>We went under deck. Webster was striking somewhat lightly on a plate which
+showed some signs of inner scale when White broke out at him. "Mon ar' ye
+feart o' goin' through? Gie ma t-hammer." Whereupon he rained his forceful
+blows upon the plate with such vigor as to make the din ring. "Hoot," said
+he as he stopped, "I'd 'a got through gin 'a could, but 'a couldn't."</p>
+
+<p>At the end of the afternoon the inspecting party came out. "Well, White,"
+was asked, "what's the verdict?"</p>
+
+<p>Wiping the sweat off his forehead with the sleeve of his shirt he answered:
+"Wull, ye may tell Mr. Smith that when he, and I, and you are 'a in our
+graves <i>Chicora</i> will still be runnin' gin ye keep her off the rocks."</p>
+
+<p>We therefore accepted the position set out by the railway companies and
+undertook to build a new steamer to be ready for the season of '88, and run
+the risk of profit on the investment while waiting for more traffic to grow
+up. We determined that speed was the essential requisite. First to perform
+the service with ease and regularity. Second to meet any competition which
+might afterwards arise.</p>
+
+<p>There were then in Canada no builders of fast marine engines of the size we
+required. These were only to be found on the Clyde, so Mr. John Foy and I
+sailed the next<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> week on the <i>Lahn</i> of the North German Lloyd for
+Southampton.</p>
+
+<p>We inspected the principal day boats on the lower Thames, and English
+Channel, making notes and enquiries. Thence to Liverpool for Isle of Man
+steamers. Here we called on the head office of "Lairds," the builders of
+the <i>Chicora</i>, and made enquiries of her from the manager. "Chicora:
+Chicora, I don't remember any steamer of that name&mdash;Ah: did you say the
+<i>Let Her B</i>? Yes, she was the best ship of her class we ever built. There
+she is," and raising his hand he pointed to the model of the <i>Let Her B</i>,
+still hanging on the wall. He said they had built several steamers for
+service in blockade running into the ports of the Confederate States during
+the American Civil War. Three of these were named <i>Let Her Go</i>, <i>Let Her
+Rip</i>, <i>Let Her B</i>. Of all the steamers which they had built the last named
+and the last turned out was the most successful. Fast, seaworthy, of a
+model which was a thing of beauty, she had not been surpassed. He was quite
+enthusiastic about her and added "She had a stronger frame than usual, so
+that she would be worth replating should it ever be desirable.<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a>" He gave
+us every attention and much information and for the requirements which we
+detailed to him, advised us to go to the Clyde, giving us letters to some
+of the best yards there.</p>
+
+<p>In travelling one makes strange acquaintances. On the day express between
+Liverpool and Glasgow when we were running at high speed down the grades
+into Carlisle and the carriage was banging from side to side a gentleman,
+the only other occupant with us, who had never said a word since we started
+suddenly broke into speech, at the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> same time throwing his feet up on the
+seat opposite to him. "Pit yer legs up! Quick!" The necessity for doing
+this he explained by adding "Gin we leave the line yer legs might be cut
+off by the seats comin' tegither." A good laugh at his fears and
+earnestness dispelled the silence which had previously reigned. He was a
+Scotch shipowner, and finding we were in the same line became
+communicative.</p>
+
+<p>How earnestly he blamed Plimsoll for his legislation in putting his "mark"
+for load line on British ships but leaving the foreigner free, with all the
+privileges of trading between British ports, and of loading as deeply as he
+pleased. The effect, he said, on the British coasting trade was, that as
+the foreigner could load as far as he liked, and therefore carry larger
+cargoes, he could accept lower rates. Many British vessels were in
+consequence of this competition sold out, and transferred to foreign
+ownership.</p>
+
+<p>"I suppose he thinks it's not his business to keep the furriner from bein'
+drooned, yet he ties our hands and helps him take our trade, and noo he's
+at it agin."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Plimsoll was just then introducing a new Bill into the House of Commons
+at Westminster, proposing to make it illegal for Marine insurance companies
+to insure the hulls of vessels for more than two-thirds of their value.</p>
+
+<p>With this legislation our Scotch friend was very irate.</p>
+
+<p>"Does the man think I want to lose my vessels. I'm in the business as my
+fayther was, and I want to stay in the business. As things are I can insure
+for full value. If I meet an accident either I get my vessel back again,
+fit for her service, or I get the money and build a new and larger one. If
+every time I have a total loss I am to be docked of one-third of my
+capital, then it wouldn't be long<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> before I'd be out of business. Ye never
+can keep up the British merchant marine that way."</p>
+
+<p>But wouldn't it be better for the insurance companies?</p>
+
+<p>"No, not at all. The insurance companies make their money, not on the
+ships' hulls, but on the cargoes which the ships carry. A single ship in
+one season will carry dozens of cargoes. We are the shuttles which carry
+backwards and forwards the cargo values on which the companies earn their
+rates. In fact, we help to earn their money for them. Where would be the
+cargoes without the ships? 'Gin Plimsoll had his way he'd wipe all the
+British ships off the seas, but we're no so bad as he wad paint us."</p>
+
+<p>There was a good deal of truth in what he said, for given that the repute
+and moral hazard is good, it matters little so far as the owners exercise
+of care for the avoiding of loss is concerned, whether the insurance
+carried is for total value or only partial.</p>
+
+<p>Needless to say the Plimsoll Bill did not carry. As evidence of our faith I
+may mention that in the early days, when the Niagara company was simply a
+family ownership, we insured only against fire and collision, carrying the
+whole of the marine risk ourselves. But we watched with infinite closeness
+the ships and our men, as is equally done now when the company insures for
+a portion of the value.</p>
+
+<p>November in Glasgow! A mixture of smoke, fogs and grime. Never was such
+gloomy weather experienced. A soot of blue murkiness seemed to pervade the
+atmosphere. We visited and consulted with the builders of the fast steamers
+particularly the Fairfield Co. at Govan and the Denny's of Dunbarton.
+Nothing could exceed the freedom with which the fullest information was
+laid before us.</p>
+
+<p>We also inspected the fast day steamers of the David Mactryne and the
+Caledonian S.S. companies among them<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> the <i>Columba</i> and <i>Lord of the
+Isles</i>, whose repute as day steamers for speed and equipment stood on the
+highest scale and are still (1912) performing their regular service.</p>
+
+<p>While there was much to admire in them, yet we found they were lacking in
+many things in both exterior and interior fittings which our summer lake
+passengers would consider important.</p>
+
+<p>For instance&mdash;in making a trip one day on one of these steamers there was a
+nasty drizzling rain. It dribbled down the main stairway which was open to
+the sky, and there were no awnings or coverings over the upper deck. As a
+result the passengers, who wished to have fresh air, sat along the deck
+seats, either huddled together under umbrellas, or wrapped up in the Scotch
+plaids with which almost everybody seemed to be supplied.</p>
+
+<p>"What for why?" said the captain in reply to a suggestion that a deck
+awning might be a good thing. "To keep off the rain," was the reply. "Ah
+mon," said he, "it wad keep aff the sun."</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps in the contrast between the Scotch climate and ours in Canada, he
+was right, for they cannot spare any of the glimpses of the sun so
+sparingly vouchsafed to them.</p>
+
+<p>After fullest enquiry and consideration, we came to the conclusion that the
+best thing we could do was to repeat a highly successful day passenger
+paddle steamer, the <i>Ozone</i> which had been built on the Clyde, and sent out
+to Australia a year and a half previously, and had there obtained a
+splendid record for speed and commercial success.</p>
+
+<p>She was just the size we wanted, 250 feet long, 28' 6" beam in hull, or 52
+feet over guards, draft 6 ft. 6 in. Compound engines with two cylinders of
+47 inches, and 87 inches, developing 2000 horse power, and sending the
+steamer at the officially certified speed of 20 miles per hour<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> on the
+Scotch trials on the Clyde between the <i>Cloch</i> and the <i>Cumbrae</i>.</p>
+
+<p>This would be a step larger and a step faster than <i>Chicora</i>. We arranged
+with Mr. Robert Morton, the designer and supervisor of the <i>Ozone</i>, for a
+set of plans and specifications for the hull, which, constructed of Dalzell
+steel, would be put together on the shores of Lake Ontario, where the upper
+cabin works would be added according to our own requirements.</p>
+
+<p>They offered to deliver a fully completed steamer at Montreal in four
+months, but we would have had to cut her and take off one of the guards to
+get her up through the canals. For my part, I had had quite enough of
+bringing steamers in parts up the St. Lawrence River on which the smaller
+canals were still incompleted, so we decided to erect our new steamer on
+the shores of Lake Ontario.</p>
+
+<p>The engines would be built by Rankin, Blackmore &amp; Co., of Greenrock, from
+whose shops had come some of the fastest engines on the Clyde. These would
+be a repetition of the engines which had been so successfully built by them
+for the <i>Ozone</i> and would be shipped out in parts to Montreal by the first
+steamer in the spring.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> <i>Chicora</i> was put in dry dock at Kingston in the winter of
+1904 and largely replated at an expense of $37,000.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Winter and Whiskey in Scotland&mdash;Rail and Steamer Alongside at Lewiston&mdash;How
+"Cibola" Got Her Name&mdash;On the Route&mdash;The U.E. Loyalists Ongiara Added.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>After decisions had been made it still took some time for the arranging of
+tenders and completion of contracts.</p>
+
+<p>During this wait we whiled away the time by seeing football played in seas
+of mud, and half lost in fogs, women by the thousands with heads uncovered
+except when they pulled their shawls over them, and children innumerable
+with feet entirely bare. Poor kiddies how they suffered when on one day
+there was a fall of snow. Such snow, damp, heavy clots, which moistened as
+they touched anything, exuding cold, and slobbering over the stone
+pavements.</p>
+
+<p>The children wrapped their red frosted feet with rags, or bits of carpet,
+to keep them off the stones, while their elders hunched themselves together
+and shivered. No wonder these people feared the snow and cold of Canada,
+for they thought that if they felt such suffering in a temperature only
+just at the freezing point, what must it be when the thermometer went below
+zero.</p>
+
+<p>Yet did they only know it, as many have since learned, the dry salt-like
+winter snow of Canada is pleasant for the children to play in, and the
+sensation of cold not to be measured by the figures on the thermometer. It
+is the dampness which brings the suffering, which, needing to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> met by
+heat from within, inclines to the suggestion, expressed by some, that
+whiskey is a natural beverage for Scotland. That it is a usual one I
+learned in actual experience.</p>
+
+<p>In our "steamboat samplings" we had made a trip through the "Kyles of Bute"
+and to Tarbert, where we took carriage across the Mull of Cantire to the
+outer sea. Stopping for lunch at a neat little inn about half way across.
+The mid-day meal was being served in a large room with one long table down
+the centre. At this all the company sat, one, apparently a commercial
+traveller, occupying the seat at the head and doing the carving. A large
+open fireplace with glowing fire gave comfort and pleasant radiance.</p>
+
+<p>The one maid, a cheery looking young girl, did all the serving and was busy
+in her attentions to the guests. When she had got them all served I asked
+her, as she passed by, if she would please get me a cup of tea. Pausing for
+a moment she gave me a searching look and then without speaking passed on.
+A little while later I again caught her attention and suggesting that
+perhaps she had not understood me, said that I would like to have a cup of
+tea. Bending forward over me with a puckering of the forehead she said
+abruptly, "Where do ye coom frae?" "From Canada," I answered.</p>
+
+<p>"Dye ye hae tea 'i the noon in Canada?" "Yes," said I in my most pleasing
+tone, "we have tea three times in the day in Canada&mdash;at morning, mid-day
+and evening."</p>
+
+<p>With a sniff she retorted, "Wull, y're no in Canada the noo, y're in
+Scotland. Y' cannot hae tea i' the middle o' the day in Scotland&mdash;ye can
+hae whiskey."</p>
+
+<p>I didn't so I'm afraid Canada fell greatly in her estimation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image011.jpg" width="450" height="360" alt="Sir Thomas Lipton on CHICORA. page 175" title="" />
+<span class="caption">Sir Thomas Lipton on CHICORA. <a href="#Page_175">page 175</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image011a.jpg" width="450" height="398" alt="H.R.H. the Duke and Duchess of York going on board CORONA.
+page 183" title="" />
+<span class="caption">H.R.H. the Duke and Duchess of York going on board CORONA.
+<a href="#Page_183">page 183</a></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The contracts were at length completed and we hastened for home, taking the
+Guion Line <i>Alaska</i> as the fastest ship on the Atlantic. She held the
+"record" for the then fastest passage, 6 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes from
+Queenston to New York.</p>
+
+<p>We had a frightful passage, during one 24 hours making only 52 miles. When
+the captain of a first-class Atlantic liner enters on his log, as ours did
+next day, "<i>dangerous sea</i>," one may feel satisfied that something unusual
+had been going on.</p>
+
+<p>Instead of not over eight days, as had been expected, we took twelve days,
+much to the alarm of our families, and reached Toronto only three days
+before Christmas.</p>
+
+<p>So <i>Chicora</i> and her successor had twice run the home-coming festival
+pretty close.</p>
+
+<p>In 1887 the services were opened by <i>Chicora</i> alone, with Capt.
+McCorquodale in command.</p>
+
+<p>Construction of the new steamer was begun early in April in the yards of
+the E. W. Rathbun Company, at Deseronto on the Bay of Quinte, there being
+then no other shipyard on the shores of Lake Ontario. The facilities here
+were excellent, in convenience of access by rail to the waterside, and in
+complete iron and wood-working factories for the cabin construction.</p>
+
+<p>The hull was erected by W. C. White, of Montreal, who also had built the
+steamer <i>Filgate</i>, and the wood-work done by ourselves and the Rathbuns
+under the charge of our foreman carpenter, Mr. J. Whalen.</p>
+
+<p>The engines arrived in good shape and were erected in the hull by Rankin,
+Blackmore &amp; Co., who sent out men for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The cabin work was being made in sections in the workshops, so that it
+could be erected as soon as the decks were ready.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the early part of the season of 1887 the New York Central completed the
+extension of its tracks to the shore line at Lewiston, just above the
+steamer dock. The relief to the traffic was welcome and immediate. The
+passengers were saved the weary jolting for the mile and a half transfer
+through enveloping dust, or of red bespattering mud, according to the
+varying conditions of the weather, and the through time between Niagara
+Falls and the steamer was also much shortened.</p>
+
+<p>Ever since the branch railway had emerged from the Gorge this trial of
+temper and nerves had continued just in the same state as it had when
+Lewiston was the focus centre for the quickest routes to Rochester,
+Ogdensburgh, and to Albany and New York, via Lake Champlain, and the only
+route to Toronto, Kingston and Montreal.</p>
+
+<p>At length, after a meritorious service of so many years, their duty being
+over, the lumbering old Transfer Coaches, which looked as though they had
+never felt another coat of paint since their first, were consigned to the
+retirement of broken bottles and old tins. No traces of them are now to be
+found. There are, however, some notable memorials still left in the old
+town of its earliest days of tourist and travel activities.</p>
+
+<p>On the old road between Lewiston and the dock, once traversed by the
+transfer coaches, and part of the main road from Bataira when the village
+was known as "Lewis-Town," is the "Frontier House," built in 1825, and for
+many years considered the "finest hotel west of Albany." It was once the
+stopping place of many early celebrities, and with its broad stoop and
+great pillars is still a very prominent building. The residence of Captain
+Van Cleve, one of the earliest navigators on the lakes, and who sailed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+from the port on the <i>Martha Ogden</i>, is on the hillside not far from the
+present terminus of the railway.</p>
+
+<p>At last the railway and the steamers had been brought alongside. This
+facility of interchange, and the shortening of the schedule time much
+improved the volume of traffic in both directions and a start was made
+which indicated that, when made more fully known to the general public,
+would justify the expenditures being made by both the railway and the
+steamer interests.</p>
+
+<p>A new era was being opened for the Niagara River route. We had brought
+about the first steps, had taken part in the bringing of the railways and
+the river together, and now were to add the new steamer.</p>
+
+<p>Consideration of what should be the name of the new addition was much
+occupying the attention not only of ourselves but of many others.</p>
+
+<p>It was conceded that the name must begin with a "C," and end with "A," and
+not exceeding eight letters in length, so that proper balance in
+advertising display might be preserved. A good deal of public interest was
+taken in the matter and many names suggested.</p>
+
+<p>A number of these were selected, and a somewhat novel method adopted for
+coming to the final decision.</p>
+
+<p>The members, both male and female, of the two families interested in the
+company, were invited by Hon. Frank Smith, to dine at "Rivermount," his
+residence on Bloor street. We sat down about twenty-five in number, being
+all the adult members of the Frank Smith, Foy and Cumberland connections,
+and at a splendid repast good fortune to the new steamer was heartily
+toasted.</p>
+
+<p>I had had some twenty posters printed in the same size and wording as we
+then used for street advertising purposes. On each of these was displayed
+the name<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> <i>Chicora</i> together with one of the new names which had been
+suggested. These posters were then set in a line along one side of the
+spacious hall, so that the exact effect of the contiguity of the two names
+could be seen.</p>
+
+<p>After dinner a sort of Dutch auction was held. The adherents of each name
+stated the reasons for their preference, promoting some amusing discussion.
+Each of the posters was then voted on in succession and with varying
+majorities ordered down until finally the one with <i>Chicora</i> and <i>Cibola</i>
+gained the preference.</p>
+
+<p>There would seem good reason for this selection, for in addition to the
+suitability in appearance and emphony of the two names, a very interesting
+historical connection between them had been unearthed in the archives and
+annals in the beginning of Spanish-American history, after following up the
+exploits of Pizzaro in South America.</p>
+
+<p>The early Spaniards had made a foothold in the island of Cuba.
+Ponce-de-Leon had visited the shores of Florida, but it was not until 1539
+that Hermando-de-Soto, heading an expedition from the Island, established
+the first permanent occupation upon the mainland for the Spanish nation.</p>
+
+<p>A settlement was formed and a fortress built at Ste. Augustine. Spanish
+influence thereafter gradually extended around the northern shores of the
+Gulf of Mexico toward the Mississippi and inland through the intervening
+Indian country which was then called the <i>Chicora Country</i>&mdash;"<i>The land of
+pretty flowers</i>."</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this and on the other side of the far shores of the Mississippi lay
+the widespread grazing territories where the Spanish adventurers conceived
+would be opportunity for further exploits.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Somewhere about the year 1580 a coterie of these venturesome ones carried
+over with them to Spain a party of the native Indians including among them
+the principal Chief of the Chicora Indians, the occupants of the country
+between Florida and the river. These they presented at their sovereign's
+court as visible evidences of their travellings and enterprises.</p>
+
+<p>In those early days of discovery on this Western hemisphere, and for long
+years afterwards, it is noticeable in how lordly a manner the Sovereigns
+and Magnates of Europe parcelled out the new found territories, making
+wholesale grants of land to their own followers with or out the leave of
+the original Indian occupants. In this case the representative Chief was
+present. The King created him "Don Francisco de Chicora," and a grant was
+confirmed to his introducers of all the country lying adjacent to the Gulf
+of Mexico, on the far side of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>Returning with this authority the Spaniards extended their enterprises to
+their new opportunities. As they advanced westward they found on the
+terraces of the great plains, and on the foothills of the mountain ranges,
+the countless "Cibolos," or Buffalo, ranging in mighty bands over the
+nature pastures.</p>
+
+<p>It was in consequence of this that when giving a name to the new Province
+which was being added to their previous domain, they named it "<i>Cibola</i>,"
+"the Buffalo coun<i>try</i>." This name is still preserved by a ranching hamlet
+in a part of that territory now in the State of Texas.</p>
+
+<p>As another steamer was to be added in partnership with <i>Chicora</i> "the
+pretty flower," what more appropriate name could we give to her than that
+of "Cibola," "the Buffalo," in reminiscence of the old time territorial
+expansion.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>So <i>Cibola</i> it was to be. There was also a further propriety in the
+selection that this "Buffalo boat" was to be one of the line of steamers
+which were to form the greatly improved connection between Toronto, and the
+great and modern city of Buffalo.</p>
+
+<p>On 1st of November the steamer was successfully launched in the presence of
+a large party brought down by special train from Toronto, the name <i>Cibola</i>
+being given, and the traditional bottle of champagne smashingly broken on
+the bow, by Miss Constance Cumberland, the youngest sister of the
+Vice-President, and who subsequently married Mr. A. Foy, a brother of the
+Manager.</p>
+
+<p>The firms engaged on the construction were:&mdash;Designer, Robert Morton,
+Glasgow; steel hull, Dalzell Co., Dalzell, Scotland; erection of hull, W.
+White &amp; Co., Montreal; marine engines, Rankin Blackmore &amp; Co., Greenock;
+wood-work, Rathbun Co., Deseronto; interior mahogany and decoration, Wm.
+Wright &amp; Co., Detroit; electric lighting, Edison Co., New York.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Chicora</i> season of 1887 had been exceedingly active. The opening of
+the New York Central to the bank of the river largely increased the
+facilities and the movement of traffic.</p>
+
+<p>The steamer <i>Hastings</i> was chartered to make the early trips from Niagara
+and late from Toronto, and to carry the increasing fruit business. We had
+acquired the rights of the International Ferry between Queenston and
+Lewiston and chartered the small steamer <i>Kathleen</i> to perform the service
+and to transfer passengers to the main line steamers.</p>
+
+<p>A new excursion feature in connection with the extension of their line was
+introduced by the New York Central by "shuttle trains" with <i>observation
+cars</i> run frequently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> between the Falls and Lewiston. These cars were open
+on the side next the river and the passenger seats set length-wise, facing
+the view, were raised in tiers one above the other, securing an unimpeded
+view of the scenery of the wonderful rapids and Niagara Gorge.</p>
+
+<p>The Kathleen ran in connection with these trains, giving the tourists the
+full length of the Lower River to Niagara and also calling at Youngstown
+for the Fort and Town passengers.</p>
+
+<p>Business at Queenston, where we had improved the dock, was much increased,
+due to our working up the excursions which were rendered more attractive by
+the great improvements made by the Queen Victoria Niagara Park
+Commissioners in the park upon the Queenston Heights and around Brock's
+Monument.</p>
+
+<p>An excellent season closed without further incident.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter of 1887-88 the cabin work had proceeded assiduously on
+<i>Cibola</i>. During this period we came much into personal contact with Mr. E.
+W. Rathbun, the head of the Rathbun Co., and, one might say, the physical
+embodiment of Deseronto and of everything within its borders. In the prime
+of life, genial, incisive, he was the focus centre of vibrant energies.</p>
+
+<p>It seemed to be his ambition that no by-product in his enterprises should
+escape undeveloped.</p>
+
+<p>He was interested in every public and benevolent project in the vicinity
+and although not himself entering into parliamentary duties, his opinion
+was much sought and valued in political development. With intense devotion
+to his work, and much continuous strain on his energies it was not to be
+wondered that his years were not many.</p>
+
+<p>At length the spring of 1888 had come. The work was well advanced but, as
+usual, the carpenters and painters lingered on in possession.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span></p>
+
+<p><i>Chicora</i> had opened the season and it was absolutely necessary that
+<i>Cibola</i> should be on hand to take part in moving the troops to Niagara
+Camp on 10th June.</p>
+
+<p>The only thing to do was to bring the whole working force away with the
+steamer. Capt. McCorquodale was in command, Capt. McGiffin having been
+appointed to the <i>Chicora</i>.</p>
+
+<p>A small party of friends had come down for the trip up, among them Alderman
+John Baxter, of Toronto a genial soul, whose girth was not far from
+equalling his height, he was the very embodiment of merriment and was a
+most excellent singer. As the most elderly member we dubbed him The
+Chaplain, although perhaps he was not the most sedate. Mr. Ross Hayter, a
+Tea Planter cousin, lately Come from Assam, and who was the first to
+introduce Indian package tea to Canada, was installed as the Doctor, and
+Mr. Gus Foy, brother of Mr. John Foy, ably acted as Steward.</p>
+
+<p>We left in the morning with the decks encumbered by every description of
+material for all trades.</p>
+
+<p>As each rounded point, and changing turn of this island-studded channel
+came in view one could not but recall that along these waters once came
+from Montreal, and Cataraqui, the fleet of canoes carrying the families of
+the Six Nations Indians to the new homes, which had been given them by the
+British Government, to replace those in the State of New York, which they
+had lost by their loyal adherence to the King's cause during the War of the
+Revolution. One party under Chief Deseronto had determined to stop at a
+reservation which had been selected on the shores of the Bay of Quinte.
+Before leaving <i>Cataraqui</i>, the communion service which had been given to
+their ancestors by Queen Anne in 1712, for their chapel in the Mohawk
+Valley in the Colony of New York, had been divided between the bands, the
+larger share being given to the more numerous party under Chief Brant,
+which separating from their Deseronto companions went onward up Lake
+Ontario to their reservation upon the banks of the Grand River.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/image012.jpg" width="650" height="301" alt="The CHIPPEWA in Toronto Harbour. page 174" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The CHIPPEWA in Toronto Harbour. <a href="#Page_174">page 174</a></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>These reservations are still occupied by their descendants, who are ardent
+militia men, serving with intense activity in the Indian companies of the
+37th Haldimand Rifles, one of the most efficient in the Canadian Militia.
+All Canadians, should remember that these quiet featured men are the lineal
+descendants of those steadfast ancestors, who gave up their homes and all
+for the British cause, and were the first United Empire Loyalists to come
+to Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Later after 1783, other migrations came up these inner channels.</p>
+
+<p>These were the United Empire Loyalists, descendants of the British pioneers
+and settlers who had founded the English colonies in America, but who
+having fought on the King's side in the Revolution were driven out of their
+homes and their property confiscated, but who chose, rather than foreswear
+their allegiance, to come north into the forests of Canada where they could
+live beneath the British flag under which they and their fathers had been
+born.</p>
+
+<p>It was a meeting, too, with the first steamboat ventures of Upper Canada,
+for on "Finkle's Point," which we passed, the <i>Frontenac</i>, the first
+steamer to sail on Lake Ontario, had been built in 1815.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chicora</i> and <i>Cibola</i> together carried the troops to camp and performed
+the services of the route for 1888. The leaving times from Toronto were 7
+a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m., 4.45 p.m., the <i>Chicora</i> taking the morning trip
+from Lewiston.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This was a very considerable increase, being in fact a doubling of the
+previous service, and although the traffic did not at first justify it, the
+trade soon began to show signs of building up, the new steamer proving
+herself a valuable addition by her higher speed, larger capacity for
+passengers and with running expenses practically the same.</p>
+
+<p>The arrangements for the militia at the camp at Niagara in these early days
+were in the charge of Lt.-Col. Robert Denison, one of the Denison family,
+who have taken so large a part in the military annals of the country, and
+an uncle of Lt.-Col. George T. Denison.</p>
+
+<p>Col. "Bob" as he was most frequently called, was the Brigade Major for the
+Western District with his headquarters in the "<i>Old Fort</i>" at Toronto in
+the original "Officers Quarters" building which had been military
+headquarters for the Province since 1813. This old building is still in
+existence and is to be preserved as part of the restoration of the Old
+Fort.</p>
+
+<p>Unconventional and breezy in his ways, he used, referring to the fact that
+he had entirely lost one eye, to say that he "had a single eye to Her
+Majesty's Service," and sitting straddled, as was his habit, on a
+four-legged saddle shaped sort of seat that "he was always in the saddle,
+ready for a call to action."</p>
+
+<p>In 1889 <i>Cibola</i> and <i>Chicora</i>, continued their usual services with
+satisfaction and regularity.</p>
+
+<p>The Observation Train service of the New York Central Railway increased
+much in importance as also the transfer between Lewiston and Queenston. A
+smart little steamer was purchased to specially fill these services.</p>
+
+<p>Following our habit we searched for some name which would be appropriate to
+the conditions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The "Relations des Jesuits" are the reports sent back to France between
+1616 and 1672 by the devoted Jesuit priests who had come over in the early
+French Regime and worked among the Indians for their Christianization. Much
+information is given in these conditions among the tribes, and concerning
+the geography of the country.</p>
+
+<p>One of these, <i>Pere Lallement</i>, reports that in 1642 an "<i>Onguiaara</i>" tribe
+of Indians were living between the two lower lakes on a river bearing the
+same name as the tribe. Later on the Great Falls on this river are
+mentioned as the "<i>Ongiara Cataractes</i>." This name of <i>Ongiara</i>, which was
+the earliest by which the river was known among the Indians, has since been
+transmuted by the whites into its present name Niagara.</p>
+
+<p>We therefore named the little steamer <i>Ongiara</i> as being appropriate to the
+history of her surroundings, and to her duties between the original portage
+routes of Indian and historic periods at the landings at Lewiston and
+Queenston.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">RUNNING THE BLOCKADE ON THE LET HER B.&mdash;AS TOLD BY HER CAPTAIN-OWNER.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>During 1889 we had the pleasure of a visit from Captain George B. Boynton,
+the former owner of <i>Chicora</i> in her blockade running days, who was
+delighted to renew acquaintance with his early ally. He gave us many
+reminiscenses of that stirring period, the narration of them cannot be done
+better than by giving extract by courteous permission of the publisher from
+his narrative as afterwards contained<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> under the heading "Looking for
+Trouble." Copyright, 1911, by <i>Adventure Magazine</i>, the Ridgway Company.</p>
+
+<p>After giving an account of his earlier life and share in the American Civil
+War, and of a project to join some adventures in Cuba he says, "While I was
+wondering how I could get into communication with Cespedes, my interest was
+aroused by a newspaper story of the new blockade runner <i>Let Her B.</i> The
+<i>Let Her B.</i>, whose name was a play on words, was a long, powerful,
+schooner-rigged steamship, built by Lairds on the Mersey. Though classed as
+a fifteen-knot ship she could do sixteen or seventeen knots (19 miles)
+which was fast going at that time. There was so much money in
+blockade-running that the owners of one could well afford to lose her after
+she had made three successful trips.</p>
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span></p>
+<p>"In five minutes I decided to become a blockade-runner and to buy the new
+and already famous ship, if she was to be had at any price within reason. I
+bought a letter of credit and took the next ship for Bermuda. On my arrival
+there I found that the <i>Let Her B.</i> had been expected in for several days
+from her second trip and that there was considerable anxiety about her. A
+fresh cargo of munitions of war was awaiting the <i>Let Her B</i>, and a ship
+was ready to take to England the cotton she would bring.</p>
+
+<p>"I got acquainted with the agent for the blockade-runner, and offered to
+buy her and take the chance that she might never come in. He wanted me to
+wait until the arrival of her owner, Joseph Berry, who was expected daily
+from England.</p>
+
+<p>"After waiting several days I said to him one morning, "It looks as though
+your ship had been captured or sunk. I'll take a gambler's chance that she
+hasn't and will give you $50,000 for her and $25,000 for the cargo that is
+waiting for her; you to take the cargo she brings in. I'll give you three
+hours to think it over."</p>
+
+<p>"It looked as though I was taking a long chance, but I had a "hunch" that
+she was all right, and I never have had a well-defined "hunch" steer me in
+anything but a safe course, wherefore I invariably heed them. At the
+expiration of the time limit there was not a sign of smoke in any direction
+and the agent accepted my proposition. In half an hour I had a bill of sale
+for the ship and the warehouse receipts for the cargo of war-supplies.</p>
+
+<p>"At sunset that day a ship came in from England with her former owner. He
+criticized his agent sharptly at first, but when two more days passed with
+no sign of the anxiously-looked-for ship, Mr. Berry concluded that he had
+all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> best of the bargain, and complimented his agent on his shrewdness.</p>
+
+<p>"On the third day the <i>Let Her B.</i> came tearing in, pursued at long range
+by the U.S.S. Powhatan, which proceeded to stand guard over the harbour,
+keeping well off shore on account of the reefs and shoals that were under
+her lee.</p>
+
+<p>"The <i>Let Her B.</i> discharged a full cargo of cotton and was turned over to
+me. I went over her carefully while her cargo of arms was going in and
+found her in excellent condition. She was unloaded in twelve hours, and all
+her cargo was safely stowed in another forty-eight hours. I took command of
+her, with John B. Williams, her old captain, as sailing master, and
+determined to put to sea at once.</p>
+
+<p>"I knew the Powhatan would not be looking for us so soon, and planned to
+catch her off her guard. There was then no man-of-war entrance to the
+harbor and it was necessary to enter and leave by daylight. With the sun
+just high enough to let us get clear of the reefs before dark, and with the
+Powhatan well off shore and at the farthest end of the course she was
+lazily patrolling, we put to sea.</p>
+
+<p>"The Powhatan saw us sooner than I had expected, and started but she was
+not quick enough. The moment she swung around I increased our speed to a
+point which the pilot loudly swore would pile us up on the rocks. But it
+didn't and when we cleared the passage we were all of four miles in the
+lead. As I had figured, the Powhatan did not suppose we would come out for
+at least a week, and was cruising slowly about with fires banked, so it
+took her some time to get up a full head of steam. She fired three or four
+shots at us, but they fell far short.</p>
+
+<p>"At sunrise we had the ocean to ourselves.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"I started in at once to master practical navigation, the theory of which I
+knew, and to familiarize myself with the handling of a ship. I stood at the
+wheel for hours at a time and almost wore out the instruments taking
+reckonings by the sun and stars. Navigation came to me naturally, for I
+loved it, and in three days I would have been willing to undertake a cruise
+around the world with a Chinese crew.</p>
+
+<p>"We arrived off Charleston late in the afternoon and steamed up close
+inshore until we could make out the smoke of the blockading fleet, which
+was standing well out, in a semi-circle. Then we dropped back a bit and
+anchored. All of the conditions shaped themselves to favor us. It was a
+murky night, with a hard blow, which came up late in the afternoon, and
+when we got under way at midnight a good bit of a sea was running.</p>
+
+<p>"With the engines held down to only about half speed, but ready to do their
+best in a twinkling, we headed for the harbor, standing as close inshore as
+we dared go. We passed so close to the blockading-ship stationed at the
+lower end of the crescent that she could not have depressed her guns enough
+to hit us even if we had been discovered in time. But she did not see us
+until we had passed her. Then she let go at us with her bow guns and, while
+they did no damage, we were at such close quarters that their flash gave
+the other ships a glimpse of us as we darted away.</p>
+
+<p>"They immediately opened on us, but after the first minute or two it was a
+case of haphazard shooting with all of them. The first shells exploded
+close around us, and some of the fragments came aboard, but no one was
+injured. When I saw where they were firing I threw my ship farther over
+toward Sullivan's Island, where she could go on account<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> of her light
+draft, and sailed quietly along into the harbor at reduced speed. At
+daylight we went up to the dock and were warmly welcomed.</p>
+
+<p>"Before the second night was half over we had everything out of her and a
+full cargo of cotton aboard, and we steamed out at once. I knew the
+blockaders would not expect us for at least four days, and we surprised
+them just as we had surprised the Powhatan at Bermuda. It was a thick
+night, and we sailed right through the fleet at half speed, but prepared to
+break and run for it at the crack of a gun. Not a shot was fired or an
+extra light shown.</p>
+
+<p>"As soon as we were clear of the line we put on full speed and three days
+later we were safe at Turk's Island, the most southerly and easterly of the
+Bahama Islands, off the coast of Florida, which I had selected as a base of
+operations. These islands were a haven and a clearing-house for the
+outsiders who were actively aiding the Confederacy for a very substantial
+consideration.</p>
+
+<p>"Most of the blockade-runners, including the <i>Banshee</i>, <i>Siren</i>, <i>Robert E.
+Lee</i>, <i>Lady Sterling</i>, and other famous ships, were operating out of
+Nassau, which had the advantage of closer proximity to the chief Southern
+posts, being within 600 miles of Charleston and Wilmington, while Turk's
+Island was 900 miles away, but I never have believed in following the
+crowd. It is my rule to do things alone and in my own way, as must be the
+practice of every man who expects to succeed in any dangerous business. The
+popularity of Nassau caused it to be closely watched by the Federal
+cruisers that patrolled the Gulf Stream, while the less important islands
+to the south and east were practically unguarded.</p>
+
+<p>"Though precarious for the men who made them so, those were plenteous days
+for the Bahamas, compared with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> which the rich tourist toll since levied on
+the Yankees is but small change. The fortunes yielded by blockade-running
+seemed made by magic, so quick was the process. Cotton that was bought in
+Charleston or Wilmington for ten cents a pound sold for ten times as much
+in the Bahamas, and there were enormous profits in the return cargoes or
+military supplies. The captains and crews shared in the proceeds and the
+health of the Confederacy was drunk continuously and often riotously.</p>
+
+<p>"By the time I projected myself temporarily into this golden atmosphere of
+abnormal activity, running the blockade had become more of a business and
+less of a romance than it was in the reckless early days of the war.</p>
+
+<p>"Before leaving Bermuda I had ordered a cargo of munitions of war sent to
+Turk's Island. We had to wait nearly a month for this shipment to arrive,
+but the time was well spent in overhauling the engines and putting the <i>Let
+Her B</i> in perfect condition.</p>
+
+<p>"My second trip to Charleston furnished a degree of excitement that exalted
+my soul. While we were held up at Turk's Island the blockading fleet had
+been strengthened and supplemented by several small and fast boats which
+cruised around outside of the line. Without knowing this I had decided&mdash;it
+must have been in response to a "hunch"&mdash;to make a dash straight through
+the line and into the harbor. And it was fortunate that we followed this
+plan, for they were expecting us to come up from the south, hugging the
+shore as we had done before, and if we had taken that course they certainly
+would have sunk us or forced us aground.</p>
+
+<p>"We were proceeding cautiously, but did not think we were close to the
+danger zone, when suddenly one of the patrol ships picked us up and opened
+fire. Her guns<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> were no better than pea-shooters, but they gave the signal
+to the fleet, and instantly lights popped up all along the line ahead.</p>
+
+<p>"In the flashing lights ahead I saw all of the excitement that I had been
+longing for, and with an exultant yell to the helmsman to "Tell the
+engineer to give her &mdash;&mdash;l," I pushed him aside and seized the wheel. I
+fondled the spokes lovingly and leaned over them in a tumult of joy. It was
+the great moment of which I had dreamed from boyhood.</p>
+
+<p>"I had anticipated that when it came I would be considerably excited and
+forgetful of all of my carefully-thought-out plans for meeting an
+emergency, but to my surprise I found that I was as cool as though we had
+been riding at anchor in New York Bay. The opening gun cleared my mind of
+all its anxieties and intensified its action. I remember that I took time
+to analyze my feelings to make sure that I was calm and collected and not
+stunned and stolid and that I was silent from choice and not through
+anything of fear.</p>
+
+<p>"As though spurred by a human impulse, the little ship sprang forward as
+she felt the full force of her engines and never did she make such a race
+as she did that night. In the sea that was running and at the speed that we
+were going we would ordinarily have had two men at the wheel, but I found
+it so easy and so delightful to handle the ship alone that I declined the
+assistance of Captain Williams, who stood behind me.</p>
+
+<p>"Though I am not tall, being not much over five feet and eight inches,
+nature was kind in giving me a well-set-up frame and a powerful
+constitution, devoid of nerves but with muscles of steel, and with a
+reserve supply of strength that made me marvel at its source.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"The widest opening in the already closing line was, luckily directly in
+front of us, and I headed for it. The sparks from our smokestack gave the
+blockaders our course as plainly as though it had been noon-day, and they
+closed in from both sides to head us off. Shot and shell screamed and sang
+all around the undaunted <i>Let Her B.</i></p>
+
+<p>"First the mainmast and then the foremast came down with a crash, littering
+the decks with their gear. A shell carried death into the forecastle. One
+shot tore away the two forward stanchions of the pilot-house, and another
+one smashed through the roof, but neither Captain Williams nor I was
+injured. All of our boats and most of our upper works were literally shot
+to pieces.</p>
+
+<p>"From first to last we must have been under the terrific fire for half an
+hour, but it seemed not more than a few minutes, and it really was with
+something of regret that I found the shots were falling astern. When we got
+up to the dock we found that five of our men had been killed and a dozen
+more or less injured. The ship had not been damaged at all, so far as speed
+and seaworthiness in ordinary weather were concerned, though she looked a
+wreck.</p>
+
+<p>"The blockaders expected we would be laid up for a month. Consequently when
+we steamed out on the fourth night, after making only temporary repairs,
+they were not looking for us and we got through their line without much
+trouble.</p>
+
+<p>"We refitted at Turk's Island, where we laid up for three weeks.</p>
+
+<p>"I made two more trips to Charleston without any very exciting experiences,
+though we were fired on both times, and then sold the ship to an
+enterprising Englishman at Turk's Island. I made a comfortable fortune with
+her and sold her for more than I paid for her."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Let Her B.</i> was never captured, but the war closed the year after her
+arrival and upon its conclusion she was brought North and registered as a
+Canadian vessel at the Port of Pictou, Nova Scotia, and her name at the
+same time changed to <i>Chicora</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> "Adventure Magazine," New York, Jan. 1911.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">The Canadian Electric to Queenston&mdash;An Old Portage Route Revived&mdash;History
+of the Two Portages&mdash;The Trek to the Western States&mdash;Chippewa
+Arrives&mdash;Notable Passenger Men.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>No wonder that after his recital of her prowess, much as we had esteemed
+the bonnie ship, we now thought all the more of her, for as ill the times
+of her previous owners, so now in ours, there appeared to be a sort of
+living sprite within her frames, evidencing a spirit of life, and
+consciousness, as that of a fond friend, as well as a faithful servant.
+Perhaps it is this very affection which arises between a man and his ship
+that has led to all vessels being spoken of in the feminine, and familiarly
+as "she." Perhaps, however it may be that it comes from their kittenish
+"kittly-cattly" ways, for you never know what a vessel will do, until you
+have tried her.</p>
+
+<p>1890 brought us still further on the way to success. The business was fast
+increasing, under the more frequent services and the spread of advertising,
+and solicitation. So much was this the case that the possibility of placing
+another steamer on the route began to be debated, not only by ourselves,
+but by other people who were looking on.</p>
+
+<p>A small American steamer had been running between Lewiston and Youngstown,
+and there was some talk of putting on another. Rumors also spoke of an
+electric line to be built between these points to more closely connect the
+troops of the American Garrison at Fort Niagara with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> forces of the
+State of New York. We thought, therefore, it would be as well to obtain the
+dock at Youngstown, to which rail connections could be made, and also to
+create an American company, under which American steamers could be owned
+and operated by us, should it at any time be thought well to do so.</p>
+
+<p>The "Niagara River Navigation Co., Limited," was then formed under a
+charter obtained from the State of New York, and the stock subscribed and
+paid up by members of the Niagara Navigation Co. families, the Board
+being,&mdash;John Foy, President; Barlow Cumberland, Vice-President, and three
+gentlemen of Buffalo, directors.</p>
+
+<p>The Youngstown Dock, which had been privately purchased, and is the dock
+down to which the railway track of 1885 ran, was taken over by this
+American company, and some people, whom it had been suggested might put on
+American steamers to run in competition with the Niagara Navigation
+Company, were informed that we were empowered, and quite ready to meet them
+under their own condition, so they drew in their horns and nothing more was
+heard of the matter.</p>
+
+<p>A policy was formulated which has ever since been maintained, of adding
+steamers as the traffic, and new developments showed might be required and
+to add them even in advance of actual requirements.</p>
+
+<p>From the position of its ports, and the variable requirements of the
+connecting lines, the Niagara River Line can be best handled by one stable
+company, in full control of docks at all the landing places, and with a
+number of steamers sufficient to meet all possible emergencies of sudden
+demands of travel as they arrive at different times on the several railway
+connections on both sides of the lake. The very flexibility of the service
+ensures adequate provision<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> to keep the largest excursion business moving
+without delay, and with convenience from whatever quarter or connection it
+may at any hour come.</p>
+
+<p>In 1891 Captain McGiffin was promoted to command of <i>Cibola</i> in succession
+to Captain McCorquodale, who after having given fullest satisfaction and
+faithful service, had died during the previous season. Captain W. H.
+Solmes, of Picton, was now appointed to <i>Chicora</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In this year began the project for the construction of the <i>Niagara Falls
+Park and River Railway</i> on the Canadian side, following the bank of the
+river from Niagara Falls to Queenston and being the first electric railway
+to be built in this vicinity on either side of the river.</p>
+
+<p>Electrical traction was then in its infancy. No better evidence of this can
+be given than the fact that although the Canadian Electric Railway Company
+had ample surplus power in their development at the Horseshoe Falls, yet
+the electrical engineers of the day, reported that the cost of wiring and
+the loss in transmission of power for the only seven miles to Queenston,
+would be prohibitive to commercial economy. An additional equipment for
+development of electricity by steam was therefore installed on the river
+side at Queenston to help the power current from the Falls in operating the
+cars up the zig-zag to the top of the Queenston Heights.</p>
+
+<p>This power house is shown in the view taken from the Heights and continued
+to be used until 1898, when the improvements in electrical transmission
+enabled it to be abandoned and full power brought from the company's water
+power house at the Falls.</p>
+
+<p>The zig-zag series of curves by which the double track railway winds its
+way up the face of the Niagara escarpment from the dock to the summit at
+Brock's Monument<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> is considered one of the achievements of Mr. Jennings,
+who was the engineer for the construction of this Canadian Power and
+Electrical R.R. Company, and had previously done some notable work for the
+Canadian Pacific Railway on the Fraser River and Rocky Mountain sections.
+As the cars wind up and approach the summit, a splendid and far distant
+landscape is opened to the view, one which the Duke of Argyle considered to
+be one of the "<i>worthy views of the world</i>." Below are the terraces and
+color-chequered fields of the vineyards, the peach and fruit orchards of
+this "Garden of Canada." Through these variegated levels the Niagara River
+curves in its silvered sheen to Lake Ontario where the blue waters close in
+the far horizon.</p>
+
+<p>From Queenston Heights this electric railway skirts the edges of the cliffs
+above the great gulf in the depths of which the Niagara rapids toss and
+foam, and then circling around the sullen swirlings of the fatal Whirlpool,
+lands the tourist within the spray of the great Cataract itself.</p>
+
+<p>Our ownership of the dock and the waterfront at Queenston, purchased so
+many years before, now proved its foresight and facilitated the making of
+arrangements with the new Electric Railway for an interchange of business.
+As a result it was now determined that a fourth steamer should be added to
+the Niagara River Line, and thus provision was made for the new connection
+and the increased business which would arise from its introduction.</p>
+
+<p>This new connection apparently to the river was, after all, but the revival
+of the old <i>Portage Route</i> on the Canadian side, which had so long existed
+between Chippawa and the head of navigation at this point, but not exactly
+on the same location and had passed away upon the diversion of business to
+other routes.</p>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image16a.jpg" width="450" height="558" alt="The CHIPPEWA in Drydock at Kingston, Bow. (page 184)" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The CHIPPEWA in Drydock at Kingston, Bow. (<a href="#Page_184">page 184</a>)</span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image16b.jpg" width="450" height="563" alt="The CHIPPEWA in Drydock at Kingston, Stern." title="" />
+<span class="caption">The CHIPPEWA in Drydock at Kingston, Stern.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>As the steamer lies at the Queenston Dock, the eye naturally sweeps upward
+over the cedar clad slopes of the Niagara escarpment toward the striking
+monument which crowns its heights. The reminiscences are those of martial
+strife, when on the 13th of October, 1812, contestants met in mortal
+conflict. In fancy we can see the foemen moving upon the slopes, the
+American forces gain the Heights, the heroic General Brock leads his men in
+bold attack to regain possession, and falls at their head mortally wounded.
+Reinforcements under General Sheaffe come from the west along the summit of
+the cliffs, the contest is renewed; Indians are seen gleaming among the
+trees, they drive the invaders over the brink to fall into the rapids
+below, and at length the American forces with two Generals and seven
+hundred men lay down their arms and are taken prisoners. But there are
+other phases much more ancient of this head of navigation and its portages.</p>
+
+<p>Under the hill there can be discerned beneath the shadow of the Height the
+old road leading up from the lower level of the dock to the upper level
+upon which, what is left of the Town of Queenston stands. It is marked and
+scarred with the ruts of many decades and full of memories. Upon these
+slopes the Indian made his way to the waterside at the Chippewa creek. Here
+came the trappers with their bales of furs brought down from the far
+North-West. Here came the <i>voyageur traders</i> of France with beads and
+gew-gaws for barter with the Indians, and later the English with blankets
+and firearms.</p>
+
+<p>In the earliest days two portages were available, one on each side of the
+river, but during the French period and for long, long after the one on the
+past side from Lewiston was mainly used, its terminus at Lake Erie being
+called<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> <i>Petite Niagara</i> as distinctive from the great <i>Fort Niagara</i> at
+its lower end.</p>
+
+<p>With the end of the war of the Revolution, Capt. Alexander Campbell of the
+12th Regiment, was sent by Lord Dorchester to report on the portages. In
+reporting in 1794 he mentions that the American portage was at a steep bank
+just below the rapids, to the foot of which the batteaux were poled with
+difficulty and the contents raised by winch and hawser to the upper level
+some 60 feet above. On the Canadian side at Queenston the eddy was more
+favorable and there were, he said, four vessels waiting to be unloaded and
+sixty waggons working on the portage. In consideration of the expected
+transfer of Fort Niagara he thought it would be better to improve the mouth
+of the Chippewa Creek and adopt the all-Canadian side instead of sending up
+supplies on the Fort Niagara side to <i>Schlosser</i> to be boated across to
+<i>Fort Erie</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Robert Hamilton, afterwards Hon. Robert, sized up the situation and
+built a new dock and storehouse on what afterwards turned out to be
+Government property at the <i>Chippaway River</i>. He had early appreciated the
+value of the portage and had established a large transfer business across
+it. Becoming the chief personage of the neighborhood he had in 1789 changed
+the name of its northern terminus to <i>Queenston</i> instead of the <i>West
+Landing</i> by which it had previously been known.</p>
+
+<p>With these increased facilities and to his own great profit he in time
+secured the bulk of the portage trade.</p>
+
+<p>In 1800 John Maude mentions that three schooners and 14 teams were lying at
+the dock at Queenston on one day, and that from 50 to 60 teams a day passed
+over the Portage, the rate for freight being 20 pence New York currency per
+hundred pounds between Queenston and Chippewa.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When the great <i>trek</i> from Maine and Massachusetts began to the Western
+States of Michigan and Illinois, this Queenston road was mostly taken by
+the wandering land seekers, it being adopted by them then as the short cut
+across the Peninsula to the Detroit River instead of the long detour along
+the south shores of Lake Erie, just as at present the Michigan Central,
+Wabash and Grand Trunk Railways cross from the Falls on this shortest route
+to the west.</p>
+
+<p>The waggons with their horses, having come to Lewiston from Albany and
+Rochester by the Ridge Road, were placed upon the batteaux to cross the
+river, and although at first carried far down by the current on the eastern
+side were easily taken by the eddy up the west shore to the landing place
+at Queenston. Up this inclined road to the upper tier, in imagination one
+can see the lines of immigrants, with their teams and canvas topped wagons,
+in long extended line seeking the far West for their new homes and great
+adventures.</p>
+
+<p>So great was the traffic in this direction that, in 1836 a "horse boat" was
+employed on the ferry and the first Suspension Bridge at Queenston was
+promoted in 1839 to accommodate the movement from the East towards the
+West. At present except when a Niagara Navigation Co. steamer is alongside,
+all is so quiet it seems scarcely possible that this landing place could at
+one time have been the centre of such busy movement.</p>
+
+<p>The re-opening revived also the memories of an oft told narrative of a
+little family, which years before had arrived over the portage route, at
+this same dock at Queenston, and made their first acquaintance with the
+Niagara River and its navigation.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Fred W. Cumberland, our late Director, and his wife had come to the
+opinion that the position which the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> held on the Engineering Staff, in Her
+Majesty's dockyard at Portsmouth, did not represent such a future as they
+would desire, and therefore they determined to emigrate to Canada. In the
+spring of 1847 they took passage on a sailing ship, bringing with them
+their ten-months-old baby. After a voyage of six weeks they reached New
+York, from where they came by Hudson River steamer to Albany, where they
+spent the night. From here they came by steam railroad at the unexpected
+speed of "twenty miles an hour." And again, as was usual, for there were no
+night trains, broke their journey and stayed over night at Syracuse, 171
+miles, where there was a fine large hotel, and the following day leaving
+8.00 a.m., arrived at Buffalo at 9.00 p.m. Leaving Buffalo next morning
+they came by steamer down the Niagara River to Chippawa, where they took
+the "horse railroad" for Queenston to join the steamer for Toronto.</p>
+
+<p>The terminus at Queenston of the horse railroad was at the end of the
+"stone road," near the hotel above the road leading down to the steamer.
+Just when arrived at this, the car went off the track, and while Mr.
+Cumberland was endeavoring to extract their belongings, Mrs. Cumberland,
+the baby, and a young clergyman, the Rev. G. Salter, who had crossed the
+Atlantic on the same ship with them, were carried off on the steamer for
+Toronto, and the father was left behind. It was amusingly told, how, after
+they had landed at the foot of Church Street, and were walking up into the
+town, Mr. Salter, who had been consigned to an appointment under the Rev.
+Dr. John Strachan, then Bishop of Toronto, wondered what his Bishop would
+say if he should chance to meet his new curate with another man's wife and
+carrying a baby as he entered his Diocese. The baby was Barlow Cumberland,
+who then made his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> first steamboating on the Niagara River, on which he was
+afterwards to be so actively engaged.</p>
+
+<p>It was determined that the new steamer should be a further advance in size
+and equipment to prepare for the increased traffic now to be fed from both
+sides of the river. Additional capital was therefore required, of which
+part was provided by the Niagara Company, and part by the introduction of
+new stockholders, including Mr. E. B. Osler, and Mr. William Hendrie.</p>
+
+<p>Here, in 1892, the purely family relationship of the first members of the
+Company closed, the stock holdings being more widely spread and the Board
+increased from five members to seven.</p>
+
+<p>The services of Mr. Frank Kirby, of Detroit, the most accomplished designer
+of passenger steamers, were engaged, the plans made, the tenders of the
+Hamilton Bridge &amp; Shipbuilding Co. accepted for the hull, boilers and
+upper-works, and the engines contracted for with W. Fletcher Co., of New
+York, the builders of the fastest marine engines on the Hudson and the
+Upper Lakes. Mr. Geo. H. Hendrie left the next day for Scotland to arrange
+for the materials.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cibola</i>, Capt. McGiffin, and <i>Chicora</i>, Capt. Solmes, conducted the season
+1892 with good success. Work on the new steamer was commenced at Hamilton.</p>
+
+<p>Again the question of a new name arose, and this time it was considered
+that the name should still be Indian, but of Canadian origin. Thus the name
+<i>Chippewa</i> was selected as that of a renowned Canadian tribe of Indians
+which had flourished in the Niagara River District, and also as a renewal
+of the name of H.M. sloop <i>Chippewa</i>, upon which General Brock had sailed
+on Lake Erie. It will be noted that the name is not that of the village
+and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> postoffice of Chippawa, but is spelled with an "e," being that of the
+Indian tribe. A fine carving of a Chippewa Chieftain's head, taken from
+Catlin's collection of Indian portraits, is placed on the centre of each
+paddle box, similarly as a rampant Buffalo had previously been placed on
+those of the <i>Cibola</i>. On 2nd May, 1893, the steamer was successfully
+launched in the presence of many of the citi-townsman, Mr. William Hendrie,
+and of a number of visitors from Buffalo, Toronto and Montreal. The name
+was given and the bottle gallantly broken by Miss Mary Osler, daughter of
+Mr. E. B. Osler, and Miss Mildred Cumberland, daughter of Mr. Barlow
+Cumberland. <i>Chippewa</i>, the <i>Indian Chief</i>, was the first of our vessels to
+be constructed of steel. Her tonnage is 1,574 tons. Length, 311 feet; beam,
+36, and is authorized to carry 2,000 passengers in lake service. The
+interior arrangements were more convenient and spacious than any
+previously, and an innovation was the addition of a hurricane deck, upon
+which ample space for passengers is provided. The <i>Chippewa</i> had
+satisfactorily passed through her trial trips, and in May, 1894, the
+steamer, completed in every respect, sailed from Hamilton to take up her
+station on the Niagara Route. A goodly number of railway and steamboating
+officials and friends were on board under the leadership of Sir Frank
+Smith.</p>
+
+<p>Our steamers were that year running from Geddes' (now the City) Dock, as we
+had again, for the fourth time, been turned out of Milloys. Mr. William
+Fletcher, the builder of the engines, had come up from New York and was in
+charge of the motive department. It was a Saturday afternoon. <i>Chicora</i> was
+occupying the face of the dock, so <i>Chippewa</i> had to come in on the west
+side. By some mischance she was not stopped soon enough and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> made her entry
+into Toronto by driving her nose some five or six feet into the wooden
+timber of the side of the Esplanade. The steamer seemed scarcely in motion,
+yet cut into the heavy timbers as though they had been matches. When backed
+out no damage was done excepting the loss of a little paint on the bow. The
+party landed, the Buffalo and New York visitors with Mr. Fletcher going off
+on <i>Chicora</i> amid hearty exchange of greetings.</p>
+
+<p>The introduction of a third boat on the Main Line made an exceeding
+difference in the frequency of the services, and again was at first a good
+deal in excess of the demand, or of business offering.</p>
+
+<p>A new trip was introduced by the <i>Chicora</i> leaving Toronto at 9 a.m.,
+staying over at Lewiston and returning in the afternoon, making one round
+trip. The whole departure being five trips; 7.00 a.m., 9.00 a.m., 11.00
+a.m., 2.00 p.m., 4.45 p.m. This 9.00 a.m. trip was not a success during its
+early years, but gradually gained in importance.</p>
+
+<p><i>Chippewa</i> (Capt. McGiffin), <i>Cibola</i> (Capt. W. H. Solmes), <i>Chicora</i>
+(Capt. Jas. Harbottle), closed the season of 1894, in which much more
+activity was produced, and good evidences given of growth to be expected in
+the future.</p>
+
+<p>In effecting its growth the route continued to be exceedingly assisted by
+the energies and assistance of the connecting Railway Company's officers.
+<i>Mr. D. M. Kendrick</i> had succeeded Mr. Meeker, and he in turn, in 1887,
+followed by <i>Mr. Henry Monett</i>. A most notable advance was begun during
+this regime, an entirely new idea being evolved. The reputation of the New
+York Central Railway for the regularity and character of its trains and
+service had been well created, but up to that time the Erie Railway, by
+persistent advertising, had been established in the minds of the public as
+"<i>the only scenic</i>" route between Buffalo and New<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> York. Mr. Monett
+instituted a series of descriptive and illustrative announcements
+developing the <i>Mohawk Valley</i>, through which the New York Central runs, as
+being "<i>the really most beautiful</i>" route, passing through the scenery of
+the romantic valley of the Mohawk and the mountain heights of the Hudson
+with all the advantages of <i>"a water-level line" following the coursings of
+the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers</i>, and so giving a perfect night's rest.</p>
+
+<p>It was a novelty and an inducement which caught the public idea, and added
+attraction to efficient service.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the early death of Mr. Monett in 1888, <i>Mr. E. J. Richards</i>
+followed as Acting General Passenger Agent to 1889, with his intimate
+knowledge of the passenger requirements he gathered in and secured the
+business which Mr. Monett's methods had begun to attract. During his period
+<i>Cibola</i> was added to our line.</p>
+
+<p>With the career of his successor <i>Mr. George H. Daniels</i>, (1889 to 1905)
+there was a still further expansion of the advertising method of attracting
+business to the great railway, whose train service was of the highest
+development. The celebrated pamphlets known as the "<i>Four Track</i>" series
+under Mr. Daniels led the way in railway advertising publications,
+introducing methods which since then have been so extensively followed and
+applied by all the principal railways. As an instance of widespread
+advertisement, no less than four millions of the one issue of the "Four
+Track" series which contained "<i>The Message to Garcia</i>" were distributed to
+the public, the demand for copies exhausting edition after edition.
+<i>Chippewa</i> and <i>Corona</i> were both added during Mr. Daniel's term.</p>
+
+<p>During the later changes in the Head Offices the local passenger
+representation in the Buffalo and Western district had been held in
+succession by <i>Mr. E. J. Weekes</i> and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> <i>Mr. H. Parry</i>. No railway was ever
+better served, nor its patrons more firmly secured in friendship.</p>
+
+<p>Equally successful assistance was given by <i>Mr. A. W. Ruggles</i> and <i>Mr.
+Underwood</i> of the Michigan Central Railway, which with its quickest route
+to Buffalo direct from Niagara-in-the-Lake was specially developed.</p>
+
+<p>Thus in a series of years, steamer after steamer had been added, each of
+the highest capacity, so that by mutual energy the good reputation of the
+route had been advanced and traffic gradually created, for, as each steamer
+was put on it created at first a surplus of accommodation, and an increase
+of running expenses until later the passenger trade had again worked up to
+the capacity. It is beyond question that the character and satisfaction of
+the steamers provided on a combined rail and water route have more to do
+with the attracting of business than even the land facilities on the
+railways. It is to produce this result that the railway companies steadily
+support the established steamboat lines in private ownership which have
+been developed in connection with them, as being the best way to secure
+fullest facilities for the public, and efficient service for themselves.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">"Cibola" Goes; "Corona" Comes&mdash;The Gorge Electric Railway Opens to
+Lewiston&mdash;How the Falls Cut Their Way Back Through the Rocks&mdash;Royal
+Visitors&mdash;The Decisiveness Of Israel Tarte.</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>With three "Line" steamers and five trips a day, the route kept on steadily
+developing, the service being attractive, and the line kept well before the
+public, but the season's traffic produced nothing of particular notice.</p>
+
+<p>During 1895 came a set-back, and unfortunate loss, by <i>Cibola</i> taking fire
+one night when lying alongside the dock at Lewiston. The upper works were
+entirely burned off and the hull, having been set adrift, floated down the
+river as far as Youngstown, where it was secured and brought to the dock.
+<i>Cibola</i> during her career had proved herself an efficient steamer, fast,
+economical, and satisfactory in all weathers.</p>
+
+<p>Business had not so greatly increased that the remaining two main line
+steamers could not continue to sufficiently meet the service, so far as it
+then required, but immediate steps were taken to replace her loss and make
+ready for the requirements of the new electric railway then contemplated on
+the American side from the Falls to Lewiston. Mr. Angstrom, who had already
+done some excellent work as a marine architect, made the new design, and a
+contract was let to the Bertram Engine and Shipbuilding Company, Toronto,
+for a steamer 272 feet in length, 32 ft.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> 6 inches beam, 2,000 horse-power,
+with a capacity for 2,000 passengers, being larger than the <i>Cibola</i>. There
+was not this time so much difficulty in the selection of a name, as that of
+<i>Corona</i> suggested by Lady Smith, was readily adopted. This name was all
+the more appropriate from the fact that the "halo of bright rays" which are
+shot out and appear on a total eclipse of the sun is called the "Corona of
+the Sun." In this instance the new steamer <i>Corona</i> was succeeding the
+eclipse of the <i>Cibola</i>, and represented the hopes and new conditions of
+the "<i>bright sun ray</i>."</p>
+
+<p>The steamer was successfully launched at the yards at the foot of Bathurst
+street, on the 25th May, 1896, the sponsors being Miss Mildred Cumberland,
+daughter of the Vice-President, and Miss Clara Foy, daughter of the General
+Manager.</p>
+
+<p>The season of 1897 with three steamers all making double trips brought the
+introduction of the six trips a day, a service which fully provided for the
+new connection then opened, and for the increases which gradually came in
+several subsequent years.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Niagara Falls Park Electric Railway</i>, then already in operation on the
+Canadian side between the Falls and Queenston running on the upper level
+follows the river banks of the Gorge, overlooking it from these heights and
+adding views of the far vistas of the surrounding country and up and down
+the river.</p>
+
+<p>The new Electric Railway, on the American side, put into full working
+operation in this year, and known as the <i>Gorge Line</i>, was constructed far
+down in the Gorge, just a little above the waters edge, following the
+curvings of the river, beneath the cliffs, and giving opportunity for
+coming<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> into immediate proximity with the tossing rapids on this lower part
+of its torrents.</p>
+
+<p>The construction of this railway from the Falls to Lewiston was the work of
+Messrs. Brinker &amp; Smith, of Buffalo, and in boldness of conception, and
+overcoming of intense difficulties in construction, is a record of great
+determination and ability.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 293px;">
+<img src="images/image013.jpg" width="293" height="500" alt="How the FALLS have cut through the GORGE." title="" />
+<span class="caption">How the FALLS have cut through the GORGE.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>A round trip on both these lines, going up on one and returning by the
+other, and crossing the river on the cars at the Upper Bridge, reveals all
+the glorious scenery of the Niagara River between the Falls where they now
+are and the Niagara Escarpment at Queenston Heights, where the geologists
+tell us the Falls once fell over the cliffs to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> lower level. It is
+estimated that from this place of beginning of the chasm which they have
+cut out of the strata of the intervening rocks, from 16,000 to 25,000
+years, according to different views, have been spent in reaching to their
+present position and they are still continuing to cut their way back
+further up the river.</p>
+
+<p>The process by which this has been done can be clearly seen by noticing on
+the sides of the cliffs that the several layers of limestone strata lie
+flat above one another, with large softer layers and deposits between each.
+The waters of the river at the upper level pour over the edge of the
+topmost rock ledge, and the reverberations and spray then wash out the
+intervening sand and softer layers, so that the rock strata becoming
+unsupported break off, and fall down into the gulf. In this way the chasm
+has year after year been bitten back.</p>
+
+<p>When leaving the dock on the Niagara River Line steamers at Lewiston, or
+coming up the river from Niagara-on-the-Lake, it is enthralling to look up
+at these great cliffs, and in imagination casting the mind back into the
+centuries, see the mighty river as it once poured its torrents direct in
+one concentrated mass from the edge of these heights into the open river
+lying at their feet.</p>
+
+<p>What a stupendous spectacle it must have been; yet, though wondrous, not
+more beautiful than the distant glimpses now gleaming through the shadowed
+portal between the cliff-sides clad with verdure and cedar, dominated by
+the shaft of the monument to the heroes of the <i>Queenston Heights</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The acquiring of landing terminals on the Niagara River was further
+expanded in 1899, by the purchase from the Duncan Milloy Estate of the
+docks at <i>Niagara-on-the-Lake</i>. In addition to the wharves this property
+includes<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> the shipyard of the old-time Niagara Dock Company, whose
+launching slips for the many steamers which they constructed are still in
+evidence. On the doors of the large warehouse alongside the wharf, there
+were then still to be traced the faint remains of the names of some of the
+vessels, which of old time used to ply to the port. The ground floor of the
+building appears to have been divided into sections, in which space for the
+freightage or equipment of each of the several vessels was allotted. Over
+the door of each section were the names for the occupants, as originally
+painted.</p>
+
+<p><i>Schooners&mdash;Canada</i>, <i>Commr. Barrie</i>, <i>Cobourg</i>, <i>United Kingdom</i>, <i>St.
+George</i>, <i>William IV.</i>, <i>Great Britain</i>.</p>
+
+<p>These names were now carefully restored. The steamers which ran regularly
+on the Niagara route have already been mentioned, these others used the
+port as convenient for laying up for the winter, with the advantage of the
+proximity of the dockyard for repairs. The <i>Cobourg</i> built at Gananoque in
+1833, ran between Toronto and Kingston, with Lieutenant Elmsley, R.N. in
+command. The <i>St. George</i> was built in Kingston in 1834, and was mainly
+occupied between lake ports on the North Shore Route.</p>
+
+<p>These doorways and the names now easily read above them bring us into
+immediate contact with the early enterprises on the river and form
+connecting links between the navigation interests under the opening
+conditions and those of the present time. The route has the charm of a
+constant unravelling of history.</p>
+
+<p>Another wraith there is in connection with this Niagara dock which cannot
+be omitted. For many years a passenger on the incoming steamers would see a
+man in conductor's uniform standing on the dock watching the arrival. This
+was Mr. Miles, conductor of the Mail Express train,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> which ran on the Erie
+and Niagara branch between Buffalo and Niagara-on-the-Lake twice each day;
+on which with never failing regularity he made his double round trip each
+day for almost twenty years. Through three changes of ownership and several
+passenger agents "Paddy" Miles, as he was generally called, held his
+position and so dominated conditions that the train came to be known as
+"Paddy Miles' train," and the Branch as "Miles' Railway." He was
+superintendent, train dispatcher, and general passenger agent, in his own
+opinion, all moulded into one, and acted accordingly. As he stood on the
+dock with hands thrust deep into his breeches pockets and a scowl upon his
+forehead, he seemed to consider it was rank treason for anyone to pass up
+the river and not get off and use his train. Yet this was only on the
+surface, for Paddy was at heart a good soul, who took a very personal
+interest in the earnings of his Branch.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Buffalo Exposition</i> of 1900, bringing together as it did tourist
+business from all parts of the continent and of the world, threw
+exceptional business over the line. It may be said with certainty that
+every tourist who visits the American continent visits without fail the
+Niagara Falls, as one of the great wonders of the world. With the expanded
+facilities which have been given him, a very large proportion also visit
+the Niagara River and its water attractions, and cross the lake to Canada
+at Toronto. This was clearly evidenced at the Buffalo Exposition, and the
+largely increasing traffic then arising, all of which was satisfactorily
+dealt with, without any shortcomings or mishap.</p>
+
+<p>In January, 1901, Sir Frank Smith died, being the second of the original
+Board to pass away. His judgment, forceful determination, and large
+capital, had been main-springs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> in the creation and establishment of the
+line of steamers whose beginnings he had promoted. Mr. J. J. Foy was
+elected President in his place.</p>
+
+<p>It was during this year, (1901) that their Royal Highnesses the <i>Duke and
+Duchess of York</i> (now King George V. and Queen Mary) made their remarkable
+tour through the overseas part of the British Empire. One portion of their
+visit to Canada included the Niagara district, and a rest of several days
+in privacy and quiet at Niagara-on-the-Lake, the <i>Queen's Royal</i> being
+specially set apart for their use. On October 10th, they visited the
+Queenston Heights, Brock's Monument, and the Niagara Falls, by special cars
+of the Niagara Falls Park Electric Railway. The <i>Corona</i> was used by the
+Royal visitors as a private yacht from Niagara-on-the-Lake to Queenston and
+return.</p>
+
+<p>It is a fact worthy of noting that both here and during the whole of their
+nine months of travel around the world, their Royal Highnesses never placed
+foot on any other than British ship or British soil.</p>
+
+<p>During the time the <i>Chippewa</i> was under construction in 1891, the Dominion
+Government had become proprietors of the dry dock at Kingston, and were
+making considerable improvements. The attention of the department was drawn
+to the fact that if completed as then designed, the dock would not be of
+sufficient length to take in the <i>Chippewa</i>, which would, when launched, be
+the largest steamer on Lake Ontario. Further construction had therefore
+been made, by which the pontoon gate which closed the entrance, could be
+moved fifteen feet further out when required, to enable the steamer to be
+taken in.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 650px;">
+<img src="images/image014.jpg" width="650" height="267" alt="The CAYUGA in Niagara River off Youngstown. page 188" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The CAYUGA in Niagara River off Youngstown. <a href="#Page_188">page 188</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1902 the time had come for the <i>Chippewa</i> to be placed in
+dock for the usual inspection. It was then found that the outer place for
+the gate had never been used, the local authorities stated that they could
+not change its position and that, therefore, the <i>Chippewa</i> could not be
+taken into the dock. This was a poser for the steamer was too long for the
+dock as it existed. With Captain McGiffin I visited Ottawa to see if any
+influence could be brought up on the local authorities to get them to
+furnish us with the full length. We here met with a reception which was a
+specially valued reminiscence of an able parliamentarian. The Hon. Israel
+Tarte, a French-Canadian, had recently been appointed to be Minister of
+Public Works, and here he fully sustained the wide reputation he had
+elsewhere acquired for quick decision and immediate instruction. We
+suggested that if the gate could not be moved back, a space could be cut
+out of the stone steps at the inner end of the dock, so as to enable the
+prow of the <i>Chippewa</i> to extent between them.</p>
+
+<p>On hearing our request, Mr. Tarte called in his Chief, asked if it could be
+done, being assured that it could added "<i>Can you go to Kingston to-night
+and arrange for it?</i>" The next morning work was begun in the dock so that
+the steamer could be taken in. Vessel men who had been accustomed to the
+slow and deliberate methods which had previously existed, greatly
+appreciated the changes which for the improvement of our local business
+from the City of Toronto.</p>
+
+<p>It has often been noted that a Saturday half holiday is almost universally
+taken by the citizens of Toronto. In fact not a few of the travelling men
+from the United States have said that there is no use coming to Toronto to
+do business on Saturday, as everyone is closing up for their afternoon
+trip. In the attaining of this condition the Niagara Navigation Company has
+had much to do, as the result of persistent advocacy.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>With the increasing steamers we had abundant deck room which we desired to
+fill, particularly for the afternoon trip. This might be effected by
+getting the employers of some of the specific lines of business to close
+their establishments at 1 o'clock on Saturdays.</p>
+
+<p>An "<i>Early closing movement</i>" was quietly inaugurated, groups engaging in
+the same business were canvassed and agreements arranged for simultaneous
+closing. The retail music stores were the first to put up the notices, and
+were followed by other lines of trade, as the public took gladly to the
+idea, until in four or five years the practice became well nigh universal
+and a "<i>Saturday afternoon for Recreation, Sunday for rest</i>" had been
+obtained. That it has been a boon to many is without doubt, and the City is
+the better for the many outings which are now available for the Saturday
+afternoon holiday.</p>
+
+<p>Thus do great things from little movements grow.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. John Foy was appointed President in February, 1902, and Mr. B. W.
+Folger, who had done splendid service in the steamboating interests in the
+Thousand Islands and St. Lawrence River was appointed General Manager. With
+him began a whole series of improvements and of expansion, which has
+continued with increasingly good results.</p>
+
+<p>The regularity with which the steamers of the Niagara Line have made their
+passages has always been proverbial, contributed to by the seaworthiness of
+the vessels and the seamanship of their officers. From earliest days, but
+since somewhat modified, we had adopted the principle learned from the
+<i>Kingston</i> and <i>Holyhead</i> mail steamers, whose route was somewhat analogous
+to ours, a quick run across open water with a narrow entrance at each end,
+that it was best to run the steamer at a regular gait and even<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> in fog
+except in the vicinity of other vessels to hold her course, and when off
+the port to stop until certain.</p>
+
+<p>Sometimes there have been longish passages. One Saturday morning in August,
+1903, the <i>Chippewa</i> left Toronto at 7 a.m. during a strong gale with a
+heavy sea from the east. A thick fog was found enveloping the south shore
+extending some five miles out. On gaining the Bell Buoy off Niagara and not
+being able to see anything, Captain McGiffin, rather than run any risk,
+determined to keep close to the buoy ready to run in should the fog lift.
+Here during all day and evening he remained within sound of the bell,
+coming up to and dropping away again under the heavy sea, until at last the
+lights on the land could be seen and <i>Chippewa</i> came alongside the dock at
+11.50 p.m., 16 hours from Toronto! No other steamer was on the Lake that
+day. McGiffin kept his passengers well fed and for his carefulness and
+judgment was advanced to position of "Commodore."</p>
+
+<p>A similar episode of carefulness had taken place in 1886, on the <i>Cibola</i>
+under Captain McCorquodale, when he similarly held his place off the port
+in a fog from 6 p.m. to 3 a.m. Both considered it was better to be sure
+than to be sorry.</p>
+
+<p>In those early days the engines of the Michigan Central, would in emergency
+be placed with their head lights facing out on the river, and their
+whistles blown to guide the steamers in, but since then the large range
+lights have been installed by the Government, and made entrance easier.</p>
+
+<p>It was under the leadership of such men as these that the officers of the
+company were trained up, its rules and traditions formed, and stability of
+service encouraged. There are not a few officers and men who have been
+from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> ten to twenty years in the service, earnest in their profession,
+careful of the public and loyal to the company, which from the time of its
+inception has endeavored to treat them as members of a family gathering.</p>
+
+<p>On the death of Mr. John Foy in December, 1904, he was succeeded in the
+Presidency by Mr. E. B. Osler (knighted 1913), who ever since he had
+entered the company, had always taken a very active interest in its
+progress and hereafter took a still more intimate share in directing its
+policy and development.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Cayuga Adds Her Name&mdash;niagara and Hamilton Joined&mdash;The Niagara Ferry
+Completed&mdash;ice Jams on the River&mdash;Once More the United Management From
+"Niagara to the Sea."</span></h3>
+
+
+<p>Under virile management the business on the route kept fast increasing and
+it became evident that more accommodation should be supplied even before it
+might become absolutely necessary. It was therefore determined to build
+another steamer, which in speed and size would be a still further step
+forward and would be ready for any adverse competitors should any happen to
+arise. Mr. Folger visited Great Britain to make inquiries and on his return
+Mr. Angstrom was again engaged to prepare the designs for the new steamer.
+Contracts were let to the Canadian Ship Building Co., of Toronto, for a
+steamer 317 feet long, 36 feet beam, 4,300 horse-power to carry 2,500
+passengers.</p>
+
+<p>We were again faced with the necessity of a choice of a new name. Requests
+were made for suggestions, and "Book Tickets" offered as a prize to those
+who might send in the name which might be accepted. Two hundred and
+thirty-three names beginning with "C" and ending with "A" were contributed
+to us by letters and through the public press. Out of these names the name
+<i>Cayuga</i> was selected in recognition of the Indian tribes on the south
+shore of Lake Ontario, the district of the inner American lakes, in the
+State of New York, one of which bears the name of Lake Cayuga.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is also the name of an old and flourishing town in Ontario, near the
+shores of Lake Erie, adjacent to the land reserved for the Mohawks under
+Brant, and still occupied by their descendants. A very interesting annal
+was at that time exhumed, being the record kept by the first Postmaster of
+this town of <i>Cayuga</i>, of the spellings of the name of his post office as
+actually written upon letters received there by him during a period of some
+twenty-five years. The list is curious. It seems strange that there could
+have been such diversity of spelling, but it is to be remembered that in
+the "thirties" there were not many schools, and by applying a phonetic
+pronunciation to the names in this list, and particularly by giving a K
+sound to the C and splitting the word into six syllables and pronouncing
+each by itself, some appreciation may be acquired of a similarity in sound,
+although the spelling is so exceedingly varied. The adherents of spelling
+reform will perhaps be heartened by the result of everyone spelling as they
+please.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>List of Mr. Isaac Fry, the Postmaster at Cayuga, in the
+County of Haldimand, giving 112 ways of spelling
+Cayuga, "everyone of which" he wrote "have been
+received on letters at this office."</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span class="i0">Cyuca<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cuba<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayagua<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kauguge<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Keugue<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayega<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Esquga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayhuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ceaugy<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ciyuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayaga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuhoga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayua<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cauaga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gaugoke<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ciuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cajaga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caiuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cyega<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kukey<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cuygey<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caucy<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cugga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caugy<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayago<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chaugy<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caugh<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayugia<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caughe<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cauguay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kiucky<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayoha<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Canuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kikuwa<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuago<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caugey<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cauyga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayueg<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kajuke<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cajuka<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Payuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caugia<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuag<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cajauga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kajuka<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cauguga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kaucky<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayaga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cogugar<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuage<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caugua<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Couga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cuyahja<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cahucia<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kayuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Keyuka<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuge<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cyuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayug<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caoga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ceuaga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Canugua<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caygua<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayauga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cuagua<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caouga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Gayuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caguga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kiuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caugga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kayga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caiuka<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuka<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kugogue<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cycuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayeugo<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Couga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caugay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayyuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayugay<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kauga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ceuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayouga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caluga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cyug<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayhaigue<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Keugey<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Keugeageh<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cuyuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cyugiah<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Kyuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuah<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cauga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cyuga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Chaquga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayugu<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Caugy<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayugua<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayega<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayugo<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Ceauga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayugga<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cuyugo<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cayuig<br /></span>
+<span class="i0">Cahuga<br /></span>
+</div></div></div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The steamer was successfully launched in the company's yards at the foot of
+Bathurst street, Toronto, on the 3rd of March, 1906. Miss Mary Osler,
+daughter of the President, conferring the name.</p>
+
+<p>After the completion of the steamer, the speed trials which were of a most
+interesting and important character, were engaged in. The contract was that
+the steamer, under the usual conditions for regular service, should make
+the run between Toronto and Charlotte, and return, a distance of
+ninety-four miles each way, at an average speed of 21-1/2 miles per hour. A
+further condition was to make a thirty-mile run, being the distance between
+Toronto and Niagara, at a maintained speed of 22-1/2 miles per hour. Both
+conditions were exceeded, greatly to the credit of the designer and of the
+contractors.</p>
+
+<p>When put upon the route in 1907, the <i>Cayuga</i> received the commendation of
+the travelling public, her weatherly capacity and speed enabling the
+leaving hour to be changed from 7 a.m. to 7.30.</p>
+
+<p>A competition which had been anticipated now developed itself, and the fast
+and able steamer <i>Turbinia</i> was in 1908 placed by her owners upon the
+Lewiston-Toronto route, making two trips per day. She put up a gallant
+fight, but, against a company making six sailings at each end of the route
+per day, there was no room left into which she could squeeze without
+finding a competitor alongside. It was found, too, that although her speed
+was greater<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> than that of any of the other steamers on the lake, she was
+exceeded in speed by the <i>Cayuga</i>. Her attack upon the route was met, as
+the Niagara Navigation Company intended it should be, by frequency of
+sailings and strict fulfillment of service, leaving no room for any
+competitor to find an opening, and by the high average speed maintained by
+all its steamers and particularly the new one. After keeping up a gallant
+struggle until the end of the mid-summer season, the <i>Turbinia</i> retired to
+her previous route between Toronto and Hamilton.</p>
+
+<p>Another addition to our dock properties was now effected. We had for many
+years been lessees of the dock at Lewiston, but now, in 1908, became its
+full owners by purchasing the whole frontage from Mr. Cornell, our lessor,
+with whom we had for so many years been in cordial working. The dock had
+fallen somewhat out of repair and very considerable improvements were
+requisite for the convenience of the increasing numbers of our passengers
+and for their comfort. Fortunately the larger part of these improvements
+were postponed to the next season, for during the winter 1908-09, which was
+exceptionally severe, an extraordinary freshet and piling up of ice on the
+river occurred.</p>
+
+<p>The lower Niagara River rarely freezes over in all places, much running
+water being left in evidence and as a rule the ice which has anywhere been
+formed during the winter goes out into the lake in the spring without any
+trouble. There are records of two great "Ice Jams" which had happened
+during the previous history of the river. The earliest of these was in
+1825. During this winter the steamer <i>Queenston</i> was under construction in
+the ravine on the Canadian side which opens up from the river just below
+the Queenston dock. In the spring the preparations were being made ready
+for the launching when an exceptional ice jam suddenly formed, causing the
+waters of the river to rise. The pressure of the floes which were now
+carried by the water up against the steamer became so great and dangerous
+that it was necessary to block her up and by extending the ways inland to
+move her further back into the gully, from here, after the waters had
+subsided, she was successfully launched.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image015.jpg" width="450" height="340" alt="The ICE JAM. 1906, at Lewiston. page 192" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The ICE JAM. 1906, at Lewiston. <a href="#Page_192">page 192</a></span>
+</div>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;">
+<img src="images/image015a.jpg" width="450" height="348" alt="The ICE JAM. 1906, at Niagara-on-Lake. page 193" title="" />
+<span class="caption">The ICE JAM. 1906, at Niagara-on-Lake. <a href="#Page_193">page 193</a></span>
+</div><p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Another instance was in 1883, when the waters and ice rose exceptionally,
+but beyond sweeping the sheds off the Lewiston docks no exceptional damage
+was done.</p>
+
+<p>This latest ice jam of 1908-09, was according to past records, and the
+traditions of the oldest inhabitants, the worst that had ever been
+experienced. The winter had been severe and much ice had formed in Lake
+Erie and on the upper river. This was brought down in successive rushes in
+the spring during alternating frosts and thaws, so that, the river between
+Lewiston and the mouth had become jammed from bank to bank with huge floes
+of ice, heaving and heaping up on one another, and binding together with
+<i>serracs</i>, and <i>crevasses</i> much like the ice river of an Avalanche. As the
+successive ice runs came down they were driven under the floes until at
+length the masses grounded on the shallows at the mouths below
+Niagara-on-the-Lake.</p>
+
+<p>The river being now blocked up, the waters gradually rose fully twenty feet
+higher than usual bringing the ice floes with them. With the exception of a
+few places where small sections of water could be seen, the whole Rapids
+from the Whirlpool to the outlet of the Gorge at Lewiston was packed with
+ice and the rapids eliminated, a condition never previously known. As the
+spring thaws came, the ice mounds, being unable to get exit below, mounted
+still<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> higher with mighty heavings and struggles, rounding up in the centre
+of the river, as had been noticed to some extent in 1883, and pushing and
+piling up on the banks but not making any progress down the river, until it
+became evident that Nature was unable to break the barrier and immense
+injury was likely to occur.</p>
+
+<p>At that juncture the Engineer Corps of the United States Regular Army, at
+Buffalo, initiated a series of explosions of dynamite, by electric mines,
+in the main blockade down near the river mouth opposite Fort Niagara. After
+several days of very difficult and dangerous work, as much as 4,000 lbs. of
+dynamite being exploded at one time, the blockade was broken, the seven
+miles of ice began to move in alternate rushes and haltings, until at
+length the river was clear.</p>
+
+<p>The situation had been at times alarming. At Lewiston the docks were
+completely engulfed under 60 feet of ice, the ice pinnacles sweeping up
+high above the level of the swollen water and carrying away a portion of
+the gallery of the hotel. On the Queenston side a mark has been placed
+about thirty feet above the usual water level showing the height to which
+the ice hummocks rose. At Niagara-on-the-Lake the ice mounted high above
+the level of the dock, but by happy fortune a good sized iceberg had
+grounded in the channel at the end of the dock leading into the inner
+basin. Here it held out as a buffer outside the line of the "piling" along
+the bank, withstanding all the attacks from above, and thrusting the floes
+out into the stream, thus preserving the dock, lighthouse and buildings
+from destruction.</p>
+
+<p>When the waters subsided the shores of the river for twenty to thirty feet
+above the usual level were found to have been swept clear of every bush and
+tree from the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> rapids to the lake, a condition from which they have
+scarcely yet recovered. It was not until the end of May that the river was
+entirely free from ice. In reconstructing the dock we were able to
+introduce new improvements which would not have been previously possible.</p>
+
+<p>1909 brought no further changes in the steamers, but a gradual increase in
+the travelling due to increased energy in the cultivation of new business
+and careful attention to the convenience and comfort of passengers by the
+management and efficient staff.</p>
+
+<p>For many years, from time to time, the company has been endeavoring to
+purchase the Toronto docks which were the Northern terminal of their
+system. Four times we had been turned out of its occupation and obliged to
+find landing berths elsewhere. The necessity of holding their Toronto
+terminal was constantly before the Company and was the only and complete
+sequence of the holding of the several terminals at the ports upon the
+Niagara River. At last, in 1910, the opportunity of purchase arose and was
+immediately availed of. With this purchase the Company completed the policy
+which had been initiated from its very beginning. This Yonge Street dock
+property, extending from Yonge Street to Scott Street, has ever been the
+steamshipping centre of the city, for traffic to all ports on the lake. Its
+facilities can be still more expanded so that, for the convenience of the
+public, all the lake passenger lines can be concentrated at its wharves to
+the mutual advantage of all, a policy which the Niagara Company desired to
+promote and which has been contributed to by the purchase and concentration
+of the steamers of the Hamilton Line. This, effected in 1911, concentrates
+into one management an important passenger business and brings direct
+connection, as of old, between Hamilton, the Head of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> the Lake, and the
+Niagara River. These, together with the opening of a new route to the south
+shore by service between Toronto and Olcott, in connection with the
+International Electric Railway, will open a new era of contributing
+traffic.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning with one steamer, the "<i>Mother of the Fleet</i>," the Line from one
+trip a day has, in its 35 years of endeavour, grown to be nothing short of
+"The Niagara Ferry," served by swift steamers, of increasing size, making
+six trips from each side, leaving every two hours during the day, and by
+persistent advertising and increasingly reputable service, the Company has
+made the "<i>Niagara River Line</i>" known throughout the travelling world, and
+created a business and carrying capacity which has risen on heavy excursion
+days to no less than 20,000 to 26,000 passengers moved on one day. What the
+"<i>Kyles of Bute</i>" route is to the tourist public of Great Britain and
+Europe, the <i>Niagara River Line</i> is to the tourist public of America.
+Toronto has trebled its population and in great industrial enterprises is
+forging ahead of all other cities in Ontario. Niagara Falls, with its
+wonderfully increasing factories created by the concentration of the
+electric power in its midst, has grown from being solely a summer hotel
+town to a great manufacturing community. Buffalo, with a population at
+present of 500,000, is expanding marvelously. The Richelieu &amp; Ontario
+Company, for which the Niagara Company collects the passenger business of
+the south shore through the gateway of the Niagara and places it for them
+in Toronto, has exceedingly increased their accommodation and made known
+their service as a contributor to the route from the St. Lawrence to the
+ocean.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever success there has been in the past, the prospects of the future
+shine brighter still.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In 1912, while these pages were being written, has come the final phase.</p>
+
+<p>It will be remembered that in the early days the steamers for Montreal
+sailed direct from the Niagara River and that the guiding minds of the
+Royal Mail Line were at Queenston in 1847 and for subsequent decades.</p>
+
+<p>In the slump of steamboat traffic and the decadence of the river business
+the Montreal steamers had shortened their route, and had made Hamilton, for
+some time, and afterwards Toronto, the starting point for their steamers
+for Montreal.</p>
+
+<p>The introduction of the Niagara Navigation Company had produced a change of
+conditions on the river, and by energy and bold investment, had created an
+effective local organization, as has been detailed in this narrative.</p>
+
+<p>Gradually passenger business had been attracted and centralized until
+Niagara Falls had been created in their Annual Rates Meetings by the
+Railway Companies as the starting point of all "Summer Rates Excursions,"
+and "The Niagara Portal" as the nucleus basing route for all summer tours.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time the Richelieu &amp; Ontario Navigation Co., which succeeded to
+the Royal Mail Line, has grown in scope and equipment to be the premier
+steamboat organization of Canada, the controller of the passenger lines of
+the St. Lawrence system of river, lakes and rapids, and operating the
+longest continuous route of any Inland Navigation Company in the world. In
+all, this interval of years its old advertising heading of "<i>Niagara to the
+Sea</i>" had been continuously maintained, it was not unreasonable therefore
+that there should be a desire to make the old caption a present fact and by
+acquiring the local organization restore the old-time conditions.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Negotiations had for some time been in progress and at length in June,
+1913, at a Board meeting, presided over (in the absence of the President,
+Sir Edmund Osler in England) by Vice-President Cumberland, the originator
+of the company, and its continuous Vice-President during all its existence,
+the Niagara Navigation Co. was formally transferred as a working enterprise
+in full operation to the Richelieu &amp; Ontario Navigation Co. The directors
+of the company at this time and for several years previously were:
+President, Sir Edmund Osler; Vice-President, Barlow Cumberland;
+Directors&mdash;Hon. J. J. Foy, K.C.; Hon. J. S. Hendrie, C.V.O.; W. D.
+Matthews, F. Gordon Osler, J. Bruce Macdonald. These in succession
+transferred their seats to the nominees of the new owners and Sir Henry
+Pellatt, C.V.O., became President of the company.</p>
+
+<p>The two systems were thus joined into one. The Company operating the St.
+Lawrence system came back to its old starting point at the head of
+navigation on the Niagara River. With this is completed the century and
+this story of the early days of passenger movement on the river, and of the
+origin, rise and establishment of the Niagara Navigation Company in its
+contribution to the records of sail and steam on the Niagara River.</p>
+
+<p>Another cycle of steamboat navigation has passed, another era has closed
+and a new one has begun, and once again there is one Company and one
+Management under the Richelieu &amp; Ontario Navigation Company for the Niagara
+River and the St. Lawrence Route, from <i>Niagara to the Sea</i>.</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Century of Sail and Steam on the
+Niagara River, by Barlow Cumberland
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+</body>
+</html>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara
+River, by Barlow Cumberland
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River
+
+Author: Barlow Cumberland
+
+Release Date: January 10, 2012 [EBook #38542]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAIL, STEAM ON NIAGARA RIVER ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charlene Taylor, Josephine Paolucci and the
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+(This file was produced from images generously made
+available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Barlow Cumberland]
+
+
+
+
+A Century of Sail and Steam on the Niagara River
+
+By Barlow Cumberland
+
+
+TORONTO:
+THE MUSSON BOOK COMPANY
+LIMITED
+
+COPYRIGHTED
+IN CANADA
+1913
+
+
+
+
+PUBLISHERS' NOTE.
+
+
+Although the book is published about two months after the author's death,
+it will be gratifying to many readers to know that all the final proofs
+were passed by Mr. Cumberland himself. Therefore the volume in detail has
+the author's complete sanction. We have added to the illustrations a
+portrait of the author.
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD.
+
+
+This narrative is not, nor does it purport to be one of general navigation
+upon Lake Ontario, but solely of the vessels and steamers which plyed
+during its century to the ports of the Niagara River, and particularly of
+the rise of the Niagara Navigation Co., to which it is largely devoted.
+
+Considerable detail has, however been given to the history of the steamers
+"Frontenac" and "Ontario" because the latter has hitherto been reported to
+have been the first to be launched, and the credit of being the first to
+introduce steam navigation upon Lake Ontario has erroneously been given to
+the American shipping.
+
+Successive eras of trading on the River tell of strenuous competitions.
+Sail is overpassed by steam. The new method of propulsion wins for this
+water route the supremacy of passenger travel, rising to a splendid climax
+when the application of steam to transportation on land and the
+introduction of railways brought such decadence to the River that all its
+steamers but one had disappeared.
+
+The transfer of the second "City of Toronto" and of steamboating investment
+from the Niagara River to the undeveloped routes of the Upper Lakes leads
+to a diversion of the narration as bringing the initiation of another era
+on the Niagara River and explaining how the steamer, which formed its
+centre, came to be brought to the River service.
+
+The closing 35 years of the century form the era of the Niagara Navigation
+Co., in which the period of decadence was converted into one of intense
+activity and splendid success.
+
+Our steam boating coterie had been promised by Mr. Chas. Gildersleeve,
+General Manager of the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Co., that he would
+write up the navigation history of the Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River
+sections upon which he and his forbears had been foremost leaders.
+Unfortunately he passed away somewhat suddenly, before being able to do
+this, and they pressed upon me to produce the Niagara section which had
+been alloted to myself.
+
+The narration has been completed during the intervals between serious
+illness and is sent out in fulfilment of a promise, but yet in hope that it
+may be found acceptable to transportation men and with its local historical
+notes interesting to the travelling public.
+
+Thanks are given to Mr. J. Ross Robertson, for the reproduction of some
+cuts of early steamers, and particularly to Mr. Frederick J. Shepard, of
+the Buffalo Public Library, who has been invaluable in tracing up and
+confirming data in the United States.
+
+Dr. A. G. Dougaty, C.M.G., Archivist of Canada, Mr. Frank Severance, of the
+Buffalo Historical Society, and Mr. Locke, Public Librarian, Toronto, have
+been good enough to give much assistance which is warmly acknowledged.
+
+                                    BARLOW CUMBERLAND.
+
+                                    Dunain, Port Hope.
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF SAIL AND STEAM ON THE NIAGARA RIVER.
+
+
+Chap. I.--The First Eras of Canoe and Sail                      9
+
+Chap. II.--The First Steamboats on the River and Lake
+Ontario                                                        17
+
+Chap. III.--More Steamboats and Early Water Routes. The
+River the Centre of Through Travel East and West.              25
+
+Chap. IV.--Expansion and Decline of Traffic on the River. A
+Final Flash, and a Move to the North                           36
+
+Chap. V.--On the Upper Lakes With the Wolseley Expedition
+and Lord Dufferin                                              47
+
+Chap. VI.--A Novel Idea and a New Venture. Buffalo in
+Sailing Ship Days. A Risky Passage                             58
+
+Chap. VII.--Down Through the Welland. The Miseries of
+Horse-towing Times. Port Dalhousie and a Lake Veteran. The
+Problem Solved. Toronto at Last                                68
+
+Chap. VIII.--The Niagara Portal. Old Times and Old Names at
+Newark and Niagara. A Winter of Changes. A New Rivalry Begun   80
+
+Chap. IX.--The First Season of The Niagara Navigation
+Company. A Hot Competition. Steamboat Manoeuvres               94
+
+Chap. X.--Change Partners Rate-cutting and Racing. Hanlan
+and Toronto Waterside. Passenger Limitation Introduced        109
+
+Chap. XI.--Niagara Camps Formed. More Changes and
+Competition. Beginnings of Railroads in New York State.
+Early Passenger Men and Ways                                  119
+
+Chap. XII.--First Railways to Lewiston. Expansion Required.
+The Renown of the Let-Her-B. A Critic of Plimsoll             134
+
+Chap. XIII.--Winter and Whisky in Scotland. Rail Arrives at
+Lewiston Dock. How _Cibola_ got Her Name. On the U. E.
+Loyalist Route. _Ongiara_ Added                               143
+
+Chap. XIV.--Running the Blockade on the Let-Her-B. as Told
+by Her Captain-owner 156
+
+Chap. XV.--The Canadian Electric Railway to Queenston. An
+Old Portage Route Revived. The Trek to the Western States.
+_Chippewa_ Arrives. Railway Chief                             165
+
+Chap. XVI.--_Cibola_ Goes, _Corona_ Comes. The Gorge
+Electric Railway Opens to Lewiston. How the Falls Cut Their
+Way Back Through the Rocks. Royal Visitors. The Decisiveness
+of Israel Tarte.                                              178
+
+Chap. XVII.--_Cayuga_ Adds Her Name. Niagara and Hamilton
+Rejoined. Ice Jams on the River. The Niagara Ferry
+Completed. Once More the United Management From "Niagara to
+the Sea"                                                      189
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+A.
+
+_Accommodation_, Steamer 17
+
+Advertising, N. Y. C. 175
+
+_Alaska_, S.S. 145
+
+_Alberta_, Steamer 121
+
+Albany Northern Railroad 42
+
+_Alciope_, Steamer 29
+
+_Algoma_, Steamer 35, 44, 121
+
+Algoma, qualifications of electors 46
+
+American Civil War 43
+
+American Colonists under James II 81
+
+American Constitution Compared 47
+
+American Express Line 37
+
+American Prisoners from Queenston Heights 14
+
+_Arabian_, Steamer 37
+
+_Armenia_, Steamer 126
+
+_Asia_, Steamer 78
+
+_Assiniboia_, Steamer   121
+
+
+B.
+
+Barre, Chevalier de la 81
+
+Barrie, R. N., Commodore 29, 30
+
+Baldwin, Dr. 15
+
+Bankruptcy of Steamers on River 43
+
+_Bay State_, Steamer 37, 105
+
+Baxter, Alderman John 152
+
+Beatty, Jas, Jr., Mayor 114
+
+Bell, Mr. David 64
+
+Benson, Judge 33
+
+Benson, Capt 33
+
+Blockade-Running 160
+
+Bolton, Col. R. E. 48
+
+Book Tickets Introduced 132
+
+Boswell, A. R 114
+
+Bouchette, Commodore 13
+
+Bowes, Mayor J. G. 38
+
+Boynton, Capt. George B. 156
+
+Brampton, Mills 42
+
+_Britannia_, Steamer 33
+
+Brock, General 15, 33, 169
+
+Brock's Monument, Imitation of 33
+
+_Brooklyn_, Steamer    48
+
+Bruce Mines 44
+
+Buffalo & Niagara Falls Railroad   31
+
+Buffalo Dry Dock Co.   63
+
+Buffalo in Sailing Days   64
+
+Buffalo & Niagara Falls _Burlington_, Steamer 32
+
+Butler, Col. 84
+
+Butlersberg Begun 84
+
+
+C.
+
+Callaway, W. R. 123
+
+_Caldwell_, Warships 13
+
+_Caledonia_, Schooner 15
+
+Caledonian Society 97
+
+Caledonian S. S. Co. 140
+
+_Canada_, Steamer 26, 28
+
+Canadian Through Line    37
+
+Canadian Constitution Compared 47
+
+Canada Coasting Law Suspended 49
+
+Canada Railway News Co. 93
+
+Canadian Pacific Railway Terminals 51
+
+_Campana_, Steamer   120
+
+Campbell, Capt. Alexander, Selects Queenston portage 170
+
+_Captain Conn's Coffin_, Schooner 14
+
+Captain, position of, high importance     27
+
+Cannochan, Miss Janet 119
+
+_Cataract_, Steamer 37, 105
+
+Cayuga Creek 10
+
+Cayuga, 112 ways of spelling 189
+
+_Cayuga_, Steamer, launched, speed trials 190
+
+Century, the close of a 198
+
+_Campion_, Steamer 37
+
+Charleston, S. C. 159
+
+Charles II. Adventurers 45
+
+_Chicora_, Steamer--
+  With Woolesly 47
+  History name 148
+  Renown 138
+
+_Chicora_, Steamer, decision to build partner 136
+
+_Chief Justice Robinson_, Steamer 34, 39, 41
+
+Chief Deseronto 152
+
+Chief Brant 152
+
+Chippawa River 9
+
+_Chippewa, Steamer_--
+  Name 173
+  Launched 174
+
+_Cibola_, Steamer--
+  Burned 17
+  Built 145
+  History of Name 148
+
+_City of Toronto_, 1st Steamer 25
+
+_City of Toronto_, 2nd Steamer 35
+  Rebuilt as Algoma 44
+  Transferred to Upper Lakes 45
+
+_City of Toronto_, 3rd Steamer 35
+  Goes ashore 123
+  Burned 125
+
+_Clermont_, Steamer 17
+
+Collingwood-Lake Superior Line 109
+
+_Columba_, Steamer 141
+
+_Commodore Barrie_, Steamer 30
+
+Connaught, H.R.H. Duke of 51
+
+Conn, Capt. 14
+
+_Corona_, Steamer--
+  Named 179
+  Launched 179
+
+Cornell, Mr. George 89, 102
+
+Cross raised at Fort Niagara 81
+
+Cross raised at Quebec by Cartier 81
+
+Cumberland, Col. F. W., M.P. 48, 49, 53, 62, 78, 121
+
+Cumberland, Barlow-- 61, 109, 120, 172, 198
+
+Cumberland, Mrs. Seraphina 122
+
+Cumberland, Miss Mildred-- 174, 179
+
+Cumberland, Miss Constance 150
+
+_Cumberland_, Steamer 63
+
+Currie, James C. Neil 36
+
+
+D.
+
+Daniels, Geo. H. 176
+
+Dawson Road 44, 48
+
+Dennis, Joseph 14, 26
+
+Denison, Lt.-Col. Robert 154
+
+Denonville, Marquis de 82
+
+Demary, J. G. 73
+
+Dick, Capt. Thomas 30, 44
+
+Dick, Capt. Jas. 44
+
+Doctors prescribe Niagara Line 132
+
+Docks purchased--
+  Queenston 91
+  Youngstown 166
+  Niagara-on-Lake 181
+  Lewiston 191
+  Toronto 195
+
+Dongan, Col. Thomas 81
+
+Donaldson, Capt. William 110
+
+Don Francesco de Chicora 149
+
+Dorchester, Lord 13
+
+Dorchester, Lady 13
+
+_Dove_, Schooner 14
+
+_Dragon_, H. M. S.   30
+
+Dufferin, Lord 52
+   Tour through Upper Lakes 53
+
+Dufferin, Countess of 54
+
+_Duke of Richmond_, Packet 15
+
+Duke and Duchess of York 183
+
+Dunbarton, Scotland 38
+
+
+E.
+
+Early Steamer Routes and Rates 23, 24, 29, 31, 32, 134
+
+Early Passenger Schedules--
+  Albany and Bugalo 128
+
+Early Passenger Agents 131
+
+Early Closing Movement 185
+
+Eckford, David 18
+
+Electrical Traction, Infancy of 167
+
+_Emerald_, Steamer 32
+
+_Empress of India_, Steamer-- 114, 126
+
+Engineer Corps of U. S. A. 193
+
+Erie Canal 36, 40
+
+Erie & Ontario Railway 38
+
+Ernestown 18
+
+Esquesing, Mills 42
+
+Estes, Capt. Andrew 28
+
+Evolution of the Niagara Gorge 180
+
+Exclusive Rights for Navigation by Steam 18
+
+Excursion, Queen's Birthday 94
+
+Expansion of Niagara Navigation Co. 194
+
+Exposition, Buffalo 182
+
+
+F.
+
+Fast Time to Niagara 26-31
+
+_Filgate_, Steamer 114
+
+Finkle's Point 18, 19, 25
+
+First Vessel on Lake Erie 10
+
+First Navies On Lake Ontario 17
+
+First Company to Build Steamer for Lake Ontario 17
+
+First Steamer on Lake U & First Steamer on Hudson River 17
+
+First Steamer on St. Lawrence 17
+
+First Steamer on Lake Ontario 19
+
+First Steamers on Lake Ontario, dimensions of 22
+
+First Board of Directors N. N. Co. 197
+
+First Steamer to Run the Rapids 121
+
+First Niagara Camp 119
+
+First Twin-screw Steamer on Upper Lakes 121
+
+First Canoe Route to Upper Lakes 9, 45
+
+First Name of Niagara 155
+
+First Iron Steamers 36
+
+First Railroads in New York State 127
+
+First Sleeping Cars 129
+
+First Electric Railway to Niagara River 167
+
+First U. E. Loyalists 153
+
+First Suspension Bridge over Niagara 171
+
+Flour Rates (1855) to New York 41
+
+Flour via Lewiston to Montreal 42
+
+Folger, Mr. B. W. 186
+
+Fort William 45
+
+Fort Garry 44
+
+Fort George 83, 120
+
+Fort York--Toronto 154
+
+Fort Missasauga 80
+
+Fort Niagara, contests for possession of 12
+
+Fort Niagara--
+  Established by French 81
+  Evacuated 83
+  Captured by British 83
+  Never captured 3
+  Americans 83
+
+Formalities on Early Steamers 26
+
+Four Track Series 176
+
+Foy, Hon. J. J. 184, 198
+
+Foy, John 62, 109, 132, 188
+
+Foy, Mr. A. 150
+
+Foy, Miss Clara 179
+
+French River 9, 45
+
+French Pioneers, Trail of 11
+
+French Encompass British 12
+
+Friendly Hand Excursions 100
+
+Frontenac, Count 10
+
+_Frontenac_, Steamer, commenced 23, 24, 28
+
+Frontenac Lake 12
+
+Frontier House, Lewiston 146
+
+Fulton, Robert 17
+
+
+G.
+
+Gallinee, Pere 81
+
+Gibraltar, Point 14
+
+Gilbert, Abner 84
+
+Gildersleeve Family Record 15
+
+Gildersleeve, H. 25
+
+_Gildersleeve_, Steamer 33
+
+Gilkison, Robert 30, 31
+
+Glasgow, Winter in 143
+
+Gordon, L. B., Purser Peerless 41, 136
+
+_Gore_, Steamer 30
+
+Gorge Electric Railway 179
+
+_Governor Simcoe_, Schooner 13
+
+Grand Trunk Railway, opened 42
+
+_Great Britain_, Steamer 29
+
+Great Western Railway 42, 60
+
+Great Trek to Western States 171
+
+_Griffon_, Sloop 10, 81
+
+Grimsby 32
+
+Gunn, J. W. 37
+
+Gzowski, Mr. Casimir 64
+
+
+H.
+
+Hall, Capt. 76
+
+Hamilton, Hon. Robert 25, 29, 170
+
+Hamilton, Hon. John 29, 36
+
+Hamilton Steamboat Co. purchased 114
+
+Hanlan, Edward, reception of 114
+
+Harbottle, Capt. Thomas 36, 92
+
+Harbour Regulations, Toronto, 1851 37-38
+
+_Hastings_, Steamer 150
+
+Hayter, Mr. Ross 152
+
+Head of Navigation Portages 170
+
+Hendrie, Geo. H. 173
+
+Hendrie, Hon. J. S. 197
+
+Hendrie, William 173
+
+Hennepin, Father 10
+
+Heron, Capt. 34
+
+_Highlander_, Steamer 37
+
+Historical Society, Buffalo 20
+
+Horse Canalling through Welland 68
+
+Hudson River Railroad 41
+
+Hudson's Bay Fort 50
+
+
+I.
+
+Ice Jams on River 191-194
+
+Irea, A Novel 59
+
+Immigrants by Chippawa River 171
+
+Indiana Excursions 99
+
+Interest, Points of 101
+
+Iroquois Cap 11
+
+Irwin, C. W. 88
+
+Isle Royale 11, 63
+
+Israel Tarte's Decisiveness 184
+
+
+J.
+
+_J. T. Robb_, Tug 62
+
+_Jean Baptiste_, Steamer 114
+
+Johnson, Sir William 12, 83
+
+Jonquiere 83
+
+
+K.
+
+Kaministiqua River 45
+
+_Kathleen_, Steamer 150
+
+Kendrick, Mr. D. M. 175
+
+Kent, H. R. H. Duke of 13
+
+Kerr, Capt. Robert 32, 87
+
+Kingston Gazette 19
+
+Kingston Dockyard 29
+
+Kirby, Mr. Frank 173
+
+
+L.
+
+La Salle 10
+
+_Lady Dorchester_, Schooner 13
+
+_Lady Washington_, Schooner 13
+
+_Lahn_, S.S. 138
+
+Lake Superior 44
+
+Lake Ontario Steamboat
+Co. 20
+
+Lake Nipissing 81
+
+Leach, Capt. Thomas 43, 62, 125
+
+Leach, Alexander 62, 103
+
+Legislature, Provincial 46
+
+Lewiston 12, 20, 89
+
+Lewiston, Railway Development 134
+
+Liancourt, Duke de 85
+
+Ligneris 12
+
+Limitation of Passengers 116-118
+
+_Limnale_, Warship 13
+
+Livingston 18
+
+Long Point Bay 14
+
+_Lord of the Isles_, Steamer 141
+
+Lunt, Mr. R. C. 88, 110, 111, 118
+
+Lusher 19
+
+
+M.
+
+Mackinac 57
+
+Macdonald, Bruce 198
+
+Macklem, Oliver T. 38
+
+_Magnet_, Steamer 37
+
+_Maid of the Mist_, Steamer 121
+
+Maitland, Lady 26
+
+Maitland, Sir Peregrine 26
+
+Mallahy, U. S. N. Capt. Francis 22
+
+Manchester 31
+
+Manitoulin Island 44
+
+Manson, Capt. William 62, 70, 78
+
+_Maple Leaf_, Steamer 37
+
+Marine Dept., United States 63
+
+Marine Insurance Anomalies 66
+
+Mariner, An Ancient 73
+
+Marks, Thomas 51
+
+_Martha Ogden_, Steamer 20, 28, 29
+
+Matthews, W. D. 198
+
+Maude, John 85
+
+_Maxwell_, Steamer 114
+
+_Mayflower_, Steamer 37
+
+McBride, R. H. 62, 78, 198
+
+McCorquodale, Capt. 130, 152, 187
+
+McGiffin, Capt. 152, 180
+
+McKenzie, R.N. Capt. James 23, 29
+
+McLean, Capt. 48
+
+McLure, General, Retreats from Newark 86
+
+McNab, Capt. 56
+
+Meeker, Mr. C. B. 127
+
+Mellish, John 85
+
+Milloy, Capt. Duncan 38, 43
+
+Milloy, N. & Co. 47
+
+Milloy Estate, Arrangements with 87
+
+Milloy, Donald 88, 110, 122
+
+Milloy, Capt. Wm. Assumes Control 122
+
+_Minerva_, Packet 15
+
+Missassag River 45
+
+Mississippi River 11
+
+_Mohawk_, Sloop 13
+
+_Moira_, Warship 15
+
+Molson, Hon. John 17
+
+Monett, Mr. Henry 175
+
+Moore, George, Chief Engineer 93
+
+Morton, Mr. Robert 142
+
+Mowats Dock 124
+
+Murdock, William 51
+
+Muir's Dry Dock 59
+
+Muir, Mr. W. K. 60
+
+Muir, Capt. D. 72
+
+Mull, Y. Cantire 144
+
+Murney, Captain 15
+
+Murphy, Steve 130
+
+Myers, Capt. 14
+
+
+N.
+
+Names for Steamers, why chosen 147, 155, 173, 179, 188
+
+Navigation, Upper Lakes, Permitive 52
+
+Navy Hall 13, 120
+
+Nepigon River 45
+
+Newark 84
+  Seat of Government, burned by Americans, rises from ashes 85, 86
+
+New Orleans 11
+
+_New Era_, Steamer 37
+
+New York Central Railway 40, 127, 128, 172
+
+New York to Buffalo in 1847 172
+
+Niagara River, Gateway of West 11-12
+
+Niagara River Steamers in 1826 28
+
+_Niagara_, Steamer 28, 29
+
+Niagara Navigation Co.--
+  Formed 61
+  First Directors 61-62
+
+Niagara Dock Co. 30
+
+Niagara Falls & Ontario Railway 40
+
+Niagara Escarpment, View from 70, 168
+
+Niagara-on-the-Lake 80
+
+Niagara Portal 80
+
+Niagara-on-Lake, Changes in Name 86
+
+Niagara River Line 95
+
+Niagara Dock 104
+
+Niagara Historical Society 119
+
+Niagara Line, Final Supremacy 126
+
+Niagara Falls & Ontario R. K. 135
+
+Niagara River Navigation Co., U. S. A. 166
+
+Niagara Falls Park and River Railway 167
+
+Niagara to the Sea 196-197
+
+Niles Weekly Register 20, 21
+
+North-West Company 13
+
+_Northerner_, Steamer 37
+
+Notable Day (1840) on River 33
+
+Notable Passages to Niagara 187
+
+
+O.
+
+Oakville, Mills 42
+
+Oakville Church 95
+
+Oates, Commander Edward 16
+
+Observation Cars 151
+
+Ogdensburgh 29
+
+Ohio River 11
+
+Onandaga Salt Wells 35
+
+_Ongiara_, Steamer 155
+
+_Ontario_, Steamer--
+  Commenced 14
+  Launched 21, 22, 24
+
+Ontario Steamboat Co. 19, 20
+
+_Orion_, Schooner 49
+
+Orr, Capt. James C. 55
+
+Osler, Mr. E. B. 173, 188, 198
+
+Osler, F. Gordon 198
+
+Osler, Miss Niary 174
+
+Oskwego Lake 9
+
+_Ottawa_, Steamer 30
+
+Ottawa River 9
+
+_Ozone_, Steamer 141
+
+
+P.
+
+_Pandora_, Schooner 49
+
+Parry Sound 53, 56
+
+Parry, W. H. 177
+
+_Passport_, Steamer 36
+
+_Peerless_, Steamer 38
+
+Pellatt, C.V.O., Sir Henry   198
+
+Penobscot, Maine 30
+
+Phelan, T. P. 93
+
+Pioneers of France 11
+
+Plimsoll's Legislation 139
+
+Point Aux Pins 48
+
+Point Ahina 67
+
+Pollard, Capt. & Adjt. 119
+
+Port Dalhousie 32, 72
+
+Port Colborne 62, 63
+
+Port Credit, Mills 42
+
+Port Arthur 51
+
+Pouchot 12
+
+_Powhatan_, Warship, U. S. 158
+
+_Prince Edward_, Sloop 13
+
+Prince Arthur's Landing 50
+  Origin of Name 51
+
+Prince Arthur of Connaught 51
+
+Presquile 11, 14
+
+Puchot, Capt. 83
+
+
+Q.
+
+Quebec 12
+
+Quebec Gazette 20
+
+Queenston Heights 10
+
+Queenston Heights, Battle of 169
+
+_Queenston_, Steamer 25, 28, 29
+
+_Queen Victoria_, Steamer 30, 32
+
+Queen Anne, Communion Service 152
+
+Queen Victoria Niagara Park 151
+
+_Queen Charlotte_, Steamer 25
+
+_Queen City_, Steamer 42
+
+Quinte, Bay of 18
+
+
+R.
+
+Racing, Protest Against 111
+
+Rainy River 11
+
+Rankin, Blackmore & Co. 142
+
+Rathbun, E. W. 145, 151
+
+_Red Jacket_, Steamer 31
+
+Red River 45
+
+_Reindeer_, Schooner 14
+
+Richards, Mr. E. J. 129
+
+Richardson, Capt. James 14
+
+Richardson, Capt. Hugh 26, 37
+
+Richardson, Capt. Hugh, Jr. 34
+
+Riel Rebellion 47
+
+_Rochester_, Steamer 35
+
+_Rothsay Castle_, Steamer 43
+
+_Rothesay_, Steamer 88, 92, 118
+
+Rouge River 26
+
+Route Hudson Bay & North-West Co. 45
+
+Royal Mail Line 37,196
+
+Ruggles, A. W. 177
+
+Running the Blockade on the "Let Her B" 156
+
+_Rupert_, Steamer 125
+
+Russell, Governor 85
+
+
+S.
+
+Sackett's Harbour 18
+
+Sailing Era Closed 16
+
+Salter, Rev. G. 172
+
+Sault Canal 48
+
+Scott, General Winfield 15
+
+Second Canoe Route to Upper Lakes 11
+
+_Seneca_, Warship 13
+
+_Shickluna_, Steamer 49
+
+Shipbuilding at Niagara 30-38
+
+_Simcoe_, Sloop 14
+
+Simcoe, Lieut.-Gov. 84, 85
+
+Sinclair, Capt. James 30
+
+Six Nation Indians 152
+
+Smith, Hon. Frank, afterward Sir 61, 78, 92, 109, 183
+
+Smyth, Charles 18, 20
+
+Solmes, W. H., Capt. 67
+
+Sorel 78
+
+_Southern Belle_, Steamer 43, 59
+
+_Speedy_, Schooner 14
+
+St. Clair Lake 10, 11
+
+St. Louis 11
+
+_St. Nicholas_, Steamer 42
+
+St. Catharines 32, 60, 71
+
+St. Catharines & Toronto Line 126
+
+Stages to Lewiston 25, 171
+
+Steamboating Era Begins 17
+
+Stoney Point 29
+
+Sutherland, Capt. J. 37
+
+Sullivan, J. M. 197
+
+Sydenham, Lord, Gov.-Genl. 33
+
+
+T.
+
+Teabout & Chapman 18, 25
+
+Tea in Canada 144
+
+The Old Portage 168
+
+Through the Last Lock 74, 76
+
+Thunder Bay 47
+
+Tillingharst, Mr. 92
+
+Tinning's Wharf 43
+
+_Toronto_, Schooner 14
+
+Toronto citizens given to water sports 114
+
+Toronto Field Battery 119
+
+Tour, Lord Dufferin 53
+
+Towed Across Lake Erie 66, 77
+
+Transfer Coaches at Lewiston 146
+
+_Transit_, Steamer 30, 34
+
+_Traveller_, Steamer 30
+
+Trickett, Edward 114
+
+Troyes, Pierre de 82
+
+_Turbinia_, Steamer Competes 190
+
+Twohey, Capt. H. 36
+
+
+U.
+
+Underwood, Mr. 177
+
+_United Kingdom_, Steamer 29
+
+_United States_, Steamer 30
+
+
+V.
+
+Van Cleve, Capt. 20, 21, 28, 29, 146
+
+Vancouver 30
+
+Vanderbilt, Commodore 127
+
+_Victoria_, Steamer 31
+
+Vrooman's Bay 105
+
+
+W.
+
+Wabash District 99
+
+Washago, Laying Corner Stone 53-54
+
+Wauhuno Channel 56
+
+_Waubuno_, Steamer 56, 57
+
+Weather Bureau, United States 65
+
+Weekes, E. J. 176
+
+Welland Canal 58, 60, 68
+
+Western Railroad 41
+
+West Niagara 84
+
+Whalen, J., Foreman 145
+
+Where the Falls Once Were 181
+
+Whiskey in Scotland 144
+
+White, W. 136
+
+Whitehead, M. F. 15
+
+Whitney, Capt. Joseph 29
+
+_William IV._, Steamer 30, 31
+
+Wilson, Joseph 49
+
+Winter Mail Services 34, 39, 40, 42
+
+Wolseley Expedition 47
+  American Obstacles to 50
+
+Wolseley, Col. Garnet 50
+  Names Prince Arthur's Landing 51
+
+Woodward, M. D. 60
+
+Wyatt, Capt. Thomas 88
+
+
+Y.
+
+_York_, Schooner 13
+
+York 37, 85
+
+Youngstown 28, 29, 135
+
+
+Z.
+
+_Zimmerman_, Steamer 38
+
+[Illustration: QUEENSTOWN. The NIAGARA RIVER from Queenston Heights. (page
+169) LEWISTON.]
+
+
+
+
+A CENTURY OF SAIL AND STEAM ON THE NIAGARA RIVER
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE FIRST ERAS OF CANOE AND SAIL.
+
+
+Since ever the changes of season have come, when grasses grow green, and
+open waters flow, the courses of the Niagara River, above and below the
+great Falls, have been the central route, for voyaging between the far
+inland countries on this continent, and the waters of the Atlantic shores.
+
+Here the Indian of prehistoric days, unmolested by the intruding white,
+roamed at will in migration from one of his hunting-grounds to another,
+making his portage and passing in his canoe between Lake Erie and Lake
+Oskwego (Ontario). In later days, when the French had established
+themselves at Quebec and Montreal, access to Lake Huron and the upper lakes
+was at first sought by their voyageurs along the nearer route of the Ottawa
+and French Rivers, a route involving many difficulties in surmounting
+rapids, heavy labour on numberless portages, and exceeding delay.
+Information had filtered down gradually through Indian sources of the
+existence of this Niagara River Route, on which there was but one portage
+of but fourteen miles to be passed from lake to lake, and only nine miles
+if the canoes entered the water again at the little river (Chippawa) above
+the Falls.
+
+On learning the fact the French turned their attention to this new
+waterway, but for many a weary decade were unable to establish themselves
+upon it. In 1678 Father Hennepin, with an expedition sent out by Sieur La
+Salle sailed from Cataraqui (Kingston) to the Niagara River, the name
+"Hennepin Rock" having come down in tradition as a reminiscence of their
+first landing below what is now Queenston Heights. Passing over the
+"Carrying Place," they reached Lake Erie. Here, at the outlet of the Cayuga
+Creek, on the south shore, they built a small two-masted vessel rigged with
+equipment which they brought up for the purpose from Cataraqui, in the
+following year.
+
+This vessel, launched in 1679, and named the "Griffon" in recognition of
+the crest on the coat of arms of Count Frontenac, the Governor of Canada,
+was the first vessel built by Europeans to sail upon the upper waters. In
+size she so much exceeded that of any of their own craft, with her white
+sails billowing like an apparition, and of novel and unusual appearance,
+that intensest excitement was created among the Indian tribes as she passed
+along their shores.
+
+Her life was brief, and the history of her movements scanty; the report
+being that after sailing through Lake St. Clair she reached Michilimakinac
+and Green Bay, on Lake Michigan, but passed out of sight on Lake Huron on
+the return journey, and was never heard of afterwards.
+
+Tiny though this vessel was and sailing slow upon the Upper Lakes, yet a
+great epoch had been opened up, for she was the progenitor of all the
+myriad ships which ply upon these waters at the present day. It was the
+entrance of the white man, with his consuming trade energy, into the red
+man's realm, the death knell of the Indian race.
+
+With greatly increased frequency of travelling and the more bulky
+requirements of freightage this "one portage" route was more increasingly
+sought, and as the result of their voyagings these early French pioneers
+have marked their names along the waterways as ever remaining records of
+their prowess--such as Presquile (almost an island); Detroit (the narrow
+place); Lac Sainte Clair; Sault Ste Marie (Rapids of St. Mary River); Cap
+Iroquois; Isle Royale; Rainy River (after Rene de Varennes); Duluth (after
+Sieur du Luth, of Montreal); Fond du Lac (Head of Lake Superior).
+
+From here mounting up the St. Croix River, seeking the expansion of that
+New France to whose glory they so ungrudgingly devoted their lives, these
+intrepid adventurers reached over to the Mississippi, and sweeping down its
+waters still further marked their way at St. Louis (after their King) and
+New Orleans (after his capital), annexing all the adjacent territories to
+their Sovereign's domains.
+
+The Niagara River Route then became the motive centre of a mighty
+circum-vallation by which the early French encompassed within its circle
+the English Colonies then skirting along the Atlantic.
+
+What a magnificent conception it was of these intrepid French to envelope
+the British settlements and strengthened by alliances with the Indian
+tribes and fortified by a line of outposts established along the routes of
+the Ohio and the Mississippi, to hem their competitors in from expansion to
+the great interior country of the centre and the west. Standing astride the
+continent with one foot on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, at Quebec, and the
+other at New Orleans, on the Gulf of Mexico, the interior lines of commerce
+and of trade were in their hands. They hoped that Canada, their New France,
+on this side of the ocean, was to absorb all the continent excepting the
+colonies along the shores of the sea. So matters remained for a century.
+
+Meanwhile the English colonies had expanded to the south shores of the
+Lakes Oswego and Frontenac, and in 1758 we read of an English Navy of eight
+schooners and three brigs sailing on Lake Ontario under the red cross of
+St. George and manned by sailors of the colonies.
+
+In 1759, came the great struggle for the possession of the St. Lawrence and
+connecting lines of the waterways. Fort Niagara, whose large central stone
+"castle," built in 1726, still remains, passed from the French under
+Pouchot, to the British under Sir William Johnson; a great flotilla of
+canoes conveying the Indian warriors under Ligneris to the aid of the Fort,
+had come down from the Upper Lakes, to the Niagara River, but upon it being
+proved to them that they were too late, for the Fort had fallen, they
+re-entered their canoes and re-traced their way up the rivers back to their
+Western homes.
+
+Next followed the fall of Quebec, and with the cession of Montreal in 1760
+the "New France" of old from the St. Lawrence to the Mexican Gulf became
+merged in the "New England" of British Canada.
+
+The control of the great central waterway, of which this Niagara River was
+the gateway, had passed into other hands.
+
+For another fifty years only sailing vessels navigated the lakes to
+Niagara, and these, and batteaux, pushed along the shores and up the river
+by poles, made their way to the foot of the rapids at Lewiston with
+difficulty. These vessels were mainly small schooners with some cabin
+accommodation.
+
+After the cession of Canada, by the French, the British Government began
+the establishment of a small navy on Lake Ontario. An official return
+called for by Lord Dorchester, Governor-General of Canada, gives the
+Government vessels as being in 1787, _Limnale_, 220 tons, 10 guns.
+_Seneca_, 130 tons, 18 guns. _Caldwell_, 37 tons, 2 guns, and two schooners
+of 100 tons each being built. As there was at that time but one merchant
+vessel, the schooner _Lady Dorchester_, 80 tons, sailing on the lake, and a
+few smaller craft the property of settlers, transport for passengers
+between the principal ports was mainly afforded by the Government vessels.
+As an instance of their voyaging may be given that of _H.M.S. Caldwell_,
+which in 1793, carrying Lady Dorchester, the wife of the Governor-General,
+is reported to have made "an agreeable passage of thirty-six hours from
+Kingston to Niagara."
+
+In this same year H.R.H. the Duke of Kent [afterwards father of Her Majesty
+Queen Victoria] is reported as having proceeded from Kingston up Lake
+Ontario to Navy Hall on the Niagara River in the King's ship _Mohawk_
+commanded by Commodore Bouchette.
+
+Further additions to the merchant schooners were the _York_, built on the
+Niagara River in 1792, and the _Governor Simcoe_, in 1797, for the
+North-West Company's use in their trading services on Lake Ontario. Another
+reported in 1797--the _Washington_--built at Erie, Pa., was bought by
+Canadians, portaged around the Falls and run on the British register from
+Queenston to Kingston as the _Lady Washington_.
+
+The forests of those days existed in all their primeval condition, so that
+the choicest woods were used in the construction of the vessels. We read in
+1798 of the _Prince Edward_, built of red cedar, under Captain Murney of
+Belleville, and capable of carrying seven hundred barrels of flour, and of
+another "good sloop" upon the stocks at Long Point Bay, near Kingston,
+being built of black walnut. A schooner, "The Toronto," built in 1799, a
+little way up the Humber, by Mr. Joseph Dennis, is described as "one of
+the handsomest vessels, and bids fair to be the swiftest sailing vessel on
+the lake, and is admirably calculated for the reception of passengers."
+This vessel, often mentioned as "The Toronto Yacht," was evidently a great
+favorite, being patronized by the Lieutenant-Governor and the Archbishop,
+and after a successful and appreciated career, finished her course abruptly
+by going ashore on Gibraltar Point in 1811. The loss of the Government
+schooner _Speedy_ was one of the tragic events of the times. The Judge of
+the District Court, the Solicitor General and several lawyers who were
+proceeding from York to hold the Assizes in the Newcastle District,
+together with the High Constable of York, and an Indian prisoner whom they
+were to try for murder, were all lost when the vessel foundered off
+Presquile in an exceptional gale on 7th October, 1804.
+
+Two sailing vessels, the schooners _Dove_ and the _Reindeer_, (Capt. Myers)
+are reported in 1809 as plying between York and Niagara. A third, commanded
+by Capt. Conn, is mentioned by Caniff, but no name has come down of this
+vessel, but only her nickname of "_Captain Conn's Coffin_." This _j'eu
+d'esprit_ may have been due to some peculiarity in her shape, but as no
+disaster is reported as having occurred to her she may have been more
+seaworthy than the nickname would have indicated.
+
+Of other events of sailing vessels was the memorable trip from Queenston to
+York in October, 1812, of the sloop _Simcoe_, owned and commended by Capt.
+James Richardson.
+
+After the battle of Queenston Heights, on October 13th, she had been laden
+with American prisoners, among them General Winfield Scott, afterwards the
+conqueror in Mexico, to be forwarded at once to Kingston. The _Moira_ of
+the royal navy was then lying off the port of York and on her Mr.
+Richardson, a son of the Captain, was serving as sailing master.
+
+As the _Simcoe_ approached she was recognized by young Richardson, who,
+putting off in a small boat, met her out in the lake and was much surprised
+at seeing the crowded state of her decks and at the equipment of his
+father, who, somewhat unusually for him, was wearing a sword.
+
+The first words from the ship brought great joy--a great battle had been
+fought on Queenston Heights--the enemy had been beaten. The _Simcoe_ was
+full of prisoners of war to be transported at once to the _Moira_ for
+conveyance to Kingston. Then came the mournful statement, "General Brock
+has been killed." The rapture of victory was overwhelmed by the sense of
+irreparable loss. In such way was the sad news carried in those sailing
+days to York.
+
+The _Minerva_, "Packet," owner and built by Henry Gildersleeve, at Finkle's
+Point in 1817, held high repute. Richard Gildersleeve emigrated from
+Hertfordshire, England, in 1635, and settled in Connecticut. His
+great-great-grandson, Obadiah, established a successful shipbuilding yard
+at "Gildersleeve," Conn. Henry Gildersleeve, his grandson, here learned his
+business and coming to Finkle's Point in 1816 assisted on the _Frontenac_,
+and continuing in shipbuilding, married Mrs. Finkle. When _Minerva_ arrived
+at Kingston she was declared by Capt. Murray, R.N., to be in her
+construction and lines the best yet turned out, as she proved when plying
+as a "Packet" between Toronto and Niagara.
+
+Many sailing vessels meeting with varying success, were plying between all
+the ports on the lake. The voyages were not always of the speediest. "The
+Caledonia," schooner, is reported to have taken six days from Prescott to
+York. Mr. M. F. Whitehead, of Port Hope, crossed from Niagara to York in
+1818, the passage occupying two and a half days. In a letter of his
+describing the trip he enters:--"Fortunately, Dr. Baldwin had thoughtfully
+provided a leg of lamb, a loaf of bread, and a bottle of porter; all our
+fare for the two days and a half."
+
+These vessels seem to have sailed somewhat intermittently, but regular
+connection on every other day with the Niagara River was established by
+"The Duke of Richmond" packet, a sloop of one hundred tons built at York in
+1820, under Commander Edward Oates.
+
+His advertisements announced her to "leave York Monday, Wednesday and
+Friday at 9 a.m. Leave Niagara on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday at 10
+a.m., between July and September," after that "according to notice." The
+rates of passage were:--"After Cabin ten shillings; Fore Cabin 6s. 6.;
+sixty lbs. of baggage allowed for each passenger, but over that 9d. per
+cwt. or 2s. per barrel bulk."
+
+The standard of measurement was a homely one, but no doubt well understood
+at that time, and easily ascertained. In the expansion of the size of
+ladies' trunks in these present days it is not beyond possibility that a
+measurement system such as used in the early part of the last century might
+not be inadvisable.
+
+The reports of the "packet" describe her as being comfortable and
+weatherly, and very regular in keeping up her time-table. She performed her
+services successfully on the route until 1823, when she succumbed to the
+competition of the steamboats which had shortly before been introduced.
+With the introduction upon the lakes of this new method of propulsion the
+carrying of passengers on sailing vessels quickly ceased.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE FIRST STEAMBOATS ON LAKE ONTARIO AND THE NIAGARA RIVER.
+
+
+The era of steamboating had now arrived. The _Clermont_, built by Robert
+Fulton, and furnished with English engines by Boulton & Watts, of
+Birmingham, had made her first trip on the Hudson from New York to Albany
+in August, 1807, and was afterwards continuing to run on the river.
+
+In 1809 the _Accommodation_, built by the Hon. John Molson at Montreal, and
+fitted with engines made in that city, was running successfully between
+Montreal and Quebec, being the first steamer on the St. Lawrence and in
+Canada.
+
+The experience of both of these vessels had shown that the new system of
+propulsion of vessels by steam power was commercially profitable, and as it
+had been proved successful upon the river water, it was but reasonable that
+its application to the more open waters of the lakes should next obtain
+consideration.
+
+The war of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States, accompanied by
+its constant invasions of Canada, had interrupted any immediate expansion
+in steamboating enterprises.
+
+Peace having been declared in February, 1815, the projects were immediately
+revived and in the spring of that year a British company was formed with
+shareholders in Kingston, Niagara, York, and Prescott, to build a
+steamboat to ply on Lake Ontario. A site suitable for its construction was
+selected on the beaches on _Finkle's Point_, at _Ernestown_, 18 miles up
+the lake from Kingston, on one of the reaches of the Bay of Quinte.
+
+A contract was let to Henry Teabout and James Chapman, two young men who
+had been foremen under David Eckford, the master shipbuilder of New York,
+who during the war had constructed the warships for the United States
+Government at its dockyard at Sackett's Harbor. Construction was commenced
+at Finkle's Point in October, 1815, and with considerable delays caused in
+selection of the timbers, was continued during the winter.
+(Canniff--Settlement of Upper Canada). The steamer was launched with great
+eclat on 7th September, 1816, and named the _Frontenac_, after the County
+of Frontenac in which she had been built.
+
+A similar wave of enterprise had arisen also on the United States side and
+it becomes of much interest to search up the annals of over a hundred years
+ago and ascertain to which side of the lake is to be accorded the palm for
+placing the first steamboat on Lake Ontario. Especially as opinions have
+varied on the subject, and owing to a statement made, as we shall find,
+erroneously, in a distant press the precedence has usually been given to an
+American steamer.
+
+The first record of the steamboat on the American side is an agreement
+dated January 2, 1816, executed between the Robert Fulton heirs and
+Livingston, of Clermont, granting to Charles Smyth and others an exclusive
+right to navigate boats and vessels by steam on Lake Ontario.
+
+These exclusive rights for the navigation on American waters "by steam or
+fire" had previously been granted to the Fulton partnership by the
+Legislature of the State of New York.
+
+The terms of the agreement set out that the grantees were to pay annually
+to the grantors one-half of all the net profits in excess of a dividend of
+12 per cent. upon the investment. On the 16th of the next month a bill was
+passed in the Legislature of New York incorporating the "Ontario Steamboat
+Co.," but in consequence of the too early adjournment of the Legislature
+did not become law.
+
+At this time, (February, 1816) the construction of the Canadian boat at
+Ernestown was well under way.
+
+By an assignment dated August 16th, 1816, Lusher and others became partners
+with Smyth, and as a result it is stated (Hough--History of Jefferson
+County, N.Y.) "a boat was commenced at Sackett's Harbor the same summer."
+
+Three weeks after the date of this commencing of the boat on the American
+side, or Sackett's Harbour, the Frontenac, on the Canadian side, was
+launched on the 7th September, 1816, at Finkle's Point.
+
+In the description of this launch of the _Frontenac_ given in the September
+issue of the Kingston Gazette, the details of her size are stated. "Length,
+170 feet; beam, 32 feet; two paddle wheels with circumference about 40
+feet. Registered tonnage, 700 tons." Further statements made are, "Good
+judges have pronounced this to be the best piece of naval architecture of
+the kind yet produced in America." "The machinery for this valuable boat
+was imported from England and is said to be an excellent structure. It is
+expected that she will be finished and ready for use in a few weeks."
+
+Having been launched with engines on board in early September the
+_Frontenac_ then sailed down the lake from Ernestown to Kingston to lay up
+in the port.
+
+In another part of this same September issue of the Kingston Gazette an
+item is given: "A steamboat was lately launched at Sackett's Harbor."
+
+No name is given of the steamer, nor the date of the launch, but this item
+has been considered to have referred to the steamer named _Ontario_, built
+at Sackett's Harbor and in consequence of its having apparently been
+launched first, precedence has been claimed for the United States vessel.
+
+This item, "_A steamboat was lately launched at Sackett's Harbor_,"
+develops, on further search, to have first appeared as a paragraph under
+the reading chronicles in "Niles Weekly Register," published far south in
+the United States at Baltimore, Maryland. From here it was copied verbatim
+as above by the Kingston Gazette, and afterwards by the Quebec Gazette of
+26th Sept., 1816.
+
+Further enquiry, however, nearer the scene of construction indicates that
+an error had been made in the wording of the item, which had apparently
+been copied into the other papers without verification.
+
+In the library of the Historical Society at Buffalo is deposited the
+manuscript diary of Capt. Van Cleve, who sailed as clerk and as captain on
+the _Martha Ogden_, the next steamboat to be built at Sackett's Harbor six
+years after the _Ontario_. In this he writes, "the construction of the
+_Ontario_ was begun at Sackett's Harbor in August, 1816." He also gives a
+drawing, from which all subsequent illustrations of the _Ontario_ have been
+taken. Further information of the American steamer is given in an
+application for incorporation of the "Lake Ontario Steam Boat Co." made in
+December, 1816, by Charles Smyth and others, of Sackett's Harbor, who
+stated in their petition that they had "lately constructed a steam boat at
+Sackett's Harbor"--"the Navy Department of the United States have
+generously delivered a sufficiency of timber for the construction of the
+vessel for a reasonable sum of money"--"the boat is now built"--"the cost
+so far exceeds the means which mercantile men can generally command that
+they are unable to build any further"--"the English in the Province of
+Upper Canada have constructed a steam boat of seven hundred tons burthen
+avowedly for the purpose of engrossing the business on both sides of the
+lake."
+
+All this indicates that the American boat had not been launched and in
+December was still under construction.
+
+It is more reasonable to accept the statements of Capt. Van Cleve and
+others close to the scene of operations rather than to base conclusions
+upon the single item in the publication issued at so far a distance and
+without definite details.
+
+It is quite evident that the item in Niles Register should have read "was
+lately _commenced_," instead of "was lately _launched_." The change of this
+one word would bring it into complete agreement with all the other
+evidences of the period and into accord with the facts.
+
+No absolute date for the launching of the _Ontario_ or of the giving of her
+name has been ascertainable, but as she was not commenced until August it
+certainly could not have been until after that of the _Frontenac_ on Sept.
+7th, 1816. The first boat launched was, therefore, on the Canadian side.
+
+The movements of the steamers in the spring of 1817 are more easily traced.
+Niles Register, 29th March, 1817, notes, "The steamboat _Ontario_ is
+prepared for the lake," and Capt. Van Cleve says, "The first enrollment of
+the _Ontario_ in the customs office was made on 11th April," and "She made
+her first trip in April."
+
+The data of the dimensions of the _Ontario_ are recorded, being only about
+one-third the capacity of the _Frontenac_, which would account for the
+shorter time in which she was constructed. The relative sizes were:
+
+                                    Capacity,
+                    Length.   Beam.   tons.
+      _Frontenac_    170       32     700
+      _Ontario_      110       24     240
+
+No drawing of the _Frontenac_ is extant, but she has been described as
+having guards only at the paddle wheels, the hull painted black, and as
+having three masts, but no yards. The _Ontario_ had two masts, as shown in
+the drawing by Van Cleve.
+
+No distinctive date is given for the first trip in April of the _Ontario_,
+on which it is reported (Beers History of the Great Lakes) "The waves
+lifted the paddle wheels off their bearings, tearing away the wooden
+coverings. After making the repairs the shaft was securely held in place."
+
+Afterwards under the command of Capt. Francis Mallaby, U. S. N., weekly
+trips between Ogdensburgh and Lewiston were attempted, but after this
+interruption by advertisement of 1st July, 1817, the time had to be
+extended to once in ten days. The speed of the steamer was found to seldom
+exceed five miles per hour. (History of Jefferson County. Hough).
+
+The _Ontario_ ran for some years, but does not seem to have met with much
+success and, having gone out of commission, was broken up at Oswego in
+1832.
+
+In the spring of 1817 the first mention of the _Frontenac_ is in Kingston
+of her having moved over on 23rd May to the Government dock at Point
+Frederick, "for putting in a suction pipe," the Kingston Gazette further
+describing that "she moved with majestic grandeur against a strong wind."
+On 30th May the Gazette reports her as "leaving this port for the purpose
+of taking in wood at the Bay Quinte. A fresh breeze was blowing into the
+harbor against which she proceeded swiftly and steadily to the admiration
+of a great number of spectators. We congratulate the managers and
+proprietors of this elegant boat, upon the prospect she affords of
+facilitating the navigation of Lake Ontario in furnishing an expeditious
+and certain mode of conveyance to its various ports."
+
+It can well be imagined with what wonder the movements of this first
+steam-driven vessel were witnessed.
+
+In the Kingston Gazette of June 7, 1817, entry is made, "The _Frontenac_
+left this port on Thursday, 5th, on her first trip for the head of the
+lake."
+
+The opening route of the _Frontenac_, commanded by Capt. James McKenzie, a
+retired officer of the royal navy, was between Kingston and Queenston,
+calling at York and Niagara and other intermediate ports. The venture of a
+steamer plying on the open lakes, where the paddle wheels would be
+subjected to wave action, was a new one, so for the opening trips her
+captain announced, with the proverbial caution of a Scotchman, that the
+calls at the ports would be made "_with as much punctuality as the nature
+of lake navigation will admit of_." Later, the steamer, having proved her
+capacity by two round trips, the advertisements of June, 1817, state the
+time-table of the steamer as "leaving Kingston for York on the 1st, 11th,
+and 23rd days," and "York for Queenston on 3rd, 13th, and 25th days of each
+month, calling at all intermediate ports." "Passenger fares, Kingston to
+Ernestown, 5s; Prescott, L1.10.0; Newcastle, L1.15.0; York and Niagara,
+L2.0.0; Burlington, L3.15.0; York to Niagara, L1.0.0." Further excerpts
+are: "A book is kept for the entering of the names of the passengers and
+the berths which they choose, at which time the passage money must be
+paid." "Gentlemen's servants cannot eat or sleep in the cabin." "Deck
+passengers will pay fifteen shillings, and may either bring their own
+provisions or be furnished by the steward." "For each dog brought on board,
+five shillings." "All applications for passage to be made to Capt. McKenzie
+on board." After having run regularly each season on Lake Ontario and the
+Niagara River her career was closed in 1827 when, while on the Niagara
+River, she was set on fire, it was said, by incendiaries, for whose
+discovery her owners, the Messrs. Hamilton, offered a reward of L100, but
+without result. Being seriously damaged, she was shortly afterwards broken
+up.
+
+Such were the careers of the first two steamers which sailed upon Lake
+Ontario and the Niagara River, and from the data it is apparent that the
+_Frontenac_ on the British side was the first steamboat placed on Lake
+Ontario, and that the _Ontario_, on the United States side, had been the
+first to make a trip up lake, having priority in this over her rival by
+perhaps a week or two, but not preceding her in the entering into and
+performance of a regular service.
+
+With them began the new method for travel, far exceeding in speed and
+facilities any previously existing, so that the stage lines and sailing
+vessels were quickly eliminated.
+
+This practical monopoly the steamers enjoyed for a period of fifty years,
+when their Nemesis in turn arrived and the era of rail competition began.
+
+[Illustration: The ONTARIO. 1817. The second Steamer on Lake Ontario.
+
+From the original drawing by Capt. VAN CLEVE page 21]
+
+[Illustration: The GREAT BRITAIN. 1830.
+
+By courtesy of Mr. John Ross Robertson reproduced from his "Landmarks of
+Toronto." page 29]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+MORE STEAMBOATS AND EARLY WATER ROUTES.
+
+THE RIVER THE CENTRE OF THROUGH TRAVEL.
+
+
+The _Frontenac_ was followed by the _Queen Charlotte_, built in the same
+yards at Finkle's Point, by Teabout and Chapman, and launched on 22nd
+April, 1818, for H. Gildersleeve, the progenitor of that family which has
+ever since been foremost in the ranks of steamboating in Canada. He sailed
+her for twenty years as captain and purser, her first route being a round
+trip every ten days between Kingston, York and Queenston. The passage rates
+at this time were from Kingston to York and Niagara L3 ($12.00), from York
+to Niagara L1 ($4.00).
+
+In 1824 appeared the first "City of Toronto," of 350 tons, built in the
+harbor of York at the foot of Church Street. Her life was neither long nor
+successful, she being sold by auction "with all her furniture" in December,
+1830, and broken up.
+
+Passenger traffic was now so much increasing that steamers began to follow
+more quickly. The Lewiston "Sentinel" in 1824, in a paragraph eulogizing
+their then rising town, says:--"Travel is rapidly increasing, regular lines
+of stages excelled by none, run daily by the Ridge Road to Lockport, and on
+Fridays weekly to Buffalo. The steamboats are increasing in business and
+affording every facility to the traveller." The Hon. Robert Hamilton, who
+for so many years afterwards was dominantly interested in steamboating,
+launched the "Queenston" in 1825 at Queenston. His fine residence, from
+which he could watch the movements of his own and other steamers, still
+stands on the edge of the high bank overlooking the Queenston dock.
+
+In 1826 there was added the "Canada," built at the mouth of the Rouge River
+by Mr. Joseph Dennis and brought to York to have the engines installed,
+which had been constructed by Hess and Wards, of Montreal. Under the charge
+of Captain Hugh Richardson, her captain and managing owner, she had a long
+and notable career. The contemporary annals describe her as "a fast boat,"
+and as making the trip from York to Niagara "in four hours and some
+minutes."
+
+Her Captain was a seaman of the old school, dominant, and watchful of the
+proprieties on the quarter deck.
+
+On one occasion in 1828, when Sir Peregrine Maitland, the
+Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, and Lady Maitland, had taken passage
+with him from York to Queenston en route to Stamford, a newspaper item had
+accused him of undue exclusiveness on the "Canada" to the annoyance of
+other passengers.
+
+To this the doughty "Captain and Managing Owner" replied by a letter in
+which he denied the accusation and added: "As long as I command the
+"Canada" and have a rag of colour to hoist, my proudest day will be when it
+floats at the masthead indicative of the presence and commands of the
+representative of my King."
+
+The departure of his steamer from port was announced in an exceptional
+manner, as stated in the concluding words of his advertisement to the
+public: "N.B. A gun will be fired and colours hoisted twenty-five minutes
+before starting."
+
+In another controversy, which arose from the contract for carrying the
+mails on the Niagara route having been withdrawn from the steamer "Canada,"
+it was developed that while the pay to the steamer was only 1s. 3d. per
+trip, the Government postage between York and Niagara was 7d. on each
+letter. This charge the captain considered excessive, but as the postmaster
+at Niagara now refused to receive any letters from his steamer he regretted
+he had to make public announcement that he was obliged (in future) to
+decline to accept any more letters to be taken across the lake.
+
+The captain-commander of a lake steamboat in those days was a person of
+importance and repute. Unquestioned ruler on his "ship," he represented the
+honour of his Flag and obedience to his Country's laws.
+
+Most of them had been officers of the Royal Navy and had served during the
+1812 War, having been trained in the discipline and conventions of His
+Majesty's service, and similarly on the American boats had served in the
+United States Navy.
+
+At the present day on our Muskoka and inland lakes, the advent of the daily
+steamer is a crowning event, bringing all the neighbourhood down to the
+waterside dock, in curiosity or in welcome. Still more so it was in those
+early times when the mode of steam progression was novel and a source of
+wonder, and the days of call so much more infrequent.
+
+The captain was no doubt the bearer of letters to be delivered into the
+hands of friends, certainly the medium of the latest news (and gossip) from
+the other ports on the lake, and was sought for tidings from the outside,
+as well as in welcome to himself. In particular evidence of the confidence
+reposed in him and in his gallantry, he was the honored Guardian of ladies
+and children, travelling alone, who were with much empressment confided to
+his care. Being usually a part owner his attentions were gracious
+hospitalities, so that a seat at the commander's table was not only a
+privilege, but an appreciated acknowledgement of social position.
+
+These were the halcyon days of Officers on the lakes, when the increased
+speed of the new method was enjoyed and appreciated, but the congenialities
+of a pleasant passage, were not lost in impatient haste for its earlier
+termination.
+
+There were in 1826 five steamers running on the Niagara River Route. The
+"Niagara" and "Queenston" from Prescott; "Frontenac" from Kingston; "Martha
+Ogden," an American steamer from the south shore ports and Ogdensburg, and
+the "Canada" to York and "head of the lake," presumably near Burlington,
+and return.
+
+On this "Martha Ogden," built at Sackett's Harbour, in 1824, Captain Van
+Cleve, of Lewiston, served for many years as clerk, and afterwards as
+captain. In a manuscript left by him many interesting events in her history
+are narrated. In 1826 she ran under the command of Captain Andrew Estes
+between Youngstown and York. Youngstown was then a port of much importance.
+It was the shipping place of a very considerable hardwood timbering
+business the trees being brought in from the surrounding country. Its
+docks, situated close to the lake on an eddy separated from the rapid flow
+of the river, formed an easily accessible centre for the batteaux and
+sailing craft which communicated with the Eastern ports on Lake Ontario.
+
+A considerable quantity of grain was also at that time raised in the
+district, providing material for the stone flour mill built in 1840. This
+mill, grinding two hundred barrels per day, was in those days considered a
+marvel of enterprise. Though many years ago disused for such purpose it is
+still to be seen just a little above the Niagara Navigation Company's
+Youngstown dock.
+
+In the way of the nomenclature of steamers, that of the "Alciope," built at
+Niagara in 1828 for Mr. Robert Hamilton, and first commanded by Captain
+McKenzie, late of the "Frontenac," is unusual. This name in appearance
+would appear to be that of some ancient goddess, but is understood to be
+taken from a technical term in abstract zoology. Possibly it may at the
+time have attracted attention, but was evidently not considered
+satisfactory as it was changed in 1832 to the more suitable one of "United
+Kingdom."
+
+More steamers come now in quick succession. The Hon. John Hamilton in 1830
+brought out the "Great Britain" (Captain Joseph Whitney), of 700 tons, with
+two funnels, and spacious awning deck.
+
+The route of the "Martha Ogden" had reverted back to the lake trip between
+Lewiston and Ogdensburgh. It was her ill luck to run ashore in 1830 and
+having sought repairs in the British Government naval establishment at
+Kingston, Captain Van Cleve mentions, with much satisfaction the cordial
+reception given to the American crew by Commodore Barrie, and the efficient
+work done for the ship in the Royal Dockyard. The "Martha Ogden" closed her
+days in 1832 by being lost off Stoney Point, Lake Ontario.
+
+The sailing times of the through boats from the river at this time are
+given as "the steamer _Great Britain_ leaves Niagara every five days, the
+_Alciope_, every Saturday evening, the _Niagara_ every Monday evening at 6
+o'clock, and the _Queenston_ every Tuesday morning at 9 o'clock for
+Kingston, Brockville and Prescott (board included) $8.00."
+
+On the American side the _United States_ and _Oswego_ made a semi-weekly
+line between Lewiston and Ogdensburg, calling at all intermediate ports.
+
+In 1832 added "William IV.," an unusual looking craft with four funnels;
+1834 "Commodore Barrie," built at Kingston by the Gildersleeves, and sailed
+by Captain James Sinclair between (as the advertisement stated) "Prescott,
+Toronto (late York) and Niagara." Commodore Barrie, after whom the steamer
+was named, had a long and creditable naval career. As lieutenant he had
+been with Vancouver on the Pacific in 1792, served at Copenhagen in 1807,
+and as captain of "H.M.S. Dragon," 74 guns, had taken part in the
+successful expedition at Penobscot Maine in 1814. In 1830 he had been
+appointed to the command of the Royal Navy Yard at Kingston.
+
+Ship building on the lake began now to take a more definite and established
+position. The "Niagara Dock Company" was formed in 1835. Robert Gilkison, a
+Canadian, of Queenston, who had been educated in shipbuilding at "Port
+Glasgow, Scotland," returned to Canada and was appointed designer and
+superintendent of the works at Niagara.
+
+A number of ships were built under his charge. The first steamer was the
+"Traveller," 145 feet long, 23.6 beam, with speed of 11 to 12 miles
+followed by the "Transit," "Gore," and the "Queen Victoria," 130 feet long,
+23.6 beam, with 50 horse power, a stated speed of 12 miles, and described
+as having been "fitted in elegant style." This steamer, launched in April,
+1838, and commanded by Captain Thomas Dick, introduces a family which for
+many years was connected with steamboating on the Niagara River Route.
+
+In her first season Robert Gilkinson, her builder, noted in his diary, June
+29th: "On the celebration of Her Majesty's coronation the _Victoria_, with
+a party of sixty ladies and gentlemen, made her first trip to Toronto,
+making the distance from Niagara to Toronto in 3 hours and 7 minutes, a
+rate scarcely met by any other boat."
+
+"July 2. Commenced trips leaving Niagara 7 a.m., Toronto 11 a.m., and
+Hamilton 4 p.m., arrived here (Niagara) 8 p.m. Accomplished the 121 miles
+in ten and a half hours, a rate not exceeded by any boat on the lake."
+
+The advertisements of the running times as then given in the press are
+interesting.
+
+"The 'Queen Victoria' leaves Lewiston and Queenston 8 o'clock a.m. and
+Niagara 8.30 o'clock for Toronto. The boat will return each day, leaving
+Toronto for these places at 2 o'clock p.m."
+
+A further enlargement of the running connections of this steamer on the
+route in 1839 stated:
+
+"Passengers will on Monday and Thursday arrive at Toronto in time for the
+"William IV." steamer for Kingston and Prescott. Returning. On arrival at
+Lewiston, railroad cars will leave for the Falls. On arrival at Queenston
+stages will leave for the Falls, whence the passengers can leave next day
+by the steamer "Red Jacket" from Chippawa to Buffalo, or by the railroad
+cars for Manchester."
+
+The "Railroad Cars" were those of the "Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad"
+opened in 1836, then running two trains a day each way between Buffalo and
+the Falls, leaving Buffalo at nine in the morning and five in the
+afternoon. Manchester was the name of the town laid out in the
+neighborhood of the Falls, where, from the abundance of water power it was
+expected a great manufacturing centre would be established.
+
+An advertisement in a later year (1844) mentions the steamer "Emerald" to
+"leave Buffalo at 9 a.m. for Chippawa, arrive by cars at Queenston for
+steamer for Toronto, Oswego, Rochester, Kingston and Montreal."
+
+The "cars" at Queenston were those of a horse railroad which had been
+constructed along the main road from Chippewa to Queenston, of which some
+traces still remain. The rails were long wooden sleepers faced with strap
+iron.
+
+During one season the "Queen Victoria" was chartered as a gunboat for Lake
+Ontario, being manned by officers and men from the Royal Navy. She
+presented a fine appearance and was received with great acceptance at the
+lake ports as she visited them.
+
+A more direct route from this distributing point at the foot of the rapids
+on the Niagara River direct to the head of Lake Ontario and the country
+beyond, instead of crossing first to Toronto, was evidently sought. In 1840
+the steamer "Burlington"--Captain Robert Kerr--is advertised to "Leave
+Lewiston 7 a.m., Niagara 7.30 a.m., landing (weather permitting) at Port
+Dalhousie (near St. Catherines, from which place a carriage will meet the
+boat regularly); Grimsby, and arrive at Hamilton about noon. Returning will
+leave at 3 p.m., and making the same calls, weather permitting, arrive at
+Lewiston in the evening."
+
+The 30th July, 1841, was a memorable day in steamboating on the Niagara
+River. A great public meeting was held that day on Queenston Heights to
+arrange for the building of a new monument in memory of General Brock to
+replace the one which had been blown up by some dastard on 17th April,
+1840.
+
+Deputations from the military and the patriotic associations in all parts
+of the province attended.
+
+Four steamers left Toronto together about 7.30 in the morning. The
+"Traveller"--Captain Sandown, R.N., with His Excellency the
+Governor-General, Lord Sydenham, on board; "Transit"--Captain Hugh
+Richardson; "Queen Victoria"--Captain Richardson, Jr.; "Gore"--Captain
+Thomas Dick. At the mouth of the Niagara River these were joined by the
+"Burlington"--Captain Robert Kerr, and "Britannia" from Hamilton and the
+head of the lake, and by the "Gildersleeve" and "Cobourg" from the Eastern
+ports and Kingston.
+
+Amidst utmost enthusiasm, and with all flags flying, the eight steamers
+assembled at Niagara and marshalled in the following order, proceeded up
+the river to Queenston:--
+
+    TRAVELLER.
+    GILDERSLEEVE.
+    COBOURG.
+    BURLINGTON.
+    GORE.
+    BRITANNIA.
+    QUEEN.
+    TRANSIT.
+
+The sight of this fleet of eight steamers must have been impressive as with
+flying colours they made up the stream.
+
+Judge Benson, of Port Hope, says that his father, Capt. Benson, of the 3rd
+Incorporated Militia, was then occupying the "Lang House" in Niagara,
+overlooking the river, and that he and his brother were lifted up to the
+window to see the flotilla pass by, a reminiscence of loyal fervor which
+has been vividly retained through a long life. Is it not a sufficient
+justification and an actual value resulting from special meetings and
+pageants that they not only serve to revivify the enthusiasm of the elders
+in annals of past days, but yet more to bring to the minds of youth actual
+and abiding touch with the historic events which are being celebrated?
+
+The meeting was held upon the field of the battle, the memories of the
+struggle revived and honour done to the fallen.
+
+The present monument was the result of the enterprise then begun.
+
+Much rivalry existed between the steamers as to which would open the season
+first, as the boat which got into Niagara first before 1st March was free
+of port dues for the season. In this the "Transit" excelled and sometimes
+landed her passengers on the ice.
+
+The Niagara Dock Company in 1842 turned out the "Chief Justice Robinson"
+commanded by Captain Hugh Richardson, Jr.
+
+This steamer, largely owned by Captain Heron and the Richardsons, was
+specially designed to continue during the winter the daily connection by
+water to Toronto, and so avoid the long stage journey around the head of
+the lake. For this purpose her prow at and below the water line was
+projected forward like a double furrowed plough, to cut through the ice and
+throw it outwards on each side.
+
+This winter service she maintained for ten seasons with commendable
+regularity between the outer end of the Queen's Wharf at Toronto (where she
+had sometimes to land passengers on the ice) and Niagara. On one occasion,
+in a snowstorm, she went ashore just outside the harbour at Toronto, and
+was also occasionally frozen in at both ends of the route, but each time
+managed to extricate herself. After refitting in the spring she divided the
+daily Lewiston-Toronto Route after 1850 with the second _City of Toronto_,
+a steamer with two separate engines, with two walking beams built at
+Toronto in 1840, which had been running in the Royal Mail Line, but in 1850
+passed into the complete ownership of Captain Thomas Dick.
+
+The steamer "Rochester" is also recorded as running between Lewiston and
+Hamilton in 1843 to 1849.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+EXPANSION OF STEAMBOATING ON THE NIAGARA--ITS DECLINE--A FINAL FLASH AND A
+MOVE TO THE NORTH.
+
+
+During this decade the Niagara River was more increasingly traversed by
+many steamers, and became the main line of travel between the Western and
+Centre States by steamer to Buffalo, and thence, via the Niagara River to
+Boston and New York via Ogdensburg and Albany, or by Montreal and Lake
+Champlain to the Hudson.
+
+Lewiston had become a place of much importance, being the transhipping
+point for a great through freighting business. Until the opening of the
+Erie Canal all the salt used in the Western States and Canada was brought
+here by water from Oswego, in thousands of barrels, from the Onandaga Salt
+Wells. Business in the opposite direction was greatly active, report being
+made of the passing of a consignment of 900 barrels of "Mississippi sugar,"
+and 200 hogsheads of molasses for Eastern points in the United States and
+Canada.
+
+In addition to the sailing craft five different steamers left the docks
+every day for other ports on the lake.
+
+A new era was opened in 1847 by the introduction with great eclat and
+enterprise of the first iron steamers. The "Passport," commanded first by
+Captain H. Twohey and afterwards by Captain Thomas Harbottle, was
+constructed for the Hon. John Hamilton, the iron plates being moulded on
+the Clyde and put together at the Niagara shipyard by James and Neil
+Currie. The plates for the "Magnet" were similarly brought out from
+England and put together for J. W. Gunn, of Hamilton, the principal
+stockholder, with Captain J. Sutherland her captain. Both these steamers in
+their long service proved the reliability of metal vessels in our fresh
+water. Both formed part of the Royal Mail Line leaving Toronto on the
+arrival of the river steamers.
+
+In the early "fifties" the "American Express Line," running from Lewiston
+to Toronto, Rochester, Oswego and Ogdensburg, consisted of the fine upper
+cabin steamers "Cataract," "Bay State," "Ontario," and "Northerner."
+
+The "New Through Line," a Canadian organization, was comprised of six
+steamers: the "Maple Leaf," "Arabian," "New Era," "Champion," "Highlander,"
+"Mayflower." The route they followed was: "Leave Hamilton 7 a.m.; leave
+Lewiston and Queenston about half past 8 p.m., calling at all north shore
+Ontario ports between Darlington and Prescott to Ogdensburgh and Montreal
+without transhipment. Returning via the north shore to Toronto and Hamilton
+direct." The through time down to Montreal was stated in the advertisement
+to be "from Hamilton 33 hours, from the Niagara River 25 hours."
+
+A good instance of the frequency of the entrances of the steamers into the
+harbours is afforded by an amusing suggestion which was in 1851, made by
+Captain Hugh Richardson, who had become Harbour Master at Toronto.
+
+The steamers running into the port seem to have called sometimes at one
+dock first, sometimes at another, according, probably, to the freight which
+may have been on board to be delivered. Much trouble was thus caused to
+cabmen and citizens running up and down the water front from one dock to
+another.
+
+The captain, whose views with respect to the flying, and the distinctive
+meanings, of flags, we have already seen, proposed that all vessels when
+entering the harbour should designate the dock at which they intended to
+stop by the Following signals:--
+
+    For Gorrie's Wharf--Union Jack at Bowsprit end.
+    For Browne's Wharf--Union Jack at Masthead.
+    For Maitland's Wharf--Union Jack at Staff aft.
+    For Tinnings Wharf--Union Jack in fore rigging.
+    For Helliwells Wharf--Union Jack over wheel-house.
+
+It is to be remembered that in those days the "Western" was the only
+entrance to the harbour and Front Street without any buildings on its south
+side, followed the line of the high bank above the water so that the
+signals on the steamers could be easily seen by all. The proposal was
+publicly endorsed by the Mayor, Mr. J. G. Bowes, but there is no record of
+its having been adopted.
+
+In 1853 there was built at Niagara for Mr. Oliver T. Macklem the steamer
+"Zimmerman," certainly the finest and reputed to be the fastest steamer
+which up to that time sailed the river. She was named after Mr. Samuel
+Zimmerman, the railway magnate, and ran in connection with the Erie and
+Ontario Railway from Fort Erie to Niagara, which he had promoted, and was
+sailed by Captain D. Milloy.
+
+In this same year there was sailed regularly from Niagara another iron
+steamer, the "Peerless," owned by Captain Dick and Andrew Heron, of
+Niagara. This steamer was first put together at Dunbarton, Scotland, then
+taken apart, and the pieces (said to be five thousand in number) sent out
+to Canada, and put together again at the Niagara dockyard. These two
+steamers thereafter divided the services in competition on the Niagara
+Route to Toronto.
+
+These years were the zenith period for steamboating on Lake Ontario and the
+Niagara River, a constant succession of steamers passing to and fro between
+the ports. Progress in the Western States and in Upper Canada had been
+unexampled. Expansion in every line of business was active, population fast
+coming in, and the construction of railways, which was then being begun,
+creating large expenditures and distribution of money. The steamers on the
+water were then the only method for speedy travel, so their accommodation
+was in fullest use, and their earnings at the largest.
+
+The stage routes around the shores of the lakes in those days were tedious
+and trying in summer, and in winter accompanied by privations. The services
+of the steamers in the winter were greatly appreciated and maintained with
+the utmost vigour every year, particularly for the carriage of mails
+between Toronto, Niagara, Queenston and Lewiston, for which the steamer
+received in winter L3 for each actual running day, and between Toronto and
+Hamilton, for which the recompense was L2 for service per day performed.
+
+In 1851 the _Chief Justice Robinson_ is recorded (Gordon's Letter Books) as
+having run on the Niagara River during 11 months of the year. The remaining
+portion, while she was refitting, was filled by the second _City of
+Toronto_.
+
+It is mentioned that at one time she went to Oswego to be hauled out on the
+marine cradle there at a charge of 25 cents per ton.
+
+In 1852-53 the services were performed by the same steamers. In 1854 the
+_Peerless_ made two trips daily during ten months, the _Chief Justice
+Robinson_ taking the balance of this service and also filling in during the
+other months, with the second _City of Toronto_ on the Hamilton Route.
+
+The winter service to the Niagara River for 1855 was commenced by the
+_Chief Justice Robinson_ on 1st January, the steamer crossing the lake on
+22 days in that month. February was somewhat interrupted by ice, but the
+full service between the shores was performed on 23 days in the month of
+March.
+
+So soon as the inner water in the harbour of Toronto was frozen up all
+these services were performed from the outer extremity of the Queen's
+Wharf, and in the mid-winter months mostly from the edges of the ice
+further out, the sleighs driving out alongside with their passengers and
+freight. It seems difficult for us, in these days of luxury in travel, to
+comprehend the difficulties under which the early travellers laboured and
+thrived.
+
+There was a wonderful and final exploit in the winter business of the
+Niagara River Route.
+
+The "_Niagara Falls and Ontario Railway_" was opened as far as Lewiston in
+1854 and by its connection at the Falls with the _New York Central Railway_
+brought during its first winter of 1854-55 great activity to the Niagara
+steamers.
+
+The Crimean War was in progress and food products for the armies in the
+field were being eagerly sought from all places of world-supply and from
+America. Shipments were accordingly sought from Upper Canada. In summer the
+route would be by the Erie Canal to Albany or by the St. Lawrence and
+Montreal, but both routes were closed in winter.
+
+The _New York Central_ had been connected as a complete rail route as far
+as Albany, where, as there was no bridge across the Hudson, transportation
+was made by a ferry to the _Hudson River Railroad_, on the opposite shore
+for New York, or to the _Western Railroad_ for Boston.
+
+[Illustration: The WILLIAM IV. 1832.
+
+From the "Landmarks of Toronto." page 30]
+
+[Illustration: The CHIEF JUSTICE ROBINSON. 1841.
+
+From the "Landmarks of Toronto." page 84]
+
+There was, at that time, no railroad around the head of Lake Ontario so a
+Freight Route by steamer across the lake was opened to Lewiston, from where
+rail connection could be made to the Atlantic.
+
+In January, 1855, large shipments of flour made from Upper Canada mills
+along the north shore of Lake Ontario began to be collected. The
+enterprising agent of the _Peerless_ (Mr. L. B. Gordon) wrote to the
+Central that he hoped to "make the consignment up to 10,000 barrels before
+the canal and river opens." This being a reference to the competing
+all-water route via the Erie Canal and Hudson River.
+
+The first winter shipment of a consignment of 3,400 barrels was begun by
+the _Chief Justice Robinson_ from the Queen's Wharf on 17th January.
+
+The through rates of freight, as recorded in Mr. Gordon's books, are in
+these modern days of low rates, remarkable. Not the less interesting are
+the proportions accepted by each of the carriers concerned for their
+portion of the service, which were as follows:
+
+          Flour, per barrel, Toronto to New York--
+
+      Steamer--Queen's Wharf to Lewiston         12-1/2c
+      Wharfage and teaming (Cornell)              6
+      New York Central, Lewiston to Albany       60
+      Ferry at Albany                             3
+      Hudson River Railroad to New York          37-1/2
+                                               -----
+      Through to New York                      $1.19
+
+What would the Railway Commissioners and the public of the present think of
+such rates!
+
+The shipments were largely from the products of the mills at the _Credit_,
+_Oakville_, _Brampton_, _Esquesing_, and _Georgetown_, being teamed to the
+docks at _Oakville_ and _Port Credit_, from where they were brought by the
+steamers _Queen City_ and _Chief Justice Robinson_ at 5c per bbl. to the
+Queen's Wharf, Toronto, and from there taken across the lake by the _Chief
+Justice Robinson_ and the _Peerless_.
+
+The propeller _St. Nicholas_ took a direct load of 3,000 barrels from Port
+Credit to Lewiston on Feb. 2nd. Shipments were also sent to Boston at
+$1,24-1/2 per bbl., on which the proportion of the "New York Central" was
+68c, and the "Western Railroad" received 35c per bbl. as their share.
+
+Nearly the whole consignment expected was obtained.
+
+Another novel route was also opened. Consignments of flour for local use
+were sent to Montreal during this winter by the _New York Central_,
+Lewiston to Albany, and thence by the "_Albany Northern Railroad_" to the
+south side of the St. Lawrence River, whence they were most probably teamed
+across the ice to the main city.
+
+Northbound shipments were also worked up and received at Lewiston for
+Toronto--principally teas and tobaccos--consignments of "English Bonded
+Goods" were rated at "second-class, same as domestic sheetings" and carried
+at 63c per 100 pounds from New York to Lewiston.
+
+It was a winter of unexampled activity, but it was the closing effort of
+the steamers against the entrance of the railways into their
+all-the-year-round trade.
+
+Immediately upon the opening of the Great Western Railway from Niagara
+Falls to Hamilton in 1855 and to Toronto in 1856, and of the Grand Trunk
+Railway from Montreal in 1856, the steamboating interests suffered still
+further and great decay. In the financial crisis of 1857 many steamers were
+laid up. In 1858 all the American Line steamers were in bankruptcy, and in
+1860 the _Zimmerman_ abandoned the Niagara River to the _Peerless_, the one
+steamer being sufficient.
+
+The opening of the American Civil War in 1860 opened a new career for the
+Lake Ontario steamers, as the Northern Government were short of steamers
+with which to blockade the Southern ports.
+
+The "Peerless" was purchased by the American Government in 1861 and left
+for New York under command of Captain Robert Kerr, and by 1863 all the
+American Line steamers had been sold in the same direction and gone down
+the rapids to Montreal, and thence to the Atlantic. A general clearance had
+been affected.
+
+The "Zimmerman" returned from the Hamilton Route to the Niagara River,
+which had been left vacant by the removal of the "Peerless," but, taking
+fire alongside the dock at Niagara in 1863, became a total loss. During the
+winter the third "_City of Toronto_" was built by Captain Duncan Milloy, of
+Niagara, and began her service on the river in 1864 and thereafter had the
+route to herself. In 1866 the "Rothsay Castle" brought up by Captain Thomas
+Leach from Halifax, ran for one season in competition, but the business was
+not sufficient for two steamers so she was returned to the Atlantic. The
+"City" then had the route alone until 1877, when the "Southern Belle,"
+being the reconstructed "Rothsay Castle," re-entered upon the scene and
+again ran from Tinnings Wharf in connection with the Canada Southern
+Railway to Niagara.
+
+Such had been the courses of navigation and steamboating on the Niagara
+River from its earliest days--the rise to the zenith of prosperity and
+then the immeasurable fall due to the encircling of the lakes by the
+increasing railways. The old time passenger business had been diverted from
+the water, the docks had fallen into decay, only one steamer remained on
+the Niagara River Route, but it was fair to consider that with more vigor
+and improved equipment a new era might be begun.
+
+The decadence of trade had been so great, and the prospects of the Niagara
+River presenting so little hope that Captain Thomas Dick had turned his
+thoughts and energies into the direction of the North Shore of Lake Huron,
+where mining and lumbering were beginning, and to Lake Superior, where the
+construction of the Dawson Road, as a connection through Canadian
+territory, to Fort Garry was commenced. He had several years previously
+transferred the second _City of Toronto_ to these Upper Lake waters, and
+after being reboilered and rebuilt, her name had been changed to _Algoma_,
+commanded at first by his half brother, Capt. Jas. Dick, and in 1863 he had
+obtained the contract for carrying the mails for the Manitoulin Island and
+Lake Huron Shore to Sault Ste. Marie.
+
+If ever there was a steamer which deserved the name of "_Pathfinder_," it
+was this steamer "Algoma." It was said that all the officers, pilots and
+captains of later days had been trained on her, and that she had found out
+for them every shoal along her route by actual contact. Being a staunchily
+built wooden boat with double "walking beam" engines, working
+independently, one on each wheel, she always got herself off with little
+trouble or damage. One trip is personally remembered. Coming out from Bruce
+Mines the _Algoma_ went over a boulder on a shoal in such way as to open up
+a plank in the bottom, just in front of the boilers. Looking down the
+forward hatch the water could be watched as it boiled up into the
+fire-hold, but as long as the wheels were kept turning the pumps could keep
+the in-rush from gaining, so the steamer after backing off was continued on
+her journey.
+
+When calling at docks the engines were never stopped, one going ahead the
+other reversed, until after Sault Ste. Marie had been reached and the
+balance of the cargo unloaded, when the steamer, with the men in the
+fire-hold working up to their ankles in water, set off on her run of 400
+miles to Detroit, where was then the only dry dock into which she could be
+put.
+
+After a long and successful career the brave boat died a quiet death
+alongside a dock, worn out as a lumber barge.
+
+This transference of Captain Dick's interests to the Upper Lakes was,
+strangely enough, the precursor to the events which led to the creation of
+another era in navigation on the Niagara River. This "North Shore" route,
+although for long centuries occupied by the outposts of the Hudson Bay and
+North West fur companies, was so far as immigration and mercantile
+interests were concerned, an undeveloped territory. Along its shores was
+the traditional canoe and batteaux route from French River to Fort William
+on the Kaministiqua River for trade with the great prairies by the
+interlacing waterways to Lake Manitoba and the Red River. At intervals,
+such as at Spanish River, Missassaga, Garden River, Michipicoten and
+Nepigon River, were the outlets for the canoe and portage routes, north to
+the Hudson Bay and great interior fur preserves. This ancient rival to the
+Niagara River route had remained little varied from the era of canoe and
+sail. The secrets of its natural products, other than fur, being as well
+kept as were those of the fertility of the soil of the "great Lone Land,"
+under the perennial control of the same adventurers of Charles II.
+
+The creation of the "Dominion of Canada" and of the "Province of Ontario"
+under Confederation in 1867 and its establishment as the "District of
+Algoma" brought it political representation in the Provincial Legislature
+and a development of its unoccupied possibilities.
+
+The size of the constituency was phenomenal. Its first representative in
+the Legislature of Ontario used quizzically to describe it: "Where is my
+constituency? Sir, Algoma, is the greatest constituency on earth, and
+larger than many an Empire in Europe. On the east it is bounded by the
+French River, on the south by all the waters of Lakes Huron and Lake
+Superior, on the west by Manitoba, with an undecided boundary, and on the
+north by the North Pole, and the Lord knows where."
+
+Its permanent voters were few and sparsely spread along a line of nigh 500
+miles. By the Act of Confederation, Algoma was given a special
+qualification for its voters being for every male British subject of 21 or
+over, being a householder. Thus it has sometimes been averred that during
+hotly contested elections the migratory Indians for a while ceased to
+wander, that "shack towns" suddenly arose in the neighborhood of the saw
+mills, composed of small "slab" sided dwellings in which dusky voters lived
+until election day was over. It may be from these early seedlings that the
+several constituencies which have since been carved out from their great
+progenitor, have not been unremarkable for eccentricities in methods of
+ballot and in varieties of voters.
+
+Further diversion of vessel interests from the Niagara Route to the Upper
+Lakes, and the circumstances which, within personal knowledge, accompanied
+it, are a part of the history, and a prelude to the return to the river.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+ON THE UPPER LAKES WITH THE WOLSELEY EXPEDITION AND LORD DUFFERIN.
+
+
+The way having been opened by the _Algoma_ between Georgian Bay and the
+Sault, with sundry extra trips beyond, N. Milloy & Co., of Niagara, brought
+up from Halifax, in 1868, the even then celebrated steamer _Chicora_ to
+increase the service to Lake Superior. No finer steamer was there on the
+Upper Lakes than the _Chicora_, and none whether American or Canadian, that
+could approach her in speed; she could trail out a tow line to any
+competitor. She had arrived opportunely and had greatly increased her
+renown by carrying the Wolseley Expedition, in 1870, from Collingwood to
+the place on the shores of the Thunder Bay where the expedition for the
+suppression of the Riel Rebellion at Fort Garry was landed.
+
+It was in the arrangements for the movement of this Wolseley Expedition
+that some difficulties arose which were due to a want of harmony between
+the local government of the State and that of the National Cabinet of the
+Federal Government at Washington, a condition which is liable to occur at
+any time under the peculiar provisions of the American Constitution.
+
+Having been compiled in the time of stress for the avoidance of an
+autocracy and for the development of the individual rights of the several
+component States, the relations between States and Federal authority were
+strongly drawn. While in the Canadian Constitution any power which has not
+been specifically allotted to the Provinces remains in the Dominion
+Government, which is thus the centre of all power, in the United States the
+reverse condition exists.
+
+Speedy dealings with foreign nations are thus somewhat hampered on the part
+of the United States Federal Government.
+
+The only canal lock at that time at the Sault by which the rapids of the
+Sault River could be overcome and the level of Lake Superior be reached
+from that of Lake Huron, was on the Michigan side, and owned and controlled
+by the State of Michigan. As an armed force could not be sent by rail
+through the United States, it was necessary that all supplies and the men
+of the Canadian forces for Fort Garry should be forwarded by this water
+route to the head of Lake Superior, from where they were to take the
+"Dawson Route" of mixed road and river transit to Lake Winnipeg and the
+scene of action. A cargo of boats, wagons, and general supplies for use by
+the troops had been sent up by the "Chicora" (Captain McLean), leaving
+Collingwood on the 7th May, but the steamer was not permitted by the
+Michigan authorities to pass through the Sault Canal. Owing to this action
+immediate steps were imperatively necessary, pending negotiations, to
+obtain additional tonnage to carry forward the expedition.
+
+Col. Cumberland, A.D.C., M.P.P., was sent on a secret duty to Detroit,
+where he succeeded in chartering the American steamer _Brooklyn_, which was
+at once sent off with instructions to report for orders above the canal at
+Point Aux Pins, to Col. Bolton, R.A., Deputy Adjutant General. Being passed
+up the canal, without obstacle, the difficulty was immediately relieved.
+Fortunately the "Algoma" was at the upper end of the route and on Lake
+Superior. The supplies and stores were accordingly unloaded from the
+_Chicora_ at the Canadian Sault, portaged across by the twelve miles road
+to the wharf at Point Aux Pins, on the Canadian side above the Rapids, and
+sent on up Lake Superior by the "Algoma," and "Brooklyn."
+
+A similar course was obliged to be adopted with the cargoes of supplies for
+the expedition brought up on the Canadian steam barge _Shickluna_, and on
+the schooners _Orion_ and _Pandora_ towed by her.
+
+This was in other ways a remarkable event, as being one in which the
+"Coasting Laws of Canada" were for a time, cancelled by the action of a
+citizen. The "Brooklyn" being an American boat could not legally carry
+cargo between two Canadian ports, such as Point Aux Pins and the Landing,
+so Col. Cumberland gave Captain Davis a letter[1] to Mr. Joseph Wilson, the
+Collector of Customs at the Canadian Sault, authorizing him to permit the
+American vessel to trade between Canadian ports. As Mr. Cumberland was
+member of Parliament for the district, the local authorities gave immediate
+attention, especially as everyone on the Canadian side was ready to run all
+risks and do everything in their power to help the expedition along.
+
+Returning to Collingwood the "Chicora" left again on the 14th May with two
+companies of the Ontario Contingest recruited from the Volunteer Militia of
+the Province, twenty-four horses and more arms and stores. Refusal was
+again given and the same portaging took place as before, the men during the
+transfer being encamped near the old Hudson's Bay Fort. Urgent
+representations had been made to the local State authorities, pointing out
+that the expedition was pressed for time, much loss might be occasioned,
+and the rebellion spread if the troops were delayed. The British Minister
+at Washington was using every endeavor to obtain the necessary permission,
+but without avail. The "Chicora" returned to Collingwood and left again on
+21st May with Col. Garnet Wolseley (afterwards Viscount Wolseley), a
+detachment of the "60th Rifles" of the Regulars (the Regiment of H.R.H.
+Prince Arthur) and the balance of the expedition. In the absence of the
+expected permission the same procedure was again followed, and when
+everything on board had been unloaded the _Chicora_ was passed empty
+through the canal, and reloading the soldiers and all the equipment at the
+Point aux Pins proceeded up the lake to her destination.
+
+Canada has since then, for her self control and the protection of her
+trade, built a great canal on her own side, through which ever since it was
+constructed the United States vessels have been freely allowed to pass upon
+exactly the same terms as her own.
+
+Navigation upon the Upper Lakes was in those years in the most primitive
+condition.
+
+When the "Chicora" landed the Wolseley Expedition at Prince Arthur's
+Landing there was no wharf large enough for her to be moored to, so she
+had to anchor off the shore, and the men and cargo were landed in small
+boats.
+
+As Col. Wolseley came ashore in a rowboat he was met by Mr. Thomas Marks, a
+principal merchant, and Mr. William Murdock, C.E., who was then in conduct
+of the Government Railway Exploration Surveys from the shores of Thunder
+Bay to Fort Garry for what afterwards became the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+The Colonel, finding on enquiry that the place had no particular name
+beyond that of "The Landing," proposed that it should be called "Prince
+Arthur's Landing." This was to be in honour of Prince Arthur, Duke of
+Connaught, who was then serving in his battalion of the Rifle Brigade at
+that time stationed in Montreal. The name was immediately adopted and was
+kept unchanged until 1883, when, to mark the eastern end of the Canadian
+Pacific and to correspond with "Port Moody," the then accepted terminus at
+the western end, it was changed to "Port Arthur." The name and reminiscence
+of the Royal Prince is in this way still happily retained.
+
+Rivalries had begun between the long established hamlet clustered around
+Fort William, the ancient post of the Hudson Bay Company on the banks at
+the mouth of the Kanistiqua River, and the newly created village on the
+shores of the Lake at the "Landing." To appease the vociferous claimants of
+both, the expedition was divided, one part being sent up by the lower river
+from "Fort William," the other by waggon on land from the "Landing," to
+join together again at a point on the Kaministiquia above the Falls, from
+where they proceeded together by the mixed transport of water and waggon on
+the "Dawson Route" to Fort Garry.
+
+There were then few lighthouses on the lakes, and no buoys in the channels.
+When a steamer left the shores of Georgian Bay nothing was heard of her
+until she came in sight again on her return after being away ten days, for
+there were no telegraphs on the North Shore nor even at the Sault.
+
+The hamlets were few and far spread, being mainly small fishing villages.
+Bruce Mines with its copper mines, then in full operation, was perhaps the
+most important place, with a population of 2,500. The Sault had perhaps
+500, Silver Islet, with its mysterious silver mine, 1,500, and Prince
+Arthur's Landing about 200 residents, with whatever importance was given by
+its position at the head of the lake, and as being the starting place of
+the Dawson Road to Fort Garry, and the supply point for the developing
+mines of the interior.
+
+Whatever meat, flour, or vegetable foods the people ate had to be carried
+up to them from the Ontario ports. Westwards the decks were filled with
+cattle, hogs, and all kinds of merchandise, but there was little freight to
+bring back east except fish and some small quantities of highly
+concentrated ores from the mines.
+
+The business had not developed as had been expected, and the "Chicora" was
+found to be too good for the Lake Superior route as it then existed. Her
+freight-carrying capacity was light, cabin accommodation in excess of
+requirements, and her speed and expenses far beyond what was there needed.
+So the boat had to be withdrawn from service, dismantled, and laid up
+alongside the docks at Collingwood in the season of 1873.
+
+One splendid and closing charter there had been in the season of 1874, when
+the "Chicora" was chartered for the months of July and August to be a
+special yacht for the progress of the Governor-General, Lord Dufferin, and
+his suite, through what were then the northern districts of Ontario and
+through the Upper Lakes.
+
+Col. F. W. Cumberland, M.P., General Manager of the Northern Railway, was
+also Provincial Aide-de-Camp to the Governor-General and thus in general
+charge of the arrangements for the tour, particularly on the Northern
+Railway, through whose districts the party was then travelling. The further
+portions of the tour were through the district of Algoma, comprising all
+the country along the north shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, which Col.
+Cumberland then represented in the Provincial Parliament, being the first
+Member for Algoma.
+
+Washago, at the first crossing of the Severn River, was then the "head of
+the track" of the "Muskoka Branch," which was under construction from
+Barrie. Beyond this point the party were to proceed through the byways and
+villages of Muskoka by mixed conveyance of boats on the lakes and carriages
+over the bush roads to Parry Sound, where they were to join the "Chicora."
+
+Every minute of the way had been carefully planned out to satisfactorily
+arrange for the reception en route, stopping places for meals and rest,
+stays over night, and allowance for all possible contingencies, for the
+Governor-General insisted that he should make his arrival, at each place on
+the way, with royal precision.
+
+There was therefore no room for the insertion of the many special demands
+for additional functions and time, which increasingly arose as the days
+drew near, for the fervor of the welcome became tumultuous.
+
+The Presbyterian clergyman at Washago had been particularly insistent and
+had called to his aid every local influence of shipper and politician to
+obtain consent that the Governor-General should lay the corner-stone of
+the new church which the adherents of the "Auld Kirk" were erecting at the
+village. The ceremony was whittled down until it was at last agreed that it
+should be sandwiched into the arrangements on condition that everything
+should be in readiness, and that the proceedings should not exceed fifteen
+minutes, for there was a long and rocky drive ahead of fourteen miles to
+Gravenhurst, where an important afternoon gathering from all the
+countryside and a reception by His Excellency and the Countess of Dufferin
+had been arranged.
+
+The Municipal and the local Society receptions at the Washage station had
+been safely got through when the Governor and party walked over the granite
+knolls to where the church was to be erected. The location of the village,
+which is situated between two arms of the Muskoka River, is on the
+unrelieved outcrop of the Muskoka granite, which, scarred and rounded by
+the glacier action of geological ages, is everywhere in evidence.
+
+On the knoll, more level than the others, was the church party expectant.
+At their feet, perched upon a little cemented foundation about a foot and a
+half in diameter, built on the solid granite, was the "corner stone," a
+cube of granite some three inches square. A miniature silver trowel, little
+larger than a teaspoon, was handed to the Governor, who, holding it in his
+fingers smoothed down the morsel of mortar and the corner stone was duly
+laid.
+
+The Minister then announced "Let us engage in prayer," and raising his
+hands and closing his eyes he at once began.
+
+It was a burning hot noon-day in July. Having got fairly started the
+minister seemed to be in no way disposed to stop. At five minutes a chair
+and umbrella were brought for Lady Dufferin. At ten minutes motions were
+made to pluck the minister's coat tails, but no one dared. The fervid
+appeal covering all possible contingencies, and meandering into varied "We
+give Thee thanks also" still continued so the Governor and Lady Dufferin
+and their Suite quietly slipped away from the group and going to the
+carriages, which were waiting in readiness near by, drove away.
+
+Shortly afterwards the minister ceased and, opening his eyes, took in the
+situation.
+
+He at least had succeeded in having his corner-stone laid by a
+Governor-General and was satisfied, even though he had lost that portion of
+his audience. There were others also who were satisfied as one of the
+devout congregation who said as we walked away, "Wasn't the Meenester
+powerful in prayer?"
+
+Lord Dufferin's private secretary and myself, having seen our duties to
+this point satisfactorily completed, returned to the cars and proceeded
+back by the special train to Collingwood, where the outfit and arrangements
+of the "Chicora" for the long cruise were being completed, and active
+operations had for some time been going on.
+
+The ship was a picture, resplendent in brightened brasses, new paint and
+decorations. The staterooms had been re-arranged and enlarged so that they
+could be used in suites with separate dining and reception rooms arranged
+for various occasions. Strings of flags of all varieties, and ensigns for
+every occasion were provided, including His Excellency the
+Governor-General's special flag, to be raised the moment he came on board.
+Captain James C. Orr, his officers, and the picked crew were all in naval
+uniform, and naval discipline was to be maintained.
+
+About ten o'clock one night we sailed out of Collingwood to make an easy
+night run across the Georgian Bay and arrive in the morning at Parry Sound,
+where the Governor-General was to join the steamer in the afternoon.
+
+We were naturally anxious that nothing should occur on our part to mar the
+arrangements for the much heralded tour, and so I turned out early in the
+morning, called up by some indistinct premonition. Of all the evils that
+can befall a ship's captain it is that of a too supreme confidence in his
+own powers; a confidence which leads him to take unnecessary risks and so
+incur dangers which a little longer waiting would avoid. Of this we now met
+a most striking instance.
+
+There are two routes from Collingwood to Parry Sound. The outer passage,
+outside the islands, longer but through open lake and safe, the other the
+inner passage winding through an archipelago of islands, tortuous and
+narrow. This latter was also known as the "Waubuno Channel," from its being
+the route of the steamer of that name, a vessel of 140 feet and the largest
+passing through it. As a scenic route for tourists it is unsurpassable,
+threading its way amid many islands with abrupt and thrilling turns.
+
+Captain McNab, one of the most experienced and oldest navigators of the
+Upper Lakes, had been engaged as pilot for the tour of the "Chicora."
+
+In the early morning, instead of being as had been expected, out in the
+open lake, we were heading into a bay with the shore line expanding far on
+each side both east and west.
+
+[Illustration: The ALGOMA. 1862.
+
+The 2nd CITY OF TORONTO. 1840. Rebuilt. page 44]
+
+[Illustration: The 3rd CITY OF TORONTO. 1864.
+
+From an old drawing. page 123]
+
+Going forward, Captain McNab, in reply to questions, said he intended going
+through the Waubuno Channel, and admitted that he had never taken a boat as
+large as the "Chicora" through the channel, but was sure he could. Amiable
+suggestions that he might like to bet $10,000 that he could, being promptly
+declined, he accepted instructions and the steamer was at once turned
+around to go by the outer channel for which there was plenty of time. He
+might have done it, but there was a doubt in it, and supposing he had not,
+what then? It is better for a captain to be sure, than to be sorry.
+
+The tour was a great success. Wherever the bonnie boat went, whether in
+Canadian waters around the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior at
+Sault Ste. Marie, Nepigon, Prince Arthur's Landing, or in American waters,
+at Mackinac, Lake Michigan and Chicago, her trim appearance, beautiful
+lines, and easy speed, won continued admiration.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1]
+                                         Detroit, 18th May, 1870.
+Sir:
+
+The Steamer _Brooklyn_ proceeds to Point Aux Pins on special service.
+
+In case you may not have been advised by the head of your department, I am
+authorised to inform you that she is to have free access to all Canadian
+Ports on Lake Superior, moving under orders from Col. Bolton.
+
+                                       I am, etc.,
+                                      (Signed) F. W. CUMBERLAND.
+
+                                       Jos. Wilson, Collector of Customs,
+                                       Saulte Ste Marie, Ont.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+A NOVEL IDEA AND A NEW VENTURE--BUFFALO IN SAILINGSHIP DAYS--A RISKY
+PASSAGE.
+
+
+After the tour with Lord Dufferin had been concluded the "Chicora" was
+returned to Collingwood and laid up again to rest her reputation great and
+widespread as it was before, having been still more enhanced. At last early
+on a gray morning of August, 1877, under tow of a wrecking tug, there stole
+gently away from Collingwood the steamer which had been the greatest glory
+of the port, her red paddles trailing lifeless in the water like the feet
+of a wounded duck.
+
+Where was she being taken to? What had taken place? It was the beginning of
+a bold and sporting venture.
+
+As General Freight and Passenger Agent (Oct., 1873 to Jan., 1878) of the
+Northern Railway of Canada, the "Chicora" as she lay at Collingwood was
+much under my notice, and in travelling to Buffalo on railway business the
+water route by the Niagara River was most frequently taken. There was no
+route on the Upper Lakes upon which the "Chicora" could be successfully
+employed. It was considered that she could not be returned to the Lower
+Lakes because it was said that having been brought up the canals from
+Montreal, the "guards" added at Buffalo, which made her width fifty feet at
+the main deck could not be removed without serious damage in order to
+reduce her to the then Welland canal width of only 26 feet. As under the
+then trade conditions she could neither be profitably run nor be returned
+to the Lower Lakes, the steamer was of little worth to her owners, and
+could be readily purchased. It had for some time appeared to me that there
+was an opening for a good boat upon the Niagara River route. The "City of
+Toronto" plying to Lewiston and the New York Central was getting
+insufficient and out of date in equipment. The Canada Southern Railway at
+Niagara-on-the-Lake was not satisfied with the "Southern Belle." Why not
+get the "Chicora" and strike out for a career of one's own? So I started to
+study the position having always had a mechanical turn and had practical
+experience in railway and machine construction.
+
+Keeping one's ideas to one's self the boat was examined and careful
+scrutiny ascertained that the "guards" could be removed and replaced
+without interference with the hull, so that this first obstacle to her
+being brought to the Lower Lakes could be overcome.
+
+But there were other obstacles which cropped up. To begin with, a pier of
+one of the smaller locks in the Welland (150 x 26) was said to have
+inclined inwards so that there was not sufficient width even after the
+"guards" had been removed, for the 26-ft. hull to pass through.
+
+Again, _Chicora_ was 230 feet long. If the vessel was brought down in two
+pieces through all the locks to Lake Ontario, there was no dry dock on the
+lake of sufficient length into which she could be placed so that these
+parts might be put together again. A further obstacle and a fatal one. The
+only place where the two parts could be put together again her full length
+of 230 feet long was Muir's dry dock, at Port Dalhousie, but that was above
+the last lock of the canal, which required to be passed to get down to Lake
+Ontario, and _this lock was only 200 feet long!_
+
+The game was apparently impracticable. It was not more impossible to put a
+quart into a pint bottle, than it was to put the full-sized 230-foot
+_Chicora_ into the 200-foot Dalhousie lock and lower her to Lake Ontario.
+No wonder other people had given the job up, and the steamer could be
+easily bought.
+
+Just about this time I noticed an announcement in the press that in order
+to provide for the construction of the lower locks at the Ontario end of
+the new Welland Canal, the Canadian Government intended, after the close of
+navigation the next autumn, to draw off the whole of the water in the
+five-mile level above the Port Dalhousie lock between there and St.
+Catharines.
+
+The idea at once arose, why not put the _Chicora_ into the 200-foot lock
+with the upper gate open, so that although she would extend 30 feet beyond
+the regular lock, she would then be in a total actual lock of five miles
+long.
+
+Going over again to Port Dalhousie, the whole position was carefully
+surveyed. It was found that on the troublesome lock there was
+three-quarters of an inch to spare, so that trick could be turned
+successfully. Closer investigation developed that the 200-foot lock problem
+at Port Dalhousie was, as will be stated later, more capable of being
+solved than appeared on the surface. It was now evident that the practical
+part of the work could be done successfully. The next thing was to provide
+for connecting support. My first railway service had been in that of the
+Great Western Railway in 1872-73 in the divisional office at London, and
+afterwards in charge of the terminal yard and car ferries at Windsor, under
+Mr. M. D. Woodward, Superintendent.
+
+During that time the General Manager was Mr. W. K. Muir, who had
+transferred, and was now General Manager of the Canada Southern Railway,
+operating the branch line between Buffalo and Niagara. Enquiry led to an
+understanding that a contract could be made for a full service by a
+first-class steamer between Toronto and Niagara-on-the-Lake in connection
+with the route to the Falls and Buffalo, as the size of the _Southern
+Belle_ was not satisfactory.
+
+Armed with all this information, and having made up the estimates of cost
+and possible earnings, the whole matter was laid before the Hon. Frank
+Smith, who then had a part interest in the _Chicora_. The proposition was
+that we should buy out the other owners, bring the _Chicora_ through the
+canal and put her on the Niagara Route, where she could earn good money.
+
+One was to do the work and the other to find the backing for the funds
+required. In this way for him a dead loss would be revived and a good
+future investment found, while the junior would enter into a work in which
+with energy he would be able to secure a lasting reward for his enterprise
+and ability in transportation business. He agreed and we proceeded to carry
+out the project. The purchase was made early in 1877, the original
+purchasers and registered owners of the steamer being Hon. Frank Smith and
+Barlow Cumberland.
+
+In this way began a partnership which lasted through life. Sir Frank
+(knighted in 1874) was a man of quick decision, of great courage, and
+indomitable will. Every company with which he became identified felt the
+influence of his virile hand. A charter for the Niagara Navigation Company,
+Limited, with a capital of $500,000, was obtained from the Dominion
+Government.
+
+The first issue of the stock of the Company was entirely subscribed by the
+Frank Smith and Cumberland representatives and the transfer of the boat to
+the new company made in 1878. The first Board of Directors were: President,
+Hon. Frank Smith; Vice-President, Barlow Cumberland; Directors, Col. Fred.
+W. Cumberland, John Foy, and R. H. McBride; Barlow Cumberland, Manager;
+John Foy, Secretary. Preliminary work had been actively in progress at
+Collingwood in dismantling the steamer and preparing her for a long and
+eventful journey. As the engines had been laid up and would not be required
+until after the reconstruction at Toronto, they were not again set up, but
+the tug, J. T. Robb, was brought up from Port Colborne to tow the vessel to
+Buffalo.
+
+Here began the closing era of this century of steam navigation in the
+Niagara River. The story of the next and final thirty-five years is the
+story of the rise and expansion of the Niagara Navigation Company, its
+vicissitudes and competitions, and the final success of the enterprise.
+Reminiscence of the series of hot competitions which were worked through
+and of the men and methods of the period are set out as matters of record
+of an eventful series of years on the route.
+
+The long cabins on the upper deck were removed and parts sent to Toronto,
+where they now are the upper drawing room of the _Chicora_.
+
+The cabins on the main deck were left undisturbed to be used by the crew,
+while coming through the canals.
+
+Captain Thomas Leach was in charge of the voyage to Buffalo, where Captain
+William Manson, of Collingwood, took charge of the crew with some
+carpenters and the engineers. Mr. Alexander Leach was purser and
+confidential agent. A more faithful officer and devoted servant never was
+found. He had been purser of the steamer _Cumberland_ until she was
+wrecked on Isle Royale, Lake Superior, 5 August, 1876.
+
+The tow from Collingwood was uneventful and the steamer arrived at Buffalo
+and was placed in the Buffalo Dry Dock Company's Works, they having put her
+together when brought up from Halifax. Two barges were purchased and put
+alongside the guards, unriveted and lowered upon the barges in single
+pieces.
+
+The paddle boxes were removed, the wheels taken to pieces, numbered, and
+put on the barges, and everything stripped off the sides of the hull, so
+that she was reduced to her narrowest width, cleared of everything, to go
+through the canal. The steamer was then put into dry dock, cut in two and
+the parts slid apart.
+
+It was intended to take the steamer across Lake Erie to Port Colborne as a
+single tow. Two long sixteen-inch square elm timbers were placed on deck
+across the opening and strongly chained to smaller timbers; timbers were
+also put fore and aft to take the pull and keep the two parts of hull from
+coming together. It all reads easily, but took much consideration and time
+in working out the problems. And as the enterprise was unusual and not
+likely to be repeated the details are given as matters of interesting
+record. It was a strange looking craft that came out of dock. Two parts
+held far apart from one another by the big timbers, and the water washing
+free to and fro in the opening between. It was a tender craft to moor in a
+narrow river where heavily laden vessels coming and going banged heedlessly
+against one another. We were fortunate, however, in obtaining the
+permission of the United States Marine Department that we might lie
+unmolested and alone alongside Government wharf on the west side of the
+river while waiting for weather. A great deal of public interest was being
+taken in the venture and on every hand we received cheerful and ready
+assistance. Mr. David Bell, whose daughter had married Mr. Casimir Gzowski,
+of Toronto, was especially helpful, doing good work for us in the foundry
+and machine shops. The Dry Dock Companies seemed like old friends, the
+curious public often visited us, and the enterprising newspaper reporters
+kept us well in the readers' view. So we towed out of dock, dropped down
+the river and tied up at our allotted berth. The barges with their
+strange-looking cargo had been sent separately across to the canal to Port
+Colborne at the first opportunity.
+
+It was the beginning of October when the weather was uncertain, the water
+restless, and we had to be very careful in selecting a day to take such a
+crazy craft as a steamer thus separated in two parts across the thirty-four
+miles of the open lake.
+
+Buffalo in the seventies was a very different place from what it is at
+present. The lower city alongside the river and Canal Street, crowded with
+cheap boarding houses for sailors and dock gangs, reeked in ribaldry and
+every phase of dissolute excitements. The vessels frequenting the ports in
+those days were mainly sailing vessels, the era of great steam freighters
+not having come. The stay of the vessels was much longer, their crews more
+numerous, and being less permanent, were easy victims to the harpies and
+the drink shops which surrounded and beset them. The waterside locality of
+Buffalo had then a reputation and an aroma peculiarly of its own.
+
+Crazy horse cars jangled down the main Main Street to the docks. The
+terminus of the Niagara Falls Railway operated by the New York Central, was
+at the Ferry Station, the cross-town connection to the Terrace and
+Exchange Street not having been put in. The Mansion House was the
+principal hotel of the city, and its lower storey on the street level,
+entirely occupied by the ticket offices of all the principal railway and
+steamship companies of the United States. The business centre of the town
+was in the vicinity.
+
+Arrangements had been established with the United States Weather Bureau,
+whose office was well up town, to give us earliest advice of when they
+thought there would be from six to eight hours of fair weather ahead. Many
+a messenger trotted between, and many an hour was spent in their office,
+waiting for news, for there were no telephones to convey information.
+
+The elements seemed against us. For a fortnight we had a succession of
+blows from almost every direction, one following the other without giving a
+sufficiently calm interval between. It was wonderful to see how quickly the
+water rose and fell in the harbour. A steady blow from the west would pile
+the water up at this east end of the lake and we would rise six feet
+alongside the wharf in a few hours, to fall again as the wind went down or
+changed, the outgoing water creating quite a rapid current as it ran out of
+the river.
+
+It was during this waiting time an incident occurred which came within an
+ace of putting an end to one career. The last thing in the evening a visit
+was always made from the hotel to the boat to see that all was well. In
+front of the face of the Government Wharf there was a continuous line of
+"spring piles" for its protection, with the heads cut off to the level of
+the dock. One dark and rainy night, when stepping from the deck of the
+steamer, mistaking the opening in the darkness for the edge of the wharf
+the next step put the leader into the opening and he dropped through into
+the river. Soon Manson's voice was heard calling, "Are you there, Mr.
+Cumberland?" A lamp was lowered; the distance from the floor of the dock to
+the water was some six or eight feet, and many iron spikes projected
+through the piles.
+
+A storm was subsiding and the water running out fast, but by holding on to
+the spikes a way was worked up until a hand was reached by Manson and the
+adventurer was hauled up to the top. Sitting on the edge of the wharf with
+dripping legs dangling in the opening Manson's exclamation was heard,
+"Sakes alive; he's got his pipe in his mouth still!" They say the reply
+was, "Do you suppose I'd open my mouth when I went under?" It was a close
+call, and Mrs. Cumberland was always anxious until at last we got the
+_Chicora_ safely to Toronto.
+
+At length advice was received from the Bureau that we could start, so the
+tug was called and about 6 a.m. we were under way. We had tried to get some
+insurance for the run across, but the rate asked was excessive that we
+determined to go without any, a determination which added zest to the
+enterprise. We didn't want to lose the boat and wouldn't have taken any the
+less care or precaution even if the insurance companies would have carried
+the risk for nothing. In this connection it is open to consideration
+whether the moral hazard of a marine risk is not of more importance even
+than the rating of the vessel, and that good owners are surely entitled to
+better rates than simply the "tariff schedule" which their vessel's rating
+calls for. The prevailing inconsistent system is very much like that of the
+credit tailor whose solvent customers pay for his losses on those who fail
+to pay their bills.
+
+The morning was cold and calm. We made down the river and rounded out into
+the lake, on which there still remained some motion from previous gales. It
+was curious to stand on the edge of the deck and see the chips and
+floating debris carried along in the wide opening between the two parts.
+
+We had come by a slanting course down and across the lake, reaching in
+under Point Abino in good shape and were rejoicing that the larger portion
+of the crossing was well over. As we rounded from under the lee of the
+Point and passing it, changed our course for Port Colborne, a nasty sea
+come down from the northwest with an increasing breeze. We were soon in
+trouble, the bow-part began to roll and jump on its own account at a
+different rate than the more staid and heavy after-part, sometimes rising
+up on end and then seeming to try and take a dive, but held from going away
+by the long elm timbers which writhed while their chains squealed and rang
+under the strain.
+
+The worst sensation was when the seas, coming in on the quarter, swept
+through the opening between the two parts, swishing between the plates and
+dashing against the after bulkhead made it resound like a drum, sending the
+spray up over the deck while they coursed through the rower side. It was
+very exciting, but not at all comfortable. The pace of the tug seemed to
+get slower and slower, but all we on board could do was to keep the long
+timbers and their fastenings in their places, see that the bulkheads held
+their own, and stand by and watch the contest with the waves.
+
+At length, as we got more under the lee of the land, the waves subsided,
+the pace increased, and at last we were safe between the piers at Port
+Colborne.
+
+Making all arrangements for the next few days, the leader hurried home,
+fagged out, but exultant, for the worst part of the journey was over and we
+had put the rest of the way fairly under our own control.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+DOWN THROUGH THE WELLAND--THE MISERIES OF HORSE TOWING TIMES--PORT
+DALHOUSIE AND A LAKE VETERAN--THE PROBLEM SOLVED--TORONTO AT LAST.
+
+
+The barges with the "guards" on them had been sent down through the canal
+as soon as they had crossed the lake, and were now safely moored at the
+Ontario level in the outer harbour at Port Dalhousie, there to await the
+arrival of the united boat. The men in charge returning up the canal to
+join the main expedition.
+
+Starting from Port Colborne, the two parts of the steamer were separated to
+go down the canal. The bow part was kept in the lead, but both as near one
+another as possible, so that the crews could take their meals on the after
+part, on which they also passed the nights. The stern part was taken down
+the long upper level by a small tug, but teams were employed in towing for
+all the remaining portions of the canalling. Memories of things as they
+then existed on the old Welland are in striking contrast to the conditions
+obtaining at the present day.
+
+The miseries of human slaves on the "middle passage" of the Atlantic have
+been dilated upon until sympathy with their sufferings has abounded, but it
+is doubtful if they were in any way worse than those of the miserable
+beings then struggling on the canal passage between Lakes Erie and Ontario.
+
+The canal bank and tow paths were a sticky mush, which in those autumn
+months was churned and stamped into a continuous condition of soft red mud
+and splashing pools. From two to six double teams were employed to haul
+each passing vessel, dependent upon whether it was light or was loaded, but
+in either case there was the same dull, heavy, continuous pull against the
+slow-moving mass, a hopeless constant tug into the collars, bringing raw
+and calloused shoulders.
+
+Poor beasts, there was every description of horse, pony, or mule forced
+into the service, but an all-prevailing similarity of lean sides and
+projecting bones, of staring unkempt coats, gradually approaching similar
+colour as the red mud dried upon their hides. Rest! they had in their
+traces when mercifully for a few moments the vessel was in a lock, or when
+awaiting her turn at night they lay out on the bank where she happened to
+stop. It was the rest of despair.
+
+The poor devils of "drivers," boys or men, who tramped along the canal bank
+behind each tottering gang, were little better off than their beasts.
+Heavy-footed, wearied with lifting their boots out of the sucking slush,
+they trudged along, staggering and half asleep, until aroused by the sounds
+of a sagging tow line, with quickened stride and volley of hot-shot
+expletives, they closed upon their luckless four-footed companions. What an
+electric wince went through the piteous brutes as the stinging whip left
+wales upon their sides! A sudden forward motion brought up by the twang of
+the tow line as it came taut, sweeping them off their legs, until they
+settled down once more into the sidling crablike movement caused by the
+angle of the hawser from the bow to the tow path.
+
+The new Welland, with its larger size and tug boats, has done away with
+this method of torturing human and horse flesh. One wonders whether it is
+the ghosts of these departed equines, that, revisiting the scenes of their
+torture, make the moanings along the valley, and the whistlings on the
+hills, as they sniff and whinny in the winds along the canal.
+
+We had a good deal of difficulty at first in our canalling, especially in
+meeting and passing vessels. The after-part took every inch of the locks,
+and was unhandy in shape. However, by dint of rope fenders, long poles and
+a plentiful and willing crew we got along without hurting anyone else or
+ourselves.
+
+It was in one of these sudden emergencies which sometimes arise that
+Captain Manson was thought to have got a strain which developed into
+trouble later on. He was a splendidly-built fellow, over six feet in
+height, in the plenitude of youth, handsome, laughing, active, and of
+uncommon strength, the sort of man who jumps in when there is something to
+be done, throws in his whole force and saves the situation.
+
+The bow-part, being short and light, went merrily on, its crew chaffing the
+other for their slower speed, for which there was much excuse.
+
+One day on a course in the canal below Thorold we rounded the corner of the
+height above the mountain tier of locks. It was a wondrous sight to see
+laid out before us the wide landscape of tableland and valley spread out
+below, through which we were to navigate and drop down 340 feet on the next
+four and one-quarter miles. To the left was the series of locks which
+circled, in gray stone structures, like a succession of great steps, down
+the mountain side. These were separated one from the other by small ponds
+or reservoirs with waste weirs, whose little waterfalls tinkled, foaming
+and glinting in the sun. Directly in front, and below us, were the houses
+and factories of Merritton, with trains of the Great Western and the
+Welland Railways spurting white columns of steam and smoke as the engines
+panted up the grade to the heights of the Niagara Escarpment from which we
+were about to descend.
+
+Beyond these came glimpses of the canal as it wound its way toward St.
+Catharines. Still lower down the Escarpment, spires and towers of the city
+itself, and yet lower and still further away lay on the horizon the blue
+waters of Lake Ontario. How beautiful and hopeful it was!
+
+As the Greeks when emerging from the strife and struggles of their long and
+painful homeward march, hailed the sea with shouts of happy acclaim, for
+beyond those waters they knew lay home and rest. So, too, it might have
+been for us, or at least for one of us, for another link had been gained in
+our long and trying voyage. Far away, from the height, we could see Lake
+Ontario, the goal of the expedition, the ardently sought terminus of our
+labours, and on the other side of its waters lay Toronto and the future for
+the bonnie ship. But times to-day are more prosaic, so, taking a hasty but
+satisfying look, we turned to negotiate the next lock.
+
+That night at the bottom of the tier, the stern part moored in one pond and
+the bow in the next below, a "jubilation" was held in the after-cabin by
+the combined crews. We had safely got down all the steps, and had passed
+the large boat safely through, so that we might well rejoice.
+
+Beyond this day there was not much that occurred; the way was simple and we
+had got the "hang" of things. At St. Catharines half the city came out to
+see the strange looking hulk wending its way down the canal, and through
+the locks, close to the town.
+
+At length we came down through the five mile level where the "Canadian
+Henley" is now held, with its floating tow path to carry the teams, and
+arrived at Muir's Dock, just above the final lock at Port Dalhousie, after
+five days occupied in coming through the Canal. The two parts were moored
+alongside the gate while waiting for the dock to be made ready for our turn
+to enter.
+
+The position of the village now known as Port Dalhousie was originally, in
+1812 days, being called "Twelve Mile Creek." The creeks, or river openings
+being then named according to their distances in miles from the Niagara
+River. This name was afterwards changed to "Port Dalhousie," in honour of
+Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General at the time the first canal was
+constructed. The "Port" in those days of the horse canal when we arrived at
+it was mainly a turning place for the canal crews. Its one principal street
+facing the canal basin, had houses on one side only, mostly drink shops,
+with or without license, with a few junk and supply stores intervening. Its
+immediate inhabitants, a nomad collection of sailors and towing gangs,
+waiting for another job. Around and in its neighborhood there was a happy
+district prolific of fruit and flowers, but in itself, with its vagrant
+crews culled from the world over, it was a little haven not far from the
+realm of Dante's imaginations. Times, methods and circumstances have all
+since changed.
+
+[Illustration: OLD WELLAND CANAL
+
+LOCK 1
+
+_Plan of Lock at Port Dalhousie with Upper Gate closed, only 200 ft. long_
+
+_The Lock at Port Dalhousie with Upper Gate open--233 ft. 6 in. long._
+
+_"Chicora" 230 ft. long as placed in Lock and lowered to Lake Ontario
+Level._ page 74]
+
+Capt. D. Muir, the proprietor of the Dry Dock, with whom both now and later
+many a pleasant hour was spent, was a fine old character, and although then
+on the far side of sixty he held himself with square-set shoulders upright
+and sprightly. He had sailed the lakes until his face had taken on a
+permanent tan; eyes a deep blue with shaggy overhanging brows, a strong
+mouth and imperturbable countenance. He was not greatly given to
+conversation and had a dry, pawky humour which gave much point to his
+slowly spoken words, but when, as sometimes, he was in narrative mood, he
+would string off incidents of early sailing days on the lakes the while he
+chewed or turned from side to side, some sliver of wood which was
+invariably held between his teeth. He had no fancy for metal vessels, or
+"tin-pots," as he called them. "Give me," said he, "good sound wooden
+vessels, built right," (as he said this you would glean from his emphasis
+he meant "as I build them.") "If ye hit against anything in the Canawl, ye
+don't dint; if ye go ashore ye don't punch holes in your bottom, and ye ken
+pull yer hardest without enny fear uv rippin' it out."
+
+There is this to be said that whatever work was done in his dock, was well
+done.
+
+As soon as possible the two parts were put into the dock, the bulkheads
+taken out, the parts drawn together on launching ways (very cleverly done
+by Muir's men), and the plates and beams rivetted together again by
+rivetters brought down from Buffalo. The hull, both inside and out, was
+diligently scraped in every part and thoroughly oiled and painted. The main
+deck was relaid and _Chicora_ was a ship again.
+
+While all this was going on, Mr. J. G. Demary, the "Overseer" of this
+section of the canal, and I, had been carefully looking over the canal lock
+and arranging the procedure for putting the boat in for the final lowering
+down to Lake Ontario level.
+
+Close examination had proved that the conditions of the Port Dalhousie
+lock, under water, were much more favorable than appeared on the surface.
+The lock had been built about thirty years previously and there was very
+little local knowledge about it.
+
+The lock itself was 200 feet on full inside measurement, with both gates
+closed. The upper gates opening to the upper level, instead of being half
+the height of the lower gates, were of the same height, and the lock itself
+was continued at its full size and depth for 33 feet further beyond these
+upper gates until it came to the "breast wall" of the upper level. With the
+upper gates open and pressed against the sides, there was thus created an
+unobstructed length of 233 feet, into which to place and lower the 230-foot
+steamer, as is shown in the accompanying drawing. It was a very welcome and
+satisfactory solution which investigation below the water level disclosed.
+
+Like many other problems, it all seems very simple when once the unknown
+has been studied out and the results revealed, and so it was in this case.
+The project and the plan of the whole enterprise of bringing the _Chicora_
+down had been created by close search into conditions, by the adapting of a
+sudden opportunity which happened to become available, and thus rendered
+practicable that which all others had considered to be, and was,
+impossible.
+
+It was a trying risk and worthy of a good reward.
+
+In an undertaking so exceptional as this was it was unavoidable that
+unexpected difficulties should from time to time arise, as they often did,
+yet only to be overcome by decision and pertinacity. Another, at this
+stage, cropped up which for a time looked most unpleasant and caused much
+anxiety.
+
+The 230-foot steamer was to be placed in the 233-foot lock, and the water
+run off so as to bring her to the Lake Ontario level, or 11 feet 6 inches
+below the upper canal level. It was now found, when trying out every inch
+of the proposition, that under the water in front of the breast wall there
+was a big boom, or beam, extending across the lock from side to side.
+
+Demary did not know how it was held in position, for it had been there
+before he came into the service, but he understood it had been intended to
+stop vessels laden too deeply from coming up the canal and striking and
+damaging the stonework of the breast wall.
+
+Enquiry at the Canal Office at St. Catharines resulted in learning that
+there were no records of it, although Mr. E. V. Bodwell, who was then the
+Canal Superintendent, gave us every aid. That beam had to be got out of the
+way or difficulty might be caused, so permission was obtained from Ottawa
+for its removal at our own expense.
+
+First we thought we would saw it through, but soon found that it was
+sheeted from end to end with plates of iron, so we had to begin the long
+job of cutting the iron under water. Many a pipe was smoked while watching
+the progress, when one day it was noticed that heads of the round rods
+which held up the beam in the grooves were square, suggesting screws on the
+lower end. So huge wrenches were forged, blocks and tackle rigged up, and
+after an afternoon's work with a team and striking blows with sledge
+hammers, we succeeded in getting the screws moving and, happy moment, the
+beam dropped to the bottom of the lock, where, no doubt, it still remains.
+So another kink had been untwisted.
+
+Navigation ceased for the year, the canal was closed for the passage of
+vessels and the upper gates of the lock were opened and firmly secured. The
+_Chicora_ was brought from her mooring, and placed in the lock with her bow
+up-stream. The water in the lock was now the same level as that of the
+upper level. On the 5th December, 1877, the process of drawing off the
+water of the five-mile level was begun, unwatering the canal as far as St.
+Catharines. It took ten days or so before the wider areas of the drowned
+lands were uncovered.
+
+We watched the waters falling lower and lower until at length the steamer
+began lowering into the lock. Being fully secured, she was held in position
+clear of all obstacles. All was going well, but slowly, the time taken for
+the last few feet seeming to be interminable. At last suspense was over and
+on the 20th December we opened the lower gate and _Chicora_ floated out
+into the harbour at the Lake Ontario level! The barges were quickly brought
+alongside, the guards were jacked up and fastened back into place to be
+completed after we reached Toronto, and the material which had been brought
+along in the expedition collected and loaded.
+
+Arrangement had been made with Capt. Hall to keep the tug _Robb_ in
+commission to be ready to tow us over. Being telegraphed for the tug duly
+arrived, and about noon on 24th December, started out from Port Dalhousie
+with _Chicora_ in tow.
+
+Navigation had long been closed and we were the only boats out on the lake.
+
+The air was cold but clear, and we had a fine passage, delighting greatly
+when the buildings of Toronto came clearly into view--soon we would enter
+the haven where we fain would be. As we crossed the lake a smart and
+increasing breeze rose behind. As we came abreast of the shoal near the New
+Fort (now called Stanley Barracks), and rounded up to make for the entrance
+to the harbour, suddenly the _Robb_ _stopped_. Something had evidently gone
+wrong with the engine. Carried on by our way we swung broadside to the
+shore under our lee. A quarter of an hour, half an hour, three-quarters of
+an hour passed as we were steadily drifted by the breeze nearer and nearer
+to the beach. We could not do anything for ourselves--still there was no
+movement from the tug--would she never start again? A little nearer and we
+would go aground among the sand and boulders, to stick there perhaps
+through the whole of the winter which was so close at hand. After working
+out our enterprise so far, were we to be wrecked just when safety was less
+than a mile away? It seemed hard lines to be so helpless at such a stage.
+But fortune had not abandoned her adventurers, for just in the nick of time
+we saw the tug moving, the engine had started again and in half an hour the
+_Chicora_ was inside the harbour, tied up alongside the old Northern
+Railway Dock, her journey from Collingwood ended on this the afternoon of
+the day before Christmas Day.
+
+Capt Hall, who was on his tug, had suffered as much from anxiety as had we,
+for he knew that every other tug on the lake had been laid up, so there
+would have been nothing left to pull the _Robb_ off had she, as well as we,
+been carried upon the bouldered shore.
+
+The _Robb_ was the largest Canadian wrecking tug then on the lakes. She had
+done service in the Fenian Raid of 1866 at the time of the engagement at
+Fort Erie between the Welland Battery and the Fenians, some of the bullet
+marks still remaining on her wheel-house. After a long and honourable
+career she was grounded at Victoria Park, where her hull was used to form a
+portion of the landing pier, and where some of her timbers may still
+remain.
+
+What a happy relief it was to be back on old familiar ground again, to meet
+the cheery greetings and congratulations of the "Old Northerners" of the
+yards and machine shops who took the utmost interest in this enterprise of
+their President, Hon. Frank Smith, and their General Manager, Mr. F. W.
+Cumberland, and formed an affection for the _Chicora_ which is lasting and
+vivid to the present day.
+
+Christmas was a happy and well-earned rest. We had completed the first part
+of the undertaking, but not for unmeasured wealth would the experience be
+repeated. Youth is energetic and looks forward in roseate hope, so the
+anxieties and risks were soon forgotten, and all nerves turned toward the
+business engagements and profits, which, now that we had her safe in hand,
+the boat was to be set to earn.
+
+The balance of that winter, and the spring of 1878 were fully occupied in
+rebuilding the upper works of the steamer in their new form adapted to her
+service as a day boat and in overhauling and setting up the engine after
+their long rest. Not long after our arrival, Captain Manson developed a
+severe inflammation, which confined him to his room in the Richmond House.
+Here, bright and cheerful to the last, he died on 29th February and was
+buried in Collingwood on March 2nd, deeply regretted by all sailorfolk and
+particularly by our crew. Five others of that crew, lost with the _Wabuno_
+and _Asia_, found watery graves in the waters of the Georgian Bay. The
+writer is now the sole survivor, and Mr. R. H. M. McBride, and he the only
+remaining members of the original company.
+
+For the interior work a party of experienced French-Canadian ship joiners
+were brought up from Sorel, no centre of ship carpentering existing in
+Ontario at that time.
+
+The comely main stairway which gives such adornment to the entrance hall
+was then erected in all its grace of re-entrant curves, ornate pillars, and
+flowing sweep of head-rail and balustrade. When one thinks of the
+unnumbered thousands of travellers who have passed up and down its
+convenient steps, ones admiration and respect are raised for the
+French-Canadian Foreman who designed its form and executed it with such
+honest and capable workmanship, that to-day it still displays its lines of
+beauty without a creak or strain.
+
+The octagonal wheel-house of the upper lakes which had been brought by rail
+from Collingwood was re-erected with its columned sides and graceful
+curving cornice under which was again hung the little blockade-running
+bell, lettered "Let Her B."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE NIAGARA PORTAL--HISTORY OF NAMES AT NEWARK AND NIAGARA--A WINTER OF
+CHANGES--A NEW RIVALRY BEGUN.
+
+
+On the south side of Lake Ontario, opposite Toronto, is the Niagara Portal,
+where the mouth of the Niagara River, with high banks on either hand, makes
+its entrance into the lake, forming the only uninterrupted deep water
+harbour on that shore.
+
+Here the rapid waters, outfall of all the gatherings of the inland Upper
+Lakes, pour out in fullest volume, enabling entrance even in winter, when
+all other harbours are closed in the grasp of ice. It is worthy of its
+mighty source, the product of the greatest Fresh Water Lakes in all the
+world.
+
+Over the west bank floats the Union Jack on Fort Missasuaga, and over the
+east on Fort Niagara, the Stars and Stripes, each the emblem of the British
+and United States nationalities, between whose possessions the river forms
+the boundary line.
+
+The first port of call on the Canadian side at the mouth of the river, now
+known as Niagara-on-the-Lake, had in olden times an importance and a past,
+which much belies its present outlook of quiet and placidity. Once it was
+the principal and most noted place in the Province of Upper Canada, and the
+centre of legislative power, making its surrounding neighborhood full of
+reminiscence.
+
+The successive changes in the name of this ancient lakeside town, as also
+those of the settlement on the opposite shore, are interesting, as in
+themselves they form footprints in the paths of history.
+
+The French had entered the St. Lawrence in 1534, and, as we have seen, had
+fully established their first route of connection to the Upper Lakes and
+the inner fur-trading districts, via the Ottawa and Lake Nipissing. The
+Niagara River route, via Lake Erie, had been learned of by them in 1669
+under Pere Gallinee, and followed by the enterprise of the _Griffon_ in
+1678, but then, and for long after, was too fiercely occupied by hostile
+Indian tribes to be greatly available for commercial use. A first advance
+from Montreal intending to occupy the route, under Chevalier de la Barre,
+was intercepted by the Indians at Frontenac (Kingston) and driven back to
+Montreal.
+
+In 1687 another advance for possession of the river succeeded in creating a
+foothold and the French erected a wooden fort and palisade upon the
+projecting point on the east bank of the river at its junction point with
+the lake. This outpost they named Fort Niagara, the name by which the place
+has ever since continued to be known.
+
+The little garrison was not long able to keep its foothold. Beset by
+Indians and cut off by the failure of food supplies expected from their
+compatriots in the east, they were in dire straits, but yet boldly holding
+out in hopes that relief might yet arrive. At this juncture, Col. Thomas
+Dongan, Governor of the English Colony of New York, then loyal subjects of
+James II., made demand that the French should evacuate the fort, as it was
+in British territory. The British colonists of New York and New Jersey had
+recently joined hands with the Colonies of New England, in a British union,
+for united defence against the French. Upon the English Home Government
+having indicated to the French authorities its support of the Colonial
+demand, the Marquis de Denonville, Governor of Canada, ordered the garrison
+to retire. This they reluctantly did, but before leaving raised in the
+centre of the fort, under the influence of Pere Millet, their Jesuit
+Missionary, a great wooden cross 18 feet in height, upon which they cut in
+large letters:
+
+    , "REGN: VINC: IMP: CHRS:"
+    _Regnat_; _Vincit_; _Imperat_; _Christus_;
+    (Christ Reigns, Conquers, Rules.)
+
+The place was being for a while abandoned as a military post, but by this
+they left notice that it was still held as on outpost of their religion.
+
+Here again at Niagara an episode was being repeated exceedingly similar to
+that which had been developed at Quebec a century and a half before.
+
+Jacques Cartier and his explorers had entered the St. Lawrence and endured
+their first winter at Stadacona (Quebec). Decimated by scurvy and
+privations, and in extreme danger from the hostility of the Indians, he
+determined to return to France, taking with him the remnants of his
+expedition. On 3rd May, 1536, three days before leaving, he raised upon the
+river bank a cross 35 feet in height, on which was a shield bearing the
+Lilies of France, and an inscription:
+
+"_Franciscus Primus Dei Gratia Francorum Regnat._"
+
+As Cartier had returned and established their strong-hold at tidewater,
+near Quebec, so the survivors of the party of Pierre de Troyes at Niagara,
+in 1688, hoped they, too, might again return and repossess for their nation
+this centre from which they were so reluctantly retiring. These two events
+so far separated in time, are striking evidences of the constancy with
+which these pioneers of France, even when seemingly overcome, showed their
+hopeful fidelity to King and to their religion.
+
+The French in 1721 were, according to Charlevoix, once more in occupation.
+
+The position of Fort Niagara, commanding the route to their series of forts
+on the lines of the Ohio and Mississippi, was considered by the French as
+second in importance only to that of Quebec, and consequently great store
+laid upon its possession. Under Jonquiere they added four bastions to the
+fort and erected a stone storehouse, called "The Castle," which is still to
+be seen. Further strengthenings were added by Capt. Puchot, of the
+Battalion of Bearne.
+
+In 1759, notwithstanding Puchot's gallant defence, the fort was captured by
+the British, under Sir William Johnson, and thus both sides of the river
+came under British rule.
+
+Three nationalities in succession had striven for its possession, the
+Indians, the French and the British, from whom it was never again taken by
+assault.
+
+At the conclusion of the War of the Revolution the forts along the northern
+frontier were, by the Treaty of Paris, 1783, to be transferred to the
+United States. Fort Niagara, with some others, was held in hostage for the
+fulfillment of the reparations promised by the Federal Government of the
+United States to be made by the several States to the United Empire, and
+other Loyalists who had stood by the King during the Rebellion.
+
+These reparations were never made, but after the guns had been removed to
+Fort George, on the Canadian side, the Union Jack was hauled down, and the
+fort handed over on 11th July, 1796.
+
+The Stars and Stripes then remained in possession until the War of 1812,
+when in retaliation for the burning of Newark, the fort was assaulted and
+taken by storm by the British under Col. Murray on the night of 18th
+December, 1813, and the Union Jack was once more raised above it.
+
+Matters remained in this position until in February, 1814, under the Treaty
+of Ghent, Fort Niagara was once more gracefully given over and again, and
+in peace, the Stars and Stripes took the place of the Red Cross Jack.
+
+The name Niagara appears during the opening period of the British
+occupation to have been used generally for all parts of the neighborhood,
+but applied particularly to the old village on the east bank close under
+the walls of the old French fort.
+
+Population now began to cross the river to the western side, and Abner
+Gilbert reports in 1761, the beginning of a village called Butlersberg, on
+the west shore, named after Colonel Butler, the Commander of the celebrated
+"Butler's Rangers" of the Revolutionary War, and which was afterwards
+largely settled by United Empire Loyalists.
+
+This name was early changed to West Niagara in order to distinguish it from
+Fort Niagara.
+
+At the advent of Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, in 1791, and presumably at his
+instance, a new name Newark, after a town in Nottinghamshire, England, was
+given to this town on the west bank, and in 1792, by royal proclamation,
+the name Niagara was officially transferred from the town to the
+surrounding township.
+
+Newark then became the seat of Government, and Capital of the Province of
+Upper Canada, and the place of residence of the Lieutenant-Governor. This
+distinction and advantage it enjoyed unrestrictedly until 1793, when
+Governor Simcoe removed his personal headquarters to the north side of the
+lake at Toronto, where he again indulged his fancy for changing names, by
+changing the then original name of Toronto, to that of York, in honor of a
+recent victory of H.R.H. the Duke of York in Flanders. Although Governor
+Simcoe had himself removed his residence to York, he received and
+entertained the Duc de Liancourt in 1795, at Newark. The Parliaments of
+Upper Canada continued to hold their sessions at Newark, and the town to be
+the official centre of the Province, until 1796, when Governor Russell, the
+successor of Governor Simcoe, finally removed the Provincial headquarters
+to York.
+
+The loss of its prestige and official importance so incensed the
+inhabitants that they refused to continue the new name imposed upon them by
+Governor Simcoe and reverted at once to the name of West Niagara. The
+official _Niagara Gazette_, which had hitherto been dated from Newark,
+changed its heading to West Niagara, and so continued until October, 1789,
+when it was first published from York. Finally in 1798 an Act of Parliament
+was obtained by the municipality restoring to the town its old name of
+Niagara.
+
+Old names die hard, so we find John Maude, in 1800, mentioning the name of
+West Niagara, late Newark. Common usage seems to have generally retained
+the name of Newark, at all events as used by strangers. John Mellish,
+writing in 1811, says "I came down the opposite side of the river, the wind
+was blowing so hard that I could not cross to Newark."
+
+On the 10th December, 1813, when every house in the town, except one, was
+burned by the American troops, who had obtained possession in the previous
+spring, but were now retreating from it in consequence of the advance of
+the British troops under Col. Murray; the American General writing on the
+spot to the United States Secretary of War at Washington and describing in
+his official report of the position of affairs writes: "The village of
+Newark is now in flames." This destruction and the infliction of great
+privations upon the inhabitants and children, in the midst of a severe
+winter may have been justified under the plea of military exigency, but has
+always been considered inhuman. General McLure and his forces, however,
+retired so precipately across the river to the United States side that they
+left the whole 200 tents of their encampment at Fort George standing, and
+the new barracks which they had just completed untouched, so that we may
+hope that some of the women and children were not without temporary
+shelter.
+
+With this total destruction in 1813 seems also to have passed away the name
+Newark, and the town arose from its ashes as Niagara.
+
+In after times, as the towns and villages in this Niagara district
+increased in number, not a few difficulties were occasioned by a similarity
+of names, such as Niagara Falls, Niagara Falls Centre, Niagara South,
+Niagara, etc. In 1900 the name of Niagara-on-the-Lake was introduced as
+being a geographical and distinctive name, appropriate to the lakeside
+position. This, while not at first accepted by some of the older citizens,
+yet having been authorized by the Post Office Department, is now the
+correct address. The name is certainly one expressing the individuality of
+the town and its unexampled position as an interesting place of resort, and
+perhaps is better than that of Old Niagara, which some people still use in
+speaking of it.
+
+It was into this Niagara River Realm, with all its historic past and
+passenger possibilities that we were about to enter.
+
+Negotiations for the running arrangements had been continued during the
+winter months. The _Chicora_ having been brought to Lake Ontario, and
+accepted as satisfactory for the Canadian Southern Railway, a term of years
+contract for the performance of the service in its combined rail and water
+route between Buffalo, Niagara and Toronto was negotiated, and after much
+debate and consideration had been drafted and settled with the officers and
+engrossed for final execution. An arrangement was also made by Hon. Frank
+Smith with the representatives of the Milloy Estate, the owners of the
+_City of Toronto_, that the two steamers, the _City_ and the _Chicora_
+should run in concert, dividing the business between them and avoiding
+competition.
+
+Everything looked well. The steamer herself as she approached completion
+increased in approbation, and the details for the traffic working had been
+satisfactorily arranged.
+
+The writer resigned his position as General Freight and Passenger Agent of
+the Northern Railway of Canada, and received appointment (26th April,
+1878), as Manager of the Niagara Navigation Company. In the preceding year
+Mr. Robert Kerr had been promoted from the charge of the through grain
+traffic to be Assistant General Freight and Passenger Agent of the
+Northern, and now succeeded to the full office, a position which he held
+with increasing satisfaction until 1884, when he transferred and entered
+into the service of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
+
+A ticket office was opened by Mr. Cumberland for the Niagara route and the
+Upper Lakes, with Captain Thomas Wyatt of the Inman Line, and C. W. Irwin,
+Customs Broker, at 35 Yonge street, under the then American Hotel on the
+north-east corner of Front and Yonge streets, now covered by the building
+of the Toronto Board of Trade. The agencies of all the ocean and inland
+steamship companies were at that time located either on Front or on Yonge
+streets, in this neighborhood. Donald Milloy, the agent of the Richelieu
+and Royal Mail Lines and the _City of Toronto_ was on the Front street side
+of the American Hotel, while this for Upper Lakes and the _Chicora_ was on
+the Yonge street front.
+
+In the beginning of May came a bolt from the blue. The opportunities for
+another steamer in the Niagara River route had evidently attracted the
+attention of other people as well as ourselves. There had been rumors that
+Mr. R. G. Lunt, of Fredericton, New Brunswick, might bring his fast river
+steamer the _Rothesay_ up to Lake Ontario, or the St. Lawrence River. His
+route on the St. John River between Fredericton and St. John had been
+spoiled by recent railway construction; he was thus open for a new route.
+Mr. Donald Macdonald of Toronto was his brother-in-law, so that he was not
+without local advice and influence. The announcement was now made that an
+arrangement had been come to between the _City of Toronto_ and the
+_Rothesay_ to run together on the Niagara route. The Hon. Frank Smith at
+once sent for Mr. Donald Milloy and was surprised to be told that the
+undertaking which had been made to run the _City of Toronto_ in connection
+with the _Chicora_, would not be fulfilled and that it was not binding on
+the owners of the steamer. Needless to say Mr. Smith was enraged, and
+bringing his hand down with a decisive smash declared that he would see
+them through various places for their perfidy.
+
+[Illustration: The CHICORA on Lake Ontario page 94]
+
+Mr. Donald Milloy was then leaseholder from the Freeland Bros. of the Yonge
+street dock, Toronto, and refused to allow us to have a berth in it. The
+Milloy Estate owned the dock at Niagara, and at first would not let us in
+but satisfactory arrangements were made.
+
+Here we were within six weeks of the opening of business without either
+dock or partner.
+
+Arrangements for our connection at Lewiston were next sought. The only dock
+was owned by Mr. George Cornell. This was the connecting point with the New
+York Central Railway whose station was in the Upper Town about a mile
+distant from the landing; the passengers and baggage being transferred in
+the bus line run by Mr. Cornell. The _City_ had the exclusive rights of
+this dock at its upper end, close to the staircase, up and down which
+connection was made between the busses on the upper level and the steamers.
+
+Cornell was not disinclined to favour the increased business which the new
+steamer would no doubt bring to his hotel and busses. We were thus enabled
+to lease the lower end of the dock, which was at once repaired and
+replenished, it not having been in use for many years--in fact, not since
+1864-65, when all the large lake steamers were withdrawn and run down the
+rapids to be employed in service during the American Civil War.
+
+Then began a permanent and friendly relation with the Cornells, father and
+son, which has been continued without a hitch or interruption through all
+these intervening years.
+
+At Toronto, Mr. Donald Milloy still refused to allow us to run from his
+Yonge Street dock in connection with the other steamers, although we would
+have been very glad to do so. This dock is in many ways a much superior
+boating point than any other, but as the next best place we secured entry
+at the west side of Yonge Street at "Mowat's Dock," afterwards called
+"Geddes' Dock," and now the "City Dock," our berth being along the face
+fronting the bay.
+
+Another bolt was now to come. All the details of our contract with the
+Canada Southern had been settled early in the spring, the documents drawn
+and requiring only the signature of the President. Unfortunately at this
+juncture a change of control came and the Canada Southern passed into the
+hands of the Michigan Central, and under another President, who, on being
+interviewed at Cleveland, was quite pleasant, sent for the contract, read
+it over, but said decisively that it had not been signed and there would be
+no contract! In his opinion it was not desirable to make a term of years
+contract, tying his company to any one boat, but under the special
+circumstances, agreed to give us a connection. I pointed out that we had
+gone to all the risk and expense and had brought the _Chicora_ down on the
+faith of that contract, but as he said he wouldn't adopt it, he was at once
+assured that we would work just as hard for expansion of the traffic and
+would earn and win his company's support, so we parted on friendly terms.
+
+There was nothing else for it. We might just as well take it pleasantly for
+it was good to have even half a connection with one of the railways on the
+river. It certainly felt a disappointment not to have contract control of
+that section of the traffic, but one is disposed to think that it was for
+the best, and indeed has so proved. We have built our way up by providing,
+at the instance of the railways, all the requirements that that water
+traffic needs. It is better to deserve a route and hold it by efficient
+service for mutual advantage, trusting to just and amicable endeavor on
+both sides, rather than to the rigid terms of a formal contract.
+
+The importance of the ownership of landing places had been so impressed by
+the recent events that I availed of an opportunity, which offered to
+purchase the dock and water lot at Queenston, although the traffic at that
+point was then so light that it could scarcely be considered a port of
+call.
+
+This British port at the head of Lake Ontario navigation at this upper end
+of "Queen's-ton" was the loyally-named co-relative and partner of "King's
+Ton" at the lower end. Its glory had been great, but had long departed,
+leaving little but the noted "Queenston Spring," whose pure and running
+waters still pour perennially from the side of the bank alongside the dock.
+
+The purchase did not at that time receive much approval by some, but fully
+justified itself later on, and was the first step in that policy of
+acquiring the wharf properties at all points on our route, which has ever
+since been consistently followed by the company.
+
+As we had expected that our intended partner would provide us with railway
+connections on the river and with ticketing arrangements for foreign
+business, we had not done much except in local preparations. The "City"
+refused to present us to the railway companies and tendered the "Rothesay"
+as her partner, as the railway companies loyally stood by their old
+connection, we were left out to do the best we could on our own account.
+
+We had now to prepare all these matters for ourselves, a pretty
+considerable work of organization, but with energy and much overtime it was
+at length pushed through. The main difficulty was in the railway
+connection via Lewiston, and beyond Buffalo, where the railways would
+neither accept tickets for us, nor issue tickets over us. The New York
+Central authorities determined to stand by their old connections with the
+"City," and would not have any dealings with us. The Hon. Frank Smith
+interviewed Mr. Tillinghart, who was Superintendent and in charge of the
+Central interests in this district, placing before him the position which
+had been anticipated but had been disrupted, with the "City," but to no
+avail. It was a serious position and seemed well night unsurmountable. Some
+would have quailed and laid down.
+
+The _Rothesay_ arrived. She proved to be quite an impressive looking boat,
+about 180 feet in length, good beam, very roomy decks and central cabin; a
+more commodious boat than the _City_. She was particularly well arranged as
+a "day" boat and was reputed to have a high rate of speed, as she soon
+proved she had. The _Chicora_ shortly afterwards moved down the bay from
+the Northern docks to her station. The contrast between the two steamers
+was most noticeable, the _Rothesay_ with high walking beam engine and broad
+skimming dish appearance, with the sea-going ability, and double red
+funnels of the _Chicora_. It was evident that the main contest would be
+between these two boats.
+
+The _City of Toronto_, as had for many years been usual, a custom coming
+down from the time when there were no railways around the head of the lake,
+opened the season on April 18th, leaving Toronto at 7 a.m., making only the
+one morning trip.
+
+We had made our appointments in March, Captain Thomas Harbottle, the
+leading favorite of the Royal Mail Line, was placed in command. A
+ruddy-faced, jovial personage, with flowing Dundreary whiskers, inclining
+to grey, cordial manners, a good seaman, who held with ever-increasing
+respect and confidence the good-will of the Royal Mail Company and of the
+travelling public. Mr. J. Ellis, who had a good connection in Toronto and
+held full marine certificates, as captain on both Atlantic and Inland
+lakes, was appointed First Officer, and George Moore Chief Engineer. Alex.
+Leach continued as Purser.
+
+The bookstand and lunch counter on the steamer were leased to a young man
+then in the employ of Chisholm Brothers, the proprietors of the similar
+privileges on the Richelieu & Ontario, and River St. Lawrence steamers.
+
+As steamers were added by us, T. P. Phelan grew with the line. Subsequently
+he was entrusted with all the catering for the company. From this he
+advanced to similar business at all the refreshment stations of the Grand
+Trunk and Grand Trunk Pacific Railways, so that now the Canada Railway News
+Co. (which is T. P. Phelan) is the largest news and catering company in
+Canada.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+FIRST SEASON OF THE NIAGARA NAVIGATION CO.--A HOT COMPETITION--STEAMBOAT
+MANOEUVRES.
+
+
+The work of preparation had been completed and we drifted down to record
+the opening day of our first season. Our hats were in the ring.
+
+A complimentary excursion to Niagara, leaving at 2.30 p.m., was given by
+the company on May 10th to a large list of guests, an introduction of the
+steamer which was much appreciated and approved.
+
+The boat race in Toronto Bay between Hanlan and Ross on 15th May was
+availed of for an excursion to view the race.
+
+We were still solving the problems on the Niagara River so our first
+business operation was in another direction, and it is somewhat interesting
+that this first trip was to Hamilton, being introduced by the following
+advertisement:
+
+
+    QUEEN'S BIRTHDAY
+
+    24th May, 1878
+
+    GRAND EXCURSION TO HAMILTON
+
+    Magnificent Steamer
+
+    CHICORA
+
+     Will leave Mowart's dock at 7 a.m. and 3 p.m. Returning
+     will leave Hamilton at 10.15 a.m. and 6.15 p.m.,
+     calling at Ocean House, Burlington Beach, each way.
+
+     Splendid Band of the Royal Engineer's Artillery
+     Battalion.
+
+     For the convenience of passengers the Steamer will call
+     at Queen's Wharf on the outward trip in the morning.
+     Single Return Tickets 75c. Double Return Tickets $1.00.
+
+    Barlow Cumberland, Agent, 35 Yonge Street.
+
+    GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.
+
+
+The results were highly satisfactory, the public being anxious to see the
+steamer and interested in its progress. Another charter which was declined
+may be mentioned as being the establishing of a principle which was not
+departed from. A new Roman Catholic Church had been erected at Oakville,
+which was to be consecrated and opened with much eclat on a Sunday. At that
+time there were no trains run on Sundays on the Hamilton and Toronto Branch
+of the Great Western Railway, and the only way by which any very large
+contingent from Toronto could be expected to join in the ceremonies would
+be by making arrangements for an excursion by water. There would have been
+no legal objection to this, as the rigidity of Sunday legislation had not
+then been introduced. The Oakville authorities made application to charter
+the _Chicora_, and as the President of the company was a Roman Catholic,
+and the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Toronto strongly supported the
+application, they felt assured of compliance. A goodly offer was made for a
+trip on the Sunday afternoon from Toronto to Oakville and back. The matter
+was considered by the Board and it was unanimously resolved that the
+Chicora would not be run on Sundays. One will not say that this decision
+was entirely due to religious considerations, although these, no doubt,
+were not without weight, but it was also settled upon plain business
+principles.
+
+The steamer was entering a considerable contest and would need every care.
+In a competition with two steamers we needed to have our men and the boat
+keyed up to the highest efficiency. This could not be done if we ran the
+steamer across the lake on every day of the week. The maintenance of the
+regularity of the steamers and the reputation of the Niagara River Line has
+without doubt been considerably gained by confining the running to "week
+days only." The increasing requirements for through connections,
+particularly from the American Railways on the south shore, where Sunday
+trains have greatly increased, may some day bring about a change.
+
+On Saturday, 1st June, _Chicora_ left Toronto dock at 2.30 p.m. for a first
+regular afternoon excursion to Niagara, and on Monday, June 3rd, began her
+regular double trip service leaving at 7.05 a.m. and 2.05 p.m.
+
+As matters on the Niagara River were still in process of organization we
+did not at first run beyond Niagara except on Wednesday and Saturday
+afternoons, when the full trip up the river to Lewiston was made.
+
+It was very early found that the trip up the river is the main attraction
+to the route, giving, as it does, scenery unusual and without compare, a
+respite from the open lake and allowing a stroll on shore, either at
+Niagara or Lewiston, while awaiting the return journey.
+
+From the very beginning the competition was a whirlwind. Mr. Lunt was an
+adept at steamboat competition and it was our business to go him one
+better, and also to have our steamer and facilities made as widely known as
+possible to the travelling public.
+
+At Toronto the entrances to the two docks, alongside one another on the
+Esplanade, were trimmed with "speilers," who finally expanded up Yonge
+Street to Front, and even to King Street. One thing insisted on, so far as
+our men were concerned, was that there should be no decrying of the
+character or condition of the rival boats.
+
+Our tickets were put into the hands of every Ticket Office, Broker,
+Insurance or Real Estate Agent in Toronto, whether up-town or down-town,
+who would take them in, provided one thing only, that he had an office
+opening on the street. Every hotel porter, with his sisters, his cousins,
+and his aunts, was created a friend, and the itinerant cab was just as
+welcome as the official bus. We were out to get business from every
+quarter.
+
+The _City_ in previous years had issued a ticket at $10 to members of one
+family for ten round trips on any afternoon. We put a general rate on of
+$1.00 without any restrictions, and by gradual reductions it reached 50
+cents on Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. This was a round trip rate
+which had been introduced by the _Southern Belle_ in 1877 for the
+afternoons of Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday on her route from York Street
+(Tinning's Wharf) to Niagara and return. We now extended it to Lewiston and
+return, giving a view of the really splendid scenery of the river which had
+never previously been opened at reduced rates. The public quickly took in
+the idea and gave us business. In addition to general business, we
+energetically worked up the Society and Church excursions, becoming an
+unpleasant thorn in the sides of those who had so summarily thrown us over
+and whom we were now obliged to attack. It was in this season that the
+Caledonian Society made their first excursion with us, a connection and
+comradeship which in all the thirty-four years has never once been
+interrupted.
+
+Matters on the other side of the lake were somewhat different. We had no
+railway connections to issue tickets over us or direct passengers to our
+boat. We had to provide for this entirely of ourselves, having thus to
+promote business on both sides of the route. Printer's ink was extensively
+used by newspaper advertisements, descriptive folders, dodgers and
+timetables. A large and excellent framed colored lithograph of the Steamer
+was issued with the lettering:
+
+    THE NIAGARA NAVIGATION COMPANY'S STEAMER
+
+    CHICORA
+
+    PLYING BETWEEN
+
+    TORONTO--NIAGARA--LEWISTON.
+
+    HON. FRANK SMITH, BARLOW CUMBERLAND,
+       President.          Manager.
+
+These being largely distributed to the hotels and ticket offices introduced
+the steamer in her new conditions. There was no use running the boat unless
+we fully advised the public of herself and movements, but all this
+advertising, and introduction, cost much expense in money and energy.
+
+The ticketing arrangements on the south shore were somewhat difficult.
+Passenger business thirty years ago was conducted under very different
+conditions from such as exist at present. There were no official
+regulations, no State or Inter-State, Authorized Tariffs, no Railway
+Commissioners. Each railway and each passenger department was a law unto
+itself to be guided and regulated by whatever conditions or rates might at
+the time be considered most desirable for the promotion of its own business
+by the officers in charge.
+
+Ticket "scalping" abounded, being looked upon by the public as a protection
+against the uncontrolled ratings by the railways, and a promoter of
+competition where combination might otherwise be effectual. There were
+several Associations of "Ticket Scalpers," some of much power and
+reliability, but all were equally denounced by the railways. Yet there were
+in fact not a few instances where the regular issues of some of the (for
+the time-favoured) railway companies might be found in an under drawer of
+some of these unauthorized servants of the public. These energetic workers
+were our opportunity. All the principal Scalping Offices between Cleveland,
+Pittsburgh, New York, Albany, Rochester, and Lewiston, were stocked with
+books of tickets reading over our steamer, or to Toronto and return. The
+rates were, of course, such that they could obtain both profit and
+business. There was no use mincing matters, we were in the fight to win
+out. Through these sources we managed to get quite a business, being
+represented in each town by from two to four scalp offices, in large cities
+even more, and, tell it not in Gath, with very friendly arrangements in
+some of the regular offices as well.
+
+The amount of personal travelling and introduction was laborious, but was
+pleasant, in renewing acquaintanceships and connections formed as General
+Passenger Agent of the Northern Railway when working up the new Couchiching
+and Muskoka tourist business introduced in the several preceding years.
+
+It was in this season of 1878 that the converging railways in the districts
+spreading from the south and southwest towards Buffalo, began a system of
+huge excursions for three days to Niagara Falls and return, on special
+trains both ways, and at rates for the round trip not far from, and often
+less, than single fare. Most of these separate railways have since been
+merged into some one or other of the main Trunk Lines, but then they were
+independent and each sending in its quota on its own account to make up a
+"Through Special." The most successful excursions of these were the series
+which came every week from the then Wabash District, from Indiana and the
+southwest, and were known as the "Friendly Hand" excursions. The name arose
+from a special trade mark which appeared in all the Wabash folders and
+announcements, of an outstretched hand with the thumb and fingers spread,
+on each of which was shown the line and principal stations of each one of
+the contributing railways that fed their excursions into the main stem. The
+excursionists were energetic, and although the "Falls" was the focus of
+their route, we induced large numbers of them to cross over to Toronto. A
+prevailing slogan was:
+
+    "One day to Falls,
+    One day to stay,
+    Next day Toronto
+    And then 'get away.'"
+
+When the long special excursion train slowly came down the curve from the
+town station at Niagara to the dock to join the steamers, it was gall and
+wormwood to the _City_ or the _Rothesay_, lying in waiting, to see the
+crowd of linen duster tourists as they poured out of the train make
+straight for the _Chicora_, "The boat with the two red funnels." We got
+them all, for we had many and right good friends.
+
+In those early days, before the "Park Commissioners" on both sides of the
+river had taken public possession of the surroundings, there were few
+places at the Falls from which either the river or the rapids could be seen
+without paying a fee. The proprietors of these places issued tickets in
+little books, containing coupons for admittance to all, or to a selection,
+of these "points of interest," and put them all in the hands of the
+managers of the excursions. The advertisement "dodgers" announced:
+
+      Special Inducement for this Excursion to the Falls
+
+                           { Suspension Bridge and Return 25c.
+      The regular prices   { Prospect Park                25c.
+      for Admission are to { Art Gallery                  25c.
+                           { Museum and Operators         50c.
+                           { Garden of Living Animals     25c.
+
+One ticket purchased on the train for $1.00
+Admits the Holder to all these regular prices.
+
+A good round commission on these sales was a helpful "find" or "side cut"
+to the energetic young railway men who personally accompanied these
+excursions, through their trains, on the way to the Falls, carrying large
+satchels with their selections of "Points of Interest" and other tickets,
+and answering the multitude of enquiries made by their tourist patrons. An
+extension ticket to "Toronto and Return" was a pleasant addition to their
+wares, and a satisfactory introduction to us. Some of these travelling
+passenger men, by their energy and successful handling of these excursions,
+brought themselves into notice, and afterwards rose to be heads of
+Passenger Departments, and even into Presidents of Railways! As a reminder
+of their trip each tourist was given by us a souvenir of Toronto, and even
+if excursionists struck a rough day and rendered up their tributes to Lake
+Ontario, it was of novel interest to many who had never before seen a lake
+wide enough to have been "out of sight of land," and sailing over waves big
+enough to make a large steamer rock.
+
+In this way began what has since been so greatly developed, the Reduced
+Rate Excursions to Toronto, via the Niagara River, and the making known of
+the features of the City as a Summer Resort by this advocacy, and the
+thousands of dollars which the Niagara Navigation Company has devoted to
+its advertising in all parts of the United States.
+
+At Lewiston we took everyone on board that wanted to come; in fact, our
+"runners" strenuously invited them. The moment the dusty two-horse "stages"
+from the New York Central station unloaded their still more dusty
+travellers in front of Cornell's Hotel at the top of the bank at the
+staircase, they were appealed to by the rival touts of the competing
+steamers, either to take the "black funnel" steamer at the foot of the
+staircase, or the _Chicora_, with the red funnels further down the dock. It
+was a little bit of pandemonium.
+
+No tickets were collected by us at the gangway--it was "come right on
+board," the tickets being collected while crossing the lake after leaving
+Niagara.
+
+If the traveller had no ticket, we collected fare from him at full tariff;
+if he had a ticket over the other boats we accepted it and graciously
+carried him across free; if he had one of our own tickets we almost
+embraced him. What difference did it make to us whether the tickets reading
+over the other boats were cashed to us or not, we had the more ample space
+and better accommodation on ours. Perhaps the passenger might esteem the
+compliment and be a paying traveller over us on some other day. Besides,
+people like following the crowd, and the larger number helps to make a
+show. Times have been known in competitions on the Upper Lakes where the
+central cabins prevent both sides of the steamer being seen at once, when
+in addition to the available passengers, everyone possible of waiters and
+crew have been spread out on the passing side of the upper cabin, when
+meeting a rival boat. It gives an appearance of prosperity and suggests the
+approval of the public.
+
+Just here let me bear testimony to the ability and fidelity of Purser Aleck
+Leach, who had been purser with me on the _Cumberland_, and had now been
+transferred to the _Chicora_. Kindly and courteous, yet firm, he never
+dissatisfied a passenger. Untiring, accurate, faithful, he never divulged
+anything of the company's business, and won and enjoyed the confidence and
+good-will of every member of the Board and Staff. A condition which was
+only severed by his death. At no time were these abilities more displayed
+than in this first strenuous year on this route.
+
+The competition grew hotter as the season progressed. The odds were greatly
+in favour of two boats with an established connection against a single boat
+without any, yet _Chicora_ was gaining, and every point in the passenger
+ticketing game was being played against them by her management.
+
+The acrimony and the rivalry of the contest is fairly indicated by an
+advertisement in "The Globe" on 5th August, 1878:
+
+     TORONTO, NIAGARA AND BUFFALO STEAMBOAT LINE.
+
+     The Public are warned that spent checks of the Steamers
+     _City of Toronto_ and _Rothesay_ of their line,
+     collected and issued by the Steamer _Chicora_, will not
+     be accepted for passage on either of the steamers of
+     this Line.
+
+     Passengers going over by the _Chicora_ on Saturday last
+     were furnished with such by the _Chicora_, and were
+     consequently deceived, as these checks were refused by
+     this Line.
+
+                         D. MILLOY, AGENT.
+
+The galled jade was wincing and inventing stories, for they could not and
+did not afterwards refuse their unused tickets whenever we found it
+advisable to use them.
+
+As the months passed _Chicora_ improved herself in the good-will of the
+travelling public, being admirably handled by Captain Harbottle.
+
+At Niagara it was a ticklish job to get into and away from the lower dock.
+The _Rothesay_ always moved down in order to get as close as she could,
+frequently we had to warn her to keep further away.
+
+When coming into the river _Chicora_ had to be driven sharp across from the
+point at the Fort, on the United States side, to the dock on the Niagara
+side, to be brought up, all standing, with her bow only a few feet below
+the _Rothesay's_ stern. Often it looked as though she must run into the
+other before the way could be stopped, and that a collision must take
+place.
+
+Coming down the river it was a less dangerous, but a more difficult
+manoeuvre. The steamers always move swiftly in the quick current which
+sweeps past Fort George to the docks. As on or each day, both the other
+steamers lay at the same time in front of their dock, their hulls extended
+far out into the stream, and _Chicora_ coming down had to make a double
+curve, like an S, to get her place at the lower dock. It was a pretty thing
+to see, but Harbottle always managed it by just skimming, but not touching,
+the other boats' side. The harmony between him on the bridge and Monroe in
+the engine room apparently being complete, and besides, _Chicora_ steers
+like a yacht.
+
+At Lewiston things went easier, yet even here the _Rothesay_ would edge
+back down the front.
+
+[Illustration: Niagara Navigation Co. Steamer "spinning" in the Rapids
+below Queenston Heights. Page 105]
+
+In order to avoid all possibility of touching the steamer ahead when he was
+leaving Lewiston dock, Captain Harbottle, instead of going up-stream and
+afterwards turning down-stream, always sprung the stern of his steamer out
+from the dock and backed over towards Vroomen's Bay on the opposite side of
+the river.
+
+It was from the upper point in this bay that the British battery played
+with much success upon the American boats as they crossed the river to
+attack Queenston on 13th October, 1812.
+
+From here he turned and went down stream. It is said that this was the
+course which had been adopted in olden days by the large steamers
+_Cataract_ and _Bay State_ when leaving this Lewiston dock.
+
+Another manoeuvre introduced by Captain Harbottle is still continued. After
+making a first call at Queenston the steamer on leaving the dock moves
+further up the river keeping in the eddy which here runs up along the shore
+to the foot of the Queenston Heights. When close under the Heights, the
+steamer turns quickly outward towards the centre of the river and the
+engines are stopped. Forging slowly ahead the bow enters into the whitened
+boilings and swirls of the surging currents of the rapids pouring out from
+the Gorge. The bow is caught by the current and the steamer then rapidly
+"spun round" by its swiftness, almost as though on a teetotum, the engines
+meanwhile backing up. Just as soon as the bow heads down the river the
+engines are at once sent ahead again and the steamer sweeps at an express
+train rate past the jutting points of the shore, and makes her landing at
+Lewiston. It is a very pretty manoeuvre and surprising to see the rapidity
+with which the stern circles round.
+
+On the open lake _Chicora_ by degrees won her way. Being much the faster
+boat she could hold or pass the _City of Toronto_ at any time or in any
+weather--with _Rothesay_ it was different. On a fine smooth day there was
+little between them; on a hot, sultry day, without any wind to assist a
+draught for the fires, the _Rothesay_ could beat the _Chicora_ by one, to
+one and a half minutes Toronto to Niagara, but if there was even the
+slightest motion, _Chicora_ could walk by her, and on a rough day
+_Rothesay_ couldn't run at all. She was a very light tamarac hull, built
+purely for enclosed river service in perfectly smooth water, and therefore
+in no way fitted for outside wave action. We set out by starting behind the
+time of the other steamers. When running a competition, it is not a bad
+thing to let the other boat get away first. It makes the fellow in front
+uneasy. He doesn't know when the boat behind may be going to have a dash at
+him, it makes him fretful and it is hard to tell how fast he is going. Both
+engineers and firemen feel the strain.
+
+Boats often run better on some days than they do on others; it may be the
+character of the coal, the direction of the wind, or the disposition of the
+firemen, thus the boat behind can choose her own day for a spin. Watches
+are sometimes different, yet from all one hears the fastest trips of boats
+are generally made when there is no other boat near. We had determined, and
+had given instruction, that there was to be no racing done by _Chicora_. We
+were aiming at regularity of service. One presumes the rule as to speed was
+kept, but the public generally fancies a race whether there is one on or
+not.
+
+One breathless Saturday afternoon trip is remembered. Instead of, as on
+most days, giving us a wide berth, on this one being such as suited her,
+the _Rothesay_ came over close alongside. For some time it was neck and
+neck between the boats but gradually the _Rothesay_ began gaining an inch
+or two and, and after see-sawing back and forwards for a while growing to a
+foot or more. Sitting in the after deck among the passengers, listening to
+Marcicano's orchestra, one could not help noting the relative positions, as
+marked by the lines of the stanchions. Just then a little knot of men came
+over and one of them bringing out a roll of bank bills said:--"Mr.
+Cumberland, we know there is no racing, but if you're keeping down the
+speed for sake of the price of coal, we'd like to pay for an extra ton or
+two." Of course the kindly offer was declined with thanks, but with much
+appreciation. Whether they were more successful on the lower deck where the
+firemen cool off, or whether it was a little riffle that sprang up, that
+made the difference, I do not know, one cannot say, but the _Chicora_ that
+afternoon entered the river first.
+
+So the season waxed and waned. _Chicora_ did her work well and winning, it
+might almost be said, the affection of the travelling public. Her
+appointments so far exceeded those of any other steamer at that time as to
+make her a specialty, but it was through her sea-going qualities which won
+their favor.
+
+The regular "pat-pat" of her feathered paddles almost framed themselves
+into rhythmic melody with the full mellowed tone of her whistle whose clear
+resonance carried its sound for miles through the city every evening, with
+such regularity as almost to be accepted in the homes as the signal for the
+children's bedtime.
+
+When rough days came the _Rothesay_ stopped in port and the _City_
+completed her trips, while the _Chicora's_ fine qualities as a seaboat,
+easy on herself, grew more and more into acceptance.
+
+At length the season closed and we made our last trip on 29th September,
+having maintained the two trips per day throughout without any cessation.
+
+Every one concerned in the competitive boats, no doubt, glad when the
+season's contest was over. It had been, for us, one of intense activity,
+and never ending labor and anxiety. A whole system, both within the
+steamer, and for outside solicitation, and ticketing arrangements, had been
+devised and installed, as well as the sufficient work of the daily running
+duties.
+
+A new company had to be introduced on an old route. We had fairly succeeded
+in getting into it, but it had been at a pretty expense. The _Chicora_ was
+laid up at the Northern Railway docks, and accounts for the year were made
+up. What the competition had cost the others one does not know, but
+_Chicora_ was a long way on the wrong side as the result of the season.
+This was a very serious thing for one of the undertakers, for instalments
+had to be paid up on the investment and at the same time the losses met.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+CHANGE PARTNER--RATE CUTTING AND RACING--HANLAN AND TORONTO
+WATERSIDE--PASSENGER LIMITATION INTRODUCED.
+
+
+During the winter of 1878-79, changes came. The _City of Toronto_ had tired
+of her partner. The railway companies had recognised the value to their
+route of the steamer of the Niagara Navigation Company, and the ability of
+its organizers to promote additional business.
+
+Thus in the new negotiation the _Rothesay_ was dropped by the _City_ and
+the line for 1879 was to be the _City of Toronto_ and the _Chicora_. We had
+lost money but had won our way into the route.
+
+To enable obligations to be fulfilled monies had to be earned elsewhere, so
+another position was sought and obtained as General Traffic Manager of the
+"Collingwood-Lake Superior Line" to Sault Ste. Marie and Lake Superior, at
+the same time continuing the General Ticket and Freight Agency, at 35 Yonge
+street. In April, Mr. Cumberland resigned his position as manager of the
+Niagara Company, retaining the original position and salary as
+vice-president and assistant in passenger and executive work and Mr. John
+Foy, the secretary and son-in-law of Sir Frank Smith, was appointed manager
+as well as secretary. Sir Frank Smith, recognizing the good work done, in
+bringing the steamer down, the organization of the company, and in the
+strenuous contest which unexpectedly had been forced on us, but had been
+won by active ability, carried the liabilities created, which in course of
+time were duly shared and met.
+
+Mr. John Foy, who hereafter gave his whole time to the company, although
+not technically educated in the passenger business, had very many excellent
+qualities and a genial personality which did much in subsequent years for
+the advancement of the company's interests, and in the new connections
+which arose. As each new connection developed, he was able to enlist their
+good-will, and so harmonize and satisfy them by effective service.
+
+The season of 1879 was a comparatively easy one, so far as executive work
+was concerned, for with _City of Toronto_ as a partner we were included in
+direct connection with all the railway companies, who therefore provided
+all the passenger requirements, and in the regular route with her from the
+Yonge street dock, the trips being divided between the steamers, and each
+taking its own earnings.
+
+The time tables for the season 1879 were:--May 16, _Chicora_ 7 a.m., single
+trips. June 9, _Chicora_ 7 a.m., 2 p.m. June 16, _Chicora_, or _City of
+Toronto_, 7 a.m., 1.45 p.m., 3 p.m.
+
+The steamers in summer time tables alternated, the one leaving at 3 p.m.,
+remaining over night and making the early trip from the river in the
+following morning.
+
+The _Rothesay_ having been dropped by the _City_ still continued running to
+Lewiston, but afterwards only to Niagara and Youngstown, communicating with
+Lewiston by a small river steamer. Captain Wm. Donaldson was in command;
+she sailed at 7 a.m. and 2 p.m. from Yonge street dock, the same dock as
+the other two steamers, a concession in her favor made by Mr. D. Milloy as
+lessee.
+
+From the very beginning Mr. Lunt adopted a policy of rate-cutting, and
+created a lively excitement in passenger prices. His opening rates were:--
+
+In books good for all regular trips.
+
+    20 round trips    $ 5.00
+    50 round trips     11.00
+    100 round trips    20.00
+
+These tickets were unrestricted and were available to any holder.
+
+To this policy of unremunerative prices was developed that of annoyance, by
+too close proximity of the steamers both at the docks or when running,
+which had in some degree been introduced in the previous season.
+
+So noticeable and dangerous did this become that the directors of the
+Niagara Company felt it necessary to make public protest and the following
+announcement was published in the Toronto morning papers of August 6th,
+1879:
+
+     STEAMER CHICORA.
+
+     EFFORTS OF HER OWNERS TO PREVENT RACING AND AVOID
+     COLLISION.
+
+     Minutes of a meeting of the directors of the Niagara
+     Navigation Company, held Monday, August 4th, 1879:
+
+     President, Hon. F. Smith; Col. F. W. Cumberland, Barlow
+     Cumberland, John Foy.
+
+     (1) Captain Harbottle made a full report respecting the
+     occurrence of Saturday, August 2nd, and of the
+     circumstances in which the _Rothesay_ twice crossed the
+     course and bow of the _Chicora_.
+
+     That in the first occasion he was obliged to slow the
+     engine, and in the second he stopped in order to
+     prevent collision.
+
+     (2) That before the season opened Capt. Harbottle
+     proposed to Mr. Lunt, the owner of the _Rothesay_,
+     that in order to prevent all possibility of racing the
+     first steamer clear of the Queen's Wharf, or Niagara
+     river should be allowed to keep her place across the
+     lake, but this Mr. Lunt declined.
+
+     (3) That as there seemed to be a determination on the
+     part of the _Rothesay_ to provoke racing, the above
+     offer was repeated by the directors in a letter dated
+     16th June, and then Mr. Lunt in his reply dated 19th
+     June, again declined to accept the proposition.
+
+     (4) That under all the circumstances the solicitor be
+     instructed to take all known and possible proceedings
+     at law to put an end to the dangers arising from the
+     action of the captain and the owners of the _Rothesay_.
+
+     (5) That the thanks of the Board are due to Capt.
+     Harbottle for the care and skill he has exercised in
+     avoiding the _Rothesay_, and that he be requested to
+     continue on the principle that safety is the first
+     consideration.
+
+     (6) That these orders of the Board be published for the
+     information of the public.
+
+     (Sgd) John Foy   Frank Smith,
+           Manager     President.
+
+It is to be remembered that the present eastern channel from the harbor did
+not at that time exist, but that the western channel, by the Queen's Wharf,
+was the only one which was open, and was not then wide enough for two
+steamers to pass out together. The proposition was that the first through
+this channel should hold its lead.
+
+Toronto had then a population of only 70,000. There were very few steamers
+running out of the harbor, lake excursion business may be said to have
+been only in its introduction and infancy, so that very much personal and
+family interest was taken in the several steamers on the routes, thus
+accounting for the public announcement of the regulations proposed.
+
+The publication had the desired effect of preventing the _Rothesay_ from
+coming into too close proximity, but did not reduce the monetary
+competition, in fact only increased it.
+
+The _City_ and _Chicora_ were running three trips daily, 7 a.m., 1.45 p.m.,
+3 p.m., and on Saturdays four trips, the advertisements announcing "_No
+overcrowding, as both steamers return in the evening_." On the four trips
+being made the alternating steamer left at 8.30 p.m. for Niagara to make
+the first trip from there at 8 a.m. on Monday. While other rates were
+maintained, a special excursion rate of 25 cents was made for round trip on
+Saturday afternoon.
+
+In early August _Rothesay_ put on a return rate at 25c. for every
+afternoon, heading its announcements "_Keep down the rates_." The Milloys
+were averse to reduction and favored holding up the rates, considering that
+better equipment deserved better money. In this mid-summer season the
+_Rothesay_ was getting a pretty good batch of passengers every afternoon, a
+process which would help her to continue the competition. She was then
+running from the Yonge street slip on the west side of Milloy's dock, the
+_City_ and _Chicora_ both being on the east side out of sight behind the
+buildings. We had the next move under consideration. The Hon. Frank Smith
+came down on the dock one hot afternoon when the people were swarming down
+the street for the 2 p.m. steamers. We were standing and watching the
+streams dividing to go on board the two steamers, the _Chicora_ and the
+_Rothesay_, the latter being in sight in the Yonge street slip, the other
+further down the dock and behind the buildings.
+
+There was quite a stream taking the _Rothesay_. "By heavens," said the Hon.
+Frank, suddenly and decidedly, "there's one of the men from my own
+warehouse going on board the _Rothesay_, he's holding down his umbrella, so
+that I shan't see his face, but _I know his legs_."
+
+We forthwith called and held a joint meeting with the Milloys in the office
+on the dock, when the round trip rate of 25c. for every afternoon was at
+once adopted, and all other rates were thereafter to be the same at the
+_Rothesay_.
+
+One of the most eventful days in this season was the reception given to
+Edward Hanlan on his return from winning the sculling championship of
+England from Edward Trickett on the Thames in July, 1879, thus becoming the
+champion oarsman of Canada, the United States and England. Many champions
+have since been welcomed but never such a welcome as this, for it was the
+city's first offence, her first World's Champion.
+
+The Civic Committee headed by Mayor Jas. Beatty, Jr., Ald. A. R. Boswell
+chairman Reception Committee and the members of the Hanlan Club, a coterie
+of men of standing and sporting instincts, who financed and managed
+Hanlan's early career, met the Champion at Lewiston, on July 15th. It was
+one of the most wonderful scenes ever occurring on Toronto Bay. The
+_Chicora_ had been specially chartered to bring the _Champion_ into Toronto
+at 5 p.m.
+
+We were met outside the harbor by a fleet of steamers, _Filgate_, _Empress
+of India_, _Maxwell_, _Jean Baptiste_, and many others, crammed with
+excited and shouting people. Headed by _Chicora_, the procession entered
+the bay, which was covered by a crowded mass of boats of every
+description, sailing, rowing or steam, making it necessary to bring the
+steamer down to dead slow. Hanlan was put by himself on the top of the
+pilot house, where he stood, easily seen, holding one hand on the pinnacle
+and waving a return to the enthusiastic greeting of his fellow citizens.
+Never was there such a din of welcome. Every steam whistle on the boat and
+on shore that could speak, shrilled its acclaim, bells rang, guns fired,
+the city, half of which was afloat, hailed its Island born son and Champion
+who had brought laurels and renown to both himself and them.
+
+The citizens of Toronto had always been partial to boating and taking their
+pleasure in water sports, but these victories of Hanlan gave a renown to
+the city and a zest to rowing which greatly increased that interest in
+boating and rowing races which has ever since been a dominant feature in
+the sports of the city and the pleasurings of its young people.
+
+Yet it is open to question whether in these later and more mechanical days,
+the leisure-rowing and paddling section is not somewhat on the wane, under
+the influence of the puffing, stench-spreading and lazy-luxury motor boat.
+At the same time it is a matter of congratulation that the competitor in
+the racing shells and canoes become still more numerous, and in every way
+energetic as of yore, mainly under the splendid influences of the Argonaut,
+Don, and other amateur boating clubs.
+
+The _Rothesay_ held on through the season. Mr. Lunt being an energetic and
+capable opponent, apt in attack and with much experience in the ways of
+steamboat competition. He was hard to shake off and while making no money
+himself he prevented others from making any. The managers of the _City_
+were now reaping the reward of their broken faith and their having
+introduced him to the route. Her owners were obliged to make an assignment
+toward the close of the season and _Chicora_ finished alone on October
+18th.
+
+Competitions such as was this, carried on with intention, only, of doing
+damage to an opponent's investment, and without any regard as to the number
+of passengers who might be induced by low rates to go on board the steamer
+cannot be conducted at other than with greatest risk. This was further
+intensified by the fact that the Government inspection limited itself to
+inspection of engines and boilers and no discrimination was exercised as to
+the service in which a boat was to be employed.
+
+Such a condition would seem strange in these present days when all routes
+are specified and regulated, but in those days it was different. Once
+physical inspection was passed it made no difference as to the passenger
+service in which the boat was to be run, whether on the open lake or in
+river service, nor was there any limitation upon the number of passengers
+who might be taken on board.
+
+This condition was not a fair one, either for the Public, who are not
+always discriminating and look mostly at the lowness of the rate, or for
+the Owners, who were not being given any consideration for their larger
+expenditures in producing steamers fit for the routes upon which they were
+to be employed. This gave the _Rothesay_ a good handicap and one which
+enabled her to longer continue a contest.
+
+Movements were, therefore, initiated by us for the introduction of
+regulations for the limitation of numbers, and restriction of steamers to
+appointed routes, but it took much time to bring about any result.
+
+The season of 1886 found the _City of Toronto_ under Capt. Donaldson and
+_Chicora_ under Capt. Harbottle, still running together between Milloys
+wharf and Lewiston; the _Chicora_ opening the season on 4th May.
+
+The _Rothesay_ opened her season with renewed vigor on the 24th May, 1880.
+Mr. Lunt announced:
+
+     "The Steamer _Rothesay_ having been thoroughly refitted
+     will on and after Monday the 24th leave Yonge street
+     wharf at 7.15 a.m., and 2.30 p.m. for Niagara
+     connecting with the Canada Southern Railway for Falls,
+     New York and all points.
+
+     "_Quick Time._--Five hours at Falls and return same
+     day, arriving at Toronto 7.15 p.m.
+
+     "Picnic parties will be taken by train to Niagara
+     Grove. Tickets on sale by W. A. Geddes, Custom House
+     Wharf, and Charles Morgan, 64 Yonge street."
+
+In addition to running to Niagara, _Rothesay_ this year dropped over to
+Youngstown on the American side, from where connection was made to Lewiston
+by a small American steamer. She also worked up an excellent excursion
+business for the Youngstown and Fort Niagara Park.
+
+The _City_ and _Chicora_ divided the route as previously with one trip and
+a half each, all trips being run the full length of the river to the foot
+of the rapids at Queenston and Lewiston.
+
+During this season an opportunity offered for the purchase of a dock
+frontage alongside the Lewiston dock. The New York Central had not then
+been extended from its upper station to the edge of the river above the
+dock, and it was also under consideration whether the railway would make a
+new move to reach the bank of the river at Lewiston nearer to the
+steamers, or would replace the rails and again operate its seven miles
+extension branch to Youngstown. If they should resume this latter route to
+the mouth of the river, conditions at Lewiston would be changed. It was,
+therefore, considered best to await further developments before making any
+purchase.
+
+The strain of the competition was beginning to tell. The Steamer _City of
+Toronto_ was in August advertised for sale at Niagara, "thoroughly
+equipped, handsomely furnished and inspected ready for sea."
+
+_Rothesay_ ended her season on 15th of September, and _Chicora_ on the 8th
+of October, having run the latter part alone and kept up the connections
+for the railways. The public had enjoyed the pleasures of lake travel to
+the utmost, but the steamers were none the better off, for the magnitude of
+steamboat business is not to be gauged by the crowds carried on the boats,
+but by the net results in the purser's accounts.
+
+During the winter 1880-1881 the negotiations for limitation were continued
+and met with success, and as the _Rothesay_, in the spring of 1881, could
+only get a certificate for "river" work, for which she had been constructed
+and was well adapted, she was withdrawn to the St. Lawrence River, where
+she ran between Kingston and the Thousand Islands until in 1882 she
+grounded and was abandoned.
+
+At length our competitor was gone, having made no money for himself and
+having caused much loss to others, including his first partners who had
+introduced him.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+NIAGARA CAMPS FORMED--MORE CHANGES AND COMPETITION--BEGINNINGS OF RAILROADS
+IN NEW YORK STATE--EARLY PASSENGER MEN AND PASSENGER WAYS.
+
+
+The _Chicora_ opened the season of 1881 on May 21st, connections being made
+with both Canada Southern, and New York Central Railways.
+
+During this season the first "Niagara Camp" was held. On the 5th of June,
+the _Chicora_ took over on the morning trip the Toronto Field Battery,
+Mayor Gray, Lieut. Beatty, Surgeon McDonald, sixty-five non-commission
+officers and men, twenty-seven horses, four guns and five companies of the
+31st Battalion, Col. Brown, Major Cameron, Capt. and Adjt. Pollard and
+Surgeon Barnhart.
+
+From modest beginnings began this annual gathering of the volunteer militia
+of Ontario, which has since assumed such considerable proportions and
+greatly extended in its sphere of operations. It has been found by
+experience that the attraction of a visit to the "Falls," which is possible
+while at this camp, brings more willing recruits, and the coming into
+actual touch with the battle fields of the defence of Canada in 1812,
+creates a sense of duty and of fervour which is very helpful to the
+service. Many lessons are learned from the remarkable collection of relics
+of early days, and of stirring times, contained in the Museum of the
+Niagara Historical Society.[2] Recently the acreage of the camp has been
+largely added to and Fort George the embanked ancient fortress, just above
+the steamboat dock has been repaired and renewed.
+
+Just below the ramparts is to be seen a long one story wooden building--the
+last remaining portion of the old "Navy Hall," the headquarters of
+Lieut.-Governor Simcoe, where the meetings of the first Parliament of Upper
+Canada were held in 1792 and where he entertained the Duc de Liancourt in
+1795. The other buildings of the group, as shown in the drawings of Mrs.
+Simcoe, were destroyed or removed in the construction of the Erie & Ontario
+Railway.
+
+The business on the Collingwood Line had so much increased to Lake Superior
+that another steamer was now needed, and the Steamer _Campana_ was
+purchased in England. Her career had been a romantic one. While running on
+the River Plate in Brazil, she had been chartered to take a cargo of 700
+mules to South Africa for the Kaffir War of 1878. The mules were landed at
+Capetown, but the supercargo, or purser, who was in charge, collected the
+purchase money and the freight earnings and then disappeared. The steamer
+was summarily sold to pay the wages of the crew and was then brought to the
+Thames, where she was purchased by Mr. A. M. Smith, President of the
+company, and brought out to Montreal. As the _Campana_ was 225 feet long,
+45 ft. beam, with tonnage of 2000, and all the lower St. Lawrence canals
+had not been completed to Welland Canal size, four being still of the old
+length of 180 ft. only, Mr. Cumberland was engaged to superintend her
+cutting in two and bring up the two sections.
+
+[Illustration: The CIBOLA in the Niagara River off Queenston. page 153]
+
+With a vessel of such size this entailed great difficulties, she being the
+largest ship that had been up till then brought up the canals and rapids,
+but the novel problems were solved and the way paved for the Canadian
+Pacific Steamers, _Alberta_, _Algoma_, _Assiniboia_, built in Scotland,
+which next followed on the same methods.
+
+_Campana_ was the first twin-screw iron passenger and freight steamship to
+ply on the Upper Lakes, and introduced the system of making a round trip a
+week between Ontario ports and Lake Superior.
+
+In this year the _Maid of the Mist_, 72 ft. long, 17 beam, depth 8 ft.,
+startled the vessel world. Her business from the elevator stairways to the
+foot of the Horse Shoe Falls had fallen off. It was said that behind was
+the sheriff, in front the Whirlpool Rapids and beyond on reaching Lake
+Ontario a satisfactory sale. Capt. Robinson determined to run the risk and
+on 15th June started down the river. The first huge wave of the rapids
+threw the boat on her beam ends sending the smoke stack overboard, almost
+submerged by the next she righted, and by a quick turn evading the
+whirlpool emerged from the Gorge in little over ten minutes. The watchful
+collector at Queenston seized the opportunity for fees and had the _Maid_
+enter with him the Customs, the first and probably the last steamer ever to
+register as having come _down_ from above the Rapids.
+
+In August we met our first loss by the death of Col. F. W. Cumberland,
+General Manager of the Northern & Northern Western Railways, and our senior
+director. Having taken the utmost interest in the enterprise, his technical
+knowledge, energy and judgment had been throughout of infinite value, and
+his hearty personality was greatly missed not only in business but in
+comradeship. He was a man who had the forceful faculty of engaging the
+affection and loyalty of men who worked with or under him; severe but
+just, exacting yet encouraging, good service was sure to be noted by him
+and to receive his approval and reward.
+
+After his death the employees of the Northern and North-Western Railway,
+since absorbed by the Grand Trunk Railway, erected a monument to his memory
+at the Junction station at Allandale, presenting an excellent likeness in
+bronze of their late chief.
+
+Mrs. Seraphina Cumberland, wife of the Vice President, was appointed to the
+vacancy on the Board.
+
+During the winter of 1881-82 further changes took place in the ownership of
+the _City_, whereby Mr. Donald Milloy, who had been in charge of her up to
+this time, ceased to be her managing agent, and Mr. William Milloy and his
+mother, Mrs. Duncan Milloy, of Niagara, came into control.
+
+The new management declined to renew the previous arrangement and
+determined to run on their own and separate account on a new arrangement
+made with the Canada Southern.
+
+On May 20th, 1882 the _City_ with Mr. William Milloy as captain, opened the
+season with regular trips--"_Leaving Niagara on the arrival of the Canada
+Southern train 9.45; returning leave Toronto 3 p.m., connecting with Canada
+Southern at 5.30 p.m. Tickets from D. Milloy, Agent, 8 Front street,
+East._"
+
+On Monday 22nd May, 1882, _Chicora_ resumed the usual trips from Toronto at
+7 a.m. and 2 p.m., connecting at Niagara with Canada Southern and at
+Lewiston with New York Central Railway.--"_Tickets from W. R. Callaway, 20
+King street, East, and 25 York street, or Barlow Cumberland, 35 Yonge
+street, and 24 York street._"
+
+Mr. Callaway then represented the Credit Valley Railway in Toronto, and on
+their company being absorbed by the Canadian Pacific Railway as part of a
+through line from Windsor to Montreal, he became its Western Passenger
+Agent. His wonderful faculty for attractive advertising and catching
+phrases had immediate effect in creating the company's passenger business
+against its older rival, and when the "Soo" road was added to the C.P.R.,
+Mr. Callaway's genius for developing traffic was transferred to
+Minneapolis, where he achieved similar results. The ticket offices at York
+street were principally for steerage, and Italian business. Passenger
+business toward the west was at that time exceedingly active. The Canadian
+Pacific then under active construction around the north shore of Lake
+Superior, and to the further west, called for large importations of
+laboring men, making the beginning of our Italian population. Manitoba and
+our North-West were attracting much attention and the railways beyond
+Chicago, not having been merged into large corporations but working
+independently, were offering large ticket commissions, each acting on its
+own account.
+
+The contest across the lake now created was not pleasant, there being an
+introduction of a certain amount of local rivalry which was undesirable.
+The season was a rough one and towards its close the _City_ grounded on the
+boulders at the entrance to the Niagara River, and was successfully pulled
+off, but did not finish out the season. Notices were inserted in the public
+papers that the _City of Toronto_ "would be rebuilt for next season and
+that work would commence directly navigation closed." _Chicora_ therefore
+finished the season alone.
+
+The season of 1883 found the steamers running in the same manner--_Chicora_
+under Capt. Harbottle to Niagara and Lewiston: the _City_, Capt. W. Milloy
+to Niagara only. The season was an unfruitful one, weather cool and
+disagreeable.
+
+For sake of notoriety the steamers under the leadership of the _City_ were
+often sent across the lake on days when they had better have remained in
+port and saved money. It was this mistaken course which led to close of the
+competition.
+
+A heavy storm from the east was blowing, toward the end of September. The
+seas were running heavily on the Island, and even sweeping up on the dock
+fronts in the harbor, no business offering and weather cold with sheets of
+rain and sleet at intervals. The _City_ had come across from Niagara but
+_Chicora_ had not been sent out for the morning trip, nor had we any
+intention of sending her out for the afternoon.
+
+About 3 o'clock it was noticed that the _City_ appeared to be firing up. I
+was at the time in charge and had given instruction that if the _City_ went
+out _Chicora_ was to follow but on no account to pass her. Capt. Harbottle
+and self were walking up and down the front of Mowat's dock, where the
+_Chicora_ lay, watching the other steamer which was lying at Milloy's Yonge
+street dock, from which we had for the third time been ousted at the
+beginning of the season. "By the Lord," said the captain, "she's moving;
+I'm off."
+
+There were few or no passengers to go, but the _City_ started out down the
+bay followed by _Chicora_.
+
+They had a very rough passage and when about two miles out from the river
+the _City_ rolled out her mast and was otherwise damaged, but managed to
+make her way into port.
+
+This was her end, for she was sent to Port Dalhousie for repairs, and while
+lying up in the dock she was burned at 9 p.m., 31st October, 1883, and so
+closed a long and eventful career.
+
+1884 found us without any further partners and alone on the route. It had
+been a long strife. No wonder we had loved the _Chicora_ for like a good
+lass she had always cheerfully responded to whatever she was called upon to
+do.
+
+Her seaworthiness gained the confidence of the public to such an extent
+that there were not a few families in the city who preferred the rough days
+for their outings, and some men, among others, Mr. Wilson of the Bank of
+Montreal, who always had notices sent to them when "there was a real heavy
+sea on," so that they might make the afternoon 2 p.m. excursion.
+
+Capt. Harbottle having been appointed to a position on shore in the Marine
+Department, his place on the _Chicora_ was given to Capt. Thomas Leach, of
+Halifax. It was he who in 1866 had brought up the blockade runner _Rothesay
+Castle_ and had run her between Toronto and Niagara in competition with the
+_City_ under arrangements with the Canada Southern.
+
+The season of 1884 had barely begun before we learned of another intended
+competitor. The steamer _Rupert_ was being brought up to run in connection
+with the Canada Southern at Niagara-on-the-Lake.
+
+This steamer duly arrived at Milloy's dock and was found a good-looking
+sizable boat, with much deck accommodation for many travellers. Going on
+board the sand barrels on the broad deck seemed somewhat numerous. One of
+these was held at midship at blocks. Taking out the wedge and turning the
+barrel a kick set it rolling toward the ship side. As it went the boat
+keeled over to it. Without saying or seeing anything more, the
+investigator walked off and going up to the office told Mr. Foy, "John, you
+needn't be afraid of the _Rupert_. She'll frighten her passengers some day,
+she's crank,"--and so she was.
+
+The competition did not last the whole season, but business was increasing
+on the route, so the small steamer _Armenia_ was chartered to make an early
+morning trip from the Niagara River to Toronto. It was not a success, but
+she was useful when the fruit season opened.
+
+This year 1884 began also another route in competition. The Welland Railway
+had passed into the hands of the Grand Trunk, and the _Empress of India_
+was engaged to make the lake service between Port Dalhousie and Toronto in
+connection with a fast train from Buffalo and Niagara Falls. No doubt this
+diverted some business from the through route, but the principal earnings
+were from its own local district. With the superlative attractions of the
+scenery of the Niagara River, this Port Dalhousie route will never
+successfully compete for through or excursion travel with the Niagara River
+route, but it has the City of St. Catharines and an aggregate of thriving
+towns which will give a fine local and paying business with Toronto.
+
+In 1885 we were at last in sole possession, having won the established
+connection with both the railways, at Niagara with the Michigan Central,
+which had absorbed the Canada Southern, and at Lewiston with the New York
+Central.
+
+It had been eight long years of anxious and intense application of wits,
+energy and expense. One year in bringing the steamer down, and seven in
+constant competition, in wearing out competitors and winning the route.
+
+We were now able to turn all our energies to the more pleasant work of
+development. The officials of the railways had learned to have confidence
+in us and appreciated that we were not only ready to give good service, but
+to add to it, and to improve as the traffic needs of the route showed to be
+requisite.
+
+When we entered upon the route, Mr. C. B. Meeker was General Passenger
+Agent of the New York Central--a man patterned after the old Commodore's
+taste, namely, that there was only one railroad in the world and that was
+the New York Central. This faith permeated not a few of the minor
+officials, so that in their opinions, to be permitted to travel on the
+N.Y.C., was to be considered by a passenger as a high privilege, and the
+utmost courtesy was to be used toward the immaculate and superior
+conductor, who honored him by taking up his ticket. Yet there was some
+reason for it. It was the beginning of great things in railway enterprise
+and service, for out of a series of small separated local roads it had been
+from between 1853-55, gathered together under a master hand and thereafter
+was continuing to be built up into a great and united system, giving the
+travelling public facilities they had never dreamed of, advantages which
+would have been impossible without the combination.
+
+In the earlier days of steam railroad enterprize, there was little thought
+of the possibility of creating communication between far distant centres,
+as was afterwards found practicable, when the working of the steam engine
+became better understood. Building short local railroads by local
+subscriptions joining neighboring towns, appears to have been the method
+most prevalent. These railroads were in fact only improved stage routes.
+Some idea of the then conditions is afforded by the list of railroads
+opened or under construction in 1836 in the State of New York, given in
+Tanner's American Traveller, 1836:--"Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad,
+14 miles; Mohawk & Hudson Railroad, from Albany to Schnectady, 16 miles;
+Schnectady & Sartoga Railroad, 20 miles; Ithaca & Oswego Railroad, 20
+miles; Rochester Railroad (now in progress) from Rochester to a point below
+the Falls of Geneva; Schnectady and Utica Railroad (now in progress), 80
+miles: Rochester & Batavia Railroad (in progress), 28 miles; Troy &
+Ballston Railroad (now in progress), 22 miles. Several other railroads are
+proposed."
+
+These and others were gradually brought into combination, in the one
+Central System for their mutual advantage and the convenience of the
+public.[3]
+
+It seems strange to think that in the sixties there had been no sleeping
+cars and no through trains between Buffalo and New York. The trains stopped
+and started at Albany, where the passengers either laid over at an hotel
+for the night, or leaving the cars walked along the station platforms to
+the decks of a large ferry steamer, on which they were taken across the
+river to join the connecting trains on the other side. On reaching the
+outskirts of New York the railway cars were uncoupled, and then each drawn
+separately by six horse teams some miles down Sixth Avenue on the horse car
+tracks to the terminus at Twenty-Second street, then only a simple
+two-storey brick building. With the construction of the railway bridge at
+Albany in 1870, the railway had sprung up at once into a great through
+route, the only one landing its passengers in the City of New York, and
+thus over-passing and over-topping all its competitors. It is not
+surprising, therefore that there was some pride and self esteem in those
+employed upon it.
+
+When sleeping cars were first introduced on the New York Central it was in
+the most primitive fashion. The cars were the same coaches in which the
+passengers rode during the day. The whole of one corner was occupied by a
+great pile of mattresses and blankets and a number of posts and cross bars.
+When sleeping time came the posts were brought out, the berths built up and
+bolted together before the eyes of the passengers. It can be well
+understood how these improvised constructions creaked and groaned during
+the night. They supplied a need, but were soon supplanted by the Pullman
+inventions.
+
+With Mr. Meeker we had the most personally pleasant relations, but when we
+had made our application to him for a connection, he was staunch to the old
+steamboat connections of his company and would only deal with us through
+them, even if he did think we had been hardly treated, but when we had won
+and deserved our way into an official connection he was equally staunch
+toward us; recognizing the continuous interest which the steamboat lines
+have in the mutual business which they have aided the rail in building up.
+To him succeeded in May, 1883, Mr. E. J. Richards, his highly efficient and
+much younger assistant, whose knowledge of the passenger business of his
+railway was unsurpassed by any. From this time began an association with
+the principal officers of the New York Central, which has widened and
+deepened with years.
+
+This year, 1885, Capt. McCorquodale was appointed to the _Chicora_,
+succeeded Capt. T. Leach, whose business engagements rendered it necessary
+for him to return to Halifax.
+
+Having come into assured position the railway officers willingly
+co-operated with us when we spent considerable time and money in sending
+out travelling representatives and distributing advertising matter
+respecting the route and Toronto, to all parts of the United States. Mr.
+Steve Murphy being the efficient Travelling Passenger Agent since 1888. I
+question very much whether the City and the Citizens of Toronto have any
+conception of the wealth of advocacy in advertisement and expense which the
+Niagara Navigation Company has given to the City and its attractions, and
+particularly to its "Exhibition" during the past twenty-five years.
+
+One after another the, then separate, railways were induced to put lines of
+tickets on sale reading over the Niagara River Line to Toronto, the list of
+these having been added to each year. In mentioning this it is to be
+remembered that in these early years, in the "eighties," there were a very
+large number of minor railways operating on their own and separate account.
+The great consolidations into the fewer hands and control of the main trunk
+lines had not then been effected, and yet more, the system of general
+traffic associations, joint rate meetings and combined agreed traffic
+associations had not been devised.
+
+The officers of each railway did what each thought was best for the
+interests of his own line, and were controlled only by their being open to
+the possibility of adverse competition from some other line.
+
+The grand field day was the _Spring Meeting_ usually held in Buffalo, to
+consider "Summer Excursion Rates." As there were many more independent
+roads the attendance was considerably greater and perhaps there was more of
+conviviality and social intercourse than in the more staid and business
+meetings of these subsequent days. Moreover it was a battle of wits between
+the newer and weaker roads striving to create and attract business from
+their more longly established competitors.
+
+Will anyone who was present at them, forget the mental activity and agility
+of the General Passenger Agent of the Ogdensburgh and Lake Champlain
+Railway, then a little one "on its own," striking into the middle of its
+great competitors; a menace, ambitious, and played with a free hand. Its
+able representative was like a little terrier snapping in the midst of a
+surrounding crowd, and he frequently got his way.
+
+The claims for "differentials" by some roads not so well established as
+others, or where representatives thought their earnings might be thus
+increased, were perennial, and the demands for more Special Excursions at
+"cut rates" voluminous. The discussions were lively and well worth hearing.
+
+In the hours of relaxation of this annual gathering which brought men of
+the fraternity from distant places into friendly contact, there were men
+who since have risen into the restraining influence and stateliness of
+highest offices, but who in those younger days did not disdain to dance a
+can can in a night shirt, or snap fingers in a Highland fling, with an
+elderly but active steamboater from Montreal. All could sing in a chorus or
+join in a rout. The foundations of the present great lines of passenger
+trade were laid in those days, but the railway world to-day does not find
+quite so much fun in its work as it used.
+
+The days of individuality of minor roads have gone, and for all railway
+officers those of over pressure against increasing costs of expenses have
+come. The demand of the public of the day is not only for lower rates but
+for greater facilities, so that the increasing strain of business needs
+absorbs all time and attention, although at the same time much pleasant
+intercourse prevails.
+
+Gradually the scope of our courses of traffic leading to the Niagara River
+were thus widened but not with ease; what in these present days can be done
+in a single joint meeting, or by the issue of a single joint rate sheet,
+required in those days, years of work, visiting the distant parts, and much
+personal address. It was in these last that Mr. John Foy particularly
+shone. He had a happy way of gaining and keeping new friends and allies.
+
+In our own local and home city sphere we began working for new business.
+"Book Tickets" for families, with coupons for the trips, were introduced,
+an entirely new development, enabling citizens of Toronto to live at home
+during the summer and yet give their families lake travel and fresh air at
+remarkably cheap rates.
+
+In this we received the aid of the medical profession. One doctor is
+remembered as putting it this way: "I tell my people," said he, "that when
+they want to wash their hands clean they must use clean water, and
+similarly if they require, as I wish them, to clear out their lungs, they
+must get fresh air where the clearest and freshest air is to be got, by
+crossing the lake on your steamers to Niagara."
+
+Another doctor with a large family practice said: "When I find the
+digestion of the children of any of my families getting out of order I
+prescribe a 'book ticket on the Niagara route.' It provides in such cases
+a splendid natural emetic." There is many a well grown citizen in Toronto
+whose vigor has been promoted or life saved in infant days by the pure air
+gained by these trips across the lake. Excursions by societies, Sunday
+schools, national and benevolent bodies were sought out and encouraged to
+devote their energies to providing outings for their associations and
+friends. Every possible method was employed to get new business. We
+certainly needed it, as we certainly had not, so far, a very profitable
+time.
+
+Gradually the business on the route showed signs of growth until we saw
+that if we were to deserve our position with the railway companies and meet
+the increasing traffic we must add to our equipment. The railway officials
+had also expressed their opinion that another steamer would soon be needed
+and stated that in adding it the Navigation Company would receive the
+continued support of their companies. The first year of peace closed
+satisfactorily, and 1885 was marked in white upon the milestones of our
+progress.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[2] Which in itself is a monument to the energy and years of faithful
+service of Miss Janet Carnochan, the valued Historian of the District.
+
+[3] Passenger Train Schedules--
+
+                _Local Railways, 1843._
+         Albany.         Syracuse.          Buffalo.
+    Lv. 6.00 a.m.    Arr. 5.15 p.m.    Arr. 7.00 a.m.
+        1.30 p.m.         2.00 a.m.         3.00 p.m.
+        7.30 p.m.         8.00 a.m.         9.00 p.m.
+
+               _New York Central, 1855._
+         Albany.         Syracuse.          Buffalo.
+    Lv. 6.30 a.m.   Arr. 12.00 noon.   Arr. 7.00 p.m.
+        7.30 a.m.         1.25 p.m.         7.00 p.m.
+        9.00 a.m.         3.50 p.m.         1.00 a.m.
+        6.00 p.m.        12.30 a.m.         6.30 a.m.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+FIRST RAILWAYS AT LEWISTON--EXPANSION REQUIRED--THE RENOWN OF THE "LET HER
+B"--A CRITIC OF PLIMSOLL.
+
+
+The original terminus of the Lewiston branch, after it had emerged from the
+cuttings in the Gorge, was at the upper end of the town, about a mile and a
+half from the steamboat dock at the shore of the river. During the season
+of 1886 the New York Central began again to consider the advisability of
+extending their rails so that the trains might be brought to the steamer's
+side.
+
+This location had been a relic from the earliest travelling days. The rills
+of travel from all parts of the West converged at Niagara Falls and then
+passed on to join the steamboats for Lake Ontario.
+
+Davison's "Travellers' Guide," published at Saratoga Springs in 1834,
+says:--"A stage leaves Buffalo every morning at 6 o'clock, passing through
+the village of Black Rock, 3 miles; Tonawanda, 9 miles; Niagara Falls, 11
+miles. Fare $1.60. This line, after giving passengers an opportunity of
+witnessing the Falls for two or three hours, proceeds to Youngstown, or
+Fort Niagara, passing through Lewiston."
+
+The _Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad_ had been organized and surveyed,
+and the first steam trains commenced running in 1836 with a speed of 15
+miles per hour, a rate which was considered notable. The track was laid on
+wooden sills faced with scrap iron, and during the first winter was so
+heaved by the frost, that the steam engines had to be taken off, and horses
+used to haul the cars, these being only little ones with four wheels each,
+modeled largely after the stage coaches of the period. In 1839, this
+railway having been equipped with all-iron rails, had grown to two steam
+trains per day each way, between Buffalo and Niagara Falls.
+
+A further extension followed when another small railway company, the
+_Niagara Falls and Ontario R.R._ was organized in 1852 to build a railway
+of 14 miles from the Falls to the shores of the Lake at _Youngstown_, where
+the steamers would be joined. Benj. Pringle, president; John Porter, vice
+president; Bradley B. Davis, secretary. The company, at an expense
+relatively much greater in those days than at the present, excavated the
+rock cuttings and cut the shelf in the side of the cliff upon which the New
+York Central Railway now runs through the Gorge, alongside the courses of
+the Niagara River, and the railway was graded and opened to Lewiston in
+1854. Construction was continued further to Youngstown and the track laid
+in 1855, but only one train was run down to the lower port. It has been
+said that this was necessary in order to complete the terms of the charter,
+and appears to have been a final effort. The means of the company were no
+doubt impaired, so that shortly afterward all further work on this
+extension was suspended, the track taken up, and thus in 1855 the balance
+of the line being leased to the New York Central, the Lewiston station had
+become the terminus of the railroad, where it had ever since remained. As
+the transfer to the steamers was originally intended to be made at
+Youngstown, there had been no need, at that time, for the station at
+Lewiston being constructed any nearer to the River bank.
+
+From the very first the break in connection between train and boat had been
+found inconvenient, and in the fall of 1855, Mr. Gordon, of the steamer
+_Peerless_ wrote to the superintendent of the New York Central Railway,
+saying:--"You must get the road down alongside the water at once."
+
+This unpleasant transfer of passengers and their baggage in both directions
+by road and bus had existed all these years. The extension now proposed,
+would, it was expected, certainly be of advantage both to railway and to
+steamboat, as facilitating travel. It would mean a considerable expenditure
+to the New York Central Railway, yet they stated that if we would undertake
+to put on another boat, they would build the extension. The Michigan
+Central at Niagara-on-the-Lake, which had now become one of the New York
+Central lines, had had quite enough trial of their "any boat" arrangement
+and now desired a permanent service, which the putting on of another boat
+would supply.
+
+Decisions had, therefore, to be come to by both parties. "The first thing
+for us to decide," said the Hon. Frank, "is whether _Chicora_ is good
+enough to build a partner for her. This settled, we will then do our share
+on the water, for advancing the traffic of the route while the railways do
+theirs on the land."
+
+[Illustration: The CORONA leaving N. N. Co. Dock at Toronto. page 178]
+
+Immediately on the season closing in October, 1886 the steamer was put into
+Muir's dry dock at Port Dalhousie and every atom of lining in her hull
+removed so that the plates could be seen from the inside as well as from
+the outside. The Government hull inspector, and W. White of Montreal,
+shipbuilder, were brought over to make the inspection. From the beginning
+and throughout as well as assisting in traffic matters the charge of the
+hulls and engines had been my particular care. Led by Webster, the chief
+engineer of _Chicora_, we entered the hull. Webster was a quiet sort of
+fellow, sometimes nervous and at times excitable, perhaps a bit
+over-intense in his work. He was lean and with a loose waistcoat. It has
+been said by some that a steamboat engineer, to be successful, should have
+a decent sized stomach to help steady him through the changing conditions
+in his running days. The suggestion is well founded.
+
+We went under deck. Webster was striking somewhat lightly on a plate which
+showed some signs of inner scale when White broke out at him. "Mon ar' ye
+feart o' goin' through? Gie ma t-hammer." Whereupon he rained his forceful
+blows upon the plate with such vigor as to make the din ring. "Hoot," said
+he as he stopped, "I'd 'a got through gin 'a could, but 'a couldn't."
+
+At the end of the afternoon the inspecting party came out. "Well, White,"
+was asked, "what's the verdict?"
+
+Wiping the sweat off his forehead with the sleeve of his shirt he answered:
+"Wull, ye may tell Mr. Smith that when he, and I, and you are 'a in our
+graves _Chicora_ will still be runnin' gin ye keep her off the rocks."
+
+We therefore accepted the position set out by the railway companies and
+undertook to build a new steamer to be ready for the season of '88, and run
+the risk of profit on the investment while waiting for more traffic to grow
+up. We determined that speed was the essential requisite. First to perform
+the service with ease and regularity. Second to meet any competition which
+might afterwards arise.
+
+There were then in Canada no builders of fast marine engines of the size we
+required. These were only to be found on the Clyde, so Mr. John Foy and I
+sailed the next week on the _Lahn_ of the North German Lloyd for
+Southampton.
+
+We inspected the principal day boats on the lower Thames, and English
+Channel, making notes and enquiries. Thence to Liverpool for Isle of Man
+steamers. Here we called on the head office of "Lairds," the builders of
+the _Chicora_, and made enquiries of her from the manager. "Chicora:
+Chicora, I don't remember any steamer of that name--Ah: did you say the
+_Let Her B_? Yes, she was the best ship of her class we ever built. There
+she is," and raising his hand he pointed to the model of the _Let Her B_,
+still hanging on the wall. He said they had built several steamers for
+service in blockade running into the ports of the Confederate States during
+the American Civil War. Three of these were named _Let Her Go_, _Let Her
+Rip_, _Let Her B_. Of all the steamers which they had built the last named
+and the last turned out was the most successful. Fast, seaworthy, of a
+model which was a thing of beauty, she had not been surpassed. He was quite
+enthusiastic about her and added "She had a stronger frame than usual, so
+that she would be worth replating should it ever be desirable.[4]" He gave
+us every attention and much information and for the requirements which we
+detailed to him, advised us to go to the Clyde, giving us letters to some
+of the best yards there.
+
+In travelling one makes strange acquaintances. On the day express between
+Liverpool and Glasgow when we were running at high speed down the grades
+into Carlisle and the carriage was banging from side to side a gentleman,
+the only other occupant with us, who had never said a word since we started
+suddenly broke into speech, at the same time throwing his feet up on the
+seat opposite to him. "Pit yer legs up! Quick!" The necessity for doing
+this he explained by adding "Gin we leave the line yer legs might be cut
+off by the seats comin' tegither." A good laugh at his fears and
+earnestness dispelled the silence which had previously reigned. He was a
+Scotch shipowner, and finding we were in the same line became
+communicative.
+
+How earnestly he blamed Plimsoll for his legislation in putting his "mark"
+for load line on British ships but leaving the foreigner free, with all the
+privileges of trading between British ports, and of loading as deeply as he
+pleased. The effect, he said, on the British coasting trade was, that as
+the foreigner could load as far as he liked, and therefore carry larger
+cargoes, he could accept lower rates. Many British vessels were in
+consequence of this competition sold out, and transferred to foreign
+ownership.
+
+"I suppose he thinks it's not his business to keep the furriner from bein'
+drooned, yet he ties our hands and helps him take our trade, and noo he's
+at it agin."
+
+Mr. Plimsoll was just then introducing a new Bill into the House of Commons
+at Westminster, proposing to make it illegal for Marine insurance companies
+to insure the hulls of vessels for more than two-thirds of their value.
+
+With this legislation our Scotch friend was very irate.
+
+"Does the man think I want to lose my vessels. I'm in the business as my
+fayther was, and I want to stay in the business. As things are I can insure
+for full value. If I meet an accident either I get my vessel back again,
+fit for her service, or I get the money and build a new and larger one. If
+every time I have a total loss I am to be docked of one-third of my
+capital, then it wouldn't be long before I'd be out of business. Ye never
+can keep up the British merchant marine that way."
+
+But wouldn't it be better for the insurance companies?
+
+"No, not at all. The insurance companies make their money, not on the
+ships' hulls, but on the cargoes which the ships carry. A single ship in
+one season will carry dozens of cargoes. We are the shuttles which carry
+backwards and forwards the cargo values on which the companies earn their
+rates. In fact, we help to earn their money for them. Where would be the
+cargoes without the ships? 'Gin Plimsoll had his way he'd wipe all the
+British ships off the seas, but we're no so bad as he wad paint us."
+
+There was a good deal of truth in what he said, for given that the repute
+and moral hazard is good, it matters little so far as the owners exercise
+of care for the avoiding of loss is concerned, whether the insurance
+carried is for total value or only partial.
+
+Needless to say the Plimsoll Bill did not carry. As evidence of our faith I
+may mention that in the early days, when the Niagara company was simply a
+family ownership, we insured only against fire and collision, carrying the
+whole of the marine risk ourselves. But we watched with infinite closeness
+the ships and our men, as is equally done now when the company insures for
+a portion of the value.
+
+November in Glasgow! A mixture of smoke, fogs and grime. Never was such
+gloomy weather experienced. A soot of blue murkiness seemed to pervade the
+atmosphere. We visited and consulted with the builders of the fast steamers
+particularly the Fairfield Co. at Govan and the Denny's of Dunbarton.
+Nothing could exceed the freedom with which the fullest information was
+laid before us.
+
+We also inspected the fast day steamers of the David Mactryne and the
+Caledonian S.S. companies among them the _Columba_ and _Lord of the
+Isles_, whose repute as day steamers for speed and equipment stood on the
+highest scale and are still (1912) performing their regular service.
+
+While there was much to admire in them, yet we found they were lacking in
+many things in both exterior and interior fittings which our summer lake
+passengers would consider important.
+
+For instance--in making a trip one day on one of these steamers there was a
+nasty drizzling rain. It dribbled down the main stairway which was open to
+the sky, and there were no awnings or coverings over the upper deck. As a
+result the passengers, who wished to have fresh air, sat along the deck
+seats, either huddled together under umbrellas, or wrapped up in the Scotch
+plaids with which almost everybody seemed to be supplied.
+
+"What for why?" said the captain in reply to a suggestion that a deck
+awning might be a good thing. "To keep off the rain," was the reply. "Ah
+mon," said he, "it wad keep aff the sun."
+
+Perhaps in the contrast between the Scotch climate and ours in Canada, he
+was right, for they cannot spare any of the glimpses of the sun so
+sparingly vouchsafed to them.
+
+After fullest enquiry and consideration, we came to the conclusion that the
+best thing we could do was to repeat a highly successful day passenger
+paddle steamer, the _Ozone_ which had been built on the Clyde, and sent out
+to Australia a year and a half previously, and had there obtained a
+splendid record for speed and commercial success.
+
+She was just the size we wanted, 250 feet long, 28' 6" beam in hull, or 52
+feet over guards, draft 6 ft. 6 in. Compound engines with two cylinders of
+47 inches, and 87 inches, developing 2000 horse power, and sending the
+steamer at the officially certified speed of 20 miles per hour on the
+Scotch trials on the Clyde between the _Cloch_ and the _Cumbrae_.
+
+This would be a step larger and a step faster than _Chicora_. We arranged
+with Mr. Robert Morton, the designer and supervisor of the _Ozone_, for a
+set of plans and specifications for the hull, which, constructed of Dalzell
+steel, would be put together on the shores of Lake Ontario, where the upper
+cabin works would be added according to our own requirements.
+
+They offered to deliver a fully completed steamer at Montreal in four
+months, but we would have had to cut her and take off one of the guards to
+get her up through the canals. For my part, I had had quite enough of
+bringing steamers in parts up the St. Lawrence River on which the smaller
+canals were still incompleted, so we decided to erect our new steamer on
+the shores of Lake Ontario.
+
+The engines would be built by Rankin, Blackmore & Co., of Greenrock, from
+whose shops had come some of the fastest engines on the Clyde. These would
+be a repetition of the engines which had been so successfully built by them
+for the _Ozone_ and would be shipped out in parts to Montreal by the first
+steamer in the spring.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] _Chicora_ was put in dry dock at Kingston in the winter of 1904 and
+largely replated at an expense of $37,000.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+WINTER AND WHISKEY IN SCOTLAND--RAIL AND STEAMER ALONGSIDE AT LEWISTON--HOW
+"CIBOLA" GOT HER NAME--ON THE ROUTE--THE U.E. LOYALISTS ONGIARA ADDED.
+
+
+After decisions had been made it still took some time for the arranging of
+tenders and completion of contracts.
+
+During this wait we whiled away the time by seeing football played in seas
+of mud, and half lost in fogs, women by the thousands with heads uncovered
+except when they pulled their shawls over them, and children innumerable
+with feet entirely bare. Poor kiddies how they suffered when on one day
+there was a fall of snow. Such snow, damp, heavy clots, which moistened as
+they touched anything, exuding cold, and slobbering over the stone
+pavements.
+
+The children wrapped their red frosted feet with rags, or bits of carpet,
+to keep them off the stones, while their elders hunched themselves together
+and shivered. No wonder these people feared the snow and cold of Canada,
+for they thought that if they felt such suffering in a temperature only
+just at the freezing point, what must it be when the thermometer went below
+zero.
+
+Yet did they only know it, as many have since learned, the dry salt-like
+winter snow of Canada is pleasant for the children to play in, and the
+sensation of cold not to be measured by the figures on the thermometer. It
+is the dampness which brings the suffering, which, needing to be met by
+heat from within, inclines to the suggestion, expressed by some, that
+whiskey is a natural beverage for Scotland. That it is a usual one I
+learned in actual experience.
+
+In our "steamboat samplings" we had made a trip through the "Kyles of Bute"
+and to Tarbert, where we took carriage across the Mull of Cantire to the
+outer sea. Stopping for lunch at a neat little inn about half way across.
+The mid-day meal was being served in a large room with one long table down
+the centre. At this all the company sat, one, apparently a commercial
+traveller, occupying the seat at the head and doing the carving. A large
+open fireplace with glowing fire gave comfort and pleasant radiance.
+
+The one maid, a cheery looking young girl, did all the serving and was busy
+in her attentions to the guests. When she had got them all served I asked
+her, as she passed by, if she would please get me a cup of tea. Pausing for
+a moment she gave me a searching look and then without speaking passed on.
+A little while later I again caught her attention and suggesting that
+perhaps she had not understood me, said that I would like to have a cup of
+tea. Bending forward over me with a puckering of the forehead she said
+abruptly, "Where do ye coom frae?" "From Canada," I answered.
+
+"Dye ye hae tea 'i the noon in Canada?" "Yes," said I in my most pleasing
+tone, "we have tea three times in the day in Canada--at morning, mid-day
+and evening."
+
+With a sniff she retorted, "Wull, y're no in Canada the noo, y're in
+Scotland. Y' cannot hae tea i' the middle o' the day in Scotland--ye can
+hae whiskey."
+
+I didn't so I'm afraid Canada fell greatly in her estimation.
+
+[Illustration: Sir Thomas Lipton on CHICORA. page 175]
+
+[Illustration: H.R.H. the Duke and Duchess of York going on board CORONA.
+page 183]
+
+The contracts were at length completed and we hastened for home, taking the
+Guion Line _Alaska_ as the fastest ship on the Atlantic. She held the
+"record" for the then fastest passage, 6 days, 21 hours, 40 minutes from
+Queenston to New York.
+
+We had a frightful passage, during one 24 hours making only 52 miles. When
+the captain of a first-class Atlantic liner enters on his log, as ours did
+next day, "_dangerous sea_," one may feel satisfied that something unusual
+had been going on.
+
+Instead of not over eight days, as had been expected, we took twelve days,
+much to the alarm of our families, and reached Toronto only three days
+before Christmas.
+
+So _Chicora_ and her successor had twice run the home-coming festival
+pretty close.
+
+In 1887 the services were opened by _Chicora_ alone, with Capt.
+McCorquodale in command.
+
+Construction of the new steamer was begun early in April in the yards of
+the E. W. Rathbun Company, at Deseronto on the Bay of Quinte, there being
+then no other shipyard on the shores of Lake Ontario. The facilities here
+were excellent, in convenience of access by rail to the waterside, and in
+complete iron and wood-working factories for the cabin construction.
+
+The hull was erected by W. C. White, of Montreal, who also had built the
+steamer _Filgate_, and the wood-work done by ourselves and the Rathbuns
+under the charge of our foreman carpenter, Mr. J. Whalen.
+
+The engines arrived in good shape and were erected in the hull by Rankin,
+Blackmore & Co., who sent out men for this purpose.
+
+The cabin work was being made in sections in the workshops, so that it
+could be erected as soon as the decks were ready.
+
+In the early part of the season of 1887 the New York Central completed the
+extension of its tracks to the shore line at Lewiston, just above the
+steamer dock. The relief to the traffic was welcome and immediate. The
+passengers were saved the weary jolting for the mile and a half transfer
+through enveloping dust, or of red bespattering mud, according to the
+varying conditions of the weather, and the through time between Niagara
+Falls and the steamer was also much shortened.
+
+Ever since the branch railway had emerged from the Gorge this trial of
+temper and nerves had continued just in the same state as it had when
+Lewiston was the focus centre for the quickest routes to Rochester,
+Ogdensburgh, and to Albany and New York, via Lake Champlain, and the only
+route to Toronto, Kingston and Montreal.
+
+At length, after a meritorious service of so many years, their duty being
+over, the lumbering old Transfer Coaches, which looked as though they had
+never felt another coat of paint since their first, were consigned to the
+retirement of broken bottles and old tins. No traces of them are now to be
+found. There are, however, some notable memorials still left in the old
+town of its earliest days of tourist and travel activities.
+
+On the old road between Lewiston and the dock, once traversed by the
+transfer coaches, and part of the main road from Bataira when the village
+was known as "Lewis-Town," is the "Frontier House," built in 1825, and for
+many years considered the "finest hotel west of Albany." It was once the
+stopping place of many early celebrities, and with its broad stoop and
+great pillars is still a very prominent building. The residence of Captain
+Van Cleve, one of the earliest navigators on the lakes, and who sailed
+from the port on the _Martha Ogden_, is on the hillside not far from the
+present terminus of the railway.
+
+At last the railway and the steamers had been brought alongside. This
+facility of interchange, and the shortening of the schedule time much
+improved the volume of traffic in both directions and a start was made
+which indicated that, when made more fully known to the general public,
+would justify the expenditures being made by both the railway and the
+steamer interests.
+
+A new era was being opened for the Niagara River route. We had brought
+about the first steps, had taken part in the bringing of the railways and
+the river together, and now were to add the new steamer.
+
+Consideration of what should be the name of the new addition was much
+occupying the attention not only of ourselves but of many others.
+
+It was conceded that the name must begin with a "C," and end with "A," and
+not exceeding eight letters in length, so that proper balance in
+advertising display might be preserved. A good deal of public interest was
+taken in the matter and many names suggested.
+
+A number of these were selected, and a somewhat novel method adopted for
+coming to the final decision.
+
+The members, both male and female, of the two families interested in the
+company, were invited by Hon. Frank Smith, to dine at "Rivermount," his
+residence on Bloor street. We sat down about twenty-five in number, being
+all the adult members of the Frank Smith, Foy and Cumberland connections,
+and at a splendid repast good fortune to the new steamer was heartily
+toasted.
+
+I had had some twenty posters printed in the same size and wording as we
+then used for street advertising purposes. On each of these was displayed
+the name _Chicora_ together with one of the new names which had been
+suggested. These posters were then set in a line along one side of the
+spacious hall, so that the exact effect of the contiguity of the two names
+could be seen.
+
+After dinner a sort of Dutch auction was held. The adherents of each name
+stated the reasons for their preference, promoting some amusing discussion.
+Each of the posters was then voted on in succession and with varying
+majorities ordered down until finally the one with _Chicora_ and _Cibola_
+gained the preference.
+
+There would seem good reason for this selection, for in addition to the
+suitability in appearance and emphony of the two names, a very interesting
+historical connection between them had been unearthed in the archives and
+annals in the beginning of Spanish-American history, after following up the
+exploits of Pizzaro in South America.
+
+The early Spaniards had made a foothold in the island of Cuba.
+Ponce-de-Leon had visited the shores of Florida, but it was not until 1539
+that Hermando-de-Soto, heading an expedition from the Island, established
+the first permanent occupation upon the mainland for the Spanish nation.
+
+A settlement was formed and a fortress built at Ste. Augustine. Spanish
+influence thereafter gradually extended around the northern shores of the
+Gulf of Mexico toward the Mississippi and inland through the intervening
+Indian country which was then called the _Chicora Country_--"_The land of
+pretty flowers_."
+
+Beyond this and on the other side of the far shores of the Mississippi lay
+the widespread grazing territories where the Spanish adventurers conceived
+would be opportunity for further exploits.
+
+Somewhere about the year 1580 a coterie of these venturesome ones carried
+over with them to Spain a party of the native Indians including among them
+the principal Chief of the Chicora Indians, the occupants of the country
+between Florida and the river. These they presented at their sovereign's
+court as visible evidences of their travellings and enterprises.
+
+In those early days of discovery on this Western hemisphere, and for long
+years afterwards, it is noticeable in how lordly a manner the Sovereigns
+and Magnates of Europe parcelled out the new found territories, making
+wholesale grants of land to their own followers with or out the leave of
+the original Indian occupants. In this case the representative Chief was
+present. The King created him "Don Francisco de Chicora," and a grant was
+confirmed to his introducers of all the country lying adjacent to the Gulf
+of Mexico, on the far side of the Mississippi.
+
+Returning with this authority the Spaniards extended their enterprises to
+their new opportunities. As they advanced westward they found on the
+terraces of the great plains, and on the foothills of the mountain ranges,
+the countless "Cibolos," or Buffalo, ranging in mighty bands over the
+nature pastures.
+
+It was in consequence of this that when giving a name to the new Province
+which was being added to their previous domain, they named it "_Cibola_,"
+"the Buffalo coun_try_." This name is still preserved by a ranching hamlet
+in a part of that territory now in the State of Texas.
+
+As another steamer was to be added in partnership with _Chicora_ "the
+pretty flower," what more appropriate name could we give to her than that
+of "Cibola," "the Buffalo," in reminiscence of the old time territorial
+expansion.
+
+So _Cibola_ it was to be. There was also a further propriety in the
+selection that this "Buffalo boat" was to be one of the line of steamers
+which were to form the greatly improved connection between Toronto, and the
+great and modern city of Buffalo.
+
+On 1st of November the steamer was successfully launched in the presence of
+a large party brought down by special train from Toronto, the name _Cibola_
+being given, and the traditional bottle of champagne smashingly broken on
+the bow, by Miss Constance Cumberland, the youngest sister of the
+Vice-President, and who subsequently married Mr. A. Foy, a brother of the
+Manager.
+
+The firms engaged on the construction were:--Designer, Robert Morton,
+Glasgow; steel hull, Dalzell Co., Dalzell, Scotland; erection of hull, W.
+White & Co., Montreal; marine engines, Rankin Blackmore & Co., Greenock;
+wood-work, Rathbun Co., Deseronto; interior mahogany and decoration, Wm.
+Wright & Co., Detroit; electric lighting, Edison Co., New York.
+
+The _Chicora_ season of 1887 had been exceedingly active. The opening of
+the New York Central to the bank of the river largely increased the
+facilities and the movement of traffic.
+
+The steamer _Hastings_ was chartered to make the early trips from Niagara
+and late from Toronto, and to carry the increasing fruit business. We had
+acquired the rights of the International Ferry between Queenston and
+Lewiston and chartered the small steamer _Kathleen_ to perform the service
+and to transfer passengers to the main line steamers.
+
+A new excursion feature in connection with the extension of their line was
+introduced by the New York Central by "shuttle trains" with _observation
+cars_ run frequently between the Falls and Lewiston. These cars were open
+on the side next the river and the passenger seats set length-wise, facing
+the view, were raised in tiers one above the other, securing an unimpeded
+view of the scenery of the wonderful rapids and Niagara Gorge.
+
+The Kathleen ran in connection with these trains, giving the tourists the
+full length of the Lower River to Niagara and also calling at Youngstown
+for the Fort and Town passengers.
+
+Business at Queenston, where we had improved the dock, was much increased,
+due to our working up the excursions which were rendered more attractive by
+the great improvements made by the Queen Victoria Niagara Park
+Commissioners in the park upon the Queenston Heights and around Brock's
+Monument.
+
+An excellent season closed without further incident.
+
+During the winter of 1887-88 the cabin work had proceeded assiduously on
+_Cibola_. During this period we came much into personal contact with Mr. E.
+W. Rathbun, the head of the Rathbun Co., and, one might say, the physical
+embodiment of Deseronto and of everything within its borders. In the prime
+of life, genial, incisive, he was the focus centre of vibrant energies.
+
+It seemed to be his ambition that no by-product in his enterprises should
+escape undeveloped.
+
+He was interested in every public and benevolent project in the vicinity
+and although not himself entering into parliamentary duties, his opinion
+was much sought and valued in political development. With intense devotion
+to his work, and much continuous strain on his energies it was not to be
+wondered that his years were not many.
+
+At length the spring of 1888 had come. The work was well advanced but, as
+usual, the carpenters and painters lingered on in possession.
+
+_Chicora_ had opened the season and it was absolutely necessary that
+_Cibola_ should be on hand to take part in moving the troops to Niagara
+Camp on 10th June.
+
+The only thing to do was to bring the whole working force away with the
+steamer. Capt. McCorquodale was in command, Capt. McGiffin having been
+appointed to the _Chicora_.
+
+A small party of friends had come down for the trip up, among them Alderman
+John Baxter, of Toronto a genial soul, whose girth was not far from
+equalling his height, he was the very embodiment of merriment and was a
+most excellent singer. As the most elderly member we dubbed him The
+Chaplain, although perhaps he was not the most sedate. Mr. Ross Hayter, a
+Tea Planter cousin, lately Come from Assam, and who was the first to
+introduce Indian package tea to Canada, was installed as the Doctor, and
+Mr. Gus Foy, brother of Mr. John Foy, ably acted as Steward.
+
+We left in the morning with the decks encumbered by every description of
+material for all trades.
+
+As each rounded point, and changing turn of this island-studded channel
+came in view one could not but recall that along these waters once came
+from Montreal, and Cataraqui, the fleet of canoes carrying the families of
+the Six Nations Indians to the new homes, which had been given them by the
+British Government, to replace those in the State of New York, which they
+had lost by their loyal adherence to the King's cause during the War of the
+Revolution. One party under Chief Deseronto had determined to stop at a
+reservation which had been selected on the shores of the Bay of Quinte.
+Before leaving _Cataraqui_, the communion service which had been given to
+their ancestors by Queen Anne in 1712, for their chapel in the Mohawk
+Valley in the Colony of New York, had been divided between the bands, the
+larger share being given to the more numerous party under Chief Brant,
+which separating from their Deseronto companions went onward up Lake
+Ontario to their reservation upon the banks of the Grand River.
+
+[Illustration: The CHIPPEWA in Toronto Harbour. page 174]
+
+These reservations are still occupied by their descendants, who are ardent
+militia men, serving with intense activity in the Indian companies of the
+37th Haldimand Rifles, one of the most efficient in the Canadian Militia.
+All Canadians, should remember that these quiet featured men are the lineal
+descendants of those steadfast ancestors, who gave up their homes and all
+for the British cause, and were the first United Empire Loyalists to come
+to Canada.
+
+Later after 1783, other migrations came up these inner channels.
+
+These were the United Empire Loyalists, descendants of the British pioneers
+and settlers who had founded the English colonies in America, but who
+having fought on the King's side in the Revolution were driven out of their
+homes and their property confiscated, but who chose, rather than foreswear
+their allegiance, to come north into the forests of Canada where they could
+live beneath the British flag under which they and their fathers had been
+born.
+
+It was a meeting, too, with the first steamboat ventures of Upper Canada,
+for on "Finkle's Point," which we passed, the _Frontenac_, the first
+steamer to sail on Lake Ontario, had been built in 1815.
+
+_Chicora_ and _Cibola_ together carried the troops to camp and performed
+the services of the route for 1888. The leaving times from Toronto were 7
+a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m., 4.45 p.m., the _Chicora_ taking the morning trip
+from Lewiston.
+
+This was a very considerable increase, being in fact a doubling of the
+previous service, and although the traffic did not at first justify it, the
+trade soon began to show signs of building up, the new steamer proving
+herself a valuable addition by her higher speed, larger capacity for
+passengers and with running expenses practically the same.
+
+The arrangements for the militia at the camp at Niagara in these early days
+were in the charge of Lt.-Col. Robert Denison, one of the Denison family,
+who have taken so large a part in the military annals of the country, and
+an uncle of Lt.-Col. George T. Denison.
+
+Col. "Bob" as he was most frequently called, was the Brigade Major for the
+Western District with his headquarters in the "_Old Fort_" at Toronto in
+the original "Officers Quarters" building which had been military
+headquarters for the Province since 1813. This old building is still in
+existence and is to be preserved as part of the restoration of the Old
+Fort.
+
+Unconventional and breezy in his ways, he used, referring to the fact that
+he had entirely lost one eye, to say that he "had a single eye to Her
+Majesty's Service," and sitting straddled, as was his habit, on a
+four-legged saddle shaped sort of seat that "he was always in the saddle,
+ready for a call to action."
+
+In 1889 _Cibola_ and _Chicora_, continued their usual services with
+satisfaction and regularity.
+
+The Observation Train service of the New York Central Railway increased
+much in importance as also the transfer between Lewiston and Queenston. A
+smart little steamer was purchased to specially fill these services.
+
+Following our habit we searched for some name which would be appropriate to
+the conditions.
+
+The "Relations des Jesuits" are the reports sent back to France between
+1616 and 1672 by the devoted Jesuit priests who had come over in the early
+French Regime and worked among the Indians for their Christianization. Much
+information is given in these conditions among the tribes, and concerning
+the geography of the country.
+
+One of these, _Pere Lallement_, reports that in 1642 an "_Onguiaara_" tribe
+of Indians were living between the two lower lakes on a river bearing the
+same name as the tribe. Later on the Great Falls on this river are
+mentioned as the "_Ongiara Cataractes_." This name of _Ongiara_, which was
+the earliest by which the river was known among the Indians, has since been
+transmuted by the whites into its present name Niagara.
+
+We therefore named the little steamer _Ongiara_ as being appropriate to the
+history of her surroundings, and to her duties between the original portage
+routes of Indian and historic periods at the landings at Lewiston and
+Queenston.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+RUNNING THE BLOCKADE ON THE LET HER B.--AS TOLD BY HER CAPTAIN-OWNER.
+
+
+During 1889 we had the pleasure of a visit from Captain George B. Boynton,
+the former owner of _Chicora_ in her blockade running days, who was
+delighted to renew acquaintance with his early ally. He gave us many
+reminiscenses of that stirring period, the narration of them cannot be done
+better than by giving extract by courteous permission of the publisher from
+his narrative as afterwards contained[5] under the heading "Looking for
+Trouble." Copyright, 1911, by _Adventure Magazine_, the Ridgway Company.
+
+After giving an account of his earlier life and share in the American Civil
+War, and of a project to join some adventures in Cuba he says, "While I was
+wondering how I could get into communication with Cespedes, my interest was
+aroused by a newspaper story of the new blockade runner _Let Her B._ The
+_Let Her B._, whose name was a play on words, was a long, powerful,
+schooner-rigged steamship, built by Lairds on the Mersey. Though classed as
+a fifteen-knot ship she could do sixteen or seventeen knots (19 miles)
+which was fast going at that time. There was so much money in
+blockade-running that the owners of one could well afford to lose her after
+she had made three successful trips.
+
+"In five minutes I decided to become a blockade-runner and to buy the new
+and already famous ship, if she was to be had at any price within reason. I
+bought a letter of credit and took the next ship for Bermuda. On my arrival
+there I found that the _Let Her B._ had been expected in for several days
+from her second trip and that there was considerable anxiety about her. A
+fresh cargo of munitions of war was awaiting the _Let Her B_, and a ship
+was ready to take to England the cotton she would bring.
+
+"I got acquainted with the agent for the blockade-runner, and offered to
+buy her and take the chance that she might never come in. He wanted me to
+wait until the arrival of her owner, Joseph Berry, who was expected daily
+from England.
+
+"After waiting several days I said to him one morning, "It looks as though
+your ship had been captured or sunk. I'll take a gambler's chance that she
+hasn't and will give you $50,000 for her and $25,000 for the cargo that is
+waiting for her; you to take the cargo she brings in. I'll give you three
+hours to think it over."
+
+"It looked as though I was taking a long chance, but I had a "hunch" that
+she was all right, and I never have had a well-defined "hunch" steer me in
+anything but a safe course, wherefore I invariably heed them. At the
+expiration of the time limit there was not a sign of smoke in any direction
+and the agent accepted my proposition. In half an hour I had a bill of sale
+for the ship and the warehouse receipts for the cargo of war-supplies.
+
+"At sunset that day a ship came in from England with her former owner. He
+criticized his agent sharptly at first, but when two more days passed with
+no sign of the anxiously-looked-for ship, Mr. Berry concluded that he had
+all the best of the bargain, and complimented his agent on his shrewdness.
+
+"On the third day the _Let Her B._ came tearing in, pursued at long range
+by the U.S.S. Powhatan, which proceeded to stand guard over the harbour,
+keeping well off shore on account of the reefs and shoals that were under
+her lee.
+
+"The _Let Her B._ discharged a full cargo of cotton and was turned over to
+me. I went over her carefully while her cargo of arms was going in and
+found her in excellent condition. She was unloaded in twelve hours, and all
+her cargo was safely stowed in another forty-eight hours. I took command of
+her, with John B. Williams, her old captain, as sailing master, and
+determined to put to sea at once.
+
+"I knew the Powhatan would not be looking for us so soon, and planned to
+catch her off her guard. There was then no man-of-war entrance to the
+harbor and it was necessary to enter and leave by daylight. With the sun
+just high enough to let us get clear of the reefs before dark, and with the
+Powhatan well off shore and at the farthest end of the course she was
+lazily patrolling, we put to sea.
+
+"The Powhatan saw us sooner than I had expected, and started but she was
+not quick enough. The moment she swung around I increased our speed to a
+point which the pilot loudly swore would pile us up on the rocks. But it
+didn't and when we cleared the passage we were all of four miles in the
+lead. As I had figured, the Powhatan did not suppose we would come out for
+at least a week, and was cruising slowly about with fires banked, so it
+took her some time to get up a full head of steam. She fired three or four
+shots at us, but they fell far short.
+
+"At sunrise we had the ocean to ourselves.
+
+"I started in at once to master practical navigation, the theory of which I
+knew, and to familiarize myself with the handling of a ship. I stood at the
+wheel for hours at a time and almost wore out the instruments taking
+reckonings by the sun and stars. Navigation came to me naturally, for I
+loved it, and in three days I would have been willing to undertake a cruise
+around the world with a Chinese crew.
+
+"We arrived off Charleston late in the afternoon and steamed up close
+inshore until we could make out the smoke of the blockading fleet, which
+was standing well out, in a semi-circle. Then we dropped back a bit and
+anchored. All of the conditions shaped themselves to favor us. It was a
+murky night, with a hard blow, which came up late in the afternoon, and
+when we got under way at midnight a good bit of a sea was running.
+
+"With the engines held down to only about half speed, but ready to do their
+best in a twinkling, we headed for the harbor, standing as close inshore as
+we dared go. We passed so close to the blockading-ship stationed at the
+lower end of the crescent that she could not have depressed her guns enough
+to hit us even if we had been discovered in time. But she did not see us
+until we had passed her. Then she let go at us with her bow guns and, while
+they did no damage, we were at such close quarters that their flash gave
+the other ships a glimpse of us as we darted away.
+
+"They immediately opened on us, but after the first minute or two it was a
+case of haphazard shooting with all of them. The first shells exploded
+close around us, and some of the fragments came aboard, but no one was
+injured. When I saw where they were firing I threw my ship farther over
+toward Sullivan's Island, where she could go on account of her light
+draft, and sailed quietly along into the harbor at reduced speed. At
+daylight we went up to the dock and were warmly welcomed.
+
+"Before the second night was half over we had everything out of her and a
+full cargo of cotton aboard, and we steamed out at once. I knew the
+blockaders would not expect us for at least four days, and we surprised
+them just as we had surprised the Powhatan at Bermuda. It was a thick
+night, and we sailed right through the fleet at half speed, but prepared to
+break and run for it at the crack of a gun. Not a shot was fired or an
+extra light shown.
+
+"As soon as we were clear of the line we put on full speed and three days
+later we were safe at Turk's Island, the most southerly and easterly of the
+Bahama Islands, off the coast of Florida, which I had selected as a base of
+operations. These islands were a haven and a clearing-house for the
+outsiders who were actively aiding the Confederacy for a very substantial
+consideration.
+
+"Most of the blockade-runners, including the _Banshee_, _Siren_, _Robert E.
+Lee_, _Lady Sterling_, and other famous ships, were operating out of
+Nassau, which had the advantage of closer proximity to the chief Southern
+posts, being within 600 miles of Charleston and Wilmington, while Turk's
+Island was 900 miles away, but I never have believed in following the
+crowd. It is my rule to do things alone and in my own way, as must be the
+practice of every man who expects to succeed in any dangerous business. The
+popularity of Nassau caused it to be closely watched by the Federal
+cruisers that patrolled the Gulf Stream, while the less important islands
+to the south and east were practically unguarded.
+
+"Though precarious for the men who made them so, those were plenteous days
+for the Bahamas, compared with which the rich tourist toll since levied on
+the Yankees is but small change. The fortunes yielded by blockade-running
+seemed made by magic, so quick was the process. Cotton that was bought in
+Charleston or Wilmington for ten cents a pound sold for ten times as much
+in the Bahamas, and there were enormous profits in the return cargoes or
+military supplies. The captains and crews shared in the proceeds and the
+health of the Confederacy was drunk continuously and often riotously.
+
+"By the time I projected myself temporarily into this golden atmosphere of
+abnormal activity, running the blockade had become more of a business and
+less of a romance than it was in the reckless early days of the war.
+
+"Before leaving Bermuda I had ordered a cargo of munitions of war sent to
+Turk's Island. We had to wait nearly a month for this shipment to arrive,
+but the time was well spent in overhauling the engines and putting the _Let
+Her B_ in perfect condition.
+
+"My second trip to Charleston furnished a degree of excitement that exalted
+my soul. While we were held up at Turk's Island the blockading fleet had
+been strengthened and supplemented by several small and fast boats which
+cruised around outside of the line. Without knowing this I had decided--it
+must have been in response to a "hunch"--to make a dash straight through
+the line and into the harbor. And it was fortunate that we followed this
+plan, for they were expecting us to come up from the south, hugging the
+shore as we had done before, and if we had taken that course they certainly
+would have sunk us or forced us aground.
+
+"We were proceeding cautiously, but did not think we were close to the
+danger zone, when suddenly one of the patrol ships picked us up and opened
+fire. Her guns were no better than pea-shooters, but they gave the signal
+to the fleet, and instantly lights popped up all along the line ahead.
+
+"In the flashing lights ahead I saw all of the excitement that I had been
+longing for, and with an exultant yell to the helmsman to "Tell the
+engineer to give her ----l," I pushed him aside and seized the wheel. I
+fondled the spokes lovingly and leaned over them in a tumult of joy. It was
+the great moment of which I had dreamed from boyhood.
+
+"I had anticipated that when it came I would be considerably excited and
+forgetful of all of my carefully-thought-out plans for meeting an
+emergency, but to my surprise I found that I was as cool as though we had
+been riding at anchor in New York Bay. The opening gun cleared my mind of
+all its anxieties and intensified its action. I remember that I took time
+to analyze my feelings to make sure that I was calm and collected and not
+stunned and stolid and that I was silent from choice and not through
+anything of fear.
+
+"As though spurred by a human impulse, the little ship sprang forward as
+she felt the full force of her engines and never did she make such a race
+as she did that night. In the sea that was running and at the speed that we
+were going we would ordinarily have had two men at the wheel, but I found
+it so easy and so delightful to handle the ship alone that I declined the
+assistance of Captain Williams, who stood behind me.
+
+"Though I am not tall, being not much over five feet and eight inches,
+nature was kind in giving me a well-set-up frame and a powerful
+constitution, devoid of nerves but with muscles of steel, and with a
+reserve supply of strength that made me marvel at its source.
+
+"The widest opening in the already closing line was, luckily directly in
+front of us, and I headed for it. The sparks from our smokestack gave the
+blockaders our course as plainly as though it had been noon-day, and they
+closed in from both sides to head us off. Shot and shell screamed and sang
+all around the undaunted _Let Her B._
+
+"First the mainmast and then the foremast came down with a crash, littering
+the decks with their gear. A shell carried death into the forecastle. One
+shot tore away the two forward stanchions of the pilot-house, and another
+one smashed through the roof, but neither Captain Williams nor I was
+injured. All of our boats and most of our upper works were literally shot
+to pieces.
+
+"From first to last we must have been under the terrific fire for half an
+hour, but it seemed not more than a few minutes, and it really was with
+something of regret that I found the shots were falling astern. When we got
+up to the dock we found that five of our men had been killed and a dozen
+more or less injured. The ship had not been damaged at all, so far as speed
+and seaworthiness in ordinary weather were concerned, though she looked a
+wreck.
+
+"The blockaders expected we would be laid up for a month. Consequently when
+we steamed out on the fourth night, after making only temporary repairs,
+they were not looking for us and we got through their line without much
+trouble.
+
+"We refitted at Turk's Island, where we laid up for three weeks.
+
+"I made two more trips to Charleston without any very exciting experiences,
+though we were fired on both times, and then sold the ship to an
+enterprising Englishman at Turk's Island. I made a comfortable fortune with
+her and sold her for more than I paid for her."
+
+The _Let Her B._ was never captured, but the war closed the year after her
+arrival and upon its conclusion she was brought North and registered as a
+Canadian vessel at the Port of Pictou, Nova Scotia, and her name at the
+same time changed to _Chicora_.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] "Adventure Magazine," New York, Jan. 1911.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+THE CANADIAN ELECTRIC TO QUEENSTON--AN OLD PORTAGE ROUTE REVIVED--HISTORY
+OF THE TWO PORTAGES--THE TREK TO THE WESTERN STATES--CHIPPEWA
+ARRIVES--NOTABLE PASSENGER MEN.
+
+
+No wonder that after his recital of her prowess, much as we had esteemed
+the bonnie ship, we now thought all the more of her, for as ill the times
+of her previous owners, so now in ours, there appeared to be a sort of
+living sprite within her frames, evidencing a spirit of life, and
+consciousness, as that of a fond friend, as well as a faithful servant.
+Perhaps it is this very affection which arises between a man and his ship
+that has led to all vessels being spoken of in the feminine, and familiarly
+as "she." Perhaps, however it may be that it comes from their kittenish
+"kittly-cattly" ways, for you never know what a vessel will do, until you
+have tried her.
+
+1890 brought us still further on the way to success. The business was fast
+increasing, under the more frequent services and the spread of advertising,
+and solicitation. So much was this the case that the possibility of placing
+another steamer on the route began to be debated, not only by ourselves,
+but by other people who were looking on.
+
+A small American steamer had been running between Lewiston and Youngstown,
+and there was some talk of putting on another. Rumors also spoke of an
+electric line to be built between these points to more closely connect the
+troops of the American Garrison at Fort Niagara with the forces of the
+State of New York. We thought, therefore, it would be as well to obtain the
+dock at Youngstown, to which rail connections could be made, and also to
+create an American company, under which American steamers could be owned
+and operated by us, should it at any time be thought well to do so.
+
+The "Niagara River Navigation Co., Limited," was then formed under a
+charter obtained from the State of New York, and the stock subscribed and
+paid up by members of the Niagara Navigation Co. families, the Board
+being,--John Foy, President; Barlow Cumberland, Vice-President, and three
+gentlemen of Buffalo, directors.
+
+The Youngstown Dock, which had been privately purchased, and is the dock
+down to which the railway track of 1885 ran, was taken over by this
+American company, and some people, whom it had been suggested might put on
+American steamers to run in competition with the Niagara Navigation
+Company, were informed that we were empowered, and quite ready to meet them
+under their own condition, so they drew in their horns and nothing more was
+heard of the matter.
+
+A policy was formulated which has ever since been maintained, of adding
+steamers as the traffic, and new developments showed might be required and
+to add them even in advance of actual requirements.
+
+From the position of its ports, and the variable requirements of the
+connecting lines, the Niagara River Line can be best handled by one stable
+company, in full control of docks at all the landing places, and with a
+number of steamers sufficient to meet all possible emergencies of sudden
+demands of travel as they arrive at different times on the several railway
+connections on both sides of the lake. The very flexibility of the service
+ensures adequate provision to keep the largest excursion business moving
+without delay, and with convenience from whatever quarter or connection it
+may at any hour come.
+
+In 1891 Captain McGiffin was promoted to command of _Cibola_ in succession
+to Captain McCorquodale, who after having given fullest satisfaction and
+faithful service, had died during the previous season. Captain W. H.
+Solmes, of Picton, was now appointed to _Chicora_.
+
+In this year began the project for the construction of the _Niagara Falls
+Park and River Railway_ on the Canadian side, following the bank of the
+river from Niagara Falls to Queenston and being the first electric railway
+to be built in this vicinity on either side of the river.
+
+Electrical traction was then in its infancy. No better evidence of this can
+be given than the fact that although the Canadian Electric Railway Company
+had ample surplus power in their development at the Horseshoe Falls, yet
+the electrical engineers of the day, reported that the cost of wiring and
+the loss in transmission of power for the only seven miles to Queenston,
+would be prohibitive to commercial economy. An additional equipment for
+development of electricity by steam was therefore installed on the river
+side at Queenston to help the power current from the Falls in operating the
+cars up the zig-zag to the top of the Queenston Heights.
+
+This power house is shown in the view taken from the Heights and continued
+to be used until 1898, when the improvements in electrical transmission
+enabled it to be abandoned and full power brought from the company's water
+power house at the Falls.
+
+The zig-zag series of curves by which the double track railway winds its
+way up the face of the Niagara escarpment from the dock to the summit at
+Brock's Monument is considered one of the achievements of Mr. Jennings,
+who was the engineer for the construction of this Canadian Power and
+Electrical R.R. Company, and had previously done some notable work for the
+Canadian Pacific Railway on the Fraser River and Rocky Mountain sections.
+As the cars wind up and approach the summit, a splendid and far distant
+landscape is opened to the view, one which the Duke of Argyle considered to
+be one of the "_worthy views of the world_." Below are the terraces and
+color-chequered fields of the vineyards, the peach and fruit orchards of
+this "Garden of Canada." Through these variegated levels the Niagara River
+curves in its silvered sheen to Lake Ontario where the blue waters close in
+the far horizon.
+
+From Queenston Heights this electric railway skirts the edges of the cliffs
+above the great gulf in the depths of which the Niagara rapids toss and
+foam, and then circling around the sullen swirlings of the fatal Whirlpool,
+lands the tourist within the spray of the great Cataract itself.
+
+Our ownership of the dock and the waterfront at Queenston, purchased so
+many years before, now proved its foresight and facilitated the making of
+arrangements with the new Electric Railway for an interchange of business.
+As a result it was now determined that a fourth steamer should be added to
+the Niagara River Line, and thus provision was made for the new connection
+and the increased business which would arise from its introduction.
+
+This new connection apparently to the river was, after all, but the revival
+of the old _Portage Route_ on the Canadian side, which had so long existed
+between Chippawa and the head of navigation at this point, but not exactly
+on the same location and had passed away upon the diversion of business to
+other routes.
+
+[Illustration: The CHIPPEWA in Drydock at Kingston, Bow. (page 184)]
+
+[Illustration: The CHIPPEWA in Drydock at Kingston, Stern.]
+
+As the steamer lies at the Queenston Dock, the eye naturally sweeps upward
+over the cedar clad slopes of the Niagara escarpment toward the striking
+monument which crowns its heights. The reminiscences are those of martial
+strife, when on the 13th of October, 1812, contestants met in mortal
+conflict. In fancy we can see the foemen moving upon the slopes, the
+American forces gain the Heights, the heroic General Brock leads his men in
+bold attack to regain possession, and falls at their head mortally wounded.
+Reinforcements under General Sheaffe come from the west along the summit of
+the cliffs, the contest is renewed; Indians are seen gleaming among the
+trees, they drive the invaders over the brink to fall into the rapids
+below, and at length the American forces with two Generals and seven
+hundred men lay down their arms and are taken prisoners. But there are
+other phases much more ancient of this head of navigation and its portages.
+
+Under the hill there can be discerned beneath the shadow of the Height the
+old road leading up from the lower level of the dock to the upper level
+upon which, what is left of the Town of Queenston stands. It is marked and
+scarred with the ruts of many decades and full of memories. Upon these
+slopes the Indian made his way to the waterside at the Chippewa creek. Here
+came the trappers with their bales of furs brought down from the far
+North-West. Here came the _voyageur traders_ of France with beads and
+gew-gaws for barter with the Indians, and later the English with blankets
+and firearms.
+
+In the earliest days two portages were available, one on each side of the
+river, but during the French period and for long, long after the one on the
+past side from Lewiston was mainly used, its terminus at Lake Erie being
+called _Petite Niagara_ as distinctive from the great _Fort Niagara_ at
+its lower end.
+
+With the end of the war of the Revolution, Capt. Alexander Campbell of the
+12th Regiment, was sent by Lord Dorchester to report on the portages. In
+reporting in 1794 he mentions that the American portage was at a steep bank
+just below the rapids, to the foot of which the batteaux were poled with
+difficulty and the contents raised by winch and hawser to the upper level
+some 60 feet above. On the Canadian side at Queenston the eddy was more
+favorable and there were, he said, four vessels waiting to be unloaded and
+sixty waggons working on the portage. In consideration of the expected
+transfer of Fort Niagara he thought it would be better to improve the mouth
+of the Chippewa Creek and adopt the all-Canadian side instead of sending up
+supplies on the Fort Niagara side to _Schlosser_ to be boated across to
+_Fort Erie_.
+
+Mr. Robert Hamilton, afterwards Hon. Robert, sized up the situation and
+built a new dock and storehouse on what afterwards turned out to be
+Government property at the _Chippaway River_. He had early appreciated the
+value of the portage and had established a large transfer business across
+it. Becoming the chief personage of the neighborhood he had in 1789 changed
+the name of its northern terminus to _Queenston_ instead of the _West
+Landing_ by which it had previously been known.
+
+With these increased facilities and to his own great profit he in time
+secured the bulk of the portage trade.
+
+In 1800 John Maude mentions that three schooners and 14 teams were lying at
+the dock at Queenston on one day, and that from 50 to 60 teams a day passed
+over the Portage, the rate for freight being 20 pence New York currency per
+hundred pounds between Queenston and Chippewa.
+
+When the great _trek_ from Maine and Massachusetts began to the Western
+States of Michigan and Illinois, this Queenston road was mostly taken by
+the wandering land seekers, it being adopted by them then as the short cut
+across the Peninsula to the Detroit River instead of the long detour along
+the south shores of Lake Erie, just as at present the Michigan Central,
+Wabash and Grand Trunk Railways cross from the Falls on this shortest route
+to the west.
+
+The waggons with their horses, having come to Lewiston from Albany and
+Rochester by the Ridge Road, were placed upon the batteaux to cross the
+river, and although at first carried far down by the current on the eastern
+side were easily taken by the eddy up the west shore to the landing place
+at Queenston. Up this inclined road to the upper tier, in imagination one
+can see the lines of immigrants, with their teams and canvas topped wagons,
+in long extended line seeking the far West for their new homes and great
+adventures.
+
+So great was the traffic in this direction that, in 1836 a "horse boat" was
+employed on the ferry and the first Suspension Bridge at Queenston was
+promoted in 1839 to accommodate the movement from the East towards the
+West. At present except when a Niagara Navigation Co. steamer is alongside,
+all is so quiet it seems scarcely possible that this landing place could at
+one time have been the centre of such busy movement.
+
+The re-opening revived also the memories of an oft told narrative of a
+little family, which years before had arrived over the portage route, at
+this same dock at Queenston, and made their first acquaintance with the
+Niagara River and its navigation.
+
+Mr. Fred W. Cumberland, our late Director, and his wife had come to the
+opinion that the position which the held on the Engineering Staff, in Her
+Majesty's dockyard at Portsmouth, did not represent such a future as they
+would desire, and therefore they determined to emigrate to Canada. In the
+spring of 1847 they took passage on a sailing ship, bringing with them
+their ten-months-old baby. After a voyage of six weeks they reached New
+York, from where they came by Hudson River steamer to Albany, where they
+spent the night. From here they came by steam railroad at the unexpected
+speed of "twenty miles an hour." And again, as was usual, for there were no
+night trains, broke their journey and stayed over night at Syracuse, 171
+miles, where there was a fine large hotel, and the following day leaving
+8.00 a.m., arrived at Buffalo at 9.00 p.m. Leaving Buffalo next morning
+they came by steamer down the Niagara River to Chippawa, where they took
+the "horse railroad" for Queenston to join the steamer for Toronto.
+
+The terminus at Queenston of the horse railroad was at the end of the
+"stone road," near the hotel above the road leading down to the steamer.
+Just when arrived at this, the car went off the track, and while Mr.
+Cumberland was endeavoring to extract their belongings, Mrs. Cumberland,
+the baby, and a young clergyman, the Rev. G. Salter, who had crossed the
+Atlantic on the same ship with them, were carried off on the steamer for
+Toronto, and the father was left behind. It was amusingly told, how, after
+they had landed at the foot of Church Street, and were walking up into the
+town, Mr. Salter, who had been consigned to an appointment under the Rev.
+Dr. John Strachan, then Bishop of Toronto, wondered what his Bishop would
+say if he should chance to meet his new curate with another man's wife and
+carrying a baby as he entered his Diocese. The baby was Barlow Cumberland,
+who then made his first steamboating on the Niagara River, on which he was
+afterwards to be so actively engaged.
+
+It was determined that the new steamer should be a further advance in size
+and equipment to prepare for the increased traffic now to be fed from both
+sides of the river. Additional capital was therefore required, of which
+part was provided by the Niagara Company, and part by the introduction of
+new stockholders, including Mr. E. B. Osler, and Mr. William Hendrie.
+
+Here, in 1892, the purely family relationship of the first members of the
+Company closed, the stock holdings being more widely spread and the Board
+increased from five members to seven.
+
+The services of Mr. Frank Kirby, of Detroit, the most accomplished designer
+of passenger steamers, were engaged, the plans made, the tenders of the
+Hamilton Bridge & Shipbuilding Co. accepted for the hull, boilers and
+upper-works, and the engines contracted for with W. Fletcher Co., of New
+York, the builders of the fastest marine engines on the Hudson and the
+Upper Lakes. Mr. Geo. H. Hendrie left the next day for Scotland to arrange
+for the materials.
+
+_Cibola_, Capt. McGiffin, and _Chicora_, Capt. Solmes, conducted the season
+1892 with good success. Work on the new steamer was commenced at Hamilton.
+
+Again the question of a new name arose, and this time it was considered
+that the name should still be Indian, but of Canadian origin. Thus the name
+_Chippewa_ was selected as that of a renowned Canadian tribe of Indians
+which had flourished in the Niagara River District, and also as a renewal
+of the name of H.M. sloop _Chippewa_, upon which General Brock had sailed
+on Lake Erie. It will be noted that the name is not that of the village
+and postoffice of Chippawa, but is spelled with an "e," being that of the
+Indian tribe. A fine carving of a Chippewa Chieftain's head, taken from
+Catlin's collection of Indian portraits, is placed on the centre of each
+paddle box, similarly as a rampant Buffalo had previously been placed on
+those of the _Cibola_. On 2nd May, 1893, the steamer was successfully
+launched in the presence of many of the citi-townsman, Mr. William Hendrie,
+and of a number of visitors from Buffalo, Toronto and Montreal. The name
+was given and the bottle gallantly broken by Miss Mary Osler, daughter of
+Mr. E. B. Osler, and Miss Mildred Cumberland, daughter of Mr. Barlow
+Cumberland. _Chippewa_, the _Indian Chief_, was the first of our vessels to
+be constructed of steel. Her tonnage is 1,574 tons. Length, 311 feet; beam,
+36, and is authorized to carry 2,000 passengers in lake service. The
+interior arrangements were more convenient and spacious than any
+previously, and an innovation was the addition of a hurricane deck, upon
+which ample space for passengers is provided. The _Chippewa_ had
+satisfactorily passed through her trial trips, and in May, 1894, the
+steamer, completed in every respect, sailed from Hamilton to take up her
+station on the Niagara Route. A goodly number of railway and steamboating
+officials and friends were on board under the leadership of Sir Frank
+Smith.
+
+Our steamers were that year running from Geddes' (now the City) Dock, as we
+had again, for the fourth time, been turned out of Milloys. Mr. William
+Fletcher, the builder of the engines, had come up from New York and was in
+charge of the motive department. It was a Saturday afternoon. _Chicora_ was
+occupying the face of the dock, so _Chippewa_ had to come in on the west
+side. By some mischance she was not stopped soon enough and made her entry
+into Toronto by driving her nose some five or six feet into the wooden
+timber of the side of the Esplanade. The steamer seemed scarcely in motion,
+yet cut into the heavy timbers as though they had been matches. When backed
+out no damage was done excepting the loss of a little paint on the bow. The
+party landed, the Buffalo and New York visitors with Mr. Fletcher going off
+on _Chicora_ amid hearty exchange of greetings.
+
+The introduction of a third boat on the Main Line made an exceeding
+difference in the frequency of the services, and again was at first a good
+deal in excess of the demand, or of business offering.
+
+A new trip was introduced by the _Chicora_ leaving Toronto at 9 a.m.,
+staying over at Lewiston and returning in the afternoon, making one round
+trip. The whole departure being five trips; 7.00 a.m., 9.00 a.m., 11.00
+a.m., 2.00 p.m., 4.45 p.m. This 9.00 a.m. trip was not a success during its
+early years, but gradually gained in importance.
+
+_Chippewa_ (Capt. McGiffin), _Cibola_ (Capt. W. H. Solmes), _Chicora_
+(Capt. Jas. Harbottle), closed the season of 1894, in which much more
+activity was produced, and good evidences given of growth to be expected in
+the future.
+
+In effecting its growth the route continued to be exceedingly assisted by
+the energies and assistance of the connecting Railway Company's officers.
+_Mr. D. M. Kendrick_ had succeeded Mr. Meeker, and he in turn, in 1887,
+followed by _Mr. Henry Monett_. A most notable advance was begun during
+this regime, an entirely new idea being evolved. The reputation of the New
+York Central Railway for the regularity and character of its trains and
+service had been well created, but up to that time the Erie Railway, by
+persistent advertising, had been established in the minds of the public as
+"_the only scenic_" route between Buffalo and New York. Mr. Monett
+instituted a series of descriptive and illustrative announcements
+developing the _Mohawk Valley_, through which the New York Central runs, as
+being "_the really most beautiful_" route, passing through the scenery of
+the romantic valley of the Mohawk and the mountain heights of the Hudson
+with all the advantages of _"a water-level line" following the coursings of
+the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers_, and so giving a perfect night's rest.
+
+It was a novelty and an inducement which caught the public idea, and added
+attraction to efficient service.
+
+Owing to the early death of Mr. Monett in 1888, _Mr. E. J. Richards_
+followed as Acting General Passenger Agent to 1889, with his intimate
+knowledge of the passenger requirements he gathered in and secured the
+business which Mr. Monett's methods had begun to attract. During his period
+_Cibola_ was added to our line.
+
+With the career of his successor _Mr. George H. Daniels_, (1889 to 1905)
+there was a still further expansion of the advertising method of attracting
+business to the great railway, whose train service was of the highest
+development. The celebrated pamphlets known as the "_Four Track_" series
+under Mr. Daniels led the way in railway advertising publications,
+introducing methods which since then have been so extensively followed and
+applied by all the principal railways. As an instance of widespread
+advertisement, no less than four millions of the one issue of the "Four
+Track" series which contained "_The Message to Garcia_" were distributed to
+the public, the demand for copies exhausting edition after edition.
+_Chippewa_ and _Corona_ were both added during Mr. Daniel's term.
+
+During the later changes in the Head Offices the local passenger
+representation in the Buffalo and Western district had been held in
+succession by _Mr. E. J. Weekes_ and _Mr. H. Parry_. No railway was ever
+better served, nor its patrons more firmly secured in friendship.
+
+Equally successful assistance was given by _Mr. A. W. Ruggles_ and _Mr.
+Underwood_ of the Michigan Central Railway, which with its quickest route
+to Buffalo direct from Niagara-in-the-Lake was specially developed.
+
+Thus in a series of years, steamer after steamer had been added, each of
+the highest capacity, so that by mutual energy the good reputation of the
+route had been advanced and traffic gradually created, for, as each steamer
+was put on it created at first a surplus of accommodation, and an increase
+of running expenses until later the passenger trade had again worked up to
+the capacity. It is beyond question that the character and satisfaction of
+the steamers provided on a combined rail and water route have more to do
+with the attracting of business than even the land facilities on the
+railways. It is to produce this result that the railway companies steadily
+support the established steamboat lines in private ownership which have
+been developed in connection with them, as being the best way to secure
+fullest facilities for the public, and efficient service for themselves.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+"CIBOLA" GOES; "CORONA" COMES--THE GORGE ELECTRIC RAILWAY OPENS TO
+LEWISTON--HOW THE FALLS CUT THEIR WAY BACK THROUGH THE ROCKS--ROYAL
+VISITORS--THE DECISIVENESS OF ISRAEL TARTE.
+
+
+With three "Line" steamers and five trips a day, the route kept on steadily
+developing, the service being attractive, and the line kept well before the
+public, but the season's traffic produced nothing of particular notice.
+
+During 1895 came a set-back, and unfortunate loss, by _Cibola_ taking fire
+one night when lying alongside the dock at Lewiston. The upper works were
+entirely burned off and the hull, having been set adrift, floated down the
+river as far as Youngstown, where it was secured and brought to the dock.
+_Cibola_ during her career had proved herself an efficient steamer, fast,
+economical, and satisfactory in all weathers.
+
+Business had not so greatly increased that the remaining two main line
+steamers could not continue to sufficiently meet the service, so far as it
+then required, but immediate steps were taken to replace her loss and make
+ready for the requirements of the new electric railway then contemplated on
+the American side from the Falls to Lewiston. Mr. Angstrom, who had already
+done some excellent work as a marine architect, made the new design, and a
+contract was let to the Bertram Engine and Shipbuilding Company, Toronto,
+for a steamer 272 feet in length, 32 ft. 6 inches beam, 2,000 horse-power,
+with a capacity for 2,000 passengers, being larger than the _Cibola_. There
+was not this time so much difficulty in the selection of a name, as that of
+_Corona_ suggested by Lady Smith, was readily adopted. This name was all
+the more appropriate from the fact that the "halo of bright rays" which are
+shot out and appear on a total eclipse of the sun is called the "Corona of
+the Sun." In this instance the new steamer _Corona_ was succeeding the
+eclipse of the _Cibola_, and represented the hopes and new conditions of
+the "_bright sun ray_."
+
+The steamer was successfully launched at the yards at the foot of Bathurst
+street, on the 25th May, 1896, the sponsors being Miss Mildred Cumberland,
+daughter of the Vice-President, and Miss Clara Foy, daughter of the General
+Manager.
+
+The season of 1897 with three steamers all making double trips brought the
+introduction of the six trips a day, a service which fully provided for the
+new connection then opened, and for the increases which gradually came in
+several subsequent years.
+
+The _Niagara Falls Park Electric Railway_, then already in operation on the
+Canadian side between the Falls and Queenston running on the upper level
+follows the river banks of the Gorge, overlooking it from these heights and
+adding views of the far vistas of the surrounding country and up and down
+the river.
+
+The new Electric Railway, on the American side, put into full working
+operation in this year, and known as the _Gorge Line_, was constructed far
+down in the Gorge, just a little above the waters edge, following the
+curvings of the river, beneath the cliffs, and giving opportunity for
+coming into immediate proximity with the tossing rapids on this lower part
+of its torrents.
+
+The construction of this railway from the Falls to Lewiston was the work of
+Messrs. Brinker & Smith, of Buffalo, and in boldness of conception, and
+overcoming of intense difficulties in construction, is a record of great
+determination and ability.
+
+[Illustration: How the FALLS have cut through the GORGE.]
+
+A round trip on both these lines, going up on one and returning by the
+other, and crossing the river on the cars at the Upper Bridge, reveals all
+the glorious scenery of the Niagara River between the Falls where they now
+are and the Niagara Escarpment at Queenston Heights, where the geologists
+tell us the Falls once fell over the cliffs to the lower level. It is
+estimated that from this place of beginning of the chasm which they have
+cut out of the strata of the intervening rocks, from 16,000 to 25,000
+years, according to different views, have been spent in reaching to their
+present position and they are still continuing to cut their way back
+further up the river.
+
+The process by which this has been done can be clearly seen by noticing on
+the sides of the cliffs that the several layers of limestone strata lie
+flat above one another, with large softer layers and deposits between each.
+The waters of the river at the upper level pour over the edge of the
+topmost rock ledge, and the reverberations and spray then wash out the
+intervening sand and softer layers, so that the rock strata becoming
+unsupported break off, and fall down into the gulf. In this way the chasm
+has year after year been bitten back.
+
+When leaving the dock on the Niagara River Line steamers at Lewiston, or
+coming up the river from Niagara-on-the-Lake, it is enthralling to look up
+at these great cliffs, and in imagination casting the mind back into the
+centuries, see the mighty river as it once poured its torrents direct in
+one concentrated mass from the edge of these heights into the open river
+lying at their feet.
+
+What a stupendous spectacle it must have been; yet, though wondrous, not
+more beautiful than the distant glimpses now gleaming through the shadowed
+portal between the cliff-sides clad with verdure and cedar, dominated by
+the shaft of the monument to the heroes of the _Queenston Heights_.
+
+The acquiring of landing terminals on the Niagara River was further
+expanded in 1899, by the purchase from the Duncan Milloy Estate of the
+docks at _Niagara-on-the-Lake_. In addition to the wharves this property
+includes the shipyard of the old-time Niagara Dock Company, whose
+launching slips for the many steamers which they constructed are still in
+evidence. On the doors of the large warehouse alongside the wharf, there
+were then still to be traced the faint remains of the names of some of the
+vessels, which of old time used to ply to the port. The ground floor of the
+building appears to have been divided into sections, in which space for the
+freightage or equipment of each of the several vessels was allotted. Over
+the door of each section were the names for the occupants, as originally
+painted.
+
+_Schooners--Canada_, _Commr. Barrie_, _Cobourg_, _United Kingdom_, _St.
+George_, _William IV._, _Great Britain_.
+
+These names were now carefully restored. The steamers which ran regularly
+on the Niagara route have already been mentioned, these others used the
+port as convenient for laying up for the winter, with the advantage of the
+proximity of the dockyard for repairs. The _Cobourg_ built at Gananoque in
+1833, ran between Toronto and Kingston, with Lieutenant Elmsley, R.N. in
+command. The _St. George_ was built in Kingston in 1834, and was mainly
+occupied between lake ports on the North Shore Route.
+
+These doorways and the names now easily read above them bring us into
+immediate contact with the early enterprises on the river and form
+connecting links between the navigation interests under the opening
+conditions and those of the present time. The route has the charm of a
+constant unravelling of history.
+
+Another wraith there is in connection with this Niagara dock which cannot
+be omitted. For many years a passenger on the incoming steamers would see a
+man in conductor's uniform standing on the dock watching the arrival. This
+was Mr. Miles, conductor of the Mail Express train, which ran on the Erie
+and Niagara branch between Buffalo and Niagara-on-the-Lake twice each day;
+on which with never failing regularity he made his double round trip each
+day for almost twenty years. Through three changes of ownership and several
+passenger agents "Paddy" Miles, as he was generally called, held his
+position and so dominated conditions that the train came to be known as
+"Paddy Miles' train," and the Branch as "Miles' Railway." He was
+superintendent, train dispatcher, and general passenger agent, in his own
+opinion, all moulded into one, and acted accordingly. As he stood on the
+dock with hands thrust deep into his breeches pockets and a scowl upon his
+forehead, he seemed to consider it was rank treason for anyone to pass up
+the river and not get off and use his train. Yet this was only on the
+surface, for Paddy was at heart a good soul, who took a very personal
+interest in the earnings of his Branch.
+
+The _Buffalo Exposition_ of 1900, bringing together as it did tourist
+business from all parts of the continent and of the world, threw
+exceptional business over the line. It may be said with certainty that
+every tourist who visits the American continent visits without fail the
+Niagara Falls, as one of the great wonders of the world. With the expanded
+facilities which have been given him, a very large proportion also visit
+the Niagara River and its water attractions, and cross the lake to Canada
+at Toronto. This was clearly evidenced at the Buffalo Exposition, and the
+largely increasing traffic then arising, all of which was satisfactorily
+dealt with, without any shortcomings or mishap.
+
+In January, 1901, Sir Frank Smith died, being the second of the original
+Board to pass away. His judgment, forceful determination, and large
+capital, had been main-springs in the creation and establishment of the
+line of steamers whose beginnings he had promoted. Mr. J. J. Foy was
+elected President in his place.
+
+It was during this year, (1901) that their Royal Highnesses the _Duke and
+Duchess of York_ (now King George V. and Queen Mary) made their remarkable
+tour through the overseas part of the British Empire. One portion of their
+visit to Canada included the Niagara district, and a rest of several days
+in privacy and quiet at Niagara-on-the-Lake, the _Queen's Royal_ being
+specially set apart for their use. On October 10th, they visited the
+Queenston Heights, Brock's Monument, and the Niagara Falls, by special cars
+of the Niagara Falls Park Electric Railway. The _Corona_ was used by the
+Royal visitors as a private yacht from Niagara-on-the-Lake to Queenston and
+return.
+
+It is a fact worthy of noting that both here and during the whole of their
+nine months of travel around the world, their Royal Highnesses never placed
+foot on any other than British ship or British soil.
+
+During the time the _Chippewa_ was under construction in 1891, the Dominion
+Government had become proprietors of the dry dock at Kingston, and were
+making considerable improvements. The attention of the department was drawn
+to the fact that if completed as then designed, the dock would not be of
+sufficient length to take in the _Chippewa_, which would, when launched, be
+the largest steamer on Lake Ontario. Further construction had therefore
+been made, by which the pontoon gate which closed the entrance, could be
+moved fifteen feet further out when required, to enable the steamer to be
+taken in.
+
+[Illustration: The CAYUGA in Niagara River off Youngstown. page 188]
+
+In the spring of 1902 the time had come for the _Chippewa_ to be placed in
+dock for the usual inspection. It was then found that the outer place for
+the gate had never been used, the local authorities stated that they could
+not change its position and that, therefore, the _Chippewa_ could not be
+taken into the dock. This was a poser for the steamer was too long for the
+dock as it existed. With Captain McGiffin I visited Ottawa to see if any
+influence could be brought up on the local authorities to get them to
+furnish us with the full length. We here met with a reception which was a
+specially valued reminiscence of an able parliamentarian. The Hon. Israel
+Tarte, a French-Canadian, had recently been appointed to be Minister of
+Public Works, and here he fully sustained the wide reputation he had
+elsewhere acquired for quick decision and immediate instruction. We
+suggested that if the gate could not be moved back, a space could be cut
+out of the stone steps at the inner end of the dock, so as to enable the
+prow of the _Chippewa_ to extent between them.
+
+On hearing our request, Mr. Tarte called in his Chief, asked if it could be
+done, being assured that it could added "_Can you go to Kingston to-night
+and arrange for it?_" The next morning work was begun in the dock so that
+the steamer could be taken in. Vessel men who had been accustomed to the
+slow and deliberate methods which had previously existed, greatly
+appreciated the changes which for the improvement of our local business
+from the City of Toronto.
+
+It has often been noted that a Saturday half holiday is almost universally
+taken by the citizens of Toronto. In fact not a few of the travelling men
+from the United States have said that there is no use coming to Toronto to
+do business on Saturday, as everyone is closing up for their afternoon
+trip. In the attaining of this condition the Niagara Navigation Company has
+had much to do, as the result of persistent advocacy.
+
+With the increasing steamers we had abundant deck room which we desired to
+fill, particularly for the afternoon trip. This might be effected by
+getting the employers of some of the specific lines of business to close
+their establishments at 1 o'clock on Saturdays.
+
+An "_Early closing movement_" was quietly inaugurated, groups engaging in
+the same business were canvassed and agreements arranged for simultaneous
+closing. The retail music stores were the first to put up the notices, and
+were followed by other lines of trade, as the public took gladly to the
+idea, until in four or five years the practice became well nigh universal
+and a "_Saturday afternoon for Recreation, Sunday for rest_" had been
+obtained. That it has been a boon to many is without doubt, and the City is
+the better for the many outings which are now available for the Saturday
+afternoon holiday.
+
+Thus do great things from little movements grow.
+
+Mr. John Foy was appointed President in February, 1902, and Mr. B. W.
+Folger, who had done splendid service in the steamboating interests in the
+Thousand Islands and St. Lawrence River was appointed General Manager. With
+him began a whole series of improvements and of expansion, which has
+continued with increasingly good results.
+
+The regularity with which the steamers of the Niagara Line have made their
+passages has always been proverbial, contributed to by the seaworthiness of
+the vessels and the seamanship of their officers. From earliest days, but
+since somewhat modified, we had adopted the principle learned from the
+_Kingston_ and _Holyhead_ mail steamers, whose route was somewhat analogous
+to ours, a quick run across open water with a narrow entrance at each end,
+that it was best to run the steamer at a regular gait and even in fog
+except in the vicinity of other vessels to hold her course, and when off
+the port to stop until certain.
+
+Sometimes there have been longish passages. One Saturday morning in August,
+1903, the _Chippewa_ left Toronto at 7 a.m. during a strong gale with a
+heavy sea from the east. A thick fog was found enveloping the south shore
+extending some five miles out. On gaining the Bell Buoy off Niagara and not
+being able to see anything, Captain McGiffin, rather than run any risk,
+determined to keep close to the buoy ready to run in should the fog lift.
+Here during all day and evening he remained within sound of the bell,
+coming up to and dropping away again under the heavy sea, until at last the
+lights on the land could be seen and _Chippewa_ came alongside the dock at
+11.50 p.m., 16 hours from Toronto! No other steamer was on the Lake that
+day. McGiffin kept his passengers well fed and for his carefulness and
+judgment was advanced to position of "Commodore."
+
+A similar episode of carefulness had taken place in 1886, on the _Cibola_
+under Captain McCorquodale, when he similarly held his place off the port
+in a fog from 6 p.m. to 3 a.m. Both considered it was better to be sure
+than to be sorry.
+
+In those early days the engines of the Michigan Central, would in emergency
+be placed with their head lights facing out on the river, and their
+whistles blown to guide the steamers in, but since then the large range
+lights have been installed by the Government, and made entrance easier.
+
+It was under the leadership of such men as these that the officers of the
+company were trained up, its rules and traditions formed, and stability of
+service encouraged. There are not a few officers and men who have been
+from ten to twenty years in the service, earnest in their profession,
+careful of the public and loyal to the company, which from the time of its
+inception has endeavored to treat them as members of a family gathering.
+
+On the death of Mr. John Foy in December, 1904, he was succeeded in the
+Presidency by Mr. E. B. Osler (knighted 1913), who ever since he had
+entered the company, had always taken a very active interest in its
+progress and hereafter took a still more intimate share in directing its
+policy and development.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+CAYUGA ADDS HER NAME--NIAGARA AND HAMILTON JOINED--THE NIAGARA FERRY
+COMPLETED--ICE JAMS ON THE RIVER--ONCE MORE THE UNITED MANAGEMENT FROM
+"NIAGARA TO THE SEA."
+
+
+Under virile management the business on the route kept fast increasing and
+it became evident that more accommodation should be supplied even before it
+might become absolutely necessary. It was therefore determined to build
+another steamer, which in speed and size would be a still further step
+forward and would be ready for any adverse competitors should any happen to
+arise. Mr. Folger visited Great Britain to make inquiries and on his return
+Mr. Angstrom was again engaged to prepare the designs for the new steamer.
+Contracts were let to the Canadian Ship Building Co., of Toronto, for a
+steamer 317 feet long, 36 feet beam, 4,300 horse-power to carry 2,500
+passengers.
+
+We were again faced with the necessity of a choice of a new name. Requests
+were made for suggestions, and "Book Tickets" offered as a prize to those
+who might send in the name which might be accepted. Two hundred and
+thirty-three names beginning with "C" and ending with "A" were contributed
+to us by letters and through the public press. Out of these names the name
+_Cayuga_ was selected in recognition of the Indian tribes on the south
+shore of Lake Ontario, the district of the inner American lakes, in the
+State of New York, one of which bears the name of Lake Cayuga.
+
+It is also the name of an old and flourishing town in Ontario, near the
+shores of Lake Erie, adjacent to the land reserved for the Mohawks under
+Brant, and still occupied by their descendants. A very interesting annal
+was at that time exhumed, being the record kept by the first Postmaster of
+this town of _Cayuga_, of the spellings of the name of his post office as
+actually written upon letters received there by him during a period of some
+twenty-five years. The list is curious. It seems strange that there could
+have been such diversity of spelling, but it is to be remembered that in
+the "thirties" there were not many schools, and by applying a phonetic
+pronunciation to the names in this list, and particularly by giving a K
+sound to the C and splitting the word into six syllables and pronouncing
+each by itself, some appreciation may be acquired of a similarity in sound,
+although the spelling is so exceedingly varied. The adherents of spelling
+reform will perhaps be heartened by the result of everyone spelling as they
+please.
+
+    List of Mr. Isaac Fry, the Postmaster at Cayuga, in the
+    County of Haldimand, giving 112 ways of spelling
+    Cayuga, "everyone of which" he wrote "have been
+    received on letters at this office."
+
+    Cyuca
+    Cuba
+    Cayagua
+    Cuga
+    Kauguge
+    Cayga
+    Keugue
+    Cayega
+    Esquga
+    Cayhuga
+    Ceaugy
+    Ciyuga
+    Cayaga
+    Cayuhoga
+    Cayua
+    Cauaga
+    Gaugoke
+    Ciuga
+    Cajaga
+    Caiuga
+    Cyega
+    Kukey
+    Cuygey
+    Caucy
+    Cugga
+    Caugy
+    Cayago
+    Chaugy
+    Caugh
+    Cayugia
+    Caughe
+    Cauguay
+    Kiucky
+    Cayoha
+    Canuga
+    Kikuwa
+    Cayuago
+    Caugey
+    Cauyga
+    Cayueg
+    Kajuke
+    Cajuka
+    Payuga
+    Caugia
+    Cayuag
+    Cajauga
+    Kajuka
+    Cauguga
+    Kaucky
+    Cayaga
+    Cogugar
+    Cayuage
+    Caugua
+    Couga
+    Cuyahja
+    Cahucia
+    Cayuga
+    Kayuga
+    Keyuka
+    Cayuge
+    Cyuga
+    Cayug
+    Caoga
+    Ceuaga
+    Canugua
+    Caygua
+    Cayauga
+    Cuagua
+    Caouga
+    Gayuga
+    Caguga
+    Kiuga
+    Caugga
+    Kayga
+    Caiuka
+    Cayuka
+    Kugogue
+    Cycuga
+    Cayeugo
+    Couga
+    Caugay
+    Cayyuga
+    Cayugay
+    Kauga
+    Ceuga
+    Cayouga
+    Caluga
+    Cyug
+    Cayhaigue
+    Keugey
+    Keugeageh
+    Cuyuga
+    Cyugiah
+    Kyuga
+    Cayuah
+    Cauga
+    Cyuga
+    Chaquga
+    Cayugu
+    Caugy
+    Cayugua
+    Cayega
+    Cayugo
+    Ceauga
+    Cayugga
+    Cuyugo
+    Cayuig
+    Cahuga
+
+The steamer was successfully launched in the company's yards at the foot of
+Bathurst street, Toronto, on the 3rd of March, 1906. Miss Mary Osler,
+daughter of the President, conferring the name.
+
+After the completion of the steamer, the speed trials which were of a most
+interesting and important character, were engaged in. The contract was that
+the steamer, under the usual conditions for regular service, should make
+the run between Toronto and Charlotte, and return, a distance of
+ninety-four miles each way, at an average speed of 21-1/2 miles per hour. A
+further condition was to make a thirty-mile run, being the distance between
+Toronto and Niagara, at a maintained speed of 22-1/2 miles per hour. Both
+conditions were exceeded, greatly to the credit of the designer and of the
+contractors.
+
+When put upon the route in 1907, the _Cayuga_ received the commendation of
+the travelling public, her weatherly capacity and speed enabling the
+leaving hour to be changed from 7 a.m. to 7.30.
+
+A competition which had been anticipated now developed itself, and the fast
+and able steamer _Turbinia_ was in 1908 placed by her owners upon the
+Lewiston-Toronto route, making two trips per day. She put up a gallant
+fight, but, against a company making six sailings at each end of the route
+per day, there was no room left into which she could squeeze without
+finding a competitor alongside. It was found, too, that although her speed
+was greater than that of any of the other steamers on the lake, she was
+exceeded in speed by the _Cayuga_. Her attack upon the route was met, as
+the Niagara Navigation Company intended it should be, by frequency of
+sailings and strict fulfillment of service, leaving no room for any
+competitor to find an opening, and by the high average speed maintained by
+all its steamers and particularly the new one. After keeping up a gallant
+struggle until the end of the mid-summer season, the _Turbinia_ retired to
+her previous route between Toronto and Hamilton.
+
+Another addition to our dock properties was now effected. We had for many
+years been lessees of the dock at Lewiston, but now, in 1908, became its
+full owners by purchasing the whole frontage from Mr. Cornell, our lessor,
+with whom we had for so many years been in cordial working. The dock had
+fallen somewhat out of repair and very considerable improvements were
+requisite for the convenience of the increasing numbers of our passengers
+and for their comfort. Fortunately the larger part of these improvements
+were postponed to the next season, for during the winter 1908-09, which was
+exceptionally severe, an extraordinary freshet and piling up of ice on the
+river occurred.
+
+The lower Niagara River rarely freezes over in all places, much running
+water being left in evidence and as a rule the ice which has anywhere been
+formed during the winter goes out into the lake in the spring without any
+trouble. There are records of two great "Ice Jams" which had happened
+during the previous history of the river. The earliest of these was in
+1825. During this winter the steamer _Queenston_ was under construction in
+the ravine on the Canadian side which opens up from the river just below
+the Queenston dock. In the spring the preparations were being made ready
+for the launching when an exceptional ice jam suddenly formed, causing the
+waters of the river to rise. The pressure of the floes which were now
+carried by the water up against the steamer became so great and dangerous
+that it was necessary to block her up and by extending the ways inland to
+move her further back into the gully, from here, after the waters had
+subsided, she was successfully launched.
+
+[Illustration: The ICE JAM. 1906, at Lewiston. page 192]
+
+[Illustration: The ICE JAM. 1906, at Niagara-on-Lake. page 193]
+
+Another instance was in 1883, when the waters and ice rose exceptionally,
+but beyond sweeping the sheds off the Lewiston docks no exceptional damage
+was done.
+
+This latest ice jam of 1908-09, was according to past records, and the
+traditions of the oldest inhabitants, the worst that had ever been
+experienced. The winter had been severe and much ice had formed in Lake
+Erie and on the upper river. This was brought down in successive rushes in
+the spring during alternating frosts and thaws, so that, the river between
+Lewiston and the mouth had become jammed from bank to bank with huge floes
+of ice, heaving and heaping up on one another, and binding together with
+_serracs_, and _crevasses_ much like the ice river of an Avalanche. As the
+successive ice runs came down they were driven under the floes until at
+length the masses grounded on the shallows at the mouths below
+Niagara-on-the-Lake.
+
+The river being now blocked up, the waters gradually rose fully twenty feet
+higher than usual bringing the ice floes with them. With the exception of a
+few places where small sections of water could be seen, the whole Rapids
+from the Whirlpool to the outlet of the Gorge at Lewiston was packed with
+ice and the rapids eliminated, a condition never previously known. As the
+spring thaws came, the ice mounds, being unable to get exit below, mounted
+still higher with mighty heavings and struggles, rounding up in the centre
+of the river, as had been noticed to some extent in 1883, and pushing and
+piling up on the banks but not making any progress down the river, until it
+became evident that Nature was unable to break the barrier and immense
+injury was likely to occur.
+
+At that juncture the Engineer Corps of the United States Regular Army, at
+Buffalo, initiated a series of explosions of dynamite, by electric mines,
+in the main blockade down near the river mouth opposite Fort Niagara. After
+several days of very difficult and dangerous work, as much as 4,000 lbs. of
+dynamite being exploded at one time, the blockade was broken, the seven
+miles of ice began to move in alternate rushes and haltings, until at
+length the river was clear.
+
+The situation had been at times alarming. At Lewiston the docks were
+completely engulfed under 60 feet of ice, the ice pinnacles sweeping up
+high above the level of the swollen water and carrying away a portion of
+the gallery of the hotel. On the Queenston side a mark has been placed
+about thirty feet above the usual water level showing the height to which
+the ice hummocks rose. At Niagara-on-the-Lake the ice mounted high above
+the level of the dock, but by happy fortune a good sized iceberg had
+grounded in the channel at the end of the dock leading into the inner
+basin. Here it held out as a buffer outside the line of the "piling" along
+the bank, withstanding all the attacks from above, and thrusting the floes
+out into the stream, thus preserving the dock, lighthouse and buildings
+from destruction.
+
+When the waters subsided the shores of the river for twenty to thirty feet
+above the usual level were found to have been swept clear of every bush and
+tree from the rapids to the lake, a condition from which they have
+scarcely yet recovered. It was not until the end of May that the river was
+entirely free from ice. In reconstructing the dock we were able to
+introduce new improvements which would not have been previously possible.
+
+1909 brought no further changes in the steamers, but a gradual increase in
+the travelling due to increased energy in the cultivation of new business
+and careful attention to the convenience and comfort of passengers by the
+management and efficient staff.
+
+For many years, from time to time, the company has been endeavoring to
+purchase the Toronto docks which were the Northern terminal of their
+system. Four times we had been turned out of its occupation and obliged to
+find landing berths elsewhere. The necessity of holding their Toronto
+terminal was constantly before the Company and was the only and complete
+sequence of the holding of the several terminals at the ports upon the
+Niagara River. At last, in 1910, the opportunity of purchase arose and was
+immediately availed of. With this purchase the Company completed the policy
+which had been initiated from its very beginning. This Yonge Street dock
+property, extending from Yonge Street to Scott Street, has ever been the
+steamshipping centre of the city, for traffic to all ports on the lake. Its
+facilities can be still more expanded so that, for the convenience of the
+public, all the lake passenger lines can be concentrated at its wharves to
+the mutual advantage of all, a policy which the Niagara Company desired to
+promote and which has been contributed to by the purchase and concentration
+of the steamers of the Hamilton Line. This, effected in 1911, concentrates
+into one management an important passenger business and brings direct
+connection, as of old, between Hamilton, the Head of the Lake, and the
+Niagara River. These, together with the opening of a new route to the south
+shore by service between Toronto and Olcott, in connection with the
+International Electric Railway, will open a new era of contributing
+traffic.
+
+Beginning with one steamer, the "_Mother of the Fleet_," the Line from one
+trip a day has, in its 35 years of endeavour, grown to be nothing short of
+"The Niagara Ferry," served by swift steamers, of increasing size, making
+six trips from each side, leaving every two hours during the day, and by
+persistent advertising and increasingly reputable service, the Company has
+made the "_Niagara River Line_" known throughout the travelling world, and
+created a business and carrying capacity which has risen on heavy excursion
+days to no less than 20,000 to 26,000 passengers moved on one day. What the
+"_Kyles of Bute_" route is to the tourist public of Great Britain and
+Europe, the _Niagara River Line_ is to the tourist public of America.
+Toronto has trebled its population and in great industrial enterprises is
+forging ahead of all other cities in Ontario. Niagara Falls, with its
+wonderfully increasing factories created by the concentration of the
+electric power in its midst, has grown from being solely a summer hotel
+town to a great manufacturing community. Buffalo, with a population at
+present of 500,000, is expanding marvelously. The Richelieu & Ontario
+Company, for which the Niagara Company collects the passenger business of
+the south shore through the gateway of the Niagara and places it for them
+in Toronto, has exceedingly increased their accommodation and made known
+their service as a contributor to the route from the St. Lawrence to the
+ocean.
+
+Whatever success there has been in the past, the prospects of the future
+shine brighter still.
+
+In 1912, while these pages were being written, has come the final phase.
+
+It will be remembered that in the early days the steamers for Montreal
+sailed direct from the Niagara River and that the guiding minds of the
+Royal Mail Line were at Queenston in 1847 and for subsequent decades.
+
+In the slump of steamboat traffic and the decadence of the river business
+the Montreal steamers had shortened their route, and had made Hamilton, for
+some time, and afterwards Toronto, the starting point for their steamers
+for Montreal.
+
+The introduction of the Niagara Navigation Company had produced a change of
+conditions on the river, and by energy and bold investment, had created an
+effective local organization, as has been detailed in this narrative.
+
+Gradually passenger business had been attracted and centralized until
+Niagara Falls had been created in their Annual Rates Meetings by the
+Railway Companies as the starting point of all "Summer Rates Excursions,"
+and "The Niagara Portal" as the nucleus basing route for all summer tours.
+
+At the same time the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Co., which succeeded to
+the Royal Mail Line, has grown in scope and equipment to be the premier
+steamboat organization of Canada, the controller of the passenger lines of
+the St. Lawrence system of river, lakes and rapids, and operating the
+longest continuous route of any Inland Navigation Company in the world. In
+all, this interval of years its old advertising heading of "_Niagara to the
+Sea_" had been continuously maintained, it was not unreasonable therefore
+that there should be a desire to make the old caption a present fact and by
+acquiring the local organization restore the old-time conditions.
+
+Negotiations had for some time been in progress and at length in June,
+1913, at a Board meeting, presided over (in the absence of the President,
+Sir Edmund Osler in England) by Vice-President Cumberland, the originator
+of the company, and its continuous Vice-President during all its existence,
+the Niagara Navigation Co. was formally transferred as a working enterprise
+in full operation to the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Co. The directors
+of the company at this time and for several years previously were:
+President, Sir Edmund Osler; Vice-President, Barlow Cumberland;
+Directors--Hon. J. J. Foy, K.C.; Hon. J. S. Hendrie, C.V.O.; W. D.
+Matthews, F. Gordon Osler, J. Bruce Macdonald. These in succession
+transferred their seats to the nominees of the new owners and Sir Henry
+Pellatt, C.V.O., became President of the company.
+
+The two systems were thus joined into one. The Company operating the St.
+Lawrence system came back to its old starting point at the head of
+navigation on the Niagara River. With this is completed the century and
+this story of the early days of passenger movement on the river, and of the
+origin, rise and establishment of the Niagara Navigation Company in its
+contribution to the records of sail and steam on the Niagara River.
+
+Another cycle of steamboat navigation has passed, another era has closed
+and a new one has begun, and once again there is one Company and one
+Management under the Richelieu & Ontario Navigation Company for the Niagara
+River and the St. Lawrence Route, from _Niagara to the Sea_.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Century of Sail and Steam on the
+Niagara River, by Barlow Cumberland
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAIL, STEAM ON NIAGARA RIVER ***
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